Americas



Americas - Geography of North America - Geography of South America
For thousands of years Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Indigenous languages of the Americas - Indigenous culture of the Americas - Genocide of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Genocide of indigenous peoples
2011 spear points found in Texas dial back arrival of humans: 24 March 2011: Spear points found in Texas dial back arrival of humans in America
2016 sinkhole discovery suggests humans were in Florida 14,500 years ago: 14 May 2016: Sinkhole discovery suggests humans were in Florida 14,500 years ago
July 2020 Indigenous Americans and Polynesians bridged vast expanses of open ocean around the year 1200 and mingled: 8 July 2020: Indigenous Americans and Polynesians bridged vast expanses of open ocean around the year 1200 and mingled, leaving incontrovertible proof of their encounter in the DNA of present-day populations, new studies have revealed
Since 15th century Spanish colonization of the Americas - Spanish Empire (15th century to the 1970s) - Spanish missions in the Americas are Christian missions established by the Spanish Empire during the 15th to 19th centuries, responsible for religious conversions of the indigenous residents, who have been enslaved and partly extinguished by the 'believers', the professional warriors 'conquistadores', using European tactics, firearms, and cavalry in the name of religion - Portuguese colonization of the Americas - Indigenous peoples and ethnic groups in Latin America - History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean - Languages of South America
January 2019: 31 January 2019: New study by scientists at University College London 'Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492'
European colonization of the Americas - Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas - Languages of North America
27 July 2021 indigenous Americans demand a reckoning with brutal colonial history: 27 July 2021: Indigenous Americans demand a reckoning with brutal colonial history, as in the 21st century - from Canada to Colombia - new protests erupt against legacies of violence, exploitation and cultural erasure
Since 16th century Atlantic slave trade and slavery in the Americas - Afro-American peoples of the Americas - Afro-Latin American - African-American culture
1775–1783 American Revolutionary War, the war of independence between the Kingdom of Great Britain and 13 of its former North American colonies, which had declared themselves the independent United States of America - 1808-1833 Spanish American wars of independence - 1822-1824 war of independence of Brazil and first, second Brazilian republic and 1988 Constitution

Economy of the Americas comprises more than 953 million people in 35 different countries and 18 territories, the difference in wealth across the Americas can be seen roughly between the economies of North America and South America
Economy of Central America, the sixth largest economy in Latin America, behind Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Colombia - Economy of Central America by country
Since 1980s: Since 1980s, for some countries starting in the 1970s, Latin American debt crisis was a financial crisis that originated, often known as the 'lost decade', when Latin American countries reached a point where their foreign debt exceeded their earning power and they were not able to repay it
Economy of North America comprises more than 565 million people, 8% of the world population, in its 23 sovereign states and 15 dependent territories, and marked by a sharp division between the predominantly English speaking countries of Canada and the USA, which are among the wealthiest nations in the world, and countries of Central America and the Caribbean in the former Latin America
Economy of South America comprises approximately 382 million people living in twelve nations and three territories and encompasses 6% of the world's population
Since 1980s: Since 1980s, for some countries starting in the 1970s, Latin American debt crisis was a financial crisis that originated, often known as the 'lost decade', when Latin American countries reached a point where their foreign debt exceeded their earning power and they were not able to repay it
December 2020 Latin America's new 'lost decade' due to covid-19: 21 décembre 2020: La pandémie provoquée par le coronavirus a détruit en 2020 une grande partie de ce que l’Amérique latine était parvenue à réaliser au cours d’années de réformes et d’investissements, la pauvreté a explosé, le chômage a augmenté, et la région doit désormais faire face au spectre d’une nouvelle 'décennie perdue'

North American society - North American society by country - Demographics of North America - Human rights in North America
Social issues in North America: Social issues in North America - Social class in North America - Poverty in North America - Social change in North America - Social movements in North America
Crime in North America: Crime in North America - Violence in North America

South and Latin American society - South American society by country
Demographics of and human rights in Latin and South America: Demographics of South America - Human rights in South America - Human rights in Latin America
Social issues in South America: Social issues in South America - Social class in South America - Poverty in South America - Social change in South America - Movements in South America
Education in Latin and South America: Education in Latin America - Education in South America
Education in Latin America by country, history: Education in Latin America by country - History of education in South America
November 2021 only half of children in Latin America and the Caribbean back in the classroom: 18 November 2021: Only half of children in Latin America and the Caribbean are back in the classroom, as Unicef and partners try to promote the return to school for every child
25 January 2022 covid-19 disrupted education worldwide, challenges particularly acute in Latin America: 25 January 2022: Covid-19 pandemic disrupted education systems worldwide, but the challenges in Latin America have been particularly acute. Policy choices across the region led to the longest average school closures of anywhere in the world. But when classrooms finally reopened, parents’ mistrust of government stopped many from sending their children back.
Health in South America: Health in South America - Health in South America by country
Health disasters in South America: Health disasters in South America and by country
Since 1980s HIV/AIDS in Latin and South America: Since 1980s HIV/AIDS in Latin America due to a remaining prevalence of the disease, as in 2018 an estimated 2.2 million people had HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean - HIV/AIDS in South America by country
2009 flu pandemic in South America: 2009 flu pandemic in South America, part of a global epidemic in 2009 of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1, as of 9 June 2009 the virus had afflicted at least 2,000 people in South America with at least 4 confirmed death spreading throughout the continent since May, and as later the most affected country has been Brazil with more than 1m estimated cases and 1,205 deaths
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in South America: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in South America when Brazil confirmed a case in São Paulo, as by 3 April all countries and territories in South America had recorded at least one case
Covid-19 pandemic in South America by country and territory: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in South America by country and territory
19 September 2020 covid-19 warnings ring out as Latin America bids to return to normality: 19 September 2020: Covid-19 warnings ring out as Latin America bids to return to normality, as the region has seen some of the longest lockdowns in the world but experts are urging countries not to reopen too soon
21 December 2020 Latin America's new 'lost decade' due to covid-19: 21 décembre 2020: La pandémie provoquée par le coronavirus a détruit en 2020 une grande partie de ce que l’Amérique latine était parvenue à réaliser au cours d’années de réformes et d’investissements, la pauvreté a explosé, le chômage a augmenté, et la région doit désormais faire face au spectre d’une nouvelle 'décennie perdue'
25 January 2022 covid-19 disrupted education worldwide, challenges particularly acute in Latin America: 25 January 2022: Covid-19 pandemic disrupted education systems worldwide, but the challenges in Latin America have been particularly acute. Policy choices across the region led to the longest average school closures of anywhere in the world. But when classrooms finally reopened, parents’ mistrust of government stopped many from sending their children back.
Healthcare and hospitals in South America: Healthcare and hospitals in South America - Medical and health organizations based in South America
Hospitals in South America by country: Hospitals in South America by country - Lists of hospitals in South America by country
Since 1967 Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information: Since 1967 Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information founded in São Paulo as the Biblioteca Regional de Medicina, a specialized center of the Pan-American Health Organization / World Health Organization WHO
Since December 2008 South American Council of Health: Since December 2008 South American Council of Health, a permanent council composed of ministers from member countries of Unasur to constitute a space of integration concerning health, incorporating the efforts and improvements from other mechanisms of regional integration
Since 2011 South American Institute of Government in Health: Since 2011 South American Institute of Government in Health, a public intergovernamental institution of UNASUR whose main goal is to promote exchange, critical thinking, knowledge management and generate innovation in policy and governance for health, thus offering South American Health Ministries the best available practices and evidences on health management, created by the governments of UNASUR after a proposal of the South American Council of Health gathered in Cuenca, Ecuador, in April 2010
2019 Latin American protests against austerity measures, political corruption in the region and climate change: 2019 Latin American protests, a series of escalating examples of civil disobedience in various countries across Latin America protesting against austerity measures and political corruption in the region
April 2017 French Guiana protests: 2 avril 2017: Les mouvements protestataires en Guyane ont réclamé un nouveau statut pour ce territoire français d'Amérique du Sud qui connaît depuis deux semaines un vaste mouvement social
2017–2019 Peruvian political crisis: 2017–2019 Peruvian political crisis, an ongoing period of political instability in the Republic of Peru during the government of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and since 7 July 2018 under the government of Martín Vizcarra
2018–2019 Haitian economic and anti-corruption protests: 2018–2019 Haitian protests throughout Haiti that began on 7 July 2018, in response to increased fuel prices, evolving into demands for the resignation of Jovenel Moïse and demanding to create a transitional government to provide social programs and to prosecute allegedly corrupt officials
2018–2019 Nicaraguan protests against poverty, authoritarianism and police brutality: 2018–2019 Nicaraguan protests began on 18 April 2018, when demonstrators in several cities of Nicaragua began protests against the social security reforms, later against authoritarianism and police brutality of the Ortega regime
May-October 2019 protests against Brazil's Bolsonaro regime and climate change: Maio, agosto, setembro e outubro de 2019 protestos estudantis no Brasil em 2019, também chamados de Dia Nacional em Defesa da Educação, ocorreram nos dias 15 de maio, 30 de maio, e 13 de agosto sendo o primeiro grande protesto contrário ao Governo Jair Bolsonaro - Greve geral no Brasil em junho de 2019 - 20—27 de setembro de 2019 no Brasil, nomeadamente em Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Fortaleza, Maceió, Recife, São Luís e Salvador, diversas manifestações ocorreram, onde as pessoas protestaram contra os incêndios na Amazônia, contra as indústrias poluentes (termoelétricas), contra as mudanças climáticas e para que todos ajudem a 'salvar o planeta'
October 2019 Ecuadorian anti-austerity protests: October 2019 Ecuadorian protests, a series of protests and riots against austerity measures including the cancellation of fuel subsidies, adopted by Lenín Moreno's administration
October-November 2019 Bolivian protests: October-November 2019 Bolivian protests and marches in response to claims of electoral fraud in the 2019 general election
2019 Chilean protests for reforms in education, healthcare and pension systems, better wages, minimum wage increase, and new constitution: 2019 Chilean protests, ongoing civil protests throughout Chile in response to a raise in the Santiago Metro's subway fare, the increased cost of living, privatisation and inequality prevalent in the country
Since November 2019 Colombian protests against austerity and corruption and in support of the Colombian peace process: Since November 2019 Colombian protests, as hundreds of thousands of Colombians demonstrated in support of the Colombian peace process and against the government of Iván Duque Márquez
2019 ongoing Venezuelan pro-democracy protests: 2019 Venezuelan protests since 11 January, a coordinated effort to remove Nicolás Maduro from the presidency following Maduro's controversial second inauguration
27 July 2020 protest against French colonialism in Martinique: 27 juillet 2020: Deux statues de Joséphine de Beauharnais, épouse de Napoléon 1er qui rétablit l’esclavage, et de Pierre Belain d’Esnambuc, qui avait mené l’installation de la colonie française en Martinique, ont été mises à terre dimanche par des militants anticolonialistes - History of Martinique
Crime and violence in South and Latin America: Crime in Latin America - Crime in South America - Crime and violence in Latin America - Violence in South America
April 2018: 26 April 2018: Latin America has suffered more than 2.5m murders since the start of this century and is facing an acute public security crisis that demands urgent and innovative solutions, a new Brazil-based report warns
Racism and Antisemitism in South America: Racism in South America - Antisemitism in South America - White supremacy in South America
August 2018: 28 August 2018: BDS activists protest Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra concerts in South America
Fascism and Neo-Nazism in South America: Fascism in South America, an assortment of political parties and movements modelled on fascism, although originating and primarily associated with Europe, the ideology crossed the Atlantic Ocean between the world wars and had an influence on South American politics - Neo-Nazism in South America
Environment of North America: Environment of North America - Environment of North America by country - Natural history of North America - Climate of North America
Landforms and ecoregions of North America: Landforms of North America - Ecoregions of North America - List of ecoregions in North America CEC - Climate and vegetation in North America
North American inland temperate rainforest: North American inland temperate rainforest
Water in North America: Water in North America
Environmental disasters in North America: Environmental disasters in North America
Climate change in North America: Climate change in Canada - Climate change in the USA
6 February 2023 extremes of heat and cold hit South and North America: 6 February 2023: Unrelenting and record-breaking heat is expected to continue across parts of South America this week, as temperatures are forecast to reach the mid-to-high 30s celsius for Chile, Argentina, and Paraguay, with maximum temperatures possibly hitting 40C across northern Argentina, temperatures at least 5-10C above the climatological average, as a severe cold snap affected Canada and north-eastern parts of the USA with temperatures at the summit of Mount Washington in New Hampshire falling to -44C on 4 February and an extraordinarily low wind chill temperature of -78C making it the coldest recorded in the continental USA
Natural disasters in North America: Natural disasters in North America
11 August 2023 huge coral bleaching unfolding across the Americas prompts fears of global tragedy: 11 August 2023: Corals across several countries are bleaching and dying en masse from unprecedented levels of heat stress, prompting fears that an unfolding tragedy in Central America, North America and the Caribbean could become a global event. USA government scientists have confirmed reefs in Panama, Colombia, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Mexico and six countries in the Caribbean, including the Bahamas and Cuba, are suffering significant bleaching, alongside corals in Florida that began turning white almost a month ago.
Weather events in North America: Weather events in North America
Heat waves in North America: Heat waves in North America
7 July 2021 North America endured hottest June on record: 7 July 2021: North America endured hottest June on record, as satellite data shows temperature peaks are lasting longer and rising higher
26 July 2021 'record-shattering' heatwaves even worse than in 2021 are set to become much more likely in future scientists say: 26 July 2021: 'Record-shattering' heatwaves, even worse than the one that recently hit north-west America, are set to become much more likely in future, according to research, as E.M. Fischer's, S. Sippel's and R. Knutti's study 'Increasing probability of record-shattering climate extremes' is a stark new warning on the rapidly escalating risks the climate emergency poses to lives
Droughts in North America: Droughts in North America
Wildfires in North America: Wildfires in North America
2021 North American wildfires: 2021 North American wildfires
Environment of South America: Environment of South America - Environment of South America by country - Natural history of South America - Geology of South America - Volcanism of South America - Climate of South America
Natural- and ecoregions of South America: Natural regions of South America - Ecoregions of South America - Ecoregions of the Andes - List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean - Amazon rainforest - Amazon biome
Water in South America: Water in South America - Bodies of water of South America - Rivers of South America - List of rivers of South America
Environmental issues and disasters in South America: Environmental disasters in South America - Sustainability in South America
Climate change in South America, Brazil: Climate change and impacts on South America - Climate change in Brazil is mainly the climate of Brazil getting hotter and drier, as the greenhouse effect of excess carbon dioxide and methane emissions makes the Amazon rainforest hotter and drier, resulting in more wildfires in Brazil, and as parts of the rainforest risk becoming savanna
6 August 2021 'mega-drought’ leaves many Andes mountains without snow cover: 6 August 2021: ‘Mega-drought’ leaves many Andes mountains without snow cover, as satellite images confirm snow decrease spurred by climate crisis as glaciers recede and communities reliant on mountain water face shortages
6 February 2023 extremes of heat and cold hit South and North America: 6 February 2023: Unrelenting and record-breaking heat is expected to continue across parts of South America this week, as temperatures are forecast to reach the mid-to-high 30s celsius for Chile, Argentina, and Paraguay, with maximum temperatures possibly hitting 40C across northern Argentina, temperatures at least 5-10C above the climatological average, as a severe cold snap affected Canada and north-eastern parts of the USA with temperatures at the summit of Mount Washington in New Hampshire falling to -44C on 4 February and an extraordinarily low wind chill temperature of -78C making it the coldest recorded in the continental USA
Deforestation in Brazil and history: Deforestation in Brazil, as Brazil once had the highest deforestation rate in the world and in 2005 still had the largest area of forest removed annually, as since 1970, over 700,000 square kilometres of the Amazon rainforest have been destroyed., and as in 2012, the Amazon was approximately 5,400,000 square kilometres, which is only 87% of the Amazon's original size
Natural disasters in South and Latin America: Natural disasters in South America - Weather events in South America
Natural Disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean: Natural Disasters in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2000-2019
Earthquakes in South America: Earthquakes in South America
Cyclones in South America: Cyclones in South America
November 2020 storm Eta leaves many dozens dead across Central America: November 2020 hurricane Eta over the western Caribbean Sea after becoming the second strongest November hurricane on record - 5 November 2020: Storm Eta has unleashed torrential rains, and catastrophic landslides and flooding in Central America, killing scores of people, displacing more than 300,000, and turning city streets into raging torrents, as at least 50 people died in Guatemala, including 25 who were killed in a landslide in the village of Quejá - 7 November 2020: The death toll from the calamitous Storm Eta in Central America has soared after the Guatemalan military reached a remote mountainous village where torrential rains had triggered devastating mudslides, killing about 100 people and adding to dozens of other deaths in the region
13 November 2020 Nicaragua, Honduras and Guatemala worst affected by November hurricanes: 13 November 2020: Central America braces for new storms in wake of Hurricane Eta, as Nicaragua, Honduras and Guatemala worst affected with scores dead and more than 200,000 people evacuated from their homes
15 November 2020 scientists link record-breaking hurricane season to climate crisis: 15 November 2020: Scientists link record-breaking hurricane season to climate crisis, as evidence is not so much in the number of tropical storms the Atlantic has seen, but in their strength, intensity and rainfall
November 2020 Hurricane Iota: November 2020 Hurricane Iota, a Category 5 Atlantic major hurricane impacting Central America, mainly Nicaragua just two weeks after Hurricane Eta devastated the region
3 November 2022 two November hurricanes pose rare threat at end of 2022 Atlantic season: 3 November 2022: Two November hurricanes have simultaneously formed in the Atlantic Ocean for only the third time since records began. Hurricanes Lisa - that made landfall on Wednesday, hitting the Belize coast - and Martin have brought an unusual amount of activity for this time of year, when hurricane season is usually nearly over. A third system in the Caribbean is also developing. - 3 November 2022: Tropical depression Lisa reaches Mexico after landfall in Belize, loosing some momentum after whipping through Belize, but experts warn of heavy rains in Mexico
Floods in South America: Floods in South America
Droughts in South America: Droughts in South America
Wildfires in South America: Wildfires in South America
January-August 2019 Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay wildfires: 2019 Brazil wildfires, revealed by the National Institute for Space Research INPE, releasing the information that at least 75,336 wildfires occurred in the country from January to 25 August 2019, as neighboring countries of Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay have also reported wildfire activity - 27 August 2019: As fires continue to rage in Brazil, nearly a million hectares of farmland and unique dry forest have been destroyed by weeks of blazes across the border in Bolivia, where the flames have now reached the country’s Amazon region
2020/2021 Brazil rainforest wildfires: Since January 2020 - present Brazil rainforest wildfires

International organizations of the Americas since Decolonization of the British, French and the Spanish America

Since 1973: Since 1973 Caribbean Community - Member states of the Caribbean Community - 4 July 1973 Treaty of Chaguaramas - Caribbean Community's Single Market and Economy since 2001
Since 1991: Since 1991 Mercosur
2011: 21 December 2011: South America bloc bans Falklands ships
2012: 29 juin 2012: Le Mercosur suspend le Paraguay et va intégrer le Venezuela
2013: 11 July 2013: Angry Latin America wants answers on allegations of USA spying - 13 July 2013: South American leaders sent a tough message to the USA over allegations of USA spying and to defend their right to offer asylum to Edward Snowden
Since 2008: Since 2008 Union of South American Nations Unasur
2012/2013: 18 March 2012: Grouping of South American nations UNASUR reject British oil exploration in the disputed Falkland Islands - 20. März 2012: Britische Fregatte darf Peru nicht besuchen - Lima bekundet Solidarität mit Argentinien im Streit um die Falkland-Inseln - 2 avril 2012: Trente ans après la guerre des Malouines, les tensions restent vives - 5 July 2013: South America's leaders rallied to support Morales over the rerouting of his presidential plane, saying they are not colonies any more and claiming respect - 8 November 2013: The 12-member Union of South American Nations plans to prevent USA spying
Since 2010: Since 2010 Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Celac
2011: 3 December 2011: New Latin America bloc ends first meeting in Caracas - leaders from Latin America and the Caribbean have approved the creation of a new regional bloc that excludes the USA and Canada
Since August 2017: 8 de agosto de 2017 Declaración de Lima adoptada por Argentina, Brasil, Canadá, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Panamá, Paraguay y Perú reunidos en la ciudad de Lima para abordar la crítica situación en Venezuela y explorar formas de contribuir a la restauración de la democracia - 9 August 2017: In a joint declaration released after a meeting in Lima, 12 American countries including Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru collectively condemned the 'breakdown of democratic order' in Venezuela and said they would not recognize any action taken by its 'illegitimate' new constituent assembly

Since 1948 'Organization of American States' and 'Summits of the Americas': Since 1948 Organization of American States - Summits of the Americas
April 2012 6th Summit of the Americas in Colombia: April 2012 6th Summit of the Americas in Colombia - 15 April 2012: Despite pressure at Americas summit, USA president remains firm against legalising drugs or engaging with Cuba - 15 April 2012: The USA and Canada opposing demands to invite Cuba to the next 'Summit of the Americas' to be held in Panama in 2015 the meeting 2012 ends without a joint declaration - 18 August 2012: USA facing embarrassment in the OAS over Assange on Friday
April 2015 7th Summit of the Americas in Panama: April 2015 7th Summit of the Americas in Panama - 11 April 2015: Discussion between Cuba's Castro and USA's Obama set to take place today
2016: 13-15 June 2016 46th regular session of the OAS general assembly in Santo Domingo
June 2017 47th regular session of the OAS general assembly in Cancun: 19-21 June 2017 47th regular session of the OAS general assembly in Cancun
6-10 June 2022 'Ninth Summit of the Americas' in Los Angeles: 6-10 June 2022 'Ninth Summit of the Americas' is to be held in Los Angeles, USA, as its theme is 'Building a Sustainable, Resilient, and Equitable Future' - 7 June 2022: Thousands of migrants are headed to the USA-Mexican border in a caravan timed to coincide with a meeting of Western Hemisphere leaders in Los Angeles, as some 6,000 people, including many from Venezuela and Central America, have begun walking from the southern tip of Mexico north as part of a caravan, and as migration is among the top issues on the agenda at the Summit of the Americas

Since 2008 Union of South American Nations: Since 2008 Union of South American Nations, abbreviated in Spanish as UNASUR and in Portuguese as UNASUL, an intergovernmental regional organization set up by Hugo Chavez to counteract the influence of the USA
7–9 December 2004 South American Summit in Peru: 7–9 December 2004 South American Summit – the third of its kind, after earlier events in Brasília (September 2000) and Guayaquil (July 2002) – was held in Cuzco and Ayacucho, Peru. Officially it constituted the Extraordinary Meeting of the Andean Presidential Council and was also billed as the Third Meeting of Presidents of South America
23 May 2008 UNASUR Constitutive Treaty: 23 May 2008 UNASUR Constitutive Treaty, officially the Constitutive Treaty of the Union of South American Nations, signed during the extraordinary summit of heads of state and government of the Union of South American Nations held in Brasília, officially establishing the Union of all twelve South American nations
26 November 2010 South American summit in Guyana: 26 November 2010 South American summit in Georgetown, Guyana. Eight heads of state and four foreign ministers of the Union of South American Nations attended the summit. During the summit, the leaders signed an additional protocol to the Constitutive Treaty, adding a democratic clause to the charter of the organization.
30 May 2023 South American summit in Brazil: 30 May 2023 South American summit, organized and hosted by the government of Brazil 'to deal with the importance of seeking collective solutions in the name of a common destiny and to reposition the region as an important actor on the global stage'

Since 1951 (2008): Trade Union Confederation of the Americas since 1951 (2008) - Trade unions in North America - Trade unions in South America - List of federations of trade unions Central, North and South America and Oceania - Permanent Congress of Trade Union Unity of Latin America, the Latin American regional organizations of the World Federation of Trade Unions



Antilles - List of Caribbean islands
Caribbean: The Caribbean region consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean), and the surrounding coasts - Geography, geology, and climate in the Caribbean region
Demographics, history and economy of the Caribbean: Demographics of the Caribbean - The Taíno at the time of European contact in the late 15th century were the principal inhabitants of most of Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (presently Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico in the Greater Antilles, the northern Lesser Antilles, and the Bahamas, where they were known as the Lucayans - The Island Caribs at the time of Spanish contact were one of the dominant groups in the Caribbean living throughout the Windward Islands, Dominica, and possibly the southern Leeward Islands - The Ciboney, a Taíno people of Cuba at the time of Spanish colonization the most populous group in Cuba, living in central Cuba during the 15th and 16th centuries - Spanish colonization of the Americas since 1492 - History of the Caribbean since the 15th century
14 June 2021 slave cemetery discovered on Caribbean island and former Dutch colony: 14 June 2021: Slave cemetery discovered on Caribbean island, as former Dutch colony was once an important center for the slave trade in the Caribbean, as 53 skeletons have already been uncovered and as first analyses show that they are people of African origin, probably the first generation of enslaved people who were brought to the island, and as many descendants are searching for their roots, like Sherees Timber
Economy of the Caribbean: Economy of the Caribbean
Politics of the Caribbean by country: Politics of the Caribbean - Politics of the Caribbean by country - Foreign relations of the Caribbean and by country - Caribbean regional relations with China, which is defined as the P.R. China (Beijing regime) or the Republic of China 'Taiwan', mostly based on trade, credits, and investments, which have increased significantly since the 1990s, as for many Caribbean nations, the increasing ties with China have been used as a way to decrease long time over-dependence on the USA
Caribbean society by country: Caribbean society by country - Ethnic groups in the Caribbean by country - Ethnic groups in the Caribbean
Education in the Caribbean: Education in the Caribbean - Education in the Caribbean by country
Schools in the Caribbean by country: Schools in the Caribbean by country
Universities and colleges in the Caribbean: Universities and colleges in the Caribbean
Health in the Caribbean: Health in the Caribbean - Health in the Caribbean by country - Health in the Caribbean by dependent territory including 'Overseas France'
Health disasters in the Caribbean: Health disasters in the Caribbean - Man-made disasters in the Caribbean - Man-made disasters in the Caribbean by country
Since 1492 influx of disease in the Caribbean caused by Europe's colonization: Influx of disease in the Caribbean, following first European contact in 1492 starting an influx of disease into the Caribbean, as diseases originating in Europe and Africa came to North America for the first time, resulting in demographic and sociopolitical changes, as enslaved Africans were brought to replace the dwindling indigenous population, solidifying the position of disease in triangular trade
Since 1492 Malaria in the Caribbean: Malaria has had a significant impact on the history of the Caribbean, due to its effects on the colonization of the islands and the corresponding impact on society and economy, as Malaria was not found in the Americas prior to the colonization by Europeans
2013–2014 chikungunya outbreak: 2013–2014 chikungunya outbreak represented the first recorded outbreak of the disease outside of tropical Africa and Asia, as the first locally transmitted case of chikungunya in the Americas was detected in Saint Martin, beginning to spread rapidly throughout the Caribbean region, first to Martinique and Guadeloupe, with suspected cases also in Saint Barthélemy
Since 2020 covid-19 pandemic in the Caribbean: Since 2020 covid-19 pandemic in the Caribbean
8 April 2020 confirmed Caribbean covid-19 pandemic cases: 8 April 2020: Confirmed Caribbean covid-19 pandemic cases listed number of cases as of today, including the Dominican Republic with 2,111 cases, 108 deaths, 36 recovered, Puerto Rico with 620 cases, 24 deaths, Cuba with 457 cases, 12 deaths, 27 recovered, Martinique with 152 cases, 4 deaths, 50 recovered, and Guadeloupe with 141 cases, 8 deaths, 43 recovered
Healthcare in the Caribbean: Healthcare and medical schools in the Caribbean
Crime in the Caribbean: Crime in the Caribbean - Crime in the Caribbean by country
February 2012 Caribbean's high crime rate hindering development according to UNDP: 17 February 2012: Caribbean's high crime rate is hindering development, according to UNDP reports, saying violent crime, police corruption and failings in justice system are having a detrimental effect on business and investment, and could be blocking development - Crime is damaging Caribbean development
15 December 2020 China suspected of spying via Caribbean phone networks: 15 December 2020: China's Beijing regime appears to have used mobile phone networks in the Caribbean to surveil USA mobile phone subscribers as part of its espionage campaign against citizens, according to a mobile network security expert who has analysed sensitive signals data
Natural disasters in the Caribbean: Natural disasters in the Caribbean
Earthquakes in the Caribbean: Earthquakes in the Caribbean - List of earthquakes in Haiti
Hurricanes in the Caribbean: Hurricanes in the Caribbean - Hurricanes in Antigua and Barbuda - Hurricanes in the Bahamas - Hurricanes in Bermuda - Hurricanes in Cuba - Hurricanes in the Dominican Republic - Hurricanes in Haiti - Hurricanes in Jamaica - Hurricanes in the Leeward Islands - Hurricanes in Puerto Rico - Hurricanes in the Windward Islands
Lists of deadliest and costliest Atlantic hurricanes: List of deadliest Atlantic hurricanes - List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes
September 2004: September 2004 Hurricane Ivan and its effects in the Greater Antilles
September 2004: September 2004 Hurricane Jeanne
August 2005: August 2005 Hurricane Katrina
October 2005: October 2005 Hurricane Wilma
September 2008: September 2008 Hurricane Ike
October/November 2012: October/November 2012 Hurricane Sandy
September/October 2016: September/October 2016 Hurricane Matthew
September 2017: September 2017 Hurricane Irma - 6 September 2017: Hurricane Irma, the most powerful hurricane ever recorded over Atlantic Ocean, batters Barbuda and heads to Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico - 7 September 2017: Islands suffer huge damage as Hurricane Irma heads for Haiti and Dominican Republic - 8 September 2017: Irma's destruction, island by island - 12 September 2017: Unicef appeals for international help for Caribbean islands devastated by Hurricane Irma
September 2017: September 2017 Hurricane Jose - 9 September 2017: Hurricane Jose nearly 'category five' as it follows Irma's destructive path - September 2017 Hurricane Maria - 18 September 2017: Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico and the British and USA Virgin Islands brace for impact of Hurricane Maria less than two weeks after Irma hammered the region - 19 September 2017: Caribbean faces fresh devastation as Hurricane Maria hits islands - September 2017 Hurricane Maria - 20 September 2017: After leaving island of Dominica devastated, Hurricane Maria hits Puerto Rico

Greater Antilles: The Greater Antilles, the larger islands in the Caribbean Sea including Cuba, Hispaniola (containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Cayman Islands, constituting over 80% of the land mass of the entire West Indies and over 90% of its population

Lesser Antilles: The Lesser Antilles, group of islands in the Caribbean Sea forming a long, partly volcanic island arc between the Greater Antilles to the north-west and the continent of South America - Geography of the Lesser Antilles
Sovereign states of the Lesser Antilles: Sovereign states of the Lesser Antilles
Antigua and Barbuda: Antigua and Barbuda, consisting of two major inhabited islands, Antigua and Barbuda, and a number of smaller islands in the middle of the Leeward Islands, part of the Lesser Antilles
History, society and economy of Antigua and Barbuda - Natural disasters and hurricanes in Antigua and Barbuda
21 March 2018 Antiguan general election
27 December 2017 after Hurricane Irma Barbuda fears land rights loss in bid to spread tourism from Antigua: 27 December 2017: Nearly four months after Hurricane Irma devastated the tiny Caribbean island of Barbuda, residents fear the central government on neighbouring Antigua is poised to revoke a centuries-old system of communal land rights in what activists have described as “disaster capitalism” at work
December 2020 land grab and wetland destruction in Barbuda: December 2020: 21st century land grab, wetland destruction in Barbuda and legal cases
14 December 2020 Barbudans 'fight for survival' as USA resort project threatens islanders' way of life: 14 December 2020: Barbudans 'fight for survival' as resort project threatens islanders' way of life, as as supporters argue the USA $2bn luxury resort project on the peninsula of Palmetto Point is a vital economic stimulus while critics say it will destroy natural habitat as well as traditions and cultures
Barbados: Barbados sovereign island country is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 kilometres east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea
History of Barbados inhabited by its indigenous peoples prior to colonization: History of Barbados, as Barbados was inhabited by its indigenous peoples – Arawaks and Caribs – prior to the European and British colonization of the Americas since the 16th century, and as Barbados was briefly claimed by the Portuguese Empire from 1532 to 1620, then occupied by English colonialists and later a British colony from 1625 until 1966 - Timeline of Barbadian history
Economy of Barbados: Economy of Barbados, as main industries include sugar, light manufacturing, component assembly for export, and tourism
Since November 1966 post-independence economy of Barbados: Since November 1966 post-independence economy of Barbados
Labour in Barbados: Labour in Barbados
Politics of Barbados: Politics of Barbados, still within a framework of constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary government, as democratic traditions since 1966 independance include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement, and association - Since 1966 Constitution of Barbados
Republicanism in Barbados: Republicanism in Barbados
Political parties in Barbados: List of political parties in Barbados
Elections and politics in Barbados: Elections in Barbados
May 2018 Barbadian general election: 24 May 2018 Barbadian general election
September 2020 Labour Party government announced Barbados would become a republic by November 2021: In September 2020 the Barbados Labour Party government of PM Mia Mottley announced in its speech that Barbados would become a republic by November 2021, as the Barbados Labour Party holds a two-thirds majority in both houses of the Barbadian parliament (including all but one lower house seat), enough to approve a constitutional amendment
November 2020 St George North by-election: 11 November 2020 St George North by-election
September/October 2021 parliament of Barbados passed 'Constitution Amendment Bill': September/October 2021 Constitution Amendment Bill, passed by the parliament of Barbados on 20 September 2021
29 November 2021 Barbados is set to become a republic: 29 November 2021: Barbados is set to become a republic in the 21st century, replacing Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state and severing centuries-old ties with the British crown on the 55th anniversary of the Caribbean nation’s independence from the UK, as queen's son Charles arrived in Barbados late on Sunday as the country prepared to replace the Queen with Sandra Mason, a former governor-general who also will now serve as the island’s first president
Foreign relations of Barbados: Foreign relations of Barbados
Bilateral relations of Barbados: Bilateral relations of Barbados
Barbados/Israel relations: Barbados/Israel relations, as countries established their diplomatic relations a year after the island gained independence from the UK, and in 2014, the manual two countries maintain a lively trade of over 2 million USA Dollars
History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean: History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean
Barbados/Kenya relations: Barbados/Kenya relations
Barbados/Nigeria relations: Barbados/Nigeria relations
Barbados/United Kingdom relations beginning 1627 with slavery: Barbados/'United Kingdom' relations, dating back to the 17th century as on a voyage from Brazil British captain John Powell claimed Barbados in the name of England in 1625, and as on a second voyage in 1627 then led by Henry Powell a group of 80 English colonialists - along with 12 African slaves captured from the Spanish-at sea - established the first permanent European settlement on the island of Barbados at present-day town of Holetown, Saint James, and Barbados was transformed into a 'proprietary colony'
17th-20th century Barbados became one of the richest of UK's colonies in the world: With the early introduction of sugar cane, Barbados became one of the richest of England's colonies in the world, and the far eastern location of Barbados made the colony a major port and commercial centre for Trans-Atlantic trade especially with the British city of Bristol
Barbadian British people: Barbadian British people, citizens or residents of the United Kingdom whose ethnic origins lie fully or partially in the Caribbean island of Barbados
Since World War II 'Windrush generation' to fill shortages in UK's labour market: Since World War II 'Windrush generation', as resulting of the losses during the war, the British government began to encourage mass immigration from the former countries of the British Empire and Commonwealth to fill shortages in UK's and especially England's labour market - Demography of British Caribbean population
Since 2017/2018 'Windrush scandal' concerning British subjects particularly from Caribbean countries: Since 2017/2018 'Windrush scandal', a British political scandal concerning people who were wrongly detained, denied legal rights, threatened with deportation, and, in at least 83 cases, wrongly deported from the UK by the Home Office, as many of those affected had been born British subjects and had arrived in the UK before 1973, particularly from Caribbean countries as members of the 'Windrush generation', so named after the Empire Windrush, the ship that brought one of the first groups of West Indian migrants to the UK in 1948
Since April 2018 legal Windrush battle against Tory government: 16 April 2018: Barbados' High Commissioner Guy Hewitt said the 'Windrush Kids' who went to schools in Britain and paid their taxes are 'being treated as illegal immigrants' and 'being shut out of the system' with some deported or sent to detention centres, also advising people not to approach the Home Office unless they first notified their representative or lawyer, as too many people doing so had been detained - 8 June 2018: Winning the legal Windrush battle against Tory government
16 September 2020 Barbados revives plan to remove Queen as head of state and become a republic: 16 September 2020: Barbados has decided to press ahead with long-running plans to remove the Queen as head of state, saying 'Barbadians want a Barbadian head of state’ and aims to achieve goal by November 2021, prompting speculation that other Caribbean islands may follow suit in the wake of the Windrush scandal and the Black Lives Matter Movement - 22 September 2020: Long live Barbados as a republic, soon to be free of tarnished 'global Britain'
8 October 2020 the injustice of slavery is not over: 8 October 2020: The injustice of slavery is not over, the graves of the enslaved are still being desecrated, as - brutalised in life, debased in death - the horrors are ongoing and that’s why Black history matters, journalist Afua Hirsch says, after transatlantic slave trade by European empires transported between 10 million and 12 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century in the second of three stages of the so-called triangular trade, in which arms, textiles, and wine were shipped from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to the Americas, and sugar and coffee from the Americas to Europe
12 December 2020 UK's Tory MP facing demands to pay reparations for his family’s part in the Caribbean slave trade: 12 December 2020: Wealthy UK's Tory MP Richard Drax urged to pay up for his family’s slave trade past, as the Conservative MP for South Dorset has inherited the Drax Hall plantation in Barbados after his father’s death in 2017, and after the Observer revealed that he now controls the plantation where his ancestors created the first slave-worked sugar plantation in the British empire almost 400 years ago, and as leading figures in the Caribbean Community’s Reparations Commission described the Drax Hall plantation as a 'killing field' and a 'crime scene' from the tens of thousands of African slaves who died there in terrible conditions between 1640 and 1836, and as the Draxes also owned a slave plantation in Jamaica which they sold in the 18th century
Cayman Islands self-governing British Overseas Territory: Cayman Islands, a self-governing British Overseas Territory in the western Caribbean Sea, comprising the three islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac and Little Cayman, which are located to the south of Cuba and northeast of Honduras, between Jamaica and Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, as the capital city is George Town on Grand Cayman, which is the most populous of the three islands
History of the Caribbean: History of the Caribbean, revealing the significant role the region played in the colonial struggles of the European powers since the 15th century.
History of the Cayman Islands: History of the Cayman Islands, under various European governments since 1503, as arriving Columbus first named them 'Las Tortugas' after the numerous sea turtles seen swimming in the surrounding waters and after he had found two more islands, but 1530 and later they were known as the 'Caymanes' after the Carib word 'caimán'
Demographics of the Cayman Islands: Demographics of the Cayman Islands, ethnic groups and languages, as an estimated population of 64,174 citizens in 2018 includes mixed groups with 40% of the total, black citizens 20%, white citizens with 20%, expatriates of various ethnic groups with 20% of all citizens
Economy and offshore banking of the Cayman Islands: Economy and offshore banking of the Cayman Islands, as there are just under 600 banks and trust companies in the Grand Cayman, including 43 of the 50 largest banks in the world, and as this large financial presence on the island, banking, investments, and insurance drive the economy
Labour and workforce of the Cayman Islands: Labour and workforce of the Cayman Islands, with a population of 68,076 citizens in 2019, as work permits may, therefore, be granted to foreigners, and as on average, there have been more than 21,000 foreigners holding valid work permits
Politics, government and constitution of the Cayman Islands: Politics of the Cayman Islands - Government of the Cayman Islands - Constitution of the Cayman Islands since 1959 and some amendments
Since 2020 Cayman Islands Regiment: Since 2020 Cayman Islands Regiment of the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands, a single territorial infantry and engineer battalion of the British Armed Forces, and its history since 2019
April 2021 Caymanian general election and new government: 14 April 2021 Caymanian general election, as 'People's Progressive Movement' of Cayman Islands became opposition party with 19.60% of the vote, and 7 of 19 seats, as the 'Independants' won 79.14% of the vote and 12 seats, and as Caymanian attorney Wayne Panton became premier of the Cayman Islands, ahead of British elections in May
Dominica: Dominica, officially the Commonwealth of Dominica, is an island country in the Lesser Antilles region of the Caribbean Sea, south-southeast of Guadeloupe and northwest of Martinique -Geography of Dominica - History of Dominica - Economy of Dominica - main industries include soap, coconut oil, tourism, copra, furniture, cement blocks, shoes - Agriculture in Dominica accounts for about 20% of GDP and employs about 40% of the labor force - main crop is bananas, output had fallen as a result of Hurricane David in 1979, and suffered a further blow from Hurricane Allen in August 1980
Politics of Dominica: Politics of Dominica - House of Assembly of Dominica
December 2019 Dominican general election: 6 December 2019 Dominican general election
Society, demographics, culture and law in Dominica: Dominica society - Demographics of Dominica - Ethnic groups in Dominica - Indigenous peoples in Dominica - Dominica is the only Eastern Caribbean island that still has a population of pre-Columbian native Caribs (Kalinago), who were exterminated or driven from neighbouring islands, according to the 2001 census there were only 2,001 Caribs remaining (2.9% of the total population), living in eight villages in a 'Special Carib Territory' granted by the British Crown in 1903, the present number of Kalinago is estimated at 4% more than 3,000 - Afro-Dominican, Dominicans of Black African descent are the most of the Dominica´s population, making up 86.8% of the population, while mixed 8.9%, according to the 2001 census - according to the 2014 census the majority of Dominicans of African descent making up 75%, the mixed population 19% and a small European origin minority 0.8% (descendants of French, British, and Irish colonists)
Culture of Dominica - Languages of Dominica - Education in Dominica - Dominica law
Natural disasters in Dominica: Natural disasters in Dominica - Hurricanes in Dominica - August/September 1979 Hurricane David
2015: August 2015 Tropical Storm Erika - 29 August: After storm Erika caused a trail of destruction that included at least 20 deaths and 31 people being reported missing, Dominica’s PM Skerrit says that the island has been set back 20 years in the damage inflicted by the storm
2017: September 2017 Hurricane Irma - September 2017 Hurricane Maria - 19 September 2017: 'We have lost all' says Dominica PM Skerrit, describing the destruction of Hurricane Maria
Dutch Caribbean and Caribbean Netherlands: The Dutch Caribbean refers to territories, colonies, and countries, both former and current, of the Dutch Empire and Kingdom of the Netherlands that are located in the Lesser Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea - Caribbean Netherlands
Aruba island: Aruba island, a small island with 116,576 citizens in 2019 and a constituent country of the 'Kingdom of the Netherlands' in the mid-south of the Caribbean Sea, about 29 kilometres north of the Venezuelan peninsula of Paraguaná and 80 kilometres northwest of Curaçaoa, as Curaçao and Aruba form the ABC islands. Collectively, and as Aruba is one of the four countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands, along with the Netherlands, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten, as the citizens of these countries are all Dutch nationals, and as Aruba's capital is Oranjestad
History of Aruba: History of Aruba, showing human presence from as early as circa 2000 BC, as Aruba's first proven inhabitants were the Caquetio Indians from the Arawak tribe, who migrated there from Venezuela to escape attacks by the Caribs, as fragments of the earliest known Indian settlements date back to about 1000 years, and as in 1636, Aruba was acquired by the Netherlands and remained under their control, only interrupted for some years during the Napoleonic wars
Demographics and ethnic groups in Aruba: Demographics and ethnic groups in Aruba, as its population is estimated to be 75% mixed European/Amerindian/African, 15% Black and 10% other ethnicities, and as the most used language is the Papiamento (Portuguese-based creole) language, spoken in the Dutch Caribbean
List of cities in Aruba: List of cities in Aruba
Economy of Aruba including oil production: Economy of Aruba, as exports include live animals and animal products, art and collectibles, machinery and electrical equipment, and transport equipment, and as gold, aloe, oil and tourism industries with a labour force of 51,610 workers in 2007 produced a GDP of $3.369 billion in 2019 ($4.377 billion PPP in 2019)
19 June 2021 a review on history of fishing in Aruba: 19 June 2021: History of fishing in Aruba, as fishing has been a family tradition for ages in Aruba
Timeline and 20th-21st centuries history of Aruba: 20th-21st centuries history of Aruba and timeline
Since 1924 Lago Oil and Transport Co. Ltd and Aruba: Since 1924 Lago Oil and Transport Co. Ltd., a shipping company carrying crude oil from Lake Maracaibo to its transshipment facility on the island of Aruba, and 1941-1945 wartime during WWII
1941-1945 Battle of the Caribbean by NSDAP-ruled German empire's U-boats and Italian submarines: 1941-1945 Battle of the Caribbean, referring to a naval campaign waged during World War II that was part of the Battle of the Atlantic, as NSDAP-ruled German empire's U-boats and Italian submarines attempted to disrupt the Allied supply of oil and other material, sank shipping in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico and attacked coastal targets in the Antilles, as later improved Allied anti-submarine warfare eventually drove the Axis submarines out of the Caribbean region
Since 1985 steps for increasing autonomy, remaining promised: In March 1983, Aruba reached an official agreement within the Kingdom for its independence, to be developed in a series of steps as the Crown granted increasing autonomy, and in August 1985, Aruba drafted a constitution that was unanimously approved, but complete independence was rescinded in 1995
25 June 2021 Aruban general election: 25 June 2021 Aruban general election to elect all 21 members of Parliament - 19 June 2021: Aruba Election 2021, as following Aruba’s 2017 elections, the governing coalition was led until March by the social democratic People’s Electoral Movement (MEP) party together with political parties POR and RED
Environment of the Dutch Caribbean: Environment of the Dutch Caribbean
Grenada island: Grenada island country consisting of Grenada itself and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, located northwest of Trinidad and Tobago
History of Grenada: History of Grenada in the Caribbean Lesser Antilles group of islands, covering a period from the earliest human settlements by indigenous peoples, later inhabited by the Caribs, as British colonists killed most of the Caribs on the island establishing plantations on the island, eventually importing African slaves to work on the sugar plantations for profit and the expanding British empire, as - in the 18th century - the control of the island was disputed by Great Britain and France, with the British ultimately prevailing. In 1795 Fédon's Rebellion, inspired by the Haitian Revolution, very nearly succeeded, taking significant military intervention to quell, as slavery was abolished in 1833 following early 19th-century Latin American revolutions and revolutionary wars against European colonial rule (called 'Spanish American wars of independence by the interested British), and in 1885, the island's capital, St. George's, became the capital of the British Windward Islands, as Grenada finally achieved independence from the 'UK' in 1974, as then - following a political and social change by the 'Marxist New Jewel Movement' in 1979 - the island was invaded by the equally interested - namely experienced in the precipitation of emancipatory movements in Latin America - USA troops, and the government was overthrown in a tricky but violent way - Lateinamerika als 'Hinterhof' der USA seit dem 18. Jahrhundert, mit dem sich ausbildenden Gegensatz zwischen dem Unabhängigkeitsstreben lateinamerikanischer Staaten und der Einflußnahme der politisch mächtig gewordenen USA, nun ebenfalls zunehmend wirtschaflich stark auch auf Kosten anderer, politisch weniger mächtiger Länder, bis ins 21. Jahrhundert, zuletzt mit der Trump-Administration 2016-2020 und ihrer Parole 'Make America Great Again', in der Nachfolge von dem 'America First' Slogan von Woodrow Wilson, Warren G. Harding, Donald Trump u.a.
Economy of Grenada: Economy of Grenada, as main industries include nutmeg, bananas, cocoa, fruit and vegetables, clothing, mace, as main export goods include nutmeg, bananas, cocoa, fruit and vegetables, clothing, mace, and as main export partners include Nigeria 44.7%, St. Lucia 10.8%, Antigua and Barbuda 7.3%, St. Kitts and Nevis 6.6%, Dominica 6.6%, USA 5.8% in 2012, and with a total GDP of $1.401 billion in 2015
Politics of Grenada: Politics of Grenada, in a framework of a parliamentary representative democracy, whereby the PM is the head of government, as Grenada is an independent 'Commonwealth' realm, today governed under a multi-party parliamentary system - List of political parties in Grenada
Politics and elections in Grenada: Politics and elections in Grenada
13 March 2018 Grenadian general election: 13 March 2018 Grenadian general election, as the New National Party won 33,792 votes 58.91% of the entire vote and 15 seats, as the National Democratic Congress won 23,249 votes, 40.53% of the entire vote but no seats, posing serious questions about the the rights of minorities also in a small commity - PM Keith Claudius Issac Mitchell, a Grenadian NNP politician and the longest-serving PM in Grenadian history, holding the office for almost 19 years, who formerly worked as a statistician at 'Applied Management Sciences', providing statistical support to the 'USA Energy Information Administration', as in 1984, Mitchell gave up his professional activities to return home to Grenada after the USA invasion und Ronald Reagan. In the December 1984 general election, he was elected to a seat in the House of Representatives from St. George North West constituency and he has held the seat in each subsequent election
November 2019 Caribbean officials linked to diplomatic passport sale in Dominica and Grenada: 27 November 2019: Caribbean officials linked to diplomatic passport sale, as 'Al Jazeera' exposes politicians in Dominica and Grenada willing to accept money in return for diplomatic passports, reporting about a Grenada investment scheme, also reporting about Dominica's PM Skerrit and an Iranian businessman named Alireza Monfared, linked by hundreds of thousands of dollars and an exchange for an ambassadorship for Dominica to Malaysia
Foreign relations of Grenada: Foreign relations of Grenada
Treaties of Grenada: Treaties of Grenada
Wars involving Grenada and 1983 USA's invasion of Grenada: Wars involving Grenada - October 1983 USA's invasion of Grenada, when the USA's Reagan administration, its military and a coalition of six Caribbean nations invaded the island nation of Grenada, 160 km north of Venezuela, resulting in military occupation within a few days
Grenada and the United Nations: Grenada and the United Nations
Grenada/United Kingdom relations: Grenada/United Kingdom relations
Grenada/USA relations: Grenada/USA relations, bilateral relations between Grenada and the USA, recognizing Grenada on in February 1974, the same day as Grenada got independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and as nations formally established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1974
1983 USA's invasion of Grenada: Wars involving Grenada - October 1983 USA's invasion of Grenada, when the USA's Reagan administration, its military and a coalition of six Caribbean nations invaded the island nation of Grenada, 160 km north of Venezuela, resulting in military occupation within a few days
October 1983 UN says USA's invasion of Grenada 'a flagrant violation of international law': The UN Security Council had not authorized USA's invasion, because the UN Charter prohibits the use of force by member states except in cases of self-defense or when specifically authorized by the UN Security Council, and similarly, the UN General Assembly adopted General Assembly Resolution 38/7 by a vote of 108 to 9 with 27 abstentions, which 'deeply deplores the armed intervention in Grenada, which constitutes a flagrant violation of international law'. A similar resolution in the UN Security Council received widespread support but was vetoed by the USA
October 2003 following USA's and UK's Iraq invasion San Francisco professor Stephen Zunes' review of USA's 1983 Grenada invasion: October 2003: This 1983 invasion of Grenada was 'an easy victory for the United States eight years after its defeat in the Vietnam War and just two days after the deadly attack against U.S. forces in Lebanon. It established the precedent for 'regime change' by U.S. military intervention and served as an ominous warning to the leftist Sandinista government in Nicaragua that the Reagan administration could go beyond simply arming a proxy army like the Contras and actually invade their country outright. It also led to a sudden rise in President Reagan's popularity, according to public opinion polls. Despite the fact that the invasion was a clear violation of international law, there was widespread bipartisan support for the invasion, including such Democratic Party leaders as Walter Mondale, who would be Reagan's Democratic challenger for the presidency the following year, Review by Stephen Zunes, an associate professor of politics and chair of the Peace&Justice Studies Program at the University of San Francisco, and serves as the Middle East editor for the 'Foreign Policy in Focus Project'
Saint Kitts and Nevis: The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis located in the Leeward Islands chain of the Lesser Antilles, it is the smallest sovereign state in the Americas, in both area and population
Saint Lucia: Saint Lucia sovereign island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea on the boundary with the Atlantic Ocean
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines island country in the Lesser Antilles Island arc, in the southern part of the Windward Islands
Demographics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Demographics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, as estimated its population of 2018 is 110,211 citizens, including groups of African citizens with 66%, Mixed with 19%, East Indian with 6%, and European with 4% of the total population
Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
18th century French and British colonisation and the Carib Wars: 18th century French and British colonisation and the Carib Wars
Since 1979 self-rule and independence of St. Vincent: Since 1969/1979 self-rule and independence of St. Vincent, first granted associate statehood status and then giving it complete control over its internal affairs, as - following a referendum in 1979 - St. Vincent and the Grenadines became the last of the Windward Islands to gain independence
9 April 2021 explosive eruption of La Soufrière volcano: Eruptive history of Soufrière Saint Vincent, an active volcano on the island of Saint Vincent, as an explosive eruption occurred on 9 April 2021 - 9 April 2021: The Caribbean island of St Vincent has been rocked by an explosive eruption of La Soufrière volcano, a day after the island declared a red alert and issued an evacuation order
11 April 2021 eruption and crisis continue: 11 avril 2021: Une nouvelle éruption a été signalée dimanche matin sur l’île caribéenne de Saint-Vincent, déjà recouverte d’un épais tapis de cendres et qui connaissait d’importantes coupures d’électricité, après - endormi depuis plus de 42 ans - le volcan de la Soufrière s’est réveillé vendredi, provoquant l’évacuation d’environ 16’000 habitants
Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad and Tobago twin island country off the northern edge of South America, lying just off the coast of northeastern Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles, is part of South America as it lies on the continental shelf
Lucayan Archipelago: Lucayan Archipelago, also known as the Bahama Archipelago, is an island group comprising the Commonwealth of the Bahamas and the British Overseas Territory of the Turks and Caicos Islands - Turks and Caicos Islands, consisting of the larger Caicos Islands and smaller Turks Islands, two groups of tropical islands in the Lucayan Archipelago
February 2021 Turks and Caicos Islands general election: 19 February 2021 Turks and Caicos Islands general election


Argentina - Geography of Argentina - Pre-Columbian era - Indigenous peoples in Argentina - Colonial Argentina since 1502 - Viceroyalty of Peru 1542-1824 - Argentine War of Independence 1810-1818 - History of Argentina since 1816 - Demographics of Argentina
Economy of Argentina: Economy of Argentina - main industrie include steel and aluminum, machinery, motor vehicles and auto parts, appliances and electronics, petrochemicals and biodiesel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, glass and cement, furniture, textiles, leather, food processing and beverages, tobacco products, publishing - Economic history of Argentina - Companies of Argentina by industry
Manufacturing companies of Argentina - Motor vehicle manufacturers of Argentina - Aircraft manufacturers of Argentina
Mining in Argentina - Silver mines in Argentina
Energy in Argentina: Energy in Argentina - Fossil fuels in Argentina - Natural gas in Argentina - Oil and gas companies of Argentina - Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales YPF - Petrobras Argentina - Americas Petrogas - Transportadora de Gas del Sur
Nuclear energy in Argentina: Nuclear energy in Argentina, about 10% of the electricity in Argentina comes from 3 operational nuclear reactors
2015: 2 December 2015: Outgoing Argentine President Cristina Fernandez on 1 December inaugurated a uranium enrichment plant to manufacture fuel for Argentina's nuclear plants, located in Pilcaniyeu in the southern Rio Negro province
Renewable energy in Argentina: Renewable energy in Argentina
Electricity sector in Argentina: Electricity sector in Argentina
Agriculture in Argentina: Agriculture in Argentina - products are beef, citrus fruit, grapes, honey, maize, sorghum, soybeans, squash, sunflower seeds, wheat, yerba mate agricultural and goods earn over half of Argentina's foreign exchange, an estimated 10-15% of Argentine farmland is foreign owned - Argentine wine - Tobacco industry in Argentina
Use of toxic agrochemicals in Argentina:
2013: 20 October 2013: Agrochemicals linked to health problems in Argentina - 10 December 2013: The use of pesticides increased 858% in the last 22 years in Argentina, but as there is a great business for the global poison industry, led by Monsanto and Bayer, and as its products are sprayed over areas of intense monoculture, where more than 12 million people live, the public health is faced with great problems, according to the Network of Physicians working in crop-sprayed towns
2015: 11 November 2015: Glyphosate has devastating, dramatic effects on the health of people living in very close contact with it, Argentinian photographer Pablo Ernesto Piovano's report on the conditions of people living and working close to GM soy crops, where massive amounts of herbicide are used, reveals
2017: 21 February 2017: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay farm transgenic seeds glyphosate resistant, but there is an association between cancer and environmental exposure to Glyphosate - 11 May 2017: According to official reports, 60% of the food that arrives in the Central Market of Buenos Aires has agrochemical residues
Argentine beef: Argentine beef - Argentina has the world's second-highest consumption rate of beef, in 2006 livestock farmers kept between 50 and 55 million head of cattle, mostly in the fertile pastures of the Pampas, and the country is currently the third-largest beef exporter in the world after Brazil and Australia
Forestry in Argentina: Forestry in Argentina
Water in Argentina: Water in Argentina - Bodies of water of Argentina
Rivers of Argentina: Rivers of Argentina
Tourism in Argentina: Tourism in Argentina - Visitor attractions in Argentina
Banking in Argentina: Banking in Argentina - Banks of Argentina
Central Bank of Argentina: Central Bank of Argentina
August 2018: 30 August 2018: Argentina has hiked interest rates to 60% as it takes dramatic steps to restore confidence in its plunging currency,in the latest sign of turmoil among emerging market economies this year
22 May 2023 Argentina unveils new banknote as currency plummets with inflation on course to 130%: 22 May 2023: Argentina’s new 2,000-peso bill, the country’s largest-denomination note, went into circulation on Monday, though due to fast depreciation of the currency it is worth only $8.50 at the official exchange rate and just over $4 in commonly used parallel markets. The peso has shed about a quarter of its value against the dollar this year despite strict capital controls that slow its fall. Most Argentinians buy dollars in unofficial markets where they trade at over 480 pesos versus the official rate of 235. The South American nation is also battling inflation at 109%, one of the highest in the world, which a central bank poll estimates could hit nearly 130% by the end of the year. The interest rate has been hiked to an eye-watering 97%.
Foreign trade of Argentina: Foreign trade of Argentina
Economic history and economic cycles of Argentina: Economic history of Argentina - Economic crises in Argentina
1998-2002 Argentine great depression: 1998–2002 Argentine great depression during which its economy shrank 28 percent
Since 2005 Argentine debt restructuring: Argentine debt restructuring since 2005
Since 2008 Great Recession in South America and Argentin: Since 2008 Great Recession in South America and Argentin
July/August 2014 Argentina accuses USA of judicial malpractice for triggering needless default: 31 July 2014: Argentina accuses USA of judicial malpractice for triggering needless default - 7 August: Argentina files legal action against the USA at The Hague over debt default
August/September 2018 call for emergency release amid financial crisis: 29 August 2018: Argentina seeks emergency release of $50bn in IMF funds amid financial crisis - 27 September 2018: Argentina gets biggest loan in IMF's history at $57bn, as strict restrictions on funds include commitment to zero deficit for 2019 and limits on central bank actions
Since March 2020 economic impact of the 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Argentina: Since March 2020 socio-economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Argentina since 2019/2020
August 2020 Argentina-IMF negotiation over debt: 27 août 2020: L’Argentine a débuté mercredi des discussions formelles avec le Fonds monétaire international pour négocier un nouveau programme de financement de dette, qui doit remplacer l’emprunt de 57 milliards de dollars contracté en 2018
Labor in Argentina: Labor in Argentina - Trade unions in Argentina - Labour disputes in Argentina
Taxation in Argentina: Taxation in Argentina
2012 fiscal austerity in Argentina: 2012 fiscal austerity in Argentina
Military of Argentina: Military of Argentina - Argentine Army
Coups d'état in Argentina: Coups d'état in Argentina
March 1976 Argentine coup d'état: March 1976 Argentine coup d'état planned by Argentine Armed Forces and installing a military junta, which was headed by General Jorge Rafael Videla, Admiral Emilio Eduardo Massera and Brigadier-General Orlando Ramón Agosti, and remained in power until 10 December 1983
Argentina and weapons of mass destruction: During the military dictatorship Argentina started to develop weapons of mass destruction, beginning a nuclear weapons program in the early 1980s, but this was abolished when democracy was restored in 1983
Politics of Argentina: Politics of Argentina - Constitution of Argentina - Legal history of Argentina
Political parties in Argentina: Political parties in Argentina
Trade unions in Argentina: Trade unions in Argentina - List of trade unions in Argentina
Elections and politics in Argentina: Elections in Argentina
2008: 2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector
October 2013 Argentine legislative election : Argentine legislative election 27 October 2013 - 28 octobre 2013: La coalition présidentielle de Cristina Kirchner conserve sa majorité absolue au parlement à l'issue des législatives partielles
September 2014 Argentine law restructuring government debt: 12 September 2014: Argentina enacts law restructuring government debt
2015 suspected murder of prosecutor Alberto Nisman: 13 February 2015: Weeks after mysterious death of prosecutor Alberto Nisman, who had prepared criminal complaint, Argentina's president formally charged over alleged terrorist attack cover-up - 26 February: As Argentina's Congress votes to dissolve intelligence agency after Alberto Nisman's death and replace it with a new one, an Argentine judge dismisses accusation that President Cristina Fernandez conspired to cover up Iran's alleged role in deadly 1994 bombing - 10 August 2015: Argentines vote in primaries in prelude to president Cristina Kirchner succession
October 2015 Argentine general election: 25 October 2015 Argentine general election - 26 October: Argentina's presidential election headed for second round after no clear winner
November 2015 general election second round: 22 novembre 2015: Les Argentins votent appelés aux urnes pour le second tour de leur présidentielle - 23 November: When many Argentines are concerned about inflation, slowing growth and crime, the former chief executive of a football club Macri winning 51% is ahead of Daniel Scioli of the Peronist Victory Front who wins nearly 49% with 98.87% of the vote counted
18 October 2017 protester Santiago Maldonado went missing: 18/20 October 2017: Major parties running in Argentina’s midterm congressional election on Sunday have suspended their campaigns after a body, thought to be that of protester Santiago Maldonado who went missing during a raid by the gendarmerie on a protest camp set up by indigenous rights activists more than two months ago, was found in a river
22 October 2017 Argentine legislative election as Macri confirms power: 22 October 2017 Argentine legislative election - 23 octobre 2017: En remportant les législatives, le président argentin Macri consolide le pouvoir de la coalition gouvernementale Cambiemos au Parlement
August 2018 abortion law controversy: 9 August 2018: Argentina’s senate has rejected a bill to legalise abortion in the first 14 weeks of pregnancy, but abortion remains legal in the cases of rape and danger to the life of the woman - 29 August 2018: Argentina’s president Mauricio Macri has asked the International Monetary Fund for an early release of funds from a $50bn deal to ease concerns that the country will not be able to meet its debt obligations for 2019
September 2018 new austerity measures: 3 September 2018: Argentina's president Macri has announced sweeping new austerity measures including raising export taxes and slashing spending in an attempt to stem the country's unfolding currency crisis, prior to receiving $50bn of funding from the IMF
November/December 2018 expensive G20 summit: 28 Noviembre 2018: El Gobierno utilizó USD 112 millones para la organización de la cumbre mundial, equivale a la construcción de 44 escuelas por ejemplo - Für den 2018 G20-Gipfel in Buenos Aires hat die argentinische Regierung einen Betrag von 112 Millionen US-Dollar zu Lasten der argentinischen Steuerzahler veranschlagt, u.a. für das Catering, das Gala-Dinner im Teatro Colón, die Gastgeschenke an die Delegationen inklusive die Mörder aus Rußland und Saudi-Arabien, und nicht eingerechnet 'Zusatzausgaben' an Material für die Sicherheit wie 12 Kleinflugzeuge Beechcraft TC6 Texan II von den USA für 160 Millionen US-Dollar, vier Artillerieboote von Israel für 49 Millionen USD sowie fünf Kampfflugzeuge Super Etendard von Frankreich für 12,5 Millionen USD
August 2019 austerity measures and low growth: 12 August 2019: Facing widespread discontent over austerity measures and low growth, Argentine president Macri was snubbed by voters who appeared to hand a resounding primary victory to rival Fernandez and to a ticket with his controversial predecessor Cristina Kirchner
October 2019 Argentine general election and issues: 27 October 2019 Argentine general election - Candidates of the October 2019 Argentine general election - Opinion polling for the 2019 Argentine general election
28 October 2019 Fernandez wins presidential election, comeback for Cristina Kirchner despite scandals: 28 October 2019: Peronist challenger Fernandez wins Argentine presidential election, as win caps remarkable political comeback for his running mate, ex-president Cristina Kirchner, who is accused of corruption and obstructing probe into AMIA Jewish center bombing - October 2019 electoral performance brougt 48.24% of the vote for president Alberto Fernández, 45.26% for 'Frente de Todos' coalition in the Chamber of Deputies, and 46.30% of the vote for the coalition in the Senate
5 November 2021 polls ahead of the November 14 vote: 5 November 2021: Argentina's Peronists are likely to suffer a major blow in midterm legislative elections, polls ahead of the November 14 vote show, as majority of surveys show the party of president Fernandez trailing by over 8 points behind the conservative opposition coalition
14 November 2021 Argentine legislative election: 14 November 2021 Argentine legislative election, as half of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies and a third of the seats in the Senate will be renewed
15 November 2021 Argentina’s Peronists set to lose control of Congress: 15 November 2021: Argentina’s Peronists set to lose control of Congress, as initial results show president Albert Fernandez’s party on track to lose its majority in the Congress after almost 40 years
3 July 2022 Argentina’s economy minister Guzman, the architect of a debt deal with the IMF, has resigned: 3 July 2022: Argentina’s economy minister Martin Guzman, the architect of a recent debt deal with the IMF, has resigned, coming amid deep splits in the ruling coalition about how to handle Argentina’s mounting economic crisis
11 August 2022 Argentina’s annual inflation surged past 70% last month, one of the fastest rates in the world: 11 August 2022: Argentina’s annual inflation surged past 70% last month, one of the fastest rates in the world, after renewed political turmoil fueled price spikes and a currency rout, as consumer prices rose 71% in July from a year ago, the highest level in about 30 years, and as on a monthly basis, the inflation rate spiked to 7.4%, accelerating at the fastest pace in two decades and slightly above economists’ average expectations for 7.3%
1 September 2022 attempted assassination against Argentine vice president Kirchner: 1 September 2022 attempted assassination against Argentine vice president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner by Fernando André Sabag Montiel, attempting to shoot her with a jamming pistol and no shots. Montiel was arrested at the scene, as local police said the suspect he is a Brazilian-born man who has lived in Argentina since 1993, the year after the 17 March 1992 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, followed by the AMIA bombing on 18 July 1994 in Buenos Aires, according to 'Wikipedia', reporting with updates.
22 October 2023 Argentine general election: 22 October 2023 Argentine general election, to elect the president, vice president, members of the national congress, and the governors of most provinces. A run-off election to elect the president and vice president will take place on 19 November 2023. after Sergio Massa of the ruling Union for the Homeland unexpectedly came in first place, winning 36% of the vote, against Javier Milei of the Liberty Advances, who came in second place, with 30% of the vote.
19 November 2023 Argentine general elections: 19 November 2023 Argentine general elections run-off
Social movements and protests in Argentina: Protests in Argentina
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Argentina: Argentine society - Human rights in Argentina
Timeline of Buenos Aires: Timeline of Buenos Aires
1620 capital of Buenos Aires Province: 1620 Buenos Aires becomes capital of Buenos Aires Province
1821 University of Buenos Aires: Since 1821 University of Buenos Aires
Since 1897 modern port of Buenos Aires: Since 1897 modern port of Buenos Aires
17 March 1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires: 17 March 1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires
History of the Jews in Argentina: History of the Jews in Argentina
Science and technology in Argentina: Science and technology in ArgentinaScientific organisations based in Argentina> - Research institutes in Argentina
Research vessels of Argentina: Research vessels of Argentina
Natural history museums in Argentina: Natural history museums in Argentina
Health in Argentina: Health in Argentina
Medical outbreaks in Argentina: Medical outbreaks in Argentina
Since March 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Argentina: Since March 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Argentina
Health care in Argentina: Health care in Argentina
Hospitals in Argentina: Hospitals in Argentina
Football hooliganism and riots in Argentina: Football hooliganism and riots in Argentina
Argentine media: Argentine media
Freedom of speech and press in Argentina: Freedom of speech and press in Argentina
Newspapers in Argentina: Newspapers in Argentina
Internet in Argentine: Internet in Argentine
1985 Trial of the Juntas and aftermath: 1985 Trial of the Juntas and aftermath
Racism and antisemitism in Argentina: Racism in Argentina - Antisemitism in Argentina - Fascism in Argentina
1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires: 1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires
Terrorism in Argentina: Terrorism in Argentina
1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires: 1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires
January 2015 death of prosecutor Nisman: January 2015 Death of Argentine prosecutor Alberto Nisman - 19 January 2015: Prosecutor Alberto Nisman in Argentina Jewish center bombing 1994 found shot dead before hearing on Iran deal - 22 January: New findings raise questions over death of Alberto Nisman - 23 January: Argentine president’s office says Nisman was likely killed by rogue Argentinian intelligence agents - 25 January: Journalist Damian Pachter credited with being the first to report the gunshot death of prosecutor Nisman said to have fled to Israel because of fear for his safety in Argentina - 27 January: Argentina to draft bill dissolving domestic intelligence agency 'Secretaría de Inteligencia' - 29 January: Nisman was wary of own bodyguards before death, fearing also for the safety of his daughters, assistant says
Since September 2017 assassination report: 24 September 2017: According to an official report, 1994 AMIA Jewish center bombing special prosecutor Alberto Nisman was assassinated by two people, who drugged and beat him and then manipulated the crime scene to make it look like a suicide in 2015 - 6 November 2017: Listing key evidence that wasn’t mentioned in previous reports, new border police agency report says prosecutor Nisman who accused president of obstructing probe into bombing was beaten, drugged and shot by two men, after alleging AMIA cover-up - 8 November 2017: Argentine prosecutor Taiano calls to investigate Alberto Nisman's death as a murder also identifying suspect Lagomarsino - 27 December 2017: Argentine special prosecutor Alberto Nisman, who was found dead in 2015 after accusing the former president of covering up Iran's role in the 1994 Jewish community center bombing, was murdered, federal judge Julian Ercolini ruled Tuesday, saying there was enough evidence to support foul play in the death of Nisman
12 April 2024 Argentina court blames Iran for deadly 1994 bombing of Jewish center carried out by Hezbollah: 12 April 2024: A new ruling by Argentina’s highest criminal court has blamed Iran for the fatal 1994 attack against a Jewish community center in Buenos Aires, declaring it a 'crime against humanity' in a decision that paves the way for victims to seek justice. That huge blast at the Argentinian Israelite Mutual Association (AMIA), was blamed on a suicide bomber driving a stolen van loaded with explosives. It killed 85 people, wounded 300 and devastated Latin America’s biggest Jewish community. In their ruling late on Thursday, the judges ruled that the bombing was carried out by the Shia militant organization Hezbollah and responded to a 'political and strategic design' by Iran. The court said the attack came in retaliation for Argentina reneging on a nuclear cooperation deal with Tehran. Representatives from Argentina’s Jewish community said the court ruling was “historic” and “unique” because it opened the door for the victims’ relatives to bring lawsuits against the Islamic Republic.
Corruption in Argentina: Corruption in Argentina
1976-1983 military dictatorship and corruption: 1976-1983 military dictatorship and corruption
2016/2017 Transparency International's Argentina reports: Transparency International's Latin America and Argentina reports
Corruption in Argentine Law Enforcement: Corruption in Argentine Law Enforcement
List of cases of police brutality in Argentina: List of cases of police brutality in Argentina - Police misconduct in Argentina
Coups d'état in Argentina: Coups d'état in Argentina
Attempted coups in Argentina: Attempted coups in Argentina
Organized crime in Argentina: Organized crime in Argentina - Gangs in Argentina
Human trafficking in Argentina: Human trafficking in Argentina
Violence against women and domestic violence in Argentina: Violence against women in Argentina - Domestic violence in Argentina
Disasters in Argentina: Disasters in Argentina
28 February 2019 AMIA bombing cover-up trial: 28 February 2019: After no one has ever been convicted over the 1994 bombing of a Jewish community center in Buenos Aires, former president Carlos Menem, his intelligence chief and the judge in charge of the initial probe face prison if found guilty of staging a cover-up, among 13 defendants who could be incarcerated for a slew of corruption and obstruction of justice charges when a court in Buenos Aires hands down its verdict after a four-year trial - 28 February 2019: Former Argentine judge Juan Jose Galeano, who led the probe into the deadly 1994 bombing of a Jewish center in Buenos Aires, was jailed for six years for his role in a cover-up, former intel chief also ordered to prison among other defendants convicted over corruption and obstruction of justice
Argentine Federal Police: Argentine Federal Police
List of cases of police brutality in Argentina: List of cases of police brutality in Argentina - Police misconduct in Argentina
Foreign relations of Argentina: Foreign relations of Argentina
Treaties of Argentina: Treaties of Argentina
1960 and 1982 UN Security Council resolutions concerning Argentina: 1960 and 1982 United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Argentina
Bilateral relations of Argentina: Bilateral relations of Argentina
Since 1997 GasAndes Pipeline
Argentina/Germany relations: Argentina/Germany relations
Argentina/Iran relations: Argentina/Iran relations - 28 January 2013: Argentina and Iran create independent commission to investigate 1994 bombing at a Jewish centre in Buenos Aires that killed 85 - 14 February: Argentina's foreign minister insists that a judge will question Iranian suspects over the deadly 1994 bombing of a Jewish charities building after Iranian denial
12 April 2024 Argentina court blames Iran for deadly 1994 bombing of Jewish center carried out by Hezbollah: 12 April 2024: A new ruling by Argentina’s highest criminal court has blamed Iran for the fatal 1994 attack against a Jewish community center in Buenos Aires, declaring it a 'crime against humanity' in a decision that paves the way for victims to seek justice. That huge blast at the Argentinian Israelite Mutual Association (AMIA), was blamed on a suicide bomber driving a stolen van loaded with explosives. It killed 85 people, wounded 300 and devastated Latin America’s biggest Jewish community. In their ruling late on Thursday, the judges ruled that the bombing was carried out by the Shia militant organization Hezbollah and responded to a 'political and strategic design' by Iran. The court said the attack came in retaliation for Argentina reneging on a nuclear cooperation deal with Tehran. Representatives from Argentina’s Jewish community said the court ruling was “historic” and “unique” because it opened the door for the victims’ relatives to bring lawsuits against the Islamic Republic.
Argentina/Israel relations: Argentina/Israel relations
1960 Argentine's complaint over captured Eichmann and UN and CDU-ruled Germany' reaction: In June 1960, after a complaint that the transfer of Adolf Eichmann to Israel from Argentina constituted a violation of the latter's sovereignty, UN Security Council declared in its resolution 138, approved by eight votes, that such acts could endanger international peace and security and requested that Israel make the appropriate reparation in accordance with the UN Charter, but Israel held the view that the matter was beyond the Council's competence and should instead be settled via direct bilateral negotiations, as the capture of Eichmann caused alarm at the USA's CIA and West German Bundesnachrichtendienst, which had known for at least two years that Eichmann was hiding in Argentina, but did not act, fearing what Eichmann might say in his testimony about West German national security advisor CDU Hans Globke, who had coauthored several antisemitic Nazi laws, according to documents declassified in 2006, also revealing that both agencies had used some of Eichmann's former Nazi colleagues to spy on European countries
2015 January 2015 prosecutor Nisman in Argentina Jewish center bombing 1994 found shot dead: 19 January 2015: Prosecutor Alberto Nisman in Argentina Jewish center bombing 1994 found shot dead before hearing on Iran deal
16 March 2021 more Argentine Jews made the move to Israel in 2020 despite the pandemic: 16 March 2021: More Argentine Jews made the move to Israel in 2020 despite the pandemic
Argentina/Italy relations: Argentina/Italy relations
Argentina/Lebanon relations: Argentina/Lebanon relations
Argentina/Paraguay relations: Argentina/Paraguay relations
Argentina/Switzerland relations: Argentina/Switzerland relations
Argentina/Uruguay relations: Argentina/Uruguay relations - Cruz del Sur pipeline
Argentina/United Kingdom relations: Argentina/United Kingdom relations
Climate of Argentina: Climate of Argentina
Environmental issues and environmentalism in Argentina: Environmental issues in Argentina - Environmentalism in Argentina
Forestry and deforestation in Argentina: Forestry in Argentina
Use of toxic agrochemicals in Argentina:
Natural disasters in Argentina: Natural disasters in Argentina
Weather events and floods in Argentina: Floods in Argentina - Weather events in Argentina - Tornadoes in Argentina
Fires and wildfires in Argentina: Fires in Argentina
30 July 2020 Argentina's delta fires rage out of control: 30 July 2020: Argentina's delta fires rage out of control


The Bahamas - Geography of The Bahamas - Pre-Columbian period - Lucayans, the original inhabitants of the Bahamas before the arrival of Europeans 1492, were seized by the Spanish as slaves and they had all been removed from the Bahamas by 1520 - History of The Bahamas - Since 1775 and the USA War of Independence loyalists, slaves and Black Seminoles, escaped from Florida, resettled in the Bahamas, practising American human rights - Demographics of the Bahamas - 85% of the Bahamian population identifies as being primarily of African heritage
Ports and harbours in the Bahamas: Ports and harbours in the Bahamas
Bahamas Securities Exchange: Bahamas Securities Exchange
Economic history of the Bahamas: Economic history of the Bahamas
Since September 2019 effects of Hurricane Dorian in The Bahamas: August/September 2019 Effects of Hurricane Dorian in The Bahamas
Labor and labor relations in the Bahamas: Trade unions in the Bahamas
Customs Service and taxation in the Bahamas: Bahamas Customs Service
Elections and politics in the Bahamas: Elections in the Bahamas
2012 Bahamian general election: Bahamian general election May 2012
May 2017 Bahamian general election: 10 May 2017 Bahamian general election
Society, demographics, culture and human rights of The Bahamas: Bahamian society - Human rights in the Bahamas
Cities in the Bahamas: List of cities in the Bahamas
Economy of Grand Bahama: Economy of Grand Bahama
Demographics and ethnic groups in the Bahamas: Demographics of the Bahamas - Ethnic groups in the Bahamas
Health and healthcare in the Bahamas: Health in the Bahamas - Hospitals in Bahamas
Communications in the Bahamas: Communications in the Bahamas
Media in the Bahamas: Media in the Bahamas
Crime in the Bahamas: Crime in the Bahamas
White-collar crime and corruption in the Bahamas:
Human trafficking in the Bahamas: Human trafficking in the Bahamas
Law and law enforcement in the Bahamas: Law of the Bahamas - Law enforcement in the Bahamas
Judiciary of the Bahamas: Judiciary of the Bahamas
Foreign relations of The Bahamas: Foreign relations of The Bahamas
Bahamas/Cuba relations: Bahamas/Cuba relations
Bahamas/Haiti relations: Bahamas/Haiti relations
Bahamas/USA relations: Bahamas/USA relations
Water in the Bahamas: Water in the Bahamas
Natural disasters in the Bahamas: Natural disasters in the Bahamas
Hurricanes in the Bahamas: Hurricanes in the Bahamas
August 1992 Effects of Hurricane Andrew in The Bahamas: August 1992 Effects of Hurricane Andrew in The Bahamas


Belize - Geography of Belize - Pre-Columbian Belize - Maya civilization - Spanish conquest of Yucatán 16th century - History of Belize - Demographics of Belize
Agriculture in Belize: Agriculture in Belize
Banana production in Belize: Banana production in Belize
Taxation in Belize: Tax policy in Belize
Politics of Belize: Politics of Belize - Political parties in Belize - Trade unions in Belize
Constituencies of Belize: Constituencies of Belize
Elections and politics in Belize: Elections in Belize
November 2020 Belizean general election: 11 November 2020 Belizean general election
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Belize: Belizean society - Human rights in Belize - Belizean law
Garifuna people: Garifuna people
Culture and languages of Belize: Culture of Belize - Languages of Belize
Education in Belize: Education in Belize
Healthcare in Belize: Healthcare in Belize
Crime in Belize: Crime in Belize
Belizean law: Belizean law
Law enforcement in Belize: Law enforcement in Belize
Foreign relations of Belize: Foreign relations of Belize
Treaties of Belize: Treaties of Belize
Multilateral membership of BelizeMultilateral membership of Belize
Belize and the United Nations: Belize and the United Nations
Bilateral relations of Belize: Bilateral relations of Belize
Belize/D.R. China relations: Belize/D.R. China relations relations
November 2019 Beijing regime arrests Belizean citizen over meddling in Hong Kong affairs: 30 November 2019: Chinese Beijing regime arrests Belizean citizen over meddling in Hong Kong affairs
Belize/Guatemala relations: Belize/Guatemala relations
Since 1821 Belizean-Guatemalan territorial dispute: Since 1821 Belizean-Guatemalan territorial dispute
Since 2010 Belize–Guatemala Partial Scope Agreement: Since 2010 Belize–Guatemala Partial Scope Agreement preferential trade agreement
Belize/Israel relations: Belize/Israel relations
Belize/Taiwan relations: Belize/Taiwan relations
November 2019 Beijing regime arrests Belizean citizen over meddling in Hong Kong affairs: 30 November 2019: Chinese Beijing regime arrests Belizean citizen over meddling in Hong Kong affairs
Belize/USA relations: Belize/USA relations - Belizean American
Ecoregions in Belize: List of ecoregions in Belize
List of protected areas of Belize: List of protected areas of Belize
Natural disasters in Belize: Natural disasters in Belize
Hurricanes in Belize: Hurricanes in Belize
August 2016 Hurricane Earl: August 2016 Hurricane Earl


Bermuda - Geography of Bermuda - List of islands of Bermuda
Politics of Bermuda: Politics of Bermuda
Political parties in Bermuda: Political parties in Bermuda
Elections in Bermuda: Elections in Bermuda
December 2012 Bermudian general election: 17 December 2012 Bermudian general election
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Bermuda: Bermudian society - Law of Bermuda
Demographics and ethnic groups in Bermuda: Demographics of Bermuda - Ethnic groups in Bermuda
Culture of Bermuda: Culture of Bermuda
Islands and landforms of Bermuda: Islands of Bermuda - Landforms of Bermuda
Water and bodies of water of Bermuda: Water in Bermuda - Bodies of water of Bermuda
Natural disasters in Bermuda: Natural disasters in Bermuda
October 2014 Hurricane Gonzalo: October 2014 Hurricane Gonzalo
October 2016 Hurricane Nicole: October 2016 Hurricane Nicole
Tornadoes in Bermuda: Tornadoes in Bermuda


Bolivia - Geography of Bolivia - Geology of Bolivia - Pre-Columbian Bolivia was part of the culture of Andean South America with agriculture starting about 3000 B.C. and production of metal, especially copper, 1,500 years later - Conquest of Bolivia by Spain since 1524 - Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire 1524–1572 - Viceroyalty of Peru 1542-1824 - Real Audiencia of Charcas (Sucre) since 1559 - Bolivian War of Independence 1809-1825 - History of Bolivia (named Bolivia in honour of Simón Bolívar) - History of Bolivia 1809–1920 - History of Bolivia 1982–present - Demographics of Bolivia
Coffee production in Bolivia: Coffee production in Bolivia
Bolivia maize varieties: Bolivia maize varieties
Land reform in Bolivia: Land reform in Bolivia
Irrigation in Bolivia: Irrigation in Bolivia
Transport in Bolivia: Transport in Bolivia
Rail transport in Bolivia: Rail transport in Bolivia
Road transport in Bolivia: Road transport in Bolivia
Economic history of Bolivia and economic cycles: Economic history of Bolivia
Inequality in Bolivia: Inequality in Bolivia
Armed Forces of Bolivia: Armed Forces of Bolivia - Bolivian Army
Military history of Bolivia: Military history of Bolivia
Taxation in Bolivia : Taxation in Bolivia
Indigenous organisations in Bolivia: Indigenous organisations in Bolivia
Trade unions in Bolivia: Trade unions in Bolivia
January 2013 Bolivian special municipal election: Bolivian special municipal election 13 January 2013
Social movements and protests in Bolivia: Protests in Bolivia
2011/2012 Bolivian protests: 2011/2012 Bolivian protests
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Bolivia: Bolivian society - Human rights in Bolivia
9 departments, 12 provinces and 337 municipalities of Bolivia: 9 departments of Bolivia, as departments are the primary subdivisions of Bolivia, and possess certain rights under the Constitution. Each department is represented in the Plurinational Legislative Assembly - a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. Each department is represented by four Senators, while Deputies are awarded to each department in proportion to their total population. Out of the nine departments, La Paz was originally the most populous, with 2,706,351 inhabitants as of 2012 but the far eastern department of Santa Cruz has since surpassed it by 2020. Santa Cruz also claims the title as the largest, encompassing 370,621 square kilometres. Pando is the least populated, with a population of 110,436 inhabitants. The smallest in area is Tarija, encompassing 37,623 square kilometres. - 112 provinces of Bolivia, as each department is divided into provinces. The country's provinces are further divided into 337 municipalities which are administered by an alcalde and municipal council
Geography and rivers of Santa Cruz Department: Geography and rivers of Santa Cruz Department, covering a wide and diverse area. In the west lies a series of temperate Sub-Andean ranges and valleys while to the north and south lies two different lowlands areas; the Beni and Chaco lowlands respectively. To the northeast lies the flat Llanos Chiquitanos areas and beyond these the Serranías Chiquitanas ranges. In the far east the departments have small parts of the huge Pantanal wetland. The rivers of Santa Cruz are part of any of two basins: the Amazon Basin (north) and the Plate Basin (south). The main rivers in the norther basin are river Iténez (making the border with Brazil), Río Grande, river Piraí and river Itonomas. In the southern basin, the main rivers are river Paraguay and its tributaries, including river Negro. The main lakes are lake Mandioré, Uberaba, lake La Gaiba, Laguna de Marfil, Concepción and lake San Jorge.
15 provinces of the department of Santa Cruz: 15 provinces of the department of Santa Cruz
Economy of the department of Santa Cruz: Economy of the department of Santa Cruz
Moxo, Chané, Chiquitano and Ayoreo people: Moxo people - Chané people - Chiquitano people - Ayoreo people
History of the Jews in Bolivia: History of the Jews in Bolivia
Schools in Bolivia: Schools in Bolivia
Universities in Bolivia: Universities in Bolivia
Health in Bolivia: Health in Bolivia
Medical outbreaks and health disasters in Bolivia: Medical outbreaks in Bolivia - Health disasters in Bolivia
2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic: 2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic
Newspapers in Bolivia: Newspapers in Bolivia
Radio y televisión en Bolivia: Radio y televisión en Bolivia - Television in Bolivia
Internet en Bolivia: Internet en Bolivia
Crime in Bolivia: Crime in Bolivia
Violence in Bolivia:
Masacres en Bolivia: Masacres en Bolivia
Domestic violence in Bolivia: Domestic violence in Bolivia
Corruption in Bolivia: Corruption in Bolivia
Human rights abuses of UMOPAR: Human rights abuses of UMOPAR
Human trafficking in Bolivia: Human trafficking in Bolivia
Judiciary of Bolivia: Judiciary of Bolivia
Law enforcement in Bolivia: Law enforcement in Bolivia
Foreign relations of Bolivia: Foreign relations of Bolivia
Treaties of Bolivia: Treaties of Bolivia
Foreign aid to Bolivia: Foreign aid to Bolivia
Since 1948 Organization of American States: Since 1948 Organization of American States
Immigration to Bolivia: Immigration to Bolivia
Bilateral relations of Bolivia: Bilateral relations of Bolivia
Bolivia/Argentina relations: Bolivia/Argentina relations
Bolivia/Austria relations: Bolivia/Austria relations
Bolivia/Brazil relations: Bolivia/Brazil relations
Bolivia/Chile relations: Bolivia/Chile relations
Bolivia/Colombia relations: Bolivia/Colombia relations
Bolivia/Europe relations: Dispute with Europe over Immigration
Bolivia/Iran relations: Bolivia/Iran relations
Bolivia/Mexico relations: Bolivia/Mexico relations
Bolivian/Mexican trade relations: Bolivian/Mexican trade relations
Bolivia/Peru relations: Bolivia/Peru relations
Bolivia/Paraguay relations: Bolivia/Paraguay relations
Bolivia/Ukraine relations: Bolivia/Ukraine relations
Bolivia/Holy See-Vatican relations: Bolivia/Holy See-Vatican relations
Environment of Bolivia: Environment of Bolivia
Natural disasters in Bolivia: Natural disasters in Bolivia
Earthquakes in Bolivia: Earthquakes in Bolivia
Wildfires in Bolivia:
August 2010 Bolivia forest fires: August 2010 Bolivia forest fires
January-October 2019 Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay wildfires: 2019 Brazil wildfires, revealed by the National Institute for Space Research INPE, releasing the information that at least 75,336 wildfires occurred in the country from January to 25 August 2019, as neighboring countries of Bolivia, Peru, and Paraguay have also reported wildfire activity - 23 août 2019: La Bolivie et le Paraguay sont, outre le Brésil, aussi confrontés à d'importants feux de forêt, et ils se sont engagés à combattre ensemble les flammes qui ont déjà causé à la flore et la faune des dommages «irréversibles», selon des défenseurs de l'environnement - 25 août 2019: Les incendies se multiplient en Amazonie - 27 August 2019: As fires continue to rage in Brazil, nearly a million hectares of farmland and unique dry forest have been destroyed by weeks of blazes across the border in Bolivia, where the flames have now reached the country’s Amazon region


Brazil - Geography of Brazil - Indigenous peoples in Brazil - Colony of Portugal 1500–1815 - History of Brazil - Slavery in Brazil - Economic history of Brazil - Casa grande (sugar plantation) - Demographics of Brazil
Mines in Brazil: Mines in Brazil
January 2019 Brumadinho dam disaster: 25 January 2019 Brumadinho dam disaster, when a tailings dam in Brumadinho, owned by Vale, the same company which was involved in the 2015 Bento Rodrigues dam disaster, suffered a catastrophic failure - 25 janvier 2019: La rupture d'un barrage du géant minier Vale a fait 'plusieurs morts' et environ 200 disparus à Brumadinho située à 60 km au sud-ouest de Belo Horizonte dans l'Etat de Minais Gerais, région où un drame similaire avait provoqué en 2015 la pire tragédie environnementale du pays - 25 January 2019: As many as 200 people are missing after three dams operated by the mining giant Vale collapsed in Minas Gerais state, releasing a wave of red mining waste and prompting fears of widespread contamination - 29 January 2019: 3 employees of the Brazilian mining company Vale SA and 2 other engineers working on behalf of the company have been arrested, Minas Gerais and São Paulo state prosecutors say
Energy and energy policy of Brazil: Energy in Brazil - Energy policy of Brazil
Electricity sector in Brazil: Electricity sector in Brazil
Coal mining in Brazil: Coal mining in Brazil
Nuclear power in Brazil: Nuclear power in Brazil
Agriculture companies of Brazil: Agriculture companies of Brazil - Copersucar
Coffee production in Brazil: Coffee production in Brazil
Soybean production in Brazil: Soybean production
Cattle and beef production, meat companies of Brazil: Brazilian beef production - Meat companies of Brazil
Irrigation in Brazil: Irrigation in Brazil
Water management in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo: Water management in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo
Banking and banks in Brazil: Banking in Brazil - Banks of Brazil
Financial services and financial services companies of Brazil: Financial services companies of Brazil
Economic history, economic cycles, income inequality and unemployment in Brazil: Economic history of Brazil since 1981 - Economic crises in Brazil
2007-2010 recession in South America and Brazil: 2007-2010 recession in South America
March 2012 Brazil has become the sixth-biggest economy in the world: 6 March 2012: Brazil has become the sixth-biggest economy in the world
Unemployment in Brazil: Unemployment in Brazil
Income inequality in Brazil: Income inequality in Brazil
Since 1930 Military coups in Brazil: Since 1930 Military coups in Brazil
1964-1985 Brazilian military government: Brazilian military government 1964-1985 - Human rights in Brazil
December 2014 Brazil’s National Truth Commission's report on the 1964-1985 military dictatorship: 10 December 2014: Brazil’s National Truth Commission delivers a damning report on the killings, disappearances and torture committed by government agents during the 1964-1985 military dictatorship, calling for those responsible to face prosecution - 10 December 2014: The International Center for Transitional Justice ICTJ welcomes the release of the final report of Brazil’s National Truth Commission after two and a half years of work to unveil the truth about serious human rights violations 1946-1988, especially during the military dictatorship 1964-1985, saying the report is a historic contribution to truth and justice in a country where serious crimes have remained unaddressed for decades and calling on the Brazilian judiciary to disregard the Amnesty Law
Taxation and budget in Brazil: Taxation in Brazil
Political parties, trade unions and workers' movement in Brazil: Political parties in Brazil - Trade unions in Brazil - Landless Workers' Movement, MST founded in January 1984
1946-1964 Second Brazilian Republic: 1946-1964 Second Brazilian Republic
1964-1985 Brazilian military regime: 1964-1985 Brazilian military regime
Elections and politics in Brazil: Elections in Brazil
April 1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum: 21 April 1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum
April/May 2016: Impeachment process against Dilma Rousseff, the charges against Rousseff include administrative misconduct and disregarding the federal budget, as well as suspected acts of corruption in Petrobras - 18 April: Brazilian congress votes to impeach president Dilma Rousseff - 19 April: President Dilma Rousseff vows long battle against impeachment - 21 April: Brazil president's chief accuser Eduardo Cunha faces investigations over alleged perjury, money laundering and bribes of his own - 6 mai: La justice suspend le président de l'Assemblée Cunha, instigateur de la destitution de Dilma Rousseff, accusé d'entrave à la justice dans le scandale Petrobas - 9 May 2016: Rousseff impeachment vote annulled - 10 mai: Le président de l'Assemblée Maranhao a fait volte-face et décidé de maintenir le processus de destitution de Dilma Rousseff - 12 mai: Le Sénat brésilien a approuvé jeudi par 55 voix contre 22 l'ouverture d'un procès en destitution de la présidente Dilma Rousseff - 23 May: The credibility of Brazil’s interim government rocked when planning minister Romero Jucá was forced to step aside amid further revelations about plot to impeach president Dilma Rousseff, as Jucá was recorded saying 'We have to change the government’ as the only means to stop a sweeping corruption investigation
September 2018: 1 September 2018: Brazilian court bars Lula from presidential election - 6 September 2018: A month before vote, candidates for Workers’ party and PDSB accused of illegal campaign donations in earlier races, as Transparency International Brasil backs Brazilian authorities' investigation and prosecution of 'this systemic behavior' - 7 September 2018: PSL's presidential candidate and former military officer Bolsonaro, who praises for Brazil’s 1964-85 military dictatorship, which tortured thousands of its opponents and executed hundreds more, and who faces trial before the supreme court for speech inciting hate and rape, stabbed at campaign rally - 12 septembre 2018: En prison pour corruption, Lula sera remplacé comme candidat du PT à la présidence par son colistier Fernando Haddad - 15 septembre 2018: Le nombre de candidats issus de l'armée à la présidentielle et à l'élection des gouverneurs a presque doublé au Brésil et suscite des inquiétudes - 21 September 2018: Brazilian women mobilise against Bolsonaro, who they believe represents 'an enormous setback for Brazil' - 23 septembre 2018: Les favelas oubliées de la présidentielle mettent la pression sur les candidats à l'approche des élections pour stopper les violences - 30 September 2018: Brazil sees black female candidates surge after assassination of Marielle Franco on 14 March 2018
1 November 2019 president's son suggests using dictatorship-era tactics: 1 November 2019: Brazilian president's son suggests using dictatorship-era tactics on leftist foes
15 May 2020 Brazil loses second health minister as covid-19 deaths rise: 15 May 2020: Brazil loses second health minister in less than a month as covid-19 deaths rise
7 June 2020 Bolsonaro hides Brazil's covid-19 death toll: 7 June 2020: Bolsonaro hides Brazil's covid-19 death toll and case totals
18 January 2021 Bolsonaro rival hails covid-19 vaccinations as 'triumph of science against denialists': 18 January 2021: Bolsonaro rival hails covid-19 vaccinations as 'triumph of science against denialists'
25 March 2021 Brazilians lament covid-19 devastation as critics decry Bolsonaro: 25 March 2021: Brazilians lament covid-19 devastation as critics decry Bolsonaro
22 July 2021 covid piles further misery on Brazil’s vulnerable: 22 July 2021: Covid piles further misery on Brazil’s vulnerable, as 'hunger has returned’
8 June 2022 Pelé joins fight for the preservation of the Amazon, that belongs to all of us: 8 June 2022: A host of Brazilian celebrities, led by the three-time World Cup winner Pelé, have joined sports, culture and media figures in calling for action over Dom Phillips and Bruno Pereira and for authorities to intensify their search for British journalist and Brazilian Indigenous advocate missing in the Amazon rainforest, as Pelé, considered one of the greatest players of all time, retweeted a video made by Phillips’s wife appealing for more urgency in the search for her husband and Bruno Pereira, saying 'the fight for the preservation of the Amazon forest and of the Indigenous groups belongs to all of us', as authorities in the Brazilian Amazon have arrested a man in connection with the disappearance of the British journalist and an Indigenous advocate amid increasing calls swift action in the case that has shocked the media and environmental worlds
Social movements, criticism and protests in Brazil: Protests in Brazil
Since 1997 Homeless Workers' Movement: Since 1997 Homeless Workers' Movement
October 2011: Brazil Amazon campaigners occupy Belo Monte dam: 28 October 2011: Brazil Amazon campaigners occupy Belo Monte dam
2013 protests in Brazil: 2013 protests in Brazil
June 2013 Brazilian protests against transport costs, corruption and new stadiums spending: 18 June 2013: Tens of thousands of people took to the streets of major Brazilian cities as protests spread against higher public transport costs, corruption and the billions of dollars being spent on new stadiums for the 2014 World Cup - 19 June: Protesters kept up the pressure with new demonstrations against growing cost of living on Tuesday in the country’s biggest cities, even as President Dilma Rousseff praises protest - 19 June: Brazil protests win fans among national football team - 20 June: As more than one million people have pledged via social media networks to march in 80 cities across Brazil, new protests kick off in Salvador - 21 June: At least one million people rallied across Brazil on Thursday in escalating mass demonstrations over the quality of public services and the high cost of staging the World Cup - 22 juin: Dilma Rousseff se dit à l'écoute de la rue et promet des réformes et combattre la corruption - 23 juin: Selon le premier sondage de l'institut Ibope, 75% des Brésiliens appuient le mouvement de protestation et les manifestations - 23 June: Latest Brazil protests bring 250,000 into streets demanding concrete steps and denouncing legislation that limits prosecution of corruption - 24 June: A tent camp set up by protesters outside the Rio de Janeiro governor's residence in this well-heeled seaside neighborhood provides a window onto the turmoil that has rocked Brazil - 24 juin: Dilma Rousseff propose un plan d'investissement de 19 milliards d'euros dans les transports publics et une assemblée constituante pour élaborer des réformes politiques pour sortir de la crise - 27 June: Brazilian police fired tear gas to disperse protesters near the football stadium in Belo Horizonte hosting a semi-final, with tens of thousands of people venting their anger
September 2013 anti-graft protests mark Brazil independence day: 8 September 2013: Anti-graft protests mark Brazil independence day
May-July 2014: 16 May: Protesters and police clashed in Sao Paulo, as demonstrations against the billions spent to host the World Cup and rallies calling for improved public services erupted in several Brazilian cities - 7 June: Police in Sao Paulo use batons and tear gas to disperse protesters on the second day of a metro strike - 9 June: Subway staff extend strike in Sao Paulo in defiance of a court ruling, seeking a pay rise of almost twice the annual inflation rate - 10 June: Despite two-day suspension of strike teargas fired by police at transport workers in Sao Paulo as mood about hosting the soccer World Cup remains sour among many - 11 June: 'We don't have hospitals, we don't have schools, but we have stadiums', residents of the Copa do Povo flash camp say - 12 June: As some airport workers have announced a twenty-four hour walkout in Rio de Janeiro, metro workers vote not to restart strike in Sao Paulo - 12 June: Anti-World Cup protests in Brazilian cities mark first day - 14 June: Despite police raids on activists' homes, protesters are gaining wide audiences with their calls for change in Brazil and beyond - 18 June: Police criticised after several people injured in eviction of tent community at site of proposed construction project in World Cup host city Recife - 29 June: Police fire tear gas to break up hundreds of protesters outside Rio de Janeiro's Maracana Stadium - 15 July: Fifteen reporters covering the final protest against the World Cup in Brazil were injured by police, according to the journalists' union in Rio de Janeiro
2016: 13 March 2016: Hundreds of thousands of Brazilians joined rallies across the country on Sunday against the government, struggling with an impeachment challenge, the worst recession in a century and the biggest corruption scandal in Brazil’s history - 28 June 2016: Rio police protest financial disaster ahead of Olympics - 4 August 2016: Brazilian police use tear gas and pepper spray to disperse protesters gathered along of the Olympic torch relay route near Rio de Janeiro, protesting against salary delays of public workers in Rio state - 5 septembre 2016: Des dizaines de milliers de Brésiliens soutenant l'ancienne présidente Dilma Rousseff destituée mercredi, ont défilé dans les rues de Sao Paulo contre son successeur Michel Temer - 17 November 2016: Brazil police use tear gas and pepper spray at austerity protest outside Rio parliament, where legislators proposed ways to cope with post-Olympics fiscal crisis that delayed payment to state workers, as the federal government says it won’t bail the state out, fearing that a cascade of states could ask for help, instead sending hundreds of military police against public workers kept from being paid - 5 décembre 2016: Au moins 20'000 personnes ont manifesté dans plusieurs villes du Brésil contre la corruption et scandaient également des slogans soutenant l'enquête autour du vaste scandale politique Petrobras
March-May 2017: 16 March 2017: Brazilian civil servants, rural workers and labor unions staged nationwide demonstrations against president Temer's pension reform plan - 29 April 2017: Brazilian unions have ratcheted up the pressure on president Temer with a nationwide general strike to protest austerity measures and corrupt politicians, that closed schools, disrupted transport networks and led to clashes with public security in several cities - 18 May 2017: Street protests and calls for impeachment of president Michel Temer as prosecutors are handed tapes of discussions about hush-money payments to jailed associate and powerbroker Eduardo Cunha - 25 May 2017: Protesters demanding the resignation of president Temer staged running battles with police and set fire to a ministry building in Brasilia, prompting the scandal-hit Temer to order the army onto the streets
25 March 2021 Brazilians lament covid-19 devastation as critics decry Bolsonaro: 25 March 2021: Brazilians lament covid-19 devastation as critics decry Bolsonaro
12 August 2022 Brazilians take to the streets demanding fair elections in some of Brazil’s biggest cities: 12 August 2022: Brazilians take to the streets – demanding fair elections - in some of Brazil’s biggest cities against the current Bolsonaro administration, worried that upcoming elections won’t be fair. Brazilians will be choosing their next president in less than two months, now demanding that the current administration of Jair Bolsonaro accept the results of the October vote. The protests follow Bolsonaro’s latest calls to diplomats raising concerns about the country’s voting system and his now-famous quote from last year’s Independence Day in Brazil, saying 'only God will remove me from power'. For many Brazilians, the fears echo worries in the USA, namely that Bolsonaro might be following in Donald Trump’s footsteps, contesting votes even before elections have happened. The Brazilian president has also openly received praise from Trump supporters, and it’s safe to say that tensions are running higher every day.
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Brazil: Brazilian society - Human rights in Brazil
Largest cities in Brazil: List of largest cities in Brazil
Amazon rainforest: Amazon rainforest
September 2020 Amazon 'condemned to destruction' amid fires: 2 September 2020: Amazon 'condemned to destruction' as fires proliferate across Brazil
24 January 2021 hospitals in Amazonas state overwhelmed after surge in infections linked to new coronavirus variant: 24 January 2021: Hospitals in Amazonas state overwhelmed after surge in infections linked to new coronavirus variant, leaving many without even the most basic supplies
7 June 2022 family of British journalist missing in Amazon urges action: 7 June 2022: The family of veteran British journalist Dom Phillips is urging more action be taken to find him after he went missing in the Brazilian Amazon, after he disappeared along with Brazilian indigenous expert Bruno Araújo Pereira in a remote rainforest area while researching a book. The two had received threats days before vanishing on Sunday morning, as Mr Phillips has written extensively about the threats facing the Amazon, including how cattle farming is fuelling an environmental crisis and how illegal gold miners encroach on indigenous territory. - 7 June 2022: Missing British journalist’s wife Alessandr Sampaio, whose husband Dom Phillips was last seen in the Amazon on Sunday, pleads with Brazil to find ‘love of my life’, making appeal in tearful video message
5–15 June 2022 murder of Bruno Pereira and Dom Phillips in Atalaia do Norte: 5–15 June 2022 murder of Bruno Pereira and Dom Phillips in Atalaia do Norte, Amazonas (wikipdedia article)
26 June 2022 murdered journalist Phillips laid to rest as Sian Phillips said my brother was killed telling the truth: 26 June 2022: The British journalist Dom Phillips has been laid to rest in Brazil, exactly three weeks after he was gunned down while journeying through the Amazon with the Indigenous expert Bruno Pereira. Their killings have sparked international outrage and highlighted the historic assault on Indigenous communities and the environment that has unfolded under Brazil’s far-right president, Jair Bolsonaro. The men’s bodies were recovered from the rainforest on 15 June, after a local fisher confessed to their murders, and returned to their families on Thursday. Scores of mourners gathered at a cemetery in Niterói, a city near Rio de Janeiro, on Sunday to pay their respects to Phillips, who had spent the past 15 years reporting on his adoptive South American home
Economy and since 1957/1960 'Free Economic Zone of Manaus': Economy and 'Free Economic Zone' of Manaus since 1957/1960
Timeline of Manaus: Timeline of Manaus since 1669
1669 Colonial Brazil's Portuguese 'Fort of São José da Barra do Rio Negro': 1669 Colonial Brazil's Portuguese 'Fort of São José da Barra do Rio Negro' built
Since January 2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires: Since January 2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires
Pará state: Pará state of Brazil, located in northern Brazil and traversed by the lower Amazon River. It borders the Brazilian states of Amapá, Maranhão, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Amazonas and Roraima. To the northwest are the borders of Guyana and Suriname, to the northeast of Pará is the Atlantic Ocean. The capital and largest city is Belém, which is located at the mouth of the Amazon. The state has a population of over 8.6 million, being the ninth-most populous state in Brazil. It is the second-largest state of Brazil in area, second only to Amazonas upriver. Its most famous icons are the Amazon River and the Amazon Rainforest. Pará produces rubber (extracted from natural rubber tree groves), cassava, açaí, pineapple, cocoa, black pepper, coconut, banana, tropical hardwoods such as mahogany, and minerals such as iron ore and bauxite. A new commodity crop is soy, cultivated in the region of Santarém. Parà state is responsible for just 2.2% of the Brazilian GDP.
Bahia state: Bahia state of Brazil, located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast and the 4th-largest Brazilian state by population and the 5th-largest by area. The state is crossed from west to east by many rivers, but the most important is the São Francisco, which starts in Minas Gerais and runs through western Bahia before emptying into the Atlantic between Sergipe and Alagoas. Formerly plied by paddlewheel steamers, the river is only navigable to small modern craft but is still vital to the arid west since it continuously supplies water during seasons when many other smaller rivers dry out. The Sobradinho Dam created one of the largest reservoirs in the world; other major hydroelectric projects along its length include the Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex and the Itaparica or Luiz Gonzaga Dam
18 November 2021 murder cases rising 11% in Bahia state in 2021: 18.11.2021: Homicídios aumentaram 11% na Bahia em 2021, aponta Monitor da Violência
The 20 largest cities or towns in Bahia state: The 20 largest cities or towns in Bahia state
Salvador port city, a center of Afro-Brazilian culture: Salvador city, the capital of the state of Bahia. With 2.9 million people in 2020, it is the largest city proper in the Northeast Region and the 4th largest city proper in the country, after São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Brasília. Founded by the Portuguese in 1549 as the first capital of Brazil, Salvador is one of the oldest colonial cities in the Americas. The city's cathedral is the see of the primate of Brazil, as Salvador was one of the first slave ports in the Americas and the African influence of the slaves' descendants makes it a center of Afro-Brazilian culture. Salvador also forms the heart of the Recôncavo, Bahia's rich agricultural and industrial maritime district, and continues to be a major Brazilian port. Its metropolitan area, housing 3,899,533 people in 2018 forms the wealthiest one in Brazil's Northeast Region in 2015
Timeline of Brasília since 20th century: Timeline of Brasília since 20th century
Since 1962 University of Brasília: Since 1962 University of Brasília
Economy of Minas Gerais: Economy of Minas Gerais
Timeline of Rio de Janeiro: Timeline of Rio de Janeiro since 1565 CE
25 April 2020 Rio's favelas count the cost of deadly covid-19: 25 April 2020: Rio's favelas count the cost as deadly spread of covid-19 hits city's poor
26 June 2022 murdered journalist Phillips laid to rest as Sian Phillips said my brother was killed telling the truth: 26 June 2022: The British journalist Dom Phillips has been laid to rest in Brazil, exactly three weeks after he was gunned down while journeying through the Amazon with the Indigenous expert Bruno Pereira. Their killings have sparked international outrage and highlighted the historic assault on Indigenous communities and the environment that has unfolded under Brazil’s far-right president, Jair Bolsonaro. The men’s bodies were recovered from the rainforest on 15 June, after a local fisher confessed to their murders, and returned to their families on Thursday. Scores of mourners gathered at a cemetery in Niterói, a city near Rio de Janeiro, on Sunday to pay their respects to Phillips, who had spent the past 15 years reporting on his adoptive South American home - 5–15 June 2022 murder of Bruno Pereira and Dom Phillips in Atalaia do Norte, Amazonas (wikipdedia article)
Timeline of São Paulo since 16th century: Timeline of São Paulo since 16th century
Economy of Curitiba city: Economy of Curitiba city
Timeline of Curitiba since 17th century: Timeline of Curitiba since 17th century
Economy of Porto Alegre: Economy of Porto Alegre
Timeline of Porto Alegre since 18th century: Timeline of Porto Alegre since 18th century
Demographics and ethnic groups in Brazil: Demographics of Brazil - Ethnic groups in Brazil
Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil: Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil
Indigenous Territories: Indigenous Territories
Afro-Brazilian culture: Afro-Brazilian culture
Asian Brazilian: Asian Brazilian
Immigration to Brazil: Immigration to Brazil
Women and women's rights in Brazil: Women in Brazil - Women's rights in Brazil
Children and children’s rights in Brazil: Children of Brazil - Children’s rights in Brazil
Education and education policy in Brazil: Education in Brazil - Education policy in Brazil
Education in Brazil by state and by city: Education in Brazil by state - Education in Brazil by city
Schools in Brasília: Schools in Brasília
Schools in Rio de Janeiro: Schools in Rio de Janeiro
Schools in São Paulo: Schools in São Paulo
Health in Brazil: Health in Brazil
Medical outbreaks in Brazil: Medical outbreaks in Brazil
Since April 2009 swine flu pandemic in Brazil: Since April 2009 swine flu pandemic in Brazil
12 April 2020 Brazil reports 12,660 confirmed covid-19 cases and 1,223 deaths: 12 de abril de 2020: Brasil tem 1.223 mortes e 12.669 casos confirmados de coronavírus 'SARS-CoV-2', diz ministério
24 January 2021 hospitals in Amazonas state overwhelmed after surge in infections linked to new coronavirus variant: 24 January 2021: Hospitals in Amazonas state overwhelmed after surge in infections linked to new coronavirus variant, leaving many without even the most basic supplies
Sport in Brazil: Sport in Brazil
August 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro: August 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro
June-August 2016: 18 June 2016: 49 days before the opening of the Olympics, the governor of Rio de Janeiro has declared a state of financial emergency and begged for federal support to avoid a 'total collapse in public security, health, education, transport and environmental management' - 21 June 2016: Rio's financial crisis reveals the moral bankruptcy of the Olympics - 25 July 2016: Olympic officials admit more than half of Athletes Village unfinished as Australian team is refusing to use the Athletes Village until leaks and other problems are resolved - 28 July 2016: Olympic organisers have put deadlines ahead of lives, resulting in the deaths of eleven construction workers, according to Rio de Janeiro’s chief inspector of labour conditions Raul Vital Brasil - 1 August 2016: Olympic sailing ramp in Rio de Janeiro collapses - 4 August: As Olympic flame arrives, local students and teachers reportedly take part in a demonstration, protesting against the heavy expenses Brazil had incurred while organizing the Summer Olympics - 4 August 2016: Wada-commissioned lawyer Richard McLaren accuses IOC of misrepresenting his doping report and findings, which were never designed to prove individual doping cases, but is about state-sponsored systemic doping over a period of four years across the majority of Olympic sports, manipulation of results, swapping of samples, preparation of wash-up schemes
Since 5 August 2016: 5/6 August 2016: After a turbulent seven-year build-up dogged by recession, double-digit unemployment, drugs scandals, crime, a public health crisis caused by the Zika virus and infrastructure stumbles, a glittering Rio Olympics opening ceremony party also includes the applause of dozens of more or less cynical or criminal persons in power of a planet in crisis and war, hosted near the Providência favela, which is home of one of the most powerful drug cartels in Rio, for boxers hit by corruption allegations, for Russians involved in the biggest-ever doping scandal, and amid Assad regime's, Russian and Iranian war crimes against the Syrian people, now in the 6th year - Syrian Assad regime at the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics - Russian Putin regime at the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics - Iranian regime at the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics - Refugee Olympic Team serving as a fig leaf at the 2016 Rio Summer Olympics consisting of 10 competitors including 2 Syrian - 6 August 2016: In the wake of the publication of Professor Richard McLaren’s report that revealed jaw-dropping details of systemic doping in Russia, the IPC provisionally suspended Russia from the Paralympics - 10 août 2016: Le Comité organisateur des JO a reçu une décision judiciaire d'un juge fédéral 'qui interdit au comité organisateur de contrôler les manifestations à caractère politique sur les sites olympiques' - 18 August 2016: The President of European Olympic Committees and Olympic Committee of Ireland Patrick Hickey arrested for illegal tickets sale in Rio de Janeiro, at least six more persons could be involved in the plot
September 2016 Summer Paralympics: September 2016 Summer Paralympics
Brazilian journalism: Brazilian journalism
Killed journalists in Brazil: Killed journalists in Brazil
Newspapers in Brazil: List of newspapers in Brazil
Television in Brazil: Television in Brazil
Internet in Brazil: Internet in Brazil
Crime in Brazil: Crime in Brazil
Since 16th century Portuguese colonization and enslavement of Indigenous peoples: Portuguese colonization and enslavement of Indigenous peoples since 16th century
20th and 21th century antisemitism in Brazil: 20th century antisemitism in Brazil
1964-1985 Brazilian military government and aftermath: Brazilian military government 1964-1985 - Since 1964 'Departamento de Operações de Informações', the Brazilian intelligence and repression agency during the military government, starting in March 1964 with the removal of the civilian government by military forces, responsible for suppressing internal dissent against the regime and acting as a political police, using torture and other counter-insurgency methods - 13 December 1968 'Institucional Número Cinco' (Institutional Act Number Five), the fifth of seventeen major decrees issued by the military dictatorship following the 1964 coup d'état in Brazil, resulting in the forfeiture of mandates, in ordered interventions in municipalities and states and also in the suspension of any constitutional guarantees which eventually resulted in the institutionalization of the torture commonly used as a tool by the state
Forced disappearances in Brazil: Forced disappearances in Brazil
10 December 2021 boys tortured, killed by Rio's drug faction revealing 'a society that has succumbed to barbarism': 10 December 2021: Nearly a year after three young boys vanished near their homes in Rio de Janeiro’s rundown northern sprawl, police have accused members of the city’s largest drug faction 'Red Command' of murdering the children in reprisal for stealing an ornamental bird, as the boys Lucas, Alexandre and Fernando aged 9, 11 and 12, disappeared on the afternoon of 27 December 2020 after leaving their homes in the Morro do Castelar favela to play, last seen in serie security footage showing them walking towards a local street market. Police claim one local trafficker, Ana Paula da Rosa Costa or 'Auntie Paula', had arranged for the children’s corpses to be smuggled out of the favela, dismembered and thrown in a river. Flávia Oliveira, a prominent political and social commentator, told the GloboNews TV network that the killings, and their brutal aftermath, revealed 'a society that has succumbed to barbarism'.
Killed environmentalists and human rights activists in Brazil:
Since 1988 list of massacres in Brazil: List of massacres in Brazil since 1988
1992/2013: Carandiru massacre 2 october 1992 - 21 April 2013: Twenty-three Brazilian police officers were sentenced to 156 years in jail each for their role in the killing of 111 inmates during Brazil's deadliest prison uprising in 1992
January 2013 Kiss nightclub fire - 28 January 2013: A fast-moving fire in a windowless nightclub in Santa Maria, filling the air in seconds with flames and a toxic smoke, killed more than 230 panicked partygoers
Police brutality in Brazil: Police brutality in Brazil
Corruption in Brazil: Corruption in Brazil
Since 2004 Mensalão scandal: Since 2004 Mensalão scandal
2012: 2 February 2012: Brazilian minister Negromonte resigns over 'corruption' - 25. Juli 2012: Unter den Angeklagten im Prozess zum Mensalão-Skandal frühere Parteifunktionäre, Abgeordnete, Unternehmer sowie der Kabinettschef des damaligen Präsidenten Lula da Silva - 3 August: Brazil's highest-profile corruption scandal trial has begun with dozens of former officials facing vote-buying charges - 30. August 2012: Erste Schuldsprüche im Prozess zum Mensalão-Skandal u.a. gegen João Paulo Cunha - 2. Oktober 2012: Weitere zwölf Politiker aus der Regierungszeit des früheren Präsidenten Lula da Silva der Bestechlichkeit schuldig gesprochen - 4 October: Brazil Mensalao trial - Lula aide 'led corruption scheme' - 10 October: Three aides of former president Lula convicted of fraud in relation to a vote-buying scheme in Congress - 25 November: President Dilma Rousseff has dismissed a number of senior officials accused of involvement in the latest corruption scandal to hit the government - 4 December: Dozens of Rio policemen held over drug lords' bribes
2015: 7 March 2015: Politicians face investigation in Brazil's biggest ever corruption scandal after court approved inquiry over kickbacks from the state-owned oil company Petrobras - 28 March: Dozens of Brazilian firms, including industrial companies and banks, are under investigation amid allegations they paid US$5.9 bln in bribes to tax officials, police says - 16 April: Brazil Workers' Party treasurer arrested in Petrobras corruption investigation - 6 August 2015: Two former executives of Brazilian construction giant OAS Pinheiro and Medeiros sentenced to 16 years in jail for corruption, money laundering and conspiracy to commit crimes - 18 August 2015: Nestor Cervero, former international chief of state-run oil firm Petrobras, sentenced to just over 12 years in prison for corruption and money laundering related to a bribe allegedly paid to the speaker of Brazil’s lower house of congress - 26 November 2015: As part of Petrobras corruption scandal and investigation, Brazilian police arrest the ruling party’s leader in the senate Amaral, who runs the senate’s economic affairs committee, and the head of Latin America’s biggest independent investment bank Esteves
2016: 4 March 2016: Brazilian police detain former president Lula in Petrobas corruption inquiry - 4 April 2016: Politicians from seven parties in Brazil were named as clients of Panama-based Mossack Fonseca law firm at the center of 'Panama Papers' massive data leak over possible tax evasion and white-collar crimes, but no politicians from Rousseff's Workers' Party were mentioned in the leaks, although it included at least 57 people or companies that had already been under investigation in Brazil for alleged involvement in the far-reaching graft scheme at state-run oil firm Petrobas - 26 août 2016: L'ancien président Lula, qui trempe dans des affaires de corruption et de blanchiment d'argent, a été officiellement inculpé - 21 September 2016: Brazil's ex-president Lula to stand trial for corruption in bribery scandal
2017: 30 janvier 2017: L'ex-homme le plus riche du Brésil Eike Batista, considéré comme fugitif, recherché dans le cadre du scandale de corruption Petrobras, affirme qu'il va se livrer à la justice - 11 February 2017: Brazil’s corruption scandal spreads across South America, as the workings of a secret 'bribery department' at the Brazilian construction conglomerate Odebrecht that suborned government officials around the world for years are being exposed by investigators - 17 février 2017: Les procureurs généraux de 11 pays se sont engagés jeudi à créer des équipes de travail communes pour coordonner leurs enquêtes sur le scandale de corruption d'Odebrecht, le groupe de BTP brésilien - 12 avril 2017: La Cour suprême du Brésil a donné son feu vert aux enquêtes pour corruption visant entre autres neuf ministres du gouvernement Temer - 23 May 2017: Tadeu Filippelli, a former vice-governor of the capital, cabinet adviser and close aide of president Temer in World Cup scheme, was among three senior politicians detained in Brazil’s latest corruption scandal - 21 June 2017: Brazil’s federal police has said that investigators have found evidence the president Temer received bribes to help businesses - 12 July 2017: Brazil's ex-president Lula sentenced to nearly 10 years in prison after being found guilty on corruption and money-laundering charges, linked to oil giant Petrobras scandal
Sport and corruption in Brazil:
2014 World Cup in Brazil and international FIFA corruption crisis: 2014 World Cup in Brazil and international FIFA corruption crisis -
Drugs and illegal drug trade in Brazil: Drugs in Brazil - Illegal drug trade in Brazil
Organized crime in Brazil: Organized crime in Brazil
Human trafficking in Brazil: Human trafficking in Brazil
International child abduction in Brazil: International child abduction in Brazil
Domestic violence in Brazil: Domestic violence in Brazil
Violence against women in Brazil: Violence against women in Brazil
Man-made disasters in Brazil: Man-made disasters in Brazil - Disasters in Brazil
January 2012 collapse of Rio de Janeiro buildings: 25 January 2012 collapse of Rio de Janeiro buildings
November 2015 Bento Rodrigues dam disaster: 5 November 2015 Bento Rodrigues dam disaster
Illegal mining and environmental impact of mining in Brazil: Environmental impact of mining in Brazil
Arson in Brazil and fires in the rainforest: Arson in Brazil
Judiciary of Brazil: Judiciary of Brazil
Courts system in Brazil: Courts system in Brazil
Prisons in Brazil: Prisons in Brazil
Treaties of Brazil: Treaties of Brazil
Brazilian participation in international organizations: Brazilian participation in international organizations
Brazil/United Nations relations: Brazil and the United Nations
Since 1986 South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone: South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone since 1986
Bilateral relations of Brazil: Bilateral relations of Brazil
Brazil/Argentina relations: Brazil/Argentina relations
Brazil/Australia relations: Brazil/Australia relations
Brazil/Chile relations: Brazil/Chile relations
Brazil/China relations: Brazil/China relations
Brazil/Ecuador relations: Brazil/Ecuador relations
Brazil/Equatorial Guinea relations: Relações entre Brasil e Guiné Equatorial
Brazil/European Union relations: Brazil/European Union relations
Brazil/France relations: Brazil/France relations
Brazil-France economic relations: France-Brazil economic relations
Brazil/Germany relations: Brazil/Germany relations
Brazil/Guyana relations: Brazil/Guyana relations:
Brazil/Israel relations: Brazil/Israel relations
Since 16th century history of the Jews in Brazil: Since 16th century history of the Jews in Brazil
1939-1945 Brazilian support for the Jewish people: 1939-1945 Brazilian support for the Jewish people during World War II
1978 Israeli extradition request for war criminal Wagner rejected: Late 1930s—1945 Austrian member of the SS Gustav Franz Wagner, a starter deputy commander of the Sobibór extermination camp in German-occupied Poland, where more than 200,000 Jews were gassed during Operation Reinhard, known as 'The Beast' due to his brutality, sentenced to death in absentia after the war, but escaped with Franz Stangl to Brazil where he lived undisturbed until he was exposed by Simon Wiesenthal and arrested on 30 May 1978, but extradition requests from Israel, Austria, and Poland were rejected by Brazil's Attorney General Henrique Fonseca de Araújo, father of the current Brazilian chancellor Ernesto Araújo who was appointed by President Jair Bolsonaro in January 2019, the BBC interviewed Wagner in 1979
October 2013 Israel to join Brazilian Jews’ aid program in Africa: 26 October 2013: Israel to join Brazilian Jews’ aid program in Africa
Brazil-Israel economic relations: Brazil-Israel economic relations
Brazil/Lebanon relations: Brazil/Lebanon relations
Brazil/Mozambique relations: Brazil/Mozambique relations
Trade and investment relations: Mozambique/Brazil trade and investment relations
Brazil/Paraguay relations: Brazil/Paraguay relations
Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin: Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin
Brazil/Poland relations: Brazil/Poland relations
1978 Poland's extradition request for war criminal Wagner rejected: Late 1930s—1945 Austrian member of the SS Gustav Franz Wagner, a starter deputy commander of the Sobibór extermination camp in German-occupied Poland, where more than 200,000 Jews were gassed during Operation Reinhard, known as 'The Beast' due to his brutality, sentenced to death in absentia after the war, but escaped with Franz Stangl to Brazil where he lived undisturbed until he was exposed by Simon Wiesenthal and arrested on 30 May 1978, but extradition requests from Israel, Austria, and Poland were rejected by Brazil's Attorney General Henrique Fonseca de Araújo, father of the current Brazilian chancellor Ernesto Araújo who was appointed by President Jair Bolsonaro in January 2019, the BBC interviewed Wagner in 1979
1815-1825 'United Kingdom' of Portugal and Brazil: 1815-1825 United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
Brazil/South Africa relations: Brazil/South Africa relations
Brazil/Spain relations: Brazil/Spain relations
Brazil/Switzerland relations: Brazil/Switzerland relations
2014 World Cup in Brazil and international FIFA corruption crisis: 2014 World Cup in Brazil and international FIFA corruption crisis -
Brazil/Turkey relations: Brazil/Turkey relations
Brazil/Ukraine relations: Brazil/Ukraine relations
History of Brazil-Ukraine relations: Brazil-Ukraine relations
Brazil/United Kingdom relations: Brazil/United Kingdom relations
Brazil/USA relations: Brazil/USA relations
2013: 10 April 2013: Brazil's Dilma Rousseff tells Barack Obama of currency worries - 11 July 2013: Angry Latin America wants answers on allegations of US spying - 16 July: Brazil calls USA explanation of its alleged spying 'insufficient' - 7 August: Brazil-based Guardian reporter Glenn Greenwald said that he had received more than 15,000 secret USA government documents from intelligence leaker Edward Snowden - 2 September: Brazil summons USA ambassador over spying allegations - 3 September: The Brazilian government condemned USA spy program that reportedly targeted the nation's leader, labeled it an unacceptable invasion of sovereignty - 6 September: President Obama has promised his Brazilian and Mexican counterparts that the US would cooperate with their governments to address concerns over alleged USA spying - 17/18 September 2013: Brazilian president postpones Washington visit over NSA spying - 24 September: Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff speaking at the UN general assembly accused the NSA of violating international law by its indiscriminate collection of personal information of Brazilian citizens and economic espionage - 7 November: Brazil and Germany call for UN action on spying amid a backlash against USA spying on its allies - 13 novembre: L’offensive anti-NSA du Brésil - 18 December: Brazil reportedly will not grant Edward Snowden asylum
November 2015 Bento Rodrigues dam disaster: 5 November 2015 Bento Rodrigues dam disaster, when an iron ore tailings dam in Bento Rodrigues, a property of joint-venture Samarco between Vale S.A. and BHP Billiton, suffered a catastrophic failure, causing flooding and several deaths - 4 novembre 2017: 2 ans après la tragédie minière, rien n'a changé - 1 March 2018: Six months before the dam containing millions of litres of mining waste collapsed, killing 19 people in Brazil’s worst environmental disaster, the joint venture between the Brazilian Vale and the Anglo-Australian BHP Billiton operating the mine accurately predicted the potential impact of such a disaster in a worst-case risk assessment, but failed to take actions that they say could have prevented the disaster, as prosecutors say the company focused on cutting costs and increasing production
August 2019 fires in the Amazon: 21 August 2019: Trying to deflect growing international criticism of his failure to protect the world’s biggest rainforest, following a surge of fires in several Amazonian states this month amid reports that farmers were feeling emboldened to clear land for crop fields and cattle ranches because the new Brazilian government was keen to open up the region to economic activity, president Bolsonaro has accused environmental groups of setting fires in the Amazon providing no evidence - 22 August 2019: Large swathes of the Amazon rainforest are burning - 23 August 2019: International pressure may be the only way to stop the Brazilian government from taking a 'suicide' path in the Amazon, one of the country’s most respected scientists has said, as the world’s biggest rainforest continues to be ravaged by thousands of deliberate fires - 23 août 2019: Cri d'alarme des scientifiques, de pompiers ou encore de Brésiliens qui subissent terrifiés l'avancée du feu en Amazonie, en disant 'des animaux brûlent vifs dans la jungle' - 25 août 2019: Les incendies se multiplient en Amazonie
Natural disasters in Brazil: Natural disasters in Brazil
Cyclones and storms in Brazil: Cyclones and storms in Brazil
March 2004 Cyclone Catarina: March 2004 Cyclone Catarina
January 2020 Subtropical Storm Kurumí, October 2020 Subtropical Storm Mani: January 2020 Subtropical Storm Kurumí, October 2020 Subtropical Storm Mani
Floods and landslides in Brazil: Floods in Brazil - Landslides in Brazil
Droughts in Brazil:
Wildfires and man-made disasters in Brazil: Wildfires in Brazil
Since January 2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires: Since January 2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires
September 2020 Amazon 'condemned to destruction' amid fires: 2 September 2020: Amazon 'condemned to destruction' as fires proliferate across Brazil


Canada - Settlement of the Americas - Aboriginal peoples in Canada - Former colonies and territories in Canada - History of Canada
Uranium mining in Canada: Uranium mining in Canada
Energy and energy policy of Canada: Energy and energy policy of Canada
Nuclear industry in Canada: Nuclear industry in Canada
Since 2013 Trans Mountain Pipeline System Expansion Project: Since 2013 Trans Mountain Pipeline System Expansion Project
Renewable energy in Canada: Renewable energy in Canada
Forestry in Canada: Forestry in Canada - Forests of Canada
Fishing and fishing industry in Canada: Fishing and fishing industry in Canada
Aquaculture in Canada: Aquaculture in Canada
Water in Canada: Water in Canada
Transport in Canada: Transportation in Canada
Banking in Canada: Banking in Canada
List of banks and credit unions in Canada: List of banks and credit unions in Canada
Since 1990s economic and GDP history: Economic history in recent years in GDP history
Since 2008 effects of the 2008–2010 automotive industry crisis on Canada: Effects of the 2008–2010 automotive industry crisis on Canada
Labour in Canada: Labour in Canada - Labour relations in Canada - Trade unions in Canada - Timeline of labour issues and events in Canada
Minimum wage in Canada: Minimum wage in Canada
Poverty in Canada: Poverty in Canada - Homelessness in Canada - Out of the Cold
Unemployment in Canada: Unemployment in Canada
2 May 2011 Canadian federal election: Canadian federal election 2 May 2011
Social movements and protests in Canada: Protests in Canada
January/February 2017: 21 January 2017 Women's March in cities around the world, including Balfour, Bowen Island, Calgary, Castlegar, Charlottetown, Courtenay, Edmonton, Fredericton, Gabriola Island, Grand Forks, Halifax, Hamilton, Kamloops, Kelowna, Kimberly, Kingston, Kootenay Bay, Lethbridge, London, Montréal, Nanaimo, North West River, Orangedale, Ottawa, Prince George, Revelstoke, Roberts Creek, St. Catharines, Saint John, Salmon Arm, Salt Spring Island, Saskatoon, St. John's, Sutton, Sydney, Tofino, Toronto, Victoria, Winnipeg, and Yellowknife, to promote women's rights and to address racial inequities, workers' issues, and environmental issues - 31 January 2017: Canadians across the country hold vigils for Quebec mosque shooting victims - 3 February 2017: Hundreds across Canada, many of them belonging to local synagogues, churches and temples, gathered around mosques to form protective barriers, described as 'human shields' and 'rings of peace', as Muslims in the country marked their first Friday prayers since a gunman shot dead six men who were praying at a Quebec mosque
Canadian society, demographics, culture and human rights: Canadian society - Canadian society by province or territory - Social history of Canada
Economy of British Columbia: Economy of British Columbia, with service-producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the province's GDP. The province is the terminus of two transcontinental railways, and the site of 27 major marine cargo and passenger terminals. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 square kilometres land is arable, the province is agriculturally rich (particularly in the Fraser and Okanagan valleys), because of milder weather near the coast and in certain sheltered southern valleys, as its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the province's largest city, serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies. In 2017, British Columbia had the fourth-largest GDP in Canada, with a GDP of CA$282 billion and a GDP per capita of $57,335.
Politics of British Columbia and history: Politics of British Columbia and history
Since 23 November 2020 42nd Parliament of British Columbia: Since 23 November 2020 42nd Parliament of British Columbia
Timeline of Vancouver history listed by 'Wikipedia', since 18th century: Timeline of Vancouver history listed by 'Wikipedia', since 18th century
November 2021 British Columbia floods: November 2021 British Columbia and Washington floods, a series of floods that affected parts of British Columbia iin Canada and neighboring USA's Washington State, caused by an atmospheric river which brought heavy rain - 17 November 2021: Canada’s largest port was cut off by flood waters, as emergency crews in British Columbia, as at least one person has been killed and several more are feared dead after a huge storm hit the Pacific north-west, destroying highways and leaving tens of thousands of people in Canada and the USA without power - 17 November 2021: Canada floods cut rail link to Vancouver port, after it was earlier cut off by flood waters, destroying highways - 17 November 2021: BC alert system criticized for ‘sitting silent’ as heavy rainfall hits western seaboard of Canada and USA, 'The Guardian' reports live
19th century - present modern history and timeline of Victoria city: Since 19th century - present modern history and timeline of Victoria city
History and timeline of Ontario province: History of Ontario
June 2014 Ontario general election: 12 June 2014 Ontario general election
June 2018 Ontario general election: 7 June 2018 Ontario general election
October 2018 Ontario municipal elections: 22 October 2018 Ontario municipal elections
Environment of Ontario: Environment of Ontario - Energy in Ontario
Economy of Toronto: Economy of Toronto
Since 1450/1610 timeline of Toronto: Timeline of Toronto history since 1450/1610
October 2018 Toronto municipal and mayoral election: 22 October 2018 Toronto municipal election - 22 October 2018 Toronto mayoral election
Crime in Toronto: Crime in Toronto
Rail transport in Windsor city, Ontario province, and in Canada: Rail transport in Windsor city - Rail transport in Ontario - Rail transport in Canada
Water transport in Ontario: Water transport in Ontario
Environment of Ontario: Environment of Ontario - Energy in Ontario
20th, 21st century timeline and history of Windsor city: 20th, 21st century timeline and history of Windsor city
April 2014 Quebec general election: 7 April 2014 Quebec general election
October 2018 Quebec general election: 1 October 2018 Quebec general election
Timeline of Quebec history since 16th century: Timeline of Quebec history since 16th century
20th century timeline of Quebec history: 20th century timeline of Quebec history
Since 1982 timeline of Quebec history: Since 1982 timeline of Quebec history
Disasters in Quebec: Disasters in Quebec
Education in Montreal: Education in Montreal
Politics and list of mayors of Montreal: Politics and list of mayors of Montreal
Timeline of Montreal history: Timeline of Montreal history
Pre-European period of Montreal region: Pre-European period of Montreal region, as the area known today as Montreal had been inhabited by Algonquin, Huron, and Iroquois for some 2,000 years, while the oldest known artifact found in Montreal proper is about 2,000 years old, as in the earliest oral history, the Algonquin migrated from the Atlantic coast, arriving together with other Anicinàpek, at the 'First Stopping Place' (Montréal), founding a 'turtle-shaped island' marked by miigis (cowrie) shells, as the Iroquois, or Haudenosaunee, were centred, from at least 1000 CE, in northern New York, and their influence extended into what is now southern Ontario and the Montreal area of modern Quebec, as in 1142 the Iroquois Confederacy - according to oral tradition - is said to have been formed in 1142 CE, as in the modern Iroquois language, Montréal is called Tiohtià, and as the St. Lawrence Iroquoians established the village of Hochelaga at the foot of Mount Roya
21st century timeline of Montreal: 21st century timeline of Montreal
Demographics, ethnic origins of people and immigration to Canada: Demographics of Canada - History of immigration to Canada - Immigration to Canada
History of Black people in Canada: History of Black people in Canada
Since 1988 Canadian Multiculturalism Act: Canadian Multiculturalism Act since 1988
Canadian culture by province or territory: Canadian culture by province or territory
Language demographics of Quebec: Language demographics of Quebec
List of endangered languages in Canada: List of endangered languages in Canada
Indigenous child displacement in Canada: Indigenous child displacement in Canada
Violence against Indigenous women in Canada: Violence against Indigenous women in Canada
Natural scientific research in Canada: Natural scientific research in Canada
Lists of museums in Canada: List of museums in Canada
Medical outbreaks and health disasters in Canada: Medical outbreaks in Canada - Health disasters in Canada
2002–2004 SARS outbreak among healthcare workers: 2002–2004 SARS outbreak among healthcare workers in Canada
2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak: 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
2009 flu pandemic in Canada: 2009 flu pandemic in Canada
Since January 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Canada: Since January 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Canada
Since January 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Ontario: Since January 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Ontario
Health, healthccare and hospitals in Quebec: List of hospitals in Quebec City
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Quebec: Since February 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Quebec
Medical and health organizations based in Canada: Medical and health organizations based in Canada
Internet in Canada: Internet in Canada
Freedom of speech in Canada: Freedom of speech in Canada - Censorship in Canada
Crime in Canada: Crime in Canada
Racism in Canada: Racism in Canada
Anti-Indigenous racism in Canada: Anti-Indigenous racism in Canada
Slavery of Aboriginals in Canada and Black Canadians: Slavery of Aboriginals in Canada and Black Canadians
Violence against Indigenous people in Canada: Violence against Indigenous people in Canada
Violence against Indigenous women in Canada: Violence against Indigenous women in Canada
Indigenous child displacement in Canada: Indigenous child displacement in Canada
Anti-black racism in Canada: Anti-black racism in Canada
Anti-Asian sentiment in Canada: Anti-Asian sentiment in Canada
2017 Quebec City mosque shooting: January 2017 Quebec City mosque shooting
Murder in Canada: Murder in Canada
January 2017 Quebec City mosque shooting: 29 January 2017 Quebec City mosque shooting - 30 January 2017: Canadian PM Trudeau condemns Quebec City shooting that saw gunmen open fire at a mosque, killing at least six people, saying that 'we condemn this terrorist attack on Muslims in a center of worship and refuge' - 31 January 2017: Amid pressure from the Canadian PM Trudeau, Fox News has apologized for a tweet that inaccurately identified the French Canadian suspect in Sunday night's Quebec mosque terror attack as a man of Moroccan origin - 31 January 2017: Quebec City mosque attack suspect known in the city’s activist circles as an online troll who was inspired by extreme right-wing French nationalists, stood up for USA President Donald Trump and was against immigration to Quebec, especially by Muslims
Corruption in Canada: Corruption in Canada
Human trafficking in Canada: Human trafficking in Canada
Catholic sexual abuse cases in Canada: Catholic sexual abuse cases in Canada
2018 decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada: 2018 decisions (reasons) of the Supreme Court of Canada
Law enforcement in Canada: Law enforcement in Canada
Law enforcement agencies in Canada: List of law enforcement agencies in Canada
Foreign relations of Canada: Foreign relations of Canada
Treaties of Canada: Treaties of Canada
18 June 2020 Canada’s failed UN security council bid exposes Trudeau’s 'dilettante' foreign policy: 18 June 2020: Canada’s failed UN security council bid exposes Trudeau’s 'dilettante' foreign policy
Bilateral relations of Canada: Bilateral relations of Canada
Canada/Afghanistan relations: Canada/Afghanistan relations
Canada/Africa relations: Canada/Africa relations
Canada/P.R. of China relations: Canada/P.R. of China relations
Canada/Burma (Myanmar) relations: Canada/Burma (Myanmar) relations
18 February 2021 Canada imposes sanctions on Myanmar military officials in response to coup d’état: 18 February 2021: Canada imposes sanctions on Myanmar military officials in response to coup d’état
7 March 2021 consulting firm, Dickens and Madson Canada hired by Myanmar’s generals: 7 March 2021: Myanmar military hires PR agent to explain 'real situation' to west, as Ari Ben-Menashe, a Tehran-born, Israeli-Canadian lobbyist, former arms dealer, and former Israeli spy says generals have been ‘misunderstood’ as police continue to fire on protesters, also saying his political consulting firm, Dickens and Madson Canada, had been hired by Myanmar’s generals, claiming he is being paid 'a big amount' and will receive a bonus if military sanctions against Myanmar military leaders are lifted - 7 March 2021: Tens of thousands turn out for Sunday protests despite overnight raids, as demonstrations held in more than half a dozen cities after soldiers and police moved in on several districts in Yangon
Canada/El Salvador relations: Canada/El Salvador relations
Canada/Eritrea relations: Canada/Eritrea relations
Canada/European Union relations: Canada/European Union relations
Canada/France relations: Canada/France relations
Canada/Germany relations: Canada/Germany relations
Canada/Greece relations: Canada/Greece relations
Canada/Honduras relations: Canada/Honduras relations
Canada/India relations: Canada/India relations
Canada/Iran relations: Canada/Iran relations
Canada/Israel relations: Canada/Israel relations
Canada/Jamaica relations: Canada/Jamaica relations
Canadian mining in Latin America and the Caribbean: Canadian mining in Latin America and the Caribbean
Canada/Mali relations: Canada/Mali relations
Canada/Mexico relations: Canada/Mexico relations
Canada/Pakistan relations: Canada/Pakistan relations
Canada/Philippines relations: Canada/Philippines relations
Canada/Romania relations: Canada/Romania relations
Canada/Romania trade relations: Canada/Romania trade relations
Canada/Russia relations: Canada/Russia relations - Uranium One
2014/2015: 17 September 2014: Canada announces more sanctions against Russia for military aggression in Ukraine - 10 February 2015: After meeting with Germany’s chancellor Angela Merkel Canada's PM Stephen Harper says Russia's Putin should halt fighting in Ukraine by Russian-backed militants and that he won’t rule out sending lethal weapons for Ukraine - 18 February 2015: Canada hits Russian regime with more sanctions over Ukraine - 12 May 2015: Canada calls on Russia to leave occupied territory of Ukraine - 13 May 2015: Canadian FM Rob Nicholson says Russian regime has proved it cannot be trusted - 4 June 2015: Canada's PM Stephen Harper says Russia can't rejoin G-7 with Putin in power - 17 November 2015: Canadian PM Trudeau slams Russian regime for invading Ukraine, saying 'that Russia's interference in Ukraine must cease'
Canada/Saudi-Arabia relations: Canada/Saudi-Arabia relations
Canada/Switzerland relations: Canada/Switzerland relations
Canada/Syria relations: Canada/Syria relations
Canada/Tanzania relations: Canada/Tanzania relations
Canada/Ukraine relations: Canada/Ukraine relations
Canada/United Kingdom relations: Canada/United Kingdom relations
Since 18th century Canadian territories in the British Empire: Since 18th century Canadian territories in the British Empire
Canada/Vatican relations: Canada/Vatican relations
Environmental issues in Canada: Environmental issues in Canada - Pollution in Canada - Air pollution in Canada - Canada and the Kyoto Protocol - Great Bear Rainforest
Forests and wildlife of Canada: Forests of Canada - Wildlife of Canada
Waste and waste management in Canada: Waste in Canada - Waste management in Canada
Disasters in Canada: Disasters in Canada
Disasters in Quebec: Disasters in Quebec
July 2013 runaway oil train's explosive derailment in Quebec: 6 July 2013 Lac-Mégantic rail disaster and environmental and polical impact
Natural disasters in Canada: Natural disasters in Canada
Heat waves in Canada: Heat waves in Canada
Wildfires in Canada: Wildfires in Canada
18 August 2023 evacuation of the northern Canadian city of Yellowknife continuing as wildfires bear down: 18 August 2023: The evacuation of the northern Canadian city of Yellowknife is continuing as wildfires bear down, the 'BBC' reports with live updates
Storms and hurricanes in Canada: Hurricanes in Canada -
October 2016 Typhoon Songda: October 2016 Typhoon Songda
September 2019 hurricane Dorian: September 2019 hurricane Dorian
Floods in Canada: Floods in Canada
21st century floods with quantity and force of flooding events increasing in Canada: 21st century floods in Canada with quantity and force of flooding events increasing
Blizzards and cold waves in Canada: Blizzards in Canada
January 2014 North American polar vortex: January 2014 North American polar vortex


Chile - Geography of Chile - Geology of Chile - Indigenous peoples in Chile - European conquest and colonization 1540–1810 - History of Chile - Demographics of Chile
2013: 27 July 2013: Human rights lawyer Eduardo Contreras wants charges brought against the father of the centre-right presidential candidate Evelyn Matthei for the murder of the father of centre-left candidate Michelle Bachelet, whose father General Bachelet was tortured to death in 1974 in a military facility directed by the father of candidate Evelyn Matthei General Matthei - 5 September 2013: Chile's judges made an unprecedented apology to victims of state abuse during the regime of dictator Pinochet - 9 septembre: Manifestations pour l'anniversaire du coup d'État de 1973 - 10 septembre 2013: Quarante ans après le coup d'État qui a renversé et tué Salvador Allende, le Chili reste divisé sur la dictature de Pinochet en raison de l’impunité - 23 December 2013: A judge has found eight former members of the military guilty of murdering political opponents during the rule of Pinochet
2015: 4 March 2015: Chile’s top prosecutor has filed tax fraud, money laundering and bribery charges against senior former officials and financiers of a political party created to perpetuate the economic legacy of dictator Augusto Pinochet - 23 July 2015: A Chilean judge has ordered the arrest of seven army officers for questioning over an attack on two democracy activists who were doused with petrol by soldiers and set on fire in 1986 - 14 August 2015: Former Pinochet general Rurange has died in an apparent suicide days after a court sentenced him to 20 years for planning the murder of Eugenio Berrios to obstruct investigations, whose body was found in 1995 - 2 November 2015: For nearly three decades after Veronica de Negri's 19-year-old son Rodrigo Rojas was burned to death by Chilean soldiers during the Pinochet dictatorship, her hunt for justice had been fruitless but in 2015, since Supreme Court' decisions and among hundreds of cases sent to prosecutors, seven former military officers charged for burning de Negri's son alive while he was photographing a political protest in 1986 - 12 December 2015: Former conscript in the Chilean army Reyes charged with murder after confessing on a live radio phone-in to participating in the deaths of 18 opponents of the late military dictator Augusto Pinochet
Foreign trade of Chile: Foreign trade of Chile
Economic history of Chile since 1914 and economic cycles: Economic history of Chile since 1914 - History of mining in Chile
1968-1969 Great Drought in Chile: Great Drought of 1968–69 in Chile
Military of Chile: Military of Chile
Military history of Chile: Military history of Chile
Trade unions in Chile: Trade unions in Chile
October 2019 state of emergency: 19 October 2019: A state of emergency, that grants the government additional powers to restrict citizens’ freedom of movement and their right to assembly, has been declared in the Chilean capital after simmering protests against a rise in metro fares spilled out into violence fuelled by rising cost-of-living pressures - 20 October 2019: Chilean president Piñera announced that he would reverse public transport fare hikes which had caused widespread protests in the country, saying in a national broadcast that he had listened 'with humility' to 'the voice of my compatriots' and to discontent over the cost of living in one of Latin America’s wealthiest yet most unequal nations, also announcing a working group to address their concerns - 22 octobre 2019: Face à la détermination des manifestants réprimés dans le sang, le président chilien veut dialoguer avec les partis politiques pour tenter de trouver une issue à la violente crise sociale
24 October 2019 UN to investigate human rights abuses: 24 October 2019: UN to investigate claims of human rights abuses after 18 deaths
Since 1st January 2021 contesting parties and coalitions for the Constitutional Convention: Since 1st January 2021 contesting parties and coalitions for the Constitutional Convention
Since August 2021 opinion polling for the 2021 Chilean presidential election: Since August 2021 opinion polling for the 2021 Chilean presidential election
20 December 2021 Boric will oversee an inclusive government to attack poverty and inequality: 20 December 2021: With nearly 97% of the vote counted Gabriel Boric claimed 55.8% to take a 12 percentage point lead, saying 'we are a generation that emerged in public life demanding our rights be respected as rights and not treated like consumer goods or a business', 'we no longer will permit that the poor keep paying the price of Chile’s inequality', after he has vowed that he will oversee a youth-led form of inclusive government to attack nagging poverty and inequality, which he has pinned on the free market economic model that was imposed during the Augusto Pinochet dictatorship since 11 September 1973, ending a civilian rule with Chilean coup d'état supported by the USA - 20 December 2021: In front of citizens in Santiago Gabriel Boric vowed to unite Chile, highlighting the progressive positions of his party's campaign, including a promise to fight the climate crisis
4 September 2022 millions of Chileans voting in a referendum to approve or reject new constitution: 4 September 2022: Millions of Chileans are voting in a referendum to approve or reject a new constitution drafted earlier this year, in what could be a defining moment for the country of 19 million people. The proposed constitution – which took a year to prepare – includes more rights for women, indigenous people, and working-class citizens, after student-led protests in October 2019 broke out over hikes in transportation fares, months of demonstrations expanded to include broader demands for greater social protection and equality in the South American nation. Dozens were killed and thousands were injured in the ensuing state crackdown. One of the key demands to emerge from the protests was to replace the constitution that many deem outdated and illegal as it was passed under the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet between 11 September 1973 and 11 March 1990
Social movements and protests in Chile: Protests in Chile - Student protests in Chile since 2006
2011: 2011 Magallanes protests - 2011-2012 student protests in Chile - 30. Juli 2011: In Chile drängen Streiks und Proteste die Regierung Pinera in die Defensive - 4 August: In Santiago new protests of students calling for reforms - police use tear gas, water and detain 235 students - 10 August: Chile police clash with protesters during student march - 24 August: Violent start of two-day nationwide strike demanding reforms - constitution, labour law, education, tax and pension system - 26 August 2011: Tens of thousands rally on the second day of the general strike - a teenage boy shot on Thursday night - 30 August: 5 police officers dismissed after police admitted that the teenage boy was killed by a police weapon on 25 August - NZZ 31. August: Mehrzahl der Bergarbeiter von Copiapó - die Helden von Chile und damaligen Medienstars - hält sich ein Jahr nach Rettung mit Gelegenheitsjobs über Wasser - 11 September 2011: Chile remembers its 9/11 - thousands march to remember more than 3000 people killed during Pinochet dictatorship - 18 October 2011: Ongoing education protests turn violent
2019–2020 Chilean protests: 2019–2020 Chilean protests
15/16 February 2020 protests amid constitutional debate: 16 février 2020: Manifestations autour de la nouvelle Constitution
2020 Chilean protests since arrival of covid-19 pandemic: 2020 Chilean protests since arrival of covid-19 pandemic
12 September 2020 people arrested in clashes marking 47th anniversary of the coup d'etat against elected Chilean president: 12 September 2020: More than 100 people were arrested after clashes marking the 47th anniversary of the coup d'etat that overthrew the government of Chilean president Salvador Allende
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Chile: Chilean society - Human rights in Chile
Since 1930 Chile's copper era: Since 1930 Chile's copper era
19th century Chilean silver rush: 19th century Chilean silver rush
Provinces and communes of Valparaíso Region: Provinces and communes of Valparaíso Region
Economy of Valparaíso city: Economy of Valparaíso city
Economy of Santiago Metropolitan Region: Economy of Santiago Metropolitan Region
Demographics of Santiago in the 21st century: Demographics of Santiago in the 21st century
Media and internet in Santiago/Chile: Media in Santiago - Internet en Chile - Internet in Chile
Timeline of Santiago de Chile: Timeline of Santiago de Chile
Since 1813 Biblioteca Nacional and newly formed Republic of Chile: Since 1813 Biblioteca Nacional, together with the Instituto Nacional and a small number of institutions, one of the first institutions created by the newly formed Republic of Chile in the Patria Vieja period. In the newspaper El Monitor Araucano, a Proclama de Fundación ("Proclamation of Foundation") of the Biblioteca Nacional was published on August 19, 1813. With this vision, a call was made to all the citizens to submit their books for the formation of one great public library. As with other republican institutions, the library was closed after the Disaster of Rancagua, in which the national troops were defeated by the army of the realistas. With the victorious Battle of Chacabuco, it was reopened and supported by the government
Timeline of Santiago in the 21st century: History and timeline of Santiago in the 21st century
Demographics of Concepción city: Demographics of Concepción city
Education of Concepción city: Education of Concepción city
Economy of Concepción city: Economy of Concepción city
Araucanía Region and Mapuche conflict: Araucanía Region, comprising the two provinces Malleco in the north and Cautín in the south, as Chile did not incorporate the lands of the Araucanía Region until the 1880s, when it occupied the area to end resistance by the indigenous Mapuche by both military and political means, opening up the area for Chilean and European immigration and settlement and becoming one of the principal agricultural districts of Chile, as in the 21st century, Araucanía is Chile's poorest region in terms of GDP per capita, as about a third of the region's population is ethnic Mapuche, the highest proportion of any Chilean region, and therefore the main location of the confrontations of the ongoing Mapuche conflict, after the Mapuche have pressed their land claims against the central government, and as region's capital and largest city is Temuco (other important cities include Angol and Villarrica) - Mapuche, group of indigenous inhabitants of present-day south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, and with significant populations in Chile with 1,745,147 people in 2017, and in Argentina with 205,009 people in 2010
Since 12,000 B.P.–1543 history of Valdivia: History of Valdivia since Prehispanic times 12,000 B.P.–1543
Demographics and ethnic groups in Chile: Demographics of Chile - Ethnic groups in Chile
Indigenous peoples in Chile: Indigenous peoples in Chile - Languages of Chile
September 2020 Chile’s Indigenous group Mapuche sees opportunity in a new constitution: September 2020: Chile’s Indigenous group Mapuche sees opportunity in a new constitution
Culture and languages of Chile: Culture of Chile- Languages of Chile
Schools in Chile: Schools in Chile
Universities in Chile: Universities in Chile
Science, technology and astronomy in Chile: Science and technology in Chile - Astronomy in Chile
Libraries and museums in Chile: Libraries in Chile - Museums in Chile
Health in Chile: Health in Chile
Health disasters and disease outbreaks in Chile: Health disasters and disease outbreaks in Chile
Timeline of covid-19 pandemic in Chile: Timeline of covid-19 pandemic in Chile
Water supply and sanitation in Chile: Water supply and sanitation in Chile
Censorship in Chile: Censorship in Chile
Newspapers in Chile: List of newspapers in Chile
Broadcasting in Chile: Broadcasting in Chile
Internet in Chile: Internet in Chile
Crime in Chile: Crime in Chile
List of Chilean coups d'état: List of Chilean coups d'état
Corruption in Chile: Corruption in Chile
Domestic violence in Chile: Domestic violence in Chile
Legal history since 1811/1822 and constitutions of Chile: Legal history of Chile - Constitutions of Chile - Since 1811 history of the Constitution of Chile - Chilean law by year since 1822 - 25 October 2020 Chilean national plebiscite, scheduled to determine whether a new constitution will be drafted, and whether it will be drafted by a constitutional convention, made up by members elected directly for this convention, or a mixed constitutional convention, made up in halves by currently-sitting members of Parliament and directly elected citizens, as a second vote, which will be held alongside municipal and gubernatorial elections on 11 April 2021, would elect the members of the constitutional convention, and a third vote, which is expected to occur in 2022, would accept or reject the new constitution after it is drafted
Judiciary of Chile: Judiciary of Chile
Foreign relations of Chile: Foreign relations of Chile
Chile/Australia relations: Chile/Australia relations
Chile/Bolivia relations: Chile/Bolivia relations
Chile/Brazil relations: Chile/Brazil relations
Chile/Germany relations: Chile/Germany relations
Chile/Haiti relations: Chile/Haiti relations
Chile/New Zealand relations: Chile/New Zealand relations
New Zealand people of Chilean descent: New Zealand people of Chilean descent
Chile/Israel relations: Chile/Israeö relations
17 September 2022 Chile postponed meeting with Israeli envoy following IDF killing of Palestinian boy: 17 September 2022: Chilean President Boric postponed meeting with Israeli envoy following Israeli army killing of Palestinian boy on the same day
Chile/USA relations: Chile/USA relations
Chile/Vatican relations: Chile/Vatican relations
Chile/Venezuela relations: Chile/Venezuela relations
Climate of Chile: Climate of Chile
Climate change in Chile: Climate change in Chile
Environmental issues in Chile: Environmental issues in Chile include deforestation, water scarcity, pollution, soil erosion, climate change, and biodiversity loss, especially in its industry-heavy 'sacrifice zones'. The country of Chile is a virtual continental island that spans over 4,200 kilometers. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west, the Andes Mountains on the east, and the Atacama Desert in the north, and is home to several important Eco-regions, such as the Chilean Winter Rainfall-Valdivian Forests, a biodiversity hot-spot that harbors richly endemic flora and fauna, and the Tropical Andes, which stretches into northern Chile. The country has a wide variety of climates due to its large size and extreme geographical features including glaciers, volcanoes, rain forests, and deserts. Chile faces many environmental issues that impact both its people and economy.
Natural disasters in Chile: Natural disasters in Chile
Weather events in Chile: Weather events in Chile
Floods in Chile:
Landslides in Chile: Landslides in Chile
Drought in Chile: Drought in Chile
Since 2010 Chilean water crisis: Since 2010 Chilean water crisis
Wildfires in Chile: Wildfires in Chile
2010: 2010 Chile earthquake - April 2014 Iquique earthquake - 2 April 2014: At least 5 people dead as magnitude-8.2 earthquake hits northern Chile, setting off a small tsunami that forced evacuations along the country's Pacific coast - 3 April: 7.8-magnitude aftershock shakes Chile's north coast, new evacuations
Tsunamis in Chile: Tsunamis in Chile


Colombia - Geography of Colombia - Indigenous peoples in Colombia - Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations - Immigration to Colombia - History of Colombia - Demographics of Colombia
Mining and energy in Colombia: Mining and energy in Colombia
Mineral industry of Colombia: Mineral industry of Colombia
Energy in Colombia: Energy in Colombia
Fossil fuels in Colombia: Fossil fuels in Colombia
Oil fields of Colombia: Oil fields of Colombia
Renewable energy in Colombia: Renewable energy in Colombia
Hydroelectric power in Colombia: Hydroelectric power in Colombia
Foreign investment in Colombia: Foreign investment in Colombia
Coffee production in Colombia: Coffee production in Colombia
Coca production in Colombia: Coca production in Colombia
Transport in Colombia: Transport in Colombia
Rail transport in Colombia: Rail transport in Colombia
Water transport in Colombia: Water transport in Colombia
Ports and harbours of Colombia: Ports and harbours of Colombia
Foreign trade of Colombia: Foreign trade of Colombia
Economic history of Colombia and economic cycles: Economic history of Colombia
1999-present economic history of Colombia: 1999-present economic history of Colombia
Poverty and social class in Colombia: Poverty in Colombia - Social class in Colombia
Taxation in Colombia: Taxation in Colombia
Political parties and trade unions in Colombia: List of political parties in Colombia - Trade unions in Colombia
October 2015 Colombian regional and municipal elections: 25 October 2015 Colombian regional and municipal elections
18 January 2022 Colombia's Ingrid Betancourt announces presidential run in May: 18 January 2022: Colombian politician Ingrid Betancourt - who was held as a hostage for six years by the Farc guerrilla group - says she will be running for her country’s presidency two decades after her kidnapping by the Farc group, in 2002 campaigning for the country’s top office for the Green Oxygen Party, a movement she founded while she was a congresswoman, now in 2022 saying 'today I am here to finish off what I started with many of you in 2002', announced her candidacy with the statement 'I am here to claim the rights of 51 million Colombians who are not finding justice, because we live in a system designed to reward criminals'. Betancourt will be once again running as a candidate for the 'Green Oxygen party', which is now part of a coalition of centrist political movements that will hold a primary in March.
19 June 2022 Colombian presidential election second round: 19 June 2022 Colombian presidential election second round
Protests in Colombia: Protests in Colombia
14 August 2021 Colombia’s protesters accuse authorities of using arrests, prosecutions to weaken the push for change: 14 August 2021: Colombia’s Primera Linea protesters accuse authorities of using arrests, prosecutions to weaken the push for change
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Colombia: Colombian society - Social class in Colombia
Human rights in Colombia: Human rights in Colombia
List of cities in Colombia: List of cities in Colombia
Bogotá in the 21st century: Bogotá in the 21st century
Espinal city in Tolima department: Espinal city located in the Department of Tolima, 146 km southwest from Bogotá, with a population of nearly 60,000 people. It is the second most important city of the department and is the rice capital in the center of the country. It is flanked by the Magdalena and Coello rivers. El Espinal is known for the manufacture of typical musical instruments and its cuisine of typical dishes of the region. - Tolima department, one of the 32 departments of Colombia, located in the Andean region in the center-west of the country. It is bordered on the north and the west by the department of Caldas, on the east by the department of Cundinamarca, on the south by the department of Huila, and on the west by the departments of Cauca, Valle del Cauca, Quindío and Risaralda.
Timeline of Medellin: History and timeline of Medellin
Timeline of Cali: Timeline of Cali
Demographics and ethnic groups in Colombia: Demographics of Colombia - Ethnic groups in Colombia
11/12 June 2023 Colombia Indigenous children survived 40 days eating seeds, roots: 11 June 2023: Four Colombian Indigenous children, who were discovered 40 days after their plane crashed in the Amazon jungle, survived eating seeds, roots and plants they knew were edible thanks to their upbringing, according to the National Organization of Indigenous Peoples of Colombia OPIAC, saying 'the survival of the children is a sign of the knowledge and relationship with the natural environment that is taught starting in the mother’s womb' - 12 June 2023: The injured mother of four Huitoto Indigenous children who survived a May 1 plane crash in Colombia told her kids to 'get out of here' before she died four days after the crash. The children’s father, Manuel Miller Ranoque, said his 13-year-old daughter told him the severely injured Magdalena Mucutuy died in the jungle with her children beside her.
Colombian culture and languages of Colombia: Colombian culture - Languages of Colombia
Women in Colombia: Women in Colombia
Women's rights in Colombia: Women's rights in Colombia
Children, youth and children's rights in Colombia: Childhood in Colombia - Children's rights in Colombia - Youth in Colombia
11/12 June 2023 Colombia Indigenous children survived 40 days eating seeds, roots: 11 June 2023: Four Colombian Indigenous children, who were discovered 40 days after their plane crashed in the Amazon jungle, survived eating seeds, roots and plants they knew were edible thanks to their upbringing, according to the National Organization of Indigenous Peoples of Colombia OPIAC, saying 'the survival of the children is a sign of the knowledge and relationship with the natural environment that is taught starting in the mother’s womb' - 12 June 2023: The injured mother of four Huitoto Indigenous children who survived a May 1 plane crash in Colombia told her kids to 'get out of here' before she died four days after the crash. The children’s father, Manuel Miller Ranoque, said his 13-year-old daughter told him the severely injured Magdalena Mucutuy died in the jungle with her children beside her.
Education in Colombia: Education in Colombia
Colleges and universities in Colombia: Universities and colleges in Colombia
Health in Colombia: Health in Colombia
Medical outbreaks and distasters in Colombia: Medical outbreaks in Colombia - Disasters in Colombia
Since March 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Colombia: Since March 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Colombia
Healthcare in Colombia: Healthcare in Colombia
List of hospitals in Colombia: List of hospitals in Colombia by region
Newspapers in Colombia: List of newspapers in Colombia
Internet in Colombia: Internet in Colombia
Crime in Colombia: Crime in Colombia
20th century drug cartels in Colombia, paramilitary groups', illegal drug trade and terrorism: Drug cartels in Colombia - Right-wing paramilitary groups in Colombia are armed groups acting in opposition to FARC and their allies among the civilian population, these paramilitary groups control the large majority of the illegal drug trade of cocaine and other substances and are the parties responsible for most of the human rights violations in the latter half of the ongoing Colombian Armed Conflict, according to several international human rights and governmental organizations, right-wing paramilitary groups have been responsible for at least 70 to 80% of political murders in Colombia per year, with the remainder committed by leftist guerrillas and government forces - Since 1993 'La Oficina de Envigado', a drug cartel and criminal organization
21st century, since 2001 drug cartels in Colombia: Drug cartels in Colombia - Since 2001 'Los Urabeños', a Colombian, drug trafficking neo-paramilitary group involved in the Colombian armed conflict and considered the most powerful neo-paramilitary group in Colombia - Since 2004 'Los Rastrojos', a Colombian drug trafficking paramilitary organization engaged in the Colombian armed conflict - Since 2006 Successor criminal organizations, new paramilitary groups and related drug trafficking organizations that have continued operating after the AUC demobilization process are referred to as bandas criminales emergentes - Since 2006 'Águilas Negras', a series of Colombian drug trafficking, right wing, counter-revolutionary, paramilitary organizations made up of new and preexisting paramilitary forces, who emerged from the failures of the demobilization process between 2004 and 2006
Drug barons of Colombia: Drug barons of Colombia
Ongoing illegal drug trade in Colombia and Coca production in Colombia: Illegal drug trade in Colombia - Coca production in Colombia
Terrorism in Colombia, drug trade, paramilitary groups and guerrilla: Terrorism in Colombia
February 2014 Santos 'outraged' by army corruption claims: 16 February 2014: Colombia's Manuel Santos 'outraged' by army corruption claims
1964-present Colombian armed conflict: Colombian armed conflict 1964-present
1996-2014 List of attacks attributed to FARC: 1996-2014 List of attacks attributed to FARC
November 2011 secret service DAS banned by president Santos: 1. November 2011: Kolumbiens Geheimdienst DAS von Staatspräsident Santos per Dekret aufgelöst - 5 November 2011: Columbian forces kill Farc leader during mountain assault - 3 April 2012: Colombia's Farc has released 'their last 10 police and military hostages' - some of whom have spent 14 years in captivity - 27 April: Farc has killed eight people including an infant in two separate attacks - 30 avril 2012: Le journaliste français Roméo Langlois disparu en Colombie - les autorités lancent un appel aux Farc - 3 mai: Une unité régionale de la guérilla a revendiqué la capture de Roméo Langlois - 19 July 2012: Clashes in Colombia over military post row - 28 August: President Juan Manuel Santos seeking negotiations with Farc - 7 September: President Santos rejects Farc ceasefire call - 'We will not give anything until we get the final agreement', he says - 17/18 October: Colombia and Farc negotiators set off for Oslo peace talks - 21 October 2012: Five soldiers killed in first major attack by Farc rebels since peace talks were launched in Oslo
Foreign relations of Colombia: Foreign relations of Colombia
Colombia/Ecuador relations: Colombia/Ecuador relations
Colombia/France relations: Colombia/France relations
Colombia/Panama relations: Colombia/Panama relations
Colombia/Spain relations: Colombia/Spain relations
Colombia/USA relations: Colombia/USA relations
Colombia/Venezuela relations: Colombia/Venezuela relations
Ecoregions of Colombia: Ecoregions of Colombia
Mountain ranges of Colombia: Mountain ranges of Colombia
Environmental issues in Colombia: Environmental issues in Colombia
Deforestation in Colombia: Deforestation in Colombia
Illegal drug trade in Colombia: Illegal drug trade in Colombia
Natural hazards in Colombia: Natural hazards in Colombia
Earthquakes in Colombia: Earthquakes in Colombia
Hurricanes in Colombia: Hurricanes in Colombia
Floods and landslides in Colombia: Landslides in Colombia
2011 Colombia floods and landslides: 2011 Colombia floods and landslides
2015 landslides: 2015 Colombian landslide


Costa Rica - Geography of Costa Rica - Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica - Spanish colonization 1502-1821 - History of Costa Rica - Demographics of Costa Rica
Forests and deforestation in Costa Rica: Forests of Costa Rica - Deforestation in Costa Rica
Ministry of Public Security's Public Force: Ministry of Public Security's Public Force
Costa Rican Civil War 1948 and Constitutional Assembly election 8 December 1948: Costa Rican Civil War 1948 - Costa Rican Constitutional Assembly election 8 December 1948
Politics and elections in Costa Rica: Elections in Costa Rica
February 2010 Costa Rican general election: Costa Rican general election 7 February 2010
December 2013 poll shows Araya, Villalta heading for runoff election 2014: 18 December 2013: Newest poll shows Araya and Villalta heading for a runoff election 2014
June 2020 Costa Rica to halt reopening of economy as covid-19 cases rise: 20 June 2020: Costa Rica to halt reopening of economy as covid-19 cases rise
6 February 2022 Costa Rican general election, polling and results: 6 February 2022 Costa Rican general election - Opinion polling for the 2022 Costa Rican general election
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Costa Rica: Costa Rican society - Demographics of Costa Rica - Human rights in Costa Rica
Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica and others: Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica
Education in Costa Rica: Education in Costa Rica
Health care in Costa Rica: Health care in Costa Rica
Crime in Costa Rica: Crime in Costa Rica
Human trafficking in Costa Rica: Human trafficking in Costa Rica
Immigration to Costa Rica: Immigration to Costa Rica
Costa Rica/Brazil relations: Costa Rica/Brazil relations
Costa Rica/Panama relations: Costa Rica/Panama relations - Sixaola River
Deforestation in Costa Rica: Deforestation in Costa Rica
Natural disasters in Costa Rica: Natural disasters in Costa Rica
Hurricanes and storms in Costa Rica: Hurricanes in Costa Rica - Tropical Storm Alma 2008


Cuba - Geography of Cuba - Chronology of Spanish colonial period of Cuba 1492-1898 - History of Cuba - Demographics of Cuba
Energy in Cuba: Energy in Cuba
Tobacco in Cuba: Tobacco in Cuba
Aviation in Cuba: Aviation in Cuba
Rail transport in Cuba: Rail transport in Cuba
Road transport in Cuba: Road transport in Cuba
Tourism in Cuba: Tourism in Cuba
Economic history and economic cycles in Cuba: History of Cuban economy since 1959 revolution
Since 1962 rationing in Cuba: Rationing in Cuba since 1962
Since 2011 economic reforms: Since 2011 economic reforms
Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces: Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces - Military history of Cuba
Taxation in Cuba: Taxation in Cuba
2015: 20 April 2015: For the first time since the 1959 revolution, two opposition candidates were permitted to stand for election in municipal elections in Havana
2012 hunger striker Wilmar Villar dies in jail: 20 January 2012: Cuba hunger striker Wilmar Villar dies in jail
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Cuba: Cuban society
Provinces and municipalities of Cuba: 15 provinces of Cuba - 168 municipalities of Cuba
Cities in Cuba: List of cities in Cuba
Since 1947 Radiocentro CMQ Building: Since 1947 Radiocentro CMQ Building
November 1958 Cuban general election: November 1958 Cuban general election
Chinese Cuban since 1847: Chinese Cuban since 1847
Education in Cuba: Education in Cuba
Schools in Cuba: Schools in Cuba
Water supply and sanitation in Cuba: Water supply and sanitation in Cuba
Media of Cuba: Media of Cuba
Newspapers in Cuba: List of newspapers in Cuba
Radio in Cuba: Radio in Cuba
Television in Cuba: Television in Cuba
Human rights in Cuba: Human rights in Cuba
Political parties, democracy movement and restrictions in Cuba: Cuban democracy movements - List of political parties in Cuba
Restrictions of assembly and political oppression in Cuba: 'Freedom of assembly' is severely restricted in Cuba - Political oppression in Cuba
Crime in Cuba: Crime in Cuba
Corruption in Cuba: Corruption in Cuba
Terrorism in Cuba: Terrorism in Cuba
Human trafficking in Cuba: Human trafficking in Cuba
Law and legal history of Cuba: Cuban law - Since 1901 Constitutions of Cuba - 1901 Constitution of Cuba was adopted by delegates to a Constitutional Convention, but the USA, then exercising military authority over Cuba following the end of Cuba's war for independence from Spain, withheld its approval until the Convention amended the Constitution to incorporate language from a USA statute, the Platt Amendment, that placed limitations on Cuban sovereignty and provided a legal basis for future USA military interventions in Cuba - 1940 Constitution of Cuba, implemented during the presidency of Federico Laredo Brú, was primarily influenced by the collectivist ideas that inspired the Cuban Revolution of 1933, widely considered one of the most progressive constitutions at the time, it provided for land reform, public education, a minimum wage and other social programs - 1952-1959 USA-backed Fulgencio Batista dictatorship in Cuba - 1976 Constitution of Cuba after 16 years of non-constitutional government from 1959 to 1975 following the 1953-1959 Cuban Revolution - Since 1959 Laws relating to land reform, implemented in a series of laws passed between 1959 and 1963 after the Cuban Revolution - 2002 Constitution of Cuba - Human rights in Cuba
Judicial system of Cuba: Judicial system of Cuba
People's Supreme Court of Cuba: People's Supreme Court of Cuba
Law enforcement in Cuba: Law enforcement in Cuba
Cuban intelligence agencies: Cuban intelligence agencies - 'Dirección General de Inteligencia', the main state intelligence agency of the government of Cuba
Foreign relations of Cuba: Foreign relations of Cuba
Treaties of Cuba: Treaties of Cuba
Bilateral relations of Cuba: Bilateral relations of Cuba
Cuba/PR of China relations: Cuba/PR of China relations - Chinese Cuban
Cuba/European Union relations: Cuba/European Union relations
Cuba/Haiti relations: Cuba/Haiti relations
1977 Cuba–Haiti Maritime Boundary Agreement: 1977 Cuba–Haiti Maritime Boundary Agreement
Cuba/Israel relations: Cuba/Israel relations
Since 1991 Cuba/Israel Post-Cold War relations: Since 1991 Cuba/Israel Post-Cold War relations
Cuba/Iran relations: Cuba/Iran relations
Cuba/North Korea relations: Cuba/North Korea relations
Cuba/Mexico relations: Cuba/Mexico relations
1959–1991 Cuba/Mexico Cold War relations: 1959–1991 Cuba/Mexico Cold War relations
Since 1991 Cuba/Mexico Post-Cold War relations: 1991–2013 Cuba/Mexico Post-Cold War relations
Cuba/Oceania relations: Cuba/Oceania relations
Cuba/Philippines relations: Cuba/Philippines relations
Cuba/Spain relations: Cuba/Spain relations
1895-1898 Cuban War of Independence: 1895-1898 Cuban War of Independence
Cuba/USA relations: Cuba/USA relations
1906-1909 USA second occupation of Cuba: USA second occupation of Cuba 1906–1909
1953-1959 Cuban Revolution: 1953-1959 Cuban Revolution
Since 1960 USA embargo against Cuba: Since 1960 USA embargo against Cuba
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
Since 1962 ongoing CIA activities in Cuba: CIA activities in the Caribbean and in Cuba
Cuba/Venezuela relations: Cuba/Venezuela relations
Natural distasters in Cuba: Natural disasters in Cuba
27/28 September 2022 Hurricane Ian: September 2022 Hurricane Ian, a powerful tropical cyclone that is currently impacting South Florida after striking the Cayman Islands and western Cuba - 27 September 2022: Hurricane Ian has torn into western Cuba with nothing to stop it from intensifying into a catastrophic category 4 hurricane before its expected landfall in Florida on Wednesday. Ian made landfall on Tuesday morning in Cuba’s Pinar del Río province, where officials had set up 55 shelters, evacuated 50,000 people, rushed in emergency personnel and took steps to protect crops in the island’s main tobacco-growing region. - 28 September 2022: Cuba completely without power after Hurricane Ian pummelled the western end of the island, and the electrical system is experiencing total collapse after one of the main power plants could not be brought back online. Two people were reported dead and buildings were damaged nationwide. The hurricane packing wind speeds of up to 195km/h is now bearing down on Florida
Earthquakes in Cuba: Earthquakes in Cuba


Dominican Republic - Geography of the Dominican Republic - Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean - Taíno people - Chiefdoms of Hispaniola - Captaincy General of Santo Domingo 1493-1821 - History of the Dominican Republic - Demographics of the Dominican Republic
Political parties in the Dominican Republic: Political parties in the Dominican Republic
Social movements, trade unions and protests in the Dominican Republic: Trade unions in the Dominican Republic
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in the Dominican Republic: Dominican Republic society - Human rights in the Dominican Republic
Provinces of the Dominican Republic: 31 provinces of the Dominican Republic
Economy of Santo Domingo: Economy of Santo Domingo
Since 1492 timeline of Santo Domingo: Timeline of Santo Domingo since 1492
Demographics of the Dominican Republic: Demographics of the Dominican Republic
Culture and languages of the Dominican Republic: Culture of the Dominican Republic - Languages of the Dominican Republic
Women in the Dominican Republic: Women in the Dominican Republic
Education in the Dominican Republic: Education in the Dominican Republic
Health in the Dominican Republic: Health in the Dominican Republic
Disease outbreaks in the Dominican Republic: Disease outbreaks in the Dominican Republic
Hospitals in the Dominican Republic: Hospitals in the Dominican Republic
Media in the Dominican Republic: Media in the Dominican Republic
Newspapers published in the Dominican Republic: Newspapers published in the Dominican Republic
Radio and television in the Dominican Republic: Radio in the Dominican Republic - Television in the Dominican Republic
Internet in the Dominican Republic: Internet in the Dominican Republic
Crime in the Dominican Republic: Crime in the Dominican Republic
Human trafficking in the Dominican Republic: Human trafficking in the Dominican Republic
Judiciary of the Dominican Republic: Judiciary of the Dominican Republic
Law enforcement in the Dominican Republic: Law enforcement in the Dominican Republic
Foreign relations of the Dominican Republic: Foreign relations of the Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic/D.R. of China relations: Dominican Republic/D.R. of China relations
Dominican Republic/France relations: French occupation of Santo Domingo 1795-1809
Hurricanes and floods in the Dominican Republic: Hurricanes in the Dominican Republic


Ecuador - Geography of Ecuador - Indigenous peoples in Ecuador - Pre-Columbian Ecuador - Spanish colonization of the Americas - History of Ecuador - Demographics of Ecuador
Energy and petroleum in Ecuador: Energy in Ecuador
Banana production in Ecuador: Banana production in Ecuador
Coffee production in Ecuado: - Coffee production in Ecuador
Rivers of Ecuador: Rivers of Ecuador
Guayas River, the most important river in South America that does not flow into the Atlantic Ocean: Guayas River is the most important river in South America that does not flow into the Atlantic Ocean
Napo River: Napo River
Putumayo River: Putumayo River
Water supply and sanitation in Ecuador: Water supply and sanitation in Ecuador
Economic history of Ecuador since the early 1980s and business cycles: Economic history of Ecuador since the early 1980s
Since March 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Ecuador: Since March 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Ecuador
Taxation in Ecuador: Taxation in Ecuador
Since 1995 Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement – New Country: Since November 1995 Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement – New Country, a left wing indigenist party in Ecuador, founded primarily as a way to advance the interests of a wide variety of indigenous peoples' organizations throughout Ecuador. The party emerged in 1995 after civil society mobilizations by large indigenous organizations such as CONAIE and CONFENAIE. These movements had previously espoused an abstentionist position in relation to electoral politics, but came together to form Coordinadora de Movimientos Sociales (Social Movement Cooperation CMS) and then Pachakutik to serve as an alternative to the traditional cluster of political parties that had ruled Ecuadorian politics. However, the party is not formally affiliated with CONAIE
Since June 1990 CONAIE's programme 'Los 16 puntos': CONAIE was founded at a convention of some 500 indigenous representatives in November 1986, adopting in June 1990 its programme 'Los 16 puntos' with demands including the public declaration that Ecuador is a plurinational country (to be ratified by the constitution), that the government must grant lands and titles to lands to the nationalities,the solutions to water and irrigation needs, absolution of indigenous debts to FODERUMA and the National Development Bank, freezing of consumer prices, conclusion of priority projects in Indian communities, nonpayment of rural land taxes, funds for bilingual education, respect for the rights of the child - 'Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador' website, including 'últimas publicaciones'
Elections and politics in Ecuador: Elections and politics in Ecuador
April 2007 Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly referendum: 15 April 2007 Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly referendum
8 April 2021 women and young people could determine Ecuador’s election outcome: 8 April 2021: Women and young people could determine Ecuador’s election outcome
19 October 2021 Ecuador crime wave triggers state of emergency: 19 October 2021: Ecuador crime wave triggers state of emergency
31 March 2023 Ecuadorian court allows impeachment hearings against Guillermo Lasso to proceed: 31 March 2023: Ecuadorian court allows impeachment hearings against Guillermo Lasso - accused of embezzlement - to proceed
9 August 2023 assassination of presidential candidate Fernando Villavicencio: 9 August 2023 assassination of presidential candidate Fernando Villavicencio, part of Ecuador's drug war at least since December 2020. A day before his death, he made a report to the Ministry of Justice about an unnamed oil business. In September 2022, Villavicencio claimed to have been the target of an assassination attempt. Campaign advisor Patricio Zuquilanda said that Villavicencio had received multiple death threats prior to the shooting, including one from the Sinaloa Cartel, that resulted in one arrest. The Washington Post noted that his assassination occurred during a time of increasing gang violence in the country. A month prior to his assassination, Agustín Intriago, mayor of Manta, was also assassinated. - 10 August 2023: Ecuador’s terrifying descent into violence and criminality has reached a new low with the assassination in broad daylight of the presidential candidate Fernando Villavicencio - a former journalist who had collaborated with the 'Guardian' -, and in 2023 campaigning on a tough-on-crime and anti-graft platform
Social movements and protests in Ecuador: Protests in Ecuador
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Ecuador: Ecuadorian society - Human rights in Ecuador
24 Provinces in Ecuador: 24 Provinces of Ecuador
Región amazónica of eastern Ecuador: Región amazónica - in english called 'Oriente' region - of eastern Ecuador, comprising the eastern slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes and the lowland areas of rainforest in the Amazon basin. Bordered on the north by San Miguel and Putumayo rivers and on the east and south by Peru, the region has an area of about 130,000 square km consisting of little-explored and virtually unexploited tropical forest inhabited by a tiny fraction of the country's population, living mostly in small villages along the river courses. Only 5% of the country’s people live there. The muddy Río Napo, more than one kilometer wide in spots, drains the Ríos Coca and Aguarico and heads off into Peru. Colombia’s Amazon lies across the Río Putumayo to the north. Farther south, the Río Pastaza and Rio Paute flow from Sangay National Park.
Map of Ecuador's 24 provinces: Map of Ecuador's 24 provinces
Economy and port of Guayaquil: Economy and port of Guayaquil
Timeline of Guayaquil: History and timeline of Guayaquil
Pichincha province located in the northern sierra region: Pichincha located in the northern sierra region, its capital and largest city is Quito
Pastaza province: Pastaza province in the Oriente of Ecuador located in the eastern jungle. The capital is Puyo, founded in May 1899 and which has 36,700 inhabitants in the 21st century. The city is now accessible by paved roads, a recent development, as the main road from Baños follows the Pastaza river into the province. The Pastaza River surges into the province from the west and as the landscape flattens, meanders on to the Napo, a tributary of the Amazon. Natural resources of Pastaza are bananas, grapefruit, tobacco, cocoa and coffee. Tea has successfully been cultivated. The landscape is mostly mountainous in the western part of the province and becomes relatively flat toward the east as it nears the Peruvian border with rivers and plains characterizing most of the province. The highest elevation is 1,820 meters. The climate is warm and humid due to the almost 7 meters of annual rainfall in the parts closest to the western mountains, but with significant amounts of rainfall throughout the province. Pastaza is the largest province in Ecuador and the richest in biodiversity. To the north of Pastaza are the provinces Napo and Orellana, to the south is Morona Santiago, to the east is the country of Peru, and to the west are the provinces Tungurahua and Morona Santiago. The total population is about 83,930 inhabitants in the early 21st century
Zamora-Chinchipe province: Zamora-Chinchipe province, located at the southeastern end of the Amazon Basin, which shares borders with the Ecuadorian provinces of Azuay and Morona Santiago to the north, Loja and Azuay to the west, and with Peru to the east and south. The province comprises an area of approximately 10,456 km² and is covered with a uniquely mountainous topography which markedly distinguishes it from the surrounding Amazonian provinces. Zamora-Chinchipe is characterized and largely identified by its mining industry, indigenous ethnic groups with a rich archaeological legacy, its biodiversity; and its niche and tourist attractions, which include a number of waterfalls well-noted for their beauty. The province takes its name from the bureaucratic fusion of the Zamora and Chinchipe cantons. The provincial capital is the city of Zamora.
Demographics and ethnic groups in Ecuador: Demographics of Ecuador - Ethnic groups in Ecuador
Indigenous peoples in Ecuador: Indigenous peoples in Ecuador
About 96% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region: As there is a debate about the quantities of indigenous currently inhabiting Ecuador, it is not debatable that approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region. They are Quichua speakers and include the Caranqui, the Otavaleños, the Cayambi, the Pichincha, the Panzaleo, the Chimbuelo, the Salasacan, the Tungurahua, the Tugua, the Waranka, the Puruhá, the Cañari, and the Saraguro. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Salascan and the Saraguro may be the descendants of Bolivian ethnic groups transplanted to Ecuador in a mitma, or forced migration. Coastal groups, including the Awá, Chachi, and the Tsáchila, make up 0.24% percent of the indigenous population, while the remaining 3.35% live in the Oriente and consist of the Oriente Quichua (the Canelo and the Quijos), the Shuar, the Huaorani, the Siona–Secoya, the Cofán, and the Achuar.
Women in Ecuador: Women in Ecuador
Education in Ecuador: Education in Ecuador
Health in Ecuador: Health in Ecuador
Medical outbreaks and man-made disasters in Ecuador: Medical outbreaks in Ecuador - Man-made disasters in Ecuador
Water supply and sanitation in Ecuador: Water supply and sanitation in Ecuador
Media in Ecuador: Media in Ecuador
Newspapers in Ecuador: Newspapers in Ecuador
Broadcasting in Ecuador: Radio in Ecuador - Television in Ecuador
Crime in Ecuador: Crime in Ecuador
Domestic violence in Ecuador: Domestic violence in Ecuador
Human trafficking in Ecuador: Human trafficking in Ecuador
Terrorism in Ecuador: Terrorism in Ecuador
Law enforcement in Ecuador: Law enforcement in Ecuador
National Police of Ecuador: National Police of Ecuador
2010 Ecuador crisis: 2010 Ecuador crisis
Foreign relations of Ecuador: Foreign relations of Ecuador
Treaties of Ecuador: Treaties of Ecuador
2006-2017 foreign policy of President Rafael Correa: Since 2006 foreign policy of President Rafael Correa
Bilateral relations of Ecuador: Bilateral relations of Ecuador
Ecuador/Belgium relations: Relaciones Ecuador/Bélgica
Ecuador/Brazil relations: Ecuador/Brazil relations
Ecuador/PRC relations: Ecuador/PR China relations
Ecuador/Colombia relations: Ecuador/Colombia relations
Ecuador/Peru relations: Ecuador/Peru relations
Ecuador/Spain relations: Relaciones Ecuador/España (Spain)
1563-1822 Royal Audiencia of Quito: 1563-1822 Royal Audiencia of Quito
Ecuador/United Kingdom relations: Ecuador/United Kingdom relations
Ecuador/Venezuela relations: Ecuador/Venezuela relations
Landforms and ecoregions of Ecuador: Landforms of Ecuador - Ecoregions of Ecuador
Forests of Ecuador: Forests of Ecuador
Water in Ecuador: Water in Ecuador
Conservation in Ecuador: Conservation in Ecuador
World Heritage Sites in Ecuador and Galápagos Islands: World Heritage Sites in Ecuador - Galápagos Islands - Galápagos wildlife - Galápagos National Park
Natural disasters in Ecuador: Natural disasters in Ecuador
Landslides, mine distasters and weather events in Ecuador: Landslides, mine distasters and weather events in Ecuador
Earthquakes in Ecuador: Earthquakes in Ecuador


El Salvador - Geography of El Salvador - History of El Salvador - Demographics of El Salvador
Energy in El Salvador: Energy in El Salvador
Water resources management in El Salvador: Water resources management in El Salvador
Transport in El Salvador: Transport in El Salvador
Rail transport in El Salvador: Rail transport in El Salvador
Road transport in El Salvador: Road transport in El Salvador
Aviation in El Salvador: Aviation in El Salvador
Water transport and ports and harbors in El Salvador: Water transport and ports and harbors in El Salvador
Foreign trade of El Salvador: Foreign trade of El Salvador
Economic history of El Salvador and economic cycles: Economic history of El Salvador
Armed Forces of El Salvador: Armed Forces of El Salvador - Salvadoran Army
October 1979 coup d'état: October 1979 coup d'état
Taxation in El Salvador: Taxation in El Salvador
Political parties and trade unions in El Salvador: Political parties in El Salvador - Trade unions in El Salvador
Elections and politics in El Salvador: Elections in El Salvador
March 2009 Salvadoran presidential election: Salvadoran presidential election March 2009
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in El Salvador: Salvadoran society
Human rights in El Salvador: Human rights in El Salvador
Cities in El Salvador: List of cities in El Salvador
Since 1525 timeline of San Salvador: Timeline of San Salvador since 1525
Ethnic groups in El Salvador: Ethnic groups in El Salvador
Since 1528 Afro-Salvadoran: Afro-Salvadoran since 1528
Gender inequality in El Salvador: Gender inequality in El Salvador
Education in El Salvador: Education in El Salvador
Media in El Salvador: Media in El Salvador
Newspapers in El Salvador: Newspapers published in El Salvador
Broadcasting in El Salvador: Radio in El Salvador - TV in El Salvador
Internet in El Salvador: Internet in El Salvador
Illegal drug trade in El Salvador: Illegal drug trade in El Salvador
Human trafficking in El Salvador: Human trafficking in El Salvador
Gangs in El Salvador: Gangs in El Salvador
Law enforcement in El Salvador: Law enforcement in El Salvador
Foreign relations of El Salvador: Foreign relations of El Salvador
Treaties of El Salvador: Treaties of El Salvador
Bilateral relations of El Salvador: Bilateral relations of El Salvador
El Salvador/Argentine relations: El Salvador/Argentine relations
1977-1986 USA supported 'Operation Charly' and Argentine military intervention: USA supported 'Operation Charly' and Argentine military intervention in Central America/El Salvador 1977-1986
El Salvador/Australia relations: El Salvador/Australia relations
El Salvador/Canada relations: El Salvador/Canada relations
El Salvador/Spain relations:
El Salvador/Taiwan relations:
El Salvador/USA relations: El Salvador/USA relations
Landforms of El Salvador: Landforms of El Salvador
Water in El Salvador: Water in El Salvador
Rivers of El Salvador: List of rivers of El Salvador
Natural distasters in El Salvador: Natural disasters in El Salvador
Hurricanes in El Salvador: Hurricanes in El Salvador
May 2013 Hurricane Barbara: Hurricane Barbara May 2013
June 2013 Tropical Storm Barry: Tropical Storm Barry June 2013
October 2015 Hurricane Patricia: October 2015 Hurricane Patricia
October 2017 Hurricane Nate: October 2017 Hurricane Nate
October 2018 Hurricane Michael: October 2018 Hurricane Michael
Floods and landslides in El Salvador: Floods and landslides in El Salvador
November 2009 El Salvador floods and mudslides: November 2009 El Salvador floods and mudslides
October 2011 Central America floods and landslides: 17 October 2011: Deadly Central America floods and landslides
Earthquakes in El Salvador: Earthquakes in El Salvador
October 2014 Nicaragua and El Salvador earthquake: October 2014 Nicaragua and El Salvador earthquake


Guatemala - Geography of Guatemala - History of Guatemala - Demographics of Guatemala
Mineral industry and mines in Guatemala: Mineral industry of Guatemala - Mines in Guatemala
Energy in Guatemala: Energy in Guatemala
Coffee production in Guatemala: Coffee production in Guatemala
Foreign trade of Guatemala: Globalization and poverty in Guatemala
Economic history of Guatemala and economic cycles: Economic history of Guatemala
1980-2017 macroeconomic development and GDP of Guatemala: 1980-2017 macroeconomic development and GDP of Guatemala
Elections and politics in Guatemala: Elections in Guatemala
20 August 2023 Guatemalan general election second round: 20 August 2023 Guatemalan general election second round
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Guatemala: Guatemalan society
Departments and municipalities of Guatemala: 22 Departments of Guatemala - 340 Municipalities of Guatemala
Timeline of Guatemala City: Timeline and history of Guatemala City
Demographics and ethnic groups in Guatemala: Demographics of Guatemala - Ethnic groups in Guatemala
Indigenous peoples in Guatemala: Indigenous peoples in Guatemala
Women in Guatemala: Women in Guatemala
Education in Guatemala: Education in Guatemala
Schools in Guatemala: Schools in Guatemala
Intercultural bilingual education in Guatemala: Intercultural bilingual education in Guatemala
Health and healthcare in Guatemala: Health in Guatemala
Media of Guatemala: Media of Guatemala
Newspapers in Guatemala: List of newspapers in Guatemala
Broadcasting in Guatemala: Broadcasting in Guatemala
Internet in Guatemala: Internet in Guatemala
Crime in Guatemala: Crime in Guatemala
Corruption in Guatemala: Corruption in Guatemala
Terrorism in Guatemala: Terrorism in Guatemala
Terrorism deaths and incidents in Guatemala: Terrorist incidents in Guatemala - Terrorism deaths in Guatemala
Illegal drug trade in Guatemala: Illegal drug trade in Guatemala
Gangs in Guatemala: Gangs in Guatemala
Human trafficking in Guatemala: Human trafficking in Guatemala
Violence against women in Guatemala: Violence against women in Guatemala
Supreme Court of Justice of Guatemala: Supreme Court of Justice of Guatemala
Law enforcement in Guatemala: Law enforcement in Guatemala
Foreign relations of Guatemala: Foreign relations of Guatemala
Treaties of Guatemala: Treaties of Guatemala
Guatemala and the UN: Guatemala and the United Nations
2006-2016 CICIG investigations: 2006-2016 CICIG investigations in Guatemala
Bilateral relations of Guatemala: Bilateral relations of Guatemala
Guatemala/Belize relations: Guatemala/Belize relations
Since 1821 Belizean-Guatemalan territorial dispute: Since 1821 Belizean-Guatemalan territorial dispute
Since 2010 Belize–Guatemala Partial Scope Agreement: Since 2010 Belize–Guatemala Partial Scope Agreement preferential trade agreement
Guatemala/Honduras relations: Guatemala/Honduras relations
Guatemala/Israel relations: Relaciones Guatemala/Israel
2017 Guatemala says it is moving embassy in Israel to Jerusalem: 25 December 2017: Guatemala says it is moving embassy in Israel to Jerusalem
Guatemala/Lebanon relations: Guatemala/Lebanon relations
Guatemala/Spain relations: Guatemala/Spain relations
Before the 15th century pre-Columbian societies in 'Mesoamerica': Before the 15th century pre-Columbian societies in 'Mesoamerica' - Pre-Columbian era
Since 15th century Spanish colonization of the Americas and Guatemala: Spanish colonization of the Americas since 1492
Since 1524 Afro-Guatemalan: Afro-Guatemalan since 1524
Guatemala/Taiwan relations: Guatemala/Taiwan relations
1/2 April 2023 Taiwan’s president seeks to strengthen relations with allies in Central America visit: 1 April 2023: Taiwan’s president Tsai Ing-we seeks to strengthen relations with allies in Central America visit, aimed to solidifying ties in Latin America as China funnels money into the region and pressures its countries to break off relations with the self-governed democratic island, as her visit comes just days after Honduras became the latest country to break with Taiwan in favor of establishing ties with Chinese Beijing regime - 2 April 2023: Taiwanese president and Guatemalan counterpart strengthen ties amid diplomatic pressure from China, as Tsai thanked Giammattei for his support last year when China conducted military maneuvers near the island, and as Tsai visited a new hospital in western Guatemala's city of Chimaltenango, built with a US$22 million donation, a part of Taiwan’s 'Taiwan Can Help' initiative
Guatemala/USA relations: Guatemala/USA relations
Guatemala/Vietnam relations: Relaciones Guatemala/Vietnam
Ecoregions in Guatemala: List of ecoregions in Guatemala
Water in Guatemala: Water in Guatemala
Natural disasters in Guatemala: Natural disasters in Guatemala
Hurricanes, storms and landslides in Guatemala: Hurricanes in Guatemala - Landslides in Guatemala
2005 Hurricane Stan: Hurricane Stan 2005
Earthquakes and volcano eruptions in Guatemala: Earthquakes in Guatemala
September 2017 Chiapas earthquake: September 2017 Chiapas earthquake


Guyana - Geography of Guyana - History of Guyana - Demographics of Guyana
Gold mines in Guyana: Gold mines in Guyana
Energy in Guyana: Energy in Guyana
Rice production in Guyana: Rice production in Guyana
Peanut production in Guyana: Peanut production in Guyana
Water in Guyana: Water in Guyana
Transport in Guyana: Transport in Guyana
Railways in Guyana: Railways in Guyana
Water transport in Guyana: Water transport in Guyana
Banking and banks in Guyana: Banks of Guyana
Bank of Guyana: Bank of Guyana
Economic history of Guyana and economic cycles: Economic history of Guyana
Trade unions in Guyana: Trade unions in Guyana
Elections and politics in Guyana: Elections in Guyana
May 2015 Guyanese general election: 11 May 2015 Guyanese general election
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Guyana: Guyanese society - Human rights in Guyana
Governorates in Guyana: 10 governorates in Guyana
Cities and towns in Guyana: List of cities and towns in Guyana
Economy of Georgetown: Economy of Georgetown
History and timeline of Georgetown: History of Georgetown began since 18th century
Demographics of Guyana: Demographics of Guyana
Februar-December 1763 Berbice slave uprising: Februar-December 1763 Berbice slave uprising, a slave revolt in Guyana that began on 23 February, seen as a major event in Guyana's anti-colonial struggles, and when Guyana became a republic in 1970 the state declared 23 February as a day to commemorate the start of the Berbice slave revolt, as insurgents were eventually defeated in the spring of 1764 with the assistance of troops from neighbouring French and British colonies and from Europe including Dutch forces, executing 125 men and 3 women for participating in the rebellion - Cuffy, an Akan man who was killed by the Dutch in 1763 during the uprising, and who was captured in his native West Africa and stolen for slavery to work in the plantations of the Dutch colony of Berbice in present-day Guyana, becoming famous because in 1763 he led the revolt of more than 2,500 slaves against the colony regime, and today he is a national hero in Guyana
Culture of Guyana: Culture of Guyana
Languages of Guyana: Languages of Guyana
Women in Guyana: Women in Guyana
Education in Guyana: Education in Guyana
Health in Guyana: Health in Guyana
Healthcare in Guyana: Hospitals in Guyana
Media in Guyana: Media in Guyana
Newspapers in Guyana: Newspapers published in Guyana
Crime in Guyana: Crime in Guyana
Human trafficking in Guyana: Human trafficking in Guyana
Domestic violence in Guyana: Domestic violence in Guyana
Foreign relations of Guyana: Foreign relations of Guyana
Treaties of Guyana: Treaties of Guyana
Bilateral relations of Guyana: Bilateral relations of Guyana
Guyana/Brazil relations: Guyana/Brazil relations
Guyana/France relations: Guyana/France relations
Guyana/Germany relations: Guyana/Germany relations
Guyana/India relations: Guyana/India relations
Guyana/Netherlands relations: Guyana/Netherlands relations
Februar-December 1763 Berbice slave uprising: Februar-December 1763 Berbice slave uprising, a slave revolt in Guyana that began on 23 February, seen as a major event in Guyana's anti-colonial struggles, and when Guyana became a republic in 1970 the state declared 23 February as a day to commemorate the start of the Berbice slave revolt, as insurgents were eventually defeated in the spring of 1764 with the assistance of troops from neighbouring French and British colonies and from Europe including Dutch forces, executing 125 men and 3 women for participating in the rebellion - Cuffy, an Akan man who was killed by the Dutch in 1763 during the uprising, and who was captured in his native West Africa and stolen for slavery to work in the plantations of the Dutch colony of Berbice in present-day Guyana, becoming famous because in 1763 he led the revolt of more than 2,500 slaves against the colony regime, and today he is a national hero in Guyana
Guyana/Suriname relations: Guyana/Suriname relations
Guyana/United Kingdom relations: Guyana/United Kingdom relations
Guyana/Venezuela relations: Guyana/Venezuela relations


Haiti - Geography of Haiti - Chiefdoms of 'Hispaniola' of the Taíno inhabitants until 1492 - Spanish Hispaniola 1492–1625 - Colony of France Saint-Domingue 1625–1804 - Slavery in Haiti - The rising of the slaves 1791–1793 - Haitian Revolution 1791-1804, elimination of slavery and the founding of the Republic of Haiti - History of Haiti - Demographics of Haiti
Electricity sector in Haiti: Electricity sector in Haiti
Coffee production in Haiti: Coffee production in Haiti
Rivers of Haiti: Rivers of Haiti
Water supply and sanitation in Haiti: Water supply and sanitation in Haiti
Economic history of Haiti and economic cycles: Economic history of Haiti
November 2006 Haiti gave $58 million to the rich world in 2005 in debt payments: November 2006: Haiti gave $58 million to the rich world in 2005 in debt payments
Political parties in Haiti: Political parties in Haiti
Trade Unions in Haiti: Trade unions in Haiti
Elections and politics in Haiti: Elections in Haiti
October 2019 postponed Haitian parliamentary election: 27 October 2019 Haitian parliamentary election, postponed indefinitely
9 February 2021 Haiti protests continue despite police crackdown: 9 February 2021: Haiti protests continue despite police crackdown
25 April 2021 Haitian constitutional referendum: 25 April 2021 Haitian constitutional referendum
7 July 2021 UN's condemnation of Jovenel Moïse's assassination: Since 7 July 2021 UN's and international condemnation of Jovenel Moïse's assassination
8 July 2021 Haiti reels from murder of president as police hunt assassins: 8 July 2021: An already struggling and chaotic Haiti is reeling from the assassination of president Jovenel Moïse followed by a reported gun battle in which authorities said police killed four of the murder suspects, detained two others and freed three officers being held hostage, after the country of about 11 million people, where the majority speak French or Haitian Creole, has struggled to achieve stability since the fall of the Duvalier dynastic dictatorship in 1986, and has grappled with a series of coups and foreign interventions, and as reality is that under Moïse’s rule violent criminality and politics had once again become indistinguishable, with tensions escalating amid competition for power and resources that had drawn in armed gangs backed by rival political and business figures
11 July 2021 widow of the murdered Haitian president has accused shadowy enemies of organising his assassination: 11 July 2021: The widow of the murdered Haitian president Jovenel Moïse has accused shadowy enemies of organising his assassination to stop democratic change, saying 'this act has no name because you have to be a limitless criminal to assassinate a president', as a struggle for power intensified in the Caribbean country, and after Moïse’s administration was beset by mass protests, first in 2017 over corruption allegations and his economic record, then over an increasing grip on power, and after the country was hit by natural (not just because of its location) and man-made disasters since colonial times - 11 July 2021: Haitian president’s killing fuels escalating fears, uncertainty, as activists reject pressure to hold elections and urge Haitian-led solution to crisis after Jovenel Moise’s assassination
14 September 2021 Haiti prosecutor seeks charges against PM in president’s killing: 14 September 2021: Haiti prosecutor seeks charges against PM in president’s killing
7 February 2022 tensions rise in Haiti amid fears that outside groups could make play for power: 7 February 2022: Tensions rise in Haiti amid fears that outside groups could make play for power
2022 Haitian constitutional referendum, postponed: February 2022 Haitian constitutional referendum, planned to be held in Haiti in 2022 as this first referendum in the country since 1987 was unilaterally proposed by the administration of Jovenel Moïse to be held on 27 June 2021, then the referendum was postponed to 26 September 2021, again postponed to 7 November, as acting PM Ariel Henry later postponed it to February 2022. A number of proposed changes to the constitution of Haiti, including abolition of the Senate and creation of a unicameral legislature, abolition of the post of PM (thereby changing from a semi-presidential system to a full presidential system of government), creation of an office of vice president to replace the PM, modification of the electoral system for presidential elections
30 April 2023 vigilantes take to Haiti’s streets in bloody reprisals against gangs: 30 April 2023: Members of terrorised Port-au-Prince communities armed with rocks and machetes carry out wave of lynchings
Haitian Revolution of 1986: Haitian Revolution of 1986
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Haiti: Haitian society
1751 Port-au-Prince earthquake: 1751 Port-au-Prince earthquake
Port international de Port-au-Prince: Since 19th century Port international de Port-au-Prince
1915-1934 USA's occupation of Haiti: 1915-1934 USA's occupation of Haiti
January 2010 Haiti and Port-au-Prince earthquake: January 2010 Haiti and Port-au-Prince earthquake
Demographics of Haiti: Demographics of Haiti
Haitian people of Taíno descent: Haitian people of Taíno descent
Jews and Judaism in Haiti today: Jews and Judaism in Haiti today
Culture and languages of Haiti: Culture of Haiti - Languages of Haiti
Education in Haiti: Education in Haiti
Schools in Haiti: Schools in Haiti
National Library of Haiti: Since 1939 National Library of Haiti
Health in Haiti: Health in Haiti
Health disasters in Haiti: Health disasters in Haiti
Since 2010 Haiti cholera outbreak: Since 2010 Haiti cholera outbreak
2020s Haiti cholera outbreak, UN approach and updates: 2020s Haiti cholera outbreak, UN approach and updates
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Haiti: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Haiti
Media of Haiti: Media of Haiti
Newspapers in Haiti: Newspapers published in Haiti
Broadcasting in Haiti: Radio in Haiti - TV in Haiti
Internet in Haiti: Internet in Haiti
Crime in Haiti: Crime in Haiti
Corruption in Haiti: Corruption in Haiti
Illegal drug trade in Haiti: Illegal drug trade in Haiti
Modern day slavery in Haiti: Modern day slavery
Sexual violence in Haiti: Sexual violence in Haiti
Law and legal history of Haiti: Haitian law
Law enforcement in Haiti: Law enforcement in Haiti
Foreign relations of Haiti: Foreign relations of Haiti
Treaties of Haiti: Treaties of Haiti
Haiti/World Bank relations: Haiti/World Bank relations
Haiti/United Nations relations: United Nations Mission in Haiti 1993-1996
Since 2004 UN Stabilisation Mission in Haiti: United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti since 2004
UN Cholera controversy: UN Cholera controversy
International humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake: International humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake
Bilateral relations of Haiti: Bilateral relations of Haiti
Haiti/Canada relations: Haiti/Canada relations
Haiti/Chile relations: Haiti/Chile relations
Haiti/Cuba relations: Haiti/Cuba relations
1977 Cuba–Haiti Maritime Boundary Agreement: 1977 Cuba–Haiti Maritime Boundary Agreement
Haiti/France relations: Haiti/France relations
1625-1809 Colony of France Saint-Domingue: Colony of France Saint-Domingue 1625-1809
Since 1804 external debt of Haiti: External debt of Haiti, one of the main factors that has caused the country's persistent poverty, after the slaves declared themselves free and the country independent in 1804 and France, with the complicity of its allies, demanded that the newly formed country pay the French government and French slaveholders the modern equivalent of US $21 billion dollars for the 'theft' of the slaves' own lives and the land that they had turned into profitable sugar and coffee-producing plantations, this independence debt was financed by French banks and the American Citibank, and finally paid off 143 years later, in 1947 - The Haiti indemnity controversy culminated in an agreement by Haiti to a 1825 gold demand by France for a FRF 150 million indemnity to be paid by the Republic of Haiti in claims over property lost through the Haitian Revolution, delivered to the country by 12 French warships armed with 528 cannons, in return for diplomatic recognition
Haiti/Israel relations: Haiti/Israel relations
Haiti/Jamaica relations: Haiti/Jamaica relations
Haiti/Kenya relations: Haiti/Kenya relations
Haiti/Nigeria relations: Haiti/Nigeria relations
Haiti/Spain relations: Haiti/Spain relations
1492–1625 Spanish Hispaniola: Spanish Hispaniola 1492–1625
Since 16th century slavery in Haiti: Slavery in Haiti - Slavery in the Spanish 'New World' colonies
Haiti/United Kingdom relations: Haiti/United Kingdom relations
Haiti/Venezuela relations: Haiti/Venezuela relations
Water supply and sanitation in Haiti: Water supply and sanitation in Haiti
Natural disasters in Haiti: Natural disasters in Haiti
Hurricanes, storms and floods in Haiti: Hurricanes in Haiti


Honduras - Geography of Honduras - History of Honduras - Demographics of Honduras
Mining in Honduras: Mining in Honduras
Agriculture in Honduras: Agriculture in Honduras
Banana production in Honduras: Banana production in Honduras
Coffee production in Honduras: Coffee production in Honduras
Water, bodies of water and rivers of Honduras: Water in Honduras - Bodies of water of Honduras - List of rivers of Honduras
Rivers of Honduras: List of rivers of Honduras
Energy and electricity sector in Honduras: Energy in Honduras - Electricity sector in Honduras
Renewable energy in Honduras: Renewable energy in Honduras
Killed environmental activists in Honduras:
Banking and banks of Honduras: Banking and banks of Honduras
Foreign trade of Honduras: Foreign trade of Honduras
Honduras/USA business relations: Honduras/USA business relations
Political parties and trade unions in Honduras: Political parties in Honduras - Trade unions in Honduras
Elections and politics in Honduras: Elections in Honduras
2005 Honduran general election: November 2005 Honduran general election
2016: 8 March 2016: Officials in Honduras have refused coordinator of Friends of the Earth Mexico and director of the NGO 'Otros Mundos' Gustavo Castro Soto, who was shot twice during the murder of environmental activist Berta Cáceres and only survived by playing dead, to leave the country and return to his native Mexico - 8 March 2016: The catalogue of failures in the investigation into the death of Indigenous leader Berta Cáceres last week exposes the Honduran government’s absolute lack of willingness to protect human rights defenders in the country, rights group says after visiting Honduras - 16 March 2016: Nelson García, another indigenous activist has been murdered in Honduras amid an escalating wave of repression against the relatives and colleagues of renowned campaigner Berta Cáceres, who was murdered less than two weeks ago - 11 October 2016: Environmentalists Tomás Gómez Membreño and Alexander García, two indigenous activists in Honduras, have survived separate assassination attempts this week, seven months after their leader, the environmentalist Berta Cáceres was shot dead in her home
December 2017: 1 December 2017: National party's Hernandez accused of illegally meddling in the Sunday’s election in an attempt to hold on to power and deny victory to the opposition Alliance leader Salvador Nasralla - 2 December 2017: Honduras suspends rights as violence spreads over delayed vote count - 3 December 2017: Salvador Nasralla calls for Honduras’ disputed presidential election to be held again after the country erupted in deadly protests over the delayed vote count and the government imposed a dawn-to-dusk curfew - 4 décembre 2017: Le Tribunal suprême électoral a repris le décompte des voix à la présidentielle et les manifestations aussi ont recommencé - 7 December 2017: Eleven days after its general election, Honduras still has no president, but since the 26 November vote at least 11 people have died in clashes with security forces and tens of thousands of people have taken to the streets in protests over an electoral process marked by suspicious delays, inexplicable irregularities and opposition claims that the ruling party is trying to steal the election, as Honduran democracy is still reeling from 2009 military coup and USA's support - 18 December 2017: Amid persisting unrest Hernandez declared the winner of Honduras’ disputed election, as the Organization of American States OAS proposes a re-do of the vote and challenger Salvador Nasralla calls for more protests
Social movements and protests in Honduras: Protests in Honduras
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Honduras: Honduran society
Departments and mmunicipalities of Honduras: 18 Departments of Honduras, listed with capitals and population numbers in 2013, including Atlántida (La Ceiba, 436,252 citizens), Choluteca (Choluteca, 437,618 citizens), Colón (Trujillo, 309,926 citizens), Comayagua (Comayagua, 493,466 citizens), Copán (Santa Rosa de Copán, 371,057 citizens), Cortés (San Pedro Sula, 1,562,394 citizens), El Paraíso (Yuscarán, 455,507 citizens), Francisco Morazán (Tegucigalpa, 1,508,906 citizens), Gracias a Dios (Puerto Lempira, 90,765 citizens), Islas de la Bahía (Roatán, 62,557 citizens), La Paz (La Paz, 198,926 citizens), Lempira (Gracias, 321,179 citizens), Ocotepeque (Nueva Ocotepeque, 146,030 citizens), Olancho (Juticalpa 520,761 citizens), Santa Bárbara (Santa Bárbara, 421,337 citizens), Valle (Nacaome, 174,511 citizens), Yoro (Yoro, 570,595 citizens) - 298 Municipalities of Honduras
Cities in Honduras: List of cities in Honduras
Crime and violence of Tegucigalpa city with hundreds of street gangs: Crime and violence of Tegucigalpa city of Honduras, having the world's highest murder rate. Having around 8 million people in the country, Honduras has about 7,000 gang members in 300 to 400 street gangs, most of them based in Tegucigalpa. These gangs commit all types of crimes against the local population as well as foreigners, including phone call threats. The gangs also appear to have a lot of control in the cities with controlling public goods such as public taxis and they are very involved. The Honduran government does not have much control against the gangs because the government system is not itself very stable. Most of the crime cases are not very well prosecuted and sometimes just discarded, but police enforcement is better in the upper-class neighborhoods and in the tourists parts of the city.
Timeline of Tegucigalpa: Timeline of Tegucigalpa
Prior to 20th century timeline of Tegucigalpa: Prior to 20th century timeline of Tegucigalpa
20th century timeline of Tegucigalpa: 20th century timeline of Tegucigalpa
21st century timeline of Tegucigalpa: 21st century timeline of Tegucigalpa
2009 Honduran constitutional crisis, June 2009 Honduran coup d'état: June 2009 Honduran coup d'état, part of the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis, after president Zelaya had attempted to schedule a non-binding poll on holding a referendum on convening a constituent assembly to rewrite the 1982 constitution, established after several decades of military governments. This constitution was amended by the National Congress of Honduras 26 times from 1984 to 2005, and 10 interpretations by Congress were made from 1982 to 2005, as it was Honduras' twelfth constitution since independence in 1838, and the beginning of a critical relationship between North and South (Latin) America. Previous charters were adopted in 1839, 1848, 1865, 1873, 1880, 1894, 1906, 1924, 1936, 1957 and 1965. In 2009 Óscar Arias, then president of Costa Rica, who had been asked by the USA State Department to help arbitrate the 2009 constitutional crisis, termed this constitution the 'worst in the entire world' and an 'invitation to coups' - Following the June 2009 Honduran coup d'état, debate about the constitutionality of the 2009 presidential ouster
21st century crime in San Pedro Sula and migration from Honduras: 2010s crime in San Pedro Sula, named the 'murder capital of the world' - according to the 'New York Daily News' - until early 2016 when Venezuela's Caracas surpassed its homicide rate. Since the 2009 Honduran military coup 'unemployment and underemployment rates have doubled while the number of people living in extreme poverty has skyrocketed'. In 2013, the city had 187 homicides per 100,000 residents. This surpassed Ciudad Juarez, Mexico's rate of 148 killings per 100,000, or an average of about three homicides per day, as both cities are major operational and strategic distribution points in the illegal drug trade, particularly to the USA, and have significant gang activity. In response, authorities launched Operation Lightning, saturating violence hotspots with police and soldiers. Meanwhile, arms trafficking has flooded the country, with just under 70% of all firearms being illegal. 83% of homicides in the city involve firearms. According to the Los Angeles Times, 'the homicide rate is stoked by the rivalry of the brutal street gangs, mostly descendants of gangs formed in Los Angeles and deported to Central America in the 1990s, including Mara Salvatrucha and the 18th Street gang. Their ranks are fed by the disastrous economy of Honduras, and emboldened more recently by alliances with Mexican drug traffickers moving cocaine through the country. Crime and economic stress have led to the migration of large numbers of unaccompanied minors to the USA border. The latest data from the CBP shows San Pedro Sula as the major source for 'Unaccompanied Alien Children' migrating from Honduras.
Economy of San Pedro Sula city following the Spanish conquest: Economy of San Pedro Sula city, as in 2000 then-Mayor Roberto Larios Silva said 'San Pedro Sula is where the economic development of the country is concentrated via the city's industrial, commercial, and financial development'. The then-manager of Hotel Copantl attributed its growth in business-related tourism ...[to] the maquila (apparel manufacturing) industry. In 2011, San Pedro Sula generated two-thirds of the country's gross domestic product, as in 2013, fifteen years after the effects of Hurricane Mitch, Honduras is one of the poorest countries in Latin America. Around San Pedro Sula, banana production has not fully recovered, and 'manufacturing has all but dried up'. The problems are exacerbated by organized gangs, whose rules prevent residents from safely leaving gang-controlled neighborhoods such as Chamelecón for jobs in other parts of town - A maquiladora, a company that allows factories to be largely duty free and tariff-free. These factories take raw materials and assemble, manufacture, or process them and export the finished product, present throughout Latin America
National Agriculture University located in Catcamas: 'Universidad Nacional de Agricultura UNA' in Catacamas city
La Esperanza city: La Esperanza city, the capital city and a municipality of the same name of the department of Intibucá. La Esperanza is famous for having the coolest climate in Honduras. It is considered the heart of the Ruta Lenca, a region of Lenca ethnic influence that spans Honduras from Santa Rosa de Copan to Choluteca. Sites on the Lenca Trail have been designated by the government and UN development in order to encourage more cultural tourism, and help create new markets for the traditional crafts, such as pottery, practiced by the Lenca, in order to preserve their culture. The city of La Esperanza is merged indistinguishably with the city of Intibucá, the head of the neighboring municipality of Intibucá. Intibucá is the older of the twin cities and was originally an indigenous Lenca community, while La Esperanza is the newer ladino community. The projected population of La Esperanza for 2018 is 13,800, with 9,900 in the urban area and 3,900 in rural areas, with the projected population for the neighboring municipality of Intibucá of 63,000 citizens, including 23,800 in the urban area and 39,000 in the rural areas
Economy, culture of La Esperanza city and Lenca people: Economy and culture of La Esperanza city, as the predominant ethnic group are the Lenca people, who have occupied the southwest region of Honduras since pre-Columbian times. The Lenca are the largest ethnic group in Honduras, numbering just over 100,000. The Lenca once had a distinct language which is now extinct. They continue to practice traditional customs and arts, such as the production of textiles and pottery, dances, and clothing. The Lenca people, particularly women, can be recognised by their unique style of dress, including brightly coloured dresses and woven head scarves called pañuelos. Life in La Esperanza and Intibucá is centred primarily on agriculture, which is the mainstay of most residents, especially the Lenca. Due to its uniquely cool climate, the department is able to produce products that other departments cannot, including potatoes, strawberries and apples.
Demographics and ethnic groups in Honduras: Demographics of Honduras - Ethnicity in Honduras - Ethnic groups in Honduras
Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras: Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras COPINH
Caracoles: Caracoles
Culture and languages in Honduras: Culture of Honduras - Languages of Honduras
Gender inequality in Honduras: Gender inequality in Honduras
Children's rights in Honduras: Children's rights in Honduras
Education in Honduras: Education in Honduras
Educational problems in Honduras: Educational problems in Honduras
Health and healthcare in Honduras: Health in Honduras
Media of Honduras: Media of Honduras
Newspapers in Honduras: Newspapers in Honduras
Radio in Honduras: Radio in Honduras
TV in Honduras: TV in Honduras
Telecommunications in Honduras: Telecommunications in Honduras
Internet in Honduras: Internet in Honduras
Crime in Honduras: Crime in Honduras
Illegal drug trade in Honduras: Illegal drug trade in Honduras
Gun politics in Honduras: Gun politics in Honduras
Corruption and organised crime in Honduras: Transnational organized crime and corruption in Honduras
November 2011 Honduras arrests 176 police in a purge against corruption: 4 November 2011: Honduras arrests 176 police in a purge against corruption and organised crime
La Esperanza city: La Esperanza city, the capital city and a municipality of the same name of the department of Intibucá. La Esperanza is famous for having the coolest climate in Honduras. It is considered the heart of the Ruta Lenca, a region of Lenca ethnic influence that spans Honduras from Santa Rosa de Copan to Choluteca. Sites on the Lenca Trail have been designated by the government and UN development in order to encourage more cultural tourism, and help create new markets for the traditional crafts, such as pottery, practiced by the Lenca, in order to preserve their culture. The city of La Esperanza is merged indistinguishably with the city of Intibucá, the head of the neighboring municipality of Intibucá. Intibucá is the older of the twin cities and was originally an indigenous Lenca community, while La Esperanza is the newer ladino community.
Since 1983 List of journalists killed in Honduras: List of journalists killed in Honduras since 1983
Judiciary of Honduras: Judiciary of Honduras
Supreme Court of Honduras: Supreme Court of Honduras
Law enforcement in Honduras: Law enforcement in Honduras
Foreign relations of Honduras: Foreign relations of Honduras
Treaties of Honduras: Treaties of Honduras
2009 international reactions to Honduran coup d'état: International reaction to the 2009 Honduran coup d'état
Bilateral relations of Honduras: Bilateral relations of Honduras
Honduras/Canada relations: Honduras/Canada relations
Honduras/El Salvador relations: Honduras/El Salvador relations
Honduras/European Union relations: Honduras/European Union relations
Honduras/Guatemala relations: Honduras/Guatemala relations
Honduras/Mexico relations: Honduras/Mexico relations
1821-1823 First Mexican Empire: 1821-1823 First Mexican Empire
Honduras/Nicaragua relations: Honduras/Nicaragua relations
1963 Honduran coup d'état: 1963 Honduran coup d'état
21 December 2021 USA military trained him, then Castillo helped murder Berta Cáceres: 21 December 2021: Honduran high court found Roberto David Castillo, who graduated from the USA Military Academy, guilty as the joint perpetrator in the 2016 assassination of the indigenous activist and environmental defender Berta Cáceres, killed by a team of hitmen after years of death threats linked to her opposition of the Agua Zarca dam, approved by the government without permission from the local indigenous people. Castillo was the president of the company building the dam and the court concluded that he had used his military training to stalk her for years, while secretly helping coordinate the assassination. Berta Cáceres court papers show murder suspects' links to USA-trained elite troops, as some of that training came from West Point, where Castillo studied, 'The Guardian' investigation reveals
Ecoregions in Honduras: List of ecoregions in Honduras
Killed environmental activists in Honduras:
Natural disasters in Honduras: Natural disasters in Honduras
October 2017 cyclone Nate: October 2017 Tropical cyclone Nate
May/June 2020 Tropical Storm Amanda: 30/31 May 2020 Tropical Storm Amanda
Floods in Honduras:
Fires and wildfires in Honduras: Fires and wildfires in Honduras


Jamaica - Geography of Jamaica - Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean - Taíno people - History of Jamaica - Spanish colonization of the Americas - Colony of Santiago (Jamaica) 1509-1655 - British invasion of Jamaica 1655 - British colony of Jamaica 1655-1962 - European colonization and slavery in the Americas since the 16th century - Jamaicans of African ancestry - Demographics of Jamaica
Energy in Jamaica: Energy in Jamaica
Water in Jamaica: Water in Jamaica
Water supply and sanitation in Jamaica: Water supply and sanitation in Jamaica
Transport in Jamaica: Transport in Jamaica
Banks of Jamaica: Banks of Jamaica
Economic history of Jamaica and econmic cycles: Economic history of Jamaica
Taxation in Jamaica: Taxation in Jamaica
Political parties and trade unions in Jamaica: Political parties in Jamaica - Trade unions in Jamaica
Politics and elections in Jamaica: Elections in Jamaica
December 2011 Jamaican general election: Jamaican general election December 2011
March 2012 Jamaican local government election: Jamaican local government election March 2012
February 2016 Jamaican general election: 25 February 2016 Jamaican general election
September 2020 Jamaican general election: 3 September 2020 Jamaican general election
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Jamaica: Jamaican society - Human rights in Jamaica
Subdivisions of Jamaica: Subdivisions of Jamaica
Cities and towns in Jamaica: List of cities and towns in Jamaica
Timeline of Kingston since 1692: Timeline of Kingston since 1692
Since 1885 Shaare Shalom Synagogue: Since 1885 Shaare Shalom Synagogue
21st century timeline of Kingston: 21st century timeline of Kingston
Timeline and history of 'Spanish Town': History of 'Spanish Town'
Economy of Montego Bay: Economy of Montego Bay
Timeline and history of Montego Bay since 1494: Timeline and history of Montego Bay since 1494
Demographics and ethnic groups in Jamaica: Demographics of Jamaica - Ethnic groups in Jamaica
Igbo people in Jamaica: Igbo people in Jamaica
Women in Jamaica: Women in Jamaica
Children and youth in Jamaica: Youth in Jamaica
Education in Jamaica: Education in Jamaica
Schools in Jamaica: Schools in Jamaica
Health in Jamaica: Health in Jamaica
Disease outbreaks in Jamaica: Disease outbreaks in Jamaica
Hospitals in Jamaica: Hospitals in Jamaica
Jamaica at the Olympics: Jamaica at the Olympics
Media in Jamaica: Media in Jamaica
Crime in Jamaica: Crime in Jamaica
Drugs in Jamaica: Drugs in Jamaica
Human trafficking in Jamaica: Human trafficking in Jamaica
Judiciary of Jamaica: Judiciary of Jamaica
Foreign relations of Jamaica: Foreign relations of Jamaica
Jamaica/Brazil relations: Jamaica/Brazil relations
Jamaica/Canada relations: Jamaica/Canada relations
Jamaica/France relations: Jamaica/France relations
Jamaica/Kenya relations: Jamaica/Kenya relations
Jamaica/Trinidad and Tobago relations: Jamaica/Trinidad and Tobago relations
Jamaica/USA relations: Jamaica/USA relations
Climate of Jamaica: Climate of Jamaica
Protected areas of Jamaica: Protected areas of Jamaica
Natural disasters in Jamaica: Natural disasters in Jamaica
Hurricanes in Jamaica: Hurricanes in Jamaica


Mexico - Geography of Mexico - History of Mexico - Demographics of Mexico
Petroleum industry in Mexico: Petroleum industry in Mexico - Pemex
2010 Puebla oil pipeline explosion: 2010 Puebla oil pipeline explosion
7 April 2020 86 environmentalists killed since 2012 with a third of the killings linked to energy projects in Mexico: 7 April 2020: A new report has found that 86 environmental activists have been killed in Mexico since 2012, with a third of the killings linked to energy projects
Coconut production: Coconut production in Mexico
Lime production: Lime production in Mexico
Irrigation in Mexico: Irrigation in Mexico
Water supply and sanitation in Mexico: Water supply and sanitation in Mexico
Water management in Greater Mexico City: Water management in Greater Mexico City
28 July 2022 Mexico desperate for water while drinks companies use billions of litres: 28 July 2022: Mexico desperate for water while drinks companies use billions of litres
Fishing and fish in Mexico: Fish of Mexico
Transportation disasters in Mexico: Transportation disasters in Mexico
Bridge disasters in Mexico: Bridge disasters in Mexico
Rail transportation in Mexico: Rail transportation in Mexico
Railway accidents and incidents in Mexico: Railway accidents and incidents in Mexico
Road transportation in Mexico: Road transportation in Mexico
Road incidents in Mexico: Road incidents in Mexico
Aviation in Mexico: Aviation in Mexico
Aviation accidents and incidents in Mexico: Aviation accidents and incidents in Mexico
Water transportation in Mexico: Water transportation in Mexico
Economic history of Mexico and economic cycles: Economic history of Mexico since the 1920-1940 Great Depression
1910-1920 Mexican Revolution and 1917 constitution: Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 - Constitution of Mexico of 1917
Political parties and movements in Mexico: Political parties in Mexico - Political party alliances in Mexico
Elections and politics in Mexico: Elections in Mexico
6 July 2021 Mexican local elections: 6 July 2021 Mexican local elections
Social movements and protests in Mexic: Protests in Mexico
2014: 1 February: Tens of thousands of people marched in Mexico City to protest constitutional reforms pushed through by Pena Nieto that open the oil and gas industry to foreign investment - 3 October: Thousands of protesters blocked the highway to Acapulco in southern Mexico to press authorities to find 43 students missing since a deadly police shooting last weekend - 5 October: Students and relatives of 43 missing students surround and deny access to a convoy of military vehicles as they block a main highway in Chilpancingo, demanding answers - 8 October: Tens of thousands of people march in Mexico, joining families of 43 missing students, to demand the government find out what happened to students, who are feared to have been massacred by gang members and police - 18 October: Protests gather pace with fate of student teachers still unknown and pressure continues to mount on the Mexican authorities to find the students - 2 December 2014: With more protests taking place across Mexico, embattled Enrique Peña Nieto facing growing pressure over violence and corruption - 7 December: As protests in Mexico continue, DNA tests confirm burnt remains found at rubbish tip are those of Alexander Mora, one of 43 abducted students - 15 December: Clashes between federal police and protesters organising a concert in solidarity with 43 missing students left at least 21 people injured in Guerrero state - 27 December: Thousands protest in Mexico City over missing students
April 2016 parents lead protest of probe into missing 43 students in Mexico: 27 April 2016: Parents lead protest of probe into missing 43 students in Mexico
January/February 2017 Women's March in cities around the world, including Mexico City: 21 January 2017 Women's March in cities around the world, including Mexico City at the USA embassy and followed by a large march went from to the Angel of Independence protesting against President Trump and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto, to promote women's rights and to address racial inequities, workers' issues, and environmental issues - 13 February 2017: Tens of thousands of Mexicans in more than a dozen cities protested against USA's Trump and his administration, portraying him as a menace and rejecting his plans to build a wall along the USA-Mexico border and make their country pay for it - 18 February 2017: People form a human wall along the Mexican border to protest against USA's Trump's plans for a wall between the countries, saying a friendly wall is better
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Mexico: Mexican society - Demographics of Mexico
Human rights in Mexico: Human rights in Mexico
List of states of Mexico by area: List of states in Mexico by area
List of Mexican states by GDP: List of Mexican states by GDP
Municipalities of Mexico: 2,448 Municipalities of Mexico
Cities in Mexico: List of cities in Mexico
Since 1829 timeline of Tijuana: Since 1829 timeline of Tijuana
20th century timeline of Tijuana: 20th century timeline of Tijuana
21st century timeline of Tijuana: 21st century timeline of Tijuana
Baja California Peninsula: Baja California Peninsula that separates the Pacific Ocean from the Gulf of California - The Gulf of California, a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean that separates the Baja California Peninsula from the Mexican mainland. It is bordered by the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, and Sinaloa with a coastline of approximately 4,000 km. Rivers that flow into the Gulf of California include the Colorado, Fuerte, Mayo, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the Yaqui. The surface of the gulf is about 160,000 km2. Maximum depths exceed 3,000 meters because of the complex geology, linked to plate tectonics. The gulf is thought to be one of the most diverse seas on Earth and is home to more than 5,000 species of micro-invertebrates. - Gulf of California Rift Zone - Volcanoes of east-central Baja California
Sonora state of Mexico: Sonora state of Mexico, divided into 72 municipalities. The capital city is Hermosillo. Sonora is bordered by the states of Chihuahua to the east, Baja California to the northwest and Sinaloa to the south. To the north, it shares the USA–Mexico border primarily with the state of Arizona with a small length with New Mexico, and on the west has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of California. Sonora's natural geography is divided into three parts, including the Sierra Madre Occidental in the east of the state, plains and rolling hills in the center, and the coast on the Gulf of California. It is primarily arid or semiarid deserts and grasslands, with only the highest elevations having sufficient rainfall to support other types of vegetation. Sonora is home to eight indigenous peoples, including the Mayo, the O’odham, the Yaqui, and Seri. The state has been economically important for its agriculture, livestock (especially beef), and mining since the colonial period, and for its status as a border state since the Mexican–American War in the 19th century. With the Gadsden Purchase, Sonora lost more than a quarter of its territory. From the 20th century to the present, industry, tourism, and agribusiness have dominated the economy, attracting migration from other parts of Mexico.
Nuevo León state: Nuevo León state in the Northeast region of Mexico, named after the New Kingdom of León, an administrative territory from the Viceroyalty of New Spain, which itself was named after the historic Spanish Kingdom of Leon. With a total land area of 64,555 square kilometers, Nuevo León is the 13th largest Federal Entity in the United Mexican States. The state is bordered by Tamaulipas to the east, Coahuila to the west, also by Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi to the south. As well, as an international border with the USA, sharing the border with the state of Texas to the North. The Laredo-Colombia Solidarity International Bridge is the only vehicular bridge that connects the USA with the state of Nuevo León, connecting both, the city of Colombia, Nuevo León and Laredo, Texas, crossing over the Rio Grande river. The state of Nuevo Léon is the seventh largest in terms of population with an estimated population of 5.78 million people in 2020. The state is home to the Monterrey Metropolitan Area, which is the second largest metropolitan area in Mexico with an estimated population of 5.3 million people in 2020.
History of Ciudad Victoria: History of Ciudad Victoria city
Towns and villages of Reynosa Municipality: Towns and villages of Reynosa Municipality
History and timeline of Reynosa city: History and timeline of Reynosa city
Timeline of Culiacán: History and timeline of Culiacán
Nayarit state: Nayarit state, divided in 20 municipalities as its capital city is Tepic. It is bordered by the states of Sinaloa to the northwest, Durango to the north, Zacatecas to the northeast and Jalisco to the south. To the west, Nayarit has a significant share of coastline on the Pacific Ocean, including the islands of Marías and Marietas. The beaches of San Blas and the so-called 'Riviera Nayarit' are popular with tourists. Besides tourism, the economy of the state is based mainly on agriculture and fishing. It is also one of two states where the tarantula species Brachypelma klaasi is found, the other being Jalisco. Home to Uto-Aztecan Native American peoples such as the Huichol and Cora, the region was exposed to the conquistadores, Hernán Cortés and Nuño de Guzmán, in the 16th century. Spanish governance was made difficult by resistance against the colonial power, indigenous rebellions and by the inhospitable terrain of the Sierra del Nayar. The last independent Cora communities were subjugated in 1722. The state's name recalls the Cora people's label for themselves: Náayerite, commemorating Nayar, a resistance leader.
Jalisco state: Jalisco state, located in Western Mexico and bordered by six states which are Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Michoacán, and Colima. Jalisco is divided into 125 municipalities, and its capital city is Guadalajara, as Jalisco is one of the most economically and culturally important states in Mexico, owing to its natural resources as well as its long history and culture. Many of the characteristic traits of Mexican culture, particularly outside Mexico City, are originally from Jalisco, such as mariachi, ranchera music, birria, tequila, jaripeo, etc., hence the state's motto 'Jalisco es México'. Economically, it is ranked third in the country, with industries centered in the Guadalajara metropolitan area, the third largest metropolitan area in Mexico. The state is home to two significant Native American populations, the Huichols and the Nahuas people. There is also a significant foreign population, mostly from the USA and Canada, living in the Lake Chapala and Puerto Vallarta areas.
Timeline of Guadalajara: Timeline of Guadalajara
Guanajuato state: Guanajuato state, divided into 46 municipalities as its capital city is Guanajuato, and as the state is located in central Mexico, bordered by the states of Jalisco to the west, Zacatecas to the northwest, San Luis Potosí to the north, Querétaro to the east, and Michoacán to the south. It covers an area of 30,608 km2 as the state is home to several historically important cities, especially those along the 'Bicentennial Route', which retraces the path of the insurgent army at the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence. This route begins at Dolores Hidalgo, and passes through the Sanctuary of Atotonilco, San Miguel de Allende, Celaya, and the capital of Guanajuato. Other important cities in the state include León, and Irapuato. Guanajuato state is between the arid north of the country and the lusher south, and is geographically part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, the Mexican Plateau. It was initially settled by the Spanish in the 1520s due to mineral deposits found around the city of Guanajuato, but areas such as the Bajío region also became important for agriculture and livestock. Mining and agriculture were the mainstays of the state's economy, but have since been eclipsed by the secondary sector. Guanajuato has particularly seen growth in the automotive industry
Querétaro state: Querétaro state, divided into 18 municipalities. Its capital city is Santiago de Querétaro, as the state is located in North-Central Mexico, in a region known as Bajío. It is bordered by the states of San Luis Potosí to the north, Guanajuato to the west, Hidalgo to the east, México to the southeast and Michoacán to the southwest. The state is one of the smallest in Mexico, but it is also one of the most heterogeneous geographically, with ecosystems varying from deserts to tropical rainforest, especially in the Sierra Gorda, which is filled with microecosystems. The area of the state was located on the northern edge of Mesoamerica, with both the Purépecha Empire and Aztec Empire having influence in the extreme south, but neither really dominating it. The area, especially the Sierra Gorda, had a number of small city-states, but by the time the Spanish arrived, these had all been abandoned, with only small agricultural villages and seminomadic peoples inhabiting the area. Spanish conquest was focused on the establishment of the Santiago de Querétaro, which still dominates the state culturally, economically and educationally
Hidalgo state: Hidalgo state, divided into 84 municipalities as its capital city is Pachuca de Soto. Located in the eastern part of the country, Hidalgo is bordered by San Luis Potosí and Veracruz on the north, Puebla on the east, Tlaxcala and State of Mexico on the south and Querétaro on the west. In 1869, Benito Juárez created the State of Hidalgo and made Pachuca its capital city. The state was named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the initiator of the Mexican War of Independence. The indigenous peoples of the state, such as the Otomi, retain much of their traditional culture. In addition to Mexicans of Spanish descent, there are also notable immigrant cultures including those of the descendants of Cornish miners from Cornwall who arrived in the 19th century, a few self-proclaimed Italian descendants, and a small Jewish enclave which claims to be descended from Sephardi Jews which came to New Spain in the 16th century amid Spanish and European inquisition. Hidalgo is known for its mountainous terrain, though part of the state is on a coastal plain. With a population of 2.858 million and an area of roughly 20,813 square km, Hidalgo is one of Mexico's smaller states
Michoacán state: Michoacán state, divided into 113 municipalities as its capital city is Morelia. The city was named after José María Morelos, a native of the city and one of the main heroes of the Mexican War of Independence. Michoacán is located in Western Mexico, and has a stretch of coastline on the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. It is bordered by the states of Colima and Jalisco to the west and northwest, Guanajuato to the north, Querétaro to the northeast, the State of México to the east, and Guerrero to the southeast. The name Michoacán is from Nahuatl meaning 'place of the fishermen' referring to those who fish on Lake Pátzcuaro. In pre-Hispanic times, the area was the home of the Purépecha Empire, which rivaled the Aztec Empire at the time of Spanish encounter. After the Spanish conquest, the empire became a separate province which became smaller over the colonial period. The state and its residents played a major role in the Mexican War of Independence. Today, the state is still home to a sizable population of Purépecha people as well as minor populations of Otomi and Nahua. The economy is based on agriculture, ranching, fishing, mining, and the arts
Morelia city and capital: Morelia city and municipal seat of Morelia in the north-central part of the state of Michoacán in central Mexico. The city is in the Guayangareo Valley and is the capital and largest city of the state. The main pre-Hispanic cultures here were the Purépecha and the Matlatzinca. The Spanish took control of the area in the 1520s, founding a settlement here in 1541 with the name of Valladolid, which became rival to the nearby city of Pátzcuaro for dominance in Michoacán. In 1580, this rivalry ended in Valladolid's favor and it became the capital of the colonial province. After the Mexican War of Independence, the city was renamed Morelia, and in 1991 the city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its well-preserved colonial buildings and layout of the historic center. The city population in 2020 was 743,275 inhabitants. The municipality had 849,053 inhabitants.
1910-1920 Mexican Revolution: 1910-1920 Mexican Revolution
13/16 January 1917 'Zimmermann Telegram: 13/16 January 1917 'Zimmermann Telegram', a secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if the USA entered 1914-1918 World War I launched by the German empire, now proposing in the telegram that Mexico would recover Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico from the USA, as the telegram was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence, and revelation of the contents enraged USA citizens, especially after German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann publicly admitted on 3 March that the telegram was genuine, then helping to generate support for USA's April declaration of war on German empire, following its resumption of inhuman unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917 - Later 1936-1939, during fascist Franco's war against the Spanish Republic, Mexico and Germany supported opposing sides of the conflict, with Mexico supporting the Republicans and NSDAP ruled Germany supporting the fascists, as in May 1942 Mexico declared war on Germany during World War II after German U-boats destroyed two Mexican oil tankers in the Gulf of Mexico, carrying crude oil to the USA
History of Mexico City: History of Mexico City
Economy and demographics of Mexico city Economy and demographics of Mexico city
Timeline of Mexico City, since 1325: Timeline of Mexico City, since 1325
1325 Tenochtitlán founded by Aztecs: 1325 Tenochtitlán founded by Aztecs
Since 1825 Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation: Since 1825 Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
Since 1905 General Hospital of Mexico: Since 1905 General Hospital of Mexico
September 1985 Mexico City earthquake: 19 September 1985 Mexico City earthquake
September 2017 Central Mexico earthquake: 19 September 2017 Central Mexico earthquake
Economy and agriculture of Oaxaca: Economy of Oaxaca, as - according to the Mexican government agency Conapo - Oaxaca is the third most economically marginalized states in Mexico. The state has 3.3% of the population but produces only 1.5% of the GNP. The main reason for this is the lack of infrastructure and education, especially in the interior of the state outside of the capital. 80% of the state's municipalities do not meet federal minimums for housing and education. Most development projects are planned for the capital and the surrounding area. Little has been planned for the very rural areas and the state lacks the resources to implement them. The largest sector of Oaxaca's economy is agriculture, mostly done communally in ejidos or similar arrangements. About 31% of the population is employed in agriculture, about 50% in commerce and services and 22% in industry. The commerce sector dominates the GDP at 65.4%, followed by industry/mining at 18.9% and agriculture at 15.7%
History and timeline of Oaxaca state: History of Oaxaca state
21st century demographics of Oaxaca, high percentage of indigenous peoples: Demographics of Oaxaca state with a total population of about 3.5 million inhabitants, Demographically, Oaxaca stands out due to the high percentage of indigenous peoples. It is estimated that at least a third are speakers of indigenous languages (with 5% not able to speak Spanish), accounting for 53% of Mexico’s total indigenous population. The state straddles two Mesoamerican cultural areas. The first extends into the state from the Mayan lands of Chiapas, Yucatan and Guatemala. The northeast of the state is part of the cultures of the Valley of Mexico, with historical influence seen from ancient cities such as Teotihuacan, Tula and Tenochtitlan. The main reason that indigenous languages and cultures have been able to survive here is the rugged terrain, which isolate communities. - Indigenous people of Oaxaca are descendants of the inhabitants of what is now the state of Oaxaca, who were present before the Spanish invasion. Several cultures flourished in the ancient region of Oaxaca from as far back as 2000 BC, of whom the Zapotecs and Mixtecs were perhaps the most advanced, with complex social organization and sophisticated arts. According to the CDI Oaxaca has the greatest percentage of indigenous people after Yucatán, at 48% of the population. There are 16 formally registered indigenous communities, some of which are culturally diverse themselves, but in the 21st century many of the people are socially marginalized, living in poverty.
Zapotecs indigenous people of Mexico: Zapotecs are an indigenous people of Mexico, concentrated in the southern state of Oaxaca, but Zapotec communities also exist in neighboring states. The present-day population is estimated at approximately 400,000 to 650,000 persons, many of whom are monolingual in one of the native Zapotec languages and dialects. There are four basic groups of Zapotecs: the istmeños, who live in the southern Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the serranos, who live in the northern mountains of the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, the southern Zapotecs, who live in the southern mountains of the Sierra Sur, and the Central Valley Zapotecs, who live in and around the Valley of Oaxaca. Many people of Zapotec ancestry have emigrated to the USA over several decades, and they maintain their own social organizations in the Los Angeles and Central Valley areas of California. In pre-Columbian times, the Zapotec civilization was one of the highly developed cultures of Mesoamerica, which, among other things, included a system of writing.
16 March 2022 equality experienced in Zapotec civilization may have been key to community's success, study says: 16 March 2022: Greater equality than that experienced in other Mesoamerican cities may have been key to the successes of an ancient Zapotec community in Mexico which survived far longer than any contemporaneous metropolis, a new study suggests. The ruins of Monte Albán – which include pyramids, canals and a ballgame court – sit on a semi-arid hilltop above the city of Oaxaca. At its peak the city, founded in 500BC, was the economic and cultural capital for the Zapotec people, and home to 17,000 people, despite a lack of water supplies or fertile land. - Linda M. Nicholas, Gary M. Feinman: 'The Foundation of Monte Albán - Intensification, and Growth: Coactive Processes and Joint Production', published in March 2022 in Chicago, USA
19th-21st century history and timeline of Oaxaca state: Late 19th century to present history of Oaxaca state in the 21st century
20th/21st centuries history and timeline of Chiapas state: 20th/21st centuries history and timeline of Chiapas state
History and timeline of Tuxtla Gutiérrez city: History and timeline of Tuxtla Gutiérrez city
Demographics and ethnic groups in Mexico: Demographics of Mexico - Ethnic groups in Mexico
Culture and languages of Mexico: Culture of Mexico - Languages of Mexico
Indigenous languages of Mexico: Indigenous languages of Mexico
Music of Mexico, and Norteño: Music of Mexico - Norteño or Norteña, northern regional Mexican music. The music is most often based on duple and triple metre and its lyrics often deal with socially relevant topics, although there are also many norteño love songs. The accordion and the bajo sexto are traditional norteño's most characteristic instruments. Norteña music developed in the late 19th century, as a mixture between local Mexican music and Austrian-Czech-origin folk music, as musical styles such as polka and waltz were immported by European immigrants from Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany, to northern Mexico and the southwestern USA also bringing dance traditions such as the varsovienne - Narcocorrido subgenre of the regional corrido, narrative ballad genre, from which several other genres have evolved. This type of music is heard and produced on both sides of the Mexico–USA border. It uses a danceable, polka, waltz or mazurka rhythmic base, as early corridos, non-narco go back as far as the Mexican Revolution of 1910, telling the stories of revolutionary fighters.
Southern Mexican folk music: Southern Mexican folk music as the south of the country is often characterized by a strong mixture of different cultures since this region has some of the most important port cities of the country like Veracruz and Acapulco which functioned as an entry way for immigrants from Europe, the Middle East, Africa, South America, the Caribbean and Asia - Southern Mexican folk music genres include the 'Son Jarocho', coming from the Veracruz area, distinguished by a strong African influence. International acclaim has been limited, including the major hit La Bamba. Southern Mexican folk music genres include further the 'Chilena music genre' coming from the Costa Chica region, an area along the Pacific Ocean between the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Guerrero, although its influence extends to other nearby regions. It originated from the Chilean cueca, a dance that was carried by Chilean sailors in 1821 and then by Chilean immigrants between 1848 and 1855, during the height of the California gold rush
Children, childhood and youth in Mexico: Childhood in Mexico - Youth in Mexico
International child abduction in Mexico: International child abduction in Mexico
Schools in Mexico: Schools in Mexico
List of museums in Mexico: List of museums in Mexico
Health in Mexico: Health in Mexico
Social determinants of health in Mexico: Social determinants of health in Mexico
Since early 21st century HIV/AIDS in Mexico: Since early 21st century HIV/AIDS in Mexico
March-April 2009 swine flu pandemic in Mexico: March-April 2009 swine flu pandemic in Mexico
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Mexico: Since February 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Mexico and timeline
21 November 2020 Mexico cocid-19 deaths pass 100,000: 21 November 2020: Mexico cocid-19 deaths pass 100,000
Mexican media: Mexican media
2015: 6 January 2015: Mexican town's entire police force detained over journalist Moisés Sánchez' disappearance, who was abducted by armed men on Friday - 25 March 2015: Threats and attacks against journalists including murder have risen in the first two years of President Pena Nieto's administration, journalism advocacy group Article 19 says - 2 August 2015: Mexican photojournalist Espinosa, who worked for the investigative magazine Proceso, found dead in an apartment with four other people after fleeing his home state of Veracruz - 14 August 2015: Days after the murder of photojournalist Espinosa based in Veracruz sparked widespread outrage, among six people killed by armed men in a bar in the Mexican state the bodies of journalist Juan Heriberto Santos and Jose Marquez, a suspected drug boss
2016: 22 July 2016: Journalist Pedro Tamayo, who was enrolled in a Veracruz state-sponsored protection program, was shot in front of his wife, outside their home in Tierra Blanca in the eastern state of Veracruz by unknown assailants - 25 July 2016: Unesco's Irina Bokova calls for investigation into the murder of journalist Pedro Tamayo Rosas - 27 July 2016: PEN International's Carles Torner denounces failure of protection, saying that Freelancer Pedro Tamayo Rosas is the seventh print journalist to be killed in Mexico this year, and the third from Veracruz state - 22 August 2016: Mexican journalist Noé Zavaleta has been forced to flee the state of Veracruz after being threatened following the publication of his book about the state’s governor Duarte, telling of widespread corruption and violence during Duarte’s six years as governor
2017: 2 March 2017: Freelance journalist Cecilio Pineda Birto was shot dead in Ciudad Altamirano in Guerrero state by two gunmen on a motorcycle - 19 March 2017: The editorial director of El Político newspaper Ricardo Monlui Cabrera was shot to death in Yanga in the eastern state of Veracruz, as he left a restaurant where he had eaten with his wife and son - 23 March 2017: Miroslava Breach Velducea, a correspondent for the national newspaper 'La Jornada' from the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua, who covered among other subjects politics and crime, was shot eight times by a gunman as she was leaving home in her car, accompanied by one of her three children, who was not injured, but Breach died while being transported to the hospital - 16 May 2017: Award-winning Mexican journalist Javier Valdez famed for fearlessly covering drug cartels has been murdered, adding to the already long list of reporters killed this year in what is the most dangerous country in the world for members of the media
June 2017: 19 June 2017: 2015-2016 the Mexican government has deployed sophisticated software to spy on journalists, activists and anti-graft groups as they worked to highlight some of the country’s most notorious cases of crime, corruption and abuse of authority, according to an investigation by the press freedom organisation at the University of Toronto with assistance of Mexican NGOs - 22 June 2017: Human rights officials in Mexico City have concluded that authorities failed to properly investigate the deaths of five people, including journalist Rubén Espinosa, instead launching an 'inadequate' inquiry which failed to exhaust all possible leads - 27 June 2017: Police in Mexico found the burned remains of journalist Adame who was kidnapped in May, the sixth reporter killed this year in the country
9 November 2020 murder of journalist Israel Vasquez: 9 novembre 2020: Le journaliste mexicain Israel Vasquez, qui travaillait sur la découverte de restes humains dans l’État de Guanajuato au centre du Mexique, a été tué par balle, le troisième en moins d’un mois au Mexique, selon des ONG de défense de la presse CPJ et RSF
Newspapers in Mexico: List of newspapers in Mexico
Internet in Mexico: Internet in Mexico
Religion in Mexico: Religion in Mexico
Roman Catholicism in Mexico: Roman Catholicism in Mexico
Corruption in Mexico: Corruption in Mexico
Political scandals in Mexico: Political scandals in Mexico
Police corruption in Mexico: Police corruption in Mexico
Organized crime, gangs and massacres in Mexico: Organized crime in Mexico - List of gangs in Mexico - List of massacres in Mexico
September/October 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping and ongoing search 2014-2016: September 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping - 5 October 2014: Mass grave found outside the Mexican town of Iguala, where violence last weekend resulted in six deaths and the disappearance of 43 students - 5 October: Mexico massacre victims feared to be missing students - 10 October: Four more clandestine graves containing charred human remains near Iguala discovered - 23 October: A Mexican mayor and his wife the 'probable masterminds' behind the disappearance of 43 student teachers, the country’s attorney general says as he issued arrest warrants - 24 October: Governor of Guerrero Rivero steps aside while an investigation of Iguala massacre continues - 28 October: Officials searching for 43 missing students find new grave and human remains and arrest two drug gang members - 5 December 2014: Parents of 43 missing Mexican student teachers are at risk and need protection, UN says - 7 December: The remains found at rubbish tip are those of Alexander Mora, one of 43 student teachers handed over by corrupt police on 26 September to a drug gang - 8 December 2014: Family demands justice after Mexican student's body identified
2016: 15 April 2016: A witness to the disappearance of 43 Mexican students in September 2014 has told investigators that federal and municipal police were present when the youths were forced from their bus - 25 April 2016: Outside experts investigating the September 2014 attacks on 43 trainee teachers deliver a devastating final report, finding inconsistencies, errors and omissions in the government’s official investigation, along with evidence of suspects being tortured, and accusing the Nieto government of undermining their inquiry. - 22 June 2016: Independent investigators who investigated the disappearance and apparent massacre of 43 Mexican students in 2014 call for a robust follow-up to resolve the high-profile case and establish the truth - 12 July 2016: Classmate Julio Cesar Mondragon of 43 missing Mexican students, who disappeared the day after the others went missing, was tortured, report says accusing 11 individuals including officials of contributing directly to his death, but nearly two years later no one has been tried
July 2019 murders in Mexico highest on record: 22 July 2019: Murders in Mexico surge to record in first half of 2019
2012 murdered journalists and officials: 29 April 2012: Mexico probes journalist Regina Martinez's death, who reported on crime for the weekly news magazine Proceso - 4. Mai 2012: In der Hafenstadt Veracruz wurden am Donnerstag, dem Internationalen Tag der Pressefreiheit, drei Pressefotografen ermordet aufgefunden - 5. Mai 2012: In der nordmexikanischen Grenzstadt Nuevo Laredo sind am Freitag 23 Leichen gefunden worden - 13 May: Forty-nine bodies found on Sunday dumped on a highway connecting Monterrey to the US border - 25 June: Three policemen die in a shootout at Mexico City's main airport after being sent to detain suspects in a drug trafficking case - 29. Juni: Wenige Tage vor der Parlaments- und Präsidentschaftswahl wird entführte mexikanische Bürgermeisterin tot aufgefunden - 10 July 2012: In an ambush seven police officers and four agressors killed in the state of Sinaloa, a stronghold of one of the country's ruthless drug gangs
2013: 29 April 2013: Ten people were reported killed in clashes on Sunday between armed groups in the western Mexican state of Michoacan, which is plagued by battles between rival drug gangs - 16 juillet 2013: Miguel Angel Trevino, le chef du gang de narcotrafiquants des Zetas, arrêté - 24 juillet: Le gouvernement veut reprendre le contrôle du Michoacan au lendemain d'affrontements entre police fédérale et criminels qui ont fait 22 morts - 19 août: Le chef du cartel du Golfe Trevino arrêté samedi dans le nord-est du Mexique encourt 40 ans de prison - 10 octobre: Le rapt en plein centre de Mexico d'un étranger par des policiers municipaux et le démantèlement d'une bande de kidnappeurs comprenant 13 agents fédéraux à Acapulco sont les derniers symptômes de l'implication de policiers dans les enlèvements au Mexique
2016: 2 January 2016: Gisela Mota, mayor of the Mecican city of Temixco and member of the opposition Party of the Democratic Revolution, was attacked at home by four gunmen and killed only one day after taking office - 9 January 2016: Fugitive drug lord El Chapo re-arrested, returning to prison after escape attempt - 10 juillet 2016: Un règlement de compte entre bandes criminelles aurait fait 14 morts, dont 11 d'une même faille, enfants compris - 21 November 2016: Decapitated bodies and heads of nine men have been found dumped on a roadside in the Mexican state of Guerrero, prosecutors said, bringing the number of bodies found over the weekend in the state to 14 - 26 December 2016: Six decapitated heads were found on Christmas Day in Jiquilpan, a municipality near the state of Jalisco in a region that has been a battleground between competing drug gangs in recent years, as in the neighbouring state of Guerrero seven people, including two municipal police officers and a state police officer, were killed by gunmen
2017: 3 March 2017: 2017 has seen an unprecedented uptick in violence, with federal statistics showing nearly 2,000 people killed in the first month of 2017, more than in any January since officials began releasing crime data in the 1990s - 24 April 2017: At least 35 people reportedly killed over the weekend in Mexico, amid a widespread surge in drug gang violence that has driven murders to a level not seen since 2011 - 21 June 2017: Mexico's monthly homicide rate hit its highest level in 20 years, as government statistics showed that 2,186 murders were committed in May - 5 July 2017: A battle between rival drug cartel factions in Mexico’s northern Chihuahua state left at least 26 dead and injured, officials have confirmed, in the latest series of violent incidents that have sent the country’s murder rate soaring - 10 November 2017: Mexico drug cartel's grip on politicians and police revealed in Texas court files - 15 November 2107: Violence in Guerrero state has emptied entire villages, closed schools and forced bus companies off the road, and now workers walk off the job in the state’s overcrowded morgues, facing the stench of hundreds of decomposing bodies, as between eight and 10 bodies have been arriving daily - 14 December 2017: The number of women being murdered in Mexico has risen sharply over the last decade amid the country’s drug war, as of more than 50,000 killings of women since 1985, nearly a third took place in last six years, official report say - 20 December 2017: The bodies of six men have been left hanging from three different bridges near the Mexican tourist resort of Los Cabos on the Baja California peninsula, according to local authorities, as drug gang violence is set to make 2017 Mexico’s deadliest year in modern history - 23 décembre 2017: L'année 2017 a été la plus violente des vingt dernières années au Mexique avec 23'101 homicides enregistrés à fin novembre, selon des chiffres officiels
Terrorism in Mexico: Terrorism in Mexico
Killing of environmental activists in Mexico: Killing of environmental activists in Mexico and impunity
7 April 2020 86 environmental activists killed since 2012 with a third of the killings linked to energy projects in Mexico: 7 April 2020: A new report has found that 86 environmental activists have been killed in Mexico since 2012, with a third of the killings linked to energy projects
Human trafficking in Mexico: Human trafficking in Mexico
International child abduction in Mexico: International child abduction in Mexico
Man-made disasters in Mexico: Man-made disasters in Mexico
Explosions in Mexico: Explosions in Mexico
Law and law enforcement in Mexico: Law of Mexico - Legal history of Mexico
Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation: Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation - Federal Electoral Tribunal
Law enforcement in Mexico: Law enforcement in Mexico
Police corruption in Mexico: Police corruption in Mexico
Prisons in Mexico: Prisons in Mexico
Foreign relations of Mexico: Foreign relations of Mexico
Mexico's participation in international organizations: Mexico's participation in international organizations
Mexico and the Organization of American States: Mexico and the Organization of American States
Mexico and transnational issues: Mexico and transnational issues
Mexican Drug War: Mexican Drug War
Bilateral relations of Mexico: Bilateral relations of Mexico
Mexico/Bolivia relations: Mexico/Bolivia relations
Bolivian/Mexican trade relations: Bolivian/Mexican trade relations
Mexico/Canada relations: Mexico/Canada relations
Mexico/Egypt relations: Mexico/Egypt relations
Mexico/European Union relations: Mexico/European Union relations
Mexico/France relations: Mexico/France relations
Mexico/Honduras relations: Mexico/Honduras relations
1821-1823 First Mexican Empire: 1821-1823 First Mexican Empire
Mexico/Israel relations: Mexico/Israel relations
Mexico/Spain relations: Mexico/Spain relations
March 2019 Mexican demand for apology for crimes against indigenous people but Sánchez reacts angrily: 26 March 2019: After Mexican president López Obrador wrote to King Felipe VI demanding that he apologise for crimes committed against Mexico’s indigenous people during the conquest 500 years ago, saying 'there were massacres and oppression', 'the so-called conquest was waged with the sword and the cross', 'they built their churches on top of the [indigenous] temples', and 'let us ask forgiveness first', Spain's Pedro Sánchez government reacted angrily to López Obrador’s letter, conservative People’s party leader says 'it’s scandalous ignorance and a real affront to Spain and its history', also saying 'we didn’t colonise, what we did was to make Spain larger', but Podemos party says López Obrador 'has every right to ask the king to apologise for the abuses of la conquista'
Mexico/USA relations: Mexico/USA relations
CIA activities in Mexico: CIA activities in Mexico
Smuggling of firearms into Mexico: Smuggling of firearms into Mexico
Since November 2018 trial of Joaquín 'El Chapo' Guzmán: Since November 2018 trial of Joaquín 'El Chapo' Guzmán in New York
Mexico/Vatican relations: Mexico/Vatican relations
6 April 2010 money paved way for 'Legion' Maciel's influence in the Vatican: 6 April 2010: Money paved way for 'Legion' Maciel's influence in the Vatican
Ecoregions in Mexico: List of ecoregions in Mexico
Forests of Mexico: Forests of Mexico
Rivers of Mexico: Rivers of Mexico
Water scarcity in Mexico: Water scarcity in Mexico
Natural disasters in Mexico: Natural disasters in Mexico
September 2017 Hurricane Katia: September 2017 Hurricane Katia
October 2018 Hurricane Willa: October 2018 Hurricane Willa
Weather events in Mexico: Weather events in Mexico
Floods in Mexico: Floods in Mexico
September-October 1999 Mexico floods: September-October 1999 Mexico floods
Droughts, heatwaves and wildfires in Mexico: Droughts in Mexico
2010–2013 Southern USA and Mexico drought: 2010–2013 Southern USA and Mexico drought
26 June 2023 extreme heat to spread across southern USA and Mexico: 26 June 2023: Extreme heat to spread across southern USA and Mexico
January-May 2011 Mexican fire seasonJanuary-May 2011 Mexican wildfire season
September 1985 Mexico City earthquake: 19 September 1985 Mexico City earthquake
April 2014 Guerrero earthquake: 18 April 2014 Guerrero earthquake


Nicaragua - Geography of Nicaragua - Pre-Columbian Nicaragua - Spanish conquest of Nicaragua since 1502 destroyed the civilization of the indigenous Niquirano, the Chorotegano, and the Chontal - After the Mexican War of Independence 1810-1821 Nicaragua became an independent republic 1838 - History of Nicaragua - Demographics of Nicaragua
Water supply and sanitation in Nicaragua: Water supply and sanitation in Nicaragua
Transport in Nicaragua: Transport in Nicaragua
Banking in Nicaragua: Banking in Nicaragua
Economic history of Nicaragua and economic cycles: Economic history of Nicaragua
Since 1984 rationing in Nicaragua: Since 1984 rationing in Nicaragua
Elections and politics in Nicaragua: Elections in Nicaragua
Since May 2021 campaign for November Nicaraguan general election: Since May 2021 campaign for November Nicaraguan general election
Social movements and protests in Nicaragua: Protests in Nicaragua - Social movements in Nicaragua
June 2018: 2 juin 2018: Les 16 dernières victimes des manifestations étaient enterrées vendredi, mais le gouvernement refuse toujours tout dialogue - 3 juin 2018: Six personnes ont été tués samedi, dont un citoyen des Etats-Unis, selon des militants des droits de l'Homme et des témoins, par des tirs venus d'un des groupes armés pro-gouvernementaux - 5 juin 2018: Au moins cinq personnes ont été tuées au Nicaragua dans de nouvelles violences en marge des manifestations contre Ortega - 10 juin 2018: Au moins trois personnes sont mortes dans de nouveaux affrontements au Nicaragua, ont annoncé samedi deux ONG - 23 juin 2018: Des manifestants au Nicaragua, libérés de prison grâce à une médiation de l'Eglise catholique, ont dénoncé la violence du gouvernement de Daniel Ortega, accusé par la Commission interaméricaine des droits de l'homme de la mort d'au moins 212 personnes en deux mois
July 2018: 1 juillet 2018: Des milliers de Nicaraguayens ont défilé à travers le pays pour réclamer la démission du président Ortega tandis qu'à Managua, deux personnes ont été tuées et onze blessées par des tirs contre des manifestants - 14 July 2018: Pro-government militias have launched what witnesses described as a terrifying all-night assault on a university campus at the heart of attempts to unseat Daniel Ortega - 16 juillet 2018: Au moins dix personnes ont été tuées et vingt blessées dans des attaques lancées par les forces gouvernementales dimanche dans plusieurs localités dans le sud du Nicaragua - 19 July 2018: At least four people are reported to have been killed after police and pro-government paramilitaries stormed the Monimbó area of Masaya - 22 juillet 2018: Des centaines d'opposants á Daniel Ortega ont marché samedi à Managua et ont bravé l'offensive du pouvoir à leur encontre, avec notamment l'adoption d'une loi prévoyant une peine de 20 ans d'emprisonnement pour 'terrorisme'
January-March 2019 Nicaraguan protests: Protestas en Nicaragua Enero-Marzo 2019
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Nicaragua: Nicaraguan society - Human rights in Nicaragua
Human rights in Nicaragua: Human rights in Nicaragua
Immigration to Nicaragua: Immigration to Nicaragua
Culture and languages of Nicaragua: Culture of Nicaragua - Languages of Nicaragua
Education in Nicaragua: Education in Nicaragua
Schools in Nicaragua: Schools in Nicaragua
Universities and colleges in Nicaragua: Universities and colleges in Nicaragua
Health in Nicaragua: Health in Nicaragua
Healthcare in Nicaragua: Healthcare in Nicaragua
Broadcasting in Nicaragua: Radio in Nicaragua - Television in Nicaragua
Internet in Nicaragua: Internet in Nicaragua
Internet censorship and surveillance in Nicaragua: Internet censorship and surveillance in Nicaragua
Crime in Nicaragua: Crime in Nicaragua
Murder in Nicaragua: Murder in Nicaragua
Terrorism in Nicaragua: Terrorism in Nicaragua
Corruption in Nicaragua: Corruption in Nicaragua
Human trafficking in Nicaragua: Human trafficking in Nicaragua
Law enforcement in Nicaragua: Law enforcement in Nicaragua
Foreign relations of Nicaragua: Foreign relations of Nicaragua
Treaties of Nicaragua: Treaties of Nicaragua
Nicaragua/D.R. China relations: Nicaragua/D.R. China relations
22 December 2014 start ceremony of the first works of the Interoceanic Grand Canal: 22 December 2014: Start ceremony of the first works of the Interoceanic Grand Canal
February/April 2018 China attempts to construct Nicaraguan Canal for the moment: 21 février 2018: Le canal du Nicaragua, présenté en 2014 comme le chantier le plus ambitieux d'Amérique latine, ne semble plus d'actualité. Victime de difficultés financières et de l'intérêt diplomatique renouvelé de Pékin pour le Panama, ce projet de 276 kilomètres risque de ne jamais voir le jour. - 9 April 2018: China has abandoned its attempts to construct a Nicaraguan Canal to compete with its Panamanian counterpart for the moment, despite growing Chinese interests and investment in Latin America, revealed by Beijing regime’s $65 billion investment plan in Latin America and the Caribbean states called the 'Forum of China and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States', an important vehicle for controlling the region’s natural resources and raw materials
19 June 2019 canal megaproject of Ortega/Wang Jing arrives to key date in its null existence: 19 June 2019: The canal megaproject of Daniel Ortega and Wang Jing arrives to a key date in its null existence, as six years after the canal concession, the peasant movement that rose up against Ortega, persists in its struggle despite jail and exile. The canal project framework, under the umbrella of Wang Jing’s HKND company, was established through 16 briefcase companies, registered in different tax havens, such as the Netherlands and the Cayman Islands. The purpose, supposedly, was to manage the financing of the megaproject. 'However, after six years, and given the obvious financial failure of it, which includes the collapse of Wang Jing’s personal fortune on the Chinese financial markets, it is worth asking' whether 'the Ortega-Murillos used this network of briefcase companies to launder money which was in the hands of their Caruna-Albanisa-BanCorp', according to lawyer Lopez Baltodano, also asking that if now that the Ortega-Murillo Bank has been sanctioned by the USA, and suddenly closed.
Nicaragua/Costa Rica relations: Nicaragua/Costa Rica relations
Nicaragua/Cuba relations: Nicaragua/Cuba relations
Nicaragua/Honduras relations: Nicaragua/Honduras relations
Ecoregions and landforms of Nicaragua: List of ecoregions in Nicaragua - Landforms of Nicaragua
Forests of Nicaragua: Forests of Nicaragua
Water in Nicaragua: Water in Nicaragua
Natural disasters in Nicaragua: Natural disasters in Nicaragua
Hurricanes in Nicaragua: Hurricanes in Nicaragua
November 2016 Hurricane Otto: November 2016: Hurricane Otto
Floods in Nicaragua: Inundaciones en Nicaragua
October 2011 Central America floods: Inundaciones en Centroamérica de 2011
Earthquakes in Nicaragua: List of earthquakes in Nicaragua


Panama - Geography of Panama - History of Panama - Spanish colonization of the Americas - Demographics of Panama
Mineral industry of Panama: Mineral industry of Panama
Banana and coffee production in Panama: Banana production in Panama - Coffee production in Panama
Transport in Panama: Transport in Panama
Water transport in Panama: Water transport in Panama
Financial services in Panama: Financial services in Panama
2016: April 2016 'Panama Papers', date of documents 1970s – 2016 - 3 April 2016: Findings of a yearlong investigation by the ICIJ of the 'Panama Papers' (also concerning the British Virgin Islands and other offshore havens), a giant leak of offshore financial records, expose global array of crime, corruption, offshore holdings of politicians and public officials from around the world including Putin, Assad associates, Argentina's president Macri, the family of China’s Xi Jinping, the king of Saudi Arabia, Qatar's Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Ukraine's Poroshenko, the familiy of Pakistan's Nawaz Sharif, people in more than 200 countries and territories (Jackie Chan, Lionel Messi etc.), people and companies blacklisted because of evidence that they’d been involved in wrongdoing and war crimes, such as doing business with Mexican drug lords, terrorist organizations like Hezbollah or rogue nations like North Korea and Iran, the support of Assad's barrel bombs, and involving major banks including British banks, German banks, banks of Luxembourg, Switzerland's UBS, Credit Suisse and HSBC Private Bank - List of people named in the Panama Papers - 4 April 2016: Global reactions to huge leak of offshore tax files
Economic history of Panama and economic cycles: Economic history of Panama and economic cycles
Political parties in Panama: Political parties in Panama
Trade unions in Panama: Trade unions in Panama
Elections in Panama: Elections in Panama
May 2019 Panamanian general election: 5 May 2019 Panamanian general election
Social movements and protest in Panama:
Mining and hydroelectric conflicts in Panama: Mining and hydroelectric conflicts in Panama


Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Panama: Panamanian society - Human rights in Panama
Timeline of Panama City: Timeline of Panama City since 1519
Demographics and ethnic groups in Panama: Demographics of Panama
Indigenous peoples of Panama 12.3% of the Panamanian population: Indigenous peoples of Panama - Indigenous languages in Panama
History of the Emberá in Panama: History of the Emberá in Panama
Culture and languages of Panama: Culture of Panama - Languages of Panama
Women in Panama: Women in Panama
Education in Panama: Education in Panama
Schools in Panama: Schools in Panama
Health in Panama: Health in Panama
Disease outbreaks in Panama: Disease outbreaks in Panama
30 October 2020 132,867 covid-19 cases in Panama and 2,688 deaths: 30 October 2020: 132,867 covid-19 cases in Panama and 2,688 deaths
Healthcare in Panama: Healthcare in Panama
Medical education in Panama: Medical education in Panama
Media of Panama: Media of Panama
Newspapers in Panama: List of newspapers in Panama
Internet in Panama: Internet in Panama
Crime in Panama: Crime in Panama
Corruption in Panama:
Illegal drug trade in Panama: Illegal drug trade in Panama
Domestic violence in Panama: Domestic violence in Panama
Human trafficking in Panama: Human trafficking in Panama
Law and legal history in Panama: Law of Panama
Procuraduría General de la Nación: Procuraduría General de la Nación
Law enforcement in Panama: Law enforcement in Panama
Penal system of Panama: Penal system of Panama


Foreign relations of Panama: Foreign relations of Panama
Treaties of Panama: Treaties of Panama
Panama's bilateral free-trade agreements: List of Panama's bilateral free-trade agreements
Panama/DR of China relations: Panama/DR of China relations
Panama/Colombia relations: Panama/Colombia relations
Panama/Costa Rica relations: Panama/Costa Rica relations
Panama/France relations: Panama/France relations
Panama/North Korea relations:
Panama/Mexico relations: Panama/Mexico relations
Panama/Russia relations: Panama/Russia relations
Panama/Spain relations: Panama/Spain relations
Panama/Syria relations:
Panama/Taiwan (Republic of China) relations and 2003/2004 free trade agreement: Since 2003/2004 Panama-Taiwan Free Trade Agreement
Panama/United Kingdom relations: Panama/United Kingdom relations
1989/1990 USA invasion of Panama: 1989/1990 USA invasion of Panama
List of rivers of Panama: List of rivers of Panama
Flora of Panama: Flora of Panama
Natural disasters in Panama: Natural disasters in Panama
Hurricanes in Panama:


Paraguay - Geography of Paraguay - History of Paraguay
Mineral industry of Paraguay: Mineral industry of Paraguay
Energy and electricity sector in Paraguay: Energy in Paraguay - Electricity sector in Paraguay
Soybean in Paraguay: Soybean in Paraguay
Forestry, deforestation and fishing in Paraguay: Forestry, deforestation and fishing in Paraguay
Water in Paraguay: Water in Paraguay
1 September 2021 South America's drought-hit Paraná river at 77-year low: 1 September 2021: South America's drought-hit Paraná river at 77-year low
Water supply and sanitation in Paraguay: Water supply and sanitation in Paraguay
Military of Paraguay: >Military of Paraguay - Paraguayan Army
Since 1936 military dictatorships: Since 1936 military dictatorships in Paraguay
Political parties in Paraguay: List of political parties in Paraguay
Elections and politics in Paraguay: Elections in Paraguay
Protests and social movements in Paraguay: Political movements in Paraguay
March-April 2017 Paraguay protests: March-April 2017 Paraguay protests
March 2020 citizens demand justice for murdered indigenous girl Francisca: 03 de marzo de 2020: Ciudadanos exigen justicia por asesinato de niña indígena
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Paraguay: Paraguayan society - Human rights in Paraguay
Departments, districts and cities of Paraguay: 17 Departments of Paraguay - 247 Districts of Paraguay
Economy of Asunción: Economy of Asunción
History and timeline of Asunción: History of Asunción
Demographics of Paraguay: Demographics of Paraguay
Ethnic groups in Paraguay: Ethnic groups in Paraguay
Indigenous peoples in Paraguay: Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
Culture and languages in Paraguay: Culture of Paraguay - Languages of Paraguay
September 2020 Paraguayan Guaraní remains one of the main languages of 70% of the country’s population: 3 September 2020: Elsewhere in the Americas, European colonial languages are pushing native languages towards extinction, as Paraguayan Guaraní language descending from several indigenous tongues remains one of the main languages of 70% of the country’s population, and unlike other widely spoken native tongues – such as Quechua, Aymara or the Mayan languages – it is overwhelmingly spoken by non-indigenous people, as linguist Miguel Verón said the language had survived partly because of the landlocked country’s geographic isolation and partly because of the 'linguistic loyalty' of its people that 'refused to learn Spanish', and despite recently being banned from the education system for much of the long dictatorship of general Alfredo Stroessner 1954-1989
Spanish language: Spanish language
Women and women's rights in Paraguay: Women in Paraguay - Paraguayan women's rights activists
Domestic violence in Paraguay: Domestic violence in Paraguay
Children and youth in Paraguay: Youth in Paraguay
March 2020 citizens demand justice for murdered indigenous girl Francisca: 03 de marzo de 2020: Ciudadanos exigen justicia por asesinato de niña indígena
Education in Paraguay: Education in Paraguay
Universities in Paraguay: List of universities in Paraguay
Health in Paraguay: Health in Paraguay
Medical outbreaks in Paraguay: Medical outbreaks in Paraguay
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Paraguay: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Paraguay
Healthcare in Paraguay: Healthcare in Paraguay
Hospitals in Paraguay: List of hospitals in Paraguay
Internet in Paraguay: Internet in Paraguay
Crime in Paraguay: Crime in Paraguay
Corruption in Paraguay: Corruption in Paraguay
Illegal drug trade in Paraguay: Illegal drug trade in Paraguay
Human trafficking in Paraguay: Human trafficking in Paraguay
Domestic violence in Paraguay: Domestic violence in Paraguay
Man-made disasters in Paraguay: Man-made disasters in Paraguay
Fires in Paraguay: Fires in Paraguay
August 2004 Ycuá Bolaños supermarket fire: August 2004 Ycuá Bolaños supermarket fire
Transport disasters in Paraguay: Transport disasters in Paraguay
Law and legal history in Paraguay: Paraguayan law
Supreme Court of Justice of Paraguay: Supreme Court of Justice of Paraguay
Law enforcement in Paraguay: Law enforcement in Paraguay
Policía Nacional del Paraguay: Policía Nacional del Paraguay
Foreign relations of Paraguay: Foreign relations of Paraguay
Paraguay/Argentina relations: Paraguay/Argentina relations
Paraguay/Bolivia relations: Paraguay/Bolivia relations
Paraguay/Brazil relations: Paraguay/Brazil relations
Paraguay/Spain relations: Paraguay/Spain relations
1776-1814 Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata: 1776-1814 Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
May 1811 Independence of Paraguay: May 1811 Independence of Paraguay
Paraguay/Uruguay relations: Paraguay/Uruguay relations
Paraguay/USA relations: Paraguay/USA relations
Environment and environmental issues in Paraguay: Environment of Paraguay - Environmental issues in Paraguay - Natural history of Paraguay
Rivers of Paraguay arranged by drainage basin: List of rivers of Paraguay arranged by drainage basin
1 September 2021 South America's drought-hit Paraná river at 77-year low: 1 September 2021: South America's drought-hit Paraná river at 77-year low
Natural disasters in Paraguay: Natural disasters in Paraguay
Floods in Paraguay:
1982/1983 Paraguay floods: 1982–1983 Paraguay floods
Wildfires in Paraguay:
Droughts in Paraguay:
1 September 2021 South America's drought-hit Paraná river at 77-year low: 1 September 2021: South America's drought-hit Paraná river at 77-year low


Peru - Geography of Peru - Geology of Peru - History of Peru - Demographics of Peru
Coffee production in Peru: Coffee production in Peru
Irrigation in Peru: Irrigation in Peru
Water in Peru: Water in Peru
Rivers and list of rivers of Peru: Rivers of Peru - List of rivers of Peru
Transport in Peru: Transport in Peru
Aviation in Peru: Aviation in Peru
Airports in Peru: List of airports in Peru
Rail transport in Peru: Rail transport in Peru
Roads and road transport in Peru: Roads in Peru
Interoceanic Highway: Interoceanic Highway
Water transport in Peru: Water transport in Peru
Ports and harbours of Peru: Ports and harbours of Peru
Banking and banks of Peru: Banks of Peru - List of banks in Peru
Lima Stock Exchange: Lima Stock Exchange
21st century agricultural history of Peru: 21st century agricultural history of Peru, as in 2018 - according to FAO - Peru is one of the 5 largest producers of avocado, blueberry, artichoke and asparagus, one of the 10 largest producers in the world of coffee and cocoa, one of the 15 largest producers in the world of potato and pineapple, and also has a considerable production of grape, sugarcane, rice, banana, maize and cassava, as its agriculture is considerably diversified, and as also in 2018 Peru produced 10.3 million tons of sugarcane, 5.1 million tons of potato, 3.5 million tons of rice, 2.2 million tons of banana, 1.5 million tons of maize, 1.2 million tons of cassava, 921 thousand tons of palm oil, 645 thousand tons of grape, 548 thousand tons of pineapple, 504 thousand tons of avocado, 481 thousand tons of tangerine, 502 thousand tons of orange, 369 thousand tons of coffee, 383 thousand tons of mango, 360 thousand tons of asparagus, 270 thousand tons of lemon, 252 thousand tons of tomato , 207 thousand tons of barley, 195 thousand tons of wheat, 188 thousand tons of olives, 187 thousand tons of carrots, 175 thousand tons of papaya, 175 thousand tons of pepper, 154 thousand tons of artichoke, 140 thousand tons of apple, 134 thousand tons of cocoa, in addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products
Since 1990 economic history of Peru: Modern era since 1990–present
Taxation in Peru: Taxation in Peru
Political parties, trade unions and indigenous organisations in Peru: Political parties in Peru - Trade unions in Peru - Indigenous organisations in Peru
Prime Minister of Peru: Prime Minister of Peru
Ministry of Agriculture of Peru: Ministry of Agriculture of Peru
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism in Peru: Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism in Peru
Ministry of Environment in Peru: Ministry of Environment in Peru
Ministry of Health Peru: Ministry of Health in Peru
Elections, politics and social movements in Peru: Elections in Peru - Government of Peru
2009 Peruvian political crisis: 2009 Peruvian political crisis
April/June 2011 Peruvian general election: April/June 2011 Peruvian general election
October 2014 Peru's Municipal and Regional Vote: 5 October 2014 Peru's Municipal and Regional Vote
July 2015 telecommunications surveillance: 28 July: Peru’s government has ordered telecommunications companies to grant police access without a warrant to mobile phone users’ locations and other call data in real time and store that data for three years
January-April 2021 political events in Peru: January-April 2021 social and political events in Peru
20 June 2021 with 100% of the official vote counted Castillo had 50.12% and advantage over Keiko Fujimori: 20 June 2021: With 100% of the official vote counted, leftist Pedro Castillo had 50.12% and advantage of about 44,000 votes over Keiko Fujimori, as prospect of the son of illiterate Andean peasants becoming president has shaken Peru’s entrenched class system and its fragile democracy, letting loose a torrent of racism in the bicentennial year of the country’s independence, including a text messages between middle-class white men in Lima who discussed how people from the highlands should 'die of hunger' and called for the return of Alberto Fujimori’s alleged forced sterilisations which mostly targeted indigenous women, as UN's Michelle Bachelet slammed such expressions of racial hatred, saying 'I repudiate hate speech and discrimination in all its forms, as it is unacceptable in any democratic society', calling on Peruvians to accept the election result
21 August 2022 Antauro Humala who led a failed 2005 uprising, has been released from prison: 21 August 2022: Antauro Humala, the leader of Peru’s Ethnocacerist nationalist movement which seeks to put the country’s disenfranchised Indigenous peoples in power, and who led a failed 2005 uprising, has been released from prison following a surprise announcement that his 19-year sentence had been reduced - The movement 'Movimiento Etnocacerista' led by Antauro Humala and his brother Ollanta has been described as having fascist traits. Humala has been described as having ultranationalist and fascist leanings himself with analyst Carlos Meléndez of Diego Portales University stating that Humala's views adopt 'fascistic features and with promises of a heavy hand, militaristic and a refoundational discourse with extreme radicalism'
8 December 2022 Peru president Castillo arrested, Dina Boluarte sworn in as president: 7 December 2022: Peru swore in a new president on Wednesday after a day of political drama that saw Pedro Castillo arrested after his ousting from office in an impeachment trial following his last-ditch bid to cling to power by dissolving Congress. Ignoring Castillo's attempt to shut down the legislature by decree, lawmakers moved ahead with a previously planned impeachment trial, with 101 votes in favor of removing him, six against and 10 abstentions. The legislature called on Vice president Dina Boluarte to take office, who was sworn in as president through 2026, making her the first woman to lead Peru. She called for a political truce after months of instability, including two prior impeachment attempts, and said a new cabinet inclusive of all political stripes would be formed.
Social movements and protests in Peru: Protests in Peru - Human rights organisations based in Peru
Since 2006 Asociación Solac's 'Alto Perú' and 'Pueblos jóvenes' project: Since 2006 Asociación Solac's project, dealing with migrations movements from the Andean anterior, as migration and the inexorable demands of industry on Lima's peripheries have resulted in a situation whereby child labour is ubiquitous, standards of living and sanitation are abysmal, and the average family is forced to adopt a life suited to refugees, as the site of this project 'Alto Perú' is one of the poorest districts of the shanty town conglomerates collectively known as 'Los Conos' or 'Pueblos jóvenes' - 'Pueblos jóvenes', the term used for the shanty towns that surround Lima and other cities of Peru, as many of these towns have developed into districts of Lima such as Comas, Los Olivos District and Villa El Salvador, and as Lima's job market has largely been unable to keep up with this influx of people, forcing many to accept any housing available, and government has permitted these communities to continue largely because it realizes that, were they to eradicate them, the inhabitants would simply move elsewhere in the city's peripheral areas
January 2015 protesters over law stripping young workers of labour rights: 15 January 2015: Protesters clash with Peru police over new law that strips young workers of some labour rights
Since September 2015 Peruvian protests against Las Bambas mining project: Since September 2015 Peruvian protests against Las Bambas mining project
20 July 2021 supporters of Pedro Castillo celebrate his proclamation as president-elect of Peru in Lima on Monday night: 20 July 2021: Supporters of Pedro Castillo celebrate his proclamation as president-elect of Peru in Lima on Monday night, after the new president, who worked as a rural teacher and whose supporters included Peru’s poor and rural citizens, has become the winner of the country’s presidential election after the its longest electoral count in 40 years, now finally defeating Keiko Fujimori after lectoral authorities released their official result in a televised ceremony, and set to take office on 28 July for a five-year term as leader of the world’s second largest copper-producing nation, as Pedro Castillo in his first comments as president-elect called for national unity, saying 'I ask for effort and sacrifice in the struggle to make this a just and sovereign country'
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Peru: Peruvian society
Human rights in Peru: Human rights in Peru
Lima city and Lima Region: Lima Region, Lima city, the capital and the largest city of Peru with a population of almost 10 million, located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central coastal part of the country, and Lima Metropolitan Area, formed by the conurbation of the Peruvian cities of Lima and Callao - El Callao is the chief seaport of Peru - 'Pueblos jóvenes', the nickname given to the vast shanty towns that surround Lima and other cities of Peru, composed of poorly constructed shacks which generally lack running water, and other basic services, and similar to the favelas of Brazil and other Latin American cities - Since 1535 history of Lima city, that began with its foundation by Francisco Pizarro on 18 January, as the city was established on the valley of the Rímac River in an area populated by the Ichma polity - Lima culture
Since 1535 timeline of Lima: Timeline of Lima since 1535
1821 Lima taken by anti-colonial forces and Peruvian independence from Spanish Empire: 1821 Lima taken by forces of José de San Martín, and Peruvian independence from Spanish Empire declared
1996-1997 Japanese embassy hostage crisis: 1996-1997 Japanese embassy hostage crisis
February 2021 Lima symposium biodiversity and conservation: 26/27 de febrero 2021 IV Simposio Avances en Biodiversidad y Conservación en el Perú
Geography and landforms of Callao Region: - Landforms of Callao Region
History of San Lorenzo Island: History of San Lorenzo Island
1947 Kon-Tiki expedition: 1947 Kon-Tiki expedition, a journey by raft across the Pacific Ocean from South America to the Polynesian islands, led by Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl. as the raft was named Kon-Tiki after the Inca's Viracocha - Pre-Columbian rafts - Traditional Polynesian Navigation was used for thousands of years to make long voyages across thousands of kilometres of the open Pacific Ocean, as navigators travelled to small inhabited islands using wayfinding techniques and knowledge passed by oral tradition, and as generally, each island maintained a guild of navigators who had very high status, with the ability in times of famine or difficulty, to trade for aid or evacuate people to neighbouring islands, and as of 2014, these traditional navigation methods are still taught in the Polynesian outlier of Taumako in the Solomons
Matarani city and port, the Pacific Ocean terminal of the Interoceanic Highway: Matarani city, a port city in Arequipa Region and a major port on the southern coast of Peru and the Pacific Ocean terminal of the Interoceanic Highway. As such it is an important element in the current plan between the governments of Peru and Brazil to integrate an Atlantic-Pacific corridor between the two nations. This corridor would give Brazil access to the Pacific while not having to pay the costs, restrictions, and distance of the Panama Canal. It also will give Peru access to the Atlantic via a series of ports on the Atlantic coast allowing faster and easier access to the atlantic markets. It will also allow Peru to use its access to the Atlantic via the Amazon river through Peru's ports of Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas
Arequipa city: Arequipa city, the capital of the province. It is the seat of the Constitutional Court of Peru and often dubbed the 'legal capital of Peru'. It is the second most populated city in Peru, after Lima, with an urban population of 1,008,290 inhabitants in 2017. Its metropolitan area integrates twenty-one districts, including the foundational central area, which it is the seat of the city government. The city has a Nominal GDP of 9,445 million USD and a nominal GDP per capita of US$ 10,277, being the city with the second-highest economic activity in Peru with an important industrial activity, including manufactured products and textile production of wool of camelids. The town maintains close commercial links with Chile, Bolivia, and Brazil and with the cities connected by the South trainway, as well as with the port of Matarani.
Economy of Arequipa city: Economy of Arequipa city
Demographics of Arequipa city: Demographics of Arequipa city
Education of Arequipa city: Education of Arequipa city
History and timeline of Arequipa city: History and timeline of Arequipa city
Languages of Peru: Languages of Peru
Indigenous Languages in Peru: Indigenous Languages in Peru
July 2013 ancient pyramid torn down by real estate developers: 4 July 2013: 4000-year-old pyramid torn down by real estate developers
Women and women's rights in Peru: Women in Peru - Women's rights in Peru
Schools in Peru: Schools in Peru - Schools in Lima
Archaeological museums in Peru: Archaeological museums in Peru
Health in Peru: Health in Peru
Medical outbreaks, disasters and man-made disasters in Peru: Medical outbreaks in Peru - Disasters in Peru - Man-made disasters in Peru
Since 20th century HIV/AIDS in Peru: Since 20th century HIV/AIDS in Peru
Covid-19 cases in Peru by department: Covid-19 cases in Peru by department
21 April 2020 17,837 cpnfirmed covid-19 cases and 484 deaths in Peru: 21 April 2020: 17,837 cpnfirmed covid-19 cases and 484 deaths in Peru
1 November 2020 Peru reports 904,911 confirmed covid-19 cases and 34,529 deaths: 1 November 2020: Peru reports 904,911 confirmed covid-19 cases and 34,529 deaths
Water supply and sanitation in Peru: Water supply and sanitation in Peru
List of hospitals in Peru: List of hospitals in Peru
Media of Peru: Media of Peru
Newspapers in Peru: List of newspapers in Peru
Broadcasting in Peru: Radio in Peru - TV in Peru
Internet in Peru: Internet in Peru
Crime in Peru: Crime in Peru
Since 1980 Internal conflict and terrorism in Peru: Since 1980 Internal conflict in Peru - Terrorism in Peru
Corruption in Peru: Corruption in Peru
Human trafficking in Peru: Human trafficking in Peru
Illegal drug trade in Peru: Illegal drug trade in Peru
Domestic violence in Peru: Domestic violence in Peru
Judiciary of Peru: Judiciary of Peru - Courts in Peru
Supreme Court of Peru: Supreme Court of Peru
Law enforcement in Peru: Law enforcement in Peru
National Police of Peru: National Police of Peru
Foreign relations of Peru: Foreign relations of Peru
Treaties of Peru: Treaties of Peru
Peru/United Nations relations: Peru/United Nations relations
Bilateral relations of Peru: Bilateral relations of Peru
Peru/Bolivia relations: Peru/Bolivia relations
Since September 2015 Peruvian protests against Las Bambas mining project: Since September 2015 Peruvian protests against Las Bambas mining project
Peru/Cuba relations: Peru/Cuba relations
Peru/USA relations: Peru/USA relations
CIA activities in Peru: CIA activities in Peru
Since 2006 Peru–USA Trade Promotion Agreement: Peru–USA Trade Promotion Agreement 2006
Natural disasters in Peru: Natural disasters in Peru
September 2014 Peru earthquake: 27 September 2014 Peru earthquake
January 2018 Peru earthquake: 14 January 2018 Peru earthquake
May 2019 Peru earthquake: 26. Mai 2019 Erdbeben in Peru
Floods and landslides in Peru: Floods in Peru - Landslides in Peru
Wildfires in Peru:


Puerto Rico - Geography of Puerto Rico - History of Puerto Rico - Demographics of Puerto Rico
Coffee production in Puerto Rico: Coffee production in Puerto Rico
Financial sector of Puerto Rico: Financial sector of Puerto Rico
Economic history of Puerto Rico and economic cycles: Economic history of Puerto Rico
Labor and labor relations in Puerto Rico: Labor and labor relations in Puerto Rico
2015 Puerto Rican government-debt crisis: Puerto Rican government-debt crisis
2006 Puerto Rico budget crisis: 2006 Puerto Rico budget crisis
Since February 2014 Puerto Rican debt crisis: Puerto Rican government-debt crisis since February 2014
July 2019 protest against governor: 18 July 2019: Thousands of people marched in Puerto Rico's capital of San Juan to demand the resignation of governor Ricardo Rossello, accused of corruption and mishandling of the aftermath of hurricane Maria, in the latest expression of outrage from citizens of the island, which is still struggling to recover from a financial crisis and a decade of economic recession - 20 July 2019: As thousands of demonstrators returned to the streets of San Juan and influential members of Congress followed senior figures in his New Progressive party in calling for his resignation, support for Puerto Rico’s governor Rosselló continued to plunge - 22 July 2019: Puerto Rico saw more massive protests on Monday as hundreds of thousands lined the streets following Governor Rosselló’s attempt to cling on to power despite resigning as president of the ruling New Progressive party and announcing he will not run for re-election next year
Society. demographics, culture and human rights in Puerto Rico: Puerto Rican society - Human rights in Puerto Rico
Demographics and ethnic groups in Puerto Rico: Demographics of Puerto Rico - Ethnic groups in Puerto Rico
Afro-Puerto Rican: Afro-Puerto Rican
Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico: Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico
Education in Puerto Rico: Education in Puerto Rico
Schools in Puerto Rico: Schools in Puerto Rico
Rivers of Puerto Rico: List of rivers of Puerto Rico
Natural disasters in Puerto Rico: Natural disasters in Puerto Rico
Hurricanes in Puerto Rico: Hurricanes in Puerto Rico
August 2019 Tropical Storm Dorian: August 2019 Tropical Storm Dorian
Floods in Puerto Rico:
Earthquakes in Puerto Rico: Earthquakes in Puerto Rico


Trinidad and Tobago - Geography of Trinidad and Tobago - Indigenous peoples of the Americas - History of Trinidad and Tobago - Spanish colonization of the Americas - British colonization of the Americas - Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean - Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago
Banking and banks of Trinidad and Tobago: Banks of Trinidad and Tobago - Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago
Elections in Trinidad and Tobago: Elections in Trinidad and Tobago
September 2015 Trinidad and Tobago general election: 7 September 2015 Trinidad and Tobago general election
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad and Tobago society - Human rights in Trinidad and Tobago - Religion in Trinidad and Tobago - Persecution of Hindus
Demographics and ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago: Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago - Ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago
Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian: Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian
Education in Trinidad and Tobago: Education in Trinidad and Tobago
Law and law enforcement in Trinidad and Tobago: Trinidad and Tobago law - Law enforcement in Trinidad and Tobago
Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago: Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago/Jamaica relations: Trinidad and Tobago/Jamaica relations
Trinidad and Tobago/Spain relations:
Hosay massacre 1884: Hosay massacre 1884
Trinidad and Tobago/USA relations: Trinidad and Tobago/USA relations
Natural disasters in Trinidad and Tobago: Natural disasters in Trinidad and Tobago
Hurricanes in Trinidad and Tobago: Hurricanes in Trinidad and Tobago


Uruguay - Geography of Uruguay - History of Uruguay - Indigenous peoples in Uruguay, almost disappeared in the 1830s, as evidence exists that there was human presence some 10,000 years BCE, the Homo catalanensis culture - Demographics of Uruguay
Industry in Uruguay: Industry in Uruguay
Mineral industry of Uruguay: Mineral industry of Uruguay
Energy in Uruguay: Energy in Uruguay
Electricity sector in Uruguay: Electricity sector in Uruguay
Uruguayan wine: Uruguayan wine
Transport in Uruguay: Transport in Uruguay
Water transport in Uruguay: Water transport in Uruguay
Rail transport in Uruguay: Rail transport in Uruguay
Economic history of Uruguay and economic cycles: Economic history of Uruguay
Labor and trade unions in Uruguay: Labor in Uruguay - Trade unions in Uruguay
Military of Uruguay: Armed Forces of Uruguay
List of equipment of the Uruguayan Army: List of equipment of the Uruguayan Army
Military history of Uruguay: Military history of Uruguay
Taxation in Uruguay: Taxation in Uruguay
Political parties in Uruguay: List of political parties in Uruguay
1973-1985 civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay: 1973-1985 civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay
October 2004 Uruguayan general election: 31 October 2004 Uruguayan general election
October 2014 Uruguayan general election: 26 October 2014 Uruguayan general election
Social movements and protests in Uruguay: Social movements and protests in Uruguay
Society, demographics, human rights and culture in Uruguay: Uruguayan society
Departments and municipalities of Uruguay: 19 departments of Uruguay - 112 municipalities of Uruguay
List of cities in Uruguay: List of cities in Uruguay
Economy and port of Montevideo: Economy of Montevideo - Port of Montevideo
Timeline of Montevideo since 18th century: Timeline of Montevideo since 1726
Montevideo in the 21st century: Montevideo in the 21st century
Since late 20th century from 'Uruguay Round' to WTO's 'Doha Round': Late 20th century 'Uruguay Round' of multilateral trade negotiations led to the creation of the 'World Trade Organization' WTO, continuing the 'Uruguay Round' with the 'Doha Round' 2001–present - 25 January 2007: Institutions in International Relations - Understanding the Effects of the GATT and the WTO on World Trade, by Judith L. Goldstein, Douglas Rivers, Michael Tomz, published online by Cambridge University Press, discussing the question 'when and how do international institutions promote cooperation, evaluating the effects of trade agreements on trade flows in the years since World War II, because few questions are as fundamental to international relations, also shown in the WTO - 12-15 June 2022 at WTO headquarters in Geneva twelfth WTO Ministerial Conference, in 2021 postponed due to the outbreak of the Omicron variant of covid-19
Demographics of Uruguay: Demographics of Uruguay
Ethnic groups in Uruguay: Ethnic groups in Uruguay
Immigration to Uruguay: Immigration to Uruguay
Culture and languages of Uruguay: Languages of Uruguay - Culture of Uruguay
Education in Uruguay: Education in Uruguay
Schools in Uruguay: Schools in Uruguay
Universities in Uruguay: Universities in Uruguay
Health in Uruguay: Health in Uruguay
List of hospitals in Uruguay: List of hospitals in Uruguay
Sport in Uruguay: Sport in Uruguay
Media in Uruguay: Media in Uruguay
Newspapers in Uruguay: List of newspapers in Uruguay
Internet in Uruguay: Internet in Uruguay
Crime in Uruguay: Crime in Uruguay
Human trafficking in Uruguay: Human trafficking in Uruguay
Judiciary of Uruguay: Judiciary of Uruguay
Supreme Court of Uruguay: Supreme Court of Uruguay
Foreign relations of Uruguay: Foreign relations of Uruguay
Bilateral relations of Uruguay: Bilateral relations of Uruguay
Uruguay/Argentina relations: Uruguay/Argentina relations
Uruguay/Brazil relations: Uruguay/Brazil relations
Brazil-Uruguay border disputes: Brazil-Uruguay border disputes
Uruguay-Brazil economic relations: Uruguay-Brazil economic relations
Uruguay/Israel relations: Uruguay/Israel relations
Uruguay/Nigeria relations: Uruguay/Nigeria relations
Uruguay/Paraguay relations: Uruguay/Paraguay relations
Uruguay/South Africa relations: Uruguay/South Africa relations
Uruguay/Spain relations: Uruguay/Spain relations
Economic relations between Uruguay and Spain: Economic and trade relations between Uruguay and Spain
Uruguay/USA relations: Uruguay/USA relations
Landforms and ecoregions of Uruguay: Landforms of Uruguay
Natural disasters in Uruguay: Natural disasters in Uruguay
Floods in Uruguay: Floods in Uruguay
2003 floods of Río de la Plata: 2003 floods of Río de la Plata
Storms in Uruguay:
September 2012 storm in southern Uruguay: September 2012 storm in southern Uruguay


Venezuela - Geography of Venezuela - History of Venezuela - Indigenous peoples in Venezuela - Spain's colonization of Venezuela 1522-1821 following Columbus' third voyage in 1498 - Demographics of Venezuela
Government-owned companies of Venezuela: Government-owned companies of Venezuela
Oil reserves, oil industry of Venezuela and history: History of the Venezuelan oil industry - Oil reserves in Venezuela
Economic and energy policy in Venezuela: Economic policy in Venezuela - Energy policy of Venezuela
Electricity sector in Venezuela: Electricity sector in Venezuela
Power stations and companies of Venezuela: List of power stations in Venezuela - Power companies of Venezuela
Hydroelectricity in Venezuela: Hydroelectric power stations in Venezuela
2009-2013 Crisis energética de Venezuela: 2009-2013 Crisis energética de Venezuela
Venezuelan cooperatives: Venezuelan cooperatives
Banking in Venezuela: Banking in Venezuela - Bank of the South
Central Bank and currency of Venezuela: Central Bank of Venezuela - Currency of Venezuela - Venezuelan bolívar
Since 1947 Caracas Stock Exchange: Since 1947 Caracas Stock Exchange
Wealth in Venezuela: Wealth in Venezuela
Economic history and economic cycles in Venezuela: Economic history of Venezuela
Since 1998 economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration: Since 1998 economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration
2009-2013 Crisis energética de Venezuela: 2009-2013 Crisis energética de Venezuela
Since 2010 shortages in Venezuela: Since 2010 shortages in Venezuela
Since 2012 political and economic crisis in Venezuela: Since 2012 crisis in Venezuela - 2013–present economic crisis in Venezuela
Since 2013 economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro government: Since 2013 economic policy of the Nicolás Maduro government
Taxation in Venezuela:Taxation in Venezuela
Military history of Venezuela: Military history of Venezuela
Since 1945 military coups in Venezuela: Since 1945 military coups in Venezuela
Political parties and trade unions in Venezuela: Political parties in Venezuela - National Council of Venezuelan Indians
Government of Venezuela: Government of Venezuela
Elections and politics in Venezuela: Elections in Venezuela
April and December 1999 Venezuelan constitutional referendum: April 1999 Venezuelan constitutional referendum - December 1999 Venezuelan constitutional referendum
July 2000 Venezuelan general election: July 2000 Venezuelan general election
2012 presidential election: Venezuelan presidential election 7 October 2012 - 22 September 2012: Venezuelan opposition leader Capriles says Hugo Chavez is more interested in promoting his self-styled revolution around the globe than in addressing local issues such as power cuts, unemployment and high crime rates - 30 September: Two opposition politicians have been killed in Venezuela during a campaign rally - 1 October: More than 100.000 people gathered in Caracas in support of presidential candidate Capriles - 7 October: Venezuelans to vote for president after fierce campaign - 8 October: President Hugo Chavez takes 54% of the vote, the country's electoral council announced, and wins a fourth term in office - 11 October: Hardly reelected with international support Chavez himself supports Assad's crimes again and names Nicolas Maduro as his vice-president highlighting that he was a bus driver
2013 presidential election: Venezuelan presidential election 14 April 2013 - 15 April: According to official results giving Maduro 50.7% support versus 49.1%, Nicolas Maduro named election winner, opposition protests - 16 April: Venezuela's electoral authorities confirmed Maduro as the winner of the weekend election, despite opposition demands for a recount - 17 April: Venezuelan President-elect Nicolas Maduro accused the opposition of planning a coup against him after seven government supporters were killed in clashes over his disputed election victory - opposition march canceled - 18 April: Venezuela opposition formally asks for vote recount - 19 April: Venezuela's electoral council says it will audit the 46% vote that was not scrutinized on election night - 1 May: Venezuelan lawmakers hurt during punch-up in parliament linked to the election dispute
2016 referéndum presidencial de Venezuela: 2016 referéndum presidencial de Venezuela
Since May 2016 state of emergency in Venezuela: Since May 2016 state of emergency in Venezuela - 2 mai 2016: Heure modifiée, salaires augmentés face à la crise - 15 May: Venezuelan President Maduro orders authorities to seize factories that have stopped production and jail their owners, a day after declaring a state of emergency to combat the country's economic crisis - 10 June 2016: Venezuela takes first step toward recall referendum of Nicolás Maduro - 12 July 2016: Venezuela's government seizes Kimberly-Clark plant as country plunges deeper into crisis - 1 August 2016: Opposition collects enough voter signatures to take recall campaign into next phase, authorities announce, as Venezuela's economic crisis continues with unbridled inflation, chronic shortages of basic goods, and sky-high crime rates - 25 octobre: Le Parlement vénézuélien a approuvé l'ouverture d'un procès en destitution contre le président Maduro - 31 octobre: Le gouvernement vénézuélien et l'opposition se sont mis d'accord sur un calendrier de discussions, destinées à résoudre la grave crise politique que traverse le pays - 19 December 2016: Chaos in Venezuela as Nicolas Maduro flip-flops on currency withdrawal, sparking protests, unrest and looting
>May/June 2017: 1 May 2017: After hundreds of thousands took to the streets again to call for his removal, president Maduro announced that he was calling for a citizens assembly and a new constitution - 17 May 2017: Venezuela’s government sends 2,000 soldiers to Táchira state on the Colombian border, that is a hotspot of anti-government radicalism after a night of looting in which one 15-year-old died as political unrest rumbled on in the volatile nation - 2 June 2017: Venezuelan judge Nelson Moncada was shot dead in Caracas district where police and protesters clash, as street violence spirals amid political unrest - 8 June 2017: Questioning the legal validity of convoking a constitutional assembly without a referendum. chief prosecutor Luisa Ortega Díaz urges Venezuelans to reject Maduro's constitution rewrite, also denouncing the 'ferocious repression' of anti-Maduro protests
August 2017: 1 août 2017: Les services de renseignements du Venezuela ont arrêté tôt mardi deux des principaux opposants, Leopoldo Lopez et Antonio Ledezma - 2 August 2017: Venezuela’s opposition has announced plans to block the inauguration of a contentious constituent assembly whose election was further clouded by fresh allegations of ballot fraud, as 40 countries protest Venezuela's new assembly - 4 August 2017: Maduro loyalist assembly inaugurated amid Vatican criticism and despite condemnation from dozens of countries, as opposition plans new protest saying 'we will take the streets to fight for freedom' - 5 August 2017: Political turmoil gripping Venezuela deepened on Saturday as chief prosecutor Luisa Ortega, previously a loyalist but now a fierce critic of president Nicolás Maduro, was forcibly removed from office - 6 August 2017: Venezuela government and rebellious soldiers both claim victory in base attack - 19 August 2017: Venezuela’s political crisis deepens after a new pro-government 'superbody' stripped the opposition-held parliament of its legislative powers, and as the escaped former attorney general Luisa Ortega Díazl, who claimed asylum in Colombia after days on the run, accuses Maduro of links to a corruption scandal
March 2019: 4 mars 2019: L'opposant Juan Guaido veut rentrer au Venezuela lundi et appelle à manifester dans tout le pays contre Maduro - 4 March 2019: Guaidó returns to Venezuela with new hope to unseat Maduro, as supporters greeted him at the airport and took to the streets of cities across Venezuela to celebrate his safe return from a five-nation tour - 9 mars 2019: Une panne de courant géante paralyse le Venezuela depuis plus de 24 heures, alors que les deux camps appellent à manifester - 10 March 2019: Venezuela's worst blackout in decades dragged on for a third day, seen as the result of two decades of mismanagement and corruption, as some demonstrators were moved onto the sidewalk by police in riot gear, also using pepper spray - 11 mars 2019: La quasi-totalité du Venezuela est sans électricité depuis jeudi 7 mars - 12 mars 2019: L'état d'alerte décrété par Guaido et l'opposition au cinquième jour de la gigantesque panne de courant qui paralyse le pays, confronté à de graves difficultés alimentaires - 17 mars 2019: L'opposant Juan Guaido a entamé samedi une tournée à travers le pays afin de déloger l'actuel président vénézuélien - 21 March 2019: Venezuelan opposition leader Guaidó says intelligence agents arrested his chief of staff after a pre-dawn raid, signalling that Maduro may be cracking down on the opposition’s challenge to his rule
5 January 2020 Venezuelan National Assembly Delegated Committee election: 5 January 2020 Venezuelan National Assembly Delegated Committee election
December 2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election: 6 December 2020 Venezuelan parliamentary election
5 January 2020 Venezuelan National Assembly Delegated Committee election: 5 January 2020 Venezuelan National Assembly Delegated Committee election
29 July 2024 Venezuelans furious as Maduro claims election victory: 29 July 2024: Pot-banging protests erupt in Caracas after opposition claims chavista leader’s presidential re-election was rigged. It was mid-morning in Catia – 12 hours after Nicolás Maduro claimed victory in Venezuela’s presidential election – and the residents of this longtime chavista stronghold were up in arms. At first the sound of spoons clattering against crockery began timidly, puncturing the eerie silence that gripped large chunks of the capital Caracas in the hours after Maduro’s highly controversial move to claim another six-year term. Soon it grew into a thundering, indignant cacophony as locals appeared at their grated windows with pots, pans and plates to let the Venezuelan strongman know what they thought of his 11-year rule, during which the oil-rich country has nosedived into one of the worst-ever economic collapses outside a war zone. After Maduro was named president, Edmundo González Urrutia and María Corina Machado questioned the veracity and transparency of his election on 29 July 2024.


Social movements and protests in Venezuela: Protests in Venezuela - Caracazo protests 1989
2014 Venezuelan protests: 13 février 2014: Trois personnes ont été tuées par balles à Caracas en marge de manifestations contre la vie chère, les pénuries et l’insécurité - 15 February 2014: Security forces backed by water tanks and tear gas break up Venezuela protests following the burial of the two students - 21 February: Paratroopers to join crackdown on unrest, while security forces are being accused of turning many parts of the country into free-fire zones in their bid to silence the rejuvenated movement challenging socialist rule - 23 February: Opposition and pro-government protests escalate in a week that left at least nine people dead on both sides and injured at least 100 others - 28 February: Security forces use tear gas to break up a student demonstration in Caracas - 9 March: Thousands of Venezuelan students and opposition supporters have joined an anti-government rally in Caracas - 11 March: Student leader shot dead at Venezuela protest in San Cristóbal - 12 March: Students and opponents of the government called a new rally for Wednesday in Caracas amid new violence in Venezuela - 13 March: Three more die in latest Venezuelan violence after National Guard troops blocked opposition marchers - 17 March: Maduro's army clears Caracas of demonstrators protesting against crime, food shortages and presence of Cuban advisers in government - 23 March: Three more people killed in Venezuela protests - 8 April: After a fresh push from South America's diplomats, Maduro agrees to meet with an opposition delegation - 15 May: Venezuela protests heat up after the opposition froze talks with the government and amid a widening split within the opposition over whether to back possible USA sanctions
Timeline of the 2017 Venezuelan protests: Timeline of the 2017 Venezuelan protests
April 2017: 7 abril 2017: Jairo Ortiz, de 19 años de edad, murió la noche de este jueves producto de un disparo en una protesta en la pasarela de Montaña Alta, municipio Carrizal del estado Miranda - 9 April 2017: Police in Venezuela have fired tear gas and rubber bullets at some of the thousands of protesters who poured into the streets of Caracas on Saturday amid a weeklong protest movement, now carrying signs reading 'Dictator Maduro' and 'Elections now' - 14 avril 2017: De nouveaux incidents ont éclaté jeudi après le décès d'une cinquième personne lors des manifestations contre le président Maduro - 20 April 2017: At least three people have been killed and dozens injured in Venezuela as street battles erupted alongside a mass anti-government demonstration - 21 April 2017: Several people were killed overnight following looting and violence in Venezuela’s capital as most of the deaths took place in El Valle, a working class neighborhood near the city’s biggest military base where opposition leaders say 13 people were hit with an electrical current while trying to loot a bakery protected by an electric fence
May 2017: 4 May 2017: After at least 36 people, including supporters and opponents of the government, have been killed in more than a month of unrest triggered by Maduro’s efforts to consolidate his rule and following the death of a 17-year-old boy during a crackdown against anti-government protestors, acclaimed conductor Gustavo Dudamel joins protests against the violent repression, saying 'enough is enough' - 6 May 2017: A 20-year-old Venezuelan protester shot in the head amid continuation of demonstrations that brand President Maduro a dictator and demand elections - 12 mai 2017: Vêtus de noir et portant des fleurs et un immense drapeau du Venezuela, environ un millier d'opposants au président Maduro ont rendu hommage jeudi à la 38e victime des manifestations qui secouent le pays depuis six semaines - 20 May 2017: Venezuelans take to the streets, furious about shortages, rocketing inflation and human rights crackdowns, demanding President Maduro hold elections - 22 May 2017: A young demonstrator has died from a gunshot, raising to 48 the number of people killed in protests against Maduro, as Maduro personally denounced a brutal attack on another man he said had been taken for a government supporter, now treated in hospital for severe burns
June/July 2017: 20 June 2017: Venezuelans are bracing for a further escalation of violence after 17-year-old protester Fabian Urbina was shot dead by the national guard, wounding six others, on a major highway in Caracas - 25 juin 2017: Des milliers de Vénézuéliens ont défilé samedi dans plusieurs villes du pays pour dénoncer la répression des manifestations anti-Maduro - 17 July 2017: Gunmen in Caracas shot into a crowd of voters, killing one woman and wounding three others during an unofficial referendum organised by the opposition to push for an end to two decades of socialist rule - 23 July 2017: Following a day of violent clashes in Caracas where injured musician Arteaga played the national anthem in front of security lines, Venezuela’s opposition announces a two-day national strike against Maduro's politics - 29 July 2017: As anti-government protests have rocked Venezuela for four months, leaving more than 110 people dead, musician Arteaga was arrested during anti-government unrest this week and was beaten with his instrument by officials, leaving him hard of hearing, according to a rights campaigner
2018 timeline of Venezuelan protests: Timeline of the 2018 Venezuelan protests
Since 10 January 2019 Venezuelan protests: Timeline of the 2019 Venezuelan protests


Society, demographics and human rights in Venezuela: Venezuelan society - Human rights in Venezuela - Legal rights for indigenous peoples
Timeline of Caracas: Timeline of Caracas since 1567
Since 1808 Gazeta de Caracas: Since 1808 Gazeta de Caracas
1811-1812 First Republic of Venezuela: 1811-1812 First Republic of Venezuela
18th/19th centuries decolonization of the Americas: 19th century Decolonization of the Americas
21st century Caracas: 21st century Caracas
Demographics of Venezuela: Demographics of Venezuela
Ethnic groups in Venezuela: Ethnic groups in Venezuela
2015-2016 Venezuela–Colombia migrant crisis: 2015-2016 Venezuela–Colombia migrant crisis
Culture and languages of Venezuela: Culture of Venezuela
Languages of Venezuela: Languages of Venezuela - Venezuelan literature
Arts in Venezuela: Arts in Venezuela
Music of Venezuela: Music of Venezuela
March 2021 Simon Bolivar Symphony of Venezuela: 11 March 2021 Simon Bolivar Symphony of Venezuela playlist
Education in Venezuela: Education in Venezuela
Universities in Venezuela: List of universities in Venezuela
Health in Venezuela: Health in Venezuela
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Venezuela: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Venezuela
Since March 2020 development and timeline of covid-19: Since March 2020 development and timeline of covid-19
12 April 2020 Venezuelans return home as coronavirus piles more misery on migrants: 12 April 2020: Venezuelans return home as coronavirus piles more misery on migrants
Healthcare in Venezuela: Healthcare in Venezuela
Hospitals in Venezuela: List of hospitals in Venezuela
Venezuelan Government Media: Venezuelan Government Media
Newspapers and radio stations in Venezuela: Newspapers in Venezuela - Radio stations in Venezuela
Internet in Venezuela: Internet in Venezuela
Crime in Venezuela: Crime in Venezuela
Illegal drug trade in Venezuela: Illegal drug trade in Venezuela
Riots and civil disorder in Venezuela: Riots and civil disorder in Venezuela
Judicial system of Venezuela: Judicial system of Venezuela


Foreign relations of Venezuela: Foreign relations of Venezuela
Treaties of Venezuela: Treaties of Venezuela
Venezuela's membership in international organisations: Venezuela's membership in international organisations
Since 1991/1994 Mercosur: Since 1991/1994 Mercosur
Since 2004 Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas: Since 2004 Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas
Since 2004/2008/2011 Union of South American Nations: Since 2004/2008/2011 Union of South American Nations
Venezuela/United Nstions relations: Venezuela/United Nstions relations
Bilateral relations of Venezuela: Bilateral relations of Venezuela
Venezuela/Argentina relations: Venezuela/Argentina relations
Venezuela/Bolivia relaciones: Relaciones Venezuela/Bolivia
Venezuela/Canada relations: Venezuela/Canada relations
Venezuela/Chile relations: Venezuela/Chile relations
Venezuela/PR of China relations: Venezuela/PR of China relations
Venezuela/Colombia relations: Venezuela/Colombia relations
Venezuela/Cuba relations: Venezuela/Cuba relations - Petrocaribe
Venezuela/Ecuador relations: Venezuela/Ecuador relations
Venezuela/European Union relations: Venezuela/European Union relations
Venezuela/France relations: Venezuela/France relations
Venezuela/Germany relations: Venezuela/Germany relations
Venezuela/Guyana relations: Venezuela/Guyana relations
Guyana–Venezuela border dispute: Guyana–Venezuela border dispute
1895 Venezuelan crisis: Venezuelan crisis of 1895
Venezuela/Iran relations: Venezuela/Iran relations
History of Venezuela-Iran relations: History of Venezuela-Iran relations since 2001
Venezuela-Iran economic relations: Venezuela-Iran economic relations
Venezuela/Mexico relations: Venezuela/Mexico relations
Venezuela/Panama relations: Venezuela/Panama relations
Venezuela/Russia relations: Venezuela/Russia relations
Venezuela/Syria relations: Venezuela/Syria relations
Venezuela/United Kingdom relations: Venezuela/United Kingdom relations
Venezuela/Vietnam relations: Venezuela/Vietnam relations
Natural disasters in Venezuela: Natural disasters in Venezuela
Earthquakes in Venezuela: List of earthquakes in Venezuela
Hurricanes in Venezuela: Hurricanes in Venezuela










Internationale Organisationen, Institutionen etc. zur Intervention, Krisenverhinderung und Krisenbewältigung (aktualisierte Version hier aufzurufen)









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