1938: Day of Mourning - protest held by Aboriginal Australians on 26 January 1938, the sesquicentenary of British colonisation of Australia

Since 1972: Anti-nuclear movement in Australia

2011: 8. September 2011: Großdemonstrationen in Sydney und anderen Städten gegen Abbau von 5000 Arbeitsplätzen im öffentlichen Dienst - 30 October 2011: Labour tribunal orders unions to end strike and Qantas to resume flights - Qantas 'grounding' flop

2012: Australia Day 2012 protests - the Aboriginal Tent Embassy in Canberra staged a 40th Anniversary celebration - Aboriginal Tent Embassy

2013: 17 November 2013: Thousands of people rallied across Australia calling for stronger action on climate change, days after PM Abbott moved to abolish a carbon tax

2014: 21 September: Tens of thousands of people rallied across Australia, in the first leg of a global wave of protests calling for tougher action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions ahead of the UN climate summit - 23 October 2014: Protesters gather to support family of 22-year-old Ms Dhu, who died in a South Hedland watchhouse in August and to call on the Western Australian government to put a stop to deaths of Aboriginal people in custody

2015: 26 January 2015: Indigenous protesters reject plan for constitutional recognition saying 'We don’t want to be part of the crown' - 27 January: Indigenous protesters rally against deaths in custody and cuts to funding, saying that Aboriginal people have no friends in politics - 19 July 2015: Rival anti-Islam and anti-racism rallies saw hundreds protest across Australia at the weekend with violent clashes in Melbourne, as police officers mounted a strong presence to keep the two sides apart

2016: 7 October 2016: Protesters opposed to Russian military intervention in Syria gathered outside the Russian Embassy in Canberra, with some carrying placards comparing Russian regime's Vladimir Putin to Adolf Hitler

January 2017: 21 janvier 2017: A Sydney et Melbourne, mais également à Wellington en Nouvelle-Zélande, des milliers d'opposants au nouveau président américain Donald Trump ont commencé samedi de protester contre le mépris montré régulièrement envers les femmes

November 2017: 26 November 2017: Protests in Melbourne against the Australian government’s treatment of refugees on Manus Island, as 'Médecins Sans Frontières' has been denied access to asylum seekers and refugees on Manus Island in order to assess their health and wellbeing, despite having been granted approval earlier in the week

November 2018: 7 November 2018: Australian students plan school strikes to protest against climate inaction and for a safe climate future - 26 November 2018: Saying let the politicians not schoolchildren deal with the issue, PM Scott Morrison has been labelled 'out of touch' for angrily condemning a national student strike to protest government inaction on climate change - 30 November 2018: Thousands of schoolchildren across Australia walked out of class on Friday to demand action by the federal government on climate change

January 2019: 20 January 2019: In marches, part of the Women’s March rallies held around the world in support of women’s rights, several thousand people marched through major Australia cities on Sunday calling for safety for women after an Israeli exchange student was murdered in Melbourne

26 January 2019: 26 January 2019: Growing in size each year with rallies also held in Brisbane, Canberra, Perth and Hobart this year, tens of thousands of Australian people joined 'Invasion Day' marches around the country, calling for the public holiday celebrating a white Australia to be abolished, as members from a 'Nationalist Uprising' attempted to hold a counter rally in Melbourne

18 August 2019 rally in Sydney in support of Hong Kong pro-democracy protest: 18 August 2019: Hundreds of people have rallied in Sydney in support of Hong Kong pro-democracy protesters, despite warnings from Beijing for foreign governments and protesters to stay clear of the issue

20 Septembr 2019 climate emergency protests: 20 September 2019: Hundreds of thousands of Australians took to the streets on Friday as they called for greater action on the climate emergency in more than 100 cities and towns across the country

11 December 2019 people rallied in Sydney to protest against government's global heating inaction: 11 December 2019: Thousands of people have rallied in Sydney to protest against inaction on the climate crisis, after months of bushfires and hazardous smoke in New South Wales and Queensland, as protesters wore face masks, asking the government to act on the role global heating had on the longer and more devastating bushfires

10 January 2020 Australians took to the streets to protest against government inaction on climate change: 10 January 2020: Thousands of Australians took to the streets on Friday to protest against government inaction on climate change, as bushfires ravage large swathes of the country, incinerating wildlife and polluting the air

Australian society, demographics, culture and human rights: Australian society

Human rights in Australia: Human rights in Australia

States and territories of Australia: States and territories of Australia - Territorial evolution of Australia - Local government in Australia is the third tier of government in Australia administered by the states and territories

New South Wales: New South Wales state on the east coast of Australia, bordering Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south, and South Australia to the west, as its coast borders the Coral and Tasman Seas to the east, and as the Australian Capital Territory of Canberra and some surrounding townships is an enclave within the state - Local government areas of New South Wales - Geography of New South Wales - Politics of New South Wales - Elections in New South Wales

Economy of New South Wales: Economy of New South Wales, as NSW has the largest economy in Australia, valued at $558 billion in 2016-17 or about 33% of Australia's GDP, one third larger than that of the next State, as NSW has the largest manufacturing industry in Australia, contributing $31.4 billion in 2005–06 to the State's economy, and as Sydney alone accounts for almost one quarter of Australia's GDP - Economic history of New South Wales

Agriculture of New South Wales: Agriculture of New South Wales, as the state produces a large share of Australia's hay, fruit, legumes, lucerne, maize, nuts, wool, wheat, oats, oilseeds (about 51%), poultry, rice (about 99%), vegetables, fishing including oyster farming, and forestry including wood chips, with bananas and sugar are grown chiefly in the Clarence, Richmond and Tweed River areas, as wools are produced on the Northern Tablelands as well as lambs and beef cattle, as the cotton industry is centred in the Namoi Valley in north western NSW and as on the central slopes there are many orchards with the principal fruits grown being apples, cherries and pears

Environment of New South Wales: Environment of New South Wales

Timeline and history of New South Wales: History of New South Wales

December 2019 farmers in NSW fear for water and prime land if coalfields developed: 11 December 2019: Farmers in NSW's Bylong Valley fear for water and prime land if coalfields developed, after state’s powerful advisory body has recommended development of Wollar and Hawkins-Rumker coalfields

Since January/February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in New South Wales: Since January/February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Australia and New South Wales as part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Since 18 March 2021 New South Wales floods: Since 18 March 2021 New South Wales floods

24 March 2021 two men killed in floods: 24 March 2021: Two people have been confirmed killed by floods in New South Wales and Queensland, as a 25-year-old man from western Sydney was found by police this morning, and David Hornman was found by police in the Gold Coast hinterland this afternoon

26 June 2021 two-week covid-19 lockdown in Sydney and some regions: 26 June 2021: All of greater Sydney, the Central Coast, the Blue Mountains and Wollongong regions will enter a two-week covid-19 lockdown until 9 July and new restrictions will be in place for the remainder of New South Wales, NSW premier Gladys Berejiklian announced

Sydney city: Sydney, the state capital of New South Wales located on Australia's east coast the metropolis surrounds the world's largest natural harbour and is the most populous city in Australia and Oceania, made up of 658 suburbs, 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions Sydney's estimated population was 5,005,400 in 2016 - History of Sydney

Economy and ports of Sydney: Economy of Sydney, notable for its importance in the areas of trading, manufacturing, finance, education, and distribution in Australia, having the largest economy in Australia - Port Jackson, consisting of the waters of Sydney Harbour, Middle Harbour, North Harbour and the Lane Cove and Parramatta Rivers, is the ria or natural harbour of Sydney

Timeline of Sydney: Timeline of Sydney since 50,000–45,000 BP

50,000–45,000 BP Aboriginal stone tools: 50,000–45,000 BP, near Penrith, a far western suburb of Sydney, numerous Aboriginal stone tools were found in Cranebrook Terraces gravel sediments dating to this time period

1770 James Cook landed at the bay of Sydney: 1770 James Cook, in command of HMS Endeavour, sighted the east coast of Australia and landed at a bay in what is now southern Sydney

1788 Sydney founded as British penal settlement: 1788 Sydney founded as British penal settlement, following arrival of the First Fleet of eleven vessels, and French vessels landing in Botany Bay

1808-1810 'Rum Rebellion' coup d'état over rum trade: January 1808 - January 1810 'Rum Rebellion', a coup d'état in the-then British penal colony of New South Wales, staged by the New South Wales Corps in order to depose Governor Bligh, named after early Sydney's illicit rum trade, over which the Rum Corps maintained a monopoly

1816 Sydney Hospital built: 1816 Sydney Hospital built

Since 1850 University of Sydney: University of Sydney, an Australian public research university founded in 1850, and Australia's first university today regarded as one of the world's leading universities

February 1916 Liverpool Station Riot in Sydney during WW I: February 1916 Liverpool Station Riot in Sydney, following Australia's entry into German and Austrian empires' World War I, as many Australian men volunteered to fight in Europe and were stationed in camps to receive military training

May-June 1942 attack on Sydney Harbour by Axis Powers' Japan during WW II: May/June 1942 during German and Japanese empires' World War II, submarines belonging to the 'Imperial Japanese Navy' made a series of attacks on the cities of Sydney and Newcastle in New South Wales

Since 1971 Australia's first Aboriginal community controlled health service: Since 1971 Aboriginal Medical Service established in Redfern, the first Aboriginal community controlled health service in Australia, and now a key Indigenous community organisation, from which most Aboriginal medical services around the State of New South Wales have stemmed

Since 1988 University of Technology Sydney: Since 1988 University of Technology Sydney, a public research university

July-September 1998 Sydney water crisis: July-September 1998 Sydney water crisis involved the suspected contamination by the microscopic pathogens cryptosporidium and giardia of the water supply system of Greater Metropolitan Sydney

Since 2009 Institute for Economics and Peace: Since 2009 Institute for Economics and Peace, a global think tank headquartered in Sydney, with branches in New York City, Mexico City and The Hague

August 2019 dought and Sydney's desalination plant: t11 August 2019: Sydney's desalination plant set to expand as drought continues

2019–20 New South Wales and Sydney bushfire season: 2019–20 New South Wales and Sydney bushfire season - 6 December 2019: Sydney schools cancel sports and outdoor workers lay down tools over hazardous air, as smoke blankets city and more bushfires merge north of Sydney - 10 December 2019: Sydney's air 11 times worse than 'hazardous' levels as more than 80 bushfires continue to burn and almost 3,000 firefighters deployed across New South Wales - 10 December 2019: Doctors sound alarm over 'disastrous' impact of smoke on air pollution

20 December 2019 behind the battlelines to protect Balmoral: 20 December 2019: Resolve and sadness behind the battlelines to protect Balmoral, an urban locality in the suburb of Mosman in Sydney, after 36 hours with two dead firefighters, another three hospitalised, houses gone, as Saturday is going to be worse

31 December 2019 - 1 January 2020 toxic show did go on in Sydney: 31 December 2019: Toxic smoke haze has shrouded Sydney for weeks and a petition to cancel the event out of respect for fire victims attracted more than 280,000 signatures, fireworks displays were scrapped in Canberra, and Sydney’s western suburbs due to elevated fire danger and extreme weather conditions, but the show did go on in Sydney with more than 100,000 fireworks - 1 January 2020: Australia deployed military ships and aircraft to help communities ravaged by apocalyptic wildfires that have left at least 17 people dead nationwide and sent thousands of residents and holidaymakers fleeing to the shoreline, as ships and military aircraft were bringing water, food and fuel to towns, but no fireworks

4 janvier 2020 Sydney menacée de coupures de courant: 4 janvier 2020: L'approvisionnement en électricité de l'Etat le plus peuplé d'Australie et de sa plus grande ville, Sydney, était menacé par les feux de forêt qui ont détruit deux postes électriques, rappelant 'Ma chandelle est morte, Je n´ai plus de feu'

February 2020 children killed by alleged drink-driver in Sydney: 4 February 2020: Flowers and photos left at the site in the western Sydney suburb of Oatlands where four children were allegedly killed by a drink-driver, as grandmother Georgette Abdallah visited the site and thanked the hundreds of people who have supported the family, saying the pain of the tragedy is 'too much to handle'

Since 23 February 2022 Sydney and Eastern Australia floods: 2 March 2022: Thousands of Sydney residents have been urged to evacuate immediately as 'intense rainfall' causes widespread flash flooding, with the situation set to get worse, and as residents in western Sydney were told to leave on Wednesday evening after around 600 gigalitres of water flowed over the Warragamba Dam wall - Since 23 February 2022 Eastern Australia floods, a current flood event occurring in South East Queensland and parts of coastal New South Wales, ass the city of Brisbane suffered major flooding, along with the cities of Maryborough, Gympie, the Sunshine Coast, Caboolture, Toowoomba, Ipswich, Logan City, the Gold Coast, Murwillumbah, Grafton, Lismore, the Central Coast and metropolitan Sydney, and as thirteen people are known to have died during the flooding, with Lismore, NSW experiencing the worst flood in its history

4 July 2022 Sydney braces for another night of flooding after region hit by torrential rain: 4 July 2022: Sydney braces for another night of flooding after region hit by torrential rain, as thousands urged to evacuate as threat of inundation remains in Hawkesbury and Nepean, with flash flooding a risk in Illawarra and Hunter

4 July 2022 rescuers try to save stranded cargo ship near Sydney: 4 July 2022: Rescuers try to save stranded cargo ship near Sydney, as tug boat and helicopter teams have been deployed to rescue 21 crew members who are stranded on their cargo ship, off the coast of Australia, getting into trouble after it lost power and risked being swept ashore to the nearby cliffs of Sydney

27 August 2023 firefighters fear being ‘overwhelmed’ by rise in battery fires after fatal Sydney blaze: 27 August 2023: Firefighters fear being ‘overwhelmed’ by increasing numbers of battery fires, after the death of a Sydney man in a house fire on Saturday night was linked to toxic smoke from burning lithium batteries. Lithium battery fires are caused by a chemical reaction inside the battery that produces an intense flame that is hard to extinguish and produces toxic gases.

Northern Territory: Northern Territory, a federal Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia, sharing borders with Western Australia to the west, South Australia to the south, and Queensland to the east - Aboriginal Land Rights in the Northern Territory - Local government areas of the Northern Territory

History of the Northern Territory: History of the Northern Territory

23 December 2021 NT environmentalists won court battle over Morrison government NT onshore gas field project: 23 December 2021: A Northern Territory environmental group has won a court battle over a Morrison government grant to develop the Beetaloo Basin onshore gas field, as the Environment Centre NT argued in the federal court that the $21m grant for exploration wells was legally unreasonable on multiple grounds, also saying resources minister Pitt should have considered the potential climate change risks from developing the onshore shale gas field before handing taxpayers’ money to Imperial Oil and Gas

Darwin city: Darwin city, the capital city of the Northern Territory of Australia, situated on the Arafua sea and the largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory, with a population of 145,916 inhabitants in 2016 - History of Darwin

Darwin Harbour: Darwin Harbour

Economy of Darwin: Economy of Darwin, as its two largest economic sectors are mining and tourism, also serving as a 'gateway' to Asia

Timeline of Darwin: Timeline of Darwin since 1839

1839 HMS Beagle sailed into Darwin Harbour: September 1839 HMS Beagle sailed into Darwin Harbour during its surveying of the area which was named Port Darwin in honour of scientist and shipmate Charles Darwin, becoming the town of Palmerston (British politician) in 1869 but was renamed Darwin in 1911 as most of the town residents were already using the name

November 1871 undersea cable: November 1871 undersea cable comes ashore the telegraph fleet then lays the cable to Java

December 1918 Darwin rebellion: December 1918 Darwin rebellion against the two main Northern Territory employers, Vestey’s Meatworks and the Commonwealth of Australia, concerning political representation, unemployment, taxation and ongoing industrial disputes following the implementation of the White Australia policy

December 1941 evacuation: December 1941 general evacuation of women, children, the aged and infirm of Darwin begins, five days after the bombing of Pearl Harbor by the Japanese empire

February 1942 bombing of Darwin by Axis Powers' Japan: February 1942 bombing of Darwin, the largest single attack ever mounted by a foreign power on Australia, as 242 Japanese aircraft, in two separate raids, attacked the town, ships in Darwin's harbour and the town's two airfields in an attempt to prevent the Allies from using them as bases to contest the invasion of Timor and Java during Axis Powers' World War II - 1942-1943 air raids on Australia by Axis Powers' Japan

Since 1998 Charles Darwin National Park: Since 1998 Charles Darwin National Park in the Northern Territory of Australia, notable for its World War II–era concrete bunkers, one of which has been converted into a visitors centre and display of World War II memorabilia, also containing middens used by the Australian Larrakia indigenous people in and around Darwin in the Northern Territory

Since 2003 Charles Darwin University (CDU): Since 2003 Charles Darwin University (CDU), an Australian public university with about 22,083 students as of 2011

2017–18 Australian region cyclone season: 2017–18 Australian region cyclone season

June 2019 Darwin mass shooting: 4 June 2019 Darwin mass shooting - 5 June 2019: Family and friends mourn as first victim of Darwin mass shooting named

Queensland: Queensland, the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia - South East Queensland, a bio-geographical, political, and administrative region of the state of Queensland in Australia, which contains 3.4 million people out of the state's population of 4.8 million

Economy of Queensland: Economy of Queensland

Local government in Queensland: Local government in Queensland

History and timeline of Queensland: History and timeline of Queensland

November 2017: 25 November 2017 Queensland state election - 25 November 2017: Labor pulls ahead in 2017 Queensland election - 25/26 November 2017: Queensland election results show growth in support for the Greens and resurgence of One Nation, contributing to a far more complicated race for Labor and LNP

August 2019 native land for proposed Adani coalmine: 31 August 2019: The Queensland government has extinguished native title over 1,385 hectares of Wangan and Jagalingou country for the proposed Adani coalmine in Queensland’s Galilee Basin, without any public announcement of the decision that could see Wangan and Jagalingou people forcibly removed by police from their traditional lands, including lands used for ceremonies and making them trespassers on their own land

13 February 2021 Australian officials hunt crocodile after human remains found near missing fisherman's boat: 13 February 2021: A four-metre crocodile believed to be behind a fatal attack on a missing fisherman in north Queensland has been captured and killed, after human remains were found

15 February 2021 second crocodile killed after man went missing in Queensland: 15 February 2021: Second crocodile killed and examined for human remains after man went missing in Queensland, in third crocodile attack in the state this month, after two swimmers in Cairns and Weipa survived encounters

29 June 2021 hospital worker who sparked covid-19 lockdown confirmed to have Delta variant: 29 June 2021: Hospital worker who sparked covid-19 lockdown confirmed to have Delta variant, as premier Annastacia Palaszczuk announces three-day lockdown for large parts of state after infected woman travelled from Brisbane to north Queensland, according to 'The Gurarian's' update

12 July 2021 Queensland police regret making Indigenous leader leave Adani mine site: 12 July 2021: Queensland police regret making Indigenous leader leave Adani mine site during protest, recognising that incident was traumatic for Adrian Burragubba, who was pressured to leave at the request of Adani

21 April 2022 severe weather to hit north Queensland over Anzac Day weekend: 21 April 2022: Severe weather to hit north Queensland over Anzac Day weekend with milder conditions in other states

Brisbane city and capital: Brisbane city in Queensland, the capital of and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia, as Brisbane's metropolitan area has a population of 2.35 million

Timeline of Brisbane since 1770: Timeline of Brisbane since 1770

1824-2015 mass poisonings of Aboriginal Australians by British settlers: In 1842 on the outskirts of Kilcoy Station 30–60 aborigines of the Gubbi Gubbi tribe, two Djindubari and some men from the Dalla tribe died from eating flour that settlers had laced with strychnine or arsenic - 1824-2015 mass poisonings of Aboriginal Australians

1843-1855 loose confederation of Aboriginal tribes against colonialWar of Southern Queensland, a conflict fought between a coalition of Aboriginal tribes in South East Queensland, the 'United Tribes', and the 'British United Kingdom', following the Kilcoy massacre in 1842, a great meeting was held in the Bunya Scrub of tribes from across South East Queensland north to the Wide Bay-Burnett and Bundaberg regions, fuelled by decades of mistrust and misunderstanding with the British, they united into a loose confederation

1912 Brisbane general strike and change: 1912 Brisbane general strike, as in the aftermath of the strike 3 years later there was an electoral swing to Labor all over Queensland, and the second Queensland Labor Government was elected in 1915

Since 11 November 1930 'Shrine of Remembrance' in Brisbane with its 'Eternal Flame': Since 11 November 1930 'Shrine of Remembrance' is located in Brisbane, with its 'Eternal Flame', the Shrine is a war memorial dedicated to the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps

November 1942 riot between USA military personnel and Australians: November 1942 Battle of Brisbane was a riot between USA military personnel on one side and Australian servicemen and civilians on the other, beginning with an intoxication, as from 1942 until 1945 during the Pacific War, up to one million USA military personnel, which included around 100,000 African-Americans, were stationed at various locations throughout eastern Australia

1939-1945 Brisbane during Axis powers' Second World War: Brisbane during Axis powers' Second World War 1939-1945

Since 1909/1946 University of Queensland: Since 1909/1946 University of Queensland, moving 1946 from George Street to its St Lucia campus, which it completed in 1972

2010–11 Queensland floods: 2010–11 Queensland floods, forcing the evacuation of thousands of people from towns and cities, as damage was raised to $2.38 billion in 2012, the estimated reduction in Australia's GDP was about A$30 billion, and as of March 2012 there were 33 deaths attributed to the floods, with a further three people still missing

South Australia: South Australia state in the southern central part of Australia, covering some of the most arid parts of the country and the fourth-largest of Australia's states with a total of 1.7 million people - Local government areas of South Australia - City of Adelaide

December 2019 residents vote against nuclear waste dump near Hawker: 12 December 2019: Residents vote against nuclear waste dump near Hawker in South Australia, as green groups say 52% vote against federal government facility should rule out region as potential site

Tasmania: Tasmania, an island state of Australia located 240 km to the south of the Australian mainland, separated by Bass Strait - Local government areas of Tasmania

Victoria: Victoria state in southeastern Australia, Australia's most densely-populated state and its second-most populous state overall, including the metropolitan area of its state capital Melbourne, Australia's second-largest city - Local government areas of Victoria

October 2018 Taungurung Clans Aboriginal Corporation - government agreement: 26 October 2018: In an agreement signed between the Taungurung Clans Aboriginal Corporation TCAC and the government, Victoria has signed the largest native title claim in the state’s history, recognising the Taungurung as traditional owners in central Victoria

Melbourne city: Melbourne city, the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, comprising a metropolitan area with 31 municipalities, as the city occupies much of the coastline of Port Phillip bay and spreads into the hinterlands with a population of approximately 5 million inhabitants, 19% of the population of Australia, in 2018

Economy of Melbourne: Economy of Melbourne

Timeline of Melbourne: Timeline of Melbourne, based on at least 30,000 years of settlement by various Aboriginal nations

40,000 years before European settlement Kulin nation: For an estimated 40,000 years before European settlement Kulin nation, an alliance of five Indigenous Australian tribes in south central Victoria, as their collective territory extended around Port Phillip and Western Port, speaking five related languages

3 August 2020 covid-19 restrictions and economic crisis: 3 August 2020: Melbourne stage 4 restrictions and covid-19 lockdown rules explained, as Victorian premier Daniel Andrews announced tough new stage four restrictions for metropolitan Melbourne, including an overnight curfew - 3 August 2020: Victoria's covid-19 industry shutdown to throw one in seven of its workers out of employment, as businesses already weakened by the first coronavirus face further setbacks as new cuts announced to retail, construction and abattoirs

17 September 2020 100-year-old citizen battling covid-19 discharged from hospital: 17 September 2020: 100-year-old citizen who battled covid-19 for six weeks has been discharged from a hospital in Melbourne and returned to the aged care facility where he caught the virus

Crime in Victoria: Crime in Victoria (Australia)

Since 1833 documented massacres of Aboriginal Victorians: Since 1833 documented massacres of Aboriginal Victorians

Victoria law and legal history: Victoria law and legal history - Victoria legislation - Constitution of Victoria and history since 1854

1869 Aboriginal Protection Act: 1869 Aboriginal Protection Act

1978/2005 Environment Effects Act: 1978/2005 Environment Effects Act, current legislation that was passed in the Australian state of Victoria requiring certain public works to have an environmental impact assessment carried out before proceeding, and amended by the Environment Effects Act 2005

1988/2019 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act: 1988 Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act and 2019 review and amendment

1999/2000 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act: 1999/2000 Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, an Act of the Parliament of Australia that provides a framework for protection of the Australian environment, including its biodiversity and its natural and culturally significant places

2001 Racial and Religious Tolerance Act: 2001 Racial and Religious Tolerance Act, a statute passed by the Parliament of Victoria during the premiership of Steve Bracks, making behavior that incites or encourages hatred, serious contempt, revulsion or severe ridicule against another person or group of people because of their race and/or religion unlawful in Victoria

2006 Aboriginal Heritage Act of the state of Victoria: 2006 Aboriginal Heritage Act of the state of Victoria, enacted 'to provide for the protection of Aboriginal cultural heritage in Victoria'

2006/2007 Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities: 2006/2007 Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities

Victoria judiciary: Victoria judiciary, courts and tribunals - List of Victorian courts and tribunals

County Court of Victoria: County Court of Victoria, the principal trial court in Victoria, with approximately 70 judges hearing up to 12,000 cases annually

Coroners Court of Victoria: Coroners Court of Victoria, the generic name given to proceedings in which a Coroner holds an inquest in Victoria

22 September 2020 coroner’s court of Victoria changed way it investigates Indigenous deaths but Aboriginal legal services don’t have enough funding: 22 September 2020: The coroner’s court of Victoria has changed the way it investigates Indigenous deaths in custody to reflect recommendations made in a royal commission almost 30 years ago, but Aboriginal legal services say they don’t have enough funding to meet the court’s new commitments

Since 1852 Supreme Court of Victoria: Since 1852 Supreme Court of Victoria, a superior court of common law and equity, with unlimited jurisdiction within the state

Since 1950 list of Victorian Supreme Court cases: List of Victorian Supreme Court cases since 1950

Law enforcement in Victoria: Law enforcement in Victoria

Western Australia: Western Australia state occupying the entire western third of Australia, bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Southern Ocean to the south

Economy of Western Australia: Economy of Western Australia, covering an area of 2.5 million km2 Australia's largest state accounting for almost one-third of the continent, and the nation's fourth most populous state with 2.6 million inhabitants (11% of the national population), as Western Australia's economy, dominated by its resources and services sector and largely driven by the export of iron-ore, gold, liquefied natural gas and agricultural commodities such as wheat, provided 46% of the country's merchandising exports, and in 2010–11 Western Australia's gross state product was A$193 billion (14.6% of Australia's GDP), making it the nation's most productive state with a GSP per capita of $82,653

Since 1829 economic history of Western Australia: Economic history of Western Australia since 1829

Mining in Western Australia: Mining in Western Australia, accounted for 94% of the State's and 41% of Australia's income from total merchandise exports in 2018–2019, as the state hosted 127 principal mining projects and hundreds of smaller quarries and mines, and as the principal projects produced more than 99% of the industry's total sales value, together with the petroleum industry

History of mining in Australia: History of mining in Australia

1848–1884 pre-goldrush finds in Western Australia: 1848–1884 pre-goldrush finds in Western Australia

Since 19th century Australian and Western Australian gold rushes: Western Australian gold rushes, as in the latter part of the nineteenth century, discoveries of gold at a number of locations in Western Australia caused large influxes of prospectors from overseas and interstate, as Western Australian population growth between 1880 and 1897 amid developping classic gold rushes - Since 1885 finds of gold in Western Australia, Kimberley first goldrush and goldfields

Gold mining in Western Australia: Gold mining in Western Australia, dating back to the 1880s and becoming a significant industry in the 1890s, the third largest commodity sector in Western Australia, behind iron ore and petroleum, with a value of A$11.9 billion

Iron ore mining in Western Australia and history: Iron ore mining in Western Australia, as in the 2018–19 financial year, mining accounted for 54% of the total value of the state's resource production, with a value of A$78.2 billion, and as the overall value of the minerals and petroleum industry in Western Australia was A$145 billion in 2018-19, a 26% increase on the previous financial year - Criticism of the iron ore mining boom in Western Australia experienced since the early 2000s, as the expansion has not exclusively been seen as positive, and as the Australian Aboriginal culture in the region, deeply connected to the land and water, is threatened by the mining activities

21 September 2020 Rio Tinto expected to destroy 124 more Aboriginal sites: 21 September 2020: Rio Tinto expected to destroy 124 more Aboriginal sites, inquiry told, also hearing doubts over validity of Juukan Gorge approval mean WA could be liable for compensation claim, as questions have also been raised over whether the approval granted by the WA government to destroy the 46,000-year-old sites in Juukan Gorge was valid, and as mining company Rio Tinto destroyed the two ancient rock shelters on 24 May 2020 on the basis of ministerial consent granted by the then WA Aboriginal affairs minister Peter Collier in 2013, with the then premier Colin Barnett recently called for a royal commission

25 September 2020 Rio Tinto kept loading explosives at Juukan Gorge after promising to stop, traditional owners say: 25 September 2020: The traditional owners of Juukan Gorge say Rio Tinto provided them with incomplete information, publicly misrepresented the level of consultation, incorrectly described the significance of Aboriginal heritage sites to government authorities, and continued to load explosives above the 46,000-year-old heritage site after promising to delay the blast

Petroleum industry in Western Australia: Petroleum industry in Western Australia, the largest contributor to Australia's production of most petroleum products, based largely on development of the reserves of the North West Shelf and other onshore hydrocarbon basins - Western Australia Atlas of mineral deposits and petroleum fields since 20th century

Nickel mining in Western Australia: Nickel mining in Western Australia, as Australia (predominantly Western Australia) holds one-third of the world's known reserves of nickel-producing laterites and sulfide deposits, and as of 2011 Australia was the world's fifth largest nickel producer

Uranium in Western Australia: Uranium in Western Australia, as the state has considerable reserves of uranium, but to date no mined uranium has been exported from Western Australia, as there has been considerable opposition to the uranium and nuclear industries in WA, especially since the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster - Uranium mining in Australia, as Australia exported 64,488 tonnes of uranium in the ten years to 2017

Regions of Western Australia, local government and cities: Regions of Western Australia state occupying the entire western third of Australia, bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Southern Ocean to the south - Local government areas of Western Australia - Perth, the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia and the fourth-most populous city in Australia, with a population of around 1.94 million

South West Land Division: South West Land Division, one of five Land Divisions of Western Australia, a part of the cadastral divisions of Western Australia. It includes the cities of Perth, Albany, Bunbury, Busselton, Geraldton, and Mandurah. It also includes the regions of South West, Great Southern, Peel, most of the Wheatbelt, and the coastal areas of the Mid West. The population of the division is about 2.2 million people, with 1.8 million living in the state capital, Perth, and a further 400,000 people living in the surrounding regional cities and rural areas.

Perth city: Perth city, the capital and largest city of the state of Western Australia, and the fourth most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a population of 2.1 million or 80% of the state living in Greater Perth in 2020. Perth is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia, with most of the metropolitan area on the Swan Coastal Plain between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp. The city has expanded outward from the original British settlements on the Swan River, upon which the city's central business district and port of Fremantle are situated. Perth is located on the traditional lands of the Whadjuk Noongar people, where Aboriginal Australians have lived for at least 45,000 years.

Timeline and history of Perth city since 19th century: History of Perth city, established by Britain as the Swan River Colony in 1829. The area had been explored by Europeans as early as 1697, and occupied by the Indigenous Whadjuk Noongar people for millennia. Established in the 19th century as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony, it gained city status - currently vested in the smaller City of Perth - in 1856 and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929. The city inherited its name due to the influence of Sir George Murray, then Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. Perth has been shaped by successive periods of mineral resource-led economic and population growth commencing with the gold rush of the 1890s. Since at least 1966 Perth's growth rate has been continuously higher than the national average.

10-12 October 2023 Biodiversity Conference in Perth: 10-12 October 2023 Biodiversity Conference in Perth, as Western Australia has eight out of Australia’s 15 declared biodiversity hotspots and one of the highest rates of new species discovery in the world. But the recent State of the Environment report found significant changes in some Australian ecosystems over the past five years, with at least 19 now showing signs of collapse due to pressures of climate change, habitat loss, invasive species, pollution and mining.

Environment of Western Australia: Environment of Western Australia - Natural history of Western Australia - Geology of Western Australia

Landforms of Western Australia: Landforms of Western Australia - Mountain ranges of Western Australia - Deserts of Western Australia

Biogeography and regions of Western Australia: Biogeography of Western Australia

Vegetation Survey of Western Australia and Biogeography: Vegetation Survey of Western Australia - Biogeography of Western Australia

Biota, flora, fauna and forests of Western Australia: Forests of Western Australia - Biota of Western Australia - Flora of Western Australia - Endemic flora of Western Australia - Fauna of Western Australia

Great Western Woodlands: Great Western Woodlands

Protected areas of Western Australia: Protected areas of Western Australia - List of protected areas of Western Australia

Bodies of water of Western Australia: Bodies of water of Western Australia

Rivers and watercourses in Western Australia: Rivers of Western Australia - List of watercourses in Western Australia

Climate change and global warming in Western Australia: Climate change and global warming in Western Australia

Natural disasters and disasters in Western Australia: Natural disasters and disasters in Western Australia

Fatality statistics in the Western Australian mining industry: Fatality statistics in the Western Australian mining industry

Bushfires in Western Australia: Bushfires in Western Australia - Bushfire affected towns in Western Australia

2014 Perth Hills bushfire: 2014 Perth Hills bushfire

2015 catastrophic bushfires that affected the Goldfields-Esperance region: November 2015 Esperance bushfires, a series of catastrophic bushfires that affected the Goldfields-Esperance region in the Australian state of Western Australia

2019–20 Australian bushfire season in Western Australia: 2019–20 Australian bushfire season in Western Australia

List of Western Australia tropical cyclones: List of Western Australia tropical cyclones

Western Australian floods: 1900 Western Australian floods

Earthquakes in Western Australia: Earthquakes in Western Australia

Demographics and ethnic groups in Australia: Demographics of Australia - Ethnic groups in Australia

Indigenous Australians: Indigenous Australians - Voting rights of Indigenous Australians since 19th century - Self-determination of Australian Aborigines - Stolen Generations

2014/2015: 23 October 2014: Protesters gather to support family of 22-year-old Ms Dhu, who died in a South Hedland watchhouse in August and to call on the Western Australian government to put a stop to deaths of Aboriginal people in custody - 16 January 2015: Tasmanian Aboriginal Corporation says it was not consulted and was denied permission to see draft of wilderness world heritage area proposal - 26 January 2015: Indigenous protesters reject plan for constitutional recognition saying 'We don’t want to be part of the crown'

2017: 3 June 2017: Thousands celebrate on 25th anniversary of landmark Mabo land rights case

History of the Jews in Australia since colonial era: History of the Jews in Australia

Culture and languages in Australia: Culture in Australia - Australian culture by ethnicity - Indigenous Australian culture - Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies

Languages of Australia: Languages in Australia - Australian Aboriginal languages - List of Australian Aboriginal languages - Pama–Nyungan languages are the most widespread family of Indigenous Australian languages, containing about 300 languages - Indigenous Australian languages by state or territory

September 2020 first dictionary of Indigenous Australian language published: 21 September 2020: First dictionary of Indigenous Australian language published, the Umpithamu lexicon

Literature in Australia: Literature in Australia

Music of Australia: Music of Australia

Australian music history: Australian music history - Chronological list of Australian classical composers since late 18th century

1791-1864 Isaac Nathan, called 'father of Australian music': Isaac Nathan (c. 1791 – 1864), an English composer, musicologist, journalist and self-publicist, who has been called the 'father of Australian music', born around 1791 in the England's Canterbury to a hazzan (Jewish cantor) born in Poland, Menahem Monash 'Polack' (the Pole), and his English Jewish wife, Mary Goldsmid (1779–1842) - 'Don John of Austria', a ballad opera in three acts by Isaac Nathan to a libretto by Jacob Levi Montefiore, the first opera to be written, composed and produced in Australia, and premiered on 3 May 1847 at the Royal Victoria Theatre in Sydney

Australian children's songs: Australian children's songs - 'Kookaburra' Canon, an Australian nursery rhyme and round about the 'Laughing Kookaburra'. It was written by Marion Sinclair (1896 – 1988) in 1932.

Women and women's rights in Australia: Women in Australia - Women's rights in Australia

Women's organisations based in Australia: Women's organisations based in Australia

Women's suffrage and women and government in Australia: Women's suffrage in Australia - Women and government in Australia

Office of the Status of Women in Australia: Office of the Status of Women in Australia

Children's rights in Australia: Children's rights in Australia

March 2013: 21 March 2013: Australian PM Julia Gillard delivered a historic national apology in Parliament to the thousands of unwed mothers who were forced by government policies to give up their babies for adoption from the 1940s until the 1980s

October 2018: 22 October 2018: The Australian government has formally apologised to victims of child sexual abuse, after a five-year inquiry found governments, schools, sporting clubs, churches, charities and other institutions for decades failed to keep children safe

Childhood in Australia: Childhood in Australia - Child welfare in Australia - Preschool and pre-prep programmes in Australia are relatively unregulated, and are not compulsory - Early childhood education in Australia

Education in Australia: Education in Australia - Education in Australia by state or territory - Education in Australia by city or town - Education in Australia by subject

Education policy in Australia: Education policy in Australia

September 2018: 12 September 2018: A nine-year-old Australian schoolgirl has been targeted for condemnation by backward-looking nationalist politicians after she refused to stand during a rendition of the national anthem written in 1878, arguing that it airbrushes Indigenous peoples from the country’s history

Indigenous Australian education: Indigenous Australian education

Primary and secondary education in Australia: Primary and secondary education in Australia - Public and private education in Australia

Lists of schools in Australia: Lists of schools in Australia - Primary schools in Australia by strate - Girls' schools in Australia - Boys' schools in Australia

List of boarding schools in Australia by state

High schools in Australia: High schools in Australia by state - Higher education in Australia

Tertiary education in Australia: Tertiary education in Australia - Tertiary education fees in Australia

Universities in Australia: Universities in Australia - List of universities in Australia - Universities in Australia by state or territory - List of universities in Australia by enrollment

Charles Darwin University: Charles Darwin University, an Australian public university with about 22,083 students as of 2011, established in 2003 after the merger of Northern Territory University of Darwin, the Menzies School of Health Research and Centralian College of Alice Springs and named after Charles Darwin, known for his contributions to the science of evolution

Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages: Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages

18 July 2023 Australian universities must provide more places for poorer students to meet future labour market demands: 18 July 2023: Australian universities must provide more places for poorer students to meet future labour market demands. Giving more access to young people from lower socio-economic and outer suburban areas is key as amount of jobs requiring degrees rapidly rises, report says.

Australian archaeology: Australian archaeology, a large sub-field in the discipline of archaeology as Australian efforts include the three main forms 'Aboriginal archaeology' (the archaeology of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia before and after European settlement), 'Historical archaeology' (the archaeology of Australia after European settlement), and 'maritime archaeology'

22 February 2021 ancient painting of a kangaroo in Australia newly dated: 22 February 2021: An ancient painting of a fat kangaroo in Australia has been newly dated, as it's about 17,500 years old, making it the oldest rock art in the continent of Australia, researchers reported on Monday

8 April 2021 new explanation for Paleolithic cave art in the pitch-black depths of cave systems: 8 April 2021: As some of the most beautiful Paleolithic cave art is in the pitch-black depths of cave systems, some in places almost impossible to reach, let alone appreciate the art, now a paper published by Tel Aviv University's scientists with independent researcher Gil Kedar suggests an explanation, saying that the Paleolithic artisans were motivated by the transformative nature of the subterranean, oxygen-depleted space where they could communicate with nonhuman entities inhabiting the underworld, and making the drawings not for the tribe to see, but for keeping and maintaining their relationships with the cosmos - 17 January 2021: The artists painting the Sulawesi cave wall over 45,500 years ago may have been depicting a whole social interaction between warty pigs, making painting found in a cave in Indonesia the earliest known figurative cave art in the world, archaeologists reported

Religion in Australia: Religion in Australia - Australian Aboriginal mythology

Christianity in Australia - Catholic education in Australia - Anglican education in Australia

Catholic sexual abuse cases in Australia: Catholic sexual abuse cases in Australia

Septemer 2012 abuse by priests since the 1930s in Victoria revealed: 22 September 2012: Australia's Roman Catholic Church has confirmed that more than 600 children have been sexually abused by its priests since the 1930s in the state of Victoria

April 2013: 4 April 2013: Prof Caroline Taylor told the Victorian child abuse inquiry that there had not been significant change within the church hierarchy despite the raft of allegations revealed over the past five years - 22 April 2013: Police arrested a Roman Catholic priest on child abuse charges, following months of negotiations to have him returned from the Vatican

2013-2017 'Royal Commission': Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse

October 2014: 13 October 2014: An intelligence-sharing agreement between the NSW police and the Catholic church remained in place even after police were warned the agreement was illegal, hearing told

February 2017 extent of abuse in Australian catholic church revealed: 6 February 2017: Seven per cent of Australia’s Catholic priests accused of abusing children in the six decades since 1950, according to new data from the royal commission into institutional responses to child sexual abuse

Since June 2017 charges against Cardinal George Pell: In June 2017, Victoria Police charged Cardinal George Pell with sexual assault offences with several counts and several victims

February/March 2019 Cardinal Pel sentenced to six years in prison: 26 February 2019: The Vatican has said it will wait for the conclusion of the appeal process before taking action against Cardinal George Pell, who has been found guilty of child sexual abuse by a jury in Melbourne - 13 March 2019: Australian Cardinal George Pell sentenced to six years in prison for sexually abusing two choirboys, in what the judge lambasted as a 'brazen' attack and 'grave' abuse of power, as the father of one of the victims, who died of an accidental heroin overdose in 2014, asked why his son’s life was wasted

Health in Australia: Health in Australia - Health in Australia by state

Disease outbreaks in Australia: Disease outbreaks in Australia

Since February 1918 pandemic during World War I and 'Boonah crisis': Since February 1918 pandemic, so-called 'Spanish flu' during German and Austro-Hungarian empires World War I, infecting around 500 million people, about one-third of the world's population - 1918 'Boonah crisis', as a total of twenty-seven Australian soldiers, and four nurses at Woodman Point, died of influenza during the crisis

2009 swine flu pandemic in Australia: 2009 swine flu pandemic in Australia - Reported cases by state and territory of 2009 swine flu pandemic in Australia

Since January 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Australia: Since January 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Australia

Timeline of covid-19 pandemic in Australia since January 2020: Since January 2020 timeline of covid-19 pandemic in Australia - Covid-19 pandemic cumulative confirmed cases by state, territory and nationally in Australia

6 July 2020 Victoria records 127 new covid-19 cases: 6 July 2020: Victoria records 127 new covid-19 cases and Melbourne’s ‘hard’ lockdown of public housing towers continues, as 'The Guardian' reports the latest covid-19 news in Australia

17 July 2020 Victoria reports 428 new covid-19 cases: 17 July 2020: Victoria reports 428 new coronavirus cases and three deaths as NSW tightens restrictions, as Health department says total of 388 healthcare workers have been infected with coronavirus, and as 'Guardian Australia' analysis and map shows how the pattern of covid-19 has changed by region and throughout Melbourne

10 August 2020 Australia’s covid-19 death toll passes 300: 10 August 2020: Victoria records 19 deaths and 322 new covid-19 cases as national death toll reaches 313, 'The Guardian' reports

13 February 2021 latest global covid-19 data include 28,892 confirmed cases and 909 deaths: <13 February 2021: Latest global covid-19 data include 28,892 confirmed cases and 909 deaths in Australia

27 June 2021 NSW updating to covid-19 rules: 27 June 2021: NSW updating to coronavirus rules, as new covid-19 restrictions for the greater Sydney, the Central Coast, Blue Mountains and Wollongong have been introduced, 'The Guardian' reports live

1 July 2021 new covid-19 cases in NSW include aged care worker and healthcare worker: 1 July 2021: New covid-19 cases in New South Wales include aged care worker and healthcare worker, as also 'The Guardian' continues to report live to keep Australia's citizen up to date

Health care in Australia: Health care in Australia

Health care and hospitals in Australia by state and city: Health care and hospitals in Australia by state - Hospitals in Australia by city

Rural health care in Australia: Rural health care in Australia

Drugs in Australia: Drugs in Australia - Illicit drug use in Australia - Methamphetamine use in Australia

Media of Australia: Media of Australia - Australian media by state or territory - Media in Australia by city - Australian media by medium

Censorship in Australia: Censorship in Australia is called classification and material, though technically being given an advisory rating, can officially be refused classification which results in the material being banned - Australian Classification Board

June 2019 attack on the free media: 5 June 2019: Australian police raid public broadcaster over leaked defense documents showing Australian special forces had killed innocent men and children in Afghanistan, as ABC editor calls police action a ‘serious escalation of the attack on the free media’ - 5 June 2019: ABC's Head of Investigations John Lyons says Australian federal police's raid on ABC in relation to the investigative series known as 'The Afghan Files' is an attack on whistleblowers, as ABC reports why the raids on Australian media present a clear threat to democracy

Australian Communications and Media Authority: Australian Communications and Media Authority, an Australian Government statutory authority tasked with ensuring media and communications works for all Australians through various legislation, regulations, standards and codes of practice

2012: 13 December 2012: Australia's media watchdog launched a rare 'own motion' probe into the broadcast of a criminal prank call by Sydney-based radio station that led to the death of Jacintha Saldanha

Indigenous Australian media: Indigenous Australian media - National Indigenous Radio Service - National Indigenous Television - Indigenous Community Television

Australian Indigenous Communications Association: Australian Indigenous Communications Association - Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association

Journalism in Australia: Journalism in Australia

Since 2018 Judith Neilson Institute for Journalism and Ideas: Since November 2018 Judith Neilson Institute for Journalism and Ideas

July 2019 'The Guardian' appoints a Pacific editor: 17 July 2019: The British 'Guardian' will appoint a Pacific editor to expand its coverage of the region, commission investigations and lead new partnerships with journalists from other media organisations - 17 July 2019: The 'Sydney Morning Herald' and 'The Age' will hire two Indigenous journalists thanks to a grant from Judith Neilson's Institute for Journalism and Ideas

September 2019 Antidote festival: September 2019 Antidote, a festival of ideas, action and change - 2019 program for Antidote

1/2 September 2019: 1 September 2019: Speaking at the Sydney Opera House’s Antidote festival, Denise Ho told an audience of mostly self-identifying Hongkongers that the political upheaval in their home had reached 'a point of no turning back', saying that Hong Kong is 'in a state of humanitarian crisis where police have full authority to do whatever they want with the people, and the government is hiding behind the police force' - 2 September 2019: Journalists and scientists discuss how to fight back against hostile state power, and the role of journalism in a volatile world

Broadcasting, radio and TV stations in Australia: - History of broadcasting in Australia - Community Broadcasting Association of Australia, the peak body and the national representative organisation for community radio and television stations in Australia

Radio stations in Australia: Radio stations in Australia - Fun 2day in Sydney

Death of Jacintha Saldanha December 2012 and hindered investigation: Death of Jacintha Saldanha December 2012 - 8 December 2012: After nurse Jacintha Saldanha's death in London Sydney radio station 2Day FM criticised for criminal prank call - 11 December: The familiy of Jacintha Saldhana, who died in London, wants an independent inquiry - 13 December: Results of an autopsy to be revealed as the children and husband of Jacintha Saldanha arrive in London - 13 December: One week later, London police says, Jacintha Saldhana was found hanging in her room. leaving three suicide notes - 17 December: Jacintha Saldanha's funeral today - 23 December: The family of Jacintha Saldanha has assembled a set of 60 questions, which they have posed to the British hospital as well as to the parent company of the Australian radio

2013: 13 January 2013: Getting no answers to their 60 questions Jacintha Saldanha's family have been told by the hospital and by the radio station's parent company Southern Cross Austereo that internal and official inquiries are under way - Southern Cross Austereo has not made any attempt to contact Saldanha's family to express their condolence or apologise for the hoax call - 2 February 2013: British prosecutors, the crown (!) prosecution service, will not press charges against two Australian DJs over the royal hoax call and its illegal and international broadcasting that preceded Jacintha Saldhana's suicide - 11 February 2013: Australia royal radio hoaxer back on air - 7 March 2013: The family of Jacintha Saldhana, who committed suicide after hoax call broadcasting, is struggling with the prospect of massive legal bills to uncover the truth - 28 April 2013: Kate prank call nurse Jacintha Saldanha left a suicide note blaming the two Australian RJs Mel Greig and Michael Christian for her death - 20 June 2013: The radio station at the centre of a prank call that led to the suicide of Jacintha Saldanha is trying to block further investigation of its actions - 10 July: Prank call DJ sues network over workplace safety - 1 September 2013: Jacintha Saldanha had received a series of prank calls from Australian radio station 2Day FM in the lead up to her suicide at a London hospital last December

2015: 4 March 2015: Royal hospital hoax call by radio station Fun 2day broke law, Australia's high court finds

TV in Australia: Television in Australia

March 2019 Murdoch’s Sky News Australia shared disturbing footage: 16 March 2019: Sky New Zealand has pulled fellow broadcaster Sky News Australia, Rupert Murdoch’s Australian pay-TV channel, off air until the channel stops broadcasting clips from the Christchurch mosque shooter’s Facebook live stream, despite a plea from New Zealand police against the sharing of the disturbing footage - 17 March 2019: Australian gunman live-streamed the attacks on social media for 17 minutes using an app designed for extreme sports enthusiasts, as Facebook Inc said it had removed 1.5 million videos globally of the New Zealand mosque attack in the first 24 hours after the deadly shootings at two separate mosques in Christchurch

Newspapers in Australia: Newspapers in Australia - List of newspapers in Australia by subject and state - List of newspapers in Australia by circulation - History of newspapers in Australia

2011: 14. Juli 2011: Murdoch's 'News Corporation' auch in Australien in Bedrängnis

2012/2013: 28 March 2012: Australian government pledges to investigate reports that a Rupert Murdoch company cracked codes of rivals - 3 September 2013: Australian PM Rudd battles Murdoch press running a picture of Rudd on a front page under the headline 'Kick This Mob Out'

Internet in Australia: Internet in Australia - Australian news websites - Australian websites

Internet censorship in Australia: Internet censorship in Australia

Crime in Australia: Crime in Australia - Crime in Australia by state or territory - Crime in Australia by type

Racism in Australia: Racism in Australia - Racial violence in Australia - Racist legislation in Australian history

Violence against Aboriginal Australians: Violence against Aboriginal Australians - Massacres of Indigenous Australians - Since 1790 List of massacres of Indigenous Australians, detailing groups of Aboriginal people that were killed after the British colonisation of Australia of 1788, and events that were a fundamental element of the frontier wars

1788-1934 Australian frontier wars: 1788-1934 Australian frontier wars, a term applied by some historians to violent conflicts between Indigenous Australians and white settlers during the British colonisation of Australia, the most common estimates of fatalities in the fighting are in the region of 20,000 Indigenous Australians and between 2,000 and 2,500 settlers, however, recent scholarship on the frontier wars in what is now the state of Queensland indicates that Indigenous fatalities may have been significantly higher

Antisemitism in Australia: Antisemitism in Australia

2013/2014 Jewish men, woman attacked and children threatened to be killed: 27 October 2013: About eight men shouting anti-Semitics epithets viciously attacked four men and a woman – visibly Jewish – as they returned home from a Shabbat evening meal in Bondi Beach - 7 August 2014: A bus full of children from Jewish schools in Sydney targeted by teenagers shouting 'Heil Hitler' and 'Free Palestine', threatening to kill the children

2015: 23 March 2015: Sydney’s Red Rattler Theatre refuses Hillel request to book venue for stage play, cites 'Zionism' - 23 March: Sydney's Red Rattler Theater apologizes for turning away Jewish group

11 October 2019 threats against Jewish boy forced to kiss Muslim classmate’s shoes: 11 October 2019: Australian Jewish boy forced to kiss Muslim classmate’s shoes gets threats, as reports say 12-year-old boy warned he’ll be slaughtered and asked if he wants to ‘talk about suicide’

24 October 2019: 24 October 2019: Teen arrested for threatening Jewish boy and will appear next month in Children’s Court, as 16-year-old is charged with stalking, harassing and threatening to kill a Jewish student who was forced to kneel to kiss the shoes of a Muslim classmate, according to Australian newspaper

Corruption in Australia: Corruption in Australia

Since 1988 commission against corruption in NSW: Since 1988 Independent Commission Against Corruption in New South Wales

High-profile cases of corruption in NSW: High-profile cases of corruption in New South Wales

Terrorism in Australia: Terrorism in Australia - Terrorist incidents in Australia - Islamist terrorism in Australia

December 2014 Sydney hostage crisis: December 2014 Sydney hostage crisis - 15 December 2014: Armed assailant wielding Islamic flag seizes Sydney cafe taking hostages - 15/16 December: Police says that three people were killed, including the gunman and Iranian expatriate Monis, during the hostage crisis that ended when officers stormed Sydney cafe - 16 December 2014: Katrina Dawson and Tori Johnson, both from Sydney, named as Sydney siege victims

2014/2017: 31 July 2017: Two men and a teenager have pleaded guilty to plotting a terrorist attack on government buildings, including police headquarters, in Sydney almost three years ago

October 2015: 2 October 2015 Parramatta shooting

April and June 2017: 6/7 April 2017 Queanbeyan stabbing attacks - 5 June 2017 Brighton siege

July 2017: 29 July 2017 Islamic inspired bomb plot on Australian aeroplane

November 2018: 9 November 2018 Melbourne stabbing attack

Vehicle-ramming incidents and attacks in Australia:

January 2017: 20 January 2017 Melbourne car attack, Victoria Police Chief Commissioner was quick to dismiss claims the attack was an act of terror

December 2017: 21 December 2017 Melbourne SUV Attack - 21 December 2017: Up to 14 people have been injured, after a car drove into pedestrians on a sidewalk in central Melbourne, according to Australian media, and two men have been arrested by police, calling Flinders Street car incident 'a deliberate act'

Murder in Australia: Murder in Australia - Murder in Australia by state or territory

Mass shootings in Australia: Mass shootings in Australia

June 2019 Darwin mass shooting: 4 June 2019 Darwin mass shooting - 4 June 2019: At least four people are dead and two injured in a mass shooting in Darwin’s city centre, as witnesses told the ABC that the man walked into the Palms Motel on Darwin’s Esplanade and opened fire with a pump-action shotgun

Organised crime in Australia: Organised crime in Australia - Organised crime groups in Australia

2013 doping, match fixing: 7 February 2013: Government investigation finds evidence of doping, match-fixing and ties to organised crime throughout Australian sport

15 February 2021 Crown Resorts' money laundering and links toorganized crime: 15 février 2021: Le directeur général de Crown Resorts, l’un des plus grands groupes australiens de casinos, a suivi lundi plusieurs autres dirigeants en annonçant sa démission, sur fond d’accusations de blanchiment et de liens avec le crime organisé qui plombent un de ses projets phares à Sydney

Drug traficking in Australia: Drug traficking in Australia

September 2019: 12 September 2019: Alleged drug gang thwarted by giant seal in $1bn Australian drug bust, as meth, cocaine and ecstasy found stashed under seaweed off Western Australia after yacht used by alleged smugglers ran aground

Drugs in Australia: Drugs in Australia - Illicit drug use in Australia - Methamphetamine use in Australia

2017: 22 décembre 2017: La police australienne a annoncé la plus importante saisie de méthamphétamine de son histoire, 1,2 tonne pour une valeur à la revente de plus d'un milliard de dollars australiens, après son déchargement d'un bateau, dont les autorités pensent qu'il provenait de Chine

Human trafficking in Australia: Human trafficking in Australia

Violence against women in Australia: Violence against women in Australia

Rape and murder in Australia: Rape and murder in Australia

January 2019 rape and murder of Aiia Maasarwe: 16 January 2019 rape and murder of Aiia Maasarwe - 19 January 2019: Australia police charge Codey Herrmann with rape and murder of Israeli student Aiia Maasarwe, as the aspiring rapper will appear in court again on Monday in ‘horrific’ attack on Aiia Maasarwe

Domestic violence against women in Australia: Domestic violence in Australia

Child abuse in Australia: Child abuse in Australia

2013-2017 Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse: 2013-2017 Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse - 2017 Royal Commission's child sexual abuse report's final recommendations

Law, legal and constitutional history of Australia: Law of Australia - Legal history of Australia - Constitutional history of Australia - Constitution of Australia

2001 'Australian securities and investments commision act': 2001 Australian securities and investments commision act

Since 1974/2010 'Competition and Consumer Act 2010' of the Parliament of Australia Competition and Consumer Act 2010 of the Parliament of Australia, as prior to 1 January 2011, it was known as the Trade Practices Act 1974, and the legislative vehicle for competition law in Australia, seeking to promote competition, fair trading as well as providing protection for consumers, administered by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission ACCC and also giving some rights for private action

Since 2010 'misleading or deceptive conduct' in the Australian law: 'Misleading or deceptive conduct', a doctrine of Australian law, as section 18 of the Australian Consumer Law, which is found in schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010, prohibits conduct by corporations in trade or commerce which is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive, as the states and territories of Australia each have 'Fair Trading Legislation' either containing similar provisions in relation to misleading or deceptive conduct by individuals, or simply applies the federal law to the state or territory, as section 12DA of the Australian Securities and Investment Commission Act 2001 prohibits misleading or deceptive conduct in financial services, and as the doctrine primarily aims to provide consumer protection by preventing businesses from misleading their customers, extending to all situations in the course of trade or commerce, and a range of remedies are available in the event of misleading or deceptive conduct

Human rights and privacy law in Australia: Human rights in Australia - Privacy in Australian law

2013 Australia's spy agency reportedly shared information about its own citizens with its foreign intelligence partners: 2 December 2013: Australia's spy agency reportedly offered to share information about its own citizens with its foreign intelligence partners

Judiciary and courts and tribunals in Australia: Judiciary of Australia - Australian court hierarchy - Courts and tribunals in Australia

List of Australian Capital Territory courts and tribunals: List of Australian Capital Territory courts and tribunals

List of New South Wales courts and tribunals: List of New South Wales courts and tribunals

December 2017: 20 December 2017: Adam Easton has won a legal battle in a New South Wales court after being prosecuted for failing to vote in the 2016 federal election and after arguing voting in 2016 election 'morally corrupt'

September 2018: 17 September 2018: Indigenous woman Naomi Williams died from treatable sepsis after hospital sent her home, Gundagai court told

List of Northern Territory courts and tribunals: List of Northern Territory courts and tribunals

2017: 27 July 2017: A Northern Territory court has ruled that the amount of money Glencore gave to the state government as a security bond for its McArthur River mine must be revealed, after indigenous owners have long questioned whether mining giant provided enough to fully rehabilitate the lead and zinc mine

List of Queensland courts and tribunals: List of Queensland courts and tribunals

List of South Australian courts and tribunals: List of South Australian courts and tribunals

List of Victorian courts and tribunals: List of Victorian courts and tribunals

August 2019 police brutality case: 27 August 2019: Aboriginal man Eathan Cruse has been awarded $400,000 in damages for a 'cowardly and brutal attack' by counter-terrorism police officers who used unreasonable force to arrest him during a dawn raid in Melbourne

List of Western Australian courts and tribunals: List of Western Australian courts and tribunals

Federal Court of Australia: Federal Court of Australia, a superior court of record which has jurisdiction to deal with most civil disputes governed by federal law (with the exception of family law matters), along with some summary (less serious) criminal matters

High Court of Australia: High Court of Australia, the supreme court in the Australian court hierarchy and the final court of appeal, having both original and appellate jurisdiction, the power of judicial review over laws passed by the Parliament of Australia and the parliaments of the States, and the ability to interpret the Constitution of Australia thereby powerfully shaping the development of federalism in Australia

Since 1971 timeline of 'Native title' decisions in Australia: Native title in Australia and timeline of decisions since 1971

1992 Mabo v Queensland: 3 June 1992 Mabo v Queensland, a landmark High Court of Australia decision in 1992 recognising native title in Australia for the first time, saying that the doctrine of terra nullius, which imported all laws of England to a new land, did not apply in circumstances where there were already inhabitants present, even if those inhabitants had been regarded at the time as 'uncivilized'

2017: 27 October 2017: Australian deputy PM Joyce and four senators have been ruled ineligible to sit in parliament by the high court after their dual citizenship was discovered in July and August

February 2020 High Court ruled indigenous Australians cannot be deported: 11 February 2020: High Court ruled in a 4-3 decision that indigenous Australians cannot be deported even if they do not hold Australian citizenship, as lawyers welcomed the legal recognition of the original Australians' unique place in a country that was claimed by Britain in the 18th century without a treaty

Law enforcement and law enforcement agencies in Australia: Law enforcement in Australia - List of law enforcement agencies in Australia

Australian Federal Police: Australian Federal Police, the principal federal law enforcement agency of the Australian Government with a unique role to investigate crime and to protect the national security

Australian Border Force: Australian Border Force, part of the Department of Immigration and Border Protection, responsible for offshore and onshore border control enforcement, investigations, compliance and detention operations in Australia

Australian Security Intelligence Organisation and Secret Service: Australian Security Intelligence Organisation - Australian Secret Intelligence Service - Australian Signals Directorate

2001: September 2001 Intelligence Services Act

2004: April 2004 Intelligence Services Amendment Act

2013: 2 December 2013: Australia's spy agency offered to share information about its own citizens with foreign intelligence services, according to leaked documents

2014: 1 October 2014: Expanded spy powers pass parliament as Labor MP voices concerns

Prisons in Australia: List of Australian prisons

2016: 26 juillet 2016: Révélations sur les conditions de détention dans une prison pour mineurs au nord de l'Australie, avec des images montrant des gardiens en train de frapper des adolescents et de les arroser au gaz lacrymogène

Deaths in custody in Australia: Deaths in custody in Australia

Aboriginal deaths in custody in Australia: Aboriginal deaths in custody in Australia, an issue of community concern because of a widespread perception that a disproportionate number of Indigenous Australians had died in jail after being arrested by police or otherwise convicted of offences

August 2018: 29 August 2018: More than half of 147 Indigenous people who died in custody in Australia had not been found guilty, according to a Guardian Australia investigation, finding that 56% were on remand, died while fleeing police or during arrest, or were in protective custody

Health Effects from Incarceration of Indigenous Australians: Health Effects from Incarceration of Indigenous Australians

Foreign relations of Australia: Foreign relations of Australia - History of the foreign relations of Australia - Diplomatic history of Australia

Treaties of Australia: Treaties of Australia - List of Australian treaties - Free trade agreements of Australia

Immigration, immigration history and asylum in Australia: Immigration history of Australia - Immigration to Australia - Asylum in Australia - Post World War II immigration to Australia - Illegal immigration in Australia - Mandatory detention in Australia - List of Australian immigration detention facilities

Since 2001: Since 2001 'Nauru Regional Processing Centre', an immigration detention and offshore asylum processing centre located on the South Pacific island nation of Nauru is operated by Broadspectrum of a department of the Government of Australia

2013: 19 July 2013: Australia's Kevin Rudd announces that boatpeople will no longer be resettled in the country, unveiling a hardline policy to curb people smuggling that will see all unauthorised arrivals sent to poverty-stricken Papua New Guinea - 29 August: Five men from Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan have been arrested and accused of facilitating the passage of up to 132 asylum-seekers boats

2015: 11 February 2015: Australia’s policy of indefinitely holding children of asylum seekers in immigration detention camps violates international laws, the government’s human rights watchdog found, after an inquiry uncovered hundreds of reports of assaults involving child detainees - 6 August 2015: Australia turned around more than 600 asylum seekers trying to reach its shores on 20 separate boats since enacting controversial new border controls in 2013, Immigration Minister admits

2016: 25 July 2016: Spanish infrastructure corporation Ferrovial, the company that has taken over the management of Australia’s offshore immigration detention regime has been warned by international law experts that its employees could be liable for crimes against humanity - 10 August 2016: 'Nauru files' cache of 2,000 leaked reports reveal scale of abuse of children in Australian offshore detention

2017: 31 July 2017: Violence continues to mar the forced relocation of refugees out of the Manus Island detention centre, with three men attacked – two with machetes – in separate robberies on the island at the weekend - 10 November 2017: Manus Island police begin destroying shelters housing refugees

2017/2018: 6 June 2018: Australia is the millionaires’ migration destination of choice for the third year running, according to a new report, with wealthy individuals lured by the country’s proximity to Asia, relative safety and no inheritance taxes, as about 10,000 high-net-worth individuals, with a personal wealth of US$1m or more, migrated to Australia in 2017, mostly from China, India and the UK

July 2019: 14 July 2019: Temporary skilled migration has not undercut job opportunities or conditions for Australian workers, but the 'revolving door' political response to foreign workers despite economic evidence suggesting migration is a positive has frustrated businesses, an industry report has found

Boat disasters: 2012 Indian Ocean migrant boat disaster - 20 August 2013: Boat carrying 105 suspected asylum seekers sinks in Indian Ocean north of Christmas Island - 20 August 2013: Australia’s navy began rescuing 105 people from a crowded asylum-seeker boat on Tuesday after it ran into difficulties

Membership in international organisations: Australian membership in international organisations

Australia/United Nations relations: Australia and the United Nations

April 2016: 27 April 2016: Poll finds twice as many Australians support the former New Zealand PM Helen Clark, who has put herself forward for the role of UN secretary general

9 November 2017: 9 November 2017: Australia remains responsible for the people held in its offshore detention regimes on Manus Island and Nauru, and should immediately close the centres and bring refugees and asylum seekers to Australia or another safe country, UN human rights committee tells the Australian government, following excoriating reports

1 July 2021 Australia ranks last for climate action among UN member countries: 1 July 2021: Australia ranks last for climate action among UN member countries, as nation scores just 10 out of 100 on tackling fossil fuel emissions in new report on sustainable development goals

Since 1971 Pacific Islands Forum: Since 1971 Pacific Islands Forum aiming to enhance cooperation between the independent countries of the Pacific Ocean since 1971 - Pacific Islands Forum 18 member states, including Australia and New Zealand, associate members and dialogue partners

August 2019 Fiji PM warns Australia to reduce its coal emissions: 12 August 2019: Speaking in Tuvalu at a climate change conference ahead of the Pacific Islands Forum this week, Fiji PM has warned Australia to reduce its coal emissions and do more to combat climate change as regional leaders prepare to gather in Tuvalu - 12 August 2019: Australia's Labor lashes PM Scott Morrison for ignoring Pacific Islands' climate concerns

15-17 August 2019 Australia's government stands alone: 15 August 2019: Australia stands in opposition to other Pacific Islands nations after distancing itself from language calling for urgent action on climate change at the regional meeting of 18 nations in Tuvalu - 16 August 2019: After companies began withdrawing advertising from radio station, Australian radio's Alan Jones has apologised to the New Zealand PM Jacinda Ardern for his comments that Scott Morrison should shove a sock down her throat to stop her talking about climate change - 17 August 2019: Labor has accused Scott Morrison of trashing Australia’s standing in the Pacific and alienating its friends at the Pacific Islands Forum in Tuvalu, while a former president of Kiribati has urged Australia’s membership to be reviewed

Australian Antarctic Territory and 1961 the Antarctic Treaty: Australian Antarctic Territory, a part of East Antarctica administered by the Australian Antarctic Division and the largest territory of Antarctica claimed by any nation by area, as the territory's history dates to a claim on Enderby Land made by the United Kingdom in 1841, which was subsequently expanded and eventually transferred to Australia in 1933 before in 1961 the Antarctic Treaty came into force

Subdivisions and exclusive Antarctic economic zone: Subdivisions of Australian Antarctic Territory and exclusive economic zone - Australian Antarctic Division, a division of its Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, undertaking science programs and research projects to contribute to an understanding of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, and conducting and supporting collaborative research programs with other Australian and international organisations, such as the Bureau of Meteorology and Geoscience Australia, as well as administering and maintaining a presence in Australian Antarctic and sub-Antarctic territories

April 2021 fire on Australian Antarctic supply ship: 8 April 2021: Dramatic images have revealed the scale of a fire that erupted on the Antarctic supply ship MPV Everest on Monday while the ship - en route from Mawson Station in the Australian Antarctic Territory to Hobart - was days away from returning to Australia

Bilateral relations of Australia: Bilateral relations of Australia

Australia/Afghanistan relations: Australia/Afghanistan relations

Since 2001 military history of Australia during the War in Afghanistan: Since 2001 military history of Australia during the War in Afghanistan - Military bases of Australia in Afghanistan

2012: 17 April 2012: Australia to end Afghan mission in 2013 - 31 August 2012: Australia says the death of three troops being shot by an Afghan colleague and two others dying in a helicopter crash will not speed up Afghan exit

July 2019: 15 July 2019: A young Afghan man has tried to set himself on fire at a Melbourne detention centre

19 November 2020 Australian special forces involved in murder of 39 Afghan civilians and 'long time for justice': 19 November 2020: Australian special forces involved in murder of 39 Afghan civilians, war crimes report from 2006 to 2016 alleges, as Brereton report finds prisoners were executed to ‘blood’ junior soldiers and unlawful killings were deliberately covered up

Australia/Bangladesh relations: Australia/Bangladesh relations

Bangladeshi Australians: Bangladeshi Australians, citizens or residents who have full or partial Bangladeshi heritage or people who emigrated from Bangladesh and reside in Australia, around 53,000 citizens according to the census in 2012

Australia/Brazil relations: Australia/Brazil relations

November 2015 Bento Rodrigues dam disaster: 5 November 2015 Bento Rodrigues dam disaster, when an iron ore tailings dam in Bento Rodrigues, a property of joint-venture Samarco between Vale S.A. and BHP Billiton, suffered a catastrophic failure, causing flooding and several deaths

2017: 4 novembre 2017: 2 ans après la tragédie minière, rien n'a changé

November 2018: 6 November 2018: Anglo-Australian BHP Billiton is being sued for about £5bn by Brazilian victims of the Samarco dam collapse in Mariana three years ago, as a class action case was filed in the Liverpool high court by the UK-based SPG Law on behalf of 240,000 individuals, 24 municipal governments, 11,000 businesses, a Catholic archdiocese and the Krenak indigenous community

Australia/Chile relations: Australia/Chile relations

2016: 4 November 2016: The appearance of Chilean naval vessel Esmeralda in Sydney Harbour, which had been used as a 'torture chamber' by the Pinochet regime, has sparked protests from Chilean-Australians who say it should be removed from service

Australia/PR of China relations: Australia/PR of China relations - Sino-Pacific relations

Chinese Australians: Chinese Australians, Australian citizens of Chinese ancestry, as a whole, Australian residents identifying themselves as having Chinese ancestry made up 5.6% of those nominating their ancestry at the 2016 census and numbered 1,213,903 - History of Chinese Australians - Chinatowns in Australia - Chinese immigration to Sydney

Since 2013 Australia China Relations Institute: Since 2013 Australia China Relations Institute

June 2014 Chinese-born Australian Guo Jian case: 6 June 2014: Chinese-born Australian artist Guo Jian, a protester in the 1989 pro-democracy movement, detained in Beijing ahead of the 25th anniversary of the military crackdown on the Tiananmen Square protests will be deported after 15 days in custody

January 2019 South China Sea dispute: 27 January 2019: Australian defence minister Christopher Pyne is set to call on China to act with greater responsibility in the South China Sea and avoid the 'might is right' approach to diplomacy used by regimes such as Russia

November 2019 Australian parliamentarians barred entry to China: 16 November 2019: Australian parliamentarian Sen. James Paterson says he and colleague Rep. Andrew Hastie have been barred entry to China for a study trip, a development he said was concerning, after Paterson has spoken out about human rights abuses against minority Muslim Uighurs in China and the ongoing protests in Hong Kong

29 April 2020 Australia defending the 'entirely reasonable and sensible' call for an investigation into the origins of covid-19: 29 April 2020: Australia's PM Morrison has defied China and defended the 'entirely reasonable and sensible' call for an investigation into the origins of covid-19, as the international political fallout over the pandemic deepened, and China has been pushing back against criticism from other governments about how it handled the outbreak of covid-19 starting in Wuhan and which has now infected more than 3 million people worldwide and killed more than 200,000 citizens until now

23 July 2020 Australian warships encounter Chinese navy in disputed waters of South China Sea: 23 July 2020: Australian warships encounter Chinese navy in disputed waters of South China Sea

29 July 2020 Australia to step up South China Sea defence cooperation with USA: 29 July 2020: Australia to step up South China Sea defence cooperation with USA, as allies release joint statement of 'deep concern’ over China’s actions in Hong Kong and repression of Uighurs, vowing to fight disinformation - 29 July 2020: The 'Five Eyes' intelligence alliance could be expanded to include Japan and broadened into a strategic economic relationship that pools key strategic reserves such as critical minerals and medical supplies, according to member states' MPs working internationally to decouple the west from China

8 September 2020 Australian journalist Cheng Lei detained in China for weeks: 8 September 2020: Australian journalist Cheng Lei detained in China for weeks is being held on national security grounds, regime says in an announcement coming after the last two Australian journalists working in China flew home to Sydney after a five-day diplomatic stand-off

21 September 2020 Western Australia space tracking station to cut ties with China: 21 September 2020: China will lose access to a strategic space tracking station in Western Australia when its contract expires, the facility’s owners said, a decision that cuts into Beijing’s expanding space exploration and navigational capabilities in the Pacific region

10 January 2021 USA, UK, Australia and Canada say Hong Kong security law being used to 'eliminate dissent': - 10 January 2021: Hong Kong security law being used to 'eliminate dissent' say USA, UK, Australia and Canada

29 January 2021 Beijing regime's ongoing threats: 29 January 2021: With Taiwan reporting an increase in Chinese military aircraft in its air defence zone amid threats from Beijing regime that a declaration of independence by Taiwan would 'mean war', with Beijing cautioning independence forces against 'playing with fire', the Australian government is closely monitoring developments in the region, as USA military announced last weekend that a USA aircraft carrier group had entered the South China Sea in a bid to promote 'freedom of the seas'

16 Septemner 2021 major arms exporter France disappointed after loss of estimated €10bn arms deal concerning Beijing regime: 15 September 2021 trilateral security pact between Australia, the UK, and the USA, that will help Australia to develop and deploy nuclear-powered submarines, adding to the Western military presence in the Pacific region to counter the influence of Beijing regime's China in the Indo-Pacific region, as analysts and media have also characterized the alliance as a way to protect the Republic of China (Taiwan) from one party regime's expansionism - 16 Septemner 2021: As France is a major arms exporter, and the loss of an estimated €10bn (£7.25bn), once penalty clauses are included, hardly dents this industry. A state visit to Washington for Macron, a few contracts directed at the French Naval Group in Cherbourg, some Biden charm, an assurance that this was a purely Australian military decision based on a changed threat assessment, France’s exclusion, after USA, UK and Australia were setting up a trilateral security partnership aimed at confronting Beijing's regime, showing the extent to which the USA does not trust it with nuclear technology

18 September 2021 Australia PM Morrison points to China’s own nuclear submarine capabilities: 18 September 2021: China’s Xi warns of ‘interference’ as Beijing regime says Asia-Pacific region must ‘resist external forces’, but Australia PM Morrison points to China’s own nuclear submarine capabilities

28 April 2022 Australia’s FM Marise Payne denounces China’s ‘secret’ security deal with Solomon Islands: 28 April 2022: Australia’s foreign minister denounces China’s ‘secret’ security deal with Solomon Islands, as Marise Payne says other members of the ‘Pacific family’ share concerns

Australia/PR of China economic relations: Australia/PR of China economic relations

Since 2014 China–Australia Free Trade Agreement: Since 2014 China–Australia Free Trade Agreement

13 December 2020 China tariffs offset by rising Australian iron ore prices due to ‘fear tax’: 13 December 2020: Australia’s losses from trade tensions with China are being offset by rising iron ore prices, according to new analysis, which also predicts the Morrison government will announce a smaller budget deficit than originally forecast

Australia/Egypt relations: Australia/Egypt relations - 25 January 2014: Australian journalist Peter Greste calls his detention in Egypt 'attack on freedom'

Australia/El Salvador relations: Australia/El Salvador relations

OceanaGold Corporation, Canadian-Australian firm producing gold and copper with operations in New Zealand, the Philippines and also looking to open mines in El Salvador

2016: 14 October 2016: An international tribunal has dismissed Canadian-Australian 'OceanaGold' mining company’s demand that the government of El Salvador pay $250m in compensation for refusing to allow it to dig for gold in the tiny Central American country where the slogan 'No to mining, yes to life' has become a national rallying cry, also ordering the firm to pay the Salvadoran government $8m to cover the majority of the country’s legal costs

Australia/Fiji relations: Australia/Fiji relations

27 May 2022 Austalia's FM Penny Wong urges Pacific nations to weigh up ‘consequences’ of China security offers: 27 May 2022: Australia’s foreign affairs minister Penny Wong has used a visit to Fiji to urge Pacific countries to weigh up the 'consequences' of accepting security offers from Beijing, saying the region should determine its own security, adding that Australia wanted to show it was a reliable and trustworthy partner, and was also 'determined to make up for' what she described as ' lost decade on climate action', as Wong’s visit coincides with a marathon eight-country visit by China’s foreign minister in a sign of the growing competition for influence in the region

Australia/France relations: Australia/France relations

July 1941 Battle of Damour between Australia and France: July 1941 Battle of Damour (south of Beirut), the final major operation of the Australian forces against occupying Vichy-France's military during the Syria-Lebanon Campaign of World War II., ending with an Australian victory

Australia/Hungary relations: Australia/Hungary relations - 15 August: Accused Nazi war criminal free to stay in Australia after the High Court blocked his extradition to Hungary

Australia/India relations: Australia/India relations

2011: 15 November 2011: Australian PM Julia Gillard backs uranium sales to India, a non-signatory of nuclear proliferation treaty - 4 December 2011: Labour Party conference approves uranium exports to India

2012: 29 October 2012: Australian new migration policies target skilled population from Asia, including India

Death of Jacintha Saldanha December 2012 - 9 December: London hospital protests to the Australian network which broadcast the conversation with Jacintha Saldanha, who apparently killed herself - 9 December: As more than 300 people attended a memorial service for Jacintha Saldanha held in Shirva in India on Sunday, Australian media say it is not the time for 'hysterical finger-pointing' - Sunday 9 December: Scotland Yard today contacted Australian police over the death of Jacintha Saldanha - 13 December: One week later, London police says, Jacintha Saldhana was found hanging in her room. leaving three suicide notes

2013: 28 April 2013: Kate prank call nurse Jacintha Saldanha left a suicide note blaming the two Australian RJs Mel Greig and Michael Christian for her death - 20 June 2013: The radio station at the centre of a prank call that led to the suicide of Jacintha Saldanha is trying to block further investigation of its actions - 1 September 2013: Jacintha Saldanha had received a series of prank calls from Australian radio station 2Day FM in the lead up to her suicide at a London hospital last December

30 December 2013: Indian student in coma after being attacked by a group of nine people in Melbourne

2015: 4 March 2015: Royal hospital hoax call by radio station Fun 2day broke law, Australia's high court finds

Australia/Indonesia relations: Australia/Indonesia relations

October 2002 Bali bombings: October 2002 Bali bombings in the tourist district of Kuta on the Indonesian island of Bali, as the attack killed 202 people (including 88 Australians, 38 Indonesians, 23 Britons, and people of more than 20 other nationalities), and as further 209 people were injured - 13 December 2020: Indonesian police have arrested Aris Sumarsono believed to be the military leader of the al-Qaida-linked Jemaah Islamiyah network who has eluded capture since 2003, and is suspected of being involved in the 2002 Bali bombings, authorities said Saturday

2013: 24 July 2013: An asylum-seeker boat heading for Australia has sunk off Java in Indonesia with unconfirmed reports that dozens of people are dead or missing - 27 September: At least 22 people, mostly children, drowned and scores are missing after an Australia-bound boat carrying Middle Eastern asylum-seekers sank off Indonesia Friday in rough seas - 3 November: Australia and the USA reportedy mounted a joint surveillance operation on Indonesia during the 2007 UN climate change conference in Bali - 6 December 2013: Australia will keep spying on Indonesia, PM Abbott says

2017: 31 July 2107: Four Southeast Asian nations, including Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand will cooperate more closely with intelligence and law enforcement authorities from the Middle East amid 'grave concerns' about an elevated threat

Australia/Iran relations: Australia/Iran relations

Since October 1998 Australian sanctions against Iran: Since October 1998 Australian sanctions against Iran in relation to Iran's proliferation sensitive nuclear and missile programs and efforts to contravene UN Security Council sanction

January 2013 Australia will beef up its sanctions against Iran: 10 January 2013: Australia will beef up its sanctions against Iran over the Middle Eastern nation’s nuclear ambitions, with new curbs on natural gas trade and banking, in the face of the Iranian regime’s obstinacy over its uranium enrichment program

August 2019 shipment from Iran: 16 August 2019: An Australian-owned multinational is at the centre of a mysterious $15m shipment from Iran that threatens to breach strict USA sanctions, as shipping records, leaked video and internal documents show the movement of a significant haul of urea fertiliser out of Iran last month, according to The Guardian

September 2019 Australia presses Iran to release detained citizens: 12 September 2019: Australia presses Iranian regime to release 3 Australian citizens including travel bloggers and an Australian university lecturer from a Tehran prison, detained for months and a number of weeks - 14 September 2019: Third foreign national revealed this week to be imprisoned in Iran, in Tehran’s notorious Evin prison for almost a year, has been named by the Australian government as Dr Kylie Moore-Gilbert, a Melbourne academic who has published work on the 2011 Arab uprisings, on authoritarian governments and on the role of new media

1 December 2020 Kylie Moore-Gilbert thanks supporters after Iran prison release: 1 December 2020: Kylie Moore-Gilbert thanks supporters after Iran prison release, saying 'my freedom is your victory', after British-Australian academic was held for more than 800 days in prison on espionage charges widely dismissed as baseless

13 December 2022 Australia summons Iran’s acting ambassador to condemn anti-government protester’s execution: 13 December 2022: Australia has summoned Iran’s acting ambassador to condemn the execution of an anti-government protester and has vowed to maintain pressure against the regime’s 'egregious human rights abuses', the sixth time the Australian government has summoned Iran’s chargé d’affaires in Canberra, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates

Australia/Iraq relations: Australia/Iraq relations

2003 Iraq invasion: Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, providing one of the four most substantial combat force contingents

March 2018 Australian air force killed civilians: 28 March 2018: The Australian defence force says allegations that an air force bomb in Mosul, Iraq, killed civilians are 'credible'

30 April 2021 wife of Australian engineer arrested in Iraq begs Austrial's FM to help: 30 April 2021: The wife of an Australian man arrested in Iraq has pleaded with Australia's FM Marise Payne to intervene and help her husband, who she says is being kept in jail as 'leverage' to help the country’s central bank, as mechanical engineer Robert Pether remains behind bars in Baghdad without the means to contact his family after being arrested without warning three weeks ago

Australia/Israel relations: Australia/Israel relations

2013: 13 février 2013: Le suicide d'un Australien présenté comme un agent du Mossad qui était détenu dans le plus secret en Israël selon une télévision australienne confirmé par Israel sans révéler son identité ni les charges pesant contre lui

2016: 30 December 2016: Day after UK PM May bashes USA's Kerry’s anti-settlement speech, Australian PM Malcolm Turnbull slams 'deeply unsettling' and 'one-sided' UN decision, saying 'Australia stands with Israel'

April 2018: 5 April 2018: After the death of 2,400 Australian sheep on ship to Middle East, minister Littleproud says company’s practices to be examined as livestock exported from Perth die from heat - 29 April 2018: Animal rights activists have marched in Israel against live exports, seeking to maintain pressure on both governments to end the 'cruel industry', as a demonstration was also held in Melbourne not specifically aimed at live exports, but rather sought to shine a light on industrialised animal abuse in general

December 2018: 15 December 2018: Australia officially recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel’s capital, according to PM Morrison, saying that a contentious embassy shift from Tel Aviv will not occur until a peace settlement is achieved, but that Australia will establish a defense and trade office in Jerusalem

January 2019: 23 January 2019: Thousands attend funeral for Israeli student Aya Maasarwe, as high school and businesses close in Baqa al-Gharbiya to allow students and residents to gather after Saeed Maasarwe accompanied his daughter’s body back to Israel, who was murdered in Melbourne last week

September 2019 Israel honors WWI Australian Aborigine fighters: 26 September 2019: Israel honors WWI Australian Aborigine fighters at center near Sea of Galilee, remembering battle of Tzemach against German and Ottoman Empire

18 October 2022 Australia reverses decision to recognise West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel: 18 October 2022: Australia has reversed a decision made four years ago to recognise West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, as FM Penny Wong said that Australia remained a 'steadfast friend' to Israel, but its embassy will stay in Tel Aviv, and as Israeli PM Yair Lapid responded 'in light of the way in which this decision was made in Australia, as a hasty response to an incorrect report in the media, we can only hope that the Australian government manages other matters more seriously and professionally... Jerusalem is the eternal and united capital of Israel and nothing will ever change that'

Australia/Japan relations: Australia/Japan relations - 30 December 2012: Australia condemns Japan for whale hunt - 30/31 March 2014: ICJ set to rule on Japan's whale hunting in Antarctic, after Australia demanded UN court's decision - 31 March: UN court puts halt to Japan's Antarctic whale hunt

Australia/Kiribati relations: Australia/Kiribati relations

Since 1982 Australian High Commissioners to Kiribati: Since 1982 List of Australian High Commissioners to Kiribati - Kiribati dollar - Australian dollar, the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia, including its external territories Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island, as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu

Since 2008 'Operation Kiribati Assist': Since 2008 'Operation Kiribati Assist', an Australian Defence Force's contribution to a request from the Government of Kiribati to assist in the disposal of World War II unexploded ordnance from locations throughout Kiribati

October 2018: 10 October 2018: The inaction and recalcitrance of Australia’s federal politicians is making Kiribati despair, as new report by the IPCC paints a picture of what the world will look like if it gets 1.5°C, and 2°C, hotter than pre-industrial levels

Australia/North Korea relations: Australia/North Korea relations

1950-1953: 1950-1953 Australia in the Korean War

1981/1983: 1981/1983 'Australia in the Korean War 1950–53' is the official history of Australia's involvement in the Korean War

2017: 23 April 2017: After Australia's FM Julie Bishop said that sanctions were to send 'the clearest possible message to North Korea, that its behaviour will not be tolerated, that a nuclear-armed North Korea is not acceptable to our region', North Korea warns Australia of possible nuclear strike - 17 December 2017: Australian police charge Choi Han Chan from Sydney’s Eastwood with acting as economic agent for North Korea, attempting to sell missile components and coal and involving entities in Indonesia, Vietnam and other undisclosed countries

April 2018: 28 April 2018: Australia will send a military plane to monitor North Korean vessels suspected of transferring prohibited goods in defiance of UN sanctions

Australia/South Korea relations: Australia/South Korea relations

1950-1953: 1950-1953 Australia in the Korean War

Korean Australians: Korean Australians

1981/1983: 1981/1983 'Australia in the Korean War 1950–53' is the official history of Australia's involvement in the Korean War

2014: Korea Australia Free Trade Agreement bilateral agreement seeking to reduce trade and investment barriers between Australia and South Korea, finalised in 2014

Australia/Lebanon relations: Australia/Lebanon relations

24 November 2021 Australia has designated Lebanon-based Hezbollah as a 'terrorist' organisation: 24 November 2021: Australia has designated Hezbollah, the Iranian-backed, Lebanon-based Shia group, as a 'terrorist' organisation, covering the entirety of the group, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation reported. as Hezbollah’s military wing has been on the list since 2003

Australia/Malaysia relations: Australia/Malaysia relations - Military history of Australia 1950-1963 during the Malayan Emergency - Military history of Australia during the Indonesia–Malaysia Confrontation 1962-1966

1971 Five Power Defence Arrangements: 1971 Five Power Defence Arrangements between the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore

November 2013 Malaysia summons Australian, USA representatives over spy row: 3 November 2013: Malaysia summons Australian, USA representatives over spy row - 25 November 2013: Malaysia summons Singapore envoy over reports that the Singapore helps Western intelligence agencies spy on its Southeast Asian neighbor

May 2019 too contaminated plastic waste back to Australia: 29 May 2019: The Malaysian government will send back up to 100 tonnes of Australian plastic waste because it was too contaminated to recycle, but will not yet name the companies responsible

Australia/Morocco relations: Australia/Morocco relations

11 March 2021: Moroccan court approves dual Australian and Saudi citizen's extradition to Saudi Arabia: 11 March 2021: Moroccan court approves dual Australian and Saudi citizen's extradition to Saudi Arabia, detained shortly after he arrived in Morocco on 8 February in connection with an extradition request, as lawyers for Osama al-Hasani have ‘credible concerns’ he was targeted for his political views, and as his wife, Hana al-Hasani, said he was detained just hours after meeting his newborn child

Australia/Myanmar (Burma) relations: Australia/Myanmar (Burma) relations

7 March 2021 Australia suspends military cooperation with Myanmar following last month's coup: 7 March 2021: Australia has suspended military cooperation with Myanmar and redirected aid to non-government organisations in response to escalating violence in the wake of last month’s military coup, as foreign affairs minister, Marise Payne, says the government has raised grave concerns about the increasingly bloody repression of protest since the ousting of democratically elected Aung San Suu Kyi on 1 February

Australia/Nauru relations: Australia/Nauru relations

Australia/New Zealand relations: Australia/New Zealand relations

Since 1951 ANZUS Treaty: Since 1951 ANZUS Treaty, Australia, New Zealand, USA military alliance which binds Australia and New Zealand and, separately, Australia and the USA, to co-operate on military matters in the Pacific Ocean region

March 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings by an Australian white supremacist: 15 March 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings at Al Noor Mosque and the Linwood Islamic Centre - 15 March 2019: At least 49 people were killed and 20 injured in armed assaults by a suspected white nationalist on two crowded Christchurch mosques, as white Australian who came to New Zealand only to plan and train for the attack claimed responsibility for the shootings and left an anti-immigrant manifesto in which he explained who he was and his reasoning for his actions - 16 March 2019: During his appearance in the Christchurch District Court Australian white supremacist Brenton Tarrant, who planned 'to continue with his attack' according to police, charged with murder of 49 worshipers

March 2019 Christchurch shooter's European links: 15 March 2019: Suspected New Zealand attacker ‘met extreme right-wing groups’ during Europe visit, saying he began planning his operation after a visit to Europe in 2017, according to security sources

March 2019 Christchurch massacre video distributionMarch 2019 copies of the live-streamed video were reposted on many platforms and file-sharing websites, including Facebook, LiveLeak, and YouTube

16/17 March 2019 Murdoch’s Sky News Australia shared footage of Christchurch massacre: 16 March 2019: Sky New Zealand has pulled fellow broadcaster Sky News Australia, Rupert Murdoch’s Australian pay-TV channel, off air until the channel stops broadcasting clips from the Christchurch mosque shooter’s Facebook live stream, despite a plea from New Zealand police against the sharing of the disturbing footage - 17 March 2019: Australian gunman live-streamed the attacks on social media for 17 minutes using an app designed for extreme sports enthusiasts, as Facebook Inc said it had removed 1.5 million videos globally of the New Zealand mosque attack in the first 24 hours after the deadly shootings at two separate mosques in Christchurch

February 2020 Jacinda Ardern lashes Scott Morrison for 'testing' friendship over deportations: 28 February 2020: New Zealand PM Jacinda Ardern lashes Scott Morrison for 'testing' friendship over deportations to New Zealand, saying Australia is deporting ‘your people and your problems’ using unfair policies

25 April 2020 Australia and New Zealand despite covid-19 together for Anzac Day 2020: 25 April 2020: Australia and New Zealand come together in isolation for Anzac Day 2020, originally devised to honour the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ANZAC who served in the Gallipoli Campaign, their first engagement against German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires World War I 1914–1918

27 August 2020 Christchurch mosque shooting perpetrator sentenced to life without parole: 27 August 2020: After three days of emotional victim impact statements Justice Mander sentenced white supremacist Brenton Tarrant to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for the 51 murders, the first time in modern New Zealand that such a sentence has been imposed, as justice said 'You have offered no apology or public acknowledgement of the harms you have caused'

Australia/Pakistan relations: Australia/Pakistan relations

Pakistani Australians: Pakistani Australians, 61,913 citizens according to the 2016 census - About 600 Australians in Pakistan in 2001

Australia/Palestinian territories relations: Overview of Australia’s aid program to the Palestinian Territories

May 2018: 15 May 2018: Australia’s PM blamed Hamas for the dozens of deaths in Gaza in violent clashes the previous day between Palestinians protesters and Israeli forces along the border, saying the loss of life was 'tragic' but that 'Hamas’s conduct is confrontational', 'seeking to provoke the Israeli Defense Forces' and 'pushing people to the border'

Australia/Papua New Guinea relations: Australia/Papua New Guinea relations - 19 July 2013: Australia's Kevin Rudd announces that all unauthorised arrivals will be sent to poverty-stricken Papua New Guinea

Australia/Philippines relations: Australia/Philippines relations

Economic and trade relations: Australia/Philippines economic and trade relations

Australia/Qatar relations: Australia/Qatar relations, after in 2012 Qatar opened an embassy in Canberra and an Australia ambassador to Qatar and the UAE was appointed, as there are 3,000 Australians in Qatar, and as in 2016 Australia opened an embassy in Doha

October 2020 Qatar airport incident: 2020 Qatar airport incident, as on 2 October thirteen Australian female passengers aboard a Qatar Airways flight to Sydney from Hamad International Airport in Doha were forced to deplane before takeoff, and were subsequently strip searched and 'subjected to an invasive internal examination' against their will, allegedly prompted by the discovery of a newborn baby in an airport bathroom

15 November 2021 Australian women to sue Qatar over compulsory intimate searches in October 2020: 15 November 2021: A group of women subjected to invasive gynaecological searches at Doha airport will sue Qatari authorities, as women on 10 Qatar Airways flights from Doha, including 13 Australians, were subjected to the examinations late last year as authorities searched for the mother of a newborn found abandoned in an airport bathroom, their lawyer said on Monday

21st century Qatari investment in Australia: Qatari investment in Australia, as up to 2017, investment arm Hassad Food of the Qatar Investment Authority had invested more than $500 million to buy prime agricultural land in Australia, to own 3,000 square kilometres, with 5 properties in New South Wales, 1 in Victoria, 1 in Queensland, 3 in South Australia and 3 in Western Australia. The company is proposing to invest another $500 million in Australia. Australian senator Bernardi has said 'we can have a debate and a discussion about the wisdom of foreign ownership of some of our strategic assets, but I do not know how anyone can justify a government that is recognised by its peers and our allies as the funder of terrorism owning such resources in our own country'

Australia/Russia relations: Australia/Russia relations

2014: 3 April 2014: Russian ambassador to Australia called in to explain troops in Crimea - 17 July 2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 shot down by a Russian-made BUK missile fired from an area in eastern Ukraine controlled by Russian-backed separatists - 13 October 2014: Australia PM says will confront Putin at G20 over the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 and the murder of Australian citizens - 18 October: Putin agrees to use his influence with pro-Russian separatists in Ukraine to aid the investigation into the crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 brought down by an explosion consistent with a surface-to-air missile, Australia's Julie Bishop says - 19 October: Parents of three children Mo, Evie and Otis, who were killed with their grandfather Nick Norris in the downing of flight MH17, call for an end to war saying their lives are an 'ongoing hell' - 31 March 2015: Australia imposes broader sanctions on Russia, now the same as those that have been imposed by Canada, the EU, and the USA

2015: 8 October 2015: The 'Bellingcat' open source investigation into the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 summarizes that on 17 July 2014 a Buk missile launcher, originating from the 53rd Brigade near Kursk in Russia, travelled from Donetsk to Snizhne, was then unloaded and drove under its own power to a field south of Snizhne, where at approximately 4:20 pm it launched a surface-to-air missile that hit Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 as it flew over Ukraine, and was driven back on the morning of July 18 from Luhansk in Ukraine across the border to Russia, adding that 'alternative scenarios presented by the Russian Ministry of Defense and Almaz-Antey are at best deeply flawed, and at worst show a deliberate attempt to mislead using fabricated evidence' - 13 October: International investigators have concluded that Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down by a Russian-made BUK missile fired from rebel-held eastern Ukraine on 17 July 2014, a Dutch paper says ahead of the official report - 13 October: Dutch MH17 report suggests efforts were made by Russian-backed separatists to cover up causes of disaster, including a bungled autopsy in which metal fragments from a Russian-made Buk missile were deliberately removed, as the chairman of the safety board Tjibbe Joustra says to Dutch journalists in the corridor of parliament that the Buk missile was fired from an area controlled by Russian-backed separatists - 16 November 2015: Australia, which is participating in airstrikes against Islamic State terrorists, excluded from Syria peace talks involving 20 countries or regional groupings, after Russian objection

2016: 24 February 2016: Bellingcat names those possibly involved in July 2014 MH17 crash, including Russia Defence Ministry and Putin - 24 February 2016: MH17 - Potential Suspects and Witnesses from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade - A bell¿ngcat Investigation 2015/2016 - 18 May 2016: NSW Coroner Michael Barnes has found the deaths of six NSW passengers in the Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 crash were caused by 'deliberate, malicious acts' - 21 May 2016: Australian law firm wants compensation from Russian regime for MH17 crash and its President Putin on behalf of families of victims of July 2014 catastrophe, the relevant application was submitted to the European Court of Human Rights on 9 May 2016

September/October 2016: 28/29 September 2016: MH17 'killers' will be brought to justice, says Australian PM Malcolm Turnbull, adding that Australia will continue to pursue Russia after two-year international investigation found Malaysian Airlines plane was downed by missile from Russia - 2 October 2016: Australia’s FM Julie Bishop says that Russian-backed separatists responsible for shooting down the Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 in Ukraine, killing 298 people including 38 Australians, could face a Lockerbie-style prosecution once the investigation has concluded, and that other legal avenues are required because Russia would likely veto any moves by the UN security council to bring to trial those responsible

October 2016: 7 October 2016: Protesters opposed to Russian military intervention in Syria gathered outside the Russian Embassy in Canberra, with some carrying placards comparing Russian regime's Vladimir Putin to Adolf Hitler

July 2017: 16 July 2017: Australia says MH17 perpetrators, shot down by a Russian-made Buk missile in July 2014, may be tried in absentia - 17 July 2017: Bellingcat's team of investigative journalists has released report summarizing all major open source evidence surrounding the downing of MH17 in an easy-to-read 73-page survey, naming Buk 332 of the Russian Armed Forces to be the only credible candidate for the missile launcher that downed MH17

March 2018: 27 March 2018: Australia expelling two Russian diplomats over nerve agent attack, saying the 'novichok' attack 'reflects a pattern of recklessness and aggression by the Russian government'

May 2018 Russia formally accused of downing MH17: 25 May 2018: Australia and the Netherlands have formally accused Russia of being responsible for downing a Malaysia Airlines passenger jet in July 2014, after international Joint Investigation Team identified the missile used to shoot down the plane as coming from Russia's armed forces, murdering all 298 people on board - 25 May 2018: Russian GRU officer Ivannikov involved in delivery of Buk to Donbas in July 2014, according Bellingcat team, The Insider and other investigators

June 2018: 8 June 2018: Australian government joins UK in state boycott of World Cup 2018 in Russia

March 2019 Australian sanctions over Russia's continued aggression against Ukraine: 18 March 2019: Australia imposes financial sanctions, travel bans over Russia's continued aggression against Ukraine, condemning the aggression and calling on Russian regime to release the detained Ukrainian sailors and seized vessels without delay

August 2019 Christchurch shooter's Russian links: 15 August 2019: Christchurch shooter, who is accused of killing 51 people in mosque massacre, sends hate-filled letter from jail to a Russian man named Alan, who posted the letter to the website 4Chan, also discussing his trip to Russia in 2015

Australia/Saudi Arabia relations: Australia/Saudi Arabia relations

January 2019: 9 January 2019: Australia will consider refugee resettlement for 18-year-old Saudi woman Rahaf Mohammed al-Qunun who fled to Thailand saying she feared her family would kill her, the Australian government said, after UNHCR granted her refugee status and asked the Australian government to consider granting her asylum

11 March 2021 Moroccan court approves dual Australian and Saudi citizen's extradition to Saudi Arabia: 11 March 2021: Moroccan court approves dual Australian and Saudi citizen's extradition to Saudi Arabia, detained shortly after he arrived in Morocco on 8 February in connection with an extradition request, as lawyers for Osama al-Hasani have ‘credible concerns’ he was targeted for his political views, and as his wife, Hana al-Hasani, said he was detained just hours after meeting his newborn child

4 September 2023 Australia’s rise in military export approvals to Saudi Arabia labelled ‘disturbing’: 4 September 2023: Australia significantly increased the number of permits for the export of military equipment to Saudi Arabia last year - despite calls for such sales to be banned because of the humanitarian crisis in war-torn Yemen -, and also continued to maintain significant secrecy over the type and value of weapons and military technology exported to nations such as Saudi Arabia. But figures provided to the Greens senator David Shoebridge show that Australia approved 21 permits for the export of military or dual-use equipment to Saudi Arabia between 1 January and 9 November 2022. That was already more than the 17 permits approved in 2021 and considerably more than the five between 23 August 2019 and 26 October 2020.

Australia/Solomon Islands relations: Australia/Solomon Islands relations

25 November 2021 Australia sends police and troops to Honiara: 25 November 2021: Australia sends police and troops to Honiara as violent protests continue in Solomon Islands, as Australia's deployment comes to support ‘riot control’, with protesters reportedly from neighbouring island, which opposed government’s 2019 decision to switch allegiance from Taiwan to China

Australia/South Africa relations: Australia/South Africa relations

South African Australians: South African Australians, 145,683 people by ancestry according to 2011 Census (189,000 by birth in 2018 according to Australian bureau of statistics), as the large majority of South African immigrants to Australia have been of British descent and only a small percentage of direct African origin

Australia-South Africa economic and trade relations: Australia-South Africa economic and trade relations

April 2020 earliest known skull of Homo erectus unearthed near Johannesburg: 2 April 2020: The earliest known skull of Homo erectus has been unearthed by an Australian-led team of researchers who have dated the fossil at two million years old, showing the first of our ancestors existed up to 200,000 years earlier than previously thought, as researcher Andy Herries said the skull was pieced together from more than 150 fragments uncovered at the Drimolen Main Quarry, located about 40km north of Johannesburg in South Africa

Australia/Sri Lanka relations: Australia/Sri Lanka relations - Sri Lankan Australian - Tamil Australian - 12 March 2014: Australia's relationship with Sri Lanka puts asylum seekers at risk, Rights group says - 15 October 2014: Tamil asylum seekers held at sea given no chance to claim asylum, court hears

Australia/Switzerland relations: Australia/Switzerland relations - 3 March 2015: Switzerland has signed a deal with Australia to exchange tax information, the country's first such agreement under OECD framework

Australia/Syria relations: Australia/Syria relations

2015 Australia excluded from Syria peace talks after Russian objection: 16 November 2015: Australia, which is participating in airstrikes against Islamic State terrorists, excluded from Syria peace talks involving 20 countries or regional groupings, after Russian objection

October 2016 protesters against Russian military intervention in Syria gathered outside Russian embassy in Canberra: 7 October 2016: Protesters opposed to Russian military intervention in Syria gathered outside the Russian Embassy in Canberra, with some carrying placards comparing Russian regime's Vladimir Putin to Adolf Hitler

March 2018 Australia condemned the Syrian Assad regime for its continuing atrocities against civilians: 24 March 2018: Australia has fiercely condemned the Syrian Assad regime for its continuing atrocities against civilians, which have included bombing hospitals, using illegal chemical weapons and deliberately trying to starve a civilian population, also pushing back firmly against Russia, in a statement to the Human Rights Council in Geneva

8 September 2020 Australian women and children snatched from al-Hawl refugee camp: 8 September 2020: Australian women and children have been snatched from the al-Hawl refugee camp in north-east Syria, where families of Islamic State fighters are detained, as at least four women and 10 children, all Australian, were reportedly removed from the camp, handcuffed and driven away in a white van overnight on Saturday

Australia/Tanzania relations: Australia/Tanzania relations

3 January 2021 Australian women’s rights activist faces charges in Tanzania: 3 January 2021: Australian women’s rights activist faces charges in Tanzania, as supporters says charges against Zara Kay, who has had her passport confiscated, are ‘politically motivated’

Australia/Turkey relations: Australia/Turkey relations

October 1914 Ottoman attack on Russian ports and entry into World War I: October 1914 Ottoman entry into World War I 1914-1918, starting with a German supported attack against Russian ports - History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I

Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 1914-1918: Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 1914-1918

1915-1916: Gallipoli Campaign 1915-1916, British-French failure after irresponsible employment of the soldiers of Allies of World War I - Gallipoli campaign casualties, British empire losses and casualties 252,000 humans, Ottoman empire losses and casualties 218,000–251,000 humans - Anzac spirit

1908–1922 defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire: Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 1908–1922

2014-2018 World War I centenary: First World War 1914-1918 centenary 2014-2018 - 25 April 2015: Thousands of Australians and New Zealanders turned out Saturday to mark the centenary of the Gallipoli landings and Anzac Day

March 2019 Erdogan's offensive comments: 20 March 2019: Australian PM Scott Morrison condemned 'reckless' and 'highly offensive' comments made by Turkey's president Erdogan concerning Ottoman empire's role in World War I on the side of the Central Powers, in the wake of the March 2019 Christchurch massacre

Australia/Tuvalu relations: Australia/Tuvalu relations

Climate change in Tuvalu: Climate change in Tuvalu and concerns over long term habitability

August 2019 climate change and picking Australian fruits: 19 August 2019: Tuvalu threatens to exit Australia's seasonal worker program after deputy PM McCormack’s comments that Pacific islanders threatened by climate change would survive because 'many of their workers come here and pick our fruit'

Australia/Ukraine relations: Australia/Ukraine relations

July 2014: Australia urges Ukraine separatists to co-operate with investigation into the explosion of flight MH17: 17 July 2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 reportedly shot down - 18 July 2014: Australia urges Ukraine separatists to co-operate with investigation into the explosion of flight MH17 - 25/26 July: As Australia and Netherlands join renewed push to secure MH17 crash site Ukraine's acting PM Volodymyr Groysman wants parliament to allow Australian police and soldiers to take a lead role in securing the MH17 crash site - 27 July: Australia to send police but no military to MH17 crash site - 28 July: Australia, Netherlands plan fresh attempt to reach MH17 site

11 July 2023 Australia to deploy surveillance aircraft to assist Ukraine: 11 July 2023: Australia will send a surveillance aircraft to Europe to help support Ukraine by protecting vital humanitarian and military supply lines. The E-7A Wedgetail, one of Australia’s most sophisticated early warning and airborne control platforms, will be based in Germany for six months along with as many as 100 crew and support personnel.

Australia/United Kingdom relations: Australia/UK relations

Since 1788: History of Australia 1788–1850 since the arrival of the first fleet of British ships and establishment of the first British Colony

Early British and Irish settlers in Australia - Racial violence in Australia - Racist legislation in Australian history - 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 disqualified some Indigenous Australians, Asian people, African people and Pacific Islanders from voting

British nuclear weapons tests in Australia - Britain, Australia and the bomb - Operation 'Hurricane' - the first British atomic device on 3 October 1952 in Australia

British nuclear tests at Maralinga - Maralinga: Australia's Nuclear Waste Cover-up

Death of Jacintha Saldanha December 2012 and hindered investigation: : Death of Jacintha Saldanha December 2012 - 8 décembre 2012: Décès de l'infirmière Jacintha Saldanha victime d'un canular - 9 December: British press condemns criminal Australian radio hoax - 9 December: Scotland Yard contacts Australian police over the death of Jacintha Saldanha - 13 December: One week later, London police says, Jacintha Saldhana was found hanging in her room. leaving three suicide notes - 2 February 2013: British prosecutors, the crown (!) prosecution service, will not press charges against two Australian DJs over the royal hoax call and its illegal and international broadcasting that preceded Jacintha Saldhana's suicide - 11 February 2013: Australia royal radio hoaxer back on air - 7 March 2013: The family of Jacintha Saldhana, who committed suicide after hoax call broadcasting, is struggling with the prospect of massive legal bills to uncover the truth - 28 April 2013: Kate prank call nurse Jacintha Saldanha left a suicide note blaming the two Australian RJs Mel Greig and Michael Christian for her death - 20 June 2013: The radio station at the centre of a prank call that led to the suicide of Jacintha Saldanha is trying to block further investigation of its actions - 1 September 2013: Jacintha Saldanha had received a series of prank calls from Australian radio station 2Day FM in the lead up to her suicide at a London hospital last December - 4 March 2015: Royal hospital hoax call by radio station Fun 2day broke law, Australia's high court finds

2 March 2021 Britain-based neo-Nazi group will become the first organization to be listed as a terror group in Australia: 2 March 2021: Australian Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton accepted an ASIO recommendation to label Sonnenkrieg Division a 'terrorist organisation', citing their reach into Australia from several other countries including the United Kingdom, after Thomas Sewell, one of the leaders of the Australian neo-Nazi group attacked a Channel Nine security guard in Melbourne, accosting the guard to throw multiple punches and more, who was then taken to hospital by ambulance

Australia/USA relations: Australia/USA relations

July 2013 outrage in Australia over USA bomb drop on Barrier Reef: 21 July 2013: USA drops bombs on Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park - 21 July 2013: Outrage in Australia over USA bomb drop on Barrier Reef

September 2013 Australia offers support for USA action to protect Syrian people: 2 September 2013: Australia offers political support for USA action to protect Syrian people

January 2017 protest against USA's Trump: 21 janvier 2017: A Sydney et Melbourne, mais également à Wellington en Nouvelle-Zélande, des milliers d'opposants au nouveau président américain Donald Trump ont commencé samedi de protester contre le mépris montré régulièrement envers les femmes

June 2020 Aboriginal people express solidarity with USA citizens protesting against the death of George Floyd: 1 June 2020: Aboriginal people whose family members have died in custody express solidarity with people on the streets of USA cities protesting against the death of George Floyd

Since 15 September 2021 AUKUS security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the USA: Since 15 September 2021 AUKUS, a trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the USA, announced on 15 September 2021 for the Indo-Pacific region. Under the pact, the USA and the UK will assist Australia in acquiring nuclear-powered submarines. The pact also includes cooperation on advanced cyber, artificial intelligence and autonomy, quantum technologies, undersea capabilities, hypersonic and counter-hypersonic, electronic warfare, innovation and information sharing. The pact will focus on military capability, separating it from the Five Eyes intelligence-sharing alliance that also includes New Zealand and Canada. On 8 March 2023, US officials reported that Australia would purchase three Virginia-class submarines, with the option to acquire a further two more. These submarines would fulfil the capability gap when the Collins class boats are retired. A longer term solution will involve Australia and the UK jointly developing a new submarine based on the SSN(R) design already under development.

14 March 2023 USA, UK, and Australia announce deal on nuclear-powered submarines: 14 March 2023: USA, UK, and Australia agreed on nuclear-powered submarines deal, announcing that Australia will purchase nuclear-powered attack submarines from the USA in a deal estimated to total around €342 billion to modernise its fleet amid growing concern about China’s influence in the Indo-Pacific

29 July 2023 during Aukus pact meeting USA rejects Australia’s calls to end pursuit of WikiLeaks founder: 29 July 2023: As Brisbane ministers’ meeting focused on military cooperation and agreed to increase ‘tempo’ of USA nuclear-powered submarine visits to Australia as part of Aukus pact, USA aside from that rejects Australia’s calls to end pursuit of WikiLeaks founder Assange

Australia/Venezuela relations: Australia/Venezuela relations

January 2019: 27 January 2019: Australia recognises Juan Guaidó as Venezuela president

Australia/Vietnam relations: Australia/Vietnam relations

Vietnamese Australians: Vietnamese Australians, 294,798 citizens with Vietnamese ancestry in 2016

Environment in Australia: Environment of Australia - Natural history of Australia - Natural history of Australia by state or territory - Geology of Australia - Geography of Australia - List of regions of Australia - Environment of Australia by state or territory

Climate of Australia: Australia's climate is governed mostly by its size and by the hot, sinking air of the subtropical high pressure belt, moving north and south with the seasons, as the climate is variable, with frequent droughts lasting several seasons thought to be caused in part by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, having a wide variety of climates due to its large geographical size, as the largest part of Australia is desert or semi-arid

Climate change in Australia: Climate change in Australia

2014: 13 July 2014: Southern Australia faces water crisis by end of century due to climate change, Perth identified as most vulnerable city under prediction of massive 40% reduction in rainfall

Landforms of Australia: Landforms of Australia - Mountain ranges of Australia by region and state - List of mountains in Australia - Landforms of Australia by state or territory

Ecoregions in Australia: List of ecoregions in Australia - Deserts of Australia

Forests of Australia: Forests of Australia - Forests of Australia by region, territory or state

Flora of Australia: Flora of Australia, comprising a vast assemblage of plant species estimated to over 20,000 vascular and 14,000 non-vascular plants, 250,000 species of fungi and over 3,000 lichens, as the flora has strong affinities with the flora of Gondwana, and below the family level has a highly endemic angiosperm flora whose diversity was shaped by the effects of continental drift and climate change since the Cretaceous - Lists of plants of Australia - Flora of Western Australia - List of threatened flora of Australia

Fauna of Australia: Fauna of Australia, consisting of a huge variety of animals, as high level of endemism can be attributed to the continent's long geographic isolation, tectonic stability, and the effects of an unusual pattern of climate change on the soil and flora over geological time - Invasive species in Australia - Lists of animals of Australia - Threatened fauna of Australia

28 July 2020 almost 3 billion animals affected by Australian bushfires, report shows: 28 July 2020: Nearly 3 billion animals were killed or displaced by Australia’s devastating bushfire season 2019/2020, according to scientists, as British 'Guardian' has learned that an estimated 143 million mammals, 180 million birds, 51 million frogs and a staggering 2.5 billion reptiles were affected by the fires that burned across the continent threatening nature, wildlife and human life directly and indirectly

Water in Australia: Water in Australia - Bodies of water of Australia - List of drainage basins of Australia

List of rivers of Australia: List of rivers of Australia - Australian rivers by state or territory

February 2020 drought, fires and floods push Australian rivers into crisis: 12 February 2020: In 2019/2020 drought, fires and floods push Australian rivers into crisis, as the combination of extreme weather events will have cascading impacts on fish, platypus and invertebrates, threatening some with extinction

Rivers of the Northern Territory: Rivers of the Northern Territory

Rivers of Queensland: Rivers of Queensland

Rivers of New South Wales: Rivers of New South Wales

Rivers of South Australia: Rivers of South Australia

List of rivers of Victoria: List of rivers of Victoria

List of watercourses in Western Australia: List of watercourses in Western Australia

Water security and drought in Australia: Water security in Australia became a major concern in Australia in the late 20th and early 21st century as a result of population growth, recurring severe droughts, fears of the effects of global warming on Australia, environmental degradation from reduced environmental flows, competition between competing interests such as grazing, irrigation and urban water supplies, and competition between upstream and downstream users - Drought in Australia

Water supply and sanitation in Australia: Water supply and sanitation in Australia, as country's supply of freshwater is increasingly vulnerable to droughts, possibly as a result of climate change - Water restrictions in Australia

Irrigation in Australia: Irrigation in Australia, widespread practice required in many areas of Australia, the driest inhabited continent, to supplement low rainfall with water from other sources to assist in growing crops and pasture, but overuse or poor management of irrigation is held responsible by some for environmental problems such as soil salinity and loss of habitat for native flora and fauna

Environmental issues in Australia: Environmental issues in Australia - Environmental disasters in Australia - Environmental movement in Australia - Environmental organisations based in Australia

Effects of global warming on Australia and climate change: Effects of global warming on Australia, as as research and measuring the effects assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities, vulnerable to climate change due partially to the importance of its agricultural sector and the prominence of its coast

2008 Sydney's climate change 'hotspots': 29 April 2008: Study reveals Sydney's climate change 'hotspots'

August 2018 drought: 8 August 2018: NSW Government says entire state in drought - 17 August 2018: Drought, wind and heat, bushfire season in New South Wales is starting earlier and lasting longer

September 2019: 9 September 2019: Faced with a looming ferocious summer with little rain forecast, the New South Wales government has embarked on a Noah’s Ark type operation to move native fish from the Lower Darling – part of Australia’s most significant river system – to safe havens before high temperatures return to the already stressed river basin

November 2019 'Brown to Green' report, criticizing Australia: 11 November 2019: Australia’s response to climate change is one of the worst in the G20 with a lack of policy, reliance on fossil fuels and rising emissions leaving the country exposed 'economically, politically and environmentally', according to the 2019 'Brown to Green' report, taking stock of the performance of G20 countries on climate change adaptation and mitigation across key sectors

December 2019 bushfires in Australia have emitted a massive pulse of CO2 into the atmosphere: 13 December 2019: Bushfires in NSW and Queensland have emitted a massive pulse of CO2 into the atmosphere since August that is equivalent to almost half of Australia’s annual greenhouse gas emissions

December 2019 supersized bushfires create their own feared thunderstorms: 19 December 2019: Scientists fear surge in supersized bushfires that create their own violent thunderstorms, as pyroCB storms are feared due to the violent and unpredictable conditions they create on the ground

January 2020 burning forests at a rate unmatched in modern times change the landscape: 19 January 2020: Australia’s forests are burning at a rate unmatched in modern times and scientists say the landscape is being permanently altered as a warming climate brings profound changes to the island continent

29 November 2021 Australia’s forest fires fanned by climate crisis: 29 November 2021: Australia’s forest fires fanned by climate crisis, according to National science agency's study saying climate ‘overwhelming factor’ in driving fires, with fire seasons getting longer and affecting more areas

Threats to the Great Barrier Reef: Great Barrier Reef - Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef

2014: 1 May 2014: UNESCO condemns dredge waste dumping in Barrier Reef waters - 30 September 2014: The growth of part of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef has slowed by as much as half in recent decades, threatening the reef and the ecosystem it supports, Israeli and American researchers say

2015: 22 March 2015: Australian coral reef experts say if the mining and port expansion projects go ahead, there will be permanent damage to the reef

2016: 7 June 2016: Bleaching caused by climate change has killed almost a quarter of Great Barrier Reef's coral this year and many scientists believe it could be too late for the rest

2017: 9 April 2017: Australia Research Council's findings have caused alarm among scientists, who say the proximity of the 2016 and 2017 bleaching events is unprecedented for the reef, and will give damaged coral little chance to recover - 3 June 2017: Unesco has expressed 'serious concern' about the impact of coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef and warned Australia it will not meet the targets of the Reef 2050 report without considerable work to improve water quality

2018: 18 April 2018: Scientists have chronicled the 'mass mortality' of corals on the Great Barrier Reef, in a new report that says 30% of the reef’s corals died in a catastrophic nine-month marine heatwave

22 June 2021 Unesco recommends Great Barrier Reef world heritage site should be listed as ‘in danger’: 22 June 2021: Unesco recommends Great Barrier Reef world heritage site should be listed as ‘in danger’, but Australian government ‘stunned’ by recommendation and will strongly oppose draft decision - 22 juin 2021: L’Unesco a publié lundi un rapport recommandant de rétrograder le statut de la Grande Barrière de corail à cause de sa détérioration, mais le gouvernement d’Australie veut s’y opposer

Natural disasters in Australia: Natural disasters in Australia

Weather events in Australia: Weather events in Australia

5 July 2023 ocean temperatures around Australia 0.5C above June average as UN declares an El Niño: 5 July 2023: Ocean temperatures around Australia last month were 0.5C above average, as the UN’s weather agency declared the world was now in an El Niño. El Niño events influence weather extremes around the globe and for Australia increase the risk of drought, heatwaves, bushfires and coral bleaching.

Heat waves in Australia: Heat waves in Australia

2009: Late 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave

2014: 2014 South-Eastern Australian heatwave - January 2014 southeastern Australia heat wave

2017 heat wave in south-eastern Australia: February 2017 heat wave in south-eastern Australia

January 2018: 7 janvier 2018: L'Australie suffoque sous des températures record

December 2018 post-Christmas heatwave: 27 December 2018: Australia’s post-Christmas heatwave continues to sweep across the country, with a near record-breaking 49C forecast for Western Australia, and fire danger, health and air quality warnings issued across the nation

December 2019 heatwave moves across South Australia: 17 December 2019: December heat records are expected to tumble in Australia from Wednesday as a heatwave moves across South Australia to Victoria and New South Wales, and temperatures are forecast to peak in Victoria and South Australia, with Oodnadatta and Port Augusta to reach 48C, and peak in NSW

25 December 2019 Australia's east coast faces extreme heat: 25 December 2019: Australia's east coast faces extreme heat as bushfire threat looms again

28 November 2020 much of Australia in the grip of an extreme heatwave: 28 November 2020: Much of Australia is in the grip of an extreme heatwave with temperatures reaching into the mid-40s and total fire bans in force in parts of South Australia, New South Wales and Victoria, as South Australia followed up a scorching Friday with a similarly warm Saturday, with temperatures hitting 46C

24 December 2022 record-breaking Western Australia heatwave has days to run before it moves east: 24 December 2022: A record-breaking heatwave in Western Australia has days to run before it shifts eastwards, combining with moisture left over from ex-tropical cyclone Tiffany to create some clammy days and nights for southern cities. Perth on Friday reached 40C for a fourth consecutive day, matching the record sequence reached in the WA capital on only three previous occasions, including around last Christmas.

24 February 2023 new record-breaking heat in Australia, while in Brazil there have been record downpours: 24 February 2023: New record-breaking heat in Australia, as southern Australia has recorded significant heat over the past week with maximum temperatures widely reaching in excess of 35C as well as more than 10C above the climatological average. Many stations in the south, across Western Australia and South Australia, recorded temperatures in excess of 40C with Eucla and Red Rock Points recording their highest February temperature of 46.8C on 22 February. Two large blocking high pressure systems south and west of Australia have allowed heat to stall across western and southern parts. This will be pushed further eastwards through this week

Drought in Australia: Drought in Australia - Australian water restrictions by state or territory

2000s Australian drought: 2000s Australian drought

2018: 9 June 2018: After years of extreme weather worsening drought pushes farmers to the brink in NSW’s Liverpool plains

2018 Australian drought: 2 August 2018: Rainfall deficiencies continue and increase in severity for the east - 8 August 2018: A total of 77% of New South Wales is either in drought or drought affected, while 23% is experiencing intense drought

Bushfires in Australia: Bushfires in Australia - Australian bushfires 2009 - January 2013 Tasmanian bushfires - 5 January 2013: Thousands flee wildfires raging on the Australian island of Tasmania - 8 January: Thousands of firefighters on standby across nation's most populous state of New South Wales - 9 January: Cooler weather brings some relief to south-east Australia as fire crews continue to battle bushfires across several states

2013–14 Australian bushfire season: 2013–14 Australian bushfire season - October 2013 New South Wales Bushfires - 18 octobre 2013: Les incendies de brousse ont potentiellement détruit des centaines de maisons et fait au moins un mort - 19 October: Destruction toll rises from some of the most costly wildfires to ever strike Australia's most populous state - 22 October: Firefighters deliberately merged two major blazes in southeastern Australia in a desperate battle to manage the advancing infernos as weather conditions worsen - 23 October: Residents are warned to take shelter from two new bushfires - 24 October: Military exercise sparked big Australian wildfire, says probe - 13 January 2014: A man died defending his home from an intense wildfire near Australia's west coast city of Perth, destroying 46 houses - 15 January: Lightning strikes ignited more than 250 fires across southeast Australia, as firefighters battled to put out the flames and the country sweltered under a heatwave - 10 February 2014: Wildfires with flames threatening Melbourne destroy at least 20 homes

2014-2015 Australian bushfire season: 2014–15 Australian bushfire season - 5 January 2015: 26 homes and 41 sheds wiped out in raging bushfires in South Australia

2015–2016 Australian bushfire season: 2015–2016 Australian bushfire season - 26 December 2015: More than 100 homes confirmed lost in Great Ocean Road bushfire in Victoria

2016–2017 Australian bushfire season: 2016–2017 Australian bushfire season - February 2017 heat wave in south-eastern Australia

2017–2018 Australian bushfire season: 2017–2018 Australian bushfire season

March 2018: March 2018 Tathra bushfire - 19 mars 2018: Des incendies détruisent des dizaines d'habitations des Etats de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud et de Victoria

November/December 2018: 27 November 2018: People have been pulled from the path of a monster bushfire after refusing to flee from the erratic and dangerous inferno that’s destroyed homes and razed thousands of hectares in central Queensland, as hundreds of firefighters are battling more than 80 fires across the state in unprecedented conditions - 28 November 2018: Eight thousand residents of Gracemere in Queensland have been urged to leave as schools were closed because of the fire threat - 1 December 2018: Queensland firefighters are gearing up for more volatile fire conditions, with severe dry weather and dry storms again crossing the state, as 'local firefighters are saying we just have never seen these sorts of conditions before, where fire burns like this, so hot, so fast and with such intensity'

2018–2019 Australian bushfire season: 2018–19 Australian bushfire season

March 2019: 4 mars 2019: Un millier de pompiers australiens étaient mobilisés pour tenter de venir à bout d'une dizaine de feux de forêt dans le sud de l'île-continent, qui vient de connaître son été le plus chaud depuis le début des relevés météo

September 2019 Queensland bushfires: 9 September 2019: Homes lost on sunshine coast as Queensland bushfires continue to burn

2019–2020 Australian bushfire season and fires by territory: 2019–2020 Australian bushfire season and fires by state or territory

November 2019 NSW and Queensland bushfires: 8 November 2019: Scores of bushfires burn out of control in NSW and Queensland as temperatures soar, and as hot and windy weather has created volatile conditions along parts of Australia’s east coast - 10 November 2019: Sydney to face catastrophic fire danger for first time, as more than 130 bushfires continue to burn, with three people dead and 150 properties destroyed, and conditions set to worsen - 11 November 2019: Australia braces for 'most dangerous bushfire week ever seen' - 12 November 2019: Australia fires rage out of control on 'catastrophic' day, and army ready to be deployed as NSW and Queensland fires blaze out of control - 13 November 2019: No letup for exhausted communities and struggling people as bushfires flare 'all around us' in NSW and Queensland - 21 November 2019: Record-breaking temperatures of 40C heat fuel Australian bushfires across the country

3 December 2019 areas of NSW national parks burned: 3 December 2019: More than 10% of the area covered by NSW national parks has been burned in this season’s bushfires, including 20% of the Blue Mountains world heritage area, according to state government data

6 December 2019 more than half of fires out of control: 6 December 2019: More than 100 bushfires were burning in NSW on Friday and five blazes merge north of Sydney, as conditions forecast to worsen and as more than half of the deadly fires are out of control

7 December 2019 'too big to put out': 7 December 2019: Dozens of fires will burn across Australia for weeks, fire authorities say, including a 'mega-fire', already the size of greater Sydney, that is too big to put out, as of Saturday night, more than 100 fires were burning across the state of NSW, 18 of which potentially threatened lives and homes, and more than 40 were burning across Queensland

19 December 2019 record temperatures, volatile and erratic conditions and firefighters hospitalised with severe burns: 19 December 2019: Record temperatures and ‘volatile and erratic’ conditions as more than 100 fires burn across New South Wales and firefighters hospitalised with severe burns, due to political failures for decades

20 December 2019 no relief in sight from Australian bushfire crisis: 20 December 2019: No relief in sight from Australian bushfire crisis as toll from catastrophic blazes rises

20 December 2019 South Australia, New South Wales, and Victoria burn into the night: 20 December 2019: South Australia, New South Wales, and Victoria burn into the night, as Melbourne shrouded in smoke haze from bushfires, and amid catastrophic fire danger forecast for parts of New South Wales, including Greater Sydney

21 December 2019 NSW town of Lithgow under threat: 21 December 2019: NSW town of Lithgow under threat as RFS warns of bushfire-generated thunderstorms

30 December 2019 more extreme weather forecast and firefighter killed: 30 December 2019: One firefighter killed as bushfires rip through four states and as fears grow that many houses may be lost on a horrific day in Victoria and Tasmania, with more extreme weather forecast for New Year’s Eve, and as Sydney New Year’s Eve fireworks will go ahead despite deputy premier's call to cancel event, with bushfires and forecasts of more than 40C across western Sydney and in regional NSW - 30 December 2019: Victoria bushfires and hellish wait for those who fled and those who stayed - 30 décembre 2019: Environ 100'000 personnes ont été priées de fuir lundi soir cinq banlieues de Melbourne en raison des incendies, qui ont déjà brûlé 40 hectares de prairies

31 December 2019 thousands trapped on Australia's coast and more victims: 31 December 2019: Thousands trapped on Australia beach as devastating wildfires close in, and as some take to sea as others prepare possible air or water evacuations from massive blazes ripping through country’s southeast coast - 31 December 2019: Two people dead in Cobargo as NSW and Victoria face bushfires threat, updated by 'The Guardian'

1 January 2020 toxic show did go on in Sydney amid apocalyptic wildfires: 1 January 2020: Australia deployed military ships and aircraft to help communities ravaged by apocalyptic wildfires that have left at least 17 people dead nationwide and sent thousands of residents and holidaymakers fleeing to the shoreline, as ships and military aircraft were bringing water, food and fuel to towns, as Sydney's administration organized the traditional but 2019/2020 dangerous display over its iconic harbor - 1 January 2020: Residents in Victoria and New South Wales count terrible cost during brief reprieve from disaster that has sent smoke as far as New Zealand

2 January 2020 tens of thousands of people remain stranded: 2 January 2020: Tens of thousands of people remained stranded on Thursday evening while attempting to flee bushfire-ravaged areas of the south-east Australian coast – having earlier been urged to leave before the return of extreme and dangerous weather conditions - 2 janvier 2020: Alors que des villes entières doivent être évacuées en raison des feux qui ravagent l'Australie, la faune paie également un très lourd tribut aux incendies, et près de 500 millions d'animaux auraient péri depuis le début de la catastrophe en septembre, selon des experts de l'Université de Sydney

3 January 2020 tens of thousands flee with terrible conditions ahead: 3 Januar 2020: Tens of thousands flee in mass bushfire evacuation, with terrible conditions ahead

4 January 2020 two people killed in 'virtually unstoppable' bushfire: 4 January 2020: NSW, Victoria and South Australia bushfires rage as PM calls up ADF reserve, and the 'Guardian' reports

5 January 2020 fleeing locals say 'we realised we can't stop this': 5 January 2020: 'We realised we can't stop this', locals say fleeing Wingello fires inferno that smashed NSW village

6 January 2020 Pacific nations offer support: 6 January 2020: Australia’s neighbouring countries, including New Zealand, Vanuatu and Papua New Guinea, have offered support as the country continues to fight massive bushfires burning in New South Wales and Victoria - 6 janvier 2020: Créée à partir de données satellites sur les incendies de la NASA récoltées entre le 5 décembre et le 5 janvier, on peut voir tous les incendies qui ont frappé l’Australie depuis un mois

7 January 2020 record-breaking area of land burned: 7 January 2020: A record-breaking area of land has been burned in NSW this bushfire season, according to the Rural Fire Service, as a total of 4.9m hectares – an area larger than Denmark – has been destroyed in the state during the nationwide fire crisis - 7 January 2020: Australian bushfire smoke affecting South America, UN reports, as World Meteorological Organization says smoke has ‘probably’ reached Antarctic

8 January 2020 more dangerous bushfire weather from Thursday: 8 January 2020: Three Australian states face more dangerous bushfire weather from Thursday

9 January 2020 Victorians urged to leave: 9 January 2020: Victorians urged to leave amid fears 'heat spike' will cause bushfires to merge

10 January´2020 endangered species: 10 janvier 2020: Selon les spécialistes, l'impact des incendies sur le milieu naturel des animaux ayant survécu risque d'avoir des conséquences dramatiques

11 January 2020 firefighters injured amid push to contain blazes: 11 January 2020: Firefighters injured amid push to contain blazes

12 January 2020 another firefighter died containing blazes: 12 janvier 2020: Un pompier meurt en luttant face à un incendie, la 27e victime des gigantesques feux en Australie

14 January 2020 Australia fires harbinger of planet’s future: 14 January 2020: Australia fires are harbinger of planet’s future, say scientists

23 January 2020 3 people dead in waterbombing plane crash: 23 January 2020: Due to NSW bushfires three people dead in waterbombing plane crash as fires flare in soaring temperatures

28 January 2020 Canberra fires worst bushfires threat since 2003: 28 January 2020: Canberra fires the worst bushfires threat since 2003, chief minister says

30 January 2020 heatwave brings dangerous fire conditions: 30 January 2020: Heatwave brings dangerous fire conditions to bushfire-ravaged Australia, amid four days of hot weather forecast for NSW, Victoria and South Australia

1 February 2020 firefighters battle to contain blazes south of Canberra: 1 February 2020: Monaro Highway closed amid dangerous fire conditions and firefighters battle to contain blazes south of Canberra

February 2021 Wooroloo bushfire: February 2021 Wooroloo bushfire, a fast moving bushfire

2021-22 Australian bushfire season: 2021-22 Australian bushfire season is the ongoing season of summer bushfires in Australia, as the outlook for the season was below average in parts of Eastern Australia thanks to a La Nina, with elevated fire danger in Western Australia

11 December 2021 Margaret River blaze claims 5,200 hectares: 11 December 2021: Margaret River blaze claims 5,200 hectares as firefighters try to contain inferno, as bushfire burning in an easterly direction, with more than 150 firefighters on the scene

Storms, cyclones and tornadoes in Australia: Severe storms in Australia - Tropical cyclones in Australia - Australian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks - Australian region cyclone seasons

March/April 2014: 5 March 2014: Sydney hit by monster storm - April 2014: Cyclone Ita

March 2017: March 2017: Cyclone Debbie - 28 March 2017: Cyclone Debbie hits north-east Australia

December 2018: 14 décembre 2018: Les Australiens du nord-est du pays se préparaient vendredi à l'arrivée d'un violent cyclone tropical 'Owen'

March 2019 tropical cyclone Trevor: March 2019 Tropical Cyclone Trevor - 19 March 2019: Cyclone Trevor hits the Queensland coast, as category three storm expected to strengthen as it heads towards the Northern Territory - 22 March 2019: Twin cyclones approaching Western Australia and the Northern Territory have forced the largest evacuation since 1974 with remaining residents advised to seek shelter

November 2019 Mildura's duststorm amid devastating bushfires in the country: 21 November 2019: As Victoria issued a code red bushfire alert and Melbourne sweltered through a record-equalling November temperature of 40C heat, the residents of Mildura walked out of their homes at midday on Thursday to see a dust storm rolling in

19 January 2020 huge dust storms hit central New South Wales: 19 January 2020: Huge dust storms in Australia hit central New South Wales

20 January 2020 huge hail and severe thunderstorms in south-eastern Australia: 20 January 2020: Huge hail batters Canberra as severe thunderstorms hit south-eastern Australia

February 2020 devastating storms in eastern New South Wales: 9 February 2020: Devastating storms have swept though eastern New South Wales, forcing flood evacuations and leaving tens of thousands without electricity

April 2021 Tropical Cyclone Seroja, impact on East Timor and Indonesia: April 2021 Tropical Cyclone Seroja is a currently active tropical cyclone that was responsible for a series of significant and deadly flash floods and landslides in East Timor and southern Indonesia and currently threatening Western Australia near the Gascoyne Region, impact on East Timor, as a landslide and floods displaced more than 8,000 people and led to the deaths of 42 in total, and on Indonesia, as on 8 April, the death toll in the country had risen to 165, and 45 are still missing, and as the high death toll was most likely because most people were sleeping when the cyclone made landfall, meaning that it was unexpected - 9 April 2021: A rare clash of cyclones off the coast of Western Australia is expected to bring wild weather to much of the state’s coast, as tropical cyclone Seroja, which tore through Timor-Leste last weekend, was on a collision course with tropical cyclone Odette, with the resultant interaction known as the Fujiwhara effect

April 2021 tropical cyclone Odette interacting with Cyclone Seroja: April 2021 tropical cyclone Odette, formed near Christmas Island on 3 April, on the same day where a trough spawned another system in the Northern Region, near Timor, that caused some sporadic rain showers on the island, and as on 8 April, the system began interacting with Cyclone Seroja to the northeast, due to the Fujiwhara effect

Since 4 December 2023 Australian region cyclone season: Since 4 December 2023 2023–24 Australian region cyclone season, reported by 'Wikipedia'

December 2023 category 4 Cyclone Jasper: December 2023 category 4 Cyclone Jasper - 12 December 2023: Tropical Cyclone Jasper on track to hit Qld coast north of Cairns today as category 2, amid warnings for 500mm rain, heavy winds, as cyclone approaching Queensland expected to become more severe, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates

Floods in Australia:Floods in Australia

2010/2011 Queensland and Victorian floods: 2010-2011 Queensland floods - 2011 Victorian floods

2012 NSW and Victorian floods: 8. März 2012: Überschwemmungen in New South Wales und Nord-Victoria dehnen sich aus

2013 Queensland floods: 2013 Queensland floods - 27 January 2013: Australian state of Queensland braces for flooding

2015 Queensland floods: 2 May 2015: Five die in Queensland floods after an extreme downpour

January-February 2018 Broome flood: January-February 2018 Broome flood in and around Broome in the Kimberley region of Western Australia

December 2018 Melbourne/Sydney floods: 14 December 2018: Wild weather causes flooding in Melbourne and chaos in Sydney

February 2019 floods: February 2019 Townsville flood - 3 février 2019: Les pluies exceptionnelles qui se déversent dans le nord-est de l'Australie se révèlent beaucoup plus intenses - 4 février 2019: L'armée australienne a été déployée dans certaines zones du nord-est du pays en raison d'inondations exceptionnelles qui n'arrivent que 'tous les cent ans', alors que des crocodiles ont été repérés dans des rues submergées - 4 February 2019: After eight days of heavy monsoonal rain, authorities in the north Queensland city of Townsville had no choice but to open the floodgates of the Ross River Dam, deliberately flooding about 2,000 homes

February 2020 flooding in Australia's south-east as north braces for record heatwave: 13 February 2020: Flooding in Australia's south-east as north braces for record heatwave

Since 18 March 2021 New South Wales floods: Since 18 March 2021 New South Wales floods - 21 March 2021: With the mid north coast of Australia facing a once-in-a-century flood, residents are bracing for the worst as the rain keeps falling, scrambling to take stock of the damage and prepare for the rising tide - 22 March 2021: Climate Council spokesperson Prof Will Steffan noted intense rainfall and floods were happening more frequently due to climate change, saying 'climate change is harming the health, safety and livelihoods of Australians, raking up billions of dollars in economic losses and damaging many of our unique ecosystems. It’s time for all levels of government and businesses to step up their climate action efforts to protect people, our environment and the economy'

Since 23 February 2022 Eastern Australia floods: Since 23 February 2022 Eastern Australia floods, a current flood event occurring in South East Queensland and parts of coastal New South Wales, ass the city of Brisbane suffered major flooding, along with the cities of Maryborough, Gympie, the Sunshine Coast, Caboolture, Toowoomba, Ipswich, Logan City, the Gold Coast, Murwillumbah, Grafton, Lismore, the Central Coast and metropolitan Sydney, and as thirteen people are known to have died during the flooding, with Lismore, NSW experiencing the worst flood in its history - 2 March 2022: New South Wales authorities have warned communities at risk of major flooding in the Sydney region to evacuate as the Hawkesbury, Nepean and Georges rivers continue to rise, and as Warragamba Dam, Sydney’s main reservoir, was spilling at a rate in excess of 70 gigalitres a day on Wednesday after torrential rainfall over its catchment exceeded earlier predictions, 'The Guardian' reports

27-30 March 2022 subsequent flooding in Eastern Australia: March 2022 subsequent flooding in Eastern Australia, as on the 27th of March citizens were warned of a slow moving severe weather system, as on 29 March heavy rainfall caused flood levels to peak at 3.6 metres in Dalby, swamping homes and businesses, with many residents considering to resettle elsewhere after four floods in five months destroyed their homes, as on 30th of March an evacuation order was again issued for those in low lying areas of Lower Macleay and parts of Bellingen as the levee overflowed, as the Wilsons River began to rise, and as Byron Bay's main street was partially submerged in floodwaters following another wave of sousing rain in northern NSW, and as a residential street in Ballina was also submerged, flooding homes

3 July 2022 NSW residents bracing for continuing heavy rain, deadly flooding with dangerous downpours: 3 July 2022: A man has died and thousands of people have been told to evacuate their homes amid torrential rain and flash flooding in Australia's largest city of Sydney, as roads have been cut off, with 18 evacuation orders in western Sydney alone and warnings of more to come, as NSW minister Stephanie Cooke says 'this is a life-threatening emergency situation', and as NSW residents are bracing for more heavy rain and flooding with dangerous downpours continuing overnight

14 October 2022: Australia suffers flash floods in southeast, Melbourne suburb evacuated: 14 October 2022: Australia suffers flash floods in southeast, Melbourne suburb evacuated, Reuters reports

15 October 2022 emergency flood situation in Victoria’s north has intensified: 15 October 2022: The emergency flood situation in Victoria’s north has intensified as evacuation alerts have been upgraded for Shepparton, Orrvale, Kialla West and Mooroopna to reflect it is too late for residents to leave those areas. Properties in the region were expected to be impacted overnight on Saturday, and the Goulburn River was expected to peak at 12 metres at Shepparton on Tuesday, making the flood the area’s worst in decades.

24 December 2022 Australia floods: 24 December 2022: South Australia floods expected to inundate thousands of homes as NT town hit by one-in-50-year deluge, Murray River forecast to peak in coming days as 241mm of rain falls on Timber Creek in the Northern Territory in 24 hours.

18 December 2023 North Queensland floods, reported by 'The Guardian' with live updates: 18 December 2023 North Queensland floods, reported by 'The Guardian' with live updates - Since 4 December 2023 Australian region cyclone season, reported by 'Wikipedia'

Oceania countries

Oceania countries

Natural disasters in Oceania: Natural disasters in Oceania

Tropical cyclones in Oceania - Cyclone Evan December 2012 - Cyclone Ian January 2014 - Cyclone Pam March 2015

February 2013 Solomon Islands earthquake and tsunami

Former populated places in Oceania: Former populated places in Oceania - USA nuclear tests after World War II in the Marshall Islands

Pacific Islands Forum: Pacific Islands Forum aiming to enhance cooperation between the independent countries of the Pacific Ocean since 1971

30 July 2014: A summit of Pacific leaders opened in Palau with a call for developed nations to take action on climate change and stop overfishing the world's largest ocean

Fiji - Geography of Fiji - History of Fiji - Demographics of Fiji

Economy of Fiji: Economy of Fiji - Companies of Fiji

Mines in Fiji: Mines in Fiji

Fiji sugar industry: Fiji sugar industry

Agriculture in Fiji: Agriculture in Fiji, accounts for 18% of gross domestic product although it employed some 70% of the workforce as of 2001 - sugar cane processing makes up one-third of industrial activity, sugar exports, coconuts, ginger, and copra are significant

Aquaculture in Fiji: Aquaculture in Fiji

Tourism in Fiji: Tourism in Fiji - Visitor attractions in Fiji

Politics of Fiji: Politics of Fiji - Trade unions in Fiji

2014: Fijian general election 17 September 2014 - 18 September 2014: Military ruler’s Fiji First party ahead as country moves back towards democracy after eight years under Bainimarama's junta

October 2018: 16 October 2018: 234 candidates, including 56 women, representing six political parties have been approved to contest the country's elections next month

November 2018 Fijian general election: 14 November 2018 Fijian general election

Society, demographics and culture of Fiji: Fijian society - Demographics of Fiji - Ethnic groups in Fiji

Culture and languages of Fiji: Culture of Fiji - Languages of Fiji

Education in Fiji: Education in Fiji

Foreign relations of Fiji: Foreign relations of Fiji

Fiji/Australia relations: Fiji/Australia relations

Fiji/India relations: Fiji/India relations - Indians in Fiji - Between 1879 and 1916, a total of 42 ships of Nourse Line and British-India Steam Navigation Company, made 87 voyages carrying Indian indentured labourers to Fiji especially on sugarcane plantations

Fiji/Solomon Islands relations: Fiji/Solomon Islands relations - Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands since 2003

Fiji/United Kingdom relations: Fiji/United Kingdom relations - British colonisation of Oceania

1874-1970 British Colony of Fiji: British Colony of Fiji 1874-1970 - Colonial Sugar Refining Company in Fiji 1880-1973 - Sugar mills in Fiji - 'Blackbirding' era began in Fiji in 1865 when the first New Hebridean and Solomon Island labourers were transported there to work on cotton plantations

Fiji/USA relations: Fiji/USA relations

Natural disasters in Fiji: Natural disasters in Fiji - Earthquakes in Fiji - List of earthquakes in Fiji

Tropical cyclones and floods in Fiji: Tropical cyclones in Fiji

2012 Fiji floods: January 2012 Fiji floods - December 2012 Cyclone Evan - 18 December 2012: Trail of destruction after Cyclone Evan hits Fiji, battering the island for more than 12 hours

2014 cyclone Ian: January 2014 Cyclone Ian

2015/2016 cyclone Ula: December 2015/January 2016 Cyclone Ula

2016 cyclones Winston and Amos: February 2016 Cyclone Winston - 21 February 2016: Five people killed and more people injured, power and communications cut, remote villages feared to be heavily damaged after Cyclone Winston battered the South Pacific nation with wind gusts as strong as 325km/h and waves up to 12m high - 24 February 2016: The Fijian government and international aid agencies deliver much needed aid as the death toll from devastating cyclone Winston rises to 42 people - April 2016 Cyclone Amos

29 December 2019 tropical cyclone Sarai: 29 December 2019: One person was killed in Fiji and one was missing as tropical cyclone Sarai battered the country with strong wind and heavy rain, authorities said, adding that one person was in intensive care and more than 2,500 people had been moved to 70 evacuation centres

January 2020 cyclone Tino: 17 janvier 2020: Le cyclone Tino menace l'archipel des Fidji

17 December 2020 Fiji imposes curfew ahead of Cyclone Yasa: December 2020 severe tropical cyclone Yasa expected to make a catastrophic landfall in Fiji, the strongest storm in the basin since Cyclone Winston in 2016 - 17 December 2020: Fiji imposed a nationwide curfew Thursday after urging people near the coast to move to higher ground as the island nation prepared for a major cyclone to hit, as people told to move to higher ground as 16-metre waves and winds of up to 350km/h expected

Kiribati - Geography of Kiribati - History of Kiribati - Demographics of Kiribati

Economy of Kiribati: Economy of Kiribati - main industries include fishing, handicrafts

Aquaculture in Kiribati: Aquaculture in Kiribati

Tourism in Kiribati

Politics of Kiribati: Politics of Kiribati

House of Assembly: House of Assembly of Kiribati has 46 members, 44 elected for a four-year term in single-seat and multi-seat constituencies, 1 delegate from Banaba Island

2015/2016: 30 December 2015 and 7 January 2016 Kiribati parliamentary election

14-21 April 2020 Kiribati parliamentary election: 14-21 April 2020 Kiribati parliamentary election

24 April 2020 pro Beijing regime president loses majority over switch from Taiwan: 24 April 2020: Pro Beijing regime Kiribati president's party that switched recognition from Taiwan to China last year lost majority in parliamentary elections this week over handling of the move, as in the second round the party and allies only won 22 seats out of 45, and as rest of the seats were won by members or allies of two other parties, one of which has pledged to switch back to Taiwan, and another made up of MPs who left the governing party to create a new opposition party last fall over Maamau’s handling of the switch

Kiribati society: Kiribati society - Demographics of Kiribati - Human rights in Kiribati

Culture of Kiribati: Culture of Kiribati - Gilbertese language - The Maneaba or meeting house is the heart of any Kiribati community

Education in Kiribati: Education in Kiribati

Health in Kiribati: Health in Kiribati

Since January 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Oceania: Since January 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Oceania, as despite not having any cases, on 28 March president Taneti Maamau declared a state of emergency

Foreign relations of Kiribati: Foreign relations of Kiribati

Kiribati/Australia relations: Kiribati/Australia relations

Kiribati/France relations: Kiribati/France relations

Kiribati/United Kingdom relations: Kiribati/United Kingdom relations - A British protectorate was first proclaimed over the Gilberts on 27 May 1892, the islands were made a British colony in 1916 as part of the British Western Pacific Territories and became an independent nation on 12 July 1979 under the name of Kiribati - British Western Pacific Territories since 1877

Environment of Kiribati: Environment of Kiribati - Water in Kiribati - Kiribati Adaptation Program since 2003

2017: 13 May 2017: Kiribati and other low-lying countries are under threat from climate change, and while their people would rather stay behind, they may be left with no choice - 23 October 2017: The 33 islands of Kiribati are under threat from climate change, but the islanders have not given up hope

Natural disasters: Natural disasters in Oceania

Tropical cyclones in Kiribati: Tropical cyclones in Kiribati - March 2015 Cyclone Pam

Mariana Islands

List of islands of the Marianas - The Chamorro people are the indigenous peoples of the Mariana Islands, which are politically divided between the USA territory of Guam and the USA Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

- Languages of the Mariana Islands - Flora of Marianas

Northern Mariana Islands - Geography of the Northern Mariana Islands - Saipan island of the Northern Marianas - History of the Mariana Islands - Demographics of the Northern Mariana Islands

Economy of the Northern Mariana Islands: Economy of the Northern Mariana Islands - main industries include tourism, construction, garments, handicrafts

Saipan island: Saipan, the largest island of the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth of the USA

Politics of the Northern Mariana Islands: Politics of the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth in political union with the United States - executive power is exercised by the governor, legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the legislature

Elections in the Northern Mariana Islands: Elections in the Northern Mariana Islands

Society, demographics and culture of the Northern Mariana Islands: Northern Mariana Islands society - Demographics of the Northern Mariana Islands - The Chamorro people are the indigenous peoples of the Mariana Islands

- Northern Mariana Islands people by ethnic or national origin

Mariana Islands languages and culture: Mariana Islands culture - Northern Mariana Islands culture - Languages of the Mariana Islands - Carolinian language - Chamorro language - Tanapag language

Education in the Northern Mariana Islands: Education in the Northern Mariana Islands - Northern Marianas College in Saipan since 1981

Environment of the Northern Mariana Islands: Environment of the Northern Mariana Islands

Foreign relations of Northern Mariana Islands:

Northern Mariana Islands/Japan relations: June/July 1944 Battle of Saipan - July/August 1944 Battle of Tinian - November 1944–January 1945 Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands

Northern Mariana Islands/Spain relations: Since 1667 Spanish colonization of the Marianas until 1898

Northern Mariana Islands/USA relations: June/July 1944 Battle of Saipan - July/August 1944 Battle of Tinian

Natural disasters in the Mariana Islands: Natural disasters in the Northern Mariana Islands

Earthquakes in the Mariana Islands: 2007 Mariana Islands earthquake

Typhoons in the Mariana Islands: Typhoons in the Northern Mariana Islands

2015: May 2015 Typhoon Dolphin - July 2015 Typhoon Nangka - July 2015 Typhoon Chan-hom - August 2015 Typhoon Soudelor - 5 August 2015: Typhoon Soudelor left a trail of destruction across the Marianas, as the main island of Saipan suffered its first direct typhoon strike since 1968, leaving the island without power for weeks - 7 August 2015: CHCC sets Saipan-wide response to crisis following Typhoon Soudelor

Guam - Geography of Guam - History of Guam - Demographics of Guam

Economy of Guam: Economy of Guam - main industries include tourism, construction, transshipment services, printing and publishing, food processing, textiles

Coffee production in Guam

Politics of Guam: Politics of Guam - As Guam is an organized, unincorporated territory of the USA with policy relations between Guam and the USA under the jurisdiction of the Office of Insular Affairs, the USA president is the head of state and the Governor is head of government

Voting and politics in Guam: Voting in Guam

August 2017: 10 August 2017: Guam Governor Eddie Calvo dismisses North Korean threat saying that the island is prepared for any eventuality with strategically placed defenses, as North Korean regime publicly details Guam strike plan

Society, demographics and culture of the Mariana Islands and Guam: Guam society - Demographics of Guam - The Chamorro people are the indigenous peoples of the Mariana Islands, which are politically divided between the USA territory of Guam and the USA Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

Villages of Guam: USA territory of Guam is divided into nineteen municipalities, called villages, each village is governed by an elected mayor and village populations range in size from under 1,000 to over 40,000, in 2010 the total population of Guam was 154,805

Hagåtña: Hagåtña, the capital of the USA territory of Guam, from the 18th through mid-20th century, it was Guam's population center, but today it is the second smallest of the island's 19 villages in both area and population

Languages and culture in Mariana Islands and Guam: Mariana Islands culture - Northern Mariana Islands culture - Languages of the Mariana Islands - Chamorro language

Education in Guam: Education in Guam

Foreign relations of Guam:

Guam/Japan relations: 8-10 December 1941 Japanese assault and battle of Guam between the Empire of Japan and the USA, Japanese occupation until the Second Battle of Guam in 1944 - 1941-1944 Japanese occupation of Guam - 'Tinta Massacre Site' location of a massacre of civilians by Japanese troops on 15 July 1944, six days before the island was liberated by the USA in World War II

2004: July 2004: The Chamorros commemorated the sixtieth anniversary of the Manenggon death march in June/July 1944, that forced the island's population to six Japanese concentration camps in the soouthern part of Guam

Guam/Spain relations: Spanish Colonization of Guam since 1565

Guam/USA relations:

1898 USA's capture of Spanish colony Guam: 1898 USA's capture of Spanish colony Guam

1941-1945 Japanese assault and battles: '1941 Battle of Guam' between the Empire of Japan and the USA, Japanese assault and occupation until the Second Battle of Guam in 1944 - '1944 Battle of Guam'

1950 USA's 'Guam Organic Act': 1950 USA's 'Guam Organic Act', that redesignated the island of Guam as an unincorporated territory of the USA

Since 2009 Joint Region Marianas: Joint Region Marianas since 2009

Military facilities of the USA in Guam: Military facilities of the USA in Guam - Military bases - Andersen Air Force Base - with the start of Operation Arc Light in June 1965, B-52Fs and KC-135As began regular bombing missions over Vietnam, and continued in that capacity until 1973 - USA Naval Base Guam

Environment of Guam: Environment of Guam

Water in Guam: Water in Guam - Bodies of water of Guam - Rivers of Guam

List of Superfund sites in Guam: List of Superfund sites in Guam, designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act CERCLA environmental law - Since 1944 USA's Andersen Air Force Base - groundwater and soil contaminated with dioxins/dibenzofurans, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, polychlorinated biphenyls, persistent organic pollutants, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds including trichloroethylene, toluene, and tetrachloroethane

Micronesia Challenge: 'Micronesia Challenge' regional inter-governmental initiative in the western Pacific region that would facilitate more effective conservation of marine and forest resources in Micronesia

Natural disasters in Guam: Disasters and natural disasters in Guam

Typhoons in Guam: Typhoons in Guam - List of typhoons on Guam

May 2023 Typhoon Mawar: Since 24 May 2023 Typhoon Mawar, a powerful tropical cyclone currently affecting Guam, and the second named storm and the first typhoon of the 2023 Pacific typhoon season - 24 May 2023: The strongest part of Typhoon Mawar is impacting Guam with heavy rain and damaging winds, 'CNN' reports

Marshall Islands - Geography of the Marshall Islands - Islands of the Marshall Islands - Atolls of the Marshall Islands - Elugelab until 1952 - History of the Marshall Islands - Demographics of the Marshall Islands

Economy of the Marshall Islands: Economy of the Marshall Islands - main industries include copra, fish, tourism, craft items from shell, wood, pearls, offshore banking

Ships of the Marshall Islands

Agriculture and subsistence economy: Agriculture and subsistence economy, consisting of fishing and breadfruit, banana, taro, cacao, coconuts, copra, pandanus cultivation

Fishing industry in the Marshall Islands: Fishing industry in the Marshall Islands

Aquaculture in the Marshall Islands: Aquaculture in the Marshall Islands

Politics of the Marshall Islands: Politics of the Marshall Islands - Political parties in the Marshall Islands - Legislature of the Marshall Islands - The government of the Marshall Islands operates under a mixed parliamentary-presidential system as set forth in its Constitution

Elections in the Marshall Islands: Elections in the Marshall Islands

November 2015 Marshall Islands general election: 16 November 2015 Marshall Islands general election

2016: 10 March 2016: Marshall Islands begins legal action against the world’s nuclear powers aimed at global nuclear disarmament, argueing at International Court of Justice that health and lives of its people destroyed by dozens of nuclear tests along its territory from 1946-1958

February 2017 Marshallese Constitutional Convention election: 21 February 2017 Marshallese Constitutional Convention election

November 2019 Marshallese general election: 18 November 2019 Marshallese general election

Society, demographics, culture and humans rights in the Marshall Islands: Marshallese society

Demographics and ethnic groups in the Marshall Islands: Demographics of the Marshall Islands - Ethnic groups in the Marshall Islands

Marshallese culture and languages of the Marshall Islands: Marshallese culture - Languages of the Marshall Islands - Marshallese language - Music of the Marshall Islands

Women in the Marshall Islands: Women in the Marshall Islands

Education in the Marshall Islands: Education in the Marshall Islands - College of the Marshall Islands, regionally accredited autonomous community college offering associate degree programs in liberal arts and sciences, business and information technology, elementary education, and nursing

Health in the Marshall Islands: Health in the Marshall Islands

Law enforcement in the Marshall Islands: Law enforcement in the Marshall Islands

Foreign relations of the Marshall Islands: Foreign relations of the Marshall Islands - 24 April 2014: Marshall Islands, the site of 67 nuclear tests between 1946 and 1958, sues nine nuclear powers over failure to disarm and accuses states of 'flagrant denial of human justice'

Marshall Islands/Iran relations: 28 April 2015: Iran seizes Marshall Islands-flagged ship in an incident that could complicate international talks about Tehran's nuclear program

Marshall Islands/Taiwan relations: Marshall Islands/Taiwan relations

September 2019 Marshall Islands confirmed its support for Taiwan: 25 September 2019: The Marshall Islands has confirmed its support for Taiwan after two other small Pacific Island nations switched their diplomatic allegiance to Chinese regime, expressing its 'profound appreciation' for Taiwan's support over the past 20 years

Marshall Islands/USA relations: Marshall Islands/USA relations - The Republic of the Marshall Islands’ claim to the Wake Atoll, annexed by the USA in the 19th century

Nuclear tests after World War II: USA nuclear tests after World War II in the Marshall Islands - Pacific Proving Grounds used by the USA to conduct nuclear testing

1946-1958 Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll: The nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll program was a series of 23 nuclear devices detonated by the USA between 1946 and 1958 at seven test sites

1954 Castle Bravo: 'Castle Bravo' test of a dry fuel hydrogen bomb on 1 March 1954 at Bikini Atoll, the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated by the USA, fallout from the detonation fell on residents of Rongelap and Utirik atolls and spread around the world

1948-1958 Eniwetok nuclear tests: List of nuclear tests at Eniwetok - Elugelab was an island in Enewetak atoll destroyed by the world's first test of a hydrogen bomb on 1 November 1952

2014: 2 March 2014: 60 years after Bikini Atoll nuclear test islands still unliveable

Environment and environmental issues in the Marshall Islands: Environment of the Marshall Islands - Environmental issues in the Marshall Islands

Environment of the Bikini Atoll: Environment of the Bikini Atoll - Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll

2015 climate change and sea level rise threating Marshall islands: 14 décembre 2015: Après le nucléaire, le climat, les descendants des réfugiés nucléaires de l'atoll de Bikini devront déménager à cause du changement climatique

16 October 2021 rising sea levels threaten Marshall Islands’ status as a nation, World Bank report warns: 16 October 2021: Projected sea level rise would mean 40% of the buildings in the Marshall Islands’ capital of Majuro would be permanently flooded and entire islands would disappear, potentially costing the Pacific country its status as a nation, according to a devastating new report from the World Bank

Federated States of Micronesia - Geography of Federated States of Micronesia - History of Federated States of Micronesia - Demographics of Federated States of Micronesia

Economy of Federated States of Micronesia: Economy of Federated States of Micronesia, industries include tourism, construction, fish processing, craft items from shell, wood, and pearls, agricultural products include black pepper, tropical fruits and vegetables, coconuts, cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes, pigs, chickens

Water and fish in the Federated States of Micronesia: Water in the Federated States of Micronesia - Fish of Micronesia

Aquaculture in the Federated States of Micronesia: Aquaculture in the Federated States of Micronesia

Transport in the Federated States of Micronesia: Transport in the Federated States of Micronesia

Tourism in the Federated States of Micronesia: Tourism in the Federated States of Micronesia

Politics of Federated States of Micronesia: Politics of Federated States of Micronesia - Constitution of the Federated States of Micronesia since 1979, amended in 1990

Elections in Micronesia: Elections in the Federated States of Micronesia

March 2017 Micronesian parliamentary election: 7 March 2017 Micronesian parliamentary election

March 2019 Micronesian parliamentary election and Chuukese independence referendum: 5 March 2019 Micronesian parliamentary election - 5 March 2019 Chuukese independence referendum

Federated States of Micronesia society: Federated States of Micronesia society

607 islands of the Federated States of Micronesia: Alphabetical list of 607 islands of the Federated States of Micronesia by atoll - Atolls of the Federated States of Micronesia

States and municipalities of Micronesia: 4 states of the Federated States of Micronesia - Federated States of Micronesia, a federation divided into four states, which are further divided into various cities and municipalities - Municipalities of Micronesia by state

Islands of Chuuk State and Weno: Chuuk Lagoon, a sheltered body of water in the central Pacific - Weno, an island municipality of Chuuk State and the largest town in the FSM - Chuuk State, one of the four states of the Federated States of Micronesia, consisting of several island groups - Islands of Chuuk State

Islands of Kosrae state and Tofol: Kosrae and Kosrae state - Tofol village in Lelu Town municipality, the capital of the state of Kosrae in Micronesia - Islands of Kosrae

Islands of Pohnpei State and Palikir: Pohnpei, an island of the Senyavin Islands - Kolonia, a coastal town and the capital of Pohnpei State - Palikir, a town with about 4,600 people and the capital of the Federated States of Micronesia - Pohnpei State - Islands of Pohnpei

Islands of Yap State: Yap, an island located in the Caroline Islands of the western Pacific Ocean - Yap State - Islands of Yap

Demographics of the Federated States of Micronesia: Demographics of the Federated States of Micronesia - Ethnic groups in the Federated States of Micronesia

Culture and languages in the Federated States of Micronesia: Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia

Education in the Federated States of Micronesia: Education in the Federated States of Micronesia

Schools in the Federated States of Micronesia: Schools in the Federated States of Micronesia

Colleges and universities in the Federated States of Micronesia: Colleges and universities in the Federated States of Micronesia

Health and healthcare in the Federated States of Micronesia: Health in the Federated States of Micronesia

Communications and media in the Federated States of Micronesia: Communications and media in the Federated States of Micronesia

Foreign relations of Federated States of Micronesia: Foreign relations of the Federated States of Micronesia

Environment of the Federated States of Micronesia: Environment of the Federated States of Micronesia - Natural history of the Federated States of Micronesia - Climate of Micronesia

Islands and landforms of the Federated States of Micronesia: Islands of the Federated States of Micronesia - Landforms of the Federated States of Micronesia - Mountains of the Federated States of Micronesia

Yela Ka Forest: Yela Ka Forest

Water and fish in the Federated States of Micronesia: Water in the Federated States of Micronesia - Fish of Micronesia

Since 2005 Micronesia Challenge: Micronesia Challenge, a regional inter-governmental initiative in the western Pacific region, including Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia and Marshall Islands, and the USA territories of Guam and Northern Mariana Islands, that would facilitate more effective conservation of marine and forest resources in Micronesia

Natural disasters: Typhoons in the Federated States of Micronesia

Nauru - Geography of Nauru

Economy of Nauru: Economy of Nauru, based on a population in 2014 of only 11,000 people and primarily based on phosphate mining, offshore banking, and processing of coconut products

Demographics and society of Nauru: Demographics of Nauru - Nauruan society

Politics of Nauru: Politics of Nauru takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic

August 2019 Nauruan parliamentary election: 24 August 2019 Nauruan parliamentary election

Foreign relations of Nauru: Foreign relations of Nauru

Nauru/Australia relations: Nauru/Australia relations

Nauru/Israel relations: Nauru/Israel relations

Nauru/United Kingdom relations: Nauru/United Kingdom relations

New Caledonia - Geography of New Caledonia - List of islands of New Caledonia - History of New Caledonia - Demographics of New Caledonia

Economy of New Caledonia: Economy of New Caledonia

Nickel mining in New Caledonia: Nickel mining in New Caledonia is a major sector of the economy, the islands contain about 7,100,000 tonnes of nickel which is about 10% of the world's nickel reserves

Water in New Caledonia: Water in New Caledonia

Tourism in New Caledonia: Tourism in New Caledonia

Politics of New Caledonia: Politics of New Caledonia - Political parties in New Caledonia

Government of New Caledonia: Government of New Caledonia

May 2014 New Caledonian legislative election: New Caledonian legislative election May 2014

November 2017: 3 November 2017: French overseas territory of New Caledonia will hold a referendum on self rule in 2018, which is expected to pave the way to full independence for the Pacific archipelago.

March 2018: 19 March 2018: New Caledonia sets date for independence referendum on 4 November 2018

May 2018: 3 May 2018: Two opinion polls published by media outlets in New Caledonia show that a majority is against independence from France, amid discussion about the role of the United Nations and New Caledonia's ability to exercise powers such as defence, internal security, judiciary, external relations and monetary policy, which are still held by Paris

November 2018 New Caledonian independence referendum: 4 Novemer 2018 New Caledonian independence referendum

May 2019 New Caledonian legislative election: 12 mai 2019 élections provinciales en Nouvelle-Calédonie, afin d'élire les assemblées des trois provinces de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (Sud, Nord et Îles Loyauté), une partie des membres de ces assemblées forment a leur tour le Congrès de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, qui élit ensuite un gouvernement collégial qui détient le pouvoir exécutif local - 13 mai 2019: Résultats définitifs des provinciales 2019 confirment que le camp indépendantiste progresse, mais n'obtient pas la majorité absolue

4 October 2020 New Caledonian independence referendum: 4 October 2020 New Caledonian independence referendum - 3 octobre 2020: Nouvelle-Calédonie, l’archipel de 270’000 habitants situé dans le Pacifique, doit décider dimanche s’il choisit de quitter le giron français lors d’un référendum d’autodétermination - 4 October 2020: Voters in the French territory of New Caledonia have narrowly rejected, for a second time, a proposal to break away from France, but campaigners for secession say the struggle for independence will go on

12 December 2021 New Caledonian independence referendum: 12 December 2021 New Caledonian independence referendum, as poll will be the third and final to be held under the terms of the Nouméa Accord, following votes in 2018 and 2020, in which independence was rejected by 56.7% and 53.3% respectively

12 December 2021 independence rejected amid covid-19 and boycott: 12 décembre 2021: Selon des résultats partiels, le 'non' à l'indépendance l'emporte largement en Nouvelle-Calédonie pour le troisième référendum d'autodétermination. Le scrutin a été marqué par une abstention record, les partis indépendantistes ayant appelé à ne pas se rendre aux urnes.

Society, demographics and culture of New Caledonia: New Caledonian society - Demographics of New Caledonia

Culture and languages of New Caledonia: New Caledonian culture - Languages of New Caledonia

Education in New Caledonia: Education in New Caledonia

Foreign relations of New Caledonia: Foreign relations of New Caledonia

New Caledonia/France relations: Since 1853 New Caledonia was a French penal colony, the indigenous population was excluded from the French economy and was ultimately confined to reservations until the islands became an overseas territory after World War II

1984-1988 période de guerre civile: Événements politiques de 1984 à 1988 en Nouvelle-Calédonie, une période de guerre civile qui opposa partisans et opposants à l'indépendance vis-à-vis

1988 Ouvéa cave hostage crisis and Matignon agreements: April-May 1988 Ouvéa cave hostage taking - June 1988 Matignon agreements

5 mai 1998 accord de Nouméa1: 5 mai 1998 accord de Nouméa1, qui prévoit le transfert de certaines compétences de la France vers la Nouvelle-Calédonie

5 May 2018 Macron's Ouvea visit: 5 May 2018: Macron visits Ouvea on anniversary of defining hostage crisis

Environment of New Caledonia: Environment of New Caledonia

Biodiversity of New Caledonia: Biodiversity of New Caledonia

Natural disasters in Oceania and New Caledonia: Natural disasters in Oceania

Tropical cyclones in New Caledonia: Tropical cyclones in New Caledonia - March 2015 Cyclone Pam

New Zealand - Geography of New Zealand - Climate of New Zealand - History of New Zealand - Demographics of New Zealand

Economy of New Zealand: Economy of New Zealand - main industries are food processing, textiles, machinery and transportation equipment, finance, tourism, mining - export goods are dairy products, meat, wool and wood products, fish, machinery - List of companies of New Zealand - Companies of New Zealand by industry - Economic history of New Zealand

Manufacturing companies of New Zealand: Manufacturing companies of New Zealand - Automotive companies of New Zealand - Motor vehicle manufacturers of New Zealand - Clothing companies of New Zealand

Energy in New Zealand: Energy in New Zealand - Renewable energy in New Zealand

Oil and gas industry in New Zealand: Oil and gas industry in New Zealand

Mining in New Zealand: Mining in New Zealand

Agriculture in New Zealand: Agriculture in New Zealand - Sheep farming in New Zealand - Dairy farming in New Zealand - Sharemilking - Animal welfare in New Zealand - Kiwifruit industry in New Zealand - Organic farming in New Zealand - Food safety in New Zealand

Forestry in New Zealand: Forestry in New Zealand - Deforestation in New Zealand

Fishing industry and aquaculture in New Zealand: Fishing industry in New Zealand - Aquaculture in New Zealand

Transport in New Zealand: Transport in New Zealand - Water transport in New Zealand

Tourism in New Zealand: Tourism in New Zealand - List of World Heritage Sites in Oceania

Banking and banks in New Zealand: Banking in New Zealand - Banks in New Zealand - Reserve Bank of New Zealand, the central bank of New Zealand established in 1934 and constituted under the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1989 - The Co-operative Bank in New Zealand since 1928

Financial services companies of New Zealand: Financial services companies of New Zealand

Foreign trade of New Zealand: Foreign trade of New Zealand

Economic history of New Zealand and economic cycles: Economic history of New Zealand

New Zealand property bubble: New Zealand property bubble, an ongoing issue in New Zealand, where house prices have risen considerably faster than incomes

2016: 1 December 2016: Where the housing bubble has blown up the biggest in New Zealand

2017: 16 October 2017: House price-to-income multiple

Housing in New Zealand: Housing in New Zealand - Homelessness in New Zealand - Leaky homes crisis

2016: 28 March 2016: A national approach to solving homelessness is needed, says the Auckland Council, with many people living on the streets outside the central city

2017: 25 October 2017: After New Zealand has become a destination for foreign buyers purchasing existing homes and has gained a reputation as a bolthole for the world’s wealthy, incoming PM Jacinda Ardern announces move to tackle housing crisis in country popular with overseas investors

Labour in New Zealand: Labour in New Zealand - Labour relations in New Zealand - New Zealand labour law

Poverty in New Zealand: Poverty in New Zealand - Social class in New Zealand

Child poverty in New Zealand: Child poverty affects around 285,000 children in New Zealand, as reported by the Child Poverty Action Group in New Zealand

New Zealand Defence Force: New Zealand Defence Force

Since 19th century military history: Military history of New Zealand

1914-1918 New Zealand during WWI, defending democracy: Military history of New Zealand during World War I, as country joins forces defending democracy

1939-1945 New Zealand during WWII, defending democracy: Military history of New Zealand during World War II, as country joins forces defending democracy

Taxation in New Zealand: Taxation in New Zealand - Government finances in New Zealand

Politics of New Zealand: Politics of New Zealand - Constitution of New Zealand - 1947 New Zealand Constitution Amendment (Request and Consent) Act - Republicanism in New Zealand

Political parties in New Zealand: Political parties in New Zealand - List of political parties in New Zealand

Trade unions in New Zealand: Trade unions in New Zealand - Labour disputes in New Zealand

Elections in New Zealand: Elections in New Zealand - Local elections in New Zealand are held every three years

2014 New Zealand general election: New Zealand general election 20 September 2014 - 21 September 2014: Electoral Commission's 2014 general elections results

2015-2016 New Zealand flag referendums: November/December 2015 - March 2016 New Zealand flag referendums - New Zealand flag debate - 11 December 2015: New Zealand electoral commission announces result of the first flag referendum, with winning design to be pitted against current flag in March

2016 New Zealand local elections: 2016 New Zealand local elections

2016: 5 December 2016: New Zealand's PM John Key has resigned in a decision that has taken the country by surprise and that will be effective from 12 December, when National MPs will meet to select a new leader

September 2017 New Zealand general election: 23 September 2017 New Zealand general election - 23 September 2017: Polls close as Jacinda Ardern and Bill English fight for win - 25 September 2017: Both Labour and National need New Zealand First’s nine seats to form government, in negotiations expected to take weeks

October 2017 Jacinda Ardern becomes prime minister: 7 October 2017: Full results of New Zealand election give Labour boost and nation its first refugee MP - 19 October 2017: Jacinda Ardern becomes prime minister after Winston Peters forms coalition with Labour - 20 October 2017: PM elect Jacinda Ardern has laid out her priorities for New Zealand, saying she plans to urgently address climate change, tackle inequality and improving women’s lives in the home and workplace - 24 October 2017: New Zealand Labour signs coalition deal and makes Winston Peters deputy PM, introducing a slew of new policies focusing on climate change, regional development and poverty

March 2019 political responses to the Christchurch mosque shootings: Reactions and political responses to the March 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings - 16 March 2019: People in New Zealand pay tribute to victims of Christchurch mosque massacre - 19 March 2019: New Zealand's parliament have paid tribute to the victims of the Christchurch terror attacks

March 2019 amendment to the Arms Act 1983: March 2019 amendment to New Zealand's Arms Act 1983 in the wake of the mosque shootings in Christchurch - 21 March 2019: New Zealand bans sales of assault weapons, as PM Ardern announces halt on semi-automatic guns, assault rifles and bump stocks in response to Christchurch shooting, existing gun-owners told to sell back arms or face fines

29 March 2019: 29 March 2019: New Zealand PM Jacinda Ardern was greeted with a standing ovation as she took the stage to address an estimated 20,000 people gathered at Hagley Park for a nationwide remembrance service in honour of 50 people killed in the country’s worst terrorist attack in Christchurch, including Australian PM Scott Morrison and other heads of state from the Pacific, survivors of the attack and those who lost loved ones, saying 'the world has been stuck in a vicious cycle of extremism breeding extremism and it must end'

May 2019: 14 May 2019: Child poverty, domestic violence and mental health will be the priorities in New Zealand’s 'wellbeing budget', the finance minister has announced

October 2019 New Zealand local elections: 12 October 2019 New Zealand local elections

January 2020 PM Jacinda Ardern announces the next general election on 19 September: 28 January 2020: New Zealand PM Jacinda Ardern announces the next general election will be held on 19 September, promising a transparent campaign free of misinformation, saying Labour has signed up to Facebook's advertising transparency tool, and adding 'New Zealanders deserve freedom from misinformation and some of the negative style of campaigning that we have seen take place overseas in the past'

March 2020 PM Ardern said New Zealanders have become more engaged with the Muslim community: 13 March 2020: Attending events to mark the anniversary of last year's March 15 massacre, PM Jacinda Ardern said Friday that New Zealanders have become more engaged with the Muslim community in the year since gunman killed 51 people at two mosques

15 October 2020 Jacinda Ardern prevails in final debate: 15 October 2020: Jacinda Ardern prevails in final debate before New Zealand election, saying her government had made gains on entrenched poverty by raising benefits for the most deprived, expanding its school lunch programmes and raising the minimum wage, as polls show Labour 15 points ahead, also showing the Green party at 8%

October 2020 New Zealand general election: 17 October 2020 New Zealand general election - Candidates in the 2020 New Zealand general election by electorate, originally scheduled for 19 September 2020, but delayed for four weeks after an outbreak of covid-19 in Auckland in August, as two referendums, one on personal cannabis consumption and one on euthanasia, will be held at the same time as the election - Opinion polling for the 2020 New Zealand general election - 17 October 2020 New Zealand euthanasia referendum

23 April 2021 new satellite to track global methane emissions: 23 April 2021: New Zealand to be mission control for 'MethaneSAT’ which will collect data on emissions from bovine flatulence and leaking oil and gas pipelines

25 April 2021 a year after covid-19 cancelled all services, New Zealanders rose to acknowledge its servicemen and women on Anzac Day: 25 April 2021: A year after covid-19 cancelled all services, New Zealanders rose to acknowledge its servicemen and women on Anzac Day, as in 2020 the pandemic and level four lockdown left New Zealanders standing at their letterboxes in a socially distant tribute

14 October/3 November 2023 New Zealand general election: 14 October 2020 New Zealand general election - 3 November 2023: After weeks of political limbo, the final results of New Zealand’s election have been released showing the centre-right National party will need the support of the libertarian Act party and populist party New Zealand First to form a coalition government. The governing Labour party was ejected from office after six years in the October election,

Social movements and protests in New Zealand: List of protests in New Zealand

1893 Women's Suffrage Petition: 1893 Women's Suffrage Petition

1913-2008 Labour disputes in New Zealand: 1913-2008 Labour disputes in New Zealand

Since the 1960s environmental movement in New Zealand: Since the 1960s environmental movement in New Zealand

2017 marches for women's rights: 21 January 2017: New Zealand leads global marches in defence of women's rights - 21 janvier 2017: A Sydney et Melbourne, mais également à Wellington en Nouvelle-Zélande, des milliers d'opposants au nouveau président américain Donald Trump ont commencé samedi de protester contre le mépris montré régulièrement envers les femmes

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in New Zealand: New Zealand society - Human rights in New Zealand

Regions, islands and districts of New Zealand: Islands of New Zealand - List of islands of New Zealand - Islands of New Zealand by region - 16 regions of New Zealand - List of regions in New Zealand - 54 districts of New Zealand - Local government in New Zealand

Cities, ports and harbours of New Zealand: List of cities in New Zealand - Ports and harbours of New Zealand

Auckland Region: Auckland Region, one of the sixteen regions of New Zealand, named for the city of Auckland, the country's largest urban area, as Auckland metropolitan area, smaller towns, rural areas, and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf are containing 34% of the nation's residents, having the largest economy of any region of New Zealand, but the second-smallest land area

Auckland city: Auckland city in the North Island of New Zealand, the largest urban area in the country, with an urban population of around 1,628,900 inhabitans in 2018, located in the Auckland Region, which includes outlying rural areas and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf - History of Auckland

Ports of Auckland: Ports of Auckland

Since 1840 timeline of Auckland: Timeline of Auckland since 1840

Since 1871/1989 'Ports of Auckland': Since 1871 Auckland Harbour Board that operated the ports of both Auckland and Onehunga from 1871 to 1988 and was dissolved in 1989 when its successor organisation 'Ports of Auckland' assumed the possessions and responsibilities of the Harbour Board

1914 start of World War I, 1918 end of World War I: 1914 German empire's (and Central Powers) start of World War I, 1918 end of World War I

1989 Auckland local government reform: 1989 New Zealand local government reforms, including Auckland Regional Council

19 June 2021 one person killed after suspected tornado hits Auckland: 19 June 2021: One person has died and two people have been injured after a suspected tornado hit a shipping container site in the New Zealand city of Auckland on Saturday morning , as fire crews were also attending about 100 calls after the tornado ripped through the suburb of Papatoetoe, bringing down trees, tearing off roofs and smashing windows

18 October 2021 Auckland will remain in lockdown for another two weeks: 18 October 2021: Auckland, the city at the centre of New Zealand’s covid-19 outbreak, will remain in level 3 lockdown for another two weeks, despite rising vaccination levels. The decision from PM Jacinda Ardern comes as experts remain concerned that an early move out of lockdown could be disastrous, and risk overwhelming the health system

Wellington city, capital of New Zealand: Wellington city, the capital city and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 418,500 residents, located at the south-western tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Remutaka Range - History of Wellington - Capital of New Zealand

Wellington Harbour: Wellington Harbour

New Zealand's Nelson Region: New Zealand's Nelson Region

Suburbs of Nelson: Suburbs of Nelson

21st century history of New Zealand's Nelson Region: 21st century history of New Zealand's Nelson Region

Nelson city: Nelson city on the eastern shores of Tasman Bay, the oldest city in the South Island and the second-oldest settled city in New Zealand, established in 1841 and becoming a city by royal charter in 1858. Nelson city is bordered to the west and south-west by Tasman District Council and to the north-east, east and south-east by Marlborough District Council. The Nelson urban area has a population of 51,100 inhabitants, making it New Zealand's 15th most populous urban area.

19 August 2022 Nelson city worst affected by torrential rain causing havoc in New Zealand: 19 August 2022: Torrential rain causes havoc in New Zealand, hundreds forced from homes, as Nelson city on the north coast of the South Island, has been worst affected with more than 400 homes evacuated and some declared uninhabitable because of the rains, group controller for Nelson Tasman Civil Defence Alec Louverdis told a news conference, as heavy rains have also hit New Zealand's North Island over the past 24 hours with some towns cut off, roads and houses under water and people being evacuated

Canterbury region in the central-eastern South Island: Canterbury region of New Zealand, located in the central-eastern South Island with a population of 645,900 citizens in 2020), after the region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms as the Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council, and as Christchurch, the South Island's largest city and the country's second-largest urban area, is the seat of the region and home to 59% of the region's population, and as other major towns and cities include Timaru, Ashburton, Rangiora and Rolleston

History of New Zealand's Canterbury Region: History of the Canterbury Region of New Zealand, dating back to settlement by the Maori people in about the 10th century

1850 'First Four Ships': 1850 'First Four Ships' refers to the four sailing vessels chartered by the Canterbury Association which left Plymouth in England in September 1850 to transport the first English settlers to new homes in Canterbury in New Zealand

2010 Canterbury earthquake: 2010 Canterbury earthquake

February 2011 Christchurch earthquake: February 2011 Christchurch earthquake

April 2011 Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Act: April 2011 Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Act

June 2011 Christchurch earthquake: June 2011 Christchurch earthquake

November 2016 Kaikoura earthquake: November 2016 Kaikoura earthquake

Christchurch city: Christchurch city, the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand located on the South Island's east coast and home to 404,500 residents, making it New Zealand's third-most populous city behind Auckland and Wellington

History of Christchurch: History of Christchurch

February and June 2011 Christchurch earthquakes: February and June 2011 Christchurch earthquakes

Otago region: Otago region of New Zealand, located in the southern half of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council, the country's second largest local government region, with a population of 245,300 citizens in June 2020

History of the Otago Region: History of the Otago Region

Since 1855 Dunedin city: Since 1855 Dunedin city, the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the principal city of the Otago region with a population of 126,255 citizens in 2018, as its name comes from Dùn Èideann, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland

History of the Dunedin urban area and Dunedin city: History of Dunedin and of the Dunedin urban area

1300–1848 upper harbour was used by Maori: 1300–1848 upper harbour was used by Maori for nearly 500 years before Europeans arrived, as the current location of Dunedin's central city sits on either side of a ridge of land (Nga-Moana-e-rua) between the Toitu Stream and Water of Leith, and the estuaries of both these rivers would have been used as landing sites for waka (boats) during seasonal migrations between the Otago Peninsula and inland Otago

Since 1869 University of Otago (Te Whare Wananga o Otago): Since 1869 University of Otago (Te Whare Wananga o Otago in Maori language), a collegiate university based in Otago's Dunedin, as it scores highly for average research quality, and as in 2006 it was second in New Zealand only to the University of Auckland in the number of A-rated academic researchers it employs - University of Otago homepage, presenting its Motto 'Sapere Aude' - Libraries of the University of Otago - Mozart Fellowship, a composer residency attached to the Music Department of the University of Otago, one of the five Arts Fellowships at the university, as the Mozart Fellowship is New Zealand's premier compositional residency and its fellows include many of New Zealand's most notable composers

Demographics and ethnic groups in New Zealand: Demographics of New Zealand - List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders - Ethnic groups in New Zealand

New Zealand Maori people: New Zealand Maori people, estimated 734,200 citizens in 2017, roughly 15% of the national population - Maori society - List of the Maori iwi of New Zealand - United Tribes of New Zealand, confederation of Maori tribes based in the north of the North Island

European New Zealanders: European New Zealanders, 74.02% of New Zealand's population in 2013, as most European New Zealanders are of British and Irish ancestry, with smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as Croatians, Germans, Greeks, Poles, French, Dutch, Scandinavians and South Slavs

Jews and history of the Jews in New Zealand: Jews and Judaism in New Zealand - History of the Jews in New Zealand since 1831 - List of synagogues in Australia and New Zealand

March 2019: 15 March 2019: Saying 'we offer our full assistance and support to the Muslim community', the New Zealand Jewish community decided to shut its synagogues on Shabbat for the first time ever in an act of solidarity with the Muslim community in the country in the wake of the slaying of at least 49 people at two mosques in Christchurch

African New Zealanders: African New Zealanders

Arab New Zealanders: Arab New Zealanders - Syrian New Zealanders - due to Assad's war against the Syrian people, many Syrians have been made refugees since 2011, and the majority of Syrians in New Zealand are refugees of this war

March 2019: 20 March 2019: A father and son from Syria, who came as refugees to New Zealand last year, have been buried in New Zealand, the first funerals for the 50 victims of last week's mosque shootings - 21 March 2019: New Zealand police and tradesmen are working intensively in the hope of readying the Al Noor mosque to hold Friday prayers, just a week after it was the center of a racist shooting which left 50 dead

Asian New Zealanders: Asian New Zealanders, 11.8% of New Zealand's population in 2013 - Chinese New Zealanders, 4.2% of the population of New Zealand in 2013 - Indian New Zealanders, 3.7% of the population of New Zealand in 2013

Polynesian New Zealanders: Polynesian New Zealanders, 887,338 citizens in 2013 - Samoan New Zealanders, 144,138 citizens in 2013 - Tongan New Zealanders, 60,336 citizens in 2013

Immigration to New Zealand: Immigration to New Zealand

Culture of New Zealand: Culture of New Zealand - Maori culture - Languages of New Zealand

Women and women's rights in New Zealand: Women in New Zealand - Women's rights in New Zealand

Gender equality and legislation in New Zealand: Gender equality is the notion that all men and women should receive equal treatment in all aspects and that one should not be discriminated based on their gender, a human right also recognised by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Legislation for gender equity in New Zealand

Gender pay gap in New Zealand: Gender pay gap in New Zealand

Children's rights in New Zealand: Children's rights in New Zealand - Child Poverty Action Group in New Zealand

1989 Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act: 1989 Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act, passed by the New Zealand Parliament and providing for the care and protection of children as well as youth justice

16 December 2020 at least 250,000 suffered abuse in New Zealand's state care system: 16 December 2020: A quarter of a million New Zealanders held in state care suffered some form of abuse, a landmark inquiry has found, with the true number believed to be higher, as the royal commission into abuse in state care is investigating historic abuse of children, young adults and vulnerable adults by state-run institutions between 1950 and 1999, as well as in affiliated religious institutions, such as church-run orphanages

Children's right to adequate nutrition in New Zealand: Children's right to adequate nutrition in New Zealand

Education in New Zealand: Education in New Zealand - Education in New Zealand by region - Education in New Zealand by city or town

Health in New Zealand: Health in New Zealand

Health care in New Zealand: Health care in New Zealand

Media of New Zealand: Media of New Zealand

Newspapers in New Zealand: Newspapers published in New Zealand - List of print media in New Zealand

Broadcasting in New Zealand: Radio in New Zealand - Radio broadcasting companies of New Zealand - Television in New Zealand - Public broadcasting in New Zealand

Internet in New Zealand: Internet in New Zealand

Crime in New Zealand: Crime in New Zealand

Violence in New Zealand: Violence in New Zealand - Murder in New Zealand - List of massacres in New Zealand - Gangs in New Zealand

13/14 November 1990 Aramoana massacre: 13/14 November 1990 Aramoana massacre, a spree shooting in the small seaside township of Aramoana, followed by sweeping changes to New Zealand's firearms legislation in 1992, including tight restrictions on military style semi-automatic firearms - Gun laws in New Zealand - guns are not currently a major political issue in New Zealand, but have been restricted immediately after the Aramoana massacre in 1990, the Scottish Dunblane and Australian Port Arthur massacres in 1996

Terrorism in New Zealand: Terrorism in New Zealand - Outlawed terror organisations in New Zealand

2002 Terrorism Suppression Act: 2002 Terrorism Suppression Act

February 2008 hijack attempt: 8 February 2008 Eagle Airways Flight 2279 was the subject of an unsuccessful hijack attempt during which both pilots and a passenger suffered knife wounds

March 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings: 15 March 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings at Al Noor Mosque and the Linwood Islamic Centre - 15 March 2019: At least 49 people were killed and 20 injured in armed assaults by a suspected white nationalist on two crowded Christchurch mosques, as white Australian who came to New Zealand only to plan and train for the attack claimed responsibility for the shootings and left an anti-immigrant manifesto in which he explained who he was and his reasoning for his actions - 15 March 2019: Three in custody over mass shootings that also left 20 people seriously injured, according to 'The Guardian' - 16 March 2019: During his appearance in the Christchurch District Court Australian white supremacist Brenton Tarrant, who planned 'to continue with his attack' according to police, charged with murder of 49 worshipers, as PM Jacinda Ardern vows that 'our gun laws will change' - 17 March 2019: Fifty people have been confirmed killed, and 50 injured, in Friday’s terrorist attack on two mosques in Christchurch, as 36 people remained in hospital, according to 'The Guardian'

Reactions and political responses to the March 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings: Reactions and political responses to the March 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings

Corruption in New Zealand: Corruption in New Zealand

Violence against women in New Zealand: Violence against women in New Zealand

Domestic violence in New Zealand: Domestic violence in New Zealand

Child abuse in New Zealand: Child abuse in New Zealand

Law and legal history of New Zealand: Law of New Zealand - Legal history of New Zealand - Constitution of New Zealand and history

History of gun laws in New Zealand: Gun laws in New Zealand - guns are not currently a major political issue in New Zealand, but have been restricted immediately after the Aramoana massacre in 1990, the Scottish Dunblane and Australian Port Arthur massacres in 1996 - History of gun laws in New Zealand

March 2019 New Zealand bans sales of assault weapons: 21 March 2019: New Zealand bans sales of assault weapons, as PM Ardern announces halt on semi-automatic guns, assault rifles and bump stocks in response to Christchurch shooting, existing gun-owners told to sell back arms or face fines

Judiciary and court system of New Zealand: Judiciary of New Zealand - New Zealand court system

District Court of New Zealand: Since 1980 District Court of New Zealand, the primary court of first instance of New Zealand, as there are 59 District Court locations throughout New Zealand as of 2017 - Locations of District Court centres

Since 1841 High Court of New Zealand: Since 1841 High Court of New Zealand, the superior court with general jurisdiction and responsibility, under the Senior Courts Act 2016, as well as the High Court Rules 2016, for the administration of justice throughout New Zealand, and there are 18 High Court locations throughout New Zealand, plus one stand-alone registry

March 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings case transferred to the High Court: March 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings case transferred to the High Court

March 2020 Christchurch mosque shootings perpetrator Tarrant pleaded guilty to all 89 charges: On 26 March 2020 Christchurch mosque shootings perpetrator Tarrant appeared at the Christchurch High Court via audio-visual link from Auckland Prison and pleaded guilty to all 89 charges: one of engaging in a terrorist act, 51 of murder, and 40 of attempted murder

Since 1862 Court of Appeal of New Zealand in Wellington: Since 1862 Court of Appeal of New Zealand in Wellington, the principal intermediate appellate court and also the final appellate court for a number of matters, as In practice most appeals are resolved at this intermediate appellate level, rather than in the Supreme Court

2014 New Zealand Court of Appeal's decision concerning equal pay: 28 October 2014 Terranova Homes decision of the New Zealand Court of Appeal concerning equal pay in New Zealand, turning on the interpretation of the Equal Pay Act 1972, which was enacted in response to the 1971 report of the Commission of Inquiry into Equal Pay

Since 2004 Supreme Court of New Zealand: Since 2004 Supreme Court of New Zealand, the highest court and the court of last resort of New Zealand, replacing the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, based in London

Court hierarchy and specialist courts of New Zealand: Court hierarchy and specialist courts of New Zealand

Since 1865 Maori Land Court and since 1975 Waitangi Tribunal: Since 1865 Maori Land Court, the specialist court of record in New Zealand that hears matters relating to Maori land - Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 established the Waitangi Tribunal and gave the Treaty of Waitangi recognition, as the Tribunal was empowered to investigate possible breaches of the Treaty by the New Zealand government or any state-controlled body, occurring after 1975, also to recommend, but not enforce, remedies - Since 1975 Waitangi Tribunal

Since 1991 Employment Court of New Zealand: Since 1991 Employment Court of New Zealand, a specialist court for employment disputes

Since 1996 Environment Court of New Zealand: Since 1996 Environment Court of New Zealand, a single court, but without centralised courthouse, sitting in courthouses across the country, as judges for the court are permanently stationed in Wellington, Auckland, and Christchurch, but they travel to other centres on circuit as needed - Since 2011 Environmental Protection Authority of New Zealand

Law enforcement in New Zealand: Law enforcement in New Zealand

Organised and Financial Crime Agency of New Zealand: Organised and Financial Crime Agency of New Zealand

Foreign relations of New Zealand: Foreign relations of New Zealand

Treaties of New Zealand: Treaties of New Zealand

Since 1984 New Zealand nuclear-free zone: Since 1984 New Zealand nuclear-free zone - New Zealand bans nuclear material

2017 New Zealand signed the UN 'Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons': 2017 New Zealand signed the UN 'Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons'

New Zealand's participation in international organisations: New Zealand's participation in international organisations

New Zealand/United Nations relations: New Zealand and the United Nations - New Zealand is a founding member of the United Nations, having taken part in 1945 in the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco

Since 1952 UN peacekeeping and observer missions and New Zealand: Since 1952 New Zealand's participation in a number of peacekeeping and observer missions

August 2019 Pacific Islands Forum and climate change: 14 August 2019: 'Australia has to answer to the Pacific' on climate change, declaring that New Zealand is doing what it can to limit global emissions to 1.5C and expects other nations to do the same, New Zealand's PM Jacinda Ardern says

Bilateral relations of New Zealand: Bilateral relations of New Zealand

New Zealand/Afghanistan relations: New Zealand/Afghanistan relations

New Zealand/Australia relations: New Zealand/Australia relations - ANZUS Treaty, Australia, New Zealand, USA military alliance which binds Australia and New Zealand and, separately, Australia and the USA, to co-operate on military matters in the Pacific Ocean region

New Zealand/Chile relations: New Zealand/Chile relations

New Zealand people of Chilean descent: New Zealand people of Chilean descent

October 2019 Chileans and Kiwis marched in solidarity with protesting Chileans: 27 October 2019: Hundreds of Chileans and Kiwis alike marched peacefully down Auckland’s Queen St today to protest growing inequality and high living costs in the South American country of Chile

New Zealand/P.R. China relations: New Zealand/P.R. China relations

3 May 2021 New Zealand’s differences with China becoming ‘harder to reconcile’ PM Jacinda Ardern says: 3 May 2021: New Zealand’s differences with China becoming ‘harder to reconcile’, PM Jacinda Ardern says, as Victoria University's (Wellington) Bryce Edwards says Ardern’s speech was not an attack on China, or even a shift away from Beijing

New Zealand/European Union relations: New Zealand/European Union relations

Trade relations: New Zealand/European Union trade relations, as the EU is New Zealand's third-largest trading partner, after China and Australia, and New Zealand is the EU's 50th, and as New Zealand's exports is dominated by agricultural goods, while the EU's exports is dominated by manufactured goods

New Zealand/Germany relations: New Zealand/Germany relations

1914-1918: Military history of New Zealand in World War I

1939-1945: Military history of New Zealand during World War II

Since 1939 New Zealand's participation in the liberation of Europe and the Pacific region: Since 1939 New Zealand's participation in the liberation of Europe and the Pacific region during World War II as on 13 December 1939 New Zealand deployed its naval forces against Germany and Italy - 20 December 2012: New Zealand was one of the first countries to become involved in the global conflict precipitated by Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, its 2176-day involvement encompassing all but three days of the period now accepted as the Second World War

New Zealand/Greece relations: New Zealand/Greece relations

Greek New Zealanders: Greek New Zealanders

Since 1940 New Zealand's participation in the liberation of Greece: New Zealand's participation in the liberation of Greece following the German-Italian 'axis' occupation of Greece since October 1940

New Zealand/India relations: New Zealand/India relations

Indian New Zealanders, from India and worldwide: Indian New Zealanders, persons of Indian origin or descent, living in New Zealand, as the term includes Indians born in New Zealand, as well as immigrants from India, Fiji, as well as other regions of Asia, parts of Africa such as South Africa as well as East Africa, and furthermore, from other parts of the world due to UK's policy originating from the Middle Ages, as Indian New Zealanders include 221,916 citizens in 2018, 4.7% of the population of New Zealand

8 April 2021 New Zealand suspends travel from India after jump in covid-19 cases: 8 April 2021: New Zealand suspends travel from India after jump in covid-19 cases, as PM Jacinda Ardern said the government would look at risk management measures during suspension

New Zealand/Israel relations: New Zealand/Israel relations

2016: 24 December 2016: Israeli ambassador to New Zealand recalled in protest at UN vote role, demanding a halt to all Israeli settlement activity in the West Bank and East Jerusalem

New Zealand/Japan relations: New Zealand/Japan relations

1939-1945 Japanese empire and World War II: After on 7 December 1941 the Japanese empire bombed the USA naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the opening salvo in the Pacific War during World War II, New Zealand forces fought against Japan, primarily in Singapore, the Solomon Islands and in the waters surrounding Japan, until the war in the Pacific ended after the USA atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945

March 2011 Operation Pacific Assist: March 2011 Operation Pacific Assist, an operation commenced by Australian and New Zealand Defense Force together with Emergency Management Australia and Emergency Management New Zealand as an effort to support the relief activity on the aftermath of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster which occurred in Japan

August 2019 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki commemorations in Christchurch: 6 August 2019: Remembering the 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 2019 commemorations in Christchurch

New Zealand/Russia relations: New Zealand/Russia relations

March 2014 New Zealand joins in 'personal sanctions' over Crimea: 23 March 2014: New Zealand has joined the countries imposing travel bans on those Russian and Ukrainians seen as responsible for the crisis in Ukraine

March 2018 Salisbury attack serious affront to global rules: 16/17 March 2018: Calling the incident a 'serious affront' to global rules and norms, New Zealand's PM Jacinda Ardern has joined European leaders in backing a statement on the nerve agent attack in Salisbury, considering further measures against Russia after the government halted all efforts to restart trade talks

New Zealand/Samoa relations: New Zealand/Samoa relations - August 1914 Occupation of German Samoa represented New Zealand's first military action in World War I - 1920-1962 Western Samoa Trust Territory - Mau movement was a non-violent movement for Samoan independence from colonial rule during the early 1900s - 1962 independence of Samoa

2002: 5 June 2002: New Zealand's PM Helen Clark says sorry for New Zealand's treatment of Samoans during colonial times more than 70 years ago and New Zealand's inept and incompetent administration of the islands

New Zealand/Turkey relations: New Zealand/Turkey relations - October 1914 Ottoman entry into World War I 1914-1918 - Military history of New Zealand in World War I - Gallipoli Campaign 1915-1916, British-French failure after irresponsible employment of the soldiers of Allies of World War I - Gallipoli campaign casualties, British empire losses and casualties 252,000 humans, Ottoman empire losses and casualties 218,000–251,000 humans - Anzac spirit

New Zealand/United Kingdom relations: New Zealand/United Kingdom relations

1835: 1835 Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand signed by a number of Maori chiefs, proclaiming the sovereign independence of New Zealand prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 - United Tribes of New Zealand, confederation of Maori tribes based in the north of the North Island - List of the Maori iwi of New Zealand

1840: 6 February 1840 Treaty of Waitangi signed by representatives of the British Crown and various Maori chiefs, establishing a British Governor of New Zealand, recognising Maori ownership of their lands and other properties, and giving the Maori the rights of British subjects

1841-1907: Colony of New Zealand, British colony from 1841 to 1907

Since 1907: History of independence of New Zealand

1907-1947: Dominion of New Zealand, Dominion of the United Kingdom 1907-1947

1931: 1931 Statute of Westminster establishing the legislative independence of self-governing Dominions of the British Empire

Since 1947: 1947 Statute of Westminster Adoption Act constitutional Act of the Parliament of New Zealand that formally accepted the full external autonomy offered by the British Parliament

Since 1983: Realm of New Zealand, area in which the Queen of New Zealand is head of state, comprises New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency in Antarctica, and is defined by the 1983 Letters Patent constituting the office of Governor-General of New Zealand

2014: 22 September 2014: Re-elected PM John Key wants 2015 referendum on ridding New Zealand's flag of union jack

New Zealand/USA relations: New Zealand/USA relations - ANZUS Treaty, Australia, New Zealand, USA military alliance which binds Australia and New Zealand and, separately, Australia and the USA, to co-operate on military matters in the Pacific Ocean region

1914 start of World War I, common defense and November 1918: 1914 German empire's (and Central Powers) start of World War I, 1918 end of World War I

May 2019 mass shootings and gun laws: 15 May 2019: New Zealand’s PM Jacinda Ardern has said she cannot understand USA’s failure to ban automatic and semi-automatic guns, despite dozens of mass shootings, stating that 'Australia experienced a massacre and changed its laws. New Zealand has had its experience and changed its laws'

New Zealand/Vietnam relations: New Zealand/Vietnam relations

2017: 28 July 2017: Vietnam and New Zealand will raise two-way trade to US$1.7 billion by 2020, promising to create favourable conditions for Vietnamese agricultural products to enter New Zealand, and continue supporting the country in improving production, processing and preservation of farm produce

Environment of New Zealand: Environment of New Zealand - Natural history of New Zealand - Geology of New Zealand - Geology of New Zealand by region - Climate of New Zealand

Environment of New Zealand by region: Environment of New Zealand by region - Biodiversity of New Zealand - Protected areas of New Zealand

Environmental issues in New Zealand: Environmental issues in New Zealand

Climate change in New Zealand: Climate change in New Zealand

August 2020 New Zealand's melting glaciers show the human fingerprints of climate change: 3 August 2020: New research has found extreme melting of the country’s glaciers in 2018 was at least ten times more likely due to human-caused global heating

Pollution in New Zealand: Pollution in New Zealand

Whale stranding in New Zealand: Whale stranding in New Zealand

February 2017: 12 February 2017: Hope for end to New Zealand whale strandings after 350 die

Natural disasters in New Zealand: Natural disasters in New Zealand

Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions in New Zealand: Earthquakes in New Zealand - Volcanic eruptions in New Zealand

2010: September 2010 Canterbury earthquake

2011: June 2011 Christchurch earthquake

2013: July 2013 Seddon earthquake - August 2013 Lake Grassmere earthquake

2014: January 2014 Eketahuna earthquake

2016: February 2016 Christchurch earthquake - September 2016 Te Araroa earthquake

2016: November 2016 North Canterbury earthquake - 14 November 2016: Thousands stranded and towns cut off, as strong aftershocks and severe weather hamper efforts to reach stranded communities - 15 November 2016: Up to 100,000 landslides were caused by New Zealand’s 7.8 magnitude earthquake, while enduring aftershocks also reach Wellington region, in additon hit by storms and flooding

December 2019 Whakaari/White Island eruption: 9 December 2019 Whakaari/White Island eruption - 9 décembre 2019: Cinq personnes ont été tuées et 18 blessées lors de l'éruption d'un volcan lundi sur une île touristique de Nouvelle-Zélande - 10 December 2019: New Zealand police have launched an investigation into the eruption of the White Island volcano, as further details emerged of the scale of the disaster in which at least six people died and a further eight are feared to have perished

New Zealand tornadoes, storms and floods: New Zealand tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

2012: 6 December 2012: Tornado hit suburbs of Auckland, with at least three people reportedly killed and widespread damage

Tropical cyclones in New Zealand: Tropical cyclones in New Zealand

2017 'once in 500-year' flood: 6 April 2017: A 'once in 500-year' flood is swallowing up large parts of the east coast of New Zealand, as the tail-end of ex-cyclone Debbie sweeps east after devastating large parts of Australia

2022 floods, attributed to an 'atmospheric river': 6 April 2017: Torrential rain has slammed the west and north of New Zealand’s South Island for a third straight day, forcing hundreds to evacuate their homes and triggering road and school closures and land slips, as experts have attributed the unseasonably wet weather to a narrow stream of water vapour, or an 'atmospheric river'

14 February 2023 severe tropical cyclone Gabrielle currently affecting New Zealand and Norfolk Island: February 2023 severe tropical cyclone Gabrielle, currently affecting New Zealand and Norfolk Island - 14 February 2023: New Zealand is in a national state of emergency, as cyclone Gabrielle batters the country, with floods trapping people on roofs, thousands displaced and landslides, and as destroying homes in what officials have described as an unprecedented natural disaster and 'the most significant weather event New Zealand has seen in this century'

14 May 2023 billion dollars for cyclone and flood recovery in New Zealand budget: 14 Ma 2023: New Zealand's government is allocating NZ$1.1bn to help communities recover from Cyclone Gabrielle and flooding, as the funds from the 2023 budget are to cover 'basics' of rebuilding roads, rail and schools, as well as flood protection. Cyclone Gabrielle devastated parts of the North Island in February and killed 11 people, after flash floods prompted by record-breaking rainfall hit the biggest city Auckland in January.

Wildfires in New Zealand:

2017: 2017 Port Hills wildfires in the Port Hills of Christchurch - 16 February 2017: Firefighters in New Zealand’s second-largest city Christchurch have halted a wildfire after it burned down 11 houses in the outer suburbs and forced more than 1,000 people to evacuate

February 2019: 10 February 2019: Strong winds are expected to fan forest fires that have been burning for a week through New Zealand’s South Island, forcing thousands of people from their homes

Palau - Geography of Palau - History of Palau

Economy of Palau: Economy of Palau, consisting primarily of subsistence agriculture and fishing, as the government is the major employer of the work force, relying heavily on financial assistance from the USA, and as agriculture contributing 3%, industry 19%, services (including tourism) 78% to country's GDP - Companies of Palau

Fishing industry in Palau: Fishing industry in Palau

Service industries in Palau: Service industries in Palau, including transport and tourism

Trade unions in Palau: Trade unions in Palau

Politics of Palau: Politics of Palau, as country takes place in a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Palau is both head of state and head of government - Since 1979 Constitution of Palau

Palau National Congress: Palau National Congress

Elections in Palau: Elections in Palau

November 2016 Palauan general election: 1 November 2016 Palauan general election

November 2020 Palauan general election: 3 November 2020 Palauan general election

Palauan society: Palauan society

Ngerulmud capial: Ngerulmud, seat of government of the Republic of Palau, replacing Koror City, Palau's largest city, as capital in 2006, as the settlement is located in the state of Melekeok on Babeldaob, the country's largest island

Demographics of Palau: Demographics of Palau

Human rights in Palau: Human rights in Palau

Education in Palau: Education in Palau

Health in Palau: Health in Palau

Palauan law and legal history: Palauan law - Since 1979 Constitution of Palau, amended 2005 and later

Judiciary of Palau: Judiciary of Palau

Foreign relations of Palau: Foreign relations of Palau

Since 1994 Compact of Free Association: Since 1994 for Palau, Compact of Free Association, an international agreement establishing and governing the relationships of free association between the USA and the three Pacific Island sovereign states of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau, known as the Freely Associated States

Bilateral relations of Palau: Bilateral relations of Palau

Palau/Australia relations: Palau/Australia relations

Palau/P.R. China relations: Palau/P.R. China relations

18 January 2021 Palau's new president vows to stand up to 'bully' China: 18 January 2021: Palau's new president vows to stand up to 'bully' China, as former senator Surangel Whipps Jr promises to stand by allies USA and Taiwan when he takes office on Thursday, saying 'stealing and offering bribes, that’s just got to stop, illegal fishing has to stop ..., we should also be responsible to our people and tell them not to go to other countries and do these kinds of things'

Palau/Germany relations: Palau/Germany relations - 20th/21st centuries ambassadors of Germany to Palau and Philippines, Marshall Islands, Micronesia

Since 1696 European contact and 'discovery' of Palau: Since 1696 European contact and 'discovery' of Palau, Spanish and German rule, as Palau was administered from German New Guinea in a period of economic development, as German companies began exploiting the islands' deposits of bauxite and phosphate, as a rich harvest in copra was made, after Spain sold the Palau archipelago to Imperial Germany in the 1899 German–Spanish Treaty

Since 1914 World War I and under the terms of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance Japanese occupation: 1914 under the terms of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, the Empire of Japan declared war on the German Empire, invaded German colonial empire in the Pacific Ocean, and Palau was seized by ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, as after the war, the League of Nations awarded Palau to Japan as a Class C League of Nations Mandate

Palau during 1939-1945 World War II and post-war development: Palau during 1939-1945 World War II and post-war development - Wars and battles involving Palau

Palau/India relations: Palau/India relations

Palau/Israel relations: Palau/Israel relations

Palau/Japan relations: Palau/Japan relations

Palau/Spain relations: Palau/Spain relations

Since 1999 Palau/Taiwan relations: Since 1999 Palau/Taiwan relations - Sino-Pacific relations concerning Palau

September 2009 Republic of China provides scholarships to Palauan students as well as computers for Palauan schools: September 2009 Republic of China provides scholarships to Palauan students, as well as computers for Palauan schools, as Palau’s Minister of Education Mario Katosang 'we were given 100 Windows-based computers by Taiwan..., I mentioned that we may also need software (and) Taiwan immediately delivered 100 brand new copies of Windows XP, and offered to train our computer technicians'

Palau/United Kingdom relations: Palau/United Kingdom relations

Palau/USA relations: Palau/USA relations since 1994 - USA's Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs

History of Palau-USA relations: History of Palau-USA relations

September 2020 Palau invites USA military to build bases amid China power push: 4 September 2020: Palau invites USA military to build bases amid China power push

Environment of Palau: Environment of Palau

Natural disasters in Palau: Natural disasters in Palau

Typhoons in Palau: Typhoons in Palau

Papua New Guinea - Geography of Papua New Guinea - History of Papua New Guinea - Demographics of Papua New Guinea

Economy of Papua New Guinea: Economy of Papua New Guinea, main industries include copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip production; mining (gold, silver, and copper), crude oil production, petroleum refining, construction, tourism

Mining in Papua New Guinea: Mining in Papua New Guinea - Gold mines in Papua New Guinea - Copper mines in Papua New Guinea - Ok Tedi Mine is an open-pit copper and gold mine in Papua New Guinea located near the headwaters of the Ok Tedi River

Mining disasters in Papua New Guinea: Mining disasters in Papua New Guinea

1984-2013 Ok Tedi environmental disaster: 1984-2013 Ok Tedi environmental disaster

Energy in Papua New Guinea: Energy in Papua New Guinea

Oil and gas companies of Papua New Guinea: Oil and gas companies of Papua New Guinea

Agriculture in Papua New Guinea: Agriculture in Papua New Guinea employing 85% of the labour force, major agricultural products include sweet potato, coffee and copra

Coffee production in Papua New Guinea: Coffee production in Papua New Guinea - after oil palm, coffee is Papua New Guinea's second largest agricultural export, employing approximately 2.5 million people

Land tenure in Papua New Guinea: Land tenure - PNG legislature has enacted laws in which a type of tenure called 'customary land title' is recognised, meaning that the traditional lands of the indigenous peoples have some legal basis to inalienable tenure, and this customary land notionally covers most of the usable land in the country (some 97% of total land area)

Forestry in Papua New Guinea: Forestry in Papua New Guinea - Papua New Guinea Forestry Authority

Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea: Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea

Water in Papua New Guinea: Water in Papua New Guinea

Transport in Papua New Guinea: Transport in Papua New Guinea - Transport infrastructure in Papua New Guinea - History of transport in Papua New Guinea

Water transport in Papua New Guinea: Water transport in Papua New Guinea - Ports and harbours of Papua New Guinea

Road transport in Papua New Guinea: Road transport in Papua New Guinea

Tourism in Papua New Guinea: Tourism in Papua New Guinea - Tourist attractions in Papua New Guinea

Banking and banks of Papua New Guinea: Banks of Papua New Guinea - Bank of Papua New Guinea, the central bank of the country

Economic history of Papua New Guinea: Economic history of Papua New Guinea

Since 2008 Great Recession in Oceania: Since 2008 Great Recession in Oceania

Politics of Papua New Guinea: Politics of Papua New Guinea - Constitution of Papua New Guinea

Political parties in Papua New Guinea: Political parties in Papua New Guinea

Trade unions in Papua New Guinea: Trade unions in Papua New Guinea

2011–2012 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis: 2011–2012 Papua New Guinean constitutional crisis

2012 Papua New Guinea Defence Force mutiny: 2012 Papua New Guinea Defence Force mutiny - 26 January 2012: Troop mutiny sparks Papua New Guinea crisis

Politics and elections in Papua New Guinea: Elections in Papua New Guinea

2012 Papua New Guinean general election: Papua New Guinean general election 23 June to 6 July 2012 - 24 June: Papua New Guinea election under way amid unrest

June/July 2017 Papua New Guinean general election: 24 June to 8 July 2017 Papua New Guinean general election - 30 June 2017: Voting suspended in the capital Port Moresby after three election officials, including the election manager for Port Moresby, were arrested by police after found to be carrying over US$50,000 in cash, suspicious documents and ballot papers already filled in

October 2018: 12 October 2018: Papua New Guineans have reacted with anger at its government importing a fleet of 40 Maserati luxury cars, which cost between $200,000 and $350,000 each in Australia, to drive international delegates around the Apec conference next month, amid a health and poverty crisis, struggling economy, and ongoing efforts after a devastating earthquake - 15 October 2018: Papua New Guinean opposition MPs have called for a nationwide strike this week amid growing anger after the government, which as well as hosting Apec is also dealing with a devastating earthquake recovery, a nationwide medication shortage, a polio outbreak and worsening TB rates in addition to generally high rates of poverty, last week imported 40 Maserati luxury vehicles via charter plane from Italy

1 July 2022 Papua New Guineans will head to the polls in the coming days: 1 July 2022: Papua New Guineans will head to the polls in the coming days to vote in the first national election in 5 years, as a struggling economy, the impact of the pandemic and growing frustrations about failing public services are among the leading issues. The results of the election will be important not only to the country’s almost 9 million people, but also for the increasingly complex geopolitical landscape in the wider Pacific region.

2-22 July 2022 Papua New Guinean General elections: 2-22 July 2022 Papua New Guinean General elections to elect the members of the National Parliament. The 118 members of the National Parliament are elected from single-member constituencies by instant-runoff voting; voters are given up to three preferences, with a candidate declared elected once they received over 50% of preference votes. Vote counting is scheduled to begin on 29 July. Due to the voting system, vote staggering and how rural much of the country, the vote counting usually takes several weeks.

Protests, civil and political rights in Papua New Guinea: The right to protest and the freedom of assembly is also present in the constitution, however is often limited in practice and public demonstrations require 14 days notice as well as police approval which is rarely granted

June/July 2016: 8 June 2016: Police fire on student protesters in Papua New Guinea, calling on PM to resign amid accusations of corruption - 15 July 2016: Protests in Papua New Guinea highlight corruption and inequality after in June 8 students were shot by police and 23 students were injured as they called on PM Peter O’Neill to step down over corruption allegations

June 2017: 8 June 2017: University students in Papua New Guinea say they are still waiting for justice one year after they were shot at by police while protesting against PM Peter O'Neill

October 2018: 26 October 2018: Thousands of people including transport drivers and airport staff have participated in a one-day strike in Papua New Guinea to protest against the purchase of a fleet of luxury Maserati and Bentley cars by the government for next month’s Apec conference

November 2018: 26 November 2018: Following widespread criticism from the public and press organisations, which accused broadcaster EMTV of acquiescing to the government, EMTV overturns suspension of Papua New Guinean journalist Scott Waide for criticising the purchase of 40 luxury Maseratis amid anger over government spending during the APEC conference at the costs of the taxpayers

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Papua New Guinea: Papua New Guinean society

Human rights in Papua New Guinea: Human rights in Papua New Guinea

Regions, provinces, districts and Local-Level Government areas of Papua New Guinea: List of regions of Papua New Guinea - Provinces of Papua New Guinea - Districts and Local-Level Government areas of Papua New Guinea

Provincial capitals and list of cities and towns in Papua New Guinea: Provincial capitals in Papua New Guinea - List of cities and towns in Papua New Guinea - List of cities and towns in Papua New Guinea by population

Southern Region: Southern Region, one of four regions of Papua New Guinea, including the national capital Port Moresby

National Capital District and Port Moresby: National Capital District of Papua New Guinea

Port Moresby: Port Moresby, the capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea, is located on the shores of the Gulf of Papua, on the south-eastern coast

Highlands Region: Highlands Region, one of four regions of Papua New Guinea

Hela province: Hela province of Papua New Guinea, comprising three districts previously part of Southern Highlands Province, with the capital Tari and with a population of 249,449 inhabitants in 2011

Tari city: Tari is the capital of the Tari-Pori District and is the centre of Huli country in the Hela Province of Papua New Guinea

July 2019 Hela province massacre: 10 July 20ß19: At least 15 women and children have been killed in a massacre in Papua New Guinea’s Hela province, in one of the worst outbreaks of tribal violence in the country for years, happening on early Monday morning during a raid on Karida, a village of about 800 people in the interior of the country

Momase Region: Momase Region, one of four regions of Papua New Guinea with its largest city Lae, the second city of the nation, as Momase is by far the most linguistically region of Papua New Guinea

Lae city: Lae, the capital of Morobe Province and is the second-largest city in Papua New Guinea located near the delta of the Markham River and at the start of the Highlands Highway, which is the main land transport corridor between the Highlands region and the coast, also the largest cargo port of the country and is the industrial hub of Papua New Guinea

Economy of Lae: Economy of Lae

History of Lae: History of Lae, as humans have been in New Guinea for as long as 60,000 years, according to archaeological evidence

1884-1919 German New Guinea: 1884-1919 German New Guinea, consisting of the northeastern part of the island of New Guinea and several nearby island groups, the first part of the German colonial empire

September 1943 Landing at Lae: September 1943 Landing at Lae, an amphibious landing by the USA and Australia to the east of Lae and then the subsequent advance on the town during the Salamaua–Lae campaign of World War II, undertaken to capture the Japanese base at Lae

Since 1971 city of Lae: Since 1971 city of Lae

New Guinea Islands Region: New Guinea Islands Region, one of four regions of Papua New Guinea comprising the Bismarck Archipelago and north-eastern Solomon Islands Archipelago, located north-east of the mainland on eastern New Guinea island

Autonomous Region of Bougainville: Autonomous Region of Bougainville, including its largest island named Bougainville Island, also the largest of the Solomon Islands archipelago, Buka Island and assorted outlying nearby islands including the Carterets, as its interim capital is Buka, and the population of the region is 249,358 inhabitants in 2011

Demographics of Bougainville: Demographics of Bougainville

Economy of Bougainville, copper mining and agriculture: Economy of Bougainville, as today a small percentage of the region's economy is from mining and the majority of economic growth comes from agriculture and aquaculture, and as the region's biodiversity, which is one of the most important in Oceania, is heavily threatened by mining activities, mostly conducted by the rich bracket of society

January 2018 Bougainville imposes moratorium on Panguna mine: 10 January 2018: After landowner groups were called to vote on allowing Bougainville Copper Limited to renew their mining licence and potentially reopen the Panguna mine, government has enacted an indefinite moratorium on renewing the licence of controversial mining company over fears it could reignite violent civil conflict

Since 2000 Autonomous Bougainville Government: Since 2000 Autonomous Bougainville Government

History of BougainvilleHistory of Bougainville, named after the French navigator Louis Antoine de Bougainville

Since 1942 Bougainville during World War II and Japanese occupation: Bougainville during World War II and Japanese occupation, after it was occupied by Japanese forces, who used it as a base to attack Guadalcanal and other Allied territory

Since 1960s independence movement of Bougainville: Since 1960s independence movement of Bougainville, that is rich in copper, Republic of North Solomons, secessionist conflict and uprising

1988-1998 Bougainville Civil War: 1988-1998 Bougainville Civil War, a multi-layered armed conflict fought from 1988 to 1998 in the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea between PNG and the secessionist forces of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army, and between the BRA and other armed groups on Bougainville, described as the largest conflict in Oceania since the end of World War II with an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 Bougainvilleans dead - Since 1994 Sandline affair, a political scandal that became one of the defining moments in the history of Papua New Guinea, and particularly the conflict in Bougainville, bringing down the government of Sir Julius Chan and taking Papua New Guinea to the verge of a military revolt, as the event was named after Sandline International, a UK-based private military company force

23 November - 7 December 2019 not binding independence referendum: 23 November - 7 December 2019 not binding independence referendum in Bougainville, with results to be declared around 20 December, as the vote is the result of an agreement between the Government of Papua New Guinea and the Autonomous Bougainville Government, and as voters will have the option of requesting for greater autonomy within Papua New Guinea, or full independence - 23 November 2019: Voting begins in Bougainville referendum

11 December 2019 Bougainville voted in favour of becoming independent: 11 December 2019: The autonomous region of Bougainville has voted overwhelmingly in favour of becoming independent from Papua New Guinea, paving the way, but region faces long process ahead before it can become world’s newest nation

Since 1976 East New Britain province: Since 1976 East New Britain province of Papua New Guinea, consisting of the north-eastern part of the island of New Britain and the Duke of York Islands. as East New Britain covers a total land area of 15,816 square kilometres and the province's population was reported as 220,133 in the 2000 census, rising to 328,369 in the 2011 count

Manus Province of Papua New Guinea: Manus Province of Papua New Guinea with a land area of 2,100 km², but with more than 220,000 km² of water, as the provincial town of Manus is Lorengau and the total population is 60,485 inhabitants in 2011

New Ireland Province: New Ireland Province, formerly New Mecklenburg, is the most northeastern province of Papua New Guinea

Since 1976 West New Britain province: Since 1976 West New Britain province of Papua New Guinea on the islands of New Britain, as the provincial capital is Kimbe with an area of 20,387 km² and with a population of 264,264 inhabitants in 2011 census, as there are seven major tribes including the Nakanai, Bakovi, Kove, Unea, and Maleu, speaking about 25 languages

Demographics and ethnic groups in Papua New Guinea: Demographics of Papua New Guinea, the second most populous nation in Oceania - Ethnic groups in Papua New Guinea

Culture of Papua New Guinea: Culture of Papua New Guinea

Languages of Papua New Guinea: Languages of Papua New Guinea - New Guinea is one of the most linguistically diverse regions in the world, and besides the Austronesian languages, there are some 800 languages divided into perhaps sixty small language families, with unclear relationships to each other or to any other languages, plus a large number of language isolates - Papuan languages are a subset of languages of Papua New Guinea of the western Pacific island of New Guinea, and neighbouring islands, that are neither Austronesian nor Australian - Austronesian languages, a language family that is widely dispersed throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean, with a few members in continental Asia, are spoken by about 386 million people

Tok Pisin: Tok Pisin creole language spoken throughout Papua New Guinea, an official language of Papua New Guinea and the most widely used language in the country

Hiri Motu: Hiri Motu, an official language of Papua New Guinea and a simplified version of Motu of the Austronesian language family - Motu, one of many Central Papuan Tip languages, is spoken by the Motuans native inhabitants of Papua New Guinea, it is commonly used today in the region, particularly around the capital, Port Moresby

English in Papua New Guinea: English, also an official language of Papua New Guinea, is only spoken by 1–2% of the population

Women and womens's rights in Papua New Guinea: Women in Papua New Guinea. - Women's rights in Papua New Guinea, as gendered violence against women, limited access to education, restricted health services and the cultural practice of witch hunts are all issues which arise for women living in Papua New Guinea

Children and childrens' rights in Papua New Guinea: Childrens' rights in Papua New Guinea

Education in Papua New Guinea: Education in Papua New Guinea

Schools in Papua New Guinea: Schools in Papua New Guinea

Health in Papua New Guinea: Health in Papua New Guinea

Healthcare in Papua New Guinea: Medical and health organisations in Papua New Guinea - Hospitals in Papua New Guinea

Media in Papua New Guinea: Media in Papua New Guinea

March 2015: 4 March 2015: Journalists in Papua New Guinea say they were told not to ask Indonesian foreign minister Retno Marsudi about West Papua

May 2018: 3 May 2018: Papua New Guinea journalist and media freedom advocate Titi Gabi says journalists are often working in fear, 'with interference from outside influence, right up to setting the news agenda to bribing journalists to threats to threats of court action against journalists'

Newspapers in Papua New Guinea: Newspapers published in Papua New Guinea

Broadcasting in Papua New Guinea: Broadcasting in Papua New Guinea - Radio in Papua New Guinea - TV in Papua New Guinea

November 2018: 26 November 2018: Papua New Guinean journalist Scott Waide reinstated following widespread protests against his suspension on government orders for the airing of a critical news report about the country’s government during the Apec conference, including Apec's 40 luxury Maseratis story - 26 November 2018: EMTV overturn suspension of Papua New Guinean journalist Scott Waide after public pressure

Internet in Papua New Guinea: Internet and Internet censorship in Papua New Guinea

Crime in Papua New Guinea: Crime in Papua New Guinea

Violence in Papua New Guinea: Violence in Papua New Guinea

Corruption in Papua New Guinea: Corruption in Papua New Guinea

Illegal logging in Papua New Guinea: Illegal logging in Papua New Guinea

Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea: Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea

Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea: Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea

Law of Papua New Guinea: Law of Papua New Guinea - Constitution of Papua New Guinea

Judiciary and courts in Papua New Guinea: Courts in Papua New Guinea

Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea: Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea

Law enforcement in Papua New Guinea: Law enforcement in Papua New Guinea

Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea: Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea

Treaties of Papua New Guinea: Treaties of Papua New Guinea

Membership in international organisations: Papua New Guinea's membership in international organisations

November 2018 Apec summit in Papua New Guinea: 17-18 November 2018 Apec summit in Papua New Guinea, part of the year-long hosting of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APEC meetings

Papua New Guinea/United Nations relations: United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Papua New Guinea

1949–1975: 1949–1975 United Nations Trust Territory 'Territory of Papua and New Guinea'

September 1975 UN membership: 22 September 1975 UN Security Council Resolution 375 concerning Papua New Guinea's membership

Papua New Guinea's Permanent Mission to the UN: Permanent Mission of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea to the United Nations

UNDP in Papua New Guinea: UNDP in Papua New Guinea

April 2017: 25 April 2017: As around 75% of households in Papua New Guinea are dependent on subsistence agriculture, and around 40% of the population lives on less than US$1 a day, government and UNDP come together to build climate change resilience through enhanced weather and climate information

May/June 2017: 15 May 2017: UNDP is supporting the 2017 national election in Papua New Guinea by coordinating and supporting over 100 international electoral observers

Bilateral relations of Papua New Guinea: Bilateral relations of Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea/Australia relations: Papua New Guinea/Australia relations - Territory of New Guinea, mandate of Australia 1919–1949,1975

Papua New Guinea/Germany relations: Papua New Guinea/Germany relations

1884–1899 German New Guinea Company and colony 'German New Guinea': German New Guinea Company 1884–1899 - German colony 1884–1919 'German New Guinea' - German colonial empire

1884-1919 'Kaiser-Wilhelmsland': 'Kaiser-Wilhelmsland' 1884-1919

Papua New Guinea/Indonesia relations: Papua New Guinea/Indonesia relations - 4 March 2015: Journalists in Papua New Guinea say they were told not to ask Indonesian foreign minister Retno Marsudi about West Papua

Papua New Guinea/Israel relations: Papua New Guinea/Israel relations

October 2013: 20 October 2013: Papua New Guinea's Peter O'Neill plants a tree in Jerusalem, saying 'planting a tree symbolizes that the world has a future and that we all have life'

Papua New Guinea/Japan relations: Papua New Guinea/Japan relations - Japanese occupation of the 'Dutch East Indies' 1942-1945

Papua New Guinea/Netherlands relations: Papua New Guinea/Netherlands relations - Dutch colony 1949–1962 'Netherlands New Guinea' - Dutch Empire since 1543 - Dutch East Indies - Proclamation of Indonesian Independence - Indonesian National Revolution 1945-1949 (Netherlands' recognition of Indonesia's independence)

Papua-New Guinea/Switzerland relations: Papua-New Guinea/Switzerland relations

2013: Frieda River Project, a large open cast mine and associated infrastructure in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, as the deposit is a large copper-gold porphyry deposit and as the project includes a hydroelectric scheme to provide electricity, in 2010 the mine had estimated reserves of 14.3 million oz of gold and was bought from Glencore/Xstrata in 2013

Papua New Guinea/United Kingdom relations: Papua New Guinea/United Kingdom relations - Territory of New Guinea

1884–1949 British colony 'Territory of Papua': British colony 1884–1949 'Territory of Papua'

Papua New Guinea/USA relations: Papua New Guinea/USA relations

Since 2009 PIPE Pacific Cable: Since 2009 PIPE Pacific Cable, a 6,900 km submarine cable laid by PIPE Networks running from Cromer, New South Wales, in Australia, to Piti, Guam

Environment of Papua New Guinea: Environment of Papua New Guinea - Natural history of Papua New Guinea

Conservation and ecoregions of New Guinea: Conservation in Papua New Guinea - Ecoregions of New Guinea

Environmental issues in Papua New Guinea: Environmental issues in Papua New Guinea

Deforestation in Papua New Guinea: Deforestation in Papua New Guinea

2008: 2 June 2008: The forests of Papua New Guinea are being chopped down so quickly that more than half its trees could be lost by 2021, according to a new satellite study of the region

Coral Triangle Initiative: Coral Triangle Initiative

Mount Fubilan: Mount Fubilan was a mountain in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, which has been dismantled in the course of development of the site as the Ok Tedi Mine since 1984

Natural disasters in Papua New Guinea: Natural disasters in Papua New Guinea

Volcanoes in Papua New Guinea and eruptions: List of volcanoes in Papua New Guinea

1951: Mount Lamington and 1951 eruption

Earthquakes in Papua New Guinea: Earthquakes in Papua New Guinea

2017: January 2017 Papua New Guinea earthquake

February-April 2018: February 2018 Papua New Guinea earthquake - 27 février 2018: Le séisme de magnitude 7,5 qui a touché la Papouasie a fait au moins 30 morts selon un premier bilan - 5 April 2018: The UN has suspended relief efforts in areas of Papua New Guinea worst hit by February’s earthquake after violence and instability made it unsafe for its workers

October 2018: 10 October 2018: A magnitude 7.0 earthquake has struck remote New Britain island in Papua New Guinea, according to USA's Geological Survey

17 July 2020 Papua New Guinea earthquake: 17 July 2020 Papua New Guinea earthquake - 17 juillet 2020: Une puissante secousse sismique d’une magnitude de 6,9 a été enregistrée vendredi dans l’est de la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée, forçant certains habitants paniqués à sortir dans les rues

Tropical cyclones in Papua New Guinea: Tropical cyclones in Papua New Guinea

Flodds in Papua New Guinea:

2008: 2008 Papua New Guinea floods

French Polynesia - Geography of French Polynesia - History of French Polynesia - Demographics of French Polynesia

Economy of French Polynesia: Economy of French Polynesia

Politics of French Polynesia: Politics of French Polynesia - 25 mars 2013: L'ONU soumettra au vote la résolution, qui porte sur la décolonisation de la Polynésie française, a déclaré le sénateur Richard Tuheiava

Élections territoriales 21 avril 2013: French Polynesian legislative election 21 April and 5 May 2013 - 18 avril: Le prochain président de la Polynésie, qui sera issu des élections territoriales de dimanche, va devoir s'attaquer à la paupérisation de la population et à une crise économique persistante - 5 mai: Début du scrutin pour le second tour des territoriales - 18 mai: Gaston Flosse élu président de la Polynésie française par 38 voix sur 57 votants - 20 mai: L’Assemblée générale de l’ONU a adopté une résolution affirmant le droit de la Polynésie à l’autodétermination et demandant la décolonisation du territoire

April/May 2018 French Polynesian legislative election: 22 April and 6 May 2018 French Polynesian legislative election

18 mai 2018 l'élection présidentielle en Polynésie française: 18 mai 2018: L'élection présidentielle de 2018 en Polynésie française au scrutin indirect à l'Assemblée de la Polynésie française. Le président sortant Édouard Fritch est réélu au premier tour avec 39 voix sur 57, peu après la victoire de son parti aux élections territoriales quelques semaines auparavant.

19 May 2018 Tong Sang elected French Polynesia assembly president: 19 May 2018: French Polynesia's assembly has elected the ruling Tapura Huiraatira party's Gaston Tong Sang as its new assembly president for a five-year term, as his election comes two months after he was given a one-year suspended jail sentence and a fine of $US20,000 for abusing public funds

16 avril 2023 élections territoriales polynésiennes: 16 avril 2023: Les élections territoriales polynésiennes de 2023 se déroulent les dimanches 16 et 30 avril 2023 afin d'élire les 57 représentants de l'Assemblée de la Polynésie française. Le parti autonomiste Tapura Huiraatira au pouvoir est devancé au premier tour par le parti indépendantiste Tavini huiraatira, une première depuis 2004.

16 and 30 April 2023 French Polynesian legislative election: 16 and 30 April 2023 French Polynesian legislative election, scheduled to be held in order to elect 57 representatives to the Assembly of French Polynesia

France and weapons of mass destruction: France and weapons of mass destruction - French nuclear weapons

French nuclear test sites: French nuclear test sites Fangataufa, Moruroa

Samoa - Geography of Samoa - History of Samoa - German Samoa 1900-1920 - 1920-1962 Western Samoa Trust Territory - Mau movement was a non-violent movement for Samoan independence from colonial rule during the early 1900s - 1962 independence of Samoa - Demographics of Samoa

Economy of Samoa: Economy of Samoa - industries are tourism, food processing, auto parts, building materials - Companies of Samoa

Aquaculture in Samoa: Aquaculture in Samoa

Pacific Forum Shipping Line: 'Pacific Forum Line' multi-government run shipping line, an example of regional co-operation among Pacific Forum nations - Transport in Oceania - Water transport in Oceania

Tourism in Samoa: Tourism in Samoa

Central Bank of Samoa: Central Bank of Samoa

Politics of Samoa: Politics of Samoa - 1960/1962 Constitution of Samoa amended in 1997 - Legislative Assembly of Samoa - Political parties in Samoa

Elections and politics in Samoa: Elections in Samoa

March 2011 Samoan general election: 4 March 2011 Samoan general election

March 2016 Samoan general election: 4 March 2016 Samoan general election - 5 March 2016: HRPP secured a landslide victory, winning 44 of the 49 contested seats, 2 to the opposition and 3 independents, hence there will be no official parliamentary opposition as the minimum number of MPs to form a party is eight - 6 March: Fiame Naomi becomes first female Deputy Prime Minister of Samoa

2 November 2020 Samoa’s former deputy PM to challenge her former leader: 2 November 2020: Samoa’s former deputy PM Fiame Naomi Mata’afa will run against her former party of 35 years, and the PM she served under, when she contests next year’s election as an independent candidate, after the most prominent and powerful female politician in Samoa’s independent history quit as deputy PM and as a member of the government last month

April 2021 Samoan general election: 9 April 2021 Samoan general election

21 May 2021 Samoan general election: 21 May 2021 Samoan general election, called by the Head of state Tuimalealiifano Va'aletoa Sualauvi II following the inconclusive results of the April 2021 election, but before the new parliament had even been convened or numerous electoral court petitions settled

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Samoa: Samoan society - Human rights in Samoa

Demographics of Samoa: Demographics of Samoa

Samoans, the indigenous Polynesian people of the Samoan Islands: Samoans, the indigenous Polynesian people of the Samoan Islands, an archipelago in Polynesia, who speak the Samoan language, as the group's home islands are politically and geographically divided between the Independent State of Samoa and American Samoa, an unincorporated territory of the USA, though divided by national border, the culture and language are the same

2900–3500 years ago Samoa settled by Lapita ancestors: Samoa was discovered and settled by their Lapita ancestors (Austronesian people speaking Oceanic languages), with New Zealand scientists dating remains in Samoa to about 2900–3500 years ago, found at a Lapita site at Mulifanua

Early history of Samoa: Early history of Samoa

Culture and languages of Samoa: Culture of Samoa - Languages of Samoa - Samoan literature - Samoan writers

Education in Samoa: Education in Samoa

Schools in Samoa: Schools in Samoa

Universities and colleges in Samoa: Universities and colleges in Samoa

Health in Samoa: Health in Samoa

Disease outbreaks in Samoa: Disease outbreaks in Samoa

Since September 2019 Samoa measles outbreak: Since September 2019 Samoa measles outbreak

Samoan media: Samoan media

Newspapers in Samoa: Newspapers in Samoa

Telecommunications, radio, TV and internet in Samoa: Telecommunications, radio, TV and internet in Samoa

Foreign relations of Samoa: Foreign relations of Samoa

Samoa/China relations: Samoa/China relations

Samoa/Germany relations: Samoa/Germany relations

1900-1920 colonial German Samoa: First Samoan Civil War - 1887–1889 Samoan Crisis, confrontation between the USA, Imperial Germany and the British Empire over control of the Samoan Islands during the Samoan Civil War - 1889 Treaty of Berlin meant that Samoa's future was decided by imperial interests - 1899 Tripartite Convention formally partitioned the Samoan archipelago into a German colony and a USA territory after years of rivalry between the USA, Imperial Germany and the British Empire - German Samoa 1900-1920 - Mau movement was a non-violent movement for Samoan independence from colonial rule during the early 1900s

Samoa/New Zealand relations: Samoa/New Zealand relations - August 1914 Occupation of German Samoa represented New Zealand's first military action in World War I - 1920-1962 Western Samoa Trust Territory - Mau movement was a non-violent movement for Samoan independence from colonial rule during the early 1900s - 1962 independence of Samoa

Samoa/Tuvalu relations: Samoa/Tuvalu relations

Samoa/United Kingdom relations: Samoa/United Kingdom relations - First Samoan Civil War - 1887–1889 Samoan Crisis, confrontation between the USA, Imperial Germany and the British Empire over control of the Samoan Islands during the Samoan Civil War - 1889 Treaty of Berlin meant that Samoa's future was decided by imperial interests - Battles of the Second Samoan Civil War involving the United Kingdom - 1920-1962 Western Samoa Trust Territory

Samoa/United Nations relations: Samoa/United Nations relations - 1 June 2013: Samoan independence day celebrations

Samoa/USA relations: Samoa/USA relations - First Samoan Civil War - 1887–1889 Samoan Crisis, confrontation between the USA, Imperial Germany and the British Empire over control of the Samoan Islands during the Samoan Civil War - 1889 Treaty of Berlin meant that Samoa's future was decided by imperial interests

Natural disasters: Natural disasters in Samoa - Cyclone Evan December 2012

American Samoa - Geography of American Samoa - History of American Samoa - Demographics of American Samoa

Economy of American Samoa: Economy of American Samoa - main industries are tuna canneries, handicrafts

Transportation in American Samoa: Transportation in American Samoa

Tourism in American Samoa: Tourism in American Samoa - Protected areas of American Samoa

Taxation in American Samoa: Taxation in American Samoa

Politics of American Samoa: Politics of American Samoa - American Samoa Fono territorial legislature of American Samoa

Elections and politics in American Samoa: Elections in American Samoa

2010: November 2010 American Samoan constitutional referendum - November 2010 American Samoan general election

2012: November 2012 American Samoa gubernatorial election

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in American Samoa: American Samoan society - Demographics of American Samoa - Culture of Samoa

Languages of American Samoa: Languages of American Samoa - Samoan language

Education in American Samoa: Education in American Samoa

American Samoa law: American Samoa law

Foreign relations:

Samoa/USA relations: Samoa/USA relations

Since 19th century: Division of the Samoan archipelago and colonization by the USA since 19th century - 1900 Treaty of Cession of Tutuila - 1904 Treaty of Cession of Manu'a

History of American Samoa - American Samoa Fono territorial legislature of American Samoa - November 2010 American Samoan constitutional referendum - November 2010 American Samoan general election - November 2012 American Samoa gubernatorial election

Natural disasters: Natural disasters in American Samoa - Cyclone Evan December 2012

Solomon Islands - Geography of the Solomon Islands - History of the Solomon Islands - Colonization of the Solomon Islands - German protectorate over the Northern Solomons, British Solomon protectorate over the southern islands - British Solomon Islands protectorate 1893–1978

Economy of the Solomon Islands: Economy of the Solomon Islands, agricultural, fishing and forestry's products include cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, cattle, pigs, fish, timber

2017: 23 October 2017: As more than 80% of the Solomon islands’ nearly 600,000 people live in rural areas and most rely on subsistence or small-scale commercial agriculture, Islanders hunt 'evergreen' solutions amid growing climate change threats

Mines in the Solomon Islands: Mines in the Solomon Islands

Aquaculture in the Solomon Islands: Aquaculture in the Solomon Islands

Water in the Solomon Islands: Water in the Solomon Islands

March 2019 oil spill: 6 March 2019: Locals face polluted seas and dying fish after Hong Kong-flagged bulk carrier runs aground close to Unesco-protected atoll, causing nation's worst oil spill

Transport in the Solomon Islands: Transport in the Solomon Islands

Tourism in the Solomon Islands: Tourism in the Solomon Islands

Politics of the Solomon Islands: Politics of the Solomon Islands

November 2014 Solomon Islands general election: 19 November 2014 Solomon Islands general election - 23 November 2014: Caretaker PM Gordon Darcy Lilo lost seat and a coalition government will be formed

April 2019 Solomon Islands general election: 3 April 2019 Solomon Islands general election

7 February 2023 protests against ousting of China critic politician Daniel Suidani, premier of Malaita province: 7 February 2023 protests against ousting of China critic politician Daniel Suidani, premier of Malaita province. Police confirmed to the Guardian that they had used teargas to disperse protesters. Malaita provincial premier Daniel Suidani has been one of the most outspoken critics of the country’s relationship with China. He objected to the national government signing a controversial security pact with China last year, as well as the decision to break ties with Taipei in favour of Beijing in 2019.

List of islands of the Solomon Islands: List of islands of the Solomon Islands

Demographics of the Solomon Islands: Demographics of the Solomon Islands

Foreign relations of the Solomon Islands: Foreign relations of the Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands/Australia relations: Solomon Islands/Australia relations - Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands since 2003

Solomon Islands/Fiji relations: Solomon Islands/Fiji relations - Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands since 2003

Solomon Islands/Indonesia relations: Solomon Islands/Indonesia relations - 3 March 2015: Solomon Islands reporters unable to ask questions of Indonesian foreign minister Marsudi

Solomon Islands/Japan relations: 3 December 2014: Japanese mining giant threatened aid cut in Solomon Islands in a campaign to win rights to a lucrative nickel deposit

Solomon Islands/United Kingdom relations: Solomon Islands/United Kingdom relations - British Western Pacific Territories - British Solomon Islands protectorate 1893–1978

Solomon Islands/USA relations: Solomon Islands/USA relations

Environment of the Solomon Islands: Environment of the Solomon Islands - Geology of the Solomon Islands - Climate of the Soloman islands

Landforms of the Solomon Islands and rain forests: Landforms of the Solomon Islands - List of islands of the Solomon Islands - Solomon Islands rain forests

Water in the Solomon Islands: Water in the Solomon Islands

March 2019 oil spill: 6 March 2019: Locals face polluted seas and dying fish after Hong Kong-flagged bulk carrier runs aground close to Unesco-protected atoll, causing nation's worst oil spill

Natural disasters: Natural disasters in the Solomon Islands

February 2013 Solomon Islands earthquake and tsunami

Tropical cyclones in the Solomon Islands - April 2014: Cyclone Ita - March 2015 Cyclone Pam

Tonga - Geography of Tonga - History of Tonga - Demographics of Tonga

Economy of Tonga: Economy of Tonga, characterized by a large nonmonetary sector and a heavy dependence on remittances from the half of the country's population that lives abroad, chiefly in Australia, New Zealand, and the USA. Much of the monetary sector of the economy is dominated, if not owned, by the royal family and nobles. This is particularly true of the telecommunications and satellite services. The manufacturing sector consists of handicrafts and a few other very smallscale industries, all of which contribute only about 3% of GDP. Much of small business, particularly retailing on Tongatapu, is now dominated by recent Chinese immigrants who arrived under a cash-for-passports scheme that ended in 1998.

Aquaculture in Tonga: Aquaculture in Tonga

Tourism in Tonga: Tourism in Tonga

Banks of Tonga: Banks of Tonga

Politics of Tonga: Politics of Tonga

Political parties and elections in Tonga: Political parties and elections in Tonga

November 2017 Tongan general election: 16 November 2017 Tongan general election, resulting in a landslide victory for the Democratic Party of the Friendly Islands, and Akilisi Pohiva was re-elected as PM, defeating former Deputy PM Siaosi Sovaleni 14 votes to 12. In September 2019 Pohiva died, and Pohiva Tuionetoa was elected as PM with the support of the nobles, independent MPs, and 5 former members of the DPF

30 September 2021 Tongan election with less candidates but younger: 30 September 2021: Tongans go to the polls on November 18 with less candidates than the previous two elections, as there are 75 candidates for the 17 democratically-elected seats, down from 86 in 2017 and 104 in 2014. Taimi Media Network's Kalafi Moala in Nuku'alofa said one of the key factors is that a lot of young people are running.

18 November 2021 Tongan general election: 18 November 2021 Tongan general election, as parliament was dissolved on 16 September, and as 75 candidates, including 12 women, registered to contest the election

Islands and towns in Tonga: List of islands and towns in Tonga, listed by island and by 'Wikipedia'

Tongatapu main island of Tonga: Tongatapu main island of Tonga and site of Tonga’s capital Nuku?alofa. It is located in Tonga's southern island group, to which it gives its name, and is the country's most populous island, with 74,611 residents in 2016, 70.5% of the national population. Its maximum elevation is 28 metres above sea level. Tongatapu is Tonga's centre of government, the seat of its monarchy, and that has experienced more rapid economic development than the other islands of the Kingdom, and has thus attracted many internal migrants from them

Nuku'alofa town and the capital of Tonga: Nuku'alofa town and the capital of Tonga, located on the north coast of the island of Tongatapu, in the country's southernmost island group

Recorded history and timeline of Nuku'alofa since 1777: History and timeline of Nuku'alofa town recorded since June 1777, when British captain James Cook wrote of his arrival at their anchorage place

21st century timeline of Nuku'alofa town 21st century timeline of Nuku'alofa town

18 January 2022 two people killed by volcano eruption: 18 January 2022: Two people are dead and Tonga's government is advising the public to remain indoors after the eruption of the Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha'apai volcano, WHO says, Ash in the air and on the ground has raised concerns about air pollution and the potential contamination of food and water supplies, the WHO said, as locals have also been advised to drink bottled water and wear masks outdoors to avoid breathing in the ash, in times of deadly covid-19 pandemic in Tonga island group, too

20 January 2022 flights carrying emergency relief supplies: 20 January 2022: first flights carrying emergency relief supplies for Tonga have landed after last weekend’s devastating volcanic eruption and tsunami, as like many other parts of the country the runway at Nuku’alofa was blanketed in ash after the eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apa, 'Al Jazeera' reports

Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai twin uninhabited volcanic islands: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai, twin uninhabited volcanic islands that existed as one island in the South Pacific from 2009 to 2022

Foreign relations of Tonga: Foreign relations of Tonga

Environment of Tonga: Environment of Tonga

Geography, climate and tropical moist forests of Tonga: Geography, climate, flora and fauna and tropical moist forests of Tonga

Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai twin uninhabited volcanic islands: Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai, twin uninhabited volcanic islands that existed as one island in the South Pacific from 2009 to 2022, located about 30km south of the submarine volcano of Fonuafo'ou and 65km north of Tongatapu, Tonga's main island. The previously twin islands of Hunga Tonga and Hunga Ha?apai were merged by a volcanic eruption in 2009, and a more explosive eruption separated the islands again and reduced them in size in 2022. The erupting volcano is part of the highly active Tonga–Kermadec Islands volcanic arc, a subduction zone extending from New Zealand north-northeast to Fiji. It lies about 100km above a very active seismic zone. The island arc is formed at the convergent boundary where the Pacific Plate subducts under the Indo-Australian Plate

Natural disasters in Tonga: Natural disasters in Tonga

Earthquakes in Tonga: Earthquakes in Tonga - Megathrust earthquakes in Tonga - 2009 Samoa earthquake

2009 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption: 2009 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption

November and December 2014 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption: November and December 2014 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption

14 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga causing tsunamis warnings in the Pacific region: 14 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga, a volcanic island in Tonga in the Pacific Ocean, as eruption caused tsunamis in Tonga and Fiji. Tsunami warnings were issued in Fiji, Samoa, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, USA, Canada and Chile

January 2022 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption and tsunami: 15 January 2022: Tsunami hits Tonga after underwater volcanic eruption, as people flee to higher ground, after the massive volcanic eruption triggered the area’s second tsunami in as many days

17 January 2022 2 people drowned in northern Peru following Tonga volcanic eruption and tsunami: 17 January 2022: Two people have drowned off a beach in northern Peru located in the Lambayeque region, after unusually high waves were recorded in several coastal areas following Saturday’s eruption of an underwater volcano in Tonga

18 January 2022 reports of 'significant damage' in parts of the Pacific island nation of Tonga: 18 January 2022: Reports of ‘significant damage’ in Tonga after eruption, tsunami, as countries, governments including New Zealand, Australia, and aid agencies try to assess extent of disaster amid ‘challenging’ communication links - 18 January 2022: Tonga 'needs immediate assistance to provide its citizens with fresh drinking water and food', the country’s Speaker of the House Fatafehi Fakafanua said in a statement posted to social media, adding that many areas had been affected by substantial volcanic ashfall but 'the full extent of the harm to lives and property is currently unknown'

Tropical cyclones in Tonga: Tropical cyclones in Tonga

2003/2004 Cyclone Heta: Cyclone Heta 2003/2004

2012/2014 Cyclone Evan and Ian: Cyclone Evan 2012 - Cyclone Ian 2014

February 2018 Tropical Cyclone Gita: February 2018 Tropical Cyclone Gita, the most intense tropical cyclone to impact Tonga since reliable records began - 12 February 2018: Tonga declares state of emergency as storm strengthens - 12 February 2018: Tonga devastated by cyclone Gita, worst storm in 60 years

January 2020 Cyclone Tino: January 2020 Cyclone Tino

April 2020 Cyclone Harold: April 2020 Cyclone Harold

Tuvalu - Geography of Tuvalu - Islands of Tuvalu - History of Tuvalu - Demographics of Tuvalu

Economy of Tuvalu: Economy of Tuvalu - Tuvaluans are primarily involved in traditional agriculture and fishing

Renewable energy in Tuvalu: Renewable energy in Tuvalu

Fishing resources of Tuvalu: Fishing resources of Tuvalu

Aquaculture in Tuvalu: Aquaculture in Tuvalu

Agriculture in Tuvalu: Agriculture in Tuvalu, based on coconut and swamp taro (Cyrtosperma chamissonis), as bananas and breadfruit are supplemental crops, and as the dried flesh of the coconut (copra) is the main agricultural export of Tuvalu, with other agricultural products consumed locally

Transport in Tuvalu: Transport in Tuvalu

Tourism in Tuvalu: Tourism in Tuvalu

Politics of Tuvalu: Politics of Tuvalu

Elections and political parties in Tuvalu: Elections and political parties in Tuvalu

March 2015 Tuvaluan general election: Tuvaluan general election 19 March 2015

September 2019 Tuvaluan general election: 9 September 2019 Tuvaluan general election

Society, demographics and culture of Tuvalu: Tuvaluan society - Demographics of Tuvalu

Culture and languages of Tuvalu: Tuvaluan culture - Languages of Tuvalu

Education in Tuvalu: Education in Tuvalu

Communications in Tuvalu: Communications in Tuvalu

List of newspapers in Tuvalu: List of newspapers in Tuvalu

Internet in Tuvalu: Internet in Tuvalu

Human rights in Tuvalu: Human rights in Tuvalu

Foreign relations of Tuvalu: Foreign relations of Tuvalu

Tuvalu/Australia relations: Tuvalu/Australia relations

Climate change in Tuvalu: Climate change in Tuvalu and concerns over long term habitability

Tuvalu/United Kingdom relations: Tuvalu/United Kingdom relations - Colonial administration and British protectorate since 1876 - Ellice Islands self-determination referendum 1974

Environment of Tuvalu: Environment of Tuvalu - Climate change in Tuvalu

Islands and landforms of Tuvalu: Islands of Tuvalu - List of islands of Tuvalu - Landforms of Tuvalu

Environmental and climate change issues in Tuvalu: Environmental and climate change issues in Tuvalu

Concerns over long term habitability in Tuvalu: Climate change in Tuvalu and concerns over long term habitability

Natural disasters in Tuvalu: Natural disasters in Tuvalu - Natural disasters in Oceania

Tropical cyclones in Tuvalu: Tropical cyclones in Tuvalu - March 2015 Cyclone Pam

2011 Tuvalu drought: 2011 Tuvalu drought

Vanuatu - Geography of Vanuatu - History of Vanuatu - Demographics of Vanuatu

Economy of Vanuatu: Economy of Vanuatu - main industries include food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning

November 2020 loss of tourism left devastating impact on Vanuatu's economy: 6 November 2020: Ranked by the World Bank as the world’s most at-risk nation to natural disasters, Vanuatu over the last five years has endured two major volcanic events and two category 5 cyclones including Cyclone Harold in April 2020, and while the South Pacific nation escaped infection from the covid-19 pandemic, the loss of tourism has left a devastating impact on the local economy

Politics of Vanuatu: Politics of Vanuatu - Since 1979/1980 Constitution of Vanuatu

Political parties in Vanuatu: List of political parties in Vanuatu

Elections in Vanuatu: Elections in Vanuatu

January 2016 Vanuatuan general election: 22 January 2016 Vanuatuan general election

March 2020 Vanuatuan general election: 19 March 2020 Vanuatuan general election

April 2020 Vanuatu’s parliament has elected Bob Loughman from Tanna as new PM: 20 April 2020: Vanuatu’s parliament has elected Bob Loughman from Tanna as new PM more than a month after the country went to the polls, as the country is reeling from a devastating category-five cyclone and preparing for a potential coronavirus outbreak

Provinces of Vanuatu: Six Provinces of Vanuatu

Shefa Province: Shefa Province - Port Vila, the capital and largest city of Vanuatu

Efate island: Efate, an island in the Pacific Ocean which is part of the Shefa Province in Vanuatu, and the most populous (approx. 66,000 citizens) island in Vanuatu, with 899.5 square kilometres Vanuatu's third largest island, as most inhabitants of Efate live in Port Vila, the national capital

Port Vila capital and largest city: Port Vila, the capital and largest city of Vanuatu with a population of 44,040 citizens in 2009, an increase of 35% on the previous census result 29,356 in 1999

Sanma Province: Sanma Province

'Espiritu Santo' Vanuatu's largest island: 'Espiritu Santo' is the largest island in the nation of Vanuatu

Luganville city: Luganville, the second largest city in Vanuatu with a population of 16,312 citizens

Tafea, the southernmost of the six provinces of Vanuatu: Tafea, the southernmost of the six provinces of Vanuatu, as the name is an acronym for the five main islands that make up the province: Tanna, Aneityum, Futuna, Erromango and Aniwa

Tanna island: Tanna island in Tafea Province of Vanuatu, with a population of 28,799 citizens in 2009

Culture and languages of Vanuatu: Culture of Vanuatu - Languages of Vanuatu

Foreign relations of Vanuatu: Foreign relations of Vanuatu

Vanuatu/Australia relations: Vanuatu/Australia relations

Vanuatu/P.R. China relations: Vanuatu/P.R. China relations

25 January 2021 Chinese vessels detained by Vanuatu accused of fishing illegally: 25 January 2021: Chinese vessels detained by Vanuatu, accused of fishing illegally, as crew on two vessels face further investigation in Pacific nation, a month after similar incident in Palau

Vanuatu/France relations: Vanuatu/France relations - New Hebrides islands inhabited by native people for thousands of years before the first Europeans arrived in 1606 from a Spanish expedition were colonized by both the British and French in the 18th century - 1980 clashes before and after the independence of the Republic of Vanuatu was declared on 30 July

Vanuatu/New Zealand relations: Vanuatu/New Zealand relations

High Commissioners of New Zealand to Vanuatu: List of High Commissioners of New Zealand to Vanuatu

Vanuatu/Papua New Guinea relations: Vanuatu/Papua New Guinea relations

Vanuatu/United Kingdom relations: Vanuatu/United Kingdom relations - British Western Pacific Territories colonial entity created in 1877 including a series of Pacific islands in and around Oceania - 1980 clashes before and after the independence of the Republic of Vanuatu was declared on 30 July

Vanuatu and the United Nations: Vanuatu and the United Nations - Vanuatu has been a member of the UN since the year of its independence in 1980

Vanuatu/USA relations: Vanuatu/USA relations

Natural disasters in Vanuatu: Natural disasters in Vanuatu

Earthquakes in Vanuatu: List of earthquakes in Vanuatu

2013 Solomon Islands earthquake

Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu: Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu

2002/2003 Cyclone Zoe

March 2015 devastating Cyclone Pam: March 2015 Cyclone Pam - 14 March 2015: At least eight people have been confirmed dead after cyclone Pam devastated Vanuatu - 16 March: Deadly cyclone Pam reportedly destroyed 90% of buildings on Vanuatu

April 2020 devastating Cyclone Harold: April 2020 Cyclone Harold - 9 April 2020: Cyclone Harold cuts a deadly path through Vanuatu

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