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(Article since June 2011)





Austria - Geography of Austria - History of Austria - Demographics of Austria
Economy of Austria: Economy of Austria - List of companies of Austria - Tourism in Austria
Agriculture in Austria: Agriculture in Austria
Tourism in Austria: Tourism in Austria - Tourist attractions in Austria - Austria–Slovenia border
September 2019: 6 September 2019: German tourist sued for complaints about hotel's Nazi portraits in the Tyrolean Alps last August
Banking in Austria: Banking in Austria - Banks of Austria - Hypo Group Alpe Adria - bank scandal - 14 December 2009: Austria nationalises ailing Hypo Group Alpe Adria
April 2013 banking secrecy: 8. April 2013: Nach Luxemburg beginnt auch in Österreich das Bankgeheimnis zu bröckeln
Economic history of Austria and economic cycles: Economic history of Austria
Labor in Austria: Labor in Austria - Labour disputes in Austria - Trade unions in Austria
Taxation in Austria: Taxation in Austria
Politics of Austria: Politics of Austria - Political parties in Austria - Trade unions in Austria
Elections and politics in Austria: Elections in Austria
2008: 28 September 2008 Austrian legislative election
2010: 25 April 2010 Austrian presidential election - 10 October 2010 Viennese state election
2013: 3 March 2013 Carinthian state election - 3 mars 2013: En Carinthie les différents instituts de sondages donnent autour de 32% (contre 28,8% en 2009) au candidat social-démocrate Peter Kaiser contre seulement autour de 21% au gouverneur sortant de l'Etat régional - Landtagswahl in Niederösterreich 2013
September 2013 Austrian legislative election: 29 September 2013 Austrian legislative election - 29 septembre: Ouverture des bureaux de vote pour 6,4 millions d'électeurs qui doivent renouveler les 183 députés de leur Conseil national - 29 septembre: La coalition sortante des sociaux-démocrates et conservateurs remporte la majorité absolue, forte poussée de l'extrême droite
2014 European Parliament election: Austria European Parliament election 25 May 2014
2015 Styrian and Vienna election: 31 May 2015 Styrian state election, Social Democrats win Styrian state election, securing 29.29% of the vote despite Freedom party gains - 11 October 2015: Social Democrats win Vienna election, securing 39.5% of Sunday’s vote, ahead of the Freedom party on 31%
April 2016 Austrian presidential election: 24 April 2016 Austrian presidential election - 25 April 2016: Far-right and anti-immigration 'Freedom' party's Norbert Hofer takes 36% of the vote as candidates from the two governing parties fail to make runoff
May 2016: 9 May 2016: Faymann quits as Austrian chancellor - 21 May 2016: Far-right Austrian presidential candidate Hofer accused of lying over Jerusalem terror incident
22 May Austrian presidential election second round - 23 mai 2016: Alexander Van der Bellen, former Green party leader, elected president in Austria in narrow defeat for far right
July 2016: 1 juillet 2016: Après un coup de théâtre sans précédent de l'invalidation du résultat de l'élection présidentielle par la Cour constitutionnelle les Autrichiens vont retourner aux urnes pour élire un président
December 2016 new second round of Austrian presidential election: 4 December 2016 new second round of Austrian presidential election - 5 December 2016: Austria’s voters have resoundingly rejected anti-immigration and eurosceptic Hofer’s bid to become EU’s first far-right president, instead electing former leader of the Green party Van der Bellen who said he would be an 'open-minded, liberal-minded and above all a pro-European president', a result greeted with relief
January 2017: 30. Januar 2017: SPÖ und ÖVP stimmen neuem Regierungspakt zu
October 2017 Austrian legislative election: 15 October 2017 Austrian legislative election - 16 October 2017: Stoking concerns about a record influx of migrants into Europe following the failure of the international community to tackle crises in the Middle East and Africa, Austria's 'People’s Party' got 31.4% of the vote, the 'Freedom Party' came in second with 27.4% and the 'Social Democratic Party of Austria', which now governs in coalition with 'People’s Party', got 26.7% - 24 October 2017: Austria’s Sebastian Kurz on Tuesday agreed to hold coalition talks with the FPÖ, potentially rekindling an alliance previously dubbed a 'pact with the devil' by the media
December 2017: 15/16 December 2017: Having Nazi roots and campaigning on an anti-immigrant platform Austria’s anti-immigration FPOe and the OeVP agreed a coalition deal - 20 December 2017: Rise of 'Freedom Party' founded in 1956 by a former SS officer raises fears Austria hasn’t learned from Nazi past
January/February 2018: 11 January 2018: The Jewish Community of Vienna, which represents most Jews in Austria, continues long-standing policy of boycotting the 'Freedom Party' with its Nazi roots, as Israel also rejects meetings with party ministers - 24 January 2018: FPÖ candidate for state office Udo Landbauer was a member of student fraternity whose songbook contains Nazi lyrics - 21 Februar 2018: Austrian Jewish students disrupted cabinet minister Fassmann’s speech at a conference on anti-Semitism over the fact that Kurz government includes politicians from the 'Freedom Party' known for anti-Semitic and racist incidents involving its members and leaders
Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair: Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair, an ongoing political scandal in Austria involving FPÖ's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Vice-Chancellor of Austria, FPÖ's Johann Gudenus and the Austrian 'Freedom Party' FPÖ in general, causing the collapse of the Austrian governing coalition
26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Austria: 26 mai 2019 élections européennes en Autriche
27-31 May 2019: 27 mai 2019: Le chancelier autrichien Sebastian Kurz a été renversé par une motion de censure adoptée par les principaux partis d'opposition, dix jours après le scandale de l'Ibizagate qui a fait exploser la coalition qu'il avait formée avec l'extrême droite - 31 May 2019: Austria gets its first female chancellor, for now as constitutional court president Brigitte Bierlein named as interim premier
July 2019: 2 juillet 2019: Le parlement autrichien a approuvé mardi une interdiction totale du glyphosate sur le territoire national, au nom du 'principe de précaution'
September 2019 Austrian legislative election: 29 September 2019 Austrian legislative election in the second half of the year, called as a result of 2019 Ibiza affair and the breakup of the ruling ÖVP–FPÖ coalition in May 2019 - Opinion polling for the 2019 Austrian legislative election
November 2019 three people arrested in connection with FPÖ-Strache video: 20 November 2019: Austrian prosecutors say three people have been arrested in connection with a video that triggered the collapse of the government earlier this year
2 January 2020 Greens enter government with conservatives: 2 janvier 2020: L'Autriche va être dirigée par une coalition inédite entre les conservateurs et les écologistes, deux partis aux orientations politiques si éloignées que leur programme commun dévoilé jeudi sera déterminant pour la pérennité de leur alliance
5 January 2020 foreign country behind cyberattack on information systems: 5 January 2020: Austria suspects a foreign country is behind a serious cyberattack on information systems at its Foreign Ministry that continued on Sunday, the ministry said
5 November 2020 government admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman: 5 novembre 2020: Le gouvernement autrichien a admis mercredi des erreurs de ses services de renseignements, qui ont minimisé la dangerosité du suspect de l’attaque terroriste qui endeuille Vienne - 4 August 2020: Austria admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman
Social movements, criticism and protests: Protests in Austria
2009: 2009 student protests in Austria
2013: 2 February 2013: Nine protesters have been arrested for civil disorder in demonstrations against a right-wing ball in Vienna's imperial Hofburg Palace - 20 April 2013: Austrians disagree with their government over the need to maintain the country's banking secrecy, according to polls which showed a majority in favour of lifting the controversial measure
2015: 31 January 2015: Austrian police hold 38 people as thousands protest outside controversial palace ball in Vienna
September 2015: 1 September 2015: About 20,000 people took to the streets of Vienna on the eve of 1 September to demonstrate against ill-treatment of refugees, after the bodies of 71 people were found on Austria’s A4 motorway in an abandoned truck last week and as the European refugee and migrant crisis escalates - 1 September 2015: Along with several hundred citizens wanting to pay respect to refugees, Vienna and Austrian officials hold memorial for 71 refugees found dead in an abandoned lorry
2016: 1 May 2016: Around 80,000 people on May Day in Vienna greeted SPÖ's Faymann with loud boos and calls to step down, following the ruling coalition’s handling of the refugee and migrant crisis, rising unemployment and disastrous defeat in presidential ballot
December 2017 protest against ÖVP/Freedom party deal: 18 December 2017: Thousands protest as natioalist ministers enter government in Austria, following a deal of ÖVP with the 'Freedom party' founded after the second world war by former members of the Nazi party
January 2018 'Never Again' protest: 13/14 January 2018: Thousands of Austrians gathered to protest against the new coalition government, which includes the FPO founded by former Nazis, with a march in Vienna, carrying placards reading 'Never Again' and chanting slogans such as 'Don't Let Nazis Govern'
June 2018: 30 juin 2018: Plus de 80'000 personnes ont manifesté samedi face à la volonté du gouvernement d'étendre à 12 heures par jour et à 60 par semaine la durée maximale autorisée de travail
October 2018: 4 octobre 2018: Plusieurs milliers de personnes ont manifesté à Vienne pour ressusciter les 'manifestations du jeudi' de l'année 2000 contre le premier gouvernement de coalition entre ÖVP et FPÖ
December 2018: 16 December 2018: Thousands of protesters in Vienna braved snow and icy temperatures Saturday to protest Austria’s ruling coalition between the conservatives and xenophobic FPOe a year after they came to power
Austrian society, demographics, culture and human rights: Austrian society
Human rights and legal history of Austria: Human rights in Austria - Legal history of Austria
9 states of Austria: 9 states of Austria, a federal republic made up of states (Länder, but 'Land' is also the German word for 'country', and the term 'Bundesländer' is often used instead to avoid ambiguity)
Cities and towns in Austria: List of cities and towns in Austria
Vienna city: Vienna city, the national capital and one of nine states of Austria, as Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre, also the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the EU - History of Vienna
Economy of Vienna: Economy of Vienna
Timeline of Vienna: Timeline of Vienna since 1st-millennium BCE, ending with 'Vindobona' settlement
1814/15 Congress of Vienna: 1814/15 Congress of Vienna, an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon I, now chaired by Austria's von Metternich with the objective to provide a peace plan for Europe by settling now given critical issues
Since 1824 Beethoven's Symphony No.9: May 1824 Beethoven's Symphony No.9, op.125, composed between 1822 and 1824, as the symphony is regarded today by many citizens around the globe as composer's greatest work and also best-known works in common practice music, as it was the first example of a major composer using voices in a symphony with words are sung by vocal soloists and chorus taken from the 'Ode to Joy', since ending 20th century the anthem of the Council of Europe and the European Union EU, as e.g. in 2017 members of the Parliament of the UK during a vote sang 'Ode to Joy' to protest against 'Brexit'
March-November 1948 revolutions in Vienna and its empire: March-November 1948 revolutions in the Austrian Empire, as empire ruled from Vienna included ethnic Germans, Hungarians, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Romanians, Croats, Venetians, Serbs, all attempting in the course of the revolution to achieve more autonomy, independence, as the situation was further complicated by the simultaneous events in Germany (aiming greater German national unity) and European states sparked by the French revolution, as these democratic and even socialist currents were violently forcibly suppressed by more or less brutal aristocratic regimes
9 November 1848 execution of democrat Robert Blum in Vienna: 9. November 1848 Robert Blums - in Köln geborener Wortführer der Linken in der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung von 1848 und der populärste Politiker seiner Zeit - letzte Worte 'Ich sterbe für die deutsche Freiheit, für die ich gekämpft' bevor er am 9. November 1848 im Wiener Vorort Brigittenau im Morgengrauen durch die Kugeln eines österreichischen Hinrichtungskommandos sterben mußte - 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche
9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques: 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche
Since March 1938 annexation by NSDAP ruled Germany and Second World War: n March 1938 Nazi Germany occupied and annexed Austria in a process known as the 'Anschluss', as during World War II since September 1939, the city housed 12 sub-camps of the infamous Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, located in various parts of the city
In 1938, following the 'Anschluss' the Freud familiy was forced to leave Austria: In 1938, following the 'Anschluss' in which NSDAP-ruled Germany occupied Austria, followed by German empire's World War II, Sigmund Freud's daughter Anna was taken to Gestapo headquarters in Vienna for questioning on the activities of the International Psychoanalytical Association, after - unknown to her father, she and her brother Martin had obtained Veronal from Max Schur, the family doctor, in sufficient quantities to commit suicide if faced with torture or internment, but she survived her interrogation ordeal, returned to the family home, and then - after her father had reluctantly accepted the urgent need to leave Vienna - she set about organizing the complex immigration process for the family in liaison with Ernest Jones (then President of the International Psychoanalytical Association), who secured the immigration permits that eventually led to the family establishing their new home in London, then - especially since the 1970s - Anna Freud was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, also studying deviations and delays in development, when her teaching - including seminars on crime and the family - led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert J. Solnit on children's needs and the law, published in three volumes
1945-1955 Allied-occupied Austria and republic: 1945-1955 Allied-occupied Austria and Republic of Austria, independen since 1955
Salzburg city: Salzburg city, the capital city of the State of Salzburg and fourth-largest city in Austria, as in 2020, it had a population of 156,872 citizens
Demographics of Austria: Demographics of Austria - Austrians - Ethnic groups in Austria - Ethnic groups in Vienna
History of the Jews in Austria: History of the Jews in Austria begins with exodus of Jews from Palestine under Roman occupation - History of the Jews in Vienna - History of the Jews in Salzburg
Romani people in Austria: Romani people in Austria
Arabs in Austria: Arabs in Austria, the people from Arab countries, particularly Lebanon, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, Iraq, Jordan
Filipinos in Austria: Filipinos in Austria
Hungarians in Austria: Hungarians in Austria
Serbs in Austria: Serbs in Austria
Turks in Austria: Turks in Austria
Immigration and refugees in Austria: Immigration to Austria - Immigrants to Austria
2014-2016: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Since 2015 Austrian border barrier: Austrian border barrier is a border barrier constructed between November 2015 and January 2016 by Austria on its border with Slovenia, as a 'response' to the international and European refugee and migrant crisis
2015: 15 mai 2015: La Croix-Rouge a vivement critiqué la création de camps de tentes pour les demandeurs d'asile en Autriche, annoncé par le gouvernement - 28 August 2015: More than 70 migrants were found dead in an abandoned lorry on Austria’s A4 motorway between Neusiedl and Parndorf, registered to a Romanian citizen from the Hungarian city of Kecskemét - 29 August 2015: Three young children are recovering in hospital in Braunau from severe dehydration after police in Austria stopped a truck with 26 refugees and migrants from Syria, Afghanistan and Bangladesh inside - 31 August: Austria toughens border controls in trafficking clampdown - 1 September 2015: Hundreds of refugees arrive from Hungary in Vienna and ran towards the next trains heading for Germany - 5 September: A first bus carrying refugees who have been stranded in the Hungarian capital reached the Austrian border early Saturday, after Austria and Germany agreed to take in refugees - 5 September: Austrians greet thousands off Hungarian buses - 7 September: As Thousands of refugees arrive by foot, buses, and trains to Vienna, Austrians offer food and water to arriving refugees - 10 September: Thousands more migrants stream into Austria from Hungary - 20 September 2015: Around 13,000 people entered Austria on Saturday, according to the Red Cross, after being shunted through Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia and forced away from these EU members - 23 October: As thousands more refugees and migrants have crossed from Slovenia to Austria, travelling for days from the Serbian border with Croatia, Austrian officials ask EU for more assistance to tackle refugee crisis
2016: 18 February 2016: Austria's announcement to limit the number of refugees allowed to enter its territory receives a sharp rebuke from the European commission which branded the move 'plainly incompatible' with international law
2017: 4 July 2017: Austrian troops to stop refugees and migrants crossing border with Italy
2018: 2 mars 2018: Cinq migrants, quatre Iraniens et un Pakistanais, abandonnés dans le froid par des passeurs ont été secourus vendredi sur une autoroute du sud-est de l'Autriche où ils marchaient pour certains pieds nus
Culture and languages of Austria: Culture of Austria - Languages of Austria - Austrian German - Vienna culture
Music in Austria: Music in Austria
Viennese classical period of music: Viennese classical period of music in the 18th and 19th century - Musical development - 1732-1809 Joseph Haydn, born in Rohrau - 1756-1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, born in Salzburg - 1770-1827 Ludwig van Beethoven, born in Bonn - 1797-1828 Franz Schubert, born in Vienna
Education in Austria: Education in Austria - Education in Austria by state
Schools in Austria: Schools in Austria
Universities and colleges in Austria: Universities and colleges in Austria
Museums in Austria: Museums in Austria - Museums in Austria by state - Museums in Austria by city
History museums in Austria: History museums in Austria - Archives in Austria
Since 3 May 1975 Mauthausen Museum: Since 3 May 1975 Mauthausen Museum, 30 years after the Mauthausen–Gusen concentration camp's liberation by the USA army - Mauthausen–Gusen concentration camp complex consisted of the Mauthausen concentration camp east of Linz, plus a group of nearly 100 further subcamps located throughout Austria and southern Germany
Since 1991 Jewish Museum Hohenems: Since 1991 Jewish Museum Hohenems, a regional museum in Austria that deals with the Jewish presence Hohenems, surrounding regions, and elsewhere in Europe, also covering - since there is no longer a Jewish community in Hohenems and it is no Jewish life left there - the Diaspora and Israel and with questions of the future of the European immigration society
2 May 2019: 2 May 2019: A majority of Austrians are unaware of the magnitude of the Holocaust and the number of Jews murdered, while concurrently downplaying their country’s role in the genocide, according to a study released on Israel’s Holocaust Remembrance Day, as Holocaust survivors before March of the Living warn amid surge of anti-Semitic incidents around the world
Health in Austria: Health in Austria
Healthcare in Austria: Healthcare in Austria
Hospitals in Austria: Hospitals in Austria - List of hospitals in Austria by city
'Steinhof' and 'Am Spiegelgrund' hospitals and Nazi regime's euthanasia programme: 'Steinhof' hospital in Vienna - during the Second World War, some 700 children were tortured and murdered in the hospital - Dr Heinrich Gross (SPO) became the head prison doctor in 'Am Steinhof' hospital in 1955, ill-famed for his proven involvement in the killing of at least nine children with physical, mental and/or emotional/behavioral characteristics considered 'unclean' by the Nazi regime under its Euthanasia Program as Gross was head of the Spiegelgrund children's psychiatric clinic for two years during World War II, and as his role in hundreds of other cases of infanticide remained unclear - Am Spiegelgrund clinic - Action T4 euthanasia centres
April 2002: 29 April 2002: The remains of the last two of almost 800 children and babies killed in Vienna in the Nazi regime's euthanasia programme, who had been kept ntil recently in the cellar of the Spiegelgrund children's clinic in Vienna, where they died and where, until the early 90s, they remained under the supervision of Dr Heinrich Gross (SPO), who is alleged to have murdered them were laid to rest during a joint funeral and memorial service at Vienna central cemetery yesterday
April 2018: 19 April 2018: Austrian Dr Hans Asperger, after whom Asperger syndrome is named, was an active participant in the regime of National Socialism, assisting in the Third Reich’s euthanasia programme and supporting the concept of racial hygiene by deeming certain children unworthy to live, according to a study by medical historian Herwig Czech, following eight years of research
Media of Austria: Media of Austria
Newspapers in Austria: Newspapers in Austria
Broadcasting in Austria: Radio in Austria - TV in Austria
Internet in Austria: Internet in Austria
Crime in Austria: Crime in Austria
Austrian National Socialism: Austrian National Socialism, formed at the beginning of the 20th century taking a concrete form on 15 November 1903 when the German Worker's Party DAP was established in Austria with its secretariat stationed in the town of Usti nad Labem in the Czech Republic, its political organization DNSAP banned in early 1933 revived and made part of the German NSDAP after the German annexation of Austria in 1938
Antisemitism in Austria: Antisemitism in Austria - The Holocaust in Austria during World War II - Nazi concentration camps in Austria - März 1945 Massaker von Rechnitz - 13 July 2017: 'My aunt had a dinner party, and then she took her guests to kill 180 Jews' in March 1945, journalist Sacha Batthyany reveals more than 60 years later
Antisemitism and Neo-Nazism in contemporary Austria: Antisemitism in contemporary Austria - Neo-Nazism in Austria
2015 Austrian prosecutor says call to kill Jews is legal criticism of Israel: 11 February 2015: Call to kill Jews is legal criticism of Israel, Austrian prosecutor says - 4 April 2015: Anti-Israel protesters call 'Kill the Jews' in Vienna as Bosnian soccer fans join pro-Palestinian rally
2016 police officer shouting 'Heil Hitler': 20 octobre 2016: Un policier autrichien a été condamné à neuf mois de prison avec sursis pour avoir crié 'Heil Hitler' à un automobiliste lors d'un contrôle routier
2018 anti-Semitic hate speech incidents: 16 February 2018: Anti-Semitic hate speech incidents in Austria at all-time high, according to watchdog Forum Against Anti-Semitism, saying expression of hatred towards Jews has become more 'socially acceptable'
May 2019 photos of Holocaust survivors on exhibit in Vienna vandalized: 27 May 2019: Photos of Holocaust survivors on exhibit in Vienna vandalized for 3rd time
23 August 2020 assailant attacks Graz Jewish community's president Elie Rosen: 23 August 2020: Unknown assailant attacks the Graz Jewish community's president Elie Rosen with a wooden club on the premises of their synagogue, which was twice targeted by acts of vandalism in the past week
Terrorism in Austria: Terrorism in Austria - Terrorist incidents in Austria
1 May 1981 assassination of Austrian-Israeli Friendship League's Heinz Nittel: 1 May 1981 Heinz Nittel, a leader of the Austrian Socialist party and the president of the Austrian-Israeli Friendship League, was shot to death outside his home in Vienna by Hesham Mohammed Rajeh, as Rajeh was also indicted later for the 1981 Vienna synagogue attack
August 1981 Vienna synagogue attack: August 1981 Vienna synagogue attack, a terror attack on the Stadttempel of Vienna carried out by the Abu Nidal Organization, as the machine-gun and grenade attack killed two people and wounded 30 attending a Bar mitzvah service
December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport terrorist attacks: December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport terrorist attacks, when seven Arab terrorists attacked two airports in Rome and Vienna with assault rifles and hand grenades, killing nineteen civilians and wounding over a hundred others
1993-1997 Austrian Franz Fuchs terror attacks: 1993-1997 Austrian Franz Fuchs terror attacks, murdering four people and injuring 15, some of them seriously, using three improvised explosive devices and five waves of 24 mailbombs in total - 1990s 'Bavarian Liberation Army', an Austrian neo-Nazi militant organization to create a single, 'Teutonic', ethnically homogeneous state, as the BBA claimed responsibility for several letter-bomb attacks in 1995, which killed one German in Munich and two Hungarian women in Linz), as Franz Fuchs was a self-declared BBA operator
2 November 2020 Vienna Islamist terror attack: 2 November 2020 Vienna Islamist terror attack, a series of shooting incidents as one or more gunmen opened fire with assault rifles near the street on which the central synagogue is located in Vienna, as deaths of four civilians and one perpetrator were confirmed in the hours after the attack, seven other people were critically and ten other people were injured, as Vienna Police Department said that the attacker who was killed was an Islamic State sympathizer, and that the attack was Islamist terrorism - 3 November 2020: 4 people killed in Vienna Islamist terror attack, as Jewish institutions to remain shut
4 November 2020 government admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman: 4 August 2020: Austria admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman
20 December 2020 Austrian suspect arrested: 20 décembre 2020: Un Autrichien d’origine afghane ainsi qu’un autre individu, dont l’identité n’est pas précisée, ont été arrêtés, après l’ADN du premier a été retrouvé sur les armes utilisées dans l’attentat de Vienne du 2 novembre
Corruption in Austria: Corruption in Austria
December 2010 Rampant corruption in Austria<: 10 December 2010: Rampant corruption in Austria
June-September 2013 corruption in banking and politics: 14 June 2013: Vienna prosecutors this week charged nine people, including the deputy governor of the Austrian National Bank, over suspected bribes and kickbacks for banknote contracts with Azerbaijan and Syria - 14. September 2013: Haftstrafen für verdeckte Parteienfinanzierung der Telekom Austria in der Höhe von 960.000 Euro an das von Haider gegründete 'Bündnis Zukunft Österreich' im Herbst 2006
Since 17 May 2019 FPÖ's Ibiza affair involving government: Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair, an ongoing political scandal in Austria involving FPÖ's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Vice-Chancellor of Austria, FPÖ's Johann Gudenus and the Austrian 'Freedom Party' FPÖ in general, causing the collapse of the Austrian governing coalition - 27 mai 2019: Dans une vidéo tournée en caméra cachée, l'on peut voir le dirigeant nationaliste Heinz-Christian Strache se montrait disposé à se compromettre avec un intermédiaire russe en échange de financements
Human trafficking in Austria: Human trafficking in Austria
Roman Catholic Church sex abuse cases in Austria: Roman Catholic Church sex abuse cases in Austria - Sexual abuse scandal in Vienna archdiocese
Political scandals in Austria: Political scandals in Austria
2011 cash for influence scandal - 9 August 2012: Former Austrian interior minister and Euro MP, Ernst Strasser, has been charged in Vienna with corruption
Law and legal history of Austria: Austrian law - Legal history of Austria - Constitutional history of Austria - Constitution of Austria - Federal Constitutional Law is the centerpiece of the constitution of the Republic of Austria
Courts in Austria: Courts in Austria
September/December 2019 Innsbruck court and Nazi photo in guesthouse: 7 September 2019: An Austrian court in Innsbruck has ruled that a German tourist who took exception to a World War II portrait showing a soldier and NSDAP member in Wehrmacht uniform wearing insignia with a swastika in a guesthouse, had no right to complain about it on travel sites, saying there had been 'a photo of a Nazi grandpa hanging in the hall' - 16 December 2019: After researching the identity of the two men in the photographs at the German National Archives in Berlin in May 2019, guest found proof that both of the men had in fact joined the Nazi party, in 1941 and 1943 respectively, forcing the ignorant Innsbruck court to decide to lift the gagging order, now saying the two men’s party membership and the clearly visible swastika amounted to sufficient proof to back up the guest’s complaint that the hotel had 'uncritically venerated a former Nazi family member'
Law enforcement in Austria: Law enforcement in Austria
Foreign relations of Austria: Foreign relations of Austria
Wars involving Austria and military history of Austria: Wars involving Austria - Military history of Austria
Treaties of Austria: Treaties of Austria - United Nations Charter and since 1955 Austrian membership - Treaties entered into by the European Union
1955 Austrian State Treaty: Austrian State Treaty signed on 15 May 1955 by France, the United Kingdom, the USA, the Soviet Union and the Austrian government - 26 October 1955 Austria's Declaration of Neutrality - the Soviet Union would not have agreed to the State Treaty if Austria had not committed itself to declare its neutrality
Austria/European Union relations: Austria/European Union relations - 1994 Austrian European Union membership referendum - Euroscepticism in Austria
Austria/United Nations relations: Austria/United Nations relations
1972-1981: United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim 1972-1981 - The International Committee of Historians and Waldheim's involvement with the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany 1941-1945, his knowledge of Nazi war crimes - 2 May 2001: CIA knew about Waldheim's Nazi past long before he was appointed UN secretary general
Immigration to Austria: Immigration to Austria - Immigrants to Austria
Since 2014: Since 2014 European and international refugee and migrant crisis - Austrian border barrier
Bilateral relations of Austria: Bilateral relations of Austria
Austria/Belarus relations: Austria/Belarus relations
4 August 2021 Belarusian Olympian athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya in Vienna: 4 August 2021: Belarusian Olympian athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya granted a humanitarian visa by Poland following after refusing Belarusin regime's orders to travel home early from Tokyo, now arrived in Vienna to seek refuge in Europe, claiming she fears for her safety in her native Belarus
Austria/Belgium relations: Austria/Belgium relations
1914-1918 Habsburg Monarchy and World War I: 1914-1918 World War I
Since 1938 Austria part of Nazi Germany and World War II 1939-1945: 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany - 1939-1945 World War II - Axis powers
Austria/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations:
1878-1914: Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 - Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1878-1918 - Bosnian Crisis of 1908–1909 - Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Since 1908 Austro-Hungarian 'Schutzkorps' militia's persecution of Serbs the first large-scale persecution of people in Bosnia and Herzegovina because of their ethnicity
1914-1918: 28 June 1914 Assassination in Sarajevo - Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo - July Crisis 1914 - Austria-Hungary's Serbian Campaign (World War I) 28 July 1914 – 3 November 1918 - World War I 1914-1918 - World War I casualties
2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - 28/29 June 2014: Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation, as divisions still run deep
Austria/Brazil relations: Austria/Brazil relations
Since 1940, 1951-1967 Austrian protection of Nazi war criminal Stangl: 1 July 2017: Austrian-born SS commandant of the Sobibór and Treblinka, since 1940 superintendent of the T-4 Euthansia Program at the Euthanasia Institute at Schloss Hartheim, commandant of Sobibor from March 1942 until September 1942, when he was transferred to Treblinka, always dressed in white riding clothes, since 1951 in Brazil where he was given an engineering job, since 1959 working at a Volkswagen AG factory, for years his responsibility in the mass murder of men, women and children had been known to the Austrian authorities, but Austria did not issue a warrant for Stangl’s arrest until 1961, it took another six years before he was tracked down by Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal and arrested in Brazil
31 July 2020 firearms exports to Brazil surge as gun ownership increases under Bolsonaro: 31 July 2020: Firearms exports from Austria to Brazil have surged by more than 377% in the first half of this year as gun ownership increases under the South American country’s neo-fascist linked president Jair Bolsonaro
Austria/Czech Republic relations: Austria/Czech Republic relations - Austrian Empire
Austria/France relations: Austria/France relations, as Austria has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Strasbourg, and as France has an embassy in Vienna
19 June 1796 Battle of Kircheib: 19 June 1796 Battle of Kircheib, a military engagement during the War of the First Coalition as French and Austrian troops clashed at Kircheib in the Westerwald uplands in present-day Germany, as several counter-revolutionary European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 against initially the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it
1955 Austrian State Treaty: Austrian State Treaty signed on 15 May 1955 by France, the United Kingdom, the USA, the Soviet Union and the Austrian government
16 March 2021 France to return 'Rosebushes Under the Trees' Klimt painting looted by the Nazis in 1938: 16 March 2021: The French government has announced that it will return a Gustav Klimt landscape painting to its rightful owners more than 80 years after it was stolen by the Nazis from a Jewish family in Austria in 1938, after the colourful 1905 oil work 'Rosebushes Under the Trees' by the Austrian symbolist painter has been hanging in the Musée d’Orsay in Paris for decades
Austria/Germany relations: Austria/Germany relations - History of the Holy Roman Empire 962–1806 - Military history of the Holy Roman Empire - Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
Austrian Empire 1804–1867 - Military history of Austria
9 November 1848 democrat Robert Blum executed in Vienna: 9. November 1848 Robert Blums - in Köln geborener Wortführer der Linken in der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung von 1848 und der populärste Politiker seiner Zeit - letzte Worte 'Ich sterbe für die deutsche Freiheit, für die ich gekämpft' bevor er am 9. November 1848 im Wiener Vorort Brigittenau im Morgengrauen durch die Kugeln eines österreichischen Hinrichtungskommandos sterben mußte - 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche
1914-1918 World War I: July Crisis 1914 - 5/6 July 1914 Hoyos Mission and 'Blank cheque' in Berlin - 1914-1918 World War I
1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss': 1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss'
1939-1945 The Holocaust in Austria during World War II: The Holocaust in Austria during World War II - Nazi concentration camps in Austria
March 1945 Rechnitz massacre, Thyssen and aftermath: März 1945 Massaker von Rechnitz - Thyssen family - 28 June 2017/13 July 2017: 'My aunt had a dinner party, and then she took her guests to kill 180 Jews' in March 1945, journalist Sacha Batthyany reveals more than 60 years later
2012 October 2012 Vienna's first monument to remember people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve: 12 October 2012: Vienna will erect first monument to remember the thousands of people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve in the military during World War II
2013 Nazi concentration camps and Vienna's Philharmonic Orchestra: 10 mars 2013: Des historiens exhument le passé nazi de l'orchestre philharmonique de Vienne - 12 mai 2013: Plus de 10.000 personnes venues de plus de 50 pays ont commémoré dimanche le 68e anniversaire de la libération du camp de concentration nazi de Mauthausen
2014 Vienna's monument to remember resistance opened: 24. Oktober 2014: Denkmal für die Verfolgten der NS-Militärjustiz als zentrale österreichische Gedenkstätte für Deserteure des NS-Regimes am Wiener Ballhausplatz von Bundespräsident Heinz Fischer der Öffentlichkeit übergeben
2015 BND/NSA cooperation: 5. Mai 2015: Nach Berichten, daß der BND dem USA-Geheimdienst NSA beim Ausspionieren österreichischer Behörden geholfen habe, erstattet Österreich Strafanzeige
June 2018: 16 juin 2018: L'exécutif autrichien a demandé à l'Allemagne des explications après de nouvelles allégations visant les services secrets allemands, accusés d'avoir espionné un grand nombre d'institutions et d'entreprises en Autriche, dont des ambassades et organisations internationales
6 November 2020 German police raid flats, offices in several towns over November 2020 Vienna terrorist attack: 6 November 2020: German police raid flats, offices in several towns over November 2020 Vienna terrorist attack, as sites in Osnabrueck, Kassel and Pinneberg located 18 km northwest of the city centre of Hamburg were searched because 'there may be links to the alleged assassin', and carried out on a request from Austrian authorities, according to BKA
Austria/Hungary relations: Austria/Hungary relations - Hungarians in Austria - History of the Hungarians in Vienna
1867-1918: Austria-Hungary 1867-1918
1914-1918: World War I 1914-1918
Austria/Israel relations: Austria/Israel relations - History of the Jews in Austria
1938-1945 The Holocaust in Austria and Nazi concentration camps in Austria: The Holocaust in Austria - Nazi concentration camps in Austria
2014 Israeli footballers assaulted by pro-Palestinians during match in Bischofshofen: 24 July 2014: Israeli footballers assaulted by pro-Palestinians during match in Bischofshofen
Austrian soccer team positive for virus playing Israeli team: 4 October 2020: 3 players for Austrian soccer team positive for virus after playing Israeli team which says it had no new cases of infection among those who played
Austria/Italy relations: Austria/Italy relations
1848/1849 First Italian War of Independence and first aerial bombing of cities by the Austrians against Venice: First Italian War of Independence 1848-1849 following Revolution of 1848 in the Italian states - Republic of San Marco 1848-1849 reconquered by Austrian troops following a long siege and an Austrian bombardment 1849 - 1849 First aerial bombing of cities by the Austrians against Venice
1914-1918 World War I: Austria-Hungary's and Germany's campaign against Italy in World War I 1914-1918 - Deutscher Giftgaseinsatz und Massenmord an Italiern entschied im Herbst 1917 die Schlacht bei Kobarid (19. Mai 1998)
2016: 2 avril 2016: L'Autriche envoie l'armée à la frontière italienne contre un afflux de migrants et de réfugiés cherchant à gagner le nord de l'Europe - 27 April 2016: Austria plans Italian border fence to control refugee and migrant flow, as Italy says Brenner Pass restrictions would be illogical and against EU rules
2017: 4 July 2017: Austrian troops to stop refugees and migrants crossing border with Italy, as Brussels urged Europe to help Italian authorities manage an 'unprecedented' arrival of people from north Africa
Austria/Poland relations: Austria/Poland relations
Since 1769 Austrian occupation of Spiš and Podhale: Since 1769 Austrian occupation of Spiš and Podhale
Since 1772 partitions of Poland conducted by Austria, Prussia and Russia: Since 1772 three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years, and conducted by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures
1772-1795: 1772 First Partition of Poland - 1793 Second Partition of Poland - 1795 Third Partition of Poland
Since 1772 Austrian Partition: Since 1772 Austrian Partition
1795–1918 History of Poland: History of Poland 1795–1918 - 1815–1867/1915 Congress Poland or Russian Poland, created by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, until 1832 a state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire, in 1867 made an official part of the Russian Empire, and in 1915 replaced by the Central Powers during World War I with the proposed puppet state 'Regency Kingdom of Poland'
1938-1945 relationship between Austria and Poland and Axis powers' war crimes: Relationship between Austria and Poland, that started at 1920 disappeared at 1938, following the Anschluss which Nazi Germany, and until 1945 relationship went tense due to German invasion of Poland, thus sparked the World War II, and Austria participated in the occupation of Poland and had committed many crimes against Polish people under the banner of Nazi Germany
Nazi war crimes in Poland and convicted Austrian Nazis: Nazi war crimes in Poland - Austrian Nazis convicted of war crimes - Late 1930s—1945 Austrian member of the SS Gustav Franz Wagner, a starter deputy commander of the Sobibór extermination camp in German-occupied Poland, where more than 200,000 Jews were gassed during Operation Reinhard, known as 'The Beast' due to his brutality, sentenced to death in absentia after the war, but escaped with Franz Stangl to Brazil where he lived undisturbed until he was exposed by Simon Wiesenthal and arrested on 30 May 1978, but extradition requests from Israel, Austria, and Poland were rejected by Brazil's Attorney General Henrique Fonseca de Araújo, father of the current Brazilian chancellor Ernesto Araújo who was appointed by President Jair Bolsonaro in January 2019, the BBC interviewed Wagner in 1979
25 January 2020 Poland pushes for Nazi Gusen camp in Austria to be remembered: 25 January 2020: Poland pushes for Nazi camp in Austria to be remembered, charging that Gusen camp, a satellite of Mauthausen complex, is neglected by Austrian authorities, where some 35,800 detainees, many Polish, died
Austria/Russia relations: Austria/Russia relations
2016: 20 December 2016: Austrian Freedom Party's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Austrian party founded by former Nazis, signed a cooperation agreement with Russian Vladimir Putin's United Russia party and met with Michael Flynn, President-elect Donald Trump's nominee for national security adviser at Trump Tower in New York (USA)
Austria/Serbia relations: Austria/Serbia relations
Serbs in Austria: Serbs in Austria, there are between 200,000 and 300,000 people of Serbian descent living in Austria
1788–1792 Habsburg-occupied Serbia: 1788–1792 Habsburg-occupied Serbia
1848/49 Serb uprising (Serb People's Movement of 1848–49'): 1848/49 Serb uprising (Serb People's Movement of 1848–49', took place in Vojvodina in Serbia, part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, achieving the establishment of Serbian Vojvodina (then Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar), a special autonomous region under the Austrian crown but failed certain expectations that Serbian patriots had expressed at the May 1848 Assembly (1848, as the administration was largely in the hands of German officials and officers, only keeping some rights for the Serb community, but the uprising had increased national awareness of the Serb people north of the Sava and Danube in the struggle for freedom
1908-1909 Bosnian crisis (Annexation crisis): 1908-1909 Bosnian crisis, also known as the Annexation crisis, when Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formerly within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, sparking protestations from all the Great Powers and Austria-Hungary's Balkan neighbours, Serbia and Montenegro
July 1914: 23 July 1914: Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia - July 1914 preparations for the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum, content and Serbian response - 28/29 July 1914: Austria has declared war upon Serbia and Austro-Hungarian troops reportedly invaded Serbia by crossing the River Save at Mitrovitz
28 July 1914 - 1918 Austria-Hungary's Serbian Campaign: 28 July 1914 – 3 November 1918 Serbian Campaign of World War I, from late July 1914, when Austria-Hungary invaded the Kingdom of Serbia until the war's conclusion in November 1918, after the disintegration of Austria-Hungary, Allied and Serbian victory, and Serbian troops re-entering Belgrade on 1 November 1918
October 1914 trials of the Sarajevo assassins in Sarajevo and punishment: Arrest, prosecution, October 1914 trials of the Sarajevo assassins in Sarajevo and punishment, following the 28 June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo
April 1941 invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers: April 1941 invasion of Yugoslavia, a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II
April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade: 'Operation Retribution', the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade, the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in retaliation for the coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact
1941-1945 occupation of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers, war crimes and resistance: 1941-1945 occupation of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers, resistance and Allied victory - Axis war crimes in Yugoslavia - Nazi war crimes in Serbia
2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - 28/29 June 2014: Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation, as divisions still run deep
Austria/Slovenia relations: Austria/Slovenia relations
Austria-Slovenia border: Austria–Slovenia border - Austrian border barrier constructed between November 2015 and January 2016 by Austria on its border with Slovenia against refugees from Syrian and some other countries in the international and European refugee and migrant crisis
2015: 4 November 2015: Austria has put up barbed wire at a border crossing with Slovenia used by hundreds of refugees and migrants despite chancellor's pledge
Austria/Switzerland relations: Austria/Switzerland relations - Duchy of Austria 1156–1453 - House of Habsburg originally from Aargau - Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy 1291-1516 - Swiss Confederacy, reformation, Thirty Years' War 1618-1648 and recognition of independence of Switzerland from the 'Holy Roman Empire' - The Congress of Vienna 1814/1815 re-established Swiss independence, European powers agreed to permanently recognise Swiss neutrality - During both World War I 1914-1918 and World War II 1939-1945 Switzerland's 'neutrality' allowed the growth of the Swiss banking industry
Austria/Syria relations: Austria/Syria relations
2016: 15 January 2015: The Syrian community in Austria calls on the Austrian Government to cut off economic relations with the Assad regime and to expel its ambassador to Vienna
Austria/Turkey relations: Austria/Turkey relations - Turks in Austria
1529: 1529 Siege of Vienna, first attempt by the Ottoman Empire to capture the city of Vienna
1683: Battle of Vienna on 12 September 1683 after the city of Vienna had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months
1683-1699: Great Turkish War 1683-1699 between the Ottoman Empire and several contemporary European powers joined into 'Holy League'
1787–1791: Austro-Turkish War 1787–1791 - Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire 1828–1908
1914-1918: Austrian and Ottoman empires allies during the First World War
2017: 5. März 2017: Bundeskanzler Christian Kern hat sich für ein EU-weites Verbot von Wahlkampfauftritten türkischer Politiker ausgesprochen und wirft Erdogans Regime vor, 'Menschenrechte und demokratische Grundrechte mit Füßen' zu treten
Austria/Ukraine relations: Austria/Ukraine relations - Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867-1918 - a big portion of West Ukraine (Galicia and Carpathia) were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today consisting of Lviv Oblast, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ternopil Oblast, Chernivtsi Oblast and Zakarpattia Oblast
1914-1918: World War I 1914-1918 - during the war Ukraine was occupied by the Central powers military force including the Austrian military that drove Bolsheviks out of the country
1918: Februar 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk - Ukraine–Central Powers
2015: 1 May 2015: An Austrian court refuses to extradite Ukrainian tycoon in gas trading and chemicals Dmytro Firtash to the USA over corruption charges, indicted in 2013 along with a member of India's parliament and four others
Austria/United Kingdom relations: Austria/United Kingdom relations
Natural disasters in Austria: Natural disasters in Austria - May/June 2013 European floods

Belgium - Belgique - Geography of Belgium - History of Belgium - Demographics of Belgium
Economy of Belgium: Economy of Belgium - main industries include engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum
Companies of Belgium by industry: Companies of Belgium - Companies of Belgium by industry
Energy in Belgium: Energy in Belgium
2016: 3 January 2016: Belgian ageing nuclear reactor Doel 1 shut down on Saturday again, just three days after it was restarted
Agriculture in Belgium: Agriculture in Belgium - Agriculture in Flanders - the 5 most important agricultural products in 2013 are pork (1.46 billion euros), dairy products (844 million euros), beef (712 million euros), vegetables (602 million euros) and ornamental horticulture products (512 million euros)
Banking and Financial Services and Markets Authority of Belgium: Financial Services and Markets Authority - Banks in Belgium
2011/2012 Belgian government will take full control of the Belgian arm of Franco-Belgian Dexia bank: 10 October 2011: Belgian government will take full control of the Belgian arm of Franco-Belgian Dexia bank - 9 November 2012: France and Belgium agree to pump a further 5.5bn euros into bank Dexia, after it reported another large loss
Foreign trade of Belgium: Foreign trade of Belgium
Economic history of Belgium and economic cycles: Economic history of Belgium in the twentieth and twenty-first century - Industrial history of Belgium
2008–2009 Belgian financial and banking crisis: 2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis, a major financial crisis that hit Belgium from mid-2008 onwards, as two of the country's largest banks – Fortis and Dexia – started to face severe problems, exacerbated by the financial problems hitting other banks around the world and the value of their stocks plunged, as the government managed the situation by bailouts, selling off or nationalizing banks, providing bank guarantees and extending the deposit insurance, ventually Fortis was split into two parts, sd the Dutch part was nationalized, while the Belgian part was sold to the French bank BNP Paribas, and as Dexia group was dismantled and Dexia Bank Belgium was nationalized - Fortis, Dexia and KBC bank crises and government reaction
Since 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic: Since 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic and crises since March, as the pandemic caused the largest global recession in history, with more than a third of the global population at the time being placed on lockdown
Labour and labour disputes in Belgium: Labour in Belgium - Labour disputes in Belgium - Belgian labour law - Labour Court in Belgium, dealing in first instance with disputes between employers and employees and disputes regarding social security - Court of labour in Belgium, the appellate court in the judicial system of Belgium which hears appeals against judgements of the labour tribunals
15 December 2014 Belgium hit by general strike amid transport chaos: 15 December 2014: Belgium hit by general strike, as strikes across Belgium cause transport chaos, but unsuccessful opposition to the austerity of the Charles Michel government in the context of the Great Recession and European debt crisis
Politics of Belgium: Politics of Belgium - Constitution of Belgium, dating back to 1831
Since 1831 Constitution of Belgium: Constitution of Belgium, dating back to 1831
Regions, provinces and communities of Belgium: Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium - Provinces of Belgium - Belgium includes three regions, two of these regions, the Flemish Region or Flanders, and Walloon Region, or Wallonia, are each subdivided into five provinces, the third region, the Brussels-Capital Region, is not divided into provinces - Bilingualism in Belgium - Language legislation in Belgium
Political parties in Belgium: Political parties in Belgium
Trade unions in Belgium: Trade unions in Belgium
Since 1831/1970 council of Ministers supreme executive organ: Council of Ministers, the supreme executive organ of the Federal Government of the Kingdom of Belgium, composed of the PM, who leads it, and up to fourteen senior ministers, as the Council of Ministers formally became a permanent policy structure with the constitutional revision of 1970
Since February 1831 Prime Minister of Belgium: Since February 1831 Prime Minister of Belgium, the head of the federal government of Belgium
Since 1944/1948 Benelux Union: Since September 1944 and in effect since January 1948 Benelux Union, a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in western Europe including Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, as main institutions of the Union are the Committee of Ministers, the Council of the Union, the General Secretariat, the Interparliamentary Consultative Council and the Benelux Court of Justice
Elections and politics in Belgium: Elections in Belgium
June 2010 Belgian general election: Belgian general election 13 June 2010 - 2010–2011 Belgian government formation
2010-2013: 8. Juli 2011: Belgiens designierter Premier Elio Di Rupo gibt im Juli 2011 auf - 8 October: Belgian parties strike key reform deal to end political crisis - 21 novembre: Le socialiste Elio di Rupo, Premier ministre pressenti, a presenté sa démission - 27 November: Belgian leaders agree on federal budget - 13 juillet 2012: Le Parlement belge a adopté à 106 voix contre 42 le projet de loi 'scindant' l'arrondissement de Bruxelles-Hal-Vilvorde
October 2012 Belgian provincial and municipal elections: Belgian provincial and municipal elections, 14 October 2012 - 14/15 October: Local elections have resulted in widespread gains for the Flemish Nationalist Party, which wants to divide the country - 15 octobre: Le chef des indépendantistes flamands, vainqueur des municipales à Anvers en Belgique, a lancé un appel au Premier ministre Elio Di Rupo pour qu'il négocie avec lui une réforme de l'État ouvrant la voie à une confédération
February 2014 bill: 13 February: Parliament in Belgium has passed a bill allowing euthanasia for terminally ill children without any age limit, by 86 votes to 44
May 2014 Belgium Federal and regional elections: Belgian federal election 25 May 2014 - Belgian regional elections 25 May 2014 - 26 May 2014: First estimates give 33% of the vote in Flanders to the New Flemish Alliance
May 2014 Belgium European Parliament election: Belgium European Parliament election 25 May 2014
May-October 2014 Belgian government formation: 2014 Belgian government formation - 8 October: The Francophone liberal Charles Michel will become Belgium’s PM
December 2018 PM Michel resigns: 19 December 2018: Belgian PM Michel resigns after he lost support of key coalition partner, the nationalist New Flemish Alliance, when backing UN bid to improve coordination on migrants, and after the parliament rejected Michel's appeal for its support for a minority administration, now bracing for a snap election in January
May 2019 Belgian federal election: 26 May 2019 Belgian federal election
May 2019 European Parliament election in Belgium: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Belgium
May 2019 Belgian federal election: 26 May 2019 Belgian federal election
October 2019 Sophie Wilmès new PM, the first Jewish person to become PM: 28 October 2019: Sophie Wilmès was appointed as the new PM of Belgium, becoming the first female premier in the country's history - 28 October 2019: Centrist politician Sophie Wilmes, who will head a caretaker government during negotiations on the formation of a coalition, which in Belgium has been known to take months, is the first Jewish person to become PM of Belgium
September/October 2020 new government with Flemish liberal Alexander De Croo as Belgium’s PM: 30 September 2020: Flemish liberal Alexander De Croo to be appointed Belgium’s PM, leading a governing coalition of 7 parties, including French- and Dutch-speaking liberals, socialists and greens, as well as Dutch-speaking Christian democrats, and because of these four political traditions (seasons) involved dubbed 'Vivaldi' - 1 October 2020: New government attracted attention for being the country’s first gender-balanced one, as Sophie Wilmes became Belgium’s first female foreign minister while women were appointed as interior and defence ministers for the first time too
1 February 2021 Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas: 1 February 2021: Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas, as vandalism comes as Alexander De Croo faces series of criticisms, including from hardline Flemish Nationalists, over allegedly undemocratic nature of anti-covid restrictions
20 July 2021 Belgium has declared 20 July 2021 a national day of mourning amid solidarity with the victims of European flood: 20 July 2021: Belgium has declared 20 July 2021 a national day of mourning for the victims of last week’s unprecedented flood, devastating the region of Liège, as according to a provisional report the floods caused by torrential rain claimed the lives of 31 people, with around 70 still missing, as the majority of damage seems to be linked to an overflowing dam in the Valley of Vesdre, on a tributary of the river Muse, as today across Belgium, people are coming together, contacting their local authorities, and offering donations in solidarity with the victims of the flood
Opinion polling for the 2024 Belgian federal election: Opinion polling for the 2024 Belgian federal election
Social movements, trade unions and protests in Belgium: Protests in Belgium
10–18 May 1941 strike of the 100,000 in German-occupied Belgium and following resistance: 10–18 May 1941 strike of the 100,000, an 8-day strike in German-occupied Belgium, led by Belgian Communist Party's Julien Lahaut, as the object of the strike was to demand a wage increase though it was also an act of passive resistance to the German occupation, and achieved limited support from the middle and upper classes who had traditionally opposed labour militancy, and as further important strikes did take place in Belgium in November 1942 and February 1943, and in the Nord and Pas de Calais mining basins in Northern France which formed part of the same German administrative area as Belgium, judged by the French newspaper Le Monde in 2001 to have been one of the most spectacular acts of the French resistance
2011 protest against austerity policy: 2. Dezember 2011: In Brüssel gewerkschaftliche Großdemonstration von Zehntausenden gegen Sparpolitik
2012-2014 steel workers protest and strike: 30 January 2012: Strike set to bring Belgium to a halt - 30 January: Some 2.000 steel workers protested plans to lay off 1.300 workers at several ArcelorMittal plants in Liege, wanting the regional government to intervene - 8 March 2013: Hundreds of Belgian steel workers have blocked a border crossing near the Belgian city of Liege to protest against planned job cuts by ArcelorMittal - 15 December 2014: Air, train links cut as national strike begins against the new government's austerity policies
2016 remembrance of and tribute to the victims of terrorism: 17 avril 2016: Des milliers de personnes ont rendu hommage, dimanche à Bruxelles, aux 32 morts des attentats du 22 mars
December 2017: 7 December 2017: Nearly 50,000 people marched through the European quarter of Brussels on Thursday night in support of Catalan independence and the region’s ousted president Carles Puigdemont, who has avoided arrest in Spain by taking refuge in Belgium
2018 solidarity with migrants: 26 février 2018: Quelque 10'000 personnes ont manifesté dimanche à Bruxelles dans le froid pour témoigner leur solidarité avec les migrants et exiger du gouvernement belge une politique migratoire 'plus humaine'
7 June 2020 protesters reject racism: 7 June 2020: UK protesters topple statue of slave trader Colston as George Floyd rallies sweep Europe and thousands take to streets in support of 'Black Lives Matter' movement, condemn racism and police violence, and as in Brussels, protesters clambered onto the statue of former King Leopold II and chanted 'reparations', also writing the word 'shame' on the monument, reference perhaps to the fact that Leopold is said to have reigned over the mass death of 10 million Congolese, as racism must be rejected 'all around the world', according to protesters
Society, demographics, human rights and culture in Belgium: Belgian society
Human rights in Belgium: Human rights in Belgium
Minority and employees' rights in Belgium: Minority and employees' rights in Belgium
Province, municipalities, cities and ports of Belgium: Provinces of Belgium - Municipalities of Belgium, as the country comprises 581 municipalities grouped into five provinces in each of two regions and into a third region, the Brussels Capital Region, comprising 19 municipalities that do not belong to a province, as in most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium - Ports and harbours of Belgium
Antwerp Province: Antwerp Province, the northernmost province both of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, bordering on the North Brabant province of the Netherlands, the Belgian provinces of Limburg, Flemish Brabant and East Flanders, with its capital city Antwerp including the Port of Antwerp
Antwerp city: Antwerp city, the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region, with a population of 520,504 citizens the most populous city proper in Belgium, and with a metropolitan population of around 1,200,000 people the second-largest metropolitan region after Brussels
Demographics of Antwerp: Demographics of Antwerp
History of the Jews in Antwerp: History of the Jews in Antwerp, goeing back at least eight hundred years, as currently, the Jewish community of Antwerp consists of around 18,000 citizens
Economy and port of Antwerp: Economy and port of Antwerp
Port of Antwerp: Port of Antwerp located in Flanders, mainly in the province of Antwerp, a seaport in the heart of Europe accessible to capesize ships and Europe’s second-largest seaport after Rotterdam, as Antwerp stands at the upper end of the tidal estuary of the Scheldt
Timeline of Antwerp: Timeline of Antwerp since abt. 150 – abt. 250-270 Gallo-Roman settlement in the centre of Antwerpen
Since 1852 University of Antwerp: Since 1852 University of Antwerp
September-October 1914 German empire's Siege of Antwerp: September-October 1914 Siege of Antwerp after the German empire's invasion of Belgium in August 1914 - Since 28 September German bombardment, with German siege guns directed by observation balloons on gun emplacements, flanking positions and magazines
1941-1944/45 German occupation of Belgium: May 1940 Battle of Belgium or Belgian Campaign, an offensive campaign by Germany during the World War II and ending with the German occupation of Belgium - Nazi General Erwin Rommel, one of the leading commanders in the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and France
2003 UFSIA, RUCA, and UIA merged into the University of Antwerp: In 2003 UFSIA, RUCA, and UIA merged into the University of Antwerp to become the first explicitly pluralistic university in Belgium, offering philosophical, ethical, and spiritual discourse and openness towards religion and intercultural dialogue, as it soon became the third largest university in Flanders
20 June 2021 workers confirmed dead after a school construction site partially collapsed in Antwerp: 20 June 2021: Five building workers have been confirmed dead after a school construction site partially collapsed in the Belgian city of Antwerp, as 9 other people were injured when the Antwerp school still under construction collapsed
Mechelen city: Mechelen city in the province of Antwerp, as the municipality comprises the city of Mechelen proper, some quarters at its outskirts, the hamlets of Nekkerspoel and Battel, as well as the villages of Walem, Heffen, Leest, Hombeek, and Muizen, as the river Dyle flows through the city, and as Mechelen lies on the major urban and industrial axis Brussels–Antwerp
History and timeline of Mechelen: History and timeline of Mechelen since the early ages
Early ages, Mechelen area, 8.4-metre long canoe and wooden houses: Archaeological proof of habitation during the La Tène era in the triangle Brussels-Leuven-Antwerp, mainly concentrated around Mechelen which originated in wetlands, includes an 8.4-metre long canoe cut from an oak tree trunk and a settlement of about five wooden houses, at Nekkerspoel
15th-19th century: In the 15th century Mechelen came under the rule of the Dukes of Burgundy, marking the beginning of a prosperous period, as since 1473 the city served as the seat of the Superior Court until the French Revolution
1835 Mechelen-Brussels railway, as Brussel first capital in the world having a railway connection: In May 1835 a railway between Allée Verte in Brussels, the site of the very first station, and Mechelen was inaugurated, as Brussels became the first capital in the world to have a railway connection
Since March 1942 Mechelen transit camp during the Holocaust: Since March 1942 Mechelen transit camp, officially 'SS-Sammellager Mecheln' in German, a detention and deportation camp established in a former army barracks at Mechelen in German-occupied Belgium, serving as a point to gather Belgian Jews and Romani ahead of their deportation to concentration and extermination camps in Eastern Europe during the Holocaust
Since 2001/2012 'Kazerne Dossin' Holocaust memorial, established within the former Mechelen transit camp: Since 2001/2012 'Kazerne Dossin' Holocaust memorial, established within the former Mechelen transit camp of World War II, from which, in German-occupied Belgium, arrested Jews and Romani were sent to concentration camp
Heritage sites and places of interest in Mechelen: Places of interest and heritage sites in Mechelen since Middle Ages
Flemish Brabant province: Flemish Brabant, a province of Flanders and one of the three regions of Belgium, bordering - clockwise from the North - on the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Limburg, Liège, Walloon Brabant, Hainaut and East Flanders, as Flemish Brabant also surrounds the Brussels-Capital Region and as its capital is Leuven
Municipalities of Flemish Brabant: Municipalities of Flemish Brabant
Leuven city: Leuven city, the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium, located about 25 kilometres east of Brussels, as the municipality itself comprises the historic city and the former neighbouring municipalities of Heverlee, Kessel-Lo, a part of Korbeek-Lo, Wilsele and Wijgmaal, and as Leuven is the eighth largest city in Belgium with more than 100,244 inhabitants - History of Leuven - Education in Leuven
Economy and companies based in Leuven: Economy and companies based in Leuven
Politics, elections and mayors of Leuven since 1830: Politics, elections and mayors of Leuven since 1830
Timeline of Leuven: Timeline and history of Leuven since the 9th century
September 891 Battle of Leuven fought between East Francia and the Vikings: September 891 Battle of Leuven, fought between East Francia and the Vikings, as the existence of this battle is known due to several different chronicles, including the Annales Fuldenses and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1183 Leuven becomes part of the Duchy of Brabant: 1183 Leuven becomes part of the Duchy of Brabant, a State of the Holy Roman Empire, as it developed from the Landgraviate of Brabant and formed the heart of the historic Low Countries, part of the Burgundian Netherlands from 1430 and of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1482, until it was partitioned after the Dutch revolt
1425-1797 Old University of Leuven: 1425-1797 Old University of Leuven - List of colleges of Leuven University
Since 1474 printing press in operation: Since 1474 printing press in operation, as Johann von Westphalen was the first printer in Leuven and possibly in Flanders, first active in Venice and in Germany before moving to Flanders as a printer
June-July 1635 Siege of Leuven and Spanish victory: June-July 1635 Siege of Leuven in the 'Thirty Years' War', in which a Franco-Dutch army under Frederick Henry of Orange and the French Marshals Urbain de Maillé-Brezé and Gaspard III de Coligny, who had invaded the Spanish Netherlands from two sides, laid siege to the city of Leuven, defended by a force of 4,000 comprising local citizen and student militias with Walloons, Germans and Irish of the Army of Flanders, as poor organization and logistics and the spread of sickness among the French, along with the appearance of a relief army of 11,000 Spanish and Italian troops forced the invading army to lift the siege, allowing the Spanish forces to take the initiative
Since 1817-1835 State University of Leuven: Since 1817 State University of Leuven in Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it was distinct from the Old University of Leuven (1425-1797) and from the Catholic University of Leuven
August 1831 Battle of Leuven: August 1831 Battle of Leuven, a battle of the Ten Days' Campaign during the Belgian Revolution
1834-1968 Catholic University of Leuven: 1834-1968 Catholic University of Leuven, founded in 1834 in Mechelen as the Catholic University of Belgium, and moved its seat to the town of Leuven in 1835, changing its name to Catholic University of Leuven, as in 1968 it was split into two universities, the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the Université catholique de Louvain, following tensions between the Dutch and French-speaking student bodies
25 August 1914 Sack of Leuven by the German empire's army and war crimes: 25 August 1914 Sack of Leuven by the German empire's army,that ravaged the city of Leuven, deliberately burning the university library, destroying approximately 230,000 books, 950 manuscripts, and 800 incunabula, as civilian homes were set on fire and citizens often shot where they stood, with over 2,000 buildings destroyed and 10,000 inhabitants displaced, as large quantities of strategic materials, foodstuffs and modern industrial equipment were looted and transferred to Germany during 1914, and as these actions brought worldwide condemnation, because the German war criminals were responsible for the deaths of 23,700 Belgian civilians, (6,000 Belgians killed, 17,700 died during expulsion, deportation, in prison or sentenced to death by court) and caused further non-fatalities of 10,400 permanent and 22,700 temporary invalids, with 18,296 children becoming war orphans, as military losses were 26,338 killed, died from injuries or accidents, 14,029 died from disease, or went missing
In May 1940 in World War II the German occupiers again destroyed, almost completely, the (new) University Library: In May 1940, in the first year of World War II, the German war criminals again destroyed, almost completely, the (new) University Library, following their destruction on 25 August 1914, using petrol and incendiary pastilles, as 230,000 volumes were lost in the destruction, including Gothic and Renaissance manuscripts, and as in January 2014 a permanent exhibit on these wartime events was installed over five floors of the bell tower
>1945 new hospital built after German empire's Second world war 1939-1945: 1945 new hospital built after Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven academic hospital in Leuven since 1080 partially destroyed during German empire's Second world war 1939-1945
1968 split of the Catholic University of Leuven along linguistic lines: 1968 split of the Catholic University of Leuven along linguistic lines after a period of civil unrest in 1967–68 in French and Flemish Leuven, as the crisis shook Belgian politics and led to the fall of the government and marking an escalation of the linguistic tension in Belgium after World War II, with lasting consequences for other bilingual institutions in Belgium within higher education and politics alike, as in 1970 the first of several state reforms occurred, marking the start of Belgium's transition to a federal state
Boortmeerbeek town: Boortmeerbeek town in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant, as the municipality comprises the towns of Boortmeerbeek proper, Schiplaken and Hever
Since May 1940 German assault, persecution of Jews and Belgian Resistance: 10 mai 1940 sans déclaration de guerre, l'Allemagne déclenche son offensive contre les Pays-Bas, la Belgique, le Luxembourg et la France, et dès le premier jour de combat, les armées belge et néerlandaise sont surclassées, suivie par des arrestation, internement et déportation des 'suspects étrangers' pour la plupart des réfugiés Juifs - 20 mai 1940 les chars du général nazi Rommel atteignent La Manche à Abbeville, encerclant l'armée du Nord (Français, Anglais et Belges) - 1940-1945 Belgian Resistance movements opposed to the German occupation of Belgium during World War II, as within Belgium, resistance included both men and women from both Walloon and Flemish parts of the country, and as aside from sabotage of military infrastructure in the country and assassinations of collaborators, these groups also published large numbers of underground newspapers, gathered intelligence and maintained various escape networks that helped Allied airmen trapped behind enemy lines escape from German-occupied Europe
Since May 1940 persecution of Belgian Jews, concentration and extermination in camps in Eastern Europe: In 1940 between 70,000 and 75,000 Jews were living in Belgium, as soon after the German invasion of Belgium in May 1940, the German occupation authorities introduced a number of anti-Jewish laws, as in 1942, the yellow badge was introduced for all Belgian Jews, as in August 1942, as part of the Final Solution, the deportation of Belgian Jews to concentration and extermination camps in Eastern Europe in sealed railway convoys began, as of these, 46% were deported from the former Mechelen transit camp, while 5,034 more people were deported via the Drancy internment camp (close to Paris), as the 'Reichssicherheitshauptamt' in Berlin was responsible for organizing the transport and the chief of the Dossin Barracks prepared the paper convoy list in triplicate, according to Leni Yahil 'The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945', Oxford University Press 1991
In April 1943 during the Warwaw ghetto uprising Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed dozens of Jews: 19 April 1943 attack on 'the twentieth convoy' as members of the Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed a number of Jews who were being transported to Auschwitz concentration camp from Mechelen transit camp, as in the aftermath of the attack, a number of others were able to jump from the train too, as in all 233 people managed to escape, of whom 118 ultimately survived, as the remainder were either killed during the escape or were recaptured soon afterwards, and as the attack was unusual as an attempt by the resistance to free Jewish deportees and marks the only mass breakout by deportees on a Holocaust train
Since June 1944 resistance against Nazi Germany during the liberation of Belgium: After the Normandy Landings in June 1944, the Belgian resistance increased in size dramatically, after in April 1944, the Armée Secrète began to give their organization the status of an 'official army', as though they usually lacked the equipment and training to fight the Wehrmacht openly, the resistance played a key role in assisting the Allies during the liberation of Belgium in September 1944, providing information on German troop movements, disrupting German evacuation plans and participating in fighting
Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in Brussels: Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in the municipality of Anderlecht in Brussels, museum tracing the history of the Belgian resistance and German occupation of Belgium during World War II, as it is served by Clemenceau metro station on lines 2 and 6 of the Brussels metro - Espace pédagogique du Musée de la Résistance de Belgique - Histoire et Mémoire de la Resistance à Anderlecht au musée, possèdant également des panneaux thématiques sur l’histoire de la 1ère et 2ème guerre mondiale, expliquant 'notre but moral et civique est de poursuivre et de transmettre les idéaux et l’esprit incarnés par la Résistance afin de pouvoir avertir et préparer les jeunes générations aux dangers présents de tous les extrémismes quels qu’ils soient'
Brussels region: Brussels region of Belgium, comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, located in the central portion of the country and a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community
Brussels city: City of Brussels, the largest municipality and historical centre of the Brussels-Capital Region and capital of Belgium, also covering the immediate northern outskirts where it borders municipalities in Flanders, and also the administrative centre of the EU - History of Brussels - Education in Brussels
Economy of Brussels: Economy of Brussels - Companies based in Brussels
Transport in Brussels: Transport in Brussels
Science and technology in Brussels: Science and technology in Brussels
Politics and government of the Brussels-Capital Region: Politics and government of the Brussels-Capital Region - Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region - Government of Brussels - List of mayors of the City of Brussels since 1380
Timeline of Brussels since the Middle Ages: Timeline of Brussels since the Middle Ages
Since 1475/1476 printing press in operation in Brussels: Since 1475–76 printing press in operation in Brussels amid the global spread of the printing press
August 1695 bombardment of Brussels by troops of Louis XIV of France: August 1695 bombardment of Brussels by troops of Louis XIV of France (Sun King), and the resulting fire were together the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels, as Brussels was mostly untouched by most other conflicts, and even the damage during World War I and bombing during World War II was not nearly as extensive - 1688–1697 'Nine Years' War', a conflict between France and a European coalition which mainly included the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg Monarchy), the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, Savoy and Portugal, and fought in Europe and the surrounding seas, in North America, and in India, therefore sometimes considered the first global war
January-February 1746 Siege of Brussels: January-February 1746 Siege of Brussels, when a French army in a bold and 'innovative' winter campaign besieged and captured the city of Brussels, which was then the capital of the Austrian Netherlands, from its Austrian garrison, as the French followed up the capture of Brussels by taking other key cities and fortresses in the Austrian Netherlands including Mons and Namur
1815–1839 Brussels city becomes joint capital of 'United Kingdom of the Netherlands': 1815–1839 Brussels city becomes joint capital of 'United Kingdom of the Netherlands'
1834–1969 Free University of Brussels: 1834–1969 Free University of Brussels
September 1848 'International Congress of the Friends of Peace' in Brussels after the February French Revolution, spreading in Europe: September 1848 International Peace Congress (International Congress of the Friends of Peace) in Brussels, the first after the French Revolution of February 1848, chaired by Belgian lawyer Auguste Visschers, as the delegates - also including Cobden, Thierry, Girardin, Bastiat and more - of the congress adopted resolutions urging limitation of armaments and the placing of a ban upon foreign loans for war purposes - 1843-1853 seven peace congresses convened in various European cities including London, Frankfurt/M, Manchester, Edingburgh, until series was terminated by an interval of wars during which the pacifists were unable to raise their voices, before more International Peace Congresses started amid rising tensions and industrial manufacture of terrible weapons on the road to German and other Central Powers World War I and II
Since 1854 Brussels-Luxembourg railway station: Since 1854 Brussels-Luxembourg railway station
1889–90 Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference: 1889–90 Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference, as the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society submitted a report to this conference and the Brussels Conference led to the negotiation of the first general treaty for the suppression of the African slave trade, the General Act for the Repression of the African Slave Trade of 1890, which came into force in 1892 although 'it contained no mechanism for enforcement, and it did not cover the various devices, including forced and contract labor, by which the European powers exploited Africans
August 1891 International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels: August 1891 International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels
1914-1918 World War I Brussels captured and occupied by the German empire's army amid German war crimes: 1914-1918 World War I Brussels captured and occupied by the German empire's army amid German war crimes
1940-1944 Nazi Germany's occupation authority in Brussels: 1940-1944 Nazi Germany's occupation authority established during the Second World War, the 'Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France' led by German field marshal - Nazi General Erwin Rommel, one of the leading commanders in the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and France
December 1944 - 1945 Nazi Germany's District of Brussels: December 1944 - May 1945 District of Brussels, a short-lived de jure administrative polity created by Nazi Germany in 1944
March 1948 Treaty of Brussels: March 1948 Treaty of Brussels signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom, serving as the founding treaty of the Western European Union WEU until its termination in 2010
Since 1970s EU's Berlaymont office building in Brussels: Since 1970s Berlaymont office building in Brussels, which houses the headquarters of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union EU - Brussels and the European Union
Since 1989 Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region: Since 1989 Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region in Brussels
20 July 2021 alarm grows over migrants’ hunger strike in Brussels: 20 July 2021: Alarm grows over migrants’ hunger strike in Brussels, as Belgian government comes under pressure to offer residence permits to hundreds of migrants on hunger strike, as also two UN officials urged the government to offer temporary residence permits, and as the political row ignited during country's day of national mourning for victims of last week’s devastating and deadly European floods that PM said were 'without any precedent in our country' - Open brief van mensen zonder papieren voor hun buren
Walloon Brabant: Walloon Brabant province of Wallonia and Belgium, bordering on (clockwise from the North) the province of Flemish Brabant and the provinces of Liège, Namur and Hainaut, as its capital and largest city is Wavre, and with a provincial population of 403,599 citizens in 2019
Economy of Walloon Brabant province: Economy of Walloon Brabant, as the GDP of the province was 19.3bn € in 2018, accounting for 4.2% of Belgiums economic output, as Walloon Brabant is the wealthiest province in Wallonia, and as the University of Louvain is located in Walloon Brabant - Companies based in Walloon Brabant
Subdivisions and cities of Walloon Brabant province: Subdivisions and cities of Walloon Brabant province
Wavre city: Wavre city and municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant, of which it is the capital
18-19 June 1815 Battle of Wavre blocking action: 18-19 June 1815 Battle of Wavre, the final major military action of the 'Hundred Days' campaign and the Napoleonic Wars, fought between the Prussian rearguard and the French army under the command of Marshal Grouchy, as the battle's blocking action kept 33,000 French soldiers from reaching the Battle of Waterloo and so helped in the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo - June 1815 Waterloo campaign: Ligny through Wavre to Waterloo - Battles involving France
Waterloo town: Waterloo town, a municipality in the province of Walloon Brabant, which in 2011 had a population of 29,706 citizens, located in a short distance south of Brussels and immediately north-east of the larger town of Braine-l'Alleud, the site of the Battle of Waterloo, where the resurgent Napoleon was defeated for the final time in 1815
Demographics of Waterloo: Demographics of Waterloo, as nearly one-fifth of the current registered population (5,640 inhabitants) is non-Belgian, as many such residents work for institutions or companies in Brussels, a centre of the EU, and as the most common non-Belgian nationalities include French (1,237 people), Italian (537), British (503), USA (445) and Swedish (425) people
Economy, education and culture in Waterloo: Economy and education in Waterloo
Since 1804/1813 Ludwig van Beethoven's third symphony and 'Wellington's Victory or the Battle of Vitoria': 'Wellingtons Sieg oder die Schlacht bei Vittoria', is a 15-minute-long orchestral work composed by Ludwig van Beethoven to commemorate the Duke of Wellington's victory over Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria in Spain on 21 June 1813 - Since 1805/1806 Beethoven's Symphony No. 3 Op. 55, as Beethoven originally dedicated the third symphony to Napoleon Bonaparte, who he believed embodied the democratic and anti-monarchical ideals of the French Revolution, but in the autumn of 1804, Beethoven withdrew his dedication of his composition to Napoleon, and after Napoleon having proclaimed himself Emperor of the French on 14 May 1804, Beethoven's secretary Ferdinand Ries noted the composer's words 'So he is no more than a common mortal! Now, too, he will tread under foot all the rights of Man, indulge only his ambition; now he will think himself superior to all men, become a tyrant!'
History and since 1102 timeline of Waterloo: History of Waterloo, mentioned for the first time in 1102 designating a small hamlet at the limit of what is today known as the Sonian Forest, along a major road linking Brussels, Genappe and a coal mine to the south
18 June 1815 Battle of Waterloo: 18 June 1815 Battle of Waterloo, fought on Sunday near Waterloo as a French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition, a British-led coalition consisting of units from the UK, the Netherlands, Hanover, Brunswick, and Nassau, under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Blücher, marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars, of Napoleon's rule as Emperor and the 'First French Empire'
East Flanders province: East Flanders province, bordering the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders, divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 citizens as of January 2019, with its capital city Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent
Ghent city: Ghent city, a municipality in the Flemish Region and the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province, also the third largest in the country, exceeded in size only by Brussels and Antwerp, and a port and university city
West Flanders: West Flanders province, the westernmost province of the Flemish Region, and the only coastal Belgian province, facing the North Sea to the northwest, as it has land borders with the Dutch province of Zeeland to the northeast, the Flemish province of East Flanders to the east, the Walloon province of Hainaut in the southeast and the French department of Nord to the west, and with its capital city Bruges
Liège Province: Liège Province
History of Liège Province: History of Liège Province, as modern borders of the province of Liège date from 1795, which saw the unification of the Principality of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège with the revolutionary French Department of the Ourthe and parts of the old Principality of Liege also went into new French départements Meuse-Inférieure, and Sambre-et-Meuse
Liège city: Liège city, a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège, situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands and Germany, as the city is part of the sillon industriel, the former industrial backbone of Wallonia and still the principal economic and cultural centre of the region, with 198,280 inhabitants in 2012
History of Liège city: History of Liège city
Economy of Liège: Economy of Liège
Timeline of Liège: Timeline of Liège since the Middle Ages
721 catholic see relocated to Liège from Maastricht: 721 catholic see relocated to Liège from Maastricht - Since 3rd century chronology of catholic dioceses in Belgium
Since 1817 University of Liège: Since 1817 University of Liège, a major public university of the French Community of Belgium based in Liège in Wallonia, as its official language is French, and as of 2020 ULiège is ranked in the 301–350 category worldwide according to Times Higher Education - Since 1817 chronology and organisation of the University of Liège
Since 1842 Liège-Guillemins railway station: Since 1842 Liège-Guillemins railway station
August 1914 Battle of Liège: August 1914 Battle of Liège, the opening engagement of the German empire's invasion of Belgium and the first battle of empire's World War I, after the Belgian government had announced that if war came it would uphold its historic neutrality, as the attack on Liège - a town protected by a ring fortress built from the late 1880s to the early 1890s - began on 5 August 1914 and lasted until 16 August, when the last fort surrendered, and as the siege of Liège followed by siege of Namur and more battles and sieges may have delayed the empire's (known for German 'Schrecklichkeit' since then) invasion of France by four to five days
Since May 1940 German empire's - now ruled by NSDAP and SS - occupation of Belgium during World War II: Since May 1940 German empire's - now ruled by NSDAP and SS - occupation of Belgium during World War II when the Belgian army surrendered to German forces, and occupation then lasted until Belgium's liberation by the Western Allies between September 1944 and February 1945, the second time in less than thirty years that German empire - always more committing war crimes - had attacked and occupied Belgium
Since 1949-45 World War II to the present history of Liège: Since 1949-45 World War II to the present history of Liège
1983-1985 Françoise Gravier v City of Liège case in European law: 1983-1985 Françoise Gravier v City of Liège, an important freedom of movement case in European law concerning non-discrimination in access to vocational education, holding that an education institution may not discriminate against students in terms of the fees they charge on grounds of nationality
May 2018 Liège attack: On 29 May 2018 prisoner on temporary Benjamin Herman, on leave from prison, stabbed two female police officers, took their guns, shot and killed them and a civilian in Liège, then taking a woman hostage before he was killed by police, reported to be part of the entourage of a prison Islamist recruiter
July 2021 European floods in Liège: Julliet 2021 inondation en Belgique et Liège
17 July 2021 floods in Liège: 17 juillet 2021: Le niveau de la Meuse ayant baissé, mais les secours ont découvert deux corps supplémentaires sur la commune d’Esneux, ce qui porte le bilan à trois morts depuis le début de la catastrophe, et sur l’arrondissement, ce sont donc à présent 15 personnes qui ont péri dans les inondations
Luxembourg Province: Luxembourg Province, the southernmost province of Wallonia bordering on the country of Luxembourg to the east, the French departments of Ardennes, Meuse and Meurthe-et-Moselle to the south and southwest, and the Walloon provinces of Namur and Liège to the north, as its capital and largest city is Arlon in the south-east of the province, the largest Belgian province, but with only 285,000 residents in 2019
Namur Province: Namur province of Wallonia, one of the three regions of Belgium, bordering on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, and the French departments of Nord and Ardennes, with its capital and largest city Namur, as the province of Namur had a population of 494,325 citizens in 2019
Demographics of Belgium: Demographics of Belgium - Belgians - Belgian people by ethnic or national origin - Immigrants to Belgium
Flemish people: Flemish people
Walloons: Walloons are French-speaking people who live in Belgium, principally in Wallonia
History of the Jews in Belgium: History of the Jews in Belgium - History of the Jews in Antwerp - Great Synagogue of Europe is the main synagogue in Brussels
Since 1940 following German assault Belgian opposition to persecution of Jews: Since 1940 following German assault Belgian opposition to persecution of Jews
In April 1943 during the Warwaw ghetto uprising Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed dozens of Jews: In April 1943, during the Warwaw ghetto uprising, members of the Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed a number of Jews who were being transported to Auschwitz concentration camp from Mechelen transit camp, as in the aftermath of the attack, a number of others were able to jump from the train too, as in all 233 people managed to escape, of whom 118 ultimately survived, as the remainder were either killed during the escape or were recaptured soon afterwards, and as the attack was unusual as an attempt by the resistance to free Jewish deportees and marks the only mass breakout by deportees on a Holocaust train
January 2015 Jewish schools in Belgium close amid terror threat: 16 January 2015: Jewish schools in Belgium close amid terror threat
Afro Belgians: Afro Belgians are Belgian citizens and members of the Black African community in Belgium
Culture and languages of Belgium: Culture of Belgium - Languages of Belgium
Flemish culture
Walloon culture - Ars nova, music which flourished in France and the Burgundian Low Countries in the Late Middle Ages until the death of the composer Guillaume de Machaut in 1377
Architecture, art and literature in Belgium: Belgian architecture - Art of Belgium - Belgian literature
Music of Belgium: Music of Belgium - Burgundian School, group of composers mainly in the 15th century in what is now northern and eastern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands - Franco-Flemish Music 14th-16th century
Education in Belgium: Education in Belgium - Education in Belgium by city
Schools in Belgium: Schools in Belgium - Lists of schools in Belgium
Universities in Belgium: Universities in Belgium - List of universities in Belgium
Science and technology in Belgium: Science and technology in Belgium
Health in Belgium: Health in Belgium
Medical outbreaks and man-made disasters in Belgium: Medical outbreaks in Belgium - Disasters and man-made disasters in Belgium
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belgium: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belgium - Covid-19 cases in Belgium by province, by location and day
Timeline of covid-19 since February 2020 in Belgium: Since February 2020 timeline of covid-19 in Belgium
19 April 2020 'I thought I would never wake up' and Belgium reports cases: 19 April 2020: As Belgium reports 38,496 confirmed cases of covid-19 with 5,683 deaths, Belgian doctor Sassine at Brussels' Delta Chirec hospital says 'I thought I would never wake up', after he and his team were all diagnosed at the hospital and after surviving following intensive care and 3 weeks in a coma
31 December 2020 dozens of residents die at Belgian care home after 'Santa' visit: 31 December 2020: At least 26 residents of a Belgian retirement home near Antwerp have died since a of 'Saint Nicholas' who has since tested positive for covid-19, criticised as 'completely irresponsible' following the visit on 5 December by volunteers dressed as 'Saint Nicholas' and his helper 'Zwarte Piet', organised by the nursing home’s management
Healthcare in Belgium: Healthcare in Belgium - Medical and health organisations based in Belgium
Hospitals in Belgium: Hospitals in Belgium - List of hospitals in Belgium - Hospitals in Brussels-Capital Region
Belgian media: Belgian media
January 2015 threats against distribution of French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo: 15 January 2015: Four bookshops in Brussels receive letters warning of reprisals if they distribute first issue of French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo since last week's terror attacks in Paris
Newspapers in Belgium: Newspapers published in Belgium - List of newspapers in Belgium
Broadcasting in Belgium: Broadcasting in Belgium>
Radio in Belgium: Radio in Belgium
Television in Belgium: Television in Belgium - Television channels in Belgium - Belgian television-related lists
Internet in Belgium: Internet in Belgium
Crime in Belgium: Crime in Belgium
Belgian people convicted of child sexual abuse and Belgian rapists: Belgian people convicted of child sexual abuse - Belgian rapists
Belgian murderers of children and Belgian serial killers: Belgian murderers of children - Belgian serial killers
1995-1996 child and serial killer Marc Dutroux: Belgian serial killer and child molester Marc Dutroux, convicted of having kidnapped, tortured and sexually abused six girls from 1995 to 1996
Since 1995 Criticism of police investigations of Dutroux's crimes and 1998 Parliamentary investigation: Since 1995 Criticism of police investigations of Dutroux's crimes and allegations of cover-up - 1998 Parliamentary investigation's report concluded that Dutroux profited from corruption, sloppiness and incompetence
2004 Dutroux's trial: 2004 Dutroux's trial, some seven and a half years after his initial arrest - 23 June 2004: Marc Dutroux sentenced to life in prison for a series of child kidnappings, child rapes and murders that prompted sweeping police reforms and a crackdown on child sex crimes, Dutroux's ex-wife, Michelle Martin sentenced to 30 years in prison for the starving deaths of two girls
2012 release of the jailed ex-wife of child killer Marc Dutroux: 28 August 2012: The jailed ex-wife Michelle Martin of child killer Marc Dutroux released from prison by Belgium's highest court as relatives of the pair's victims express outrage over the decision, after in 2004 Michelle Martin was sentenced to 30 years in prison for the starving deaths of two girls
Racism in Belgium: Racism in Belgium
2002: 18 July 2002: Belgium confronts its colonial demons
2017: 15 August 2017: Decades after Belgium ended its colonial rule in Congo, and a century after the atrocities committed in Congo Free State, Belgians are slowly beginning to reconcile with this troubled history - 17 October 2017: As Belgium confronts the identity crisis of its disillusioned minorities and homegrown terrorism, its genocidal colonial legacy remains tucked away from the public discourse, confined to art, culture and religion
Antisemitism in Belgium: Antisemitism in Belgium
1940-1945 The Holocaust in Belgium during the German occupation: The Holocaust in Belgium during the German occupation of Belgium - German Nazi concentration camps in Belgium
Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium: Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium
July 1980 Antwerp summer camp attack: July 1980 Antwerp summer camp attack on a group of 40 Jewish children - Said Al Nasr convicted in Belgium in 1980, for throwing two hand grenades into a group of Jewish children waiting for a bus in Antwerp on 27 July 1980
1981 Antwerp bombing: 1981 Antwerp bombing, a truck bomb exploded outside a Portuguese Jewish synagogue in the centre of Antwerp, three people were killed and 106 wounded
May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting: May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting - 24 May 2014: Three people were killed and one badly injured when a gunman attacked the Jewish Museum in the centre of Brussels - 25 May 2014: An Israeli couple and two museum workers killed in the terror attack at the Jewish Museum in Brussels - 25 May: Israel's Netanyahu offers to aid Belgium probe of Jewish Museum attack - 27 May: Some 2,000 people gather for silent vigil at the site of Jewish Museum attack - 1 June 2014: The Frenchman Nemmouche arrested Friday for the triple murder in Brussels Jewish Museum found in possession of a video in which a man believed to be him is heard claiming responsibility for the attack
July 2014: 16 July: Antwerp rally attended by some 500 people amid wave of anti-Semitic attacks in Western Europe against Israel's Protective Edge calls for 'slaughter of Jews'
August 2016: 25 August 2016: Belgian government-funded Catholic Sint-Jozefs Institute secondary school stated pride in and support for retired teacher Descheemaeker who had published anti-Semitic caricatures, and who recently won a cash prize at Iran’s Holocaust mockery cartoon competition
February 2018: 12 February 2018: Belgian police detain refugee for anti-Semitic hate crimes, filmed destroying at least 20 mezuzahs and vandalizing Jewish institutions in Antwerp
August 2018: 9 August 2018: Jewish couple in Belgium targeted with death threats
December 2018: 21 December 2018: Belgian soccer fans sing chant about burning Jews
March 2019: 7 March 2019: Aalst's Vismooil’n group behind anti-Semitic carnival float at Belgium’s most celebrated carnival, added in 2010 to UNESCO’s list of events, and mayor Christoph D’Haese are not sorry, as Pascal Soleme calls the float, which featured anti-Semitic depictions of Jews with money bags and rats, a 'celebration of humor', saying 'people who got offended live in the past'
30 June 2020 Muslims chant in Brussels 'Jews, remember Khaybar, the army of Muhammad is returning': 30 June 2020: Pro-Palestinian demonstrators in Brussels chanted the name of Saudi locale where Muslims massacred Jews in the seventh century, as Arabic chants about Khaybar, located in modern-day Saudi Arabia, were filmed at a rally Sunday in the Belgian capital, saying 'Jews, remember Khaybar, the army of Muhammad is returning'
1 February 2021 Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas: 1 February 2021: Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas, as vandalism comes as Alexander De Croo faces series of criticisms, including from hardline Flemish Nationalists, over allegedly undemocratic nature of anti-covid restrictions
Terrorism and massacres in Belgium: Terrorism in Belgium - List of massacres in Belgium
1914-1918: German war crimes in World War I in Belgium
1940-1945: May 1940 at least 86 civilians killed by the German Wehrmacht known in Belgium as the Vinkt Massacre, the first of several German massacres in World War II in Belgium
1980: Said Al Nasr convicted in Belgium in 1980, for throwing two hand grenades into a group of Jewish children waiting for a bus in Antwerp on 27 July 1980
1981 Antwerp bombing: 1981 Antwerp bombing, a truck bomb exploded outside a Portuguese Jewish synagogue in the centre of Antwerp, three people were killed and 106 wounded
1985: 1985 kidnapping of the Belgian-French family Houtekins-Kets by Palestinian terrorists and the Libyan government from their yacht Silco in the Mediterranean, the Belgian part of the family was held for almost five years of captivity in Libya, but were freed after the liberation of Abu Nidal terrorist Said Al Nasr
Since 1988: Since 1988 'Soldiers of the Right' terror organization claimed three assassinations in Brussels and more terror attacks worldwide - 6 May 1996: List of terrorist attacks for which there have been public accusations of Iranian government involvement since July 1979, according to the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan
2011: 14 décembre 2011: À Liège une fusillade d'un homme armé a fait au moins cinq morts et plus de 100 blessés
May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting: May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting
March 2016 Brussels bombings: 22 March 2016 Brussels bombings, three explosions occurred in Brussels, two of which were at the Brussels Airport and one on the metro system - 22 March 2016: Multiple casualties after airport and metro blasts in Brussels - 23 March: After attacks at Zaventem airport and Maelbeek metro station in Brussels killed at least 31 people and injured up to 230, el-Bakraoui brothers named as 'Islamic State' suicide bombers - 24 March: Raising awkward questions for Belgium’s intelligence services, Turkey’s Erdogan says that Belgium ignored Turkey’s warnings that Ibrahim el-Bakraoui was a foreign fighter - 24 March: As names of victims of Tuesday’s suicide bombings emerge, and as survivors reveal the horror of the blasts and narrow escapes, investigations and search for suspects continue - 25 March: Following suicide bombings in Brussels, some arrests linked to suspected wider network that plans, planned and asssisted terror attacks made in French and Belgian police raids - 26 March: Search for suspects in Belgium continues, as a series of raids and arrests reveal more links with the November Paris killings and a new French plot, and as reports reveal that suspects Ibrahim and Khaled El Bakraoui were on USA terror watch list as of last year - 28 March: Three men held as part of 13 raids in Brussels, Mechelen and Duffel at weekend charged with terrorist activity, as anti-immigrant demonstrators trample the memorial in Place de la Bourse in Brussels for victims of last week’s suicide bombings - 9 April: Belgian police detain two key suspects in the Islamic State attacks on Paris and Brussels
August 2016: 6 August 2016 Charleroi attack - 6 August 2016: Female police officers were assaulted and injured in Charleroi on Saturday afternoon by an attacker reportedly shouting in Arabic, who was then shot in the machete attack
June 2017: On 20 June 2017 a small blast occurred at Brussels Central Station in Brussels - 21 June 2017: Soldiers shoot suspected terrorist dead at Brussels railway station
August 2017: 25 August 2017 Brussels attack - 25 August 2017: A man who attacked and injured two soldiers with a knife in Brussels reportedly shouting 'Allahu Akbar' shot dead by the army - 27 August 2017: Islamic State terrorists says Brussels attacker belonged to group
May 2018: 29 May 2018 Liège attack - 29 May 2018: A gunman has killed two police officers and a passerby before being shot dead in the centre of the Belgian city of Liège, as the anti-terrorist crisis centre says terrorism could not be excluded - 30 May 2018: Shooter Herman, who was on a terror watchlist because of his contacts with radical Islamists, was released from prison on Monday, killed a former fellow inmate that night before Liege rampage - 30 May 2018: 'Islamic State' terrorists claim deadly attack on Belgium police
Counter-terrorism in Belgium: Counter-terrorism in Belgium
2015: January 2015 anti-terrorism operations in Belgium, including operation in Verviers against Islamist radicals and operations in Brussels, the nearby communes of Schaerbeek, Sint-Jans-Molenbeek, Vilvoorde, and Zaventem - 15 January 2015 Belgian anti-terrorist operation against Islamists - 15 January 2015: Casualties in Belgium police anti-terror raid in Verviers
November 2015: Since 21 November 2015 the government imposed a security lockdown on Brussels, including the closure of shops, schools, public transportation, due to information about potential terrorist attacks in the wake of the series of coordinated attacks in Paris by Islamic State terrorists
2016: 16 March 2016: Police kill gunman during Brussels raid related to deadly Paris attacks in 2015 - 20 March 2016: Main suspect of November's Paris attacks Salah Abdeslam tells Belgian investigators he planned to blow himself up a day after he was shot in the leg and captured during a police raid in Brussels - 18 June: Belgium arrests 12 suspected of planning Euro soccer tournament attack
Prevention: 30 novembre 2015: La commune bruxelloise de Molenbeek a lancé des initiatives pour prévenir la radicalisation de jeunes en perdition susceptibles de suivre l'itinéraire meurtrier des frères Abdeslam, impliqués dans les attentats de Paris
Law and legal history of Belgium: Law of Belgium - Legal history of Belgium - Constitution of Belgium - Human rights in Belgium
Judiciary and court system in Belgium: Judiciary and court system in Belgium
April 2018: 23 avril 2018: Le djihadiste français Salah Abdeslam et le seul suspect survivant des attentats de Paris le 13 novembre 2015 était jugé pour son implication dans une fusillade en Belgique
January 2019: 10 January 2019: Brussels Jewish museum terror attack trial opens in a Brussels criminal court, as Frenchman Mehdi Nemmouche faces life sentence if convicted of 2014 shooting
March 2019: 7 March 2019: Frenchman Mehdi Nemmouche was found guilty by Belgian court of the terrorist murders of four people at Brussels’ Jewish museum in 2014 - 12 March 2019: French citizen Mehdi Nemmouche was sentenced to life in jail on Monday for shooting dead four people in the Belgium Jewish Museum in 2014, saying 'life goes on' in his last words in the court room, as families of victims and survivors of the attacks voiced relief at the end of a trial dogged by theories put forward by Nemmouche’s defense lawyers
December 2020 Belgian court hearings end on Iran diplomat accused of bomb plot: 4 December 2020: Belgian court hearings end on Iran diplomat accused of bomb plot, as verdict for Assadollah Assadi expected on January 22, and as 48-year-old faces 20 years in prison if convicted of plotting to target 2018 rally outside Paris
4 February 2021 Iranian official Assadi convicted of masterminding a thwarted bomb attack against opposition group in France in 2018: 4 February 2021: Iranian official Assadollah Assadi was convicted of masterminding a thwarted bomb attack against an exiled Iranian opposition group in France in 2018 and sentenced to 20 years in prison by a Belgian court that rejected his claim of diplomatic immunity, as three other defendants also received jail sentences, after Vienna-based diplomat Assadi, earlier detained in Belgium but refused to testify during his trial last year invoking his diplomatic status, did not attend the hearing at the Antwerp courthouse
18 June 2021 Belgium’s climate failures violate human rights, Brussels court rules: 18 June 2021: Belgium’s failure to meet climate targets is a violation of human rights, a Brussels court has ruled, in the latest legal victory against public authorities that have broken promises to tackle the climate emergency, as Brussels court of first instance declared the Belgian state had committed an offence under Belgian’s civil law and breached the European convention on human rights
Constitutional Court of Belgium: Constitutional Court of Belgium
2012 release of the jailed ex-wife of child killer Marc Dutroux: 28 August 2012: The jailed ex-wife Michelle Martin of child killer Marc Dutroux released from prison by Belgium's highest court as relatives of the pair's victims express outrage over the decision, after in 2004 Michelle Martin was sentenced to 30 years in prison for the starving deaths of two girls
Law enforcement in Belgium: Law enforcement in Belgium
Local and Federal Police in Belgium: Local Police in Belgium - Federal Police
Police brutality in Belgium: Police brutality in Belgium
2003: 13 December 2003: After four police officers were found guilty of 'involuntarily' suffocating Nigerian Sémira Adamu, a 20-year-old asylum seeker, to death, Belgium suspended its policy of forcibly deporting failed asylum seekers
2013: 22 February 2013: Police brutality video sends shock wave through Belgium after a young man was was brutally treated in a police cell in Mortsel and died of his injuries
2016: 4 November 2016: Human Rights Watch details in an extensive report accounts of minorities in Belgium subjected to verbal and physical abuse by police in the wake of the terrorist attacks
2017: 20 September 2017: Police brutality remains a serious problem in Belgium, due in part to judges
May 2018: 18 May 2018: Authorities in Belgium have admitted that two-year-old girl Mawda who died after police opened fire on a van carrying migrants near Mons on Thursday was shot in the face
Foreign relations of Belgium: Foreign relations of Belgium
Belgian colonial empire and relations with former colonies: Belgian colonial empire - Belgium/Former colonies relations
Treaties of Belgium: Treaties of Belgium
Belgian membership in international organisations: Belgian membership in international organisations
Belgium, Brussels and the EU: Brussels and the European Union
Belgium/United Nations relations: Belgium/United Nations relations
Foreign involvement in the killing of Patrice Lumumba: Foreign involvement in the killing of Patrice Lumumba in January 1961
Bilateral relations of Belgium: Bilateral relations of Belgium
Belgium/Algeria relations: Belgium/Algeria relations
Belgium/Austria relations: Belgium/Austria relations
1914-1918 Habsburg Monarchy and World War I: 1914-1918 World War I
Since 1938 Austria part of Nazi Germany and World War II 1939-1945: 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany - 1939-1945 World War II - Axis powers
Belgium/D.R. of the Congo relations: Belgium/D.R. of the Congo relations
Since 1885 Belgian atrocities, Red Rubber system and forced labour in the 'Congo Free State': 1885-1908 Atrocities in the 'Congo Free State' - Red Rubber system and forced labour
Belgium/Ecuador relations: Relaciones Bélgica/Ecuador
Belgium, Brussels and the EU: Brussels and the European Union
Belgium/Israel relations: Belgium/Israel relations
Belgium/Syria relations: Belgium/Syria relations
Belgium/Ukraine relations: Belgium/Ukraine relations
Belgium/United Kingdom relations: Belgium/United Kingdom relations

Bulgaria - Geography of Bulgaria - History of Bulgaria - Demographics of Bulgaria
Water in Bulgaria: Water in Bulgaria
Transport in Bulgaria: Transport in Bulgaria
Banking and banks of Bulgaria: Banks of Bulgaria - Bulgarian National Bank
Economic history of Bulgaria and business cycles: Economic history of Bulgaria
Bulgarian parliamentary election 12 May 2013 - 12 May: Bulgarians began voting Sunday in a tight and tense snap election - 13 mai: Les conservateurs en tête des législatives bulgares en recueillant entre 29,6 % et 32% des suffrages, le Parti socialiste entre 25,6 et 26,2%
May 2014 Bulgaria European Parliament election: Bulgaria European Parliament election 25 May 2014
May 2019 European Parliament election in Bulgaria: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Bulgaria
17 March 2021 Bulgarian parties pledge green transformation: 17 March 2021: Bulgarian parties pledge green transformation
Between October and November 2021 Bulgarian presidential election: Between October and November 2021 Bulgarian presidential election
Protests in Bulgaria: Protests in Bulgaria
12 July 2020 thousands call on Bulgarian government to resign in anti-graft protests: 12 July 2020: Thousands call on Bulgarian government to resign in anti-graft protests
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Bulgaria: Bulgarian society - Human rights in Bulgaria
Demographics and ethnic groups in Bulgaria: Demographics of Bulgaria - Ethnic groups in Bulgaria
Turks in Bulgaria: Turks in Bulgaria
Romani people in Bulgaria: Romani people in Bulgaria
History of the Jews in Bulgaria: History of the Jews in Bulgaria
Immigration to Bulgaria: Immigration to Bulgaria
Education in Bulgaria: Education in Bulgaria
Health in Bulgaria: Health in Bulgaria
Crime in Bulgaria: Crime in Bulgaria
Corruption in Bulgaria: Corruption in Bulgaria
Human trafficking in Bulgaria: Human trafficking in Bulgaria
Organized crime in Bulgaria: Organized crime in Bulgaria - Bulgarian mafia
Terrorism in Bulgaria: Terrorism in Bulgaria
July 2012 Burgas bus bombing: July 2012 Burgas bus bombing
Judiciary of Bulgaria: Judiciary of Bulgaria
Law enforcement in Bulgaria: Law enforcement in Bulgaria
Foreign relations of Bulgaria: Foreign relations of Bulgaria
Treaties of Bulgaria: Treaties of Bulgaria
Immigration to Bulgaria: Immigration to Bulgaria
Since 2014 international and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Bulgaria's membership in international organisationsBulgaria's membership in international organisations
Bulgaria and the European Union: Bulgaria and the European Union - Bulgaria and the euro
Bilateral relations of Bulgaria: Bilateral relations of Bulgaria
Bulgaria/Afghanistan relations: Bulgaria/Afghanistan relations
Bulgaria/Germany relations: Bulgaria/Germany relations
1939-1945 World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact: World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact
Bulgaria/Lebanon relations: Bulgaria/Lebanon relations
Bulgaria/Romania relations: Bulgaria/Romania relations
Bulgaria/Syria relations: Bulgaria/Syria relations
Bulgaria/United Kingdom relations: Bulgaria/United Kingdom relations
19 October 2019 Bulgaria soccer coach quits after racist chants Nazi: 19 October 2019: Bulgaria soccer coach quits after racist chants Nazi salutes at England match
Bulgaria/USA relations: Bulgaria/USA relations

Croatia - Geography of Croatia - History of Croatia - Croatian War of Independance
Demographics of Croatia
Industry of Croatia: Industry of Croatia
Water transport in Croatia: Water transport in Croatia
Economic history of Croatia and economic cycles: Economic history of Croatia
2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Croatia: Economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Croatia
Labor and trade unions in Croatia: Labor and trade unions in Croatia
Taxation in Croatia: Taxation in Croatia
May 2019 European Parliament election in Croatia: 23-26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Croatia
Protests in Croatia: Protests in Croatia
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Croatia: Croatian society
Regions and cunties of Croatia: Regions of Croatia - 20 Counties of Croatia
Cities and towns in Croatia: Cities and towns in Croatia
Demographics of Croatia: Demographics of Croatia
Ethnic groups in Croatia: Ethnic groups in Croatia
Immigration to Croatia: Immigration to Croatia
2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
2015: 16 September 2015: First refugees head for Croatia after Hungary's border crackdown - 18 September 2015: As Croatia closes border crossings with Serbia and police stand guard in front of refugees and migrants, Hungary builds border fence with Croatia - 18 September: Croatia fails to cope with refugee and migrant influx, as refugees wait for the trains that never come - 27 September 2015: Record migrant arrivals in Croatia as crisis deepens - 5 October: Refugees and migrants continue to cross from Serbia to Croatia in their thousands - 19 October 2015: Thousands of refugees trying to make their way to western Europe have rushed over Serbia’s border to Croatia after they were stranded for days in dangerous and deteriorating conditions, 'the last person to go was a young boy without a leg, and we helped him cross in a wheelchair', UNHCR's Melita Sunjic reports, as UN's Ban Ki-moon says, refugees are fleeing difficult hardships they can't bear by themselves
Education in Croatia: Education in Croatia
Health in Croatia: Health in Croatia
Medical outbreaks in Croatia: Medical outbreaks in Croatia
Since February 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Croatia: Since February 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Croatia
Healthcare in Croatia: Healthcare in Croatia
Sport in Croatia by sport: Sport in Croatia by sport
Media of Croatia: Media of Croatia
Newspapers in Croatia: List of newspapers in Croatia
Internet in Croatia: Internet in Croatia
War crimes of the Independent State of Croatia: War crimes of the Independent State of Croatia
Concentration and extermination camps of the Independent State of Croatia: Concentration camps of the Independent State of Croatia - Italian fascist internment camps in Croatia
1941-1945 Jasenovac concentration and extermination camp: 1941-1945 Jasenovac concentration and extermination camp, established in Slavonia by the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia in marshland at the confluence of the Sava and Una rivers near the village of Jasenovac, one of the ten largest in Europe operated by the governing Ustaše regime, which was the only quisling regime in Nazi occupied Europe to operate extermination camps solely on their own for Jews and other ethnic groups - At 1941-1945 'Stara Gradiška concentration and extermination camp' in Croatia during WWII guarded by the Croatian Ustaše and specially constructed for women and children of Serb, Jewish and Romani ethnicity, gas experiments were conducted and humans were poisoned using sulphur dioxide and later Zyklon B - 2011 'Crimes in Past and Present - government sponsored atrocities and international legal responses', edited by David M. Crowe
Massacres in Croatia: Massacres in Croatia
Violence in Croatia: Violence in Croatia
Human trafficking in Croatia: Human trafficking in Croatia
Law and legal history of Croatia: Law of Croatia - Legal history of Croatia
Judiciary of Croatia: Judiciary of Croatia
Law enforcement in Croatia: Law enforcement in Croatia
Foreign relations of Croatia: Foreign relations of Croatia
Treaties of Croatia: Treaties of Croatia
1939/1941-1945 World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy: 1941-1945 'Independent State of Croatia', a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia in April 1941 after the invasion by the Axis powers. as its territory consisted of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as some parts of modern-day Serbia and Slovenia, but also excluded many Croat-populated areas in Dalmatia (until late 1943), Istria, and Medimurje regions (which today are part of Croatia), and as during its entire existence, the NDH was governed as a one-party state by the fascist Ustaša organization - 1941-1944/45 Croatian Home Guard, the land army part of the armed forces of the Independent State of Croatia which existed during World War II
Bilateral relations of Croatia: Bilateral relations of Croatia
Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations
Croatia/Serbia relations: Croatia/Serbia relations
1914-1945 Croatia and Serbia in World War I and World War II: 1914-1945 Croatia and Serbia in World War I and World War II
1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence: 1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence
Environmentalism in Croatia: Environmentalism in Croatia
Water supply and sanitation in Croatia: Water supply and sanitation in Croatia
Natural disasters in Croatia: Natural disasters in Croatia
May 2014 Southeast Europe floods: May 2014 Southeast Europe floods
Earthquakes in Croatia: Earthquakes in Croatia

Cyprus - Modern history of Cyprus - Northern Cyprus - Demographics of Cyprus
Water transport in Cyprus: Water transport in Cyprus
Poverty in Cyprus: Poverty in Cyprus
Elections and politics in Cyprus: Elections in Cyprus
May 2011 Cypriot legislative election: Cypriot legislative election May 2011
24 February 2013: Cyprus president-elect Nicos Anastasiades pledged after his poll victory on Sunday to work for an early EU bailout accord to rescue the island from bankruptcy - 18 mars: Le Parlement chypriote se réunit pour examiner le plan de sauvetage européen qui a exigé que tous les dépôts bancaires soient taxés - 20 March: Emergency meeting after Cyprus MPs reject bank levy - 21 March: Cypriot president to present 'Plan B' rescue package - 23 March: Parliament, in a late-night session, backed the first three of eight measures advanced by the government - 25 mars: Le plan de sauvetage conclu entre le gouvernement chypriote et la troïka comprend une taxe sur les dépôts de plus de 100.000 euros et la fermeture de la deuxième banque du pays - 26 March: Closed since March 16 to avert run on deposits Cyprus banks to remain closed until Thursday - 28 March: Temporary limits on daily withdrawals will remain in place as Cyprus reopens banks amid protests - 29 March: Cypriot president rules out leaving eurozone
May 2019 European Parliament election in Cyprus: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Cyprus
Social movements and protests in Cyprus:
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Cyprus: Cypriot society - Human rights in Cyprus
Demographics of Cyprus: Demographics of Cyprus
Women in Cyprus: Women in Cyprus
Education in Cyprus: Education in Cyprus
Healthcare in Cyprus: Healthcare in Cyprus
Internet in Cyprus: Internet in Cyprus
Foreign relations of Cyprus: Foreign relations of Cyprus
Treaties of Cyprus: Treaties of Cyprus
Membership of Cyprus in international organisations: Membership of Cyprus in international organisations
Cyprus/EU relations: Cyprus and the European Union
Bilateral relations of Cyprus: Bilateral relations of Cyprus
Cyprus/Egypt relations: Cyprus/Egypt relations
Cyprus/Germany relations: Cyprus/Germany relations
Cyprus/Greece relations: Cyprus/Greece relations
Cyprus/Israel relations: Cyprus/Israel relations
Cyprus/Russia relations: Cyprus/Russia relations
Cyprus/Turkey relations: Cyprus/Turkey relations
1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus: 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute: Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute
Cyprus/United Kingdom relations: Cyprus/United Kingdom relations
1914–1960 British Cyprus: British Cyprus 1914–1960
Cyprus/USA relations: Cyprus/USA relations

Czech Republic - Geography of the Czech Republic - History of the Czech lands - Demographics of the Czech lands
Agriculture in the Czech Republic: Agriculture in the Czech Republic
Aviation in the Czech Republic: Aviation in the Czech Republic
Rail transport in the Czech Republic: Rail transport in the Czech Republic
Railway accidents and incidents in the Czech Republic: Railway accidents and incidents in the Czech Republic
Water transport in the Czech Republic: Water transport in the Czech Republic
Tourism in the Czech Republic: Tourism in the Czech Republic
Economic history of the Czech Republic and economic cycles: Economic history of the Czech Republic
1989-2014 economic history of the Czech Republic: Since 1989 economic history of the Czech Republic
Taxation in the Czech Republic: Taxation in the Czech Republic
Political parties in the Czech Republic: Political parties in the Czech Republic
Trade unions in the Czech Republic: Trade unions in the Czech Republic
Elections and politics in the Czech Republic: Elections in the Czech Republic
May 2010 Czech legislative election: 28/29 May 2010 Czech legislative election
October 2012 Czech Senate election: Czech Senate election, October 2012
May 2019 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic: 24-25 May 2019 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic
2-3 October 2020 Czech Republic Senate and regional elections: 2-3 October 2020 Czech Republic Senate elections alongside regional elections
Social movements and protests in the Czech Republic: Protests in the Czech Republic
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in the Czech Republic: Czech society - Human rights in the Czech Republic
Cities in the Czech Republic: Cities and towns in the Czech Republic
Demographics in the Czech Republic: Demographics of the Czech lands
Ethnic groups in the Czech Republic: Ethnic groups in the Czech Republic
Immigration to the Czech Republic: Immigrants to the Czech Republic
Women in the Czech Republic: Women in the Czech Republic
Education in the Czech Republic: Education in the Czech Republic
Health in the Czech Republic: Health in the Czech Republic
Healthcare in the Czech Republic: Healthcare in the Czech Republic
Czech media: Czech media
Newspapers in the Czech Republic: Newspapers published in the Czech Republic
Internet in the Czech Republic: Internet in the Czech Republic
Crime in the Czech Republic: Crime in the Czech Republic
Corruption in the Czech Republic: Corruption in the Czech Republic
Racism in the Czech Republic: Racism in the Czech Republic
Human trafficking in the Czech Republic: Human trafficking in the Czech Republic
Judiciary and courts of the Czech Republic: Judiciary of the Czech Republic - Courts of the Czech Republic
Supreme Court of the Czech Republic: Since 1993 Supreme Court of the Czech Republic
Law enforcement in the Czech Republic: Law enforcement in the Czech Republic
Foreign relations of the Czech Republic: Foreign relations of the Czech Republic
Treaties of the Czech Republic: Treaties of the Czech Republic
Czech Republic's participation in international organizations: Czech Republic's participation in international organizations
Bilateral relations of the Czech Republic: Bilateral relations of the Czech Republic
Czech Republic/Austria relations: Czech Republic/Austria relations
Czech Republic/P.R of China relations: Czech Republic/P.R of China relations
Czech-Chinese trade relations:Czech Republic/P.R of China trade relations
Czech Republic/France relations: Czech Republic/France relations
Czech Republic/Germany relations: Czech Republic/Germany relations
August-October 1944 'Slovak National Uprising' against NS regime: August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising, an armed insurrection organized by the Slovak resistance movement during World War I, as the movement was represented mainly by the members of the Democratic Party, by social democrats and Communists, and launched from Banská Bystrica in an attempt to resist German troops that had occupied Slovak territory and to overthrow the collaborationist government of Jozef Tiso - 1944-1945 SS general Hermann Höfle played a leading role in the suppression of the Slovak National Uprising, as after WWII - he was arrested by Czechoslovakian authorities, and tried along with Hanns Ludin, as both were sentenced to death and executed on 9 December 1947, as some sources claim that he died in custody on 3 December - Hanns Elard Ludin (1905 – 9 December 1947 in Bratislava), became Ambassador to the Slovak Republic in 1941
Since 1938 Czech resistance to Nazi occupation: Czech resistance to Nazi occupation
Czech Republic/Israel relations: Czech Republic/Israel relations
Czech Republic/Poland relations: Czech Republic/Poland relations
Czech Republic/Russia relations: Czech Republic/Russia relations
Czech Republic/Slovakia relations: Czech Republic/Slovakia relations
Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations: Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations
Czech Republic/USA relations: Czech Republic/USA relations
Landforms and ecoregions of the Czech Republic: Landforms of the Czech Republic - Ecoregions of the Czech Republic
Rivers of the Czech Republic: List of rivers of the Czech Republic
Natural disasters in the Czech Republic: Natural disasters in the Czech Republic
Floods in the Czech Republic: Floods in the Czech Republic
May/June 2013 European floods: May/June 2013 European floods
Weather events in the Czech Republic: Weather events in the Czech Republic

Denmark - Geography of Denmark - History of Denmark - Demographics of Denmark
Manufacturing companies of Denmark: Manufacturing companies of Denmark
Construction and civil engineering companies: Construction and civil engineering companies of Denmark
Electronics companies of Denmark: Electronics companies of Denmark
Energy in Denmark: Energy in Denmark
Renewable energy in Denmark: Renewable energy in Denmark
Economic history of Denmark and economic cycles: Economic history of Denmark - Income inequality in Denmark
Since 2001 Danish property bubble: Danish property bubble of 2000s
Since 2008 Great Recession in Europe: Since 2008 Great Recession in Europe - Denmark
Employment in Denmark: Employment in Denmark
Unemployment benefits in Denmark: Unemployment benefits in Denmark
Taxation and budget in Denmark: Taxation in Denmark - Budgets of Danish government
Political parties in Denmark: Political parties in Denmark
Trade unions in Denmark: Danish Confederation of Trade Unions
Elections and politics in Denmark: Elections in Denmark - Danish EU membership referendum 2011
May 2019 European Parliament election in Denmark: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Denmark
Social movements and protests in Denmark: Protests in Denmark - Social and political movements in Denmark
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Denmark: Danish society - Human rights in Denmark - Freedom of speech and freedom of the press in Denmark
Faroese Dane: Faroese Dane
Museums in Denmark: List of museums in Denmark
Economy, history and culture of Copenhagen: Economy of Copenhagen - History of Copenhagen - Culture in Copenhagen
Youth in Denmark: Youth in Denmark
Health care in Denmark: Health care in Denmark
Crime in Denmark: Crime in Denmark
Corruption in Denmark: Corruption in Denmark
Tax evasion and avoidance in Denmark: Elements of income tax evasion and avoidance in Denmark
Human trafficking in Denmark: Human trafficking in Denmark
Law enforcement in Denmark: Law enforcement in Denmark
Courts of Denmark: Courts of Denmark
Police of Denmark: Police of Denmark
Foreign relations of Denmark: Foreign relations of Denmark
Treaties of Denmark: Treaties of Denmark
Bilateral relations of Denmark: Bilateral relations of Denmark
Denmark/Germany relations: Denmark/Germany relations
1943-1945 arrests and deportations of Danish Jews: Arrests and deportations of Danish Jews 1943-1945
Denmark/Iran relations: Denmark/Iran relations
Denmark/Norway relations: Denmark/Norway relations
Denmark/Poland relations: Denmark/Poland relations
Denmark/Sweden relations: Denmark/Sweden relations
Denmark/Syria relations: Denmark/Syria relations
March 2015 Syrian Coalition meet with Danish Parliament delegation: 5 March 2015: Syrian Coalition meet with Danish Parliament delegation
Denmark/Ukraine relations: Denmark/Ukraine relations
Denmark/USA relations: Denmark/USA relations
Geography and Kingdom of Denmark: Geography of Denmark - Kingdom of Denmark
Forests of Denmark: Forests of Denmark
Water in Denmark: Water in Denmark
Environmental issues and environmentalism in Denmark: Environmental issues in Denmark - Environmentalism in Denmark
Natural disasters in Denmark: Natural disasters in Denmark
Weather events in Denmark: Weather events in Denmark
Faroe Islands: Faroe Islands, politically associated with the Kingdom of Denmark, but self-governing since 1948
Ports and harbours and water transport in the Faroe Islands: Ports and harbours of the Faroe Islands - Water transport in the Faroe Islands
Demographics and society of the Faroe Islands: Demographics of the Faroe Islands - Faroese society
Education in the Faroe Islands: Education in the Faroe Islands
Health in the Faroe Islands: Health in the Faroe Islands
Political parties on the Faroe Islands: List of political parties on the Faroe Islands
Elections in the Faroe Islands: Elections in the Faroe Islands
August 2019 Faroese general election: 31 August 2019 Faroese general election
Faroese law: Faroese law
Greenland: Greenland
Geography of Greenland: Geography of Greenland
Climate of Greenland: Climate of Greenland
Greenland ice sheet and ice cap climate: Greenland ice sheet - Ice cap climate
Water in Greenland: Water in Greenland
History of Greenland: History of Greenland
Economy of Greenland: Economy of Greenland
Education in Greenland: Education in Greenland
Health in Greenland: Health in Greenland

Estonia - Geography of Estonia - History of Estonia - Demographics of Estonia
Agriculture in Estonia: Agriculture in Estonia
Forestry in Estonia: Forestry in Estonia
Taxation in Estonia: Taxation in Estonia
Political parties in Estonia: Political parties in Estonia
Trade unions in Estonia: Trade unions in Estonia
May 2019 European Parliament election in Estonia: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Estonia
Social movements and protests in Estonia: Social movements and protests in Estonia
1941-1944 Estonian anti-German resistance movement: 1941-1944 Estonian anti-German resistance movement
Society, demographics and culture of Estonia: Estonian society - Human rights in Estonia
Cities and towns in Estonia: List of cities and towns in Estonia
Economy and companies based in Tallinn: Economy and companies based in Tallinn
1219 Toompea Castle taken by forces of Valdemar II of Denmark: 1219 Toompea Castle taken by forces of Valdemar II of Denmark
Since 1916 Defence Forces Cemetery of Tallinn: Since 1916 Defence Forces Cemetery of Tallinn
1914-1919 Germany's 'Ober Ost' parallels with 1933-1945 Nazi German policy: 1914-1919 'Ober Ost' parallels with 1933-1945 Nazi German policy
1941-1944 Estonian anti-German resistance movement: 1941-1944 Estonian anti-German resistance movement
Demographics and ethnic groups of Estonia: Demographics of Estonia - Ethnic groups in Estonia
Estonians: Estonians
History of the Jews in Estonia: History of the Jews in Estonia
Russians in Estonia: Russians in Estonia
Education in Estonia: Education in Estonia
Schools in Estonia: Schools in Estonia
Universities and colleges in Estonia: Universities and colleges in Estonia
Health in Estonia: Health in Estonia
Disease outbreaks in Estonia: Disease outbreaks in Estonia
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Estonia: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Estonia
Healthcare in Estonia: Healthcare in Estonia
8 January 2021 first Moderna covid-19 vaccines due in Estonia next week: 8 January 2021: First Moderna covid-19 vaccines due in Estonia next week
Newspapers in Estonia: Newspapers in Estonia
Internet in Estonia: Internet in Estonia
Crime in Estonia: Crime in Estonia
Corruption in Estonia: Corruption in Estonia
Violence in Estonia: Violence in Estonia
Law and legal history of Estonia: Law of Estonia - Legal history of Estonia - Constitution of Estonia
Foreign relations of Estonia: Foreign relations of Estonia
Treaties of Estonia: Treaties of Estonia
Since 1991 Baltic Assembly advisory cooperation between the parliaments of the Baltic republics: Baltic Assembly advisory cooperation between the parliaments of the Baltic republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since 1991
Bilateral relations of Estonia: Bilateral relations of Estonia
Estonia/Germany relations: Estonia/Germany relations - German occupation of Estonia during World War II 1939-1945 - The Holocaust in Estonia refers to the Nazi crimes during the occupation of Estonia by Germany
Estonia/Israel relations: Estonia/Israel relations
Estonia/Latvia relations: Estonia/Latvia relations
Estonia/Lithuania relations: Estonia/Lithuania relations
Estonia/Poland relations: Estonia/Poland relations
Estonia/Russia relations: Estonia/Russia relations
Estonia/Ukraine relations: Estonia/Ukraine relations
4 September 2020 how Estonia is helping Ukraine develop e-governance: 4 September 2020: How Estonia is helping Ukraine develop e-governance
Estonia/USA relations: Estonia/USA relations
Environmental issues of Estonia: Environmental issues of Estonia

Finland - Geography of Finland - History of Finland - Demographics of Finland
Mines in Finland: Mines in Finland
Manufacturing companies of Finland: Manufacturing companies of Finland
Electronics companies of Finland: Electronics companies of Finland
Nuclear power in Finland: Nuclear power in Finland
Coal and peat energy in Finland: Peat energy in Finland - Coal in Finland
Agriculture in Finland: Agriculture in Finland
Forestry in Finland: Forestry in Finland
Tourism in Finland: Tourism in Finland
Economic history of Finland and economic cycles: Economic history of Finland
Taxation in Finland: Taxation in Finland
Welfare in Finland: Welfare in Finland
Political parties in Finland: Political parties in Finland
Trade unions in Finland: Trade unions in Finland
Politics and elections in Finland: Elections in Finland
October 1994 Finnish European Union membership referendum: Finnish European Union membership referendum 16 October 1994
October 2012 Finnish municipal elections: Finnish municipal elections October 2012
May 2014 European Parliament election in Finland: 25 May 2014 European Parliament election in Finland
May 2019 European Parliament election in Finland: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Finland
Social movements and protests in Finland: Social movements in Finland - Environmentalism in Finland
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Finland: Finnish society - Human rights in Finland
Since 1550 Timeline of Helsinki: Since 1550 Timeline of Helsinki
1713 Helsinki taken by Russian forces: 1713 Helsinki taken by Russian forces
Since 1809 Russian empire's Grand Duchy of Finland 1809-1917: Since 1809 Grand Duchy of Finland 1809-1917, Governorate-General of the Russian Empire
Sami people: Sami people
History of the Jews in Finland: History of the Jews in Finland
Swedish-speaking population of Finland: Swedish-speaking population of Finland
Karelians: Karelians
Culture and languages of Finland: Culture of Finland - Languages of Finland
Women and women’s rights in Finland: Women in Finland - Women’s rights in Finland
Childhood and youth in Finland: Childhood in Finland - Youth in Finland
Education in Finland: Education in Finland
Universities in Finland: List of universities in Finland
Health in Finland: Health in Finland
Healthcare in Finland: Healthcare in Finland
Finnish media: Finnish media
Newspapers in Finland: List of newspapers in Finland
Broadcasting in Finland: Broadcasting in Finland
Internet in Finland: Internet in Finland
Crime in Finland: Crime in Finland
Guns and gun politics in Finland: Guns and gun politics in Finland
School shootings in Finland: School shootings in Finland
Spree shootings in Finland: Spree shootings in Finland
February 1999 Helsinki shooting club shooting: 21 February 1999 Helsinki shooting club shooting with a rented pistol
Terrorism in Finland: Terrorism in Finland
Racism in Finland: Racism in Finland
Corruption in Finland: Corruption in Finland
Sexual violence in Finland: Sexual violence in Finland
Law and legal history of Finland: Law of Finland - Legal history of Finland - Constitution of Finland
Judicial and court system of Finland: Judicial system of Finland - Court system in Finland
Supreme Court of Finland: Supreme Court of Finland
Since 1945 War-responsibility trials in Finland: War-responsibility trials in Finland since 1945
Law enforcement in Finland: Law enforcement in Finland
Foreign relations of Finland: Foreign relations of Finland
Treaties of Finland: Treaties of Finland
Bilateral relations of Finland: Bilateral relations of Finland
Finland/Denmark relations: Finland/Denmark relations
Finland/Estonia relations: Finland/Estonia relations
Finland/Germany relations: Finland/Germany relations
1939-1945 Finland's cooperation with Nazi Germany and military history of Finland during World War II: Finland sided with Nazi Germany - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact - Military history of Finland during World War II 1939-1945
Finland/Liberia relations (Finnish-Liberian Friendship Association): Finland/Liberia relations (Finnish-Liberian Friendship Association)
Finland/Norway relations: Finland/Norway relations
Finland/Russia relations: Finland/Russia relations
1939-1945 Finland's cooperation with Nazi Germany and military history of Finland during World War II: Finland sided with Nazi Germany - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact - Military history of Finland during World War II 1939-1945 - Paris Peace Treaties 1947
Finland/Sweden relations: Finland/Sweden relations
Finland/Ukraine relations: Finland/Ukraine relations
History of Finland-Ukraine relations: History of Finland-Ukraine relations
Forests of Finland: Forests of Finland
Protected areas of Finland: Protected areas of Finland
Water in Finland: Water in Finland
2007 Nokia water supply contamination: November 2007 Nokia water supply contamination
Rivers of Finland: List of rivers of Finland
Lakes of Finland: List of lakes of Finland
Environmental organisations based in Finland: Environmental organisations based in Finland
Natural disasters in Finland: Disasters and natural disasters in Finland
Fires in Finland: Fires in Finland

France - Geography of France - Gaul during the Iron Age inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy, of the Netherlands and of Germany - Gallic Wars and expansion of the Roman Empire over the whole of Gaul 58–52 BC - Frankish Kingdom 481–843 during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages - History of France - Early modern France 1453–1789 - French colonial empire 1534-1980 - French Revolution 1789-1799 marking the global decline of absolute monarchies and organized religions and replacing them with democracies and republics, and Napoleon until 1815 - France in the twentieth century, post World War II period 1945-present - Demographics of France
Car manufacturers of France: Car manufacturers of France
French bicycle industry: French bicycle industry
Shipbuilding companies of France: Shipbuilding companies of France
Tractor manufacturers of France: Tractor manufacturers of France
Chemical companies of France: Chemical companies of France
Clothing companies of France: Clothing companies of France
Energy and energy companies of France: Energy in France - Energy companies of France
Fossil fuels and oil companies of France: Fossil fuels in France - Oil companies of France
Water pollution in France: Water pollution in France
Transport in France by city: Transport in France by city - Transport in Paris
Foreign trade of France: Foreign trade of France
Banking in France: Banking in France
Since 2010 Bank of France controversy: Since 2010 Bank of France controversy
Since 2010 BNP Paribas controversies: BNP Paribas controversies since 2010
Since 2006 Crédit Agricole controversies: Crédit Agricole controversies since 2006
Since the early 1990s Société Générale controversies: Société Générale controversies since the early 1990s
Since 2010 Groupe BPCE controversy: Groupe BPCE controversy since 2010
Since 2010 Crédit Mutuel controversy: Since 2010 Crédit Mutuel controversy
Late 2000s recession in Europe and France: Late 2000s recession in Europe: France
Chômage en France: Chômage en France
Inégalités de revenu en France: Inégalités de revenu en France
Poverty in France: Poverty in France
French Armed Forces: French Armed Forces
World War I weapons and chemical warfare: November 2013: 'The Origins of Chemical Warfare in the French Army' analysis shows contrary to the existing historiography, that the French army aggressively adapted to, and engaged in, chemical warfare in the 20th century - 3 July 2016: The oldest reported case of a chemical substance being used as a weapon due to its toxic properties occurred in the year 256 BC, during the siege of the Persian city Dura Europos in modern Syria, where they used a mixture of tar and sulfur to produce sulfur oxides and thus take control of the city, as France in August 1914 in German empire's World War I launched bromine ethyl acetate tear gas grenades, as the Germans, aware of the allies’ interests in developing chemical weapons, also did the same by strongly developing their chemical industry (especially the dye industry), achieving an ideal situation for offensive chemical development, after French police in 1912 employed Ethyl bromoacetate against people
Since 1954 nuclear weapons program of France and tests abroad: Nuclear weapons program of France - List of nuclear weapons tests of France
1960-1996 French weapons of mass destruction testing centers abroad: French weapons Saharan experiments centres (1960–66), Pacific experiments centre (1966–1996)
Military budget in France: Military budget
Intelligence agencies of France: List of intelligence agencies of France
Taxation and budget in France: Taxation in France - Budget of France
June 1960 amendment concerning French colonies in Africa and French pressure: 4 June 1960 adopted amendment to the constitution concerning the independence of 'African Member States of the French Community' - 1960 independance of 13 African countries from France during the 'Year of Africa', as France exerted pressure to remain within the French sphere of influence, particularly in economic terms, and French companies thus accepted arrangements, because they would remain well-positioned to profit from the newly independent countries - 1960 is referred to as the 'Year of Africa' because of a series of events that took place during the year, mainly the independence of 17 African nations, that highlighted the growing Pan-African sentiments in the continent, a culmination of African independence movements and the subsequent emergence of Africa as a major force in the UN
Political parties and trade unions in France: Political parties of France - Trade unions in France
Socialist Party: Socialist Party
Parliament of France: French Parliament
Government of France: Government of France
Elections and politics in France: Elections in France
Élections cantonales mars 2011: Élections cantonales mars 2011
September 2011 French left captures senate in setback for Sarkozy: Élections sénatoriales septembre 2011 - 25 September: French left captures senate in setback for Sarkozy
Élection présidentielle francaise 22 avril/6 mai 2012: Élection présidentielle francaise avril/mai 2012 - Juin 2011: Martine Aubry annonce sa candidature pour la présidentielle 2012 - History of the 'Left' in France: Affaire Dominique Strauss-Kahn - 29. August 2011: Frankreich Sozialisten im Zeichen verschärfter Rivalität - vgl. Artikel dieser Website und darin den Abschnitt über die aktuelle Krise der europäischen Sozialdemokratie 2009 - 10 October: French Socialists face presidential primary run-off - 17. Oktober 2011: Frankreichs Sozialisten mit Kandidatur Hollandes ohne Zeichen der Erneuerung - 23 April: Nicolas Sarkozy won only 27.1% of the vote, while his socialist rival Francois Hollande took 28.6% - 3. Mai: François Bayrou nennt Sarkozy's Politik in Einwanderungsfragen 'obsessiv' und spricht sich für Hollande aus - 7 May: François Hollande wins France’s presidential election claiming around 51.67% of the runoff vote - 17 May: Cabinet Ayrault takes power in France - 17 May: New French government to hand itself a pay cut
January-May 2016: 27 January 2016: French minister Christiane Taubira resigns after fallout over controversial plan to strip people convicted of terrorism of their French citizenship - 1 février 2016: Christiane Taubira n'a pas abandonné le débat sur la déchéance de nationalité pour autant et va publier un livre-réquisitoire - 10 February 2016: French MPs vote in favour of in 2012 elected president Hollande’s heavily contested package of measures to change the French constitution enshrining 'emergency powers' - 10/11 February: French FM Fabius steps down questioning the USA’s commitment to resolving the crisis in Syria, saying its 'ambiguous' policy was contributing to the problem, as Hollande brings Greens and former PM Ayrault to government in cabinet reshuffle - 4 mai 2016: François Hollande à son plus bas niveau historique
June 2017 French legislative election: 11 and 18 June 2017 French legislative election - 12 June 2017: Amid concerns over low turnout of just 48.71%, 'La République En Marche' party and its allies take 32,32% of vote in first round, ahead of 'Les Républicains' and its allies on 21.56%, the anti-EU 'Front National' on 13.20%, followed by 'La France Insoumise' and its allies on 11,02%, the 'Socialist party', that took just 9.51% of the vote with its allies, and 'Europe Écologie Les Verts' on 4.3% - 18/19 June 2017: Tempered by a record low turnout of 42.64% and as abstention particularly high in low-income areas reopens the debate about France’s social divide, the French voting system and legitimacy, Macron’s party and its ally has won a large majority in the French parliament, taking 350 out of 577 seats, handing him a relatively free rein to implement his plans to change French labour law and overhaul unemployment benefits and pensions
Since 18 July 2018 Benalla-Macron affair: Since 18 July 2018 Benalla affair, a political and judicial case involving Alexandre Benalla, who served as a security officer and deputy chief of staff to Emmanuel Macron - 19 July 2018: France’s public prosecutor has opened a preliminary inquiry after Benalla, one of Emmanuel Macron’s top security officers, was filmed hitting and stamping on a young man at the edge of a Paris demonstration on 1 May while illegally dressed as a police officer, as it emerged that Benalla had continued to take part in other high-profile presidential security operations and MPs suggest there had been a cover up - 20 July 2018: French politicians insisted on a parliament inquiry into how Macron's security officials could have appeared wearing a police armband and visor, committing violence among real police officers without being stopped, as second bodyguard Vincent Crase who worked for Macron also featured wearing a police armband, violently dragging, shaking and raising his hand against young man - 23 July 2018: Macron under pressure to say why aide's brutality went unreported - 25 July 2018: Saying 'Alexandre Benalla has never had the nuclear codes, ... neither has Alexandre Benalla ever been my lover', Emmanuel Macron - after keeping Benalla’s assaults quiet for more than two months - wants to take the blame over Benalla scandal, caused by hate against the national and international labour movement
December 2018: 2 December 2018: French government to hold emergency meeting after central Paris saw its worst unrest in a decade on Saturday afternoon as masked protesters fought running battles with police, set fire to cars, banks and houses and burned makeshift barricades on the edges of demonstrations against rising fuel taxes and living costs, as peaceful protestors complained that the use of teargas had begun very early in the morning, and as Alexandre Benalla's foster-father Macron said he would 'never accept violence' - 4 December 2018: French government reportedly 'to suspend fuel tax increase' following protests - 10 December 2018: In a long-awaited address on television, Macron tried to talk the protesters out of further action, promising a rise in the minimum wage and tax concessions, saying he had heard and understood protesters’ anger and indignation, which he said was 'deep and in many ways legitimate' - 11 December 2018: Macron’s appeal to French from behind gold desk reportedly leaves 'gilets jaunes' protesters unimpressed, as a record 23 million people tuned in - 16 décembre 2018: L'ex-collaborateur déchu de l'Élysée Alexandre Benalla a de nouveau été mis en examen le 29 novembre pour des violences commises en marge du défilé du 1er mai à Paris - 16 décembre 2018: Le premier ministre Philippe a concédé que l'Exécutif n'avait 'pas assez écouté les Français' et 'fait des erreurs' dans la gestion de la gestion de la crise des 'gilets jaunes'
February 2019: 1 février 2019: 'Nous sommes un peuple violent, depuis des siècles et des siècles. La France n'est pas la Suisse', s'exprime Macron dans une 'discussion au coin du feu' - 1 février 2019: Le Conseil d'Etat français est resté sourd aux demandes de la Ligue des droits de l'homme contre les violences policières et l'usage du LBD à l'origine de nombreuses blessures graves, utilisée plus de 9200 fois depuis le début du mouvement de contestation sociale - 10 février 2019: Une enquête judiciaire a été ouverte après qu'un manifestant a eu la main déchiquetée par une grenade samedi à Paris - 20 February 2019: A French senate committee has recommend prosecuting Alexandre Benalla, the former security aide of the French president Macron, for perjury following a seven-month investigation into his violent conduct during a street protest
May 2019 European Parliament election in France: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in France
August 2019 victims of 1982 anti-Semitic attack demand parliamentary inquiry: 9 August 2019: Families of the victims of the 1982 terrorist attack on Paris’ Jewish quarter and Jo Goldenberg’s restaurant are demanding a parliamentary inquiry into an alleged secret pact of French intelligence with the perpetrators, after ex-French spy chief Yves Bonnet now, in 2019, admitted the 1980s pact with Fatah terrorists, following the August 1982 bombing and shooting attack by the Abu Nidal Organization - Since 28 August 1982 'Irish of Vincennes' political scandal following the 9 August 1982 terrorist attack in Paris, when a secret police anti-terrorist cell established by president François Mitterrand arrested three Irish nationals in Vincennes, proudly proclaiming a victory against 'international terrorism', until in 1983 the case fell apart and the suspects were exonerated when it was revealed that weapons and other evidence used against the three had been planted by the arresting officers, who then lied to the courts with the support of the executive - 17 June 2015: Suspects, including the mastermind al-Abassi of the 1982 bomb attack on a Jewish restaurant in Paris, were identified 32 years later thanks to statements from Abu Nidal group members to whom French judges guaranteed anonymity
2 September 2019 France canvasses Iranian regime: 2 September 2019: Once again France hosts Iranian regime officials, presenting offers including a $15 billion credit line for oil 'pre-purchases' to threatening Iranian regime, also praising terror group Hezbollah's Sunday missile attack on IDF targets, as regime's diplomats travel to France and Russia to reinforce regime's Friday deadline for Europe to offer it a way to sell its crude oil on the global market, and as Yad Vashem marks 80th anniversary of start of World War II with online exhibit, describing the progression of the war and exploring the lives of Europe’s Jewish communities with many unable to comprehend the impending horror the war would bring, following European and American retreat in the face of getting stronger nazism and fascism
8 December 2019 pensions overhaul to go ahead despite huge protests: 8 December 2019: France pensions overhaul to go ahead despite huge protests
5 January 2020 French allied pro-Haftar airstrike kills at least 28 young people and leaves dozens injured in Tripoli: 5 janvier 2020: Au moment de la frappe contre l'école militaire de Tripoli à al-Hadba al-Khadra, un secteur résidentiel peuplé dans la capitale libyenne, qui a tué 28 cadets et blessé des dizaines d'autres, les jeunes hommes effectuaient leur dernier rassemblement de la journée dans la cour principale avant de regagner leurs dortoirs, après la mission de l’ONU en Libye, à plusieurs reprises, a demandé que les secteurs civils soient épargnés par les frappes qui 'pourraient constituer des crimes de guerre' - 5 January 2020: Deadly airstrike on young people in Tripolis occurred after ambulance service appealed for a temporary ceasefire to allow its crews to retrieve the bodies of five civilians killed on As Sidra Road in southern Tripoli and to evacuate families, coming under fire after their appeal
17 March 2020 Macron declares in a speech to the nation 'We are at war': 16/17 March 2020: After inviting and hosting war criminal Putin in France in August 2019, after hosting Chinese regime's Xi Jinping in France in March 2019, after inviting murderous Iranian regime's Zarif to France in August 2019, after supporting Libyan warlord Haftar murdering innocent civilians, desperate refugees, women and children since April 2019, after saying in 2019 'nous sommes un peuple violent', France's drama student Macron declared in a speech to the nation 'We are at war' against ... coronavirus, tightening restrictions on freedom of movement, suspending economic reforms and delaying the second round of local elections in the fight against Chinese coronavirus, banning his French fellow citizens insulted as violent from making anything other than essential outings from their homes on pain of punishment for at least two weeks - 17 mars 2020: Macron déclare la 'guerre' au coronavirus et restreint fortement les déplacements des Français - Les États font la guerre aux autres États, pas aux individus ni aux familles qui les composent, le mot la 'guerre' est définie comme un acte de politique étrangère ou défensif, et vient du francique 'werra', vieux haut allemand werra 'confusion, querelle, lutte', en anglais 'war' vient du normand werre, variante de 'guerre', meaning 'to confuse', 'to bring into confusion'
9 June 2020 France bans chokehold arrest as anger mounts over police brutality: 9 June 2020: France bans chokehold arrest as anger mounts over police brutality
29 November 2020 'unacceptable' injury of Syrian photojournalist Alhalbi during Paris protest against police brutality: 29 November 2020: Press freedom group has denounced the 'unacceptable' injury of award-winning Syrian photojournalist Ameer Alhalbi during a Paris protest against police brutality, as the freelance photographer who worked for Polka Magazine and AFP was covering the demonstrations against police violence and the government’s new law restricting the sharing of images of officers over the weekend when he was injured at the end of the tenth year of Assad's, Putin's and Khamenei's war against the Syrian people - 29 novembre 2020: L’Agence France-Presse AFP a réclamé dimanche une enquête de police après que l’un de ses collaborateurs, le photographe syrien Ameer al-Halbi, qui a été primé à plusieurs reprises pour ses photos de la guerre en Syrie pour le compte de l’AFP, a été blessé samedi durant la manifestation contre le texte de loi 'sécurité globale' et des violences policières samedi à Paris
April 2022 French presidential election: April 2022 French presidential election
June 2022 French parliament elections: 2022 juin élections législatives françaises de 2022
Social movements and protests in France: Protests in France - Political movements in France
2013: 5 janvier 2013: Lors d'une rencontre avec une délégation des salariés de Petroplus à Val-de-Reuil (Eure), Hollande a exclu une reprise du site par les pouvoirs publics - 25 March 2013: Paris police used tear gas and batons to fight hundreds of thousands of people protesting against a draft law allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children - 5 mai: Grande manifestation anti-austérité du Parti de Gauche à Paris - 6 June: Protests held in France after left-wing student Clement Meric beaten to death by a group of far-right militants - 10 septembre: Entre 155 000 et 360 000 personnes ont participé aux quelque 180 rassemblements organisés en France pour protester contre la première réforme des retraites - 17 October: Paris students protest against the deportation of foreign pupils following the high-profile eviction of a 15-year-old Roma girl - 1 décembre: Face aux récentes attaques contre la ministre Christiane Taubira, plusieurs milliers de personnes se sont rassemblées à Paris pour dire non à toutes formes de discrimination - 3 décembre: Soirée contre la haine au Théâtre du Rond-Point à Paris
2015: 9 January: Thousands of people took to the streets in France and other countries again Thursday to condemn the killing of 12 people by terrorists at Paris-based satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo - 11 January: As police hunt suspected accomplice more than 700,000 people took to the streets of France in solidarity with terror victims ahead of Paris march - 11 January: An estimated 3.7 million people across France march in solidarity with terror victims, all ages, nations and religions showing their support for the Republic's 'liberté, égalité, fraternité' - 2 March: As Russians march in mourning for murdered opposition leader Nemtsov in Moscow, in Paris about 100 people gathered to remember Nemtsov, asking for an international investigation to be opened and carrying posters reading 'I am Boris' - 24 May 2015: About 3,000 protesters gathered in Paris to protest against the USA biotechnology giant Monsanto and its genetically modified crops and pesticides - 5 septembre: Plus de 10000 personnes se sont rassemblées samedi dans toute la France, et notamment à Paris, pour l’accueil des réfugiés - 19 October 2015: Thousands of people demonstrated in the capitals of France, Spain and Italy on Sunday in solidarity with Israel, as the wave of violence in Israel and the Palestinian territories continued unabated - 22 novembre 2015: Plus de 10.000 manifestants 'contre la barbarie' à Toulouse, une semaine après les attentats de Paris - 2 December 2015: A court in Paris fines a woman €1,000 for refusing to have her fingerprints taken at a rally where clashes erupted between protesters and security forces ahead of 2015 UN climate summit
2016: 26 January 2016: Day of protest as taxi drivers, teachers, farmers and air traffic controllers among employees taking industrial action across France - 27 February: Angry French farmers heckle Hollande at agricultural fair amid rising tensions in agricultural sphere over competition from big industry and neighbouring countries in Europe's single market - 9 March 2016: French students take to the streets to protest far-reaching labour-law reforms as labour unions pledge to hold about 150 marches and protests nationwide - 24 mars 2016: Les manifestations contre le projet de loi travail, présenté en Conseil des ministres, ont rassemblé jeudi plusieurs milliers de jeunes et salariés à Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Grenoble ou encore Besançon, à l'appel de sept syndicats et organisations de jeunes, une vidéo montrant un policier frappant un jeune fait le buzz - 31 March 2016: Hundreds of thousands of workers and high-school students joined protest marches across France to challenge plans to loosen the country's protective labour laws that unions say favour businesses
January/February 2017: 21 January 2017 Women's March in cities around the world, including Bordeaux, Marseille, Paris and Toulouse, to promote women's rights and to address racial inequities, workers' issues, and environmental issues - 18 février 2017: 4000 à 5000 personnes selon les organisateurs, se sont réunies samedi à Paris à l'appel notamment d'associations antiracistes et de syndicats, pour protester contre les violences policières après le viol à la matraque présumé d'un jeune noir, Théo, au cours d'une interpellation - 19 février 2017: Des manifestations contre la 'corruption' en politique se sont déroulées dimanche à Paris et ailleurs en France, une première depuis les accusations d'emplois fictifs visant le candidat de droite à la présidentielle François Fillon et la candidate d'extrême droite Marine Le Pen
December 2018: 3 décembre 2018: Une vieille dame, qui a été atteinte par une grenade lacrymogène tirée lors des manifestations des 'gilets jaunes' à Marseille, est morte à l'hôpital - 7 December 2018: French high school students in Paris made to kneel with hands on heads by police, as protests at nearly 300 schools against stricter university entrance requirements have added to recent unrest - 8 December 2018: Over 350 detained and police accused to use teargas against protesters, as Paris braces for ‘yellow vest’ protest violence, and tens of thousands of police took position around France, fearing worsening violence in a new round of anti-government protests - 9 December 2018: 'Protesters' faced off with French riot police in Paris, hurling projectiles, torching cars, vandalising shops, restaurants and newsstands, also damaging a social movement which stands up for an increase to the minimum wage, lower taxes, higher salaries, cheaper energy, better retirement benefits and help for hard-pressed households, certainly without ability to replace torched cars - 9 December 2018: Uniting green and yellow vest protesters, people took to the streets in Paris on Saturday to demand that global leaders take action on climate change
January 2019: 5 janvier 2019: Les 'gilets jaunes' continuent la mobilisation dans plusieurs villes de France, pour défier le gouvernement - 6 janvier 2019: Lors des rassemblements des 'gilets jaunes' à Toulon, un officier de police a été filmé en train de frapper plusieurs personnes, pour le procureur de la République c'était un acte 'proportionnel' - 6 janvier 2019: Des centaines de femmes 'gilets jaunes' se sont rassemblées dimanche dans plusieurs villes, souhaitant donner une image pacifique du mouvement au lendemain d'une mobilisation nationale aussi marquée à la fin par de nouvelles violences - 11 janvier 2019: Manifestation des 'gilets jaunes' interdite à Bourges - 12 janvier 2019: Des dizaines de milliers de 'gilets jaunes' sont de nouveau attendus samedi partout en France contre la politique sociale et fiscale du gouvernement - 12 January 2019: Police use water cannon and teargas on Paris protesters, as at least 84,000 demonstrators turned out across France, according to officials, and as in Bourges, a town of 66,000 people (chosen because of its central location) about 6,700 gilets jaunes gathered despite a ban on protests in its historical centre
March 2019: 16 March 2019: An 18th weekend of gilets jaunes protests erupted once more into violence and looting as masked demonstrators smashed their way into luxury stores on the Champs-Élysées, first and foremost damaging a movement allegedly aiming to improve living conditions, following the worldwide practice of inciting agents (agent provocateur) since centuries - 18 mars 2019: Sous le feu des critiques, le président Macron et son gouvernement envisagent de nouvelles mesures sécuritaires, après la manif des 'gilets jaunes' samedi - 23 March 2019: Police and demonstrators clashed sporadically in Paris and other French cities as gilets jaunes protests against president Macron’s government were largely peaceful, but turned violent in the late afternoon in Paris - 24 March 2019: Relatives of a 73-year-old gilets jaunes protester who was seriously injured when French riot police pushed back demonstrators in Nice on Saturday are to file an official complaint for 'wilful violence'
3 June 2020 Paris protest against racism and police violence: 3 June 2020: Clashes at Paris protest against racism and police violence
18 June 2020 health workers protest in France: 18 June 2020: Health workers protest in France
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in France: French society
1802-1804 resistance to slavery, repression and French atrocities in Haiti: In 1802, when it became apparent that the French under Napoleonic rule intended to re-establish slavery in Haiti black cultivators revolted in the summer of 1802, Leclerc's successor Vicomte de Rochambeau fought an even more brutal campaign, waged a near-genocidal campaign against the Haitians, killing everyone who was black, importing about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica, who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes, also drowning blacks - In 2005 French historian Claude Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, saying Napoleon was racist, instituted slavery, and was the first man in history that 'asked himself rationally the question how to eliminate, in as short a time as possible, and with a minimum of cost and personnel, a maximum of people described as scientifically inferior'
Since 1930/1931 and since 1945 French use of torture in Vietnam: French Army practiced torture in Vietnam since 1930 and during its Indochina War since 1945
Employment in the Île-de-France region: Employment in the Île-de-France region, as in 2018 just 7.2% of employees in the Region were engaged in industry, 62.3% were engaged in commerce and market services, 25.5% in non-market services, including government, health and education, 4.8% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture, as the largest non-government employers in the Region in 2015 were the airline Air France (40,657), French Railways SNCF (31,955), the telecom firm Orange S.A. (31,497), the bank Société Générale (27,361), the automotive firm Groupe PSA (19,648), EDF Electricité de France EDF (18,199), and Renault (18,136), while - after the 'Petite Couronne' (departments closest to Paris) previously employed the most industrial workers - the largest number is now in the 'Grande Couronne' of the Republic's capital, the outer departments
Paris city, Paris Metropolitan Area and Île-de-France: Paris city, capital and most populous city of France - Paris Metropolitan Area - History of Paris
Timeline of Paris: Timeline of Paris
58–50BC Parisii started burning down their own towns assaulted by the brutal 'Roman empire' and conquest: 58–50BC during the Roman empire's military campaigns against numerous Gallic tribes, when the Romans under Caesar entered Parisii's territory, the assaulted Parisii started burning down their own towns for they were willing to give up these possessions rather than have them taken by the brutal Romans, and in 52 BC, in concert with the Suessiones, the Parisii participated in the general rising of Vercingetorix against Caesar's imperial forces - 52BC Battle of 'Lutetia', a battle on the plain of Grenelle in what is now Paris between Roman empire forces and an anti-Roman Gallic coalition during the so-called Gallic Wars, ending with a Roman victory - September 52BC siege and battle of Alesia, a military conquest engagement by the Roman empire around the Gallic oppidum (fortified settlement) of Mandubii tribe's Alesia, against a defensive confederation of Gallic tribes united under the leadership of Vercingetorix of the Arverni, the last major engagement between Gauls and Romans, destroying the Gallic land and establishing Roman dominance in Gaul for the next 500 years, then continued by a defeated people forced to speak the brutal conqueror's language, establishing a military history of France including conquests, slavery and a 'French empire'
Since 1970s terrorist attacks and 15 July 1983 Orly Airport Armenian bombing: 14 November 2015: The 1970s saw a series of bombing and shooting attacks, mainly in Paris, linked to crises in the Middle East, as they continued into the 1980s, including a deadly bombing of Orly Airport by an Armenian Secret Army in which eight people died, and as Islamist-linked attacks began in earnest in that decade, with 5 bombings attributed to the Lebanese Shi'ite Muslim militant group Hezbollah - 15 July 1983 Orly Airport bombing of a Turkish Airlines check-in counter at Orly Airport in Paris, by the Armenian terrorist organization ASALA as part of its campaign for the recognition of and reparations for the Armenian Genocide, as 3 people were killed immediately in the blast and another 5 died in hospital, 4 of the victims were French, 2 were Turkish, one was Greek-American, and one was Swedish, as the death toll made the Orly bombing the bloodiest attack in France since the end of the Algerian War in 1962
29 May 2017 new French president Macron met Russian regime's Vladimir Putin in the Palace of Versailles: 29 May 2017 in the Palace of Versailles, new French president Macron met Russian regime's Vladimir Putin
March 2018 protest against the stabbing of Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll: 27 March 2018: Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo, actitivsts and politicians call for all the city's residents to march Wednesday in memory of Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll, who was stabbed to death in an apparent anti-Semitic attack, as politicians across the political spectrum pledge to attend - 28 March 2018: Several thousand people took part in a silent march in Paris on Wednesday and in other large French cities including Lyon, Marseille and Strasbourg in memory of Mireille Knoll who survived the Holocaust but was stabbed to death last week, in what is being investigated as an antisemitic attack, raising questions about France’s failure to tackle resurgent antisemitism after in 2017 Orthodox Jewish Sarah Halimi was beaten and thrown out of the window of her home in Paris
Since 1996 Paris metropolitan area and Grand Paris: Since 1996 Paris metropolitan area, a statistical area that describes the reach of commuter movement to and from Paris and its surrounding suburbs - Since 2016 Métropole du Grand Paris, an administrative structure for cooperation covering the City of Paris and its nearest surrounding suburbs, comprising 131 communes, including the City of Paris, all 123 communes in the surrounding inner-suburban departments of the Petite Couronne (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne), plus seven communes in two of the outer-suburban departments, including the communes of Argenteuil in Val-d'Oise, and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, the latter of which covers part of Orly Airport, as Grand Paris today covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 7 million citizens
131 communes of Grand Paris: 131 communes of Grand Paris in 2021
Val-de-Marne department: Val-de-Marne department named after the Marne River, located in the Île-de-France region southeast of the city of Paris and in the Grand Paris - Marne river in France, an eastern tributary of the Seine in the area east and southeast of Paris and 514 kilometres long - The Marne in European history, navigable as a free-flowing river until the 19th century, as canalisation was started in 1837 and 1867 including a number of canals to bypass the most extravagant meanders, and as in German empire's aggression since July/August 1914 and Central Powers World War I 1914-1918 the Marne was the scene of two notable battles, including the First Battle of the Marne in September 1914 as the military governor of Paris Joseph Gallieni took the initiative in driving the Germans back from the capital, rendering their war-plan inoperative but without bringing the Social Democratic Party of Germany led by Ebert to change its misanthropic policy, as in the Second Battle of the Marne July-August 1918 the last major German offensive on the Western Front was defeated by an Allied counter-attack, leading eventually to the Armistice in November, in Germany to an uprising against German warmongers - including the emperor and Ebert - followed by the murder of scientists and peace fighters, continuing more and more organized by the NSDAP until World War II and renewed German empire's war crimes by perpetrators partially already active in World War I, including 'Oberleutnant' E. Wagner in World War I, 'quartermaster-general' in World War II, and Erwin Rommel, highly decorated officer in World War I including for the use of chemical weapons, later 'field marshal' in the armed forces of NSDAP ruled German empire during World War II, even returning to countries (France, Italy) of former German crime scenes
Politics of Val-de-Marne department: Politics of Val-de-Marne department
Art in Vincennes: Art and Vincennes porcelain
Economy, education and transport of Boulogne-Billancourt: Economy, education and transport of Boulogne-Billancourt
Timeline of Sèvres since the Middle Ages: History and timeline of Sèvres since the Middle Ages
Politics and regional council of the Hauts-de-France: Regional Council of the Hauts-de-France
June 2021 regional council of the Hauts-de-France elections: 13 et 20 juin 2021 élections régionales de 2021 dans les Hauts-de-France, partis et candidats
Economy of Lille: Economy of Lille
Timeline of Lille since 13th century: Timeline of Lille since 13th century
Since 1236 Hospice Notre-Dame in the Old Town area of Lille: Since 1236 Hospice Comtesse or Hospice Notre-Dame in the Old Town area of Lille
Lille during German empire's World War II 1939-1945: Lille during German empire's World War II 1939-1945
1940-1945 French resistance against NSDAP army, Gestapo and SS: 1940-1945 French resistance against NSDAP army, Gestapo and SS, life under the occupation
Timeline of Saint-Quentin since Middle Ages: History and timeline of Saint-Quentin since Middle Ages
Since early 'modern' ages wars targeting St. Quentin: Wars targeting St. Quentin, including the Battle of St. Quentin (1557), Savoy-Spanish victory over the French in the Habsburg-Valois Wars, Battle of St. Quentin (1871), during the Franco-Prussian War, Battle of St. Quentin (1914), also known as the Battle of Guise, between French and invading German empire's forces, Battle of St. Quentin (1918), part of the 'German Spring Offensive' Operation Michael, Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin, attack at Mont St. Quentin near Péronne by the Australian Corps in August 1918, Battle of the Canal du Nord September 1918, Battle of St Quentin Canal, attack by the British Fourth Army on the Hindenburg Line in September-October 1918, ahead of German empire's defeat in November 1918, bringing the unteachable brutal empire after silencing the opposition to the even more cruel World War II
Economy and transport in Le Havre: Economy and transport in Le Havre
Timeline of Le Havre: Timeline of Le Havre
1516 Harbour construction begins: 1516 Harbour construction begins
Since 1847 Le Havre station: Since 1847 Le Havre station
Le Havre during the times of German empire's wars 1914–1945: Le Havre during the times of German empire's wars 1914–1945
Le Havre after 1945: Le Havre after 1945
Economy and transport in Rouen: Transport in Rouen
Education in Rouen: Education in Rouen
Timeline of Rouen: Timeline of Rouen
History of Rouen in the Middle Ages: History of Rouen in the Middle Ages
Since 1966 University of Rouen: Since 1966 University of Rouen
Timeline of Caen: Timeline of Caen
912 Caen becomes western capital of Normandy: 912 Caen becomes western capital of Normandy
Since 1432 University of Caen Normandy: Since 1432 University of Caen Normandy
Since 1652 Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen: Since 1652 Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen
Since 1857 Caen station: Since 1857 Caen station
Politics, administration and elections in Cherbourg: Politics, administration and elections in Cherbourg
Timeline of Cherbourg: History and timeline of Cherbourg
Cherbourg in the Middle Ages: Cherbourg in the Middle Ages
20th century Cherbourg and German empire's World War I 1914-1918: Cherbourg in the early 20th century and German empire's World War I 1914-1918
Cherbourg in the postwar period and 21st century: Cherbourg in the postwar period and 21st century
Economy and tourism of Lisieux: Économie et tourisme de Lisieux en Normandie
Timeline and history of Lisieux: Histoire et chronologie de la ville de Lisieux
June-August 1944 liberation of Lisieux by allied forces against opposing NSDAP-forces, called 'heroically' by Rommel: Juin-août 1944 la prise de Lisieux était un enjeu stratégique pour les Alliés après le débarquement de Normandie, car la ville était un nœud ferroviaire et routier important, permettant à la fois de rejoindre Caen, Deauville, Le Havre, Paris et Alençon, cependant Lisieux ne fut libéré que le 23 août 1944 par les troupes britanniques - Bilan humain des bombardements de Lisieux qui font plus de 800 victimes, soit environ 5% de la population de l'époque - Avant 1944, Lisieux était surnommée la 'capitale du bois sculpté', car ses rues étroites étaient bordées de maisons médiévales à pans de bois sculptés en encorbellement et aux façades ouvragées, abritant des commerces centenaires, mais après la bataille du 'GFM Erwin Rommel' - héroïquement - environ 75% des bâtiments de la ville sont directement détruits par les bombardements, ou sont tellement endommagés qu'ils sont rasés après-guerre
January 1944 - May 1949 NSDAP-led military and mass murder, called 'heroically' by Rommel: Anfang Januar 1944 übernahm Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel das Kommando über alle deutschen Truppen nördlich der Loire, zwischen ihm und Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt kam es nach wie vor bloß zu Meinungsverschiedenheiten hinsichtlich der Frage, wo die alliierte Invasion stattfinden und wie man sie am effektivsten bekämpfen könnte, im März 1944 unterzeichnete GFM Rommel eine Loyalitätserklärung gegenüber Hitler, im Juni 1944, nach der D-Day Landung der Allierten am 6. Juni machte GFM Rommel, vom Geburtstag seiner Frau in Süddeutschland zurückkehrend, am 15. Juli deutlich, dass er einen Sieg der deutschen Truppen für unwahrscheinlich hielt, 'die Truppe kämpft allerorts heldenmütig, jedoch der ungleiche Kampf neigt dem Ende entgegen', mit anderen Worten (in menschliche Sprache übersetzt) der Massenmord befehligt und das heißt auch ausgeführt von deutschen Generalen kann noch und soll noch weitergehen, bis es vielleicht dem einen oder anderen militärisch versierten General and Massenmörder gelingt sich davonzustehlen, damit ihn die EU 2021 als Widerstandskämpfer präsentieren kann - Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt am 10.10.1941: 'Deshalb muß der Soldat für die Notwendigkeit der harten, aber gerechten Sühne am jüdischen Untermenschentum volles Verständnis haben', 'das wesentlichste Ziel des Feldzuges gegen das jüdischbolschewistische System ist die völlige Zerschlagung der Machtmittel und die Ausrottung des asiatischen Einflusses im europäischen Kulturkreis', 'hierdurch entstehen auch für die Truppe Aufgaben, die über das hergebrachte einseitige Soldatentum hinausgehen', 'der Soldat ist im Ostraum nicht nur ein Kämpfer nach den Regeln der Kriegskunst, sondern auch Träger einer unerbittlichen völkischen Idee', am 12.10.1941: 'in den rückwärtigen Gebieten ist die noch vielfach anzutreffende Sorglosigkeit und Weichheit nach dem eigentlichen Kampf nicht tragbar', und im Mai 1949: GFM Rundstedts Herzerkrankung bewog die Briten ihn 1949 aus der Gefangenschaft zu entlassen
Politics and regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes: Politics and since 2015/2016 regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
1900-1944 in Lyon: 1900-1944 in Lyon
Since 2015 Lyon Metropolis: Since 2015 Lyon Metropolis
Demographics of Marseille: Population and demographics of Marseille
Economy of Marseille: Economy of Marseille
11 November 2019 mothers call on Macron to use gangland profits to revive communities: 11 November 2019: Marseille's mothers call on Macron to use gangland profits to revive communities
Timeline of Marseille: Timeline of Marseille
20/27 June 2021 regional elections in Marseille: 20/27 juin 2021 élections départementales à Marseille
Timeline of Grenoble: Timeline of Grenoble since 43 BCE
Economy of Vichy: Economy of Vichy
Since June 1940 Vichy France and the survival of the French colonial empire: Since June 1940 Vichy France, seat of the French State and then the pro-German collaborationist government, as the zone not occupied by the Germans took the name of the French State, set up its capital in Vichy on 1 July because it was the city with the second largest hotel capacity at the time and a modern telephone exchange, enabling the government and 600 members of the French Parliament to meet in July in the main auditorium of the Opera House, voting for the end of the 'Third Republic', followed by Philippe Pétain as 'Head of State', as only 80 of the 600 members of Parliament voiced their opposition, and Vichy could and would be, for more than four years, the de facto capital of the French State and especially the French colonial empire - 1940-1944 Vichy France headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain, first an independent ally of Nazi Germany until late 1942 when foreign Nazi regime took full control, now together remaining responsible for the administration of France as well as its colonies
History and timeline of Toulouse: History of Toulouse
Since 1160 timeline of Montpellier: Timeline of Montpellier since 1160
Timeline of Nantes: Timeline of Nantes
Economy of Saint-Nazaire: Economy of Saint-Nazaire
Timeline of Saint-Nazaire since antiquity: History and timeline of Saint-Nazaire since antiquity
Timeline of Bordeaux: Timeline of Bordeaux
12 June 2020 noting colonial past France's Bordeaux adds info plaques to slave trader street signs: 12 June 2020: As statues of slave traders and colonial figures tumble worldwide in a wave of anger against racism, and as some local French authorities remove monuments of racist figures and rename streets honoring them - after protesters against police brutality and racism in the wake of African American George Floyd’s killing by a white police officer, after Bordeaux was France’s second largest slave port, prospered off the lucrative trade, deporting 150,000 African slaves to the Americas from 1672 to 1837 and providing Europe with goods - have toppled statues of colonial figures in Britain, Belgium and the USA, Bordeaux is instead trying to inform the public of their 'complicated' pasts, indead complicated due to French colonial history and crimes against human rights
Demographics, education and health in Bayonne: Demography, education and health in Bayonne
Economy of Bayonne: Economy of Bayonne
History of Bayonne since ancient times: History of Bayonne since ancient times (prehistory)
Demographics of France: Demographics of France
Ethnic groups in France: Ethnic groups in France
French people by ethnic or national origin: French people - French people by ethnic or national origin
Jews and Judaism in France and history: Jews and Judaism in France - History of the Jews in France
Since 1007 persecutions of Jews in the Kingdom of France: Since 1007 widespread persecutions of Jews in France instigated by the King of France
Since 1799/1804 Napoleon Bonaparte's 'First French Empire' and the Jews in France: Since 1799/1804 Napoleon Bonaparte's 'First French Empire' and the Jews in France
African immigration to France: African immigration to France
2016: 5 February 2016: Tens of thousands Syrians flee joint Russian-Iranian-Assad offensive on Aleppo as regime forces fully encircle countryside north of major city and Russian airstrikes mount to 250 a day - 13 février 2016: Le Premier ministre français Valls ne veut pas aller plus loin que le quota de 30'000 réfugiés en France et a d'ailleurs rencontré CSU Horst Seehofer, l'une de ces voix critiques parmi les alliés de la chancelière allemande - 13 February 2016: French PM Valls rejects permanent quota system for refugees, saying 'We won't take any more' - 28 February 2016: The first purpose-built camp in France to provide proper, humanitarian-standard shelter to refugees who are currently sleeping rough is to open near the port of Dunkirk next month, after the local Green mayor Damien Carême approached Médecins sans Frontières and asked the organisation to construct temporary shelters, saying he was exasperated by what he deemed to be the inaction of the French Socialist government
2018: 8 janvier 2018: La France a enregistré un niveau 'historique' de demandes d'asile en 2017, alors que le gouvernement prépare une loi sur l'immigration déjà à l'origine de débats animés - 11 January 2018: Anger grows at French president over migration law plans, shariong close views with Austria's Kurz on European issues including migration - 17 January 2018: NGOs accuse Macron, who campaigned for president last year as a champion of open borders, of betraying France’s long tradition of offering sanctuary, also accusing the police in Calais of trying to drive out migrants by 'exhaustion' - 24 mars 2018: Une migrante nigériane, qui a souhaité finir sa grossesse auprès de sa soeur en France mais était bloqué par les gendarmes français qui l'ont juste déposée en pleine nuit devant la gare de Bardonnecchia, est morte la semaine dernière dans un hôpital de Turin, son bébé Israel est né par césarienne juste avant
Statistics of the nine most prominent mother tongues in France: Statistics of the nine most prominent mother tongues in France
Language policy in France: Language policy in France - French literature
Architecture and arts in France: Architecture in France - Arts in France - French literature
Music of France: Music of France
Music history of France: French music history
Women and women's rights in France: Women in France - Women's rights in France
1791 Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen: Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen 1791
Islamic dress controversy in France: Islamic dress controversy in France
Violence against women in France: Violence against women in France
Protection de l'enfance en France: Protection de l'enfance en France
Colleges and universities in France: Universities and colleges in France
Science and technology in France: Science and technology in France
Health in France: Health in France
Medical outbreaks and health disasters in France: Medical outbreaks in France - Health disasters in France
Timeline of the 2020 covid-19 pandemic in France and situation by region: Timeline of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in France by region
14 July 2021 France’s new health pass rules raise questions as many scramble to adapt: 14 July 2021: France’s new health pass rules raise questions as many scramble to adapt
Medical outbreaks and health disasters in Overseas France: Medical outbreaks in Overseas France - Health disasters in Overseas France
1960-1996 French nuclear weapons testing in Algeria and Polynesia: Since 1960 French nuclear weapons testing in French colonies
2020 covid-19 pandemic in Overseas France: 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Overseas France
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe
8 April 2020 Guadeloupe reports 141 covid-19 cases and 8 deaths: 8 April 2020: Guadeloupe reports 141 covid-19 cases, 8 deaths, and 43 recovered
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Guiana: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Guiana
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Martinique: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Martinique
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Mayotte: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Mayotte
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in New Caledonia: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in New Caledonia
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Polynesia: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Polynesia
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Réunion: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Réunion
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Saint Martin: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in French Saint Martin
8 April 2020 Saint Martin reports 32 covid-19 cases and 2 deaths: 8 April 2020: Saint Martin reports 32 covid-19 cases, 2 deaths, and 11 recovered
Since April 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon: Since April 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Timeline of healthcare in France: Timeline of healthcare in France
Athletics, swimming, water sports, skiing and gymnastics in France: Athletics in France - Swimming in France - Water sports in France - Sailing in France - Skiing in France - Gymnastics in France
Handball, basketball, ice hockey and tennis in France: Handball in France - Basketball in France - Volleyball in France - Ice hockey in France - Tennis in France
2016: 9-11 June 2016 Marseille riots before and after UEFA Euro 2016 football match between England and Russia - 11/12 June 2016: Reports from Marseille suggest an England supporter is fighting for his life after an attack from Russian fans ahead of their Euro 2016 match on Saturday evening - 12 June 2016: Violence in Nice as Northern Ireland and Poland fans attacked by local hooligans - 12 June 2016: Russian hooligans reportedly approached the violence, which occurred before and after England’s opening Euro 2016 game in Marseille, with 'military organisation', well equipped and disguised, as Uefa opens disciplinary proceedings against Russia’s football union - 13 June 2016: German hooligans attack Ukraine fans in Lille also showing fascist symbolism at UEFA Euro 2016 - 13 June 2016: Notorious far-right activist Alexander Shprygin who has been photographed giving a Nazi salute is travelling with the official Russian FA delegation at Euro 2016 and was in Marseille at the weekend as clashes erupted between Russian and English fans - 14 June: Russia handed suspended '2016 UEFA European Football Championship' disqualification, confirmed by UEFA - 16 June: Dozens arrested in Lille after England and Russia foot supporters clash and more people are hospitalised - 18 June: Senior UK government officials fear the violence unleashed by Russian hooligans at Euro 2016 was sanctioned by Vladimir Putin’s regime and are investigating links with his regime as a significant number of those involved in savage and highly coordinated attacks on England fans and others in Marseille and Lille have been identified as being in the 'uniformed services' in Russia
Cycling and cycle racing in France: Cycling in France - Cycle racing in France
Hate speech laws in France: Hate speech laws in France
History of French journalism: History of French journalism
Since 1789 newspapers of the French Revolution: List of journals appearing under the French Revolution
Newspapers in France: Newspapers in France
Internet in France: Internet in France
Internet censorship in France: Internet censorship in France
2013 censorship of Wikipedia in France: 2013 censorship of Wikipedia in France
Internet technology companies of France: Internet technology companies of France
Internet service providers of France: Internet service providers of France
Telecommunications in France: Telecommunications in France
Information technology companies of France: Information technology companies of France
Computer companies of France: Computer companies of France
Crime in France: Crime in France
French war crimes: French war crimes
Since 1799 Napoleonic wars, casualties and war crimes: 1803–1815 Napoleonic Wars, total war, millions of Napoleonic wars casualties, leading to an ongoing period of restoration, reaction, nationalism and chauvinism worldwide - In 2005 French historian Claude Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, saying Napoleon was racist, instituted slavery, and was the first man in history that 'asked himself rationally the question how to eliminate, in as short a time as possible, and with a minimum of cost and personnel, a maximum of people described as scientifically inferior' - 25. Januar 2006: Daß Napoleon Bonaparte ein überzeugter Rassist war, der schwarze Franzosen vergasen ließ, rüttelt an den Grundfesten der 'Grande Nation' der französischen Kolonialherren
Since 1930/1931 and since 1945 French use of torture in Vietnam: French Army practiced torture during its Indochina War in Vietnam since 1945
Antisemitism in France: Antisemitism in France
1940-1944 Vichy France, French Nazi collaborators and history of Jews in Vichy France: Vichy France 1940-1944 - French Nazi collaborators - Histoire des Juifs sous le régime de Vichy
Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps: Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps
Since 1958 history of fascist and neo-Nazi movements in France's fifth republic: Since 1958 history of fascist and neo-Nazi movements in France's fifth republic
2014 French payment of $60 million for Holocaust victims deported by state rail company: 5 December 2014: France to pay $60 million for Holocaust victims deported by state rail company to Nazi death camps
2017 Céline praised by Emmanuel Macron: 31. Dezember 2017: Von Louis-Ferdinand Céline, so Emmanuel Macron im Interview mit Michel Houellebecq im Mai 2017, könne man lernen, die Sorgen des 'Mannes auf der Straße' ernstzunehmen, Macron erwähnt allerdings nicht, daß Céline in seinen Schriften 'dem Mann auf der Straße' den Nationalsozialismus empfiehlt und z.B. Ernst Jünger auffordert mit seiner Kompanie die Juden abzuschlachten 'und keinen übrig zu lassen' - In his 1937 antisemitic pamphlet 'Bagatelles pour un massacre' Céline campaigned for an alliance between France and Nazi Germany, writing 'Who is the true friend of the people? Fascism is. Who has done the most for the working man? The USSR or Hitler? Hitler has. Who has done the most for the small businessman? Not Thorez but Hitler
Holocaust denial in France: Holocaust denial in France
France's 'National Front': France's 'National Front'
Racism and Antisemitism in 21st-century France: Antisemitism in 21st-century France
2015: 7 January 2015: Unidentified individuals started a fire inside a synagogue in Garges near Paris and drew a swastika on its wall - January 2015 Hypercacher terrorist attack in Paris - 3 February 2015: Anti-terror patrol soldiers stabbed outside Jewish cultural center in Nice - 15 February 2015: Several hundred tombs desecrated with Nazi swastikas and anti-Semitic slogans at the Jewish cemetery of Sarre-Union near the German border a day after a deadly shooting at Copenhagen synagogue - 19 February 2015: The French are becoming more racist and intolerant towards ethnic and religious minorities including both Muslims and Jews, according to a Council of Europe report this week - 28 February 2015: Paris killer asked victims if they were Jewish before firing, transcript shows - 10 April: After defending Petain's cooperation with Nazi Germany and his past comment that Nazi gas chambers were a 'detail of history', France's National Front founder Le Pen rebuffs daughter's call to quit - 27 April 2015: Front National founder Jean-Marie Le Pen allegedly kept €2.2m in hidden Swiss bank account - 2 May 2015: Two Jewish residents of Paris were assaulted on the street Friday by a gang of about 40 people - 25 November 2015: A Belgian court finds French Dieudonne guilty of hate speech, incitement to hatred and Holocaust denial
March 2018 murder of Mireille Knoll: 23 March 2018 murder of Mireille Knoll, officially described as a hate crime - 25 March 2018: Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll’s body found burnt, stabbed in Paris apartment, who had previously reported that a neighbor threatened to burn her, according to BNVCA and French media - 26 mars 2018: Deux hommes ont été placés en garde à vue et le parquet de Paris a retenu le caractère antisémite dans l’enquête sur le meurtre de Mireille Knoll, qui avait rescapée de la rafle des Juifs du Vel d’Hiv’ de juillet 1942 en s’enfuyant de Paris avec sa mère - 27 March 2018: Family members of Mireille Knoll, who was stabbed to death and set on fire in her Paris apartment, told Israeli media she had known one of her assailants, a Muslim neighbor, since he was seven years old, as police admits that Mireille Knoll had previously called police and complained that the neighbor had threatened to kill her
Toulouse and Montauban shootings March 2012: March 2012 Toulouse and Montauban shootings - 19 March 2012: A motorcycle gunman opened fire on Monday in front of a Jewish school in Toulouse, killing a father, his two sons and one other child - 20. März 2012: Tausende an Schweigemarsch in Paris nach den tödlichen Schüssen in einer jüdischen Schule in Toulouse - 21 mars: Opération en cours contre le suspect de la tuerie de Toulouse - 22 March: Siege of alleged gunman in Toulouse enters second day - 22 March: French gunman who shot dead 3 Jewish children killed in siege in Toulouse - 25 March: Several thousand people have marched silently through Paris urging unity and tolerance of all religions and cultures after deadly shootings of Jewish schoolchildren - 28 March: Vigilance call after French Jews hit by new attacks
Clément Méric assassiné le 5 juin 2013: Clément Méric, membre de l’Action antifasciste, assassiné à Paris, le 5 juin 2013 - 6 juin 2013: Agressé par un groupe de plusieurs militants d'extrême droite JNR, le militant du Parti de Gauche Clément Méric en état de mort cérébrale - 6 juin: Clément Méric, le militant antifasciste agressé par des skinheads, est mort - 8 June: Five skinheads to face court after assassination of Clement Meric - 14 September 2018: Two skinheads convicted over 2013 death of anti-fascist activist Clement Méric, as Méric’s mother Agnes says 'what is needed is to continue to fight against the breeding grounds of the extreme right', and several hundred anti-fascists gathered in Paris for the verdict, chanting 'Clement! Clement! We do not forget, we do not forgive'
January 2015 Charlie Hebdo terrorist attacks in Paris: January 2015 Charlie Hebdo terrorist attack in Paris - January 2015 Île-de-France attacks - January 2015 killing of police officer Clarissa Jean-Philippe in Paris - January 2015 Hypercacher terrorist attack in Paris - Worldwide protests against the terror attacks in Paris, 'Je suis Charlie' solidarity movement with the victims and reactions of governments to the terror attacks - 7 January: Worldwide vigils as French authorities seek terrorists who stormed the Paris office of satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo, killing 12 people - 8 January: Arrests made as police hunt for suspects of Charlie Hebdo shooting - 9 January: France to host international 'anti-terrorism' meeting in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo massacre in Paris - 9 January: Search for terrorists continues as Charlie Hebdo announces to print 1 million copies next week - 10 January: Two hostage standoffs end with four hostages killed in Paris kosher grocery, three terrorists dead and four more hostages badly hurt - 9 March: Four people including a policewoman arrested over suspected links to Paris kosher market terrorist
13/14 November 2015 Paris attacks: 13/14 November 2015 Paris attacks, a series of shootings and explosions in and around Paris - 14 Novemer 2015: Gunmen kill at least 120 people in terror attacks in Paris, injuring some 200 people - 15 November: French national suicide bomber Ismael Omar Mostefai in Paris attacks identified, who had been flagged as a possible security threat in 2010, as investigation spreads across Europe - 16 November: French police carry out raids as investigations across borders continue - 17 November: France calls for EU help following Paris attacks - 18 November: Police in St-Denis arresting suspects, two suspects dead in ongoing raid, including a woman who detonated an explosive device - 19 November: Raids in Brussels linked to Stade de France suicide bomber as latest evidence points to wider conspiracy of primarily young Europeans - 20 November: Three people died during the Wednesday night raid in St-Denis, where the alleged ringleader of the Paris attacks Abaaoud was killed, prosecutor says - 21 November: Raids and Paris attacks investigations across borders continue as three suspects arrested in Turkey - 23 November: UK's Cameron visits Paris offering support, also offering French use of RAF Cyprus base for attacks against IS terrorists - 24 November: 'Belt of explosives' found south of Paris in town of Montrouge - 27 novembre 2015: Un quotidien allemand affirme vendredi que les fusils d'assaut qui ont servi dans la capitale proviendraient du Bade-Wurtemberg - 27 November: Survivors and victims' families of Paris terror attacks attend memorial ceremony
July 2016: 14 July 2016 terrorist attack in Nice - 15 July 2016: 84 people were killed and about 100 more injured when a suspected armed French-Tunisian man drove a truck at full speed into a crowd who had gathered to watch the Bastille Day fireworks in Nice - 15 July 2016: After attack in Nice France mourns and investigates again - International reactions to the 14 July 2016 terrorist attack in Nice - 17 juillet: Un feu d'artifice tiré dans la nuit depuis le Grand hôtel de Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat 48 heures après l'attentat commis sur la Promenade des Anglais, a suscité une vague d'indignation sur Twitter - 21 juillet 2016: L'enquête sur la tuerie du 14-juillet à Nice révèle une préparation ancienne et des complicités multiples - 22 July 2016: Five suspects formally charged over Bastille day's truck attack in Nice that killed 84 people - 22 July: Authorities in Nice refuse a request from French anti-terror police to delete surveillance camera images of Bastille day's deadly truck attack, amid growing questions over the scale of the police presence at the time and after interior minister Cazeneuve acknowledged that only lightly armed local police were guarding the entrance to the pedestrian zone on the Nice beachfront - 24 juillet: La policière responsable de la vidéosurveillance à Nice affirme avoir subi des pressions du ministère de l'Intérieur lors de la rédaction d'un rapport sur le 14-juillet, on lui aurait demandé de mentionner la présence de policiers nationaux sur les lieux de l'attaque - 25 juillet 2016: La policière municipale Sandra Bertin qui a accusé dans le Journal du dimanche le ministère de l'Intérieur de lui avoir fait subir des pressions pour qu'elle modifie un rapport sur le dispositif de sécurité après l'attentat du 14 juillet à Nice a maintenu dimanche soir ses accusations
Police violence and abuses in France: Police abuses in France
1961 Paris massacre: Paris massacre of 1961
Riots in France: Riots in France
June 2016 UEFA Euro riots in France: UEFA Euro 2016 riots in France
Since August 1982 'Irish of Vincennes' political scandal following anti-Semitic attack: Since 28 August 1982 'Irish of Vincennes' political scandal following the 9 August 1982 terrorist attack in Paris, when a secret police anti-terrorist cell established by president François Mitterrand arrested three Irish nationals in Vincennes, proudly proclaiming a victory against 'international terrorism', until in 1983 the case fell apart and the suspects were exonerated when it was revealed that weapons and other evidence used against the three had been planted by the arresting officers, who then lied to the courts with the support of the executive - 9 August 1982 Goldenberg restaurant attack, a bombing and shooting attack on a Jewish restaurant in Paris's Marais district carried out by the Abu Nidal Organization - 17 June 2015: Suspects, including the mastermind al-Abassi of the 1982 bomb attack on a Jewish restaurant in Paris, were identified 32 years later thanks to statements from Abu Nidal group members to whom French judges guaranteed anonymity - 9 August 2019: Families of the victims of the 1982 terrorist attack on Paris’ Jewish quarter and Jo Goldenberg’s restaurant are demanding a parliamentary inquiry into an alleged secret pact of French intelligence with the perpetrators, after ex-French spy chief Yves Bonnet now, in 2019, admitted the 1980s pact with Fatah terrorists
Accusation d’emplois fictifs au MoDem, le Mouvement démocrate de François Bayrou - 8 juin 2017: L'affaire des collaborateurs de députés du Parlement européen contamine de plus en plus les alliés centristes de l'entourage de Macron - 9 juin 2017: Une dizaine de salariés du MoDem ont également été employés par des eurodéputés MoDem et rémunérés comme assistants parlementaires, dont deux ministres en exercice, selon Franceinfo - 20 June 2017: French defence minister Sylvie Goulard, who is second minister to go in 24 hours, steps down over allegations her MoDem party misused European funds - 21 June 2017: Two more ministers quit Macron administration amid funding inquiry, bringing the number of ministers to leave to four - François Bayrou, Marielle de Sarnez, Richard Ferrand and Sylvie Goulard - in just 48 hours
Violence against women and rape in France: Violence against women in France - Viol en France
Child abuse and sexual abuse in France: Child abuse in France - Child sexual abuse in France
Judiciary of France: Judiciary of France
Wars involving France: Wars involving France
Resistance to the French colonial empire: Resistance to the French colonial empire
1793 slave rebellion in Guadeloupe: 1793 slave rebellion in Guadeloupe
History of Martinique: History of Martinique
French Polynesia: French Polynesia
Réunion: Réunion
Treaties of France: Treaties of France
French membership in international organisations: French membership in international organisations
Since 1945 France and the United Nations: France and the United Nations
France and NATO: France and NATO
Since 1960s France's colonial past, world market and tensions with Nato: Since the 1960s France and USA differed over the waging of the Vietnam War, in part because ironcally French leaders were convinced that the USA could not win, following French experience with Indochina and the Algerian War of Independence again showing it was impossible to impose by force a government over a foreign population using unacceptable methods such as torture, as tensions reappeared intermittently in the 1970s when France more strongly than any other nation saw the EU as a method of counterbalancing USA and British power, and thus works towards having the Euro, also developing a European defense initiative as an alternative to NATO, as the USA had much closer relations with the other large European powers, and in the 1980s the two nations disagreed on the desirability of a reunified Germany, as the tried to prevent France and other European countries from buying natural gas from Russia through the construction of the Siberia-Europe pipeline that was finally built, a controversy persisting since the always more criminal Putin regime
1966-2009 French withdrawal from NATO: 1966-2009 French withdrawal from NATO
November 2019 Macron criticised over Nato 'brain death' claims: 7 November 2019: France's Macron criticised by USA and Germany over Nato 'brain death' claims
August 2019 G7 summit in Biarritz: 24-26 August 2019 G7 summit in Biarritz
24 August 2019 G7 emergency talks over Amazon wildfires crisis: 24 August 2019: G7 leaders to hold emergency talks over Amazon wildfires crisis
Foreign relations of France by continent and country: Foreign relations of France by continent - Bilateral relations of France
France/Africa relations: France/Africa relations
France/Algeria relations: France/Algeria relations
1830-1962 rule in Algeria: 1830-1962 French rule in Algeria
Since 1960 French nuclear test site Reggane: France and weapons of mass destruction - France and nuclear weapons
France/Americas relations: France/Americas relations
From the 16th through to the 19th centuries French, British, Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic slave trade: From the 16th through to the 19th centuries French, British, Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic slave trade across the Atlantic Ocean bringing millions of enslaved Africans from the central and western parts of Africa to the Americas to be sold at markets
Since 1799 France's Napoleon restored slavery: Since 1799 France's Napoleon restored slavery
France/Angola relations: France/Angola relations
Since 1975 French support of Unita in the Angolan Civil War 1975-2002: Since 1975 USA's agency CIA activities in Angola, participating in the Angolan Civil War 1975-2002, hiring and training USA, British, French and Portuguese private military contractors, and training rebels to fight against the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola - Unita received support from several states including France, Morocco, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, and the USA, as USA governments 'explicitly encouraged' other governments to aid Unita, in 1983 the USA and South African apartheid regime agreed to ship weapons from the Honduras, Belgium and Switzerland to South Africa and then to Unita in Angola, the USA also traded weapons with South Africa for intelligence on the civil war - 1975–1976 'Operation Savannah' was the South African apartheid regime's military covert intervention in the Angolan War of Independence, and the subsequent Angolan Civil War
France/Argentina relations: France/Argentina relations
France/Asia relations: France/Asia relations
1887-1954 'French Indochina': 1887-1954 'French Indochina'
France/Belgium relations: France/Belgium relations
France/Benin relations: France/Benin relations
Ajashe/Hogbonu in the 16th century renamed to 'Porto Novo' for Portuguese and European slave trade: Ajashe/Hogbonu in the 16th century renamed to Porto Novo by the Portuguese, meaning 'New Port', and originally developed as a port for the slave trade
February-October 1890 First Franco-Dahomean War: February-October 1890 First Franco-Dahomean War
1892-1894 Second Franco-Dahomean War: 1892-1894 Second Franco-Dahomean War
August 1960 Dahomey's independence from France: On 1 August 1960 Dahomey declared independence from France
France/Brazil relations: France/Brazil relations
France-Brazil economic relations: France-Brazil economic relations
France/Burkina Faso relations: France/Burkina Faso relations
France/Cameroon relations: France/Cameroon relations
Since 1947 Union of the Peoples of Cameroon: Since 1947 Union of the Peoples of Cameroon
France/Central African Republic relations: France/Central African Republic relations
1894-1958/1960 French colony French Equatorial Africa: CAR French colony 1894-1940 - 1910-1958/1960 French Equatorial Africa
France/Chad relations: France/Chad relations
France-Chad trade relations: France-Chad trade relations
France/Republic of the Congo relations: France/Republic of the Congo relations
May 1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum: May 1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum
France/Egypt relations: France/Egypt relations
France/Equatorial Guinea relations: France/Equatorial Guinea relations
2014-2018: First World War 1914-1918 centenary 2014-2018 - 12 octobre 2013: Les commémorations du centenaire de la Première Guerre mondiale, qui devraient se prolonger sur cinq ans, ont été partiellement dévoilées à Blois - 12 November 2013: French police detained about 70 people at an Armistice Day memorial ceremony on Monday after protesters whom the government said were linked to the far right booed President Hollande - 29 mai 2016: Les africains, qui se sont battus dans les tranchées, et le centenaire de la bataille de Verdun de la première guerre mondiale déclarée par l'Allemagne - 29 mai 2016: Bayeux a commémoré le centenaire de la bataille de Verdun, conçue par le commandant en chef de l'Armée allemande général Erich von Falkenhayn comme une bataille d'attrition pour 'saigner à blanc l'Armée française' sous un déluge d'obus - 29 mai 2016: Cannes commémore le centenaire de la bataille de Verdun, la plus terrible bataille que l'humanité ait connue - 29 mai 2016: Cent ans après l'enfer de Verdun, François Hollande et Angela Merkel commémoraient la bataille de Verdun, une journée placée sous le signe de l'Europe dans un contexte difficile
France/Greece relations: France/Greece relations
France/Haiti relations: France/Haiti relations
1625-1809 Colony of France Saint-Domingue: Colony of France Saint-Domingue 1625-1809
1802-1804 racist Napoleonic war crimes including use of sulphur dioxide gas and aftermath: 1802-1803 French governor Dessalines ruled with his customary cruelty, and - as after the surrender of Christophe, Toussaint, and Dessalines Haitian resistance continued - throughout new means of execution the French staged mass executions via firing squads, hanging, drowning Haitians in bags, and white supremacist Napoleonic general Rochambeau invented a new means of mass execution, which he called 'fumigational-sulphurous baths', killing hundreds of Haitians in the holds of ships by burning sulphur to make sulphur dioxide to gas them - In 2005 French historian Claude Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, saying Napoleon was racist, instituted slavery, and was the first man in history that 'asked himself rationally the question how to eliminate, in as short a time as possible, and with a minimum of cost and personnel, a maximum of people described as scientifically inferior' - 25. Januar 2006: Daß Napoleon Bonaparte ein überzeugter Rassist war, der schwarze Franzosen vergasen ließ, rüttelt an den Grundfesten der 'Grande Nation' der französchen Kolonialherren - At 1941-1945 'Stara Gradiška concentration and extermination camp' in Croatia during WWII guarded by the Croatian Ustaše and specially constructed for women and children of Serb, Jewish and Romani ethnicity, gas experiments were conducted and humans were poisoned using sulphur dioxide and later Zyklon B - 2011 'Crimes in Past and Present - government sponsored atrocities and international legal responses', edited by David M. Crowe
Since 1804 external debt of Haiti as a result of French blackmail: External debt of Haiti, one of the main factors that has caused the country's persistent poverty, after the slaves declared themselves free and the country independent in 1804 and France, with the complicity of its allies, demanded that the newly formed country pay the French government and French slaveholders the modern equivalent of US $21 billion dollars for the 'theft' of the slaves' own lives and the land that they had turned into profitable sugar and coffee-producing plantations, this independence debt was financed by French banks and the American Citibank, and finally paid off 143 years later, in 1947 - The Haiti indemnity controversy culminated in an agreement by Haiti to a 1825 gold demand by France for a FRF 150 million indemnity to be paid by the Republic of Haiti in claims over property lost through the Haitian Revolution, delivered to the country by 12 French warships armed with 528 cannons, in return for diplomatic recognition
December 2017 amid ongoing disasters time for France to pay back enormous 'reparations' to the French slaveholders: 6 December 2017: In 1825, Haiti paid France $21 billion to preserve its independence, time for France to pay it back
France/India relations: France/India relations
France/Iran relations: France/Iran relations
Since 1960s France's colonial past, world market and tensions with Nato: Since the 1960s France and USA differed over the waging of the Vietnam War, in part because ironcally French leaders were convinced that the USA could not win, following French experience with Indochina and the Algerian War of Independence again showing it was impossible to impose by force a government over a foreign population using unacceptable methods such as torture, as tensions reappeared intermittently in the 1970s when France more strongly than any other nation saw the EU as a method of counterbalancing USA and British power, and thus works towards having the Euro, also developing a European defense initiative as an alternative to NATO, as the USA had much closer relations with the other large European powers, and in the 1980s the two nations disagreed on the desirability of a reunified Germany, as the tried to prevent France and other European countries from buying natural gas from Russia through the construction of the Siberia-Europe pipeline that was finally built, a controversy persisting since the always more criminal Putin regime
2012/2013: 19 février 2012: Téhéran stoppe ses ventes de pétrole à la France et au Royaume-Uni - 8 novembre 2012: La France demande des explications à Téhéran sur la mort d'un blogueur emprisonné - 14 novembre 2012: La justice iranienne a annoncé l'arrestation de 'plusieurs personnes' à la suite de la mort en détention du blogueur Sattar Beheshti - 15 June 2013: As jubilant supporters took to the streets of Teheran to celebrate a victory of the Iranian people and the dawning of a new era, France and Britain acknowledged Hassan Rohani’s election as Iran’s next president, looking ahead to establishing a relationship with him - 15 octobre 2013: La France doute des bonnes intentions à l’égard des négociations sur le nucléaire iranien - 9 November 2013: France’s FM Fabius accused by Iranian regime of defending Israel after he said that Israel’s 'concerns' needed to be taken into consideration in nuclear talks
France/Iraq relations: France/Iraq relations
France/Israel relations: France/Israel relations
June 2016: Paris summit a ‘missed opportunity': 3 June 2016: Paris summit was a ‘missed opportunity,’ Israel says
France/Italy relations: France/Italy relations
France/Ivory Coast relations: France/Ivory Coast relations
France/Japan relations: France/Japan relations
France/Jordan relations: France/Jordan relations
France/Korea relations: France/Korea relations
France/North Korea relations: France/North Korea relations
France/South Korea relations: France/South Korea relations
France/Laos relations: France/Laos relations
1893–1945, 1946–1953 French 'Protectorate' of Laos: French Protectorate of Laos 1893–1945, 1946–1953
France/Lebanon relations: France/Lebanon relations
France/Libya relations: France/Libya relations
Since 1989 UTA Flight 772 bombing, trial and Libyan compensation: 19 September 1989 UTA Flight 772 bombing, investigation, trial and Libyan compensation
Since 2007 alleged Libyan influence in the French elections: Alleged Libyan influence in the 2007 French elections
April 2019 France’s double game in Libya: 17 April 2019: France’s double game in Libya
13-20 April 2019 Libyan protests against Haftar's offensive and backers: 13 April 2019: Thousands of Libyans came out to demonstrate in Tripoli and Misrata against the war on Tripoli waged by Khalifa Haftar, calling for a civilian state and objecting to possible military rule with placards not only denouncing Haftar but also his French, UAE and Saudi backers - 15 April 2019: Some foreign states unified by aim of Libyan instability, Libyan government spokesperson says - 15 April 2019: Civilian casualties and displacement expected to increase in Libya due to continued use of air strikes and heavy artillery, UN report says - 20 April 2019: Libyans accuse France of backing Tripoli assault, as protesters demonstrated in the Libyan capital Tripoli against the offensive by military strongman Haftar
5 March 2020 France reportedly ceased its support for Haftar militarily but not politically, as monitors ask if Macron will breath new life into the murdered victims since months: 5 March 2020: France reportedly ceased its support for Haftar militarily, but continues to support him politically, according to GNA minister Fathi Bashaga
9 April 2020 Haftar's militias target field hospital in Tajoura: 9 April 2020: Haftar's militias target field hospital in Tajoura
21 April 2020 EU's Cozzolino holds Haftar fully responsible for the crisis in Libya: 21 April 2020: EU official Andrea Cozzolino holds Haftar fully responsible for the crisis in Libya
France/Madagascar relations: France/Madagascar relations
1882-1897 French Malagasy Protectorate: French Malagasy Protectorate 1882-1897
1895 Menalamba rebellion: Menalamba rebellion 1895
1897-1958 French colony of Madagascar and military rule: French colony of Madagascar 1897-1958
1958 Malagasy constitutional referendum: Malagasy constitutional referendum 1958
26 June 2020 Madagascar celebrates 60th independence anniversary from France: 26 June 2020: After gaining its independence, following uprising, which claimed nearly 100,000 citizens since 1947, on the 26 of June 1960, Madagascar is celebrating its 60th independence anniversary from France with a series of activities across the country, as despite the exuding joy of freedom memories of the scars of pain and agony suffered under colonial masters even echoed among todays generation as victim and pro-independence fighter Randriamamonjy reports 'every morning they would make us go up the hill (and) Senegalese riflemen with the French kept guard and whipped us like we were donkeys pulling a cart', saying ‘do you give in now’, but Randriamamonjy answered ‘I’d rather die with my fallen brothers'
France/Mali relations: France/Mali relations
France/Mauritius relations: France/Mauritius relations
France/Middle East relations: France/Middle East relations
France/Monaco relations: France/Monaco relations
France/Morocco relations: France/Morocco relations
1912-1956 French 'protectorate' of Morocco: French 'protectorate' of Morocco 1912-1956
France/Mozambique relations: France/Mozambique relations
1751 French intervention in Burma: 1751 French intervention in Burma
19th century Franco-British rivalry: 19th century Franco-British rivalry
France/Niger relations: France/Niger relations
1895-1960 French West Africa: Colonial French West Africa 1895-1960
France/Norway relations: France/Norway relations
25 September 2020 Norway court okays extradition of suspect Abu Zayed in 1982 attack at Jewish deli in Paris: 25 September 2020: A Norwegian court approved an extradition request from France for suspect Abu Zayed linked to a terror attack in a Jewish neighborhood in Paris in 1982 that killed six people, as Friday’s ruling, which can be appealed, concerns only whether the legal grounds are met for an extradition and the decision of whether or not to extradite Walid Abdulrahman Abu Zayed will ultimately be up to Norway’s justice ministry, or government, as families of the victims of the attack, who have been demanding a trial for nearly four decades, have pinned their hopes on his extradition, and as affair is all the more explosive given media reports of a secret deal between French intelligence services and the Abu Nidal Organization under which the latter’s members would not be arrested if they refrained from committing further attacks on French soil
France/Pakistan relations: France/Pakistan relations - Pakistanis in France
Since 2002 'Affaire Karachi': Affaire Karachi - 2002 Karachi bus bombing
France/Poland relations: France/Poland relations
6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of ill prepared Poland after French and British pressure not to mobilize: 6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of Poland, fought between the armies of Poland and Nazi Germany in World War II, after reason for Poland's late and insufficient mobilization was pressure from the French and the British not to mobilize, and as since 29 August 1939, when the Poles re—started the mobilization against advice from Paris and London, it was too late - Since 1938 'Western betrayal' (and earlier) concerning the fact that France, the United Kingdom, and sometimes the USA failed to meet their legal, diplomatic, military, and moral obligations with respect to the Czechoslovak and Polish states during the prelude to and aftermath of World War II, also sometimes referring to the treatment of other Central and Eastern European states at the time, enabling World War II that lasted from 1939 to 1945, the Holocaust by Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe, and the August 1945 atomic bombings forcing Japanese war criminals to surrender
France/Russia relations: France/Russia relations
1812 French invasion of Russia: French invasion of Russia 1812
Russian 'Fancy Bear' and French elections 2016–2017: Russian 'Fancy Bear' and French elections 2016–2017
Since May 2017: 29 May 2017: As USA senator calls Russian Putin the biggest threat to global security, French Macron welcomes and hosts war criminal Putin at the former royal palace of Versailles outside Paris, exchanging cordial handshakes and smiles, kneeling down in ridiculous posture before Putin and the absolute monarchy, betraying the French revolution since 1789 and the Syrian people and democracy attacked since 2011 by Assad, Putin and Ali Khamenei, after France's president and government still called in October 2016 for war crimes investigation against Russia over Syria - 23 June 2017: To stop Russia and other hackers, we need to overhaul the internet, says Israeli cyber expert Prof. Isaac Ben-Israel says, calling for a radical overhaul of the internet in order to counter cyber warfare
France/Rwanda relations: France/Rwanda relations
1994 Role of France in the Rwandan Genocide: Role of France in the Rwandan Genocide 1994
France/Saudi-Arabia relations: France/Saudi Arabia relations since 1926
April 2019 France and the UK should join bonesaw Saudi arms embargo: 12 April 2019: France and the UK should join German bonesaw Saudi arms embargo
France/Senegal relations: France/Senegal relations
1659 French conquest of Senegal: French conquest of Senegal 1659 - Ndar (Saint-Louis)
1895-1958 French West Africa: French West Africa 1895-1958
1960 Independence of Senegal: 1960 Independence of Senegal
France/Spain relations: France/Spain relations
17th century France/Spain relations: 17th century France/Spain relations
18th century France/Spain relations: 18th century France/Spain relations
July 1808 Battle of Bailén: July 1808 Battle of Bailén
19th century Latin American revolutions and wars of independence: Following the French invasion of Spain during the early 19th century, American opposition against Spanish rule in Spanish America with the aim of political independence, as after the restoration of rule by Ferdinand VII in 1814 and his rejection of the Spanish liberal constitution of 1812, social and political movements hardened their stance toward Spanish colonialism and they increasingly sought political independence - During the late 18th and early 19th centuries Latin American revolutions and wars of independence, resulting in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America following the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the British, Spanish, Portuguese, and French colonies in the Americas
1939-1946 Camp de Gurs: 1939-1946 Camp de Gurs
21th century France/Spain relations: 21th century France/Spain relations
France/Sudan relations: France/Sudan relations
1898 'Fashoda Incident' and imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in East Africa: 1898 'Fashoda Incident', the climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in East Africa, as a French expedition to Fashoda on the White Nile river sought to gain control of the Upper Nile river basin and thereby exclude Britain from the Sudan, and as the British held firm as both empires stood on the verge of war with heated rhetoric on both sides until the French withdrew, ensuring Anglo-Egyptian control over the area and an agreement acknowledging British control over Egypt, while France became the dominant power in Morocco - 'Sudan', the geographic region to the south of the Sahara, stretching from Western to eastern Central Africa, as the name derives from the Arabic bilad as-sudan ('the lands of the Blacks') - 1880–1960 French Sudan
France/Switzerland relations: France/Switzerland relations
France/Syria relations: France/Syria relations
August/September 2013: 27 August: President Hollande says that France was 'ready to punish' those behind last week's deadly chemical attack in Syria - 30 August: President François Hollande says that the UK parliamentary vote against taking military action in Syria would not affect France’s will to act alongside the United States in 'punishing' Assad regime for a chemical weapons attack - 2 September: Assad forces carried out a 'massive and coordinated' chemical attack on August 21 near Damascus posing a major threat to national and global security, according to a declassified French intelligence report - 7 September 2013: International support is growing for a strong response to the chemical weapons attack by the Syrian regime, France's foreign minister Fabius said during a joint press conference with USA counterpart Kerry - 20 September 2013: France suggests it is ready to give weapons to Syria's opposition in a 'controlled framework' - 29 septembre 2013: Appel de parlementaires PS et EELV à une aide militaire aux forces de l'opposition en Syrie
2014/2015: 13 May: France calls on United Nations to refer Syrian War to International Criminal Court - 27 February 2015: France and Britain dismissed any suggestion of restoring relations with Bashar al-Assad, saying this would likely end all hope of a political transition - 5 March: French President Hollande receives Syrian Coalition delegation in Paris - 23 May 2015: A majority of 55% of French people are in favour of a military intervention by France in Syria, poll says - 27 September 2015: France launches first airstrikes against Islamic State terrorists in Syria, as French president says 'civilian populations must be protected against all forms of violence, ... also against the murderous bombings of Bashar al-Assad' - 29 September: In New York, Syrian Coalition's Khoja and France's Hollande agree on Syria without Assad, as Khoja explains the regime’s brutal practices against civilians, most notably using barrel bombs which account for nearly 95% of the overall civilian deaths in Syria, and as France will discuss with its partners in the coming days a proposal by Turkey and the Syrian opposition for a no-fly zone in northern Syria - 30 September: France is investigating Bashar al-Assad over alleged crimes against humanity, also examining claims of torture and kidnapping by Assad's forces and opened 'on the basis of indications received from the foreign ministry' on 10 September - 8 October: France will support establishing safe zones in Syria - 24 October 2015: France's FM Fabius announced that Paris will host foreign-minister level talks on Syria on 27 October, adding that Russia's foreign minister Lavrov will not be part of the talks and reiterating that Bashar al-Assad could not be part of any solution in Syria
2016: 13 February 2016: While Western leaders are not criminally responsible for the deaths of 470,000 Syrians so far murdered by the Assad regime since 2011, his helpers from Iran and Hezbollah and the Russian fighter jets bombing from high, it has happened on their watch and to a large degree through their inaction, Israeli newspaper 'Haaretz' says - 1 April 2016: France accuses Syrian Assad regime of violating ceasefire, saying that airstrikes in south-east Damascus were intended to terrorise people and undermine international peace efforts - 11 June 2016: Photos of 1,000 Syrian detainees out of hundreds of thousands of detainees currently in Assad’s prisons will be raised by Syrian and French activists at the 'Place de la Bastille' in Paris - 10 October 2016: Saying that France is 'committed as never before to saving the population of Aleppo’ and that he will ask the international court of justice to investigate possible war crimes in Syria French FM Ayrault also says that President Hollande will take into account the situation in Syria's Aleppo when deciding whether to see Russia's Putin when he visits Paris on 19 October - 26 October 2016: First European lawsuit to target Assad regime for its involvement in the disappearance of two French nationals in Syria in 2013, as Syrian Coalition urges Syrian nationals holding a second European nationality to lodge complaints against the Assad regime for the war crimes and crimes against humanity its forces are committing against their loved ones in Syria - 21 November 2016: At a meeting with French FM Jean-Marc Ayrault Syrian Coalition's Hijab stresses that the brutal onslaught on Aleppo by Assad and its Russian and Iranian allies are war crimes and crimes against humanity, calling upon the international community to assume its duty to stop Assad and Russia’s massacres in Syria - 2 December 2016: The Syrian civil defense was awarded the Franco-German Prize for Human Rights and the Rule of Law a few days after receiving the Alternative Nobel Prize honoring their humanitarian role in relief work, as French FM Ayrault condemns the attacks that target civilians and hospitals in Aleppo, adding that systematic war crimes are being committed in the war-torn city and that the international community often ignores these crimes, as Syrian Coalition's Abdah calls for urgent action to save the people of Aleppo from the ongoing genocide, warning of an unprecedented humanitarian disaster that will have serious political, humanitarian consequences for the Syrian people and the peoples of the region
2017: 9 January 2017: Syria's war criminal al-Assad on Sunday received a number of members of the French National Assembly, headed by Thierry Mariani - 22 June 2017: France's Macron breaks with previous French policy in support of the struggle for freedom and democracy also in Syria, saying that 'nobody has shown me a legitimate successor' to Syria's dictators Hafez al-Assad 1970-2000 and Bashar al-Assad since 2000 - 22 June 2017: Meeting with a delegation of British diplomats and talking about the need to support the Syrian Interim Government SIG to be able to provide services to civilians in the liberated areas, to administer the liberated areas and restore security and stability, the Syrian Coalition says that the international community should have courage to admit failure to protect Syrians instead of inventing excuses - 3 juillet 2017: Des intellectuels et spécialistes français et syriens reprochent au président français son revirement à propos de Bachar el-Assad, qu'ils qualifient d'erreur d'analyse majeure - 20 September 2017: During meeting with French president, opposition leader Hijab ties a successful solution to the Syrian crisis with the prosecution of Assad - 26 December 2017: French rights groups and associations are seeking to coordinate their efforts to condemn the Assad regime at European and international judicial institutions, such as the European Court and the International Criminal Cour
Franco-Thai War 1940-1941 between Thailand (Siam) and Vichy France: Franco-Thai War 1940-1941 between Thailand (Siam) and Vichy France
France/Tunisia relations: France/Tunisia relations
1881-1956 French conquest and 'protectorate' of Tunisia: French conquest of Tunisia 1881 - French 'protectorate' of Tunisia 1881-1956
France/Turkey relations: France/Turkey relations
France/Ukraine relations: France/Ukraine relations
15/16 July 2018 soccer mob roars 'goal' in France and Russia including Macron: 15/16 July 2018: Chaos, looting and riots, originating from the famous Arc de Triomphe and spreading across other parts of the French capital Paris, as soccer mob roars 'goal' in France and Russia, including France's Macron, congratulating Polonium-, and Sarin-, and Novichok-Putin, as Russia's hybrid military forces mounted 29 attacks on Ukrainian army positions in Donbas in the past 24 hours, wounding one Ukrainian soldier, and as G7 foreign ministers of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the USA say that 'the JIT's findings on Russia's role in the downing of MH17 are compelling, significant and deeply disturbing', and stand 'together against the impunity of those who engage in aggressive actions that threaten the rules-based international order'
25/26 June 2019 it's a pity that our European partners haven't heard us: 25 June 2019: Ukrainian president Zelensky is disappointed by PACE's decision to reinstate the voting rights of the Russian regime, saying he 'tried to convince Mr. Macron and Mrs. Merkel that the return of the Russian delegation to the PACE is possible only after Russia fulfills the Assembly's fundamental requirements. It is a pity that our European partners haven't heard us' - 26 June 2019: Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe PACE is reportedly set to lift remaining sanctions from the murderous Russian regime after it became known that PACE committees had considered the question of the powers of Russia's delegation and recommended they should be reinstated with simultaneous cancellation of the remaining restrictions left after the Assembly passed a respective resolution, in order to get regime's contribution to the council’s annual budget, as Ukraine's Iryna Herashchenko said 'money turned out [to be] more important than principles'
2 November 2020 Ukraine invites France to join international platform for the Crimea de-occupation: 2 November 2020: Ukraine's FM Dmytro Kuleba has invited France to join the efforts to create an international platform for the Crimea de-occupation
France/United Arab Emirates relations: France/United Arab Emirates relations
France/United Kingdom relations: France/United Kingdom relations
1803-1815 Napoleonic Wars: 1803-1815 Napoleonic Wars tragedy
2015: 18 February 2015: United Kingdom's Chelsea soccer fans prompt outcry with racist behavior in Paris - 18 February 2015: British Chelsea soccer fans prompt outcry with racist behavior in Paris - 1 August 2015: As part of a long-running dispute over 600 job losses, striking French ferry workers block Calais port route with huge fire, causing gridlock amid attempts by dozens of migrants to cross Channel to UK - 21 August 2015: Britain and France announced a new 'command and control centre' to tackle smuggling gangs in Calais, as Europe grapples with its biggest migration crisis since World War II - 2 November 2015: Refugees in northern France face hard conditions as winter nears - 2 décembre 2015: De nouveau affrontements ont eu lieu sur la rocade portuaire de Calais dans la crise migratoire en Europe
2016: 1 March 2016: Calais camp is razed by French authorities with nowhere for most refugees to go - 20 June 2016: France’s first Shakespearean-style theatre near Condette in northern France built as tribute to Anglo-French friendship vandalised - 26 juillet 2016: Un migrant éthiopien a été tué aux abords de la 'Jungle' de Calais lors de rixes, qui ont également fait six blessés, et ont éclaté 'à proximité du camp opposant des migrants africains (Soudanais, Erythréens, Ethiopiens) et afghans' - 24 September 2016: Up to 1,000 unaccompanied minors will be left to fend for themselves when the bulldozers move in Calais refugee camp and French authorities hope Britain will honour pledges and rescue minors - 1 October: Child refugees at Calais plunged into despair by plan to close camp - 23 October 2016: Despite concerns about the safety of thousands of children and vulnerable adults living there, French officials are expected to press ahead with plans to start dismantling the Calais refugee camp on Monday - 27 October 2016: Charities fear for safety of unregistered minors as French officials try to declare camp's clearout complete and fires ravage camp - 5 November 2016: Nearly all of the children who stayed in the now demolished Calais camp for refugees have a mental health condition such as post-traumatic stress disorder or depression, according to 'Citizens UK', which is supporting scores of children dispersed around France - 19 November 2016: Child refugees sent from the demolished Calais 'jungle' to supposedly safe welcome centres across France claim they have been pressed into forced labour
France/USA relations: France/USA relations
Since 1960s France's colonial past, world market and tensions with Nato: Since the 1960s France and USA differed over the waging of the Vietnam War, in part because ironcally French leaders were convinced that the USA could not win, following French experience with Indochina and the Algerian War of Independence again showing it was impossible to impose by force a government over a foreign population using unacceptable methods such as torture, as tensions reappeared intermittently in the 1970s when France more strongly than any other nation saw the EU as a method of counterbalancing USA and British power, and thus works towards having the Euro, also developing a European defense initiative as an alternative to NATO, as the USA had much closer relations with the other large European powers, and in the 1980s the two nations disagreed on the desirability of a reunified Germany, as the tried to prevent France and other European countries from buying natural gas from Russia through the construction of the Siberia-Europe pipeline that was finally built, a controversy persisting since the always more criminal Putin regime
1939-1945 World War II, France stayed in Indochina tolerated by Japan: France stayed in Indochina during 1939-1945 World War II, tolerated by the Japanese Army
France/Yemen relations: France/Yemen relations
Forests of France: Forests of France
Water pollution in France: Water pollution in France
Fauna of France and endangered species: Fauna of France - List of birds of Metropolitan France

Germany - Geography of Germany - Demographics of Germany
History of Germany: History of Germany
Second 'careers', protection of Nazi murderers (ongoing):
2011: 26 September 2011: Wanted Nazi Walter Rauff was German 'Bundesnachrichtendienst' spy between 1958-1962 - Walter Rauff: Gas van engineering and mass murder - Word War II: German gas vans in concentration camps, in Poland, Baltic states, Soviet Union, Serbia and North Africa - 27. September 2011: Bislang geheimgehaltene Akten des BND belegen, daß Walter Rauff wegen seiner Tätigkeit im Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Entwicklung und Einsatz von Gaswagen) 1958 vom BND eingestellt wurde - 27. September 2011: Deutscher Verfassungsschutz läßt eigene NS-Vergangenheit untersuchen, schon 2011 - CIA-Akten 2006: Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem BND und CIA bereits 1958 bekannt - BND-Akten: Aufenthaltsort Eichmanns sogar schon 1952 bekannt - 30 November 2011: Investigators have found that in 2007 the German Intelligence Service BND destroyed files of 250 employees who had been in the Nazi SS or Gestapo
2012/2013: 15 juillet 2012: Le criminel nazi Laszlo Csatary retrouvé à Budapest - 18 July: Csatary, accused of organising the deportation to their deaths of some 16,000 Jews arrested in Hungary - 7 May 2013: Living in Baden-Wuerttemberg since 1983, the alleged former guard at the Nazi death camp Auschwitz Hans Lipschis arrested on charges of complicity in the mass murder of prisoners - 28 June: Germany's Federal Administrative Court blocks full release of Nazi Eichmann files - 23 July 2013: The Nazi-hunting Simon Wiesenthal Center launches German poster campaign seeking information on the last perpetrators of the Holocaust still at large nearly 70 years on - 29 July 2013 and its truth: The murderer SS-Priebke and free man in 2013 said, that the victims - from 14 year old boys (today 83) to 75 year old men - were, in his view at the time, terrorists - 2 September: Germany tries 92-year-old member of the Nazi Waffen SS Siert Bruins for Nazi war crime - 26 September: Former Auschwitz guard Hans Lipschis, 93, to be tried as part of drive to round up last surviving members of Nazi regime - 15 October 2013: Angry protests mark funeral of Nazi war criminal SS officer Erich Priebke in Italy
2015: 23. Februar 2015: Ein 94-jähriger ehemaliger SS-Sanitäter im Vernichtungslager Auschwitz-Birkenau soll sich vor dem Landgericht Neubrandenburg wegen Beihilfe zum Mord in mindestens 3.681 Fällen verantworten - 31 March 2015: Following Germany's refusals of extradition to Denmark and protection by German governments and authorities, volunteer in the SS Viking Division and Denmark’s highest-ranking Nazi Soren Kam died a free man last week in Kempten after he fled to CDU/CSU-Germany in 1956 and obtained citizenship, despite conviction in Denmark to have been involved in the murder of Danish anti-Nazi newspaper editor Carl Henrik Clemmensen - 20/21 April 2015: SS 'accountant of Auschwitz' Gröning goes on trial in Germany charged with complicity in the murder of 300,000 Holocaust victims - 15 July: Former SS officer Oskar Groening known as the Bookkeeper of Auschwitz sentenced to four years in prison - 16 July 2015: SS officer Oskar Gröning escaped prosecution in Britain nearly 70 years ago because of the USA’s desire, according to newly discovered UNWCC documents also revealing that the entire judicial process against Germans accused of committing war crimes was closed down after political intervention from above - 1 August 2015: Germany shelves Nazi crimes probe of SS-commander Michael Karkoc now living in USA, who commanded a unit in the SS-led Ukrainian Self Defense Legion accused of burning villages filled with women and children, based on wartime documents, testimony from other members of the unit and Karkoc’s own Ukrainian-language memoir
24 July 2019 former SS soldier Karl Muenter charged: 24 juillet 2019: Suite à la plainte de familles de victimes du massacre de 86 civils à Ascq, commis dans la nuit du 1er au 2 avril 1944 par des SS y compris Karl Münter, ce l'ancien SS, qui a assuré que le chiffre de 6 millions de juifs assassinés par les nazis était exagéré lors d'un entretien à la chaîne publique ARD diffusé le 29 novembre 2018, qui a estimé que les victimes d'Ascq étaient aussi responsables de leur mort, est enfin mis en accusation maintenant pour incitation à la haine, après en mars 2018, le Parquet allemand avait en effet annoncé l'abandon des poursuites parce que le suspect avait déjà été condamné à mort par contumace par un tribunal militaire en France en 1949 et qu'il ne pouvait donc être jugé une seconde fois pour ces mêmes faits
22 July 2020 at Bruno Dey trial in Hamburg witness Marek Dunin-Wasowicz wants to be heard in Germany: 22 July 2020: Still haunted by the pyres of burning bodies, Marek Dunin-Wasowicz, who spent several months at Stutthof camp, initially built to imprison Polish leaders and intelligentsia in September 1939, where war crimes defendant Bruno Dey at trial in Hamburg served, wants to speak out for the more than 60,000 people killed at the camp and for the few survivors who are still alive, also wanting his testimony to be heard in Germany, the country where Nazism originated and at a time of rising neo-Nazism linked rhetoric, politics and crime in Halle, Hanau, Kassel, Frankfurt, Berlin etc. and in Europe, also reporting that Germans came up to his table in the courtroom to meet him, 'to ask forgiveness in the name of their grandfathers, their fathers', 'I was shocked', and also calling Germany’s long delay in bringing Nazi personnel like Dey to justice 'inexcusable'
Automotive industry in Germany: Automotive industry in Germany
Auto parts suppliers and car parts makers of Germany: Auto parts suppliers of Germany - Tire manufacturers of Germany
Since 1914 Germany, weapons of mass destruction and history: Germany, weapons of mass destruction and history - Since 1914 Chemical weapons in World War I
Chemical industry of Germany: Chemical industry of Germany
Renewable energy in Germany: Renewable energy in Germany
Food industry in Germany: Food industry in Germany
Dairy farming in Germany: Dairy farming in Germany
Poultry farming: Poultry farming
Animal diseases: Animal diseases
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Fishing in Germany: Fishing in Germany
Water supply and sanitation in Germany: Water supply and sanitation in Germany
Foreign trade of Germany: Foreign trade of Germany
Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank
7 July 2020 New York state penalizes Deutsche Bank $150M for Epstein dealings: 7 July 2020: New York state penalizes Deutsche Bank $150M for dealings with the late sex offender Jeffrey Epstein
Economic history and economic cycles in Germany: Economic history of Germany since 1945
1932-1939 unemployment rate in Germany: 1932-1939 unemployment rate in Germany
29 April 2020 Germany expects record recession in 2020 due to covid-19 pandemic: 29 April 2020: Germany expects record recession in 2020 due to covid-19 pandemic
Labor and labor relations in Germany: Labor in Germany - German labour law - Trade unions in Germany
1996: 14. Juni 1996: Die deutsche 'Wehrmacht' in der Realisierung der Welteroberungs- und Versklavungspläne des national-sozialistischen Deutschlands katapultierte das NS-Mordsystem mit Waffengewalt über die deutschen Grenzen hinaus bis nach Stalingrad und Narvik, an den Nordrand der Sahara und die Küste des Atlantiks, ihren territorialen Eroberungen übrigens immer hart auf dem Fuße ein Vernichtungsapparat, dessen Radius stets identisch mit dem Radius der Wehrmachtsfront war, die daher an der physischen Auslöschung der Opfer selbst dann mitverantwortlich und mitschuldig gewesen wäre, wenn die Massen-, Serien- und Völkermorde ohne ihre Beteiligung stattgefunden hätten, in die sie aber tief involviert war (Ralph Giordano in einem offenen Brief an den CDU-Minister Volker Rühe mit der Aufforderung, Erwin Rommel aus der Bundeswehr-Tradition zu entfernen)
Since 1955 list of generals of the German 'Bundeswehr', mostly former Nazi 'Wehrmacht' officers: List of generals of the German 'Bundeswehr', mostly former Nazi 'Wehrmacht' officers - 1940-1945 Adolf Heusinger devient chef de la section des opérations ('Operationsabteilung') à l’OKH et participe aux décisions opérationnelles et stratégiques, les crimes de guerre de la Wehrmacht - Heinrich Trettner 1907-2006, rejoint la Légion Condor et sert comme adjudant et officier d'opérations du Generalmajor Hugo Sperrle et Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen durant la Guerre civile d'Espagne, ensuite un Generalleutnant allemand qui a servi au sein de la Heer dans la Wehrmacht pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et de 1964 à 1966 Inspecteur général de la Bundeswehr (Generalinspekteur der Bundeswehr)
German military personnel: German military personnel
Nazi tradition of intelligence agencies and list of intelligence agencies in Germany (see also 'crime in Germany', explained further below): List of intelligence agencies of Germany
Military budget of Germany: Military budget of Germany
Taxation in Germany: Taxation in Germany
Federal budget of Germany: Federal budget of Germany
Politics of Germany: Politics of Germany
Elections and politics in Germany: Elections in Germany - Political parties in Germany
August 1949 West German federal election: 14 August 1949 West German federal election
September 1953 West German federal election: 6 September 1953 West German federal election
September 1957 West German federal election: 15 September 1957 West German federal election
September 1969 West German federal election: 28 September 1969 West German federal election
Since 1972 non-governmental environmental organization 'Greenpeace' and 'Greens' in West Germany: After in 1972 non-governmental environmental organization 'Greenpeace', then in over 55 countries and and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, in the 1970s and 1980s in West Germany a 'Green Party' was formed to organize and accommodate the anti-nuclear movement in Germany, and after peace movement activists and other new social movements had previously been active in the 'APO', as later in 1983, the 'German Green Party' was elected into the Bundestag still in Bonn, where it stood for the concept of movement and change - until today seen in new social movements - and as within only a few years, the 'Greens' gained political influence amid growing knowledge of natural foundations and the unity of man and nature
Since October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital: 3 October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital of the 'Federal Republic of Germany'
December 1990 German federal election: 2 December 1990 German federal election, the first all-German election since the NSDAP show election in April 1938, the first multi-party all-German election since that of March 1933, which was held after the NSDAP seizure of power and was subject to widespread suppression, and the first free and fair all-German election since November 1932, as the 1990 result was a comprehensive victory - following the Monday demonstrations since 1982/1989 in East Germany, the 1989 Alexanderplatz demonstration for political reforms, events in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the November 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall - for the governing coalition of the CDU/CSU and the FDP, which was reelected to a third term - Revolutions of 1989 formed part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s that resulted in the end of one party ruled regimes in several countries, ongoing in the 21st century and then also including Islamic countries
Federal election 2013: German federal election 22 September 2013 - 22 septembre 2013: Les Allemands ont voté en masse dimanche matin pour les élections législatives qui devraient confirmer Angela Merkel - 23 September: Germany's CDU/CSU wins by a landslide but faces tough coalition choices - 23/24 September: 'This morning I stood in front of my wardrobe and I thought red is no good, bright green is no good, blue was yesterday, what are you going to do?' CDU chancellor Merkel said - 17 octobre 2013: Merkel tente un rapprochement avec les sociaux-démocrates - 20 octobre: La convention du parti social-démocrate a donné son feu vert aux négociations pour former une coalition avec la CDU - 27 November: CDU/CSU and SPD reach deal on forming a coalition - 14 décembre 2013: Feu vert des sociaux-démocrates à la 'grande coalition' dans un référendum interne - 18 December: Angela Merkel elected to a third term as chancellor in a vote in the German lower house of parliament
May 2014 German European Parliament election: German European Parliament election 25 May 2014
2015: 7 May 2015: German defense ministry official tried to get MAD intelligence service on the urging of the manufacturer of assault rifles G36 Heckler&Koch to cover up negative reports about this rifles used by the Bundeswehr - 13 October 2015: Anti-refugee protesters create a gallows for Angela Merkel over her open-door refugee policies as housing for those who have fled the Middle East are daubed in racist graffiti - 17 October 2015: Henriette Reker, running for the office of the Mayor of Cologne, was seriously wounded by an assailant with a knife while shouting against refugees - 7 November 2015: Just two days after resolving a coalition row over how to handle the record influx of refugees, row over their status reopened by the CDU/CSU interior minister saying Syrian refugees would receive a modified status and be barred from having family members join them
May 2019 European Parliament election in Germany: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Germany
5-23 February 2020 CDU supports neo-Nazi linked AfD and Secretary General denies solution of crisis: 5 February 2020: CDU and FDP politicians 'break taboo' voting with racist AfD and its state leader Björn Höcke, legally termed a fascist, to oust Thuringia premier Bodo Ramelow, defying the national party’s refusal to work with neo-Nazi linked parties - 23 February 2020: After lawmakers in Thuringia agreed on a way to vote in a new state government without the support of neo-Nazi party, avoiding a repeat of a decision earlier this month that caused a political uproar, CDU Secretary General Paul Ziemiak criticized party lawmakers for the way out of the crisis caused by the CDU (the party of NSDAP members Globke, Kiesinger Filbinger etc.), saying 'this is about the credibility of the CDU in general', adding that the party 'rejects all coalitions and similar forms of cooperation'
7 September 2020: German Greens well placed for share of power despite covid-19 setback: 7 September 2020: German Greens well placed for share of power despite covid-19 setback
24 September 2020 German CDU/CSU party's and Europe's memory: , 24 September 2020: Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen continues to promote war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the 'Führerbegleitbatallion' during the invasion of Poland, since 1940 a military commander in Nazi Germany's conquest of western Europe, describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military - 24 September 2020: As site in Amsterdam’s Jewish Quarter will feature names of more than 102,000 Jews, Roma and Sinti who were murdered in or on their way to Nazi concentration camps, a school friend of World War II Jewish diarist Anne Frank laid the first stone Wednesday at a new memorial under construction in Amsterdam to honor all Dutch victims of the Holocaust, after Dutch court cleared the way last year for the memorial to be constructed
Since 1932 22 assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler ending with the failed 20 July 1944 plot following successful Normandy landing by Allied forces: Since 1932 list of 22 assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler ending with the failed 20 July 1944 plot following successful Normandy landing by Allied forces - 20 July 1944 NSDAP ruled German empire's army officers attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler inside his 'Wolf's Lair' field headquarters near Rastenburg in east Prussia, an action called 'Operation Valkyrie', following NSDAP empire's offensives since 1939, including invasion and occupation of Poland, battle of the Atlantic, invasions of Denmark, of Norway, of Iceland, battle of the Netherlands, invasion of Luxembourg, Battle of Belgium, Battle of France 'Case Yellow', Battle of Britain, invasion of Yugoslavia (NSDAP rulw Germany and Axis allies via Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Albania), Battle of the Mediterranean, Battle of Greece, Battle of Crete, and 'Operation Barbarossa', including several barbaric sieges of large cities until the military initiative was won by the Soviet Union in summer 1943 - June - August/September 1944 'Battle of Normandy', the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II, launched on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings
History of Baden-Württemberg: History of Baden-Württemberg
Economy,agriculture and environment in Baden-Württemberg: Economy,agriculture and environment in Baden-Württemberg
Geography of Baden-Württemberg: Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Timeline of Stuttgart: Timeline of Stuttgart
20th century Stuttgart: 20th century Stuttgart
Politics and state elections in Baden-Württemberg: State elections in Baden-Württemberg
Since 1962 Nazigeneral 'Rommel-Kaserne' in Dornstadt: Since 1962 'Rommel-Kaserne' in Dornstadt, named to honour Nazigeneral Rommel
div>History of Bavaria: History of Bavaria
Cities in Bavaria: Cities in Bavaria
Munich Metropolitan Region: Munich Metropolitan Region
Timeline of Munich since 1158: Timeline of Munich since 1158
Economy and economic history of Nuremberg: Economy and economic history of Nuremberg, as the 1797-1801 sample was early industrial, then the economic structure of the region around Nuremberg was dominated by metal and glass manufacturing, reflected by a share of nearly 50% handicrafts and workers, as in the 19th century Nuremberg became the 'industrial heart' of Bavaria with companies such as Siemens and MAN establishing a strong base in the city during the rise of the 2nd Germany empire leading to WWI and II, as Nuremberg after WWII is still an important industrial centre with a strong standing in the markets of Central and Eastern Europe, as items manufactured in the area include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles, writing and drawing paraphernalia, stationery products and printed materials, and as in 21st century the city is also strong in the fields of automation, energy and medical technology, and around a third of German market research agencies are located in the city in an area of growing aggressive advertising especially in some parts of our planet
Since 1949/50 Nuremberg International Toy Fair (Spielwarenmesse): Since 1949/50 Nuremberg International Toy Fair (Spielwarenmesse) and annually held, the largest international trade fair for toys and games as only trade visitors associated with the toy business, journalists and invited guests are admitted when during about 2,800 exhibitors from about 60 countries present their products, in 2017 73,000 trade visitors and purchasers from 123 countries, and as the fair is organized by 'Spielwarenmesse eG' - 'Global Toy Conference' on the last day of the fair dealing with issues concerning the future of the toy trade and industry, e.g. sustainability, toy safety, but today also online marketing and successful selling on the Internet - 20 categories of modelling in the USA and UK - Les différentes formes de modélisme en France au 21ème siècle - Depuis 1902 Meccano, un jeu de construction à base d'éléments à l'origine entièrement métalliques, d'abord produit par Meccano Ltd. à Liverpool, ensuite par la filiale française Meccano SA à Paris et à Calais - Seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts in verschiedenen europäischen Ländern eine Vielzahl von Herstellern von Metallbaukästen - März 2021 Auflistung von Marken und Kompatibilität durch 'Wikipedia' Autoren
Timeline of Nuremberg since Middle Ages: Timeline of Nuremberg since Middle Ages
1219-1806 Free Imperial City of Nuremberg's prosperity, target of wars: 1219-1806 Free Imperial City of Nuremberg — independent city-state — within the Holy Roman Empire, after Nuremberg gained piecemeal independence from the Burgraviate of Nuremberg in the High Middle Ages, leading to the economic and cultural flowering of the city and surrounding areas in the 15th and 16th centuries, making it the center of the German Renaissance also with increased trade routes and therefore becoming a target for in the coming periods of war, as the ravages of the major European wars of the 17th and 18th centuries caused the city to decline and incur sizeable debts, resulting in the city's absorption into the new Kingdom of Bavaria on the signing of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, becoming one of the many territorial casualties of the Napoleonic Wars
Organization of medieval 'Free imperial city' states: Organization and development of medieval 'Free imperial city' states in Europe
Since 1844 Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof: 1844 Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof opens
20th century Nuremberg: 20th century Nuremberg
Since 1945 SS-commander Bach-Zelewski never faced trial for any war crimes: Since August 1945 SS commander of NSDAP-ruled Germany Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski - who in 1944 led the brutal suppression of the Warsaw Uprising, as since 1941 the forces under von dem Bach numbered 14,953 Germans, mostly officers and unteroffiziere, and 238,105 local 'volunteers', as war crime victims were also executed by local collaborators under Nazi command - never faced trial for any war crimes, in reported exchange for his testimony against his former superiors at the Nuremberg trials, and similarly, he never faced extradition to Poland or to the USSR, as of the sentences against the war criminal referred to his role in Poland, in the Soviet Union, or his participation in the Holocaust, although he openly denounced himself as a mass murderer, and as his evidence for the defence at the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Israel in May 1961 was to the effect that operations in the Soviet-Union and Poland were conducted by 'Operations Units of the Security Police' and were not subject to the orders of Adolf Eichmann's office, nor was Eichmann able to give orders to the officers in charge of these units, who were responsible for the murder of Jews and Gypsies
Since 1932 von Stauffenberg agreed with the Nazi party's racist and nationalistic aspects, later supporting and committing war crimes: Since 1932 during the German presidential election leutnant Claus von Stauffenberg agreed with the Nazi Party's racist and nationalistic aspects, had supported the German colonization of Poland and made extremist remarks regarding Polish Jews, and voiced support for Hitler, saying 'the idea of the Führer principle bound together with a Volksgemeinschaft .., the racial thought (Rassengedanke), and the will towards a new German-formed legal order appears to us healthy', later his regiment took part in the attack on Poland, and he supported the occupation of Poland, its handling by the Nazi regime, the use of Poles as slave workers, later Stauffenberg's unit was reorganized into a Panzer Division, and he served as an officer on the General Staff in the Battle of France, for which he was awarded the Iron Cross First Class, then in 1943, Stauffenberg was promoted to Oberstleutnant of the general staff, was sent to Africa to join GFM Rommel launching his offensive against British, USA and French forces in Tunisia, later receiving multiple severe wounds in an airstrike, then beginning to change some of his views towards Hitler
1923-1925 Heinrich Himmler, involved in the 'Beer Hall Putsch', became SS-leader, rise in the SS: Heinrich Luitpold Himmler, born in Munich in 1900 into a teacher's (Gebhard Himmler) Roman Catholic family and as Heinrich's name was that of his godfather Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler, as Himmler later admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group 'Bund Reichskriegsflagge', becoming in 1922 more interested in the 'Jewish question', as after the murder of FM Walther Rathenau on 24 June Himmler took part in demonstrations against the treaty of Versailles and joined the NSDAP in August 1923, and then - as a member of German military officer Röhm's paramilitary unit 'Sturmabteilung SA' - Himmler was involved in the 'Beer Hall Putsch', then - sfter NSDAP party was re-founded in February 1925 - Himmler joined the 'Schutzstaffel SS' as an SS-leader
Since 23 March 1933 'Enabling Act' and more: 'Enabling Act of 1933', passed in both the Reichstag and Reichsrat on 23 March 1933, as on 30 January 1934 the policy of Gleichschaltung brought an end to the Reichsrat, transferring the states' powers to the Reich, as it can be argued that this violated the 'Enabling Act' - 'Gleichschaltung' and 'legal basis', the process of Nazification by which Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party successively established a system of totalitarian control and coordination over all aspects of German society and societies occupied by Nazi Germany 'from the economy and trade associations to the media, culture and education' - June/July 1934 'Night of the Long Knives'. after chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his power and alleviate the concerns of the German military about the role of Ernst Röhm and the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Nazis' paramilitary organization
Since 1933 Munich's 'Academy for German Law' on the initiative of Hans Frank, Adolf Hitler's personal legal adviser: Academy for German Law (Akademie für deutsches Recht) was an institute founded in 1933 in Nazi Germany on the initiative of Hans Frank, born in 1900 to the lawyer Karl Frank and his wife Magdalena, later graduated from high school at the renowned Maximilians gymnasium in Munich, then joined the German empire's army in WWI, studied law and economics from 1919 at the University of Munich (also at the University of Kiel, again 1922-1923 at Munich obtaining his Dr. jur. degree in 1924, in 1919-1920 as a member of the Thule Völkisch society, serving also in the Freikorps under Franz Ritter von Epp's command and taking part in the crackdown of the Münchner Räterepublik. in 1919, then joined the German Workers' Party DAP at its beginning, evolving quite soon into NSDAP as Frank in 1923 became a member of the Sturmabteilung SA, joined the NSDAP in October and in November took part in the 8/9 November 1923 'Beer Hall Putsch', the failed coup attempt intended to parallel Mussolini's March on Rome, fled to Austria, returning in Munich only in 1924, after the pending legal proceedings were stayed, then Frank rose to become Adolf Hitler's personal legal adviser
Since 1919 Heinrich Müller became head of the Munich Political Police, since 1933/1939 chief of the 'Gestapo': Heinrich Müller - born in Munich in April 1900 to Catholic parents as his father had been a rural police official - was a high-ranking German Schutzstaffel SS and police official after World War I, who joined the Bavarian Police in 1919, was involved in the suppressions in the early post-war years, became head of the Munich Political Police Department, having risen quickly through the ranks, then in May 1933 was promoted to Polizeiobersekretär and again to Criminal Inspector in November 1933, then in April 1934 'Geheimen Staatspolizeiamtes in Berlin, then in September 1939 during military's invasion of Poland - when the Gestapo and other police organizations were consolidated under Heydrich into the 'Reich Security Main Office RSHA' - Müller was made chief of the RSHA 'Amt IV' (Office or Dept. 4) Gestapo, remaining for the majority of World War II in Europe the chief of the secret state police of NSDAP ruled Germany, as Müller was central in the planning and execution of the Holocaust and attended the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, which formalised plans for deportation and genocide of all Jews in German-occupied Europe, named by the NSDASP party the 'Final Solution to the Jewish Question' - Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich's career in the SS, born in 1904 in Halle an der Saale to composer and opera singer Richard Bruno Heydrich and his wife Elisabeth, as his father was protestant and his mother was Roman Catholic, as his forenames were patriotic musical tributes with 'Reinhard' referring to his father's opera 'Amen', and with 'Tristan' stems from Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, then in the 1920th naval career, then since August 1931 in the SS, Gestapo and SD, since 1936 consolidating the police forces and leaving the Catholic Church in favour of the 'Gottgläubig movement'
Since November 2012 neo-Nazis charged with murders of 11 people mostly immigrants: November 2012: Federal prosecutors charge neo-Nazis with murders of 10 people, mostly immigrants and a police officer
Politics and elections of Bavaria: Politics of Bavaria - State elections in Bavaria
Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region since 1990: Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region since 1990
History of Brandenburg, former Prussia and Berlin: History of Prussia - History of Brandenburg state
Subdivisions of Brandenburg state with 14 rural districts (Landkreise) and 4 urban districts: Subdivisions of Brandenburg state, divided into 14 rural districts (Landkreise) and four urban districts (kreisfreie Städte)
Cities in Brandenburg by population: List of cities in Brandenburg by population
Education in Potsdam: Education and research in Potsdam
Demographics of Frankfurt (Oder): Demographics of Frankfurt (Oder)
Since 1933 development of NSDAP's German Luftwaffe, then in Spanish fascists' war: 30 April 2020: James S. Corum explains how Germany's Luftwaffe and 'Legion Condor 1936–39' develop Blitzkrieg in Franco's war, showing 1936 - 1939 development of NSDAP's German Luftwaffe in Spanish fascists' war against the Republic, to hone and develop their tactics, train their officers, and to become the most practised air force in the world at conducting close support of ground troops, as in effect this proved to be the training ground for the 'Blitzkrieg' which would be unleashed across Europe in the years that followed - In July 1936 'Reich Air Travel Ministry' used Ju 52s, flown by 'Deutsche Luft Hansa' pilots to carry the Franco's army of Africa from Spanish Morocco to Spain, as this mission became known as 'Operation Magic Fire', and as since October 1936 the 'Kriegsmarine' provided various surface ships, coordinated the movement of German supplies to Spain, dispatched German U-boats to Spanish waters - Since 17 July 1936 history of NSDAP's military aid to Spain
Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres' building systems for new wars of aggression in Zossen's 'Wünsdorf': Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres', the High Command of the German Army during NSDAP ruled German empire, founded as a part of Hitler's re-militarisation of Germany contrary to all international treaties and obligations since 1914-1918 WWI, as from 1938 OKH was, together with OKL (Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, High Command of the Air Force) and OKM (Oberkommando der Marine, High Command of the Navy), formally subordinated to the OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, High Command of the Armed Forces), with the exception of the Waffen-SS, located in Zossen town's - about 30 kilometres south of Berlin - 'Wünsdorf', hosting the underground headquarters of the German Wehrmacht (OKW) and Army's High Command (OKH), where since 1933 independent armored penetrations were trained and executed by the Germans, a technique later called 'Blitzkrieg', using innovative combined arms tactics and also radios in all of the tanks to provide a new level of tactical flexibility and power, and where since 1937 bunker systems were built - Since 1938 'Oberkommando der Wehrmacht', the High Command of the Wehrmacht (armed forces) of NSDAP ruled Germany and replacing the 'Reich War Ministry', having nominal oversight over the 'Heer' (army), the 'Kriegsmarine' (navy), and the 'Luftwaffe' (air force)
January 2010 neo-Nazi arson attack in Zossen, and 2011 second trial: 20. Januar 2010: Plötzlich stand das Gebäude einer brandenburgischen Bürgerinitiative in Zossen in Flammen, wo sich im Inneren eine Ausstellung über das jüdische Leben im Ort befand, und nun hat ein Rechtsextremer zugegeben, das Feuer gelegt zu haben - Im Januar 2010 brannte das von dem gegen rechtsextreme Umtriebe in der Stadt engagierten Verein 'Zossen zeigt Gesicht' genutzte Haus der Demokratie nach Brandstiftung durch einen jugendlichen neo-Nazi ab, Reste wurden wenige Wochen später abgerissen, dann wurde der Täter wurde aufgrund mangelnder Reife freigesprochen, aber später wurde Daniel T., der den Jugendlichen angestiftet hatte, am 1. Dezember 2011 u. a. wegen Anstiftung zur Brandstiftung und Volksverhetzung zu 3 Jahren und 8 Monaten Haft verurteilt
Hanseatic League member Perleberg's history, 1618-1648 'Thirty Years' War, Prussian garrison town, world wars, and aftermath: History of Perleberg, as in the 14th century the town was at its height as part of the Hanseatic League, as in 1523 after the 1517 beginning of the Protestant Reformation movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in particular to papal authority, Perleberg was the muster point for an army assembled by Elector Joachim I in support of his brother-in-law Christian II of Denmark's attempt to recover his throne, and then 1618-1648 'Thirty Years' War' caused serious damage to the town of 3,500 inhabitants, only 300 survived - In 1860 wird Perleberg preußische Garnisonsstadt, 1904-1909 Neubau der kaiserlichen Kasernen, 1992 letzte Militäreinheiten der ehemaligen Gruppe der sowjetischen Streitkräfte in Deutschland verlassen den Garnisonsstandort
Brandenburg elections: Elections in Brandenburg
September 2019 Brandenburg state election: 1 September 2019 Brandenburg state election
18 January 1871 Berlin becomes capital of the German Empire: Since 18 January 1871 Berlin becomes capital of the newly unified German Empire
Since 1930s Gestapo Heinrich Müller in Berlin: Heinrich Müller - born in Munich in April 1900 to Catholic parents as his father had been a rural police official - was a high-ranking German Schutzstaffel SS and police official after World War I, who joined the Bavarian Police in 1919, was involved in the suppressions in the early post-war years, became head of the Munich Political Police Department, having risen quickly through the ranks, then in May 1933 was promoted to Polizeiobersekretär and again to Criminal Inspector in November 1933, then in April 1934 'Geheimen Staatspolizeiamtes in Berlin, then in September 1939 during military's invasion of Poland - when the Gestapo and other police organizations were consolidated under Heydrich into the 'Reich Security Main Office RSHA' - Müller was made chief of the RSHA 'Amt IV' (Office or Dept. 4) Gestapo, remaining for the majority of World War II in Europe the chief of the secret state police of NSDAP ruled Germany, as Müller was central in the planning and execution of the Holocaust and attended the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, which formalised plans for deportation and genocide of all Jews in German-occupied Europe, named by the NSDASP party the 'Final Solution to the Jewish Question'
Since 1930s Gestapo personnel and some known operations: Gestapo personnel and some operatons
Since 1933 development of NSDAP's German Luftwaffe, then in Spanish fascists' war: 30 April 2020: James S. Corum explains how Germany's Luftwaffe and 'Legion Condor 1936–39' develop Blitzkrieg in Franco's war, showing 1936 - 1939 development of NSDAP's German Luftwaffe in Spanish fascists' war against the Republic, to hone and develop their tactics, train their officers, and to become the most practised air force in the world at conducting close support of ground troops, as in effect this proved to be the training ground for the 'Blitzkrieg' which would be unleashed across Europe in the years that followed - In July 1936 'Reich Air Travel Ministry' used Ju 52s, flown by 'Deutsche Luft Hansa' pilots to carry the Franco's army of Africa from Spanish Morocco to Spain, as this mission became known as 'Operation Magic Fire', and as since October 1936 the 'Kriegsmarine' provided various surface ships, coordinated the movement of German supplies to Spain, dispatched German U-boats to Spanish waters - Since 17 July 1936 history of NSDAP's military aid to Spain
Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres' building systems for wars of aggression, near Berlin: Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres', the High Command of the German Army during NSDAP ruled German empire, founded as a part of Hitler's re-militarisation of Germany contrary to all international treaties and obligations since 1914-1918 WWI, as from 1938 OKH was, together with OKL (Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, High Command of the Air Force) and OKM (Oberkommando der Marine, High Command of the Navy), formally subordinated to the OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, High Command of the Armed Forces), with the exception of the Waffen-SS, located in Zossen town's - about 30 kilometres south of Berlin - 'Wünsdorf', hosting the underground headquarters of the German Wehrmacht (OKW) and Army's High Command (OKH), where since 1933 independent armored penetrations were trained and executed by the Germans, a technique later called 'Blitzkrieg', using innovative combined arms tactics and also radios in all of the tanks to provide a new level of tactical flexibility and power, and where since 1937 bunker systems were built - Since 1938 'Oberkommando der Wehrmacht', the High Command of the Wehrmacht (armed forces) of NSDAP ruled Germany and replacing the 'Reich War Ministry', having nominal oversight over the 'Heer' (army), the 'Kriegsmarine' (navy), and the 'Luftwaffe' (air force)
1948 deterioration in inter-Allied cooperation within the council and breakdown: 1948 deterioration in inter-Allied cooperation within the council and breakdown
Since 1949 Berliner Ensemble after Brechts exile in the USA: Since 1949 'Berliner Ensemble', a German theatre company established by actress Helene Weigel and her husband playwright Bertolt Brecht in East Berlin, as in the time after Brecht's exile in the USA the company first worked at 'Deutsches Theater' and in 1954 moved to the 'Theater am Schiffbauerdamm', that was open for the 1928 premiere of 'The Threepenny Opera', since 1949 premiering with 'Mother Courage and Her Children' written in 1939, followed by 'The Caucasian Chalk Circle' written in 1944, 'Life of Galileo' written in 1938 and receiving its first theatrical production in German at the Zurich Schauspielhaus since September 1943, 'The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui' written in 1941, and 'Schweyk in the Second World War' written by Brecht in 1943 while in exile in California - Seit 1933 verließen Verfolgte und Entrechtete das NSDAP beherrschte Deutsche Reich zu Hunderttausenden (500.000 Menschen, einschließlich Lehrer und Erzieher, Publizisten, Schriftsteller, Wissenschaftler etc.), 360.000 der Exilanten stammten aus Deutschland, nach dem Anschluss Österreichs 1938 kamen ungefähr 140.000 Österreicher hinzu, wobei der weitaus größte Teil von ihnen (zwischen 80 und 90 %) jüdischer Abstammung war, und wobei mit dem Schritt in das Exil die Menschen versuchten, einer drohenden Inhaftierung, Verbringung in ein Konzentrationslager und Tötung zu entgehen - daß dies trotzdem geschehen konnte, zeigt z.B. das Schicksal von Anne Frank azs Frankfurt in Holland, Felix Nussbaum aus Osnabrück in Belgien im Juni 1944 von der Wehrmacht inhaftiert und nach Auschwitz-Birkenau gebracht -, und am 23. Oktober 1941 das 'Reichssicherheitshauptamt' unter Heinrich Himmler ein generelles Ausreiseverbot für Juden erlassen hatte, seitdem das NS-Regime seit 1938 in der Tschechoslowakei und seit 1939 in Polen und dann weiter den Massenmord begonnen hatte
June–November 1961 Berlin Crisis: June–November 1961 Berlin Crisis, the last major politic-military European incident of the Cold War about the occupational status of the former German capital city Berlin and of post–World War II Germany, as the crisis started when the USSR launched an ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of all armed forces from Berlin including the Western armed forces in West Berlin and as the crisis culminated in the city's de facto partition with the East German erection of the Berlin Wall, and as the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union — the last to be attended by the Communist Party of China — was held in Moscow during the crisis - June 1961 Vienna Summit and the Berlin question, following the 1960 USA election and the January 1961 inauguration of John F. Kennedy, until the summer 1963 political crisis in the USA and his 22 November 1963 assassination in Texas, with an enormous impact on USA's public contributing to a growing distrust of governmental institutions, as the suspected perpetrator Lee Harvey Oswald was killed by Jack Ruby on 24 November, and as Kennedy was succeeded as president by Lyndon Johnson until January 1969
In and since the 1960s social and new political movements in Germany: In and since the 1960s social and new political movements, grewing as younger people became disillusioned with the political 'establishment', worrying it was reminiscent of German empire's NSDAP rule past, as West Berlin became a center for these movements since many pensive and critical, 'left' leaning people would take residence in West Berlin to avoid the military draft that was in effect in the rest of West Germany - 1960s-1970s 'Außerparlamentarische Opposition' (German for extra-parliamentary opposition, commonly known as the APO), a political protest movement in West Germany forming a central part of the German student movement, as its membership consisted mostly of young people disillusioned with the grand coalition (Große Koalition) of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), and as - since the coalition controlled 95% of the Bundestag, the APO provided a more effective outlet for student (and more) dissent
Since October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital: 3 October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital of the 'Federal Republic of Germany'
Jews and Judaism in Berlin: Jews and Judaism in Berlin
Bremen state elections: State elections in Bremen
May 2019 Bremen state election: 26 May 2019 Bremen state election
Since 1945 Hamburg after the Second World War: Hamburg after the Second World War 1939-1945
June and December 1982 Hamburg state election, Greens win 7,7%: 6 June 1982 Hamburg state election, Greens party wins 7,7% - 19 December 1982 Hamburg state election
June/July 2017 protests G20 against summit in Hamburg: G20 Hamburg summit protests June-July 2017 - 7–8 July 2017 G20 Hamburg summit in the city of Hamburg - 7 July 2017: Protesters reportedly clashed with police, torched patrol cars and blocked roads in the German city of Hamburg on Friday in fresh violence just before the start of the G20 summit - 7 July 2017: New York city mayor Bill De Blasio, one of Trump's sharpest critics, will take part in protests against the G20 summit in Hamburg and will be a keynote speaker on Saturday at a rally for human rights and democracy - 9 July 2017: Two nights of rioting, looting and transport chaos left many residents in Hamburg asking why their government had decided to hold the annual G20 summit with Putin, Xi Jinping, Trump and Erdogan in a densely populated city with such a strong tradition of counter-cultural protest
Monasteries in Hesse and 'Lorsch Codex': Monasteries in Hesse and 'Lorsch Codex' - Since 764 Lorsch Abbey (the Imperial Abbey of Lorsch), about 10 km east of Worms, later one of the most renowned monasteries of the Carolingian Empire - About 1175-1195 'Lorsch Codex' consisting of 460 pages in large format containing more than 3800 entries, and important because it details the gifts given to the monastery and the possessions belonging to it, giving some of the first mention of cities of the Middle Ages in central Germany, and in particular in the Rhein-Neckar region, as over one thousand places are named - Since 736 Hersfeld Abbey, an important Benedictine imperial abbey in the town of Bad Hersfeld, founded by a disciple of Saint Boniface, as the clerics - because its location rendered it vulnerable to attacks from the Saxons - transferred it to Fulda, and some years later, in or about 769 after the defeat of the Saxons by the Franks, the archbishop of Mainz re-founded the monastery at Hersfeld - List of Carolingian (and earlier) monasteries
1524-1525 'German Peasants War' popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe: 1524-1525 German Peasants' War, a widespread popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe (the largest and most widespread popular uprising prior to the French Revolution since 1789), that failed because of intense opposition from the aristocracy, who slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed peasants and farmers, as the survivors were fined and achieved few, if any, of their goals, and as - like the preceding Bundschuh movement and the Hussite Wars, the war consisted of a series of both economic and religious revolts in which peasants and farmers, often supported by Anabaptist clergy, took the lead - 1525 Odenwälder Bauernheer während des Deutschen Bauernkrieges - List of peasant revolts, as their history spans over a period of over two thousand years, and as a variety of reasons fueled the emergence of the peasant revolt phenomenon, including tax resistance, social inequality, religious war, national liberation, resistance against serfdom, redistribution of land, and also more or less external factors such as plague and famine
1567-1806 Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt: 1567-1806 Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
1567 founding of Hesse-Darmstadt and European war in Germany 1618-1648: Gründungsphase von Hessen-Darmstadt 1567–1596, Dreißigjähriger Krieg, Pest und Hungersnöte 1597–1661
1848-1849 National Assembly in Frankfurt in the German revolutions: National Assembly in Frankfurt in the German revolutions of 1848–1849
Elections and mayors of Frankfurt-am-Main since 19th century: Elections and mayors of Frankfurt-am-Main since 19th century
1349 second Judenschlacht: The second Judenschlacht of 1349
1721 Ghetto Fire: The Ghetto Fire of 1721
Since 1914/1923 University Frankfurt, 'Frankfurt School' and critical theory: 18 October 1914 University Frankfurt
9/10 November 1938 Kristallnacht and Holocaust: 9/10 November 1938 Kristallnacht, as most of the synagogues in Frankfurt were severely damaged or destroyed by the NSDAP mob on Kristallnacht,including the synagogues at Alt Heddernheim 33, Börneplatz, Börnestraße, Conrad-Weil-Gasse, Freiherr-vom-Stein-Straße, Friedberger Anlage 5-6, Hermesweg 5-7, Inselgasse 9, Marktplatz Höchst, Obermainanlage 8, Ostendstraße 18,] Niederhofheim'sche Synagoge, Schloßstraße 5, and Unterlindau 21, and as the deportation of the Jewish residents to their deaths in the East quickened in pace after Kristallnacht, as their property and valuables were taken by the Gestapo before deportation, and as they were subjected to extreme violence during transport to the stations for the cattle wagons which carried them east, as most ended up in new ghettoes established by the Nazis such as the Warsaw Ghetto before their murder in camps such as Sobibor, Belzec and Treblinka
Since 1942 Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II: Since 1942 Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II
20th century journalist and resistance fighter Emil Carlebach, opposing NSDAP dictatorship since early 1934: 1914-2001 Emil Carlebach a Hessian Landtag member, a writer, and a journalist, who was sentenced to 3 years in prison for spreading anti-fascist union publications, then in 1937 sent to Dachau concentration camp, then imprisoned at Buchenwald in 1938, where he was active in the illegal resistance organization, then was to have been shot by the SS on 6 April 1945 for his efforts in the camp revolt but was hidden by other prisoners and survived till liberation, then after the liberation of the concentration camp, the prisoners from Buchenwald chose him as their spokesman, later becoming the vice-president of the International Buchenwald Committee, as in 1947, without explanation, the USA Military Government (general Clay) in Germany revoked Carlebach's publisher's license despite he was also a co-founder of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime VVN (Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes) - Publikationen von Emil Carlebach
1977 'Röderberg-Reformschule' becomes 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule Frankfurt/Main': 1977 'Röderberg-Reformschule' wird 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule Frankfurt/Main', politisch gewollt u.a. von SPD Mitgliedern die aus deutscher Geschichte, der Entwicklung zum 1. Weltkrieg und Ebert-SPD unterstützten Kriegsverbrechen - angefangen Juli/August 1914 in Luxemburg, Belgien und Frankreich (German 'Schrecklichkeit'), dann barbarischem 'Stellungskrieg' mit hunderttausenden von Opfern, geächtetem und unmenschlichen Chemiewaffeneinsatz seit 1915 in Belgien bis 1917/18 gegen und in Italien durch den späteren GFM Erwin Rommel, weltweiter 'unrestricted submarine warfare' - und dann den Verfolgungen von Kriegsgegnern (um sie mit allen Mitteln zum Schweigen zu bringen) bis hin zu den Morden von Friedenskämpfern wie Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, Hugo Haase und vielen anderen - Verbrechen die der NSDAP den Weg ebneten und den NSDAP-Organisationen die Orientierung boten - kaum etwas gelernt haben
History and timeline of Wiesbaden: History of Wiesbaden
Education and research in Darmstadt: Education in Darmstadt
Since 1971 Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences: Since 1971 Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences
Economy of Darmstadt: Economy of Darmstadt
Timeline and history of Darmstadt: Geschichte der Stadt Darmstadt
After WWII 'Schule in Klein-Auheim' in Hanau becomes 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule': In der Folge von WWII wird aus der 'Schule in Klein-Auheim' eine 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule', gewollt von Politikern die aus deutscher Geschichte, der Entwicklung zum 1. Weltkrieg und Ebert-SPD unterstützten Kriegsverbrechen - angefangen Juli/August 1914 in Luxemburg, Belgien und Frankreich (German 'Schrecklichkeit'), dann barbarischem 'Stellungskrieg' mit hunderttausenden von Opfern, geächtetem und unmenschlichen Chemiewaffeneinsatz seit 1915 in Belgien bis 1917/18 gegen und in Italien durch den späteren GFM Erwin Rommel, weltweiter 'unrestricted submarine warfare' - und dann den Verfolgungen von Kriegsgegnern (um sie mit allen Mitteln zum Schweigen zu bringen) bis hin zu den Morden von Friedenskämpfern wie Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, Hugo Haase und vielen anderen - Verbrechen die der NSDAP den Weg ebneten und den NSDAP-Organisationen die Orientierung boten - kaum etwas gelernt haben
Economy and agriculture of Lower Saxony: Ecnomy of Lower Saxony, as the GDP of the state was 229.5 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 8.7% of German economic output, as agriculture, strongly weighted towards the livestock sector, has always been a very important economic factor in the state, as the north and northwest of Lower Saxony are mainly made up of coarse sandy soil that makes crop farming difficult and therefore grassland and cattle farming are more prevalent in those areas, as Lower Saxony is home to one in five of Germany's cattle, one in three of the country's pigs, and 50% of its hens, as wheat, potatoes, rye, and oats are among the state's present-day arable crops, as towards the south and southeast, extensive loess layers in the soil left behind by the last ice age allow high-yield crop farming, as one of the principal crops there is sugar beet, and consequently, the Land has a big food industry, mainly organized in small and medium-sized enterprises
Economy and manufacturing of Lower Saxony: Economy of Lower Saxony, as manufacturing is another large part of the regional economy, as the car maker Volkswagen with its five production plants within the state's borders still remains the single biggest private-sector employer, as due to the Volkswagen Law, which has recently been ruled illegal by the European Union's high court, the state of Lower Saxony is still the second largest shareholder, owning 20.3% of the company, and as thanks to the importance of car manufacturing in Lower Saxony, a thriving supply industry is centred around its regional focal points, as other mainstays of the Lower Saxon industrial sector include aviation, shipbuilding (such as Meyer Werft), biotechnology, and steel, as medicine plays a major role, as Hanover and Göttingen have two large University Medical Schools and hospitals and Otto Bock in Duderstadt is the word leader in prosthetics
List of regions of Lower Saxony: List of regions of Lower Saxony
Cities in Lower Saxony: Cities in Lower Saxony
Since October 1946 results of local elections in Lower Saxony: Seit 13. Oktober 1946 Ergebnisse der Kommunalwahlen in Niedersachsen
2011 local elections in Lower Saxony: 11. September 2011 Kommunalwahlen Niedersachsen
September 2016 local elections in Lower Saxony: 16. September 2016 Kommunalwahlen in Niedersachsen
September 2021 local elections in Lower Saxony: 12. September - 26. September 2021 Kommunalwahlen in Niedersachsen
Economy of Hanover: Economy of Hanover
Since 1333 Timeline of Hanover: Since 1333 Timeline of Hanover
1866 Hanover becomes part of Prussia: 1866 Hanover becomes part of Prussia
Since 1937 NDSAP mayors in Hanover, NSDAP's war since 1939 and the Holocaust in Hanover, Europe and northern Africa: After 1937 the lord mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP, as a large Jewish population then existed in Hanover, as in October 1938 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the Grynszpan family with the Grynszpans' son Herschel in Paris at the time, learning of what was happening and driving to the German embassy in Paris and shootng the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath, as the the Nazis took this act as a pretext to stage a nationwide pogrom known as Kristallnacht, the synagogue of Hanover, designed in 1870 by Edwin Oppler in neo-romantic style, was burnt by the Nazis, and in September 1941 a ghettoisation of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began, and even before the Wannsee Conference Jews from Hanover were deported first to Riga, and fewer than 100 were still in the city when troops of the USA arrived on 10 April 1945 to occupy Hanover at the end of the war, as after the war a large group of Orthodox Jewish survivors of the nearby Bergen-Belsen concentration camp settled in Hanover


Economy and transport in Osnabrück: Economy and transport in Osnabrück
History and timeline of Osnabrück: History of Osnabrück, as the city initially developed as a marketplace with its name referring to a bridge in the northwestern 'Osning' region, the name of the Teutoburg Forest until the 19th century, as the city later became a member of the 'Hanseatic League', as at the end of the Thirty Years' War 1618–1648, the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster, as the city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and German-Jewish painter Felix Nussbaum, whose work gives a rare glimpse into the essence of one person among the victims of the Holocaust, who was born in Osnabrück in 1904, was arrested in Belgium after German forces including Nazi-general Erwin Rommel attacked in 1940, was subsequently taken to the Saint-Cyprien camp in France, managed to escape, later again arrested in 1944 by German armed forces, sent to the Mechelen transit camp, sent to Auschwitz and was murdered at the age of 39, as in 1998, the 'Felix Nussbaum Haus' designed by architect Daniel Libeskind opened its doors to exhibit the artworks of Felix Nussbaum
Timeline of Osnabrück since 8th century: : Timeline of Osnabrück since 8th century
1618/28-1648 catholic Imperial alliance's 'Petersburg' castle against Osnabrück's citizens: Seit 1618/28 'Petersburg', eine Zitadelle im Südosten der Stadt Osnabrück, die in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges 1618-48 bestand und helfen sollte, die Gegenreformation in der Stadt durchzusetzen. Die Bevölkerung von Osnabrück und der evangelische Rat der Stadt empfanden die Petersburg als Bedrohung und nicht als Bauwerk zum eigenen Schutz. Denn trotz des Protests der Bevölkerung wurde ein Teil der Stadtmauer gegenüber der Burg abgerissen, dadurch ließen sich von ihr neben Feinden von außen ebenso die Einwohner unter Kontrolle halten. Am Ende des Dreißigjährigen Krieges ebneten die Osnabrücker die Wälle der ihnen verhassten Petersburg ein. Die letzten Überreste verschwanden, als die Stadt im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert erweitert wurde. An die Festung erinnern heute die Straßennamen 'An der Petersburg' und 'Petersburger Wall'
1976–2000 timeline of Osnabrück: 1976–2000 Chronik der Stadt Osnabrück


Since July 1998 'Felix Nussbaum Haus' by architect Daniel Libeskind to exhibit the artworks of Felix Nussbaum: Seit Juli 1998 Felix-Nussbaum-Haus Osnabrück, ein Museum im niedersächsischen Osnabrück. Es beherbergt mit mehr als 200 Werken die weltweit größte Sammlung seiner Bilder Felix Nussbaum, die in wechselnden Auszügen gezeigt werden. Das Gebäude wurde nach den Plänen des amerikanisch-jüdischen Architekten Daniel Libeskind errichtet, wobei das Felix-Nussbaum-Haus das erste Gebäude war, das von ihm erbaut und eröffnet wurde, gebaut mit wohl überlegter 'Architektursprache' und Nussbaum-Brücke (Nussbaum-Bridge) vom Altbau zum Neubau - 4. Dezember 2017: Die Architektur des Libeskind-Baus erzählt deutsch-jüdische Geschichte - 3. august 2020: Der Museumspreis der Niedersächsischen Sparkassenstiftung geht an das Museumsquartier in Osnabrück mit dem gelungenen Zusammenschluss des Felix-Nussbaum-Hauses, des Kulturgeschichtlichen Museums, der Villa Schlikker und des Akzisehauses unter dem Leitthema Frieden
21st century timeline of Osnabrück: Seit 2001 Chronik der Stadt Osnabrück


Geography of Osnabrück: Geography of Osnabrück
Bramsche/Kalkriese archeaological museum: Museum und Park Kalkriese, ein archäologisches Museum mit angeschlossenem Freilichtmuseum im Bramscher Ortsteil Kalkriese am Wiehengebirge im Osnabrücker Land. Die Anlage wurde gegründet, da die Fundregion Kalkriese darauf hinweist, dass hier im Jahr 9 n. Chr. einer der Schauplätze der Varusschlacht zwischen Arminius und Varus gewesen sein könnte - Fundregion Kalkriese, ein Areal in der Kalkrieser-Niewedder Senke in Bramsche im Osnabrücker Land, in dem größere Mengen römischer Funde gemacht wurden. Es handelt sich neben dem Römerlager Hedemünden, dem Fundplatz Bentumersiel, dem Römischen Marschlager von Wilkenburg und dem Harzhorn um eine der wenigen größeren römischen Fundstellen in der Nordhälfte Deutschlands. Die Funde sind im Museum und Park Kalkriese ausgestellt - Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald), described as the Varian Disaster by Roman historians, took place in the 'Teutoburg Forest' in 9 CE, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus, as the alliance was led by Arminius, a Germanic officer of Varus's auxilia, who had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses


Economy of Lüneburg: Economy of Lüneburg
History and timeline of Lüneburg: History and timeline of Lüneburg
Since 956 Lüneburg in the Middle Ages and Hanseatic period: Since 956 Lüneburg in the Middle Ages and Hanseatic period
Lüneburg in the modern period to the end of the Second World War: Lüneburg in the modern period to the end of the Second World War
Institute of Ecology: Institute of Ecology
Sustainable Use of Natural Resources: Sustainable Use of Natural Resources - Leuphana Institute
Transport of Rügen: Transport of Rügen - Rügen Airport
Towns, municipalities and villages of Rügen island: Towns, municipalities and villages of Rügen island
Economy and education in Bergen: Wirtschaft, Infrastruktur und Schulen in Bergen
Economy of Rostock: Economy of Rostock
Timeline of Rostock: Timeline of Rostock since 1218
Timeline of Rostock in the 20th and 21st century: Timeline of Rostock in the 20th and 21st century
History and timeline of Schwerin: History and timeline of Schwerin
Stralsund city: Stralsund city, officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund, in the Pomeranian part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern located at the southern coast of the Strelasund sound of the Baltic Sea separating Rügen from the mainland, as the Western Pomeranian city has been the capital of the Vorpommern-Rügen district since the 2011 district reforms, today the fourth-largest city of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and, together with Greifswald, Stralsund forms an Oberzentrum, one of four high-level urban centres of the region, as Stralsund in the Medival ages was granted city rights in 1234 becoming one of the most prosperous members of the Hanseatic League until in 1628, during the 'Thirty Years' War', the city came under Swedish rule and remained so until the upheavals of the Napoleonic Wars, as from 1815 to 1945 Stralsund became part of Prussian kingdom (dutch since 1526, kingdom since 1701, after knocked down 1848/49 revolution violently establishing a second German empire since 1870/71 to wage WW1 and WW2), as Stralsund city's main industries today are shipbuilding, fishing, mechanical engineering, tourism, life sciences, services and high tech industries, especially information technology and biotechnology
Education and transport in Stralsund: Education and transport in Stralsund
History and timeline of Stralsund: History and timeline of Stralsund
History of North Rhine-Westphalia: History of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia
1848-1849 Rhineland in the German revolutions of 1848–1849: Rhineland in the German revolutions of 1848–1849
September 2020 local elections in North Rhine-Westphalia: 13. September 2020 Kommunalwahlen in Nordrhein-Westfalen
25 January 2021 NRW government explains its policy neither speaking Latin nor Kauderwelsch or Gibberish: 25. Januar 2021: Am 19. Januar 2021 haben sich 'Bundeskanzlerin und die Ministerpräsidentinnen und -präsidenten der Länder auf eine Verlängerung der bisherigen Corona-Maßnahmen bis zum 14. Februar 2021 verständigt', und NRW informiert die Menschen des Bundeslandes mit einer 'Verordnung zum Schutz vor Neuinfizierungen mit dem Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaschutzverordnung – CoronaSchVO) vom 7. Januar 2021 in der ab dem 25. Januar 2021 gültigen Fassung: Auf Grund von § 32 in Verbindung mit § 28 Absatz 1, § 28a Absatz 1, 3 bis 6, § 73 Absatz 1a Nummer 6 und 24 des Infektionsschutzgesetzes vom 20. Juli 2000 (BGBl. I S. 1045), von denen § 28 Absatz 1 zuletzt durch Artikel 1 Nummer 16 des Gesetzes vom 18. November 2020 (BGBl. I S. 2397) geändert, § 28a durch Artikel 1 Nummer 17 des Gesetzes vom 18. November 2020 (BGBl. I S. 2397) eingefügt, § 73 Absatz 1a Nummer 6 zuletzt durch Artikel 1 Nummer 26 des Gesetzes vom 19. Mai 2020 (BGBl. I S. 1010) und § 73 Absatz 1a Nummer 24 zuletzt durch Artikel 1 Nummer 23 des Gesetzes vom 18. November 2020 (BGBl. I S. 2397) geändert worden sind, sowie von § 10 des Infektionsschutz- und Befugnisgesetzes vom 14. April 2020 (GV. NRW. S. 218b) verordnet das Ministerium für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales: § 1 Allgemeine Grundsätze (1) Zur Fortsetzung der Bekämpfung der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie und insbesondere zur Gewährleistung ausreichender medizinischer Versorgungskapazitäten werden mit dieser Verordnung Maßnahmen angeordnet, die die Infektionsgefahren wirksam und zielgerichtet begrenzen und Infektionswege nachvollziehbar machen. (2) Jede in die Grundregeln des Infektionsschutzes einsichtsfähige Person ist verpflichtet, sich so zu verhalten, dass sie sich und andere keinen vermeidbaren Infektionsgefahren aussetzt
Economy of North Rhine-Westphalia: Economy of North Rhine-Westphalia
History and timeline of North Rhine-Westphalia: History of North Rhine-Westphalia
History of districts, cities and towns in North Rhine-Westphalia: History of cities in North Rhine-Westphalia - Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Aachen city: Aachen city, with around 249,000 inhabitants in 2020, the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, the westernmost city in Germany bordering Belgium and the Netherlands to the west, located between Maastricht in the Netherlands and Liège in Belgium in the west, as the Wurm River flows through the city, and as - together with Mönchengladbach - Aachen is the only larger German city in the drainage basin of the Meuse, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea - History of Aachen, as Flint quarries on the Lousberg, Schneeberg, and Königshügel, first used during Neolithic times 3000–2500 BC, attest to the long occupation of the site of Aachen, as do recent finds under the modern city's Elisengarten pointing to a former settlement from the same period
Timeline of Aachen: Timeline of Aachen
History, economy and timeline of Stolberg: Stolberg, first mentioned in documents from the 12th century, became an important centre of brass production when Protestant brass producers resettled to Stolberg from Aachen around 1600 to escape religious persecution and economic restrictions, as in the 20th century after two German empire's world wars Stolberg hosted the headquarter of German Neo-Nazi organization Wiking-Jugend ('Viking youth') - Im der ersten Zeit des 21. Jahrhunderts ist schließt die Wirtschaft und das produzierende Gewerbe Stolbergs große Industrieunternehmen ein wie die Schwermetall Halbzeugwerk GmbH&Co. KG, die größte Vorwalzbandproduzentin der Welt, weitere metallverbeitende Industrien wie u.a. die Bleihütte BBH, Glas und Pharmaprodukte herstellende Firmen, wobei wegen der beengten Tallage Stolbergs auch viele Unternehmen im Vichttal vor große Probleme gestellt waren und sind - 2021 Hochwasser im Vichttal - Seit Juli 2021 Hochwasser in West- und Mitteleuropa mit schweren Sturzfluten bzw. Überschwemmungen in mehreren Flußgebieten, besonders in Teilen Belgiens, der Niederlande, Österreichs, der Schweiz, in etlichen deutschen Bundesländern wie NRW, und weiterer angrenzender Länder, vor allem der European Union
About 313 Catholic diocese of Cologne established: About 313 (year of the first known Bishop of the diocese according to the chronology of ecclesial jurisdictions of Germany) Catholic Diocese of Cologne, followed by Mainz, Trier (Moselle), Strasbourg in the Rhine valley - In February 313 Roman emperor Constantine I met with Licinius in Milan to develop the Edict of Milan, which stated that Christians should be allowed to follow their faith without oppression - 285-315 Maternus of Cologne, first known bishop of Cologne, founder of the diocese of Tongeren, active during the period of the Donatist controversy, as in 313 Maternus and other bishops were summoned to Rome by Emperor Constantine to consult regarding the status of Bishop Caecilianus of Carthage, also taking part in the Synod of Arles in 314 while a legend grew in Trier concerning Maternus and a popular cult developed in Cologne - May-August 325 First Council of Nicaea of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea (now Iznik, Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325, as this ecumenical council was the first effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly, and as its main accomplishments were 'settlement' of the divine nature of 'God the Son' and his relationship to 'God the Father'
716 Battle of Cologne during the battles of the Frankish War 715-718: 716 Battle of Cologne during the battles of the Frankish War 715-718
1824 unfinished 'Kölner Dom': 1824 der unfertige Kölner Dom zur Zeit Heinrich Heines - 1843/1844 Heinrich Heine reist durch den Teutoburger Wald, spendet in Detmold Geld für den gerade begonnenen Bau des Hermannsdenkmals, und denkt - bei zu der Zeit noch unzulänglicher Quellenlage - auch darüber nach, was wohl geschehen wäre, wenn der Cherusker Arminius das Römische Sklavenhalterreich in einem Verteidigungskampf der Region zu Beginn des 1. Jhs. nicht besiegt hätte, bemerkt allerdings spöttisch 'Sie stelzen noch immer so steif herum, so kerzengrade geschniegelt, als hätten sie verschluckt den Stock, womit man sie einst geprügelt', reist nach einem Besuch des Geburtshauses seines Großvaters - der nicht Willy hieß - in Bückeburg weiter nach Hannover, um am Ziel seiner Reise in Hamburg sich bei seiner Mutter einzuquartieren, die - eine dortige Heinrich-Heine-Buchhandlung, eine 'Lange Reihe' mit manchen Fahrradfahrern glücklicherweise - einen Bahnhof leider noch nicht kennenlernen konnte, leider auch nicht die 'Rounds Mountain' (mit schöner Rundsicht), weil die 'Hamburg-American Line transatlantic shipping enterprise' erst in 1847 in Hamburg gegründet wurde
1942-1945 German city of Cologne bombed by the Allies during Nazi Germany's World War II: May 1942 - March 1945 German city of Cologne was bombed in 262 separate air raids by the Allies during Nazi Germany's World War II
Government and mayors of Düsseldorf: Government and mayors of Düsseldorf
Timeline of Düsseldorf since 8th century: Timeline of Düsseldorf since 8th/12th century
Since Roman and 'Holy Roman Empire' Jews pushed into roles considered socially inferior such as tax and rent collecting and moneylending: Since the formation of the 'Holy Roman Empire' and Christian territorial states, restrictions upon Jewish occupations were imposed by Christian authorities, as local rulers and church officials closed many professions to Jews, pushing them into marginal roles considered socially inferior, such as tax and rent collecting and moneylending, occupations only tolerated as a 'necessary evil', as catholic doctrine held that lending money for interest was a sin, according to Jesus Christus and the so-called 'New Testament', and it was an occupation forbidden to Christians, amid constantly growing financial needs of the feudal lords, their wars, conquests and then gobal and colonial conquests including Portuguese and Spanish conquests, when catholics developped the 'Holy Inquisition' to detect 'conversos'
Since Roman empire's colonial conquests antisemitic laws in Europe and Germany: Since Roman empire's colonial conquests 'Antisemitisches Recht' (antisemitic laws) in Europe and Germany
Since 1285 St. Sebastianus 'Bruderschaft Kaiserswerth' militia: 1285 St. Sebastianus 'Bruderschaft Kaiserswerth' militia formed
1500-1808 expensive protection letters ('Schutzbriefe') for Jews to fill up sovereign's coffers: In den Jahren von 1500–1808 mussten die Düsseldorfer Juden - wie überall in Jülich und Berg - einen so genannten Schutzbrief vorweisen, um sesshaft werden zu können, wobei das Schutzgeld über die Landjudenschaft eingeholt und an die landesherrliche Kasse entrichtet wurde, und die meisten der erstmaligen urkundlichen Beweise kommunaler oder landesherrlicher Provenienz, die jüdische Familien in den bergischen, Düsseldorf benachbarten Städten belegen, fallen überwiegend in die Zeit nach 1500, wie beispielsweise für Mülheim an der Ruhr (1508), Solingen (1568), Ratingen (1592), (Düsseldorf-)Kaiserswerth (1611) oder für die Herrschaft Hardenberg (1678), ein großer Teil dann aber erst ins späte 17. und frühe 18. Jahrhundert
Since 1792 'Alte Synagoge' in Düsseldorf: Die Alte Synagoge in Düsseldorf, erbaut nach dem Vorbild der ältesten Synagoge Englands von 1699/1701, wurde am 24. März 1792 eingeweiht und später durch die Große Synagoge, etwas entfernt, ersetzt - Die Geschichte der Düsseldorfer Juden reicht in ihren Anfängen bis in das späte Mittelalter zurück, doch erst seit dem ausgehenden 17. Jahrhundert war eine dauerhafte Ansiedlung von Juden möglich, deren Gemeinde während der Industrialisierung stark anwuchs mit einen Anteil von rund 1% der Gesamtbevölkerung, in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus zerstört wurde als ein Großteil der Düsseldorfer Juden emigrieren mußte oder ermordet wurde, und ist mit ca. 7087 Personen als Jüdische Gemeinde Düsseldorf zu Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts die größte Gemeinde in NRW sowie nach der Jüdischen Gemeinde zu Berlin und München und Oberbayern die drittgrößte Gemeinde in Deutschland
Since Middle Ages dates of Jewish emancipation, worldwide and in Germany 1812-1933: Dates of Jewish emancipation, since 1264 in Poland, since 1790 in the USA and in Prussia and the German empire 1812-1933
Since 1815 Prussians in power, crushed European revolutions and German empire: Kingdom of Prussia until 1918, a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918 - German Confederation ('Deutscher Bund'), an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement of the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806, as the German revolutions of 1848–49, motivated by liberal, democratic, socialist and nationalist sentiments, attempted to transform the Confederation into a unified German federal state with a liberal constitution, but the ruling body of the Confederation, dissolved on 12 July 1848, was re-established in 1850 after the revolution was crushed by Austria, Prussia and other states
1875 Düsseldorf premiere of the Missa Solemnis of L. v. Beethoven: 1875 Düsseldorf premiere of the Missa Solemnis of L. v. Beethoven
1903-1938 the 'Große Synagoge' in Düsseldorf, Leo Baeck and 'Galileo Galilei und das Ende des Mittelalters': 1903-1938 die Große Synagoge an der Kasernenstraße in Düsseldorf wurde im Jahre 1903 nach den Entwürfen des Architekten Josef Kleesattel im Stil der Neoromanik erbaut, am 10. November 1938 in Brand gesteckt und die Ruine wurde am 29. November desselben Jahres abgebrochen - Von 1907 bis 1912 amtierte Rabbiner Leo Baeck aus Leszno (Lissa) in Polen in Düsseldorf, wurde 1912 Gemeinderabbiner in Berlin, wo er ab 1913 auch als Dozent an der Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums wirkte, war Feldrabbiner im 1. Weltkrieg des Deutschen Reiches, wurde 1943 in das Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt verschleppt, wo er als 'Prominenter mit besonderen Rechten' lebte (während die 'Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland“ von der Gestapo geschlossen wurde), hielt, soweit bekannt, im Dezember 1944 im Ghetto seinen letzten Vortrag mit dem Titel 'Galileo Galilei und das Ende des Mittelalters', und starb 1956 in London
1898-1973 career of German lawyer Hans Josef Maria Globke and the Holocaust: Since early 20th century career of German lawyer Hans Josef Maria Globke (1898-1973) from Düsseldorf, who served as a judge in the police court of Aachen, then became vice police-chief of Aachen in 1925, then in December 1929 entered the Higher Civil Service in the Prussian Ministry of the Interior, then in November 1932 wrote a set of rules to make it harder for Germans of Jewish ancestry in Prussia to change their last names to less obviously Jewish names followed by guidelines for their implementation, then helped to formulate the 'Enabling Act' of 1933, which effectively gave Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers, then co-authored the official legal commentary on the new Reich Citizenship Law, one of the Nuremberg Laws introduced at the Nazi Party Congress in September 1935 which revoked the citizenship of German Jews, wrote a legal annotation on the antisemitic Nuremberg Race Laws that placed the NSDAP on a firmer legal ground, setting the path to the Holocaust, Globke designed the 'J' imprinted in the passports of Jews, had a leading role preparing the Law for the Defense of German Blood and Honor in 1938, then in 1940 asked for NSDAP membership, then Globke served as chief legal adviser to the Office for Jewish Affairs since 1941 headed by Adolf Eichmann and that performed the bureaucratic implementation of the Holocaust the Civil Status Act November 1937, Globke also served as chief legal adviser to the Office for Jewish Affairs in the Ministry of Interior, headed by Adolf Eichmann, that performed the bureaucratic implementation of the Holocaust, then since 1949 in West Germany as CDU member second career becoming a high-ranking civil servant and politician as Secretary of State and Chief of Staff of the West German Chancellery from 28 October 1953 to 15 October 1963, responsible for running the Chancellery, recommending the people who were appointed to roles in the government, coordinating the government's work, and for the establishment and oversight of the West German intelligence service and for all matters of national 'security'
1933–1945 National Socialism and the Holocaust in Düsseldorf: Seit 11. April 1933 in Düsseldorf Verbrennung 'unerwünschter Literatur' durch die Deutsche Studentenschaft, unter anderem von Büchern Heinrich Heines, am 10. November 1938 wurden in der Pogromnacht die Synagogen auf der Kasernenstraße und in Benrath niedergebrannt, die jüdische Bevölkerung der Stadt wurde verfolgt und mindestens 18 Personen wurden ermordet, die Deportation von fast 6000 Juden aus dem gesamten Regierungsbezirk lag in den Händen des 'Judenreferats' der Staatspolizeileitstelle Düsseldorf, am 27. Oktober 1941 fuhr der erste Zug mit insgesamt 1003 Düsseldorfer und niederrheinischen Juden in die deutschen Konzentrationslager im besetzten Polen, über 2200 Düsseldorfer Juden wurden ermordet - 1933–1945 Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust in Düsseldorf, Globkes Heimatort und eine der Wirkungsstätten eines deutschen Juristen, der NSDAP und der SS
21st century Düsseldorf: 21st century Düsseldorf
Economy and transport in Wuppertal: Economy and transport in Wuppertal
Solingen city: Solingen city
2013 CDU's Helmut Kohl discussed secret plan with UK's Thatcher in 1982 to reduce number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%: 1 August 2013: Former Chancellor Helmut Kohl (CDU) discussed a secret plan with Margaret Thatcher in 1982 to reduce the number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%
Demographics of Duisburg: Demographics of Duisburg
Education in Duisburg: Bildung und Schulen in Duisburg
Harbours in Duisburg: Hafen in Duisburg - Schiffahrt Duisburg
Politics of Duisburg: Politik in Duisburg
Timeline of Duisburg: Timeline of Duisburg since 1290
Since 1845/46 Cologne–Duisburg railway: Since 1845/46 Cologne–Duisburg railway
1941-1945 Bombing of Duisburg in World War II: 1941-1945 Bombing of Duisburg in World War II
Education and schools in Oberhausen: Liste der Schulen in Oberhausen
Timeline of Oberhausen: History and timeline of Oberhausen
Economy of Hagen: Economy of Hagen
History and timeline of Hagen: History and timeline of Hagen
Da agosto 1875 monumento della vergogna: Crimini di guerra della Wehrmacht furono quelli commessi dalle forze armate tedesche durante la seconda guerra mondiale, che tra il settembre 1939 e il maggio 1945 si macchiarono di innumerevoli crimini di guerra, crimini contro le popolazioni civili e violazioni delle norme internazionali che regolavano i conflitti armati, specialmente sul fronte orientale - 'Armadio della vergogna', un'espressione del giornalismo relativo a crimini di guerra commessi sul territorio italiano durante la campagna d'Italia (1943-1945) dalle truppe nazifasciste - Depuis 16 août 1875 monument d'Hermann ('Hermannsdenkmal' - 'sapere aude'), un monument situé en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie en Allemagne dans le sud de la forêt de Teutberg, qui se trouve au sud-ouest de Detmold dans le district de Lippe. Il se dresse sur le mont densément boisé de Teutberg qui s'élève à 386 mètres, au centre de la fortification circulaire de Grotenburg, mais c'est vers l'ouest et non vers le sud que la statue - inaugurée en présence de l'empereur Guillaume - est tournée - 9 CE 'Battle of the Teutoburg Forest' in the northern countryside of Osnabrück, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, as the alliance was led by Germanic officer of Varus's auxilia 'Arminius', who had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses. The very cruel battle reportedly (by contemporary historians) for many days is commonly seen as one of the most important defeats in Roman history, bringing the triumphant period of expansion under Augustus to an abrupt end. The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania - List of ancient Germanic peoples
Since 1961 Hitler-General 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne' in Augustdorf: Since 1961 Hitler-General 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne'
Health and healthcare in Gütersloh: Health and healthcare in Gütersloh
Education in Lemgo today including research: Education and research in Lemgo
Timeline and history of Lemgo since 12th century: Timeline and history of Lemgo since 12th century when the city was founded at the crossroad of two merchant routes, as Lemgo then was a member of the medieval trading association 'Hanseatic League' of free or autonomous cities in several northern European countries such as the Netherlands, Germany and Poland, as during the Reformation the city of Lemgo adopted Lutheranism in 1522, whereas otherwise in Lippe, its spread was hampered until 1533 by the opposition of the then Catholic ruling Counts of Lippe, as in 1605 Count of Lippe Simon VI adopted Calvinism and demanded the conversion of Lemgo's citizens too using his monarchic privilege of 'cuius regio, eius religio' leading to a dispute with Lemgo, as the city defied the edict to convert to Calvinism, leading to the Revolt of Lemgo followed by the Peace of Röhrentrup in 1617, granting Lemgo the right to determine its faith independently, but during the 30 Years War on 15 October 1638 Lemgo was put under siege by a powerful combined army of Palatine and Swedish troops followed by the Battle of Vlotho near Lemgo - October 1636 Battle of Vlotho, a victory for the Imperial Army under the command of Field Marshal Melchior von Hatzfeldt, that ended the attempt by Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, to recapture the Electoral Palatinate - Oktober 1638 Schlacht bei Vlotho, Folgen für die europäischen Mächte die den Kieg in Mitteleuropa 30 Jahre lang führten und katastrophale Folgen für die Zivilbevölkerung, die Bauern, Handwerker, Kaufleute, also die Bürger mit ihren Familien - 1618-1648 Dreißigjähriger Krieg, ein Konflikt um die Hegemonie im Heiligen Römischen Reich und in Europa, der als Religionskrieg begann und als Territorialkrieg endete, wobei sich in diesem Krieg auf europäischer Ebene der habsburgisch-französische Gegensatz und auf Reichsebene der Gegensatz zwischen dem Kaiser und der Katholischen Liga einerseits und der Protestantischen Union andererseits entluden, während - gemeinsam mit ihren jeweiligen Verbündeten - die habsburgischen Mächte Österreich und Spanien neben ihren territorialen auch ihre dynastischen Interessenkonflikte mit Frankreich, den Niederlanden, Dänemark und Schweden vorwiegend auf dem Boden des Reiches austrugen, und wobei infolgedessen eine Reihe von weiteren Konflikten mit dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg eng verbunden waren - 1939-1941 'Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder' von Bertolt Brecht im schwedischen Exil verfasst und 1941 in Zürich uraufgeführt, das im Dreißigjährigen Krieg zwischen 1624 und 1636 spielt und die Geschichte der Marketenderin Mutter Courage erzählt, die versucht, ihr Geschäft mit dem Krieg zu machen, und dabei ihre drei Kinder verliert, wobei Brecht Abscheu vor dem Krieg vermitteln will und - im 20. Jahrhundert - vor der kapitalistischen Gesellschaft, die - d.h. deren herrschende Klassen mit einem von ihnen dominierten, beherrschten Staat, Regime und Militär - ihn hervorbringt
Since 799/1281 'Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn': History of the 'Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn' of the Holy Roman Empire from 1281 to 1802, after the 'Diocese of Paderborn' was founded in 799 by Pope Leo III (in the early years it was subordinated to the bishop of Würzburg), as since 855 the clergy had the right to elect the bishop, as the diocese included the larger part of Lippe, Waldeck, and nearly half of the County of Ravensberg, as in 1180 (when the Duchy of Saxony ceased to exist) the rights which the old dukedom had exercised over Paderborn were transferred to the Archbishopric-Electorate of Cologne, as under Bernhard II Bishop of Paderborn 1188–1203 the bailiwick over the diocese, which since the middle of the 11th century had been held as a fief by the Counts of Arnsberg, returned to the bishops, an important advance in the development of the bishops' position as a secular ruler in his temporalities, forming a Hochstift of imperial immediacy since 1281, 1807-1813 ceded to Kgdm Westphalia, then succeeded by the Kingdom of Prussia and Prussian province of Westphalia, since 1848-49 and 1870/71 establishing the second German empire, dominated by Prussia's military and political tradition, later waging World War I and II
Since 1851 'Sennelager' camp of the Prussian Army: Since 1851 'Sennelager' (camp on the Senne), when the Prussian Army used the area as a training camp for their cavalry, later expanding into a full training facility for the armed forces, most notably during the 1888–1918 reign of emperor Wilhelm II, as during World War I a POW camp here housed British and French soldiers as well as, in a distinct section, various civilians, merchant seamen, including many British trawlermen taken prisoner after German raiders sank their ships in the North Sea, as many of the fishermen came from Boston or from Grimsby in Lincolnshire, and as many were later transferred to Ruhleben internment camp near Berlin, remaining there for the duration of the war, as later during the German empire's World War II the 'Wehrmacht' used the village as a military loading station, and the village's railway station, as nearby
Since 19th century Sennelager Training Area, 'Truppenübungsplatz Senne': Sennelager Training Area and 'Truppenübungsplatz Senne' - also a military training area in Germany under the control of British Forces based in Paderborn Garrison - north of Paderborn, on the western edge of the Teutoburg Forest in the middle of the Senne, as the Stapel Exercise Area in Lage, north of Augustdorf, also belongs to the Sennelager Training Area within the boundaries of the following towns and villages Augustdorf, Detmold, Schlangen (Lippe), Bad Lippspringe, Paderborn, Hövelhof (Paderborn district) and Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock (Gütersloh district) and belonging to the German Government which discharges its responsibility through the Institute for Federal Real Estate, as the area was first used for military purposes at the end of the 19th century, and as Germany's 'Field Marshal Rommel Barracks' Augustdorf is located nearby - Ab 1936 entstand nördlich von Augustdorf zusätzlich der Übungsplatz Stapel, und 1941 entstand am Nordwestrand des Truppenübungsplatzes in Stukenbrock-Senne das Kriegsgefangenenlager Stalag 326, in dem bis zur Befreiung 1945 etwa 65.000 überwiegend sowjetische Kriegsgefangene ums Leben kamen, während auch im dazugehörenden 'Lager Staumühle' ab 1941 vorwiegend sowjetische Kriegsgefangene untergebracht waren - Ehrenfriedhof für die etwa 65.000 sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, die im Stalag 326/VI K Senne umgekommen sind, Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock Senner Straße
1941-1945 über 5 Millionen sowjetische Soldaten in deutsche Kriegsgefangenschaft und Massenmord: Zwischen 1941 und 1945 gerieten weit über 5 Millionen sowjetische Soldaten in deutsche Kriegsgefangenschaft, 3,3 Millionen sowjetische Kriegsgefangene kamen dabei um, annähernd 80.000 jüdische kriegsgefangene Angehörige der Roten Armee wurden ermordet, wobei Arbeitseinsätze sowjetischer Gefangener schon vor dem Führerbefehl vom 31. Oktober 1941 stattfanden, und - obwohl das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht OKW schon im März 1941 für die Wochen nach dem Überfall, den Sommer und Herbst 1941, mit zwei bis drei Millionen sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen gerechnet hatte - keine wenigstens einigermaßen ausreichenden Vorbereitungen für deren existenzsichernde Unterkunft und Versorgung getroffen worden waren, d.h. die Gefangenen kampierten überwiegend unter desaströsesten Bedingungen im Freien, mit absolut unzureichender Ernährung, schlechter Hygiene und kaum medizinischer Versorgung, so dass viele an Krankheiten wie Ruhr- und Fleckfieberepidemien umkamen, und wobei der Aggressor schon vor Kriegsbeginn im sogenannten Hungerplan den Hungertod so vieler sowjetischer Soldaten einkalkuliert hatte (Sterbelager), wobei Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene wurden auch in deutschen Konzentrationslagern inhaftiert wurden, etwa im KZ Sachsenhausen, und auf zahlreiche Arten ermordet wurden, wie z. B. mittels Genickschussanlage, Hängen, tödlicher Injektionen verschiedener Substanzen und Massenerschießungen (KZ Dachau, KZ Buchenwald), und wobei Menschenversuche mit sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen für das KZ Neuengamme (Tuberkulose) und für das KZ Auschwitz (Vergiftungsversuch an 600 Gefangenen mit Zyklon B) belegt sind, und wobei hunderttausende von ihnen heute – ebenso wie gefallene Soldaten der Roten Armee und sowjetische Zwangsarbeiter der NS-Zeit – auf sowjetischen Kriegsgräberstätten in Deutschland liegen z.B. in Schloß-Holte Stukenbrock, unzählige in Massengräbern verscharrt wurden und ihre Leichname teilweise nach und nach zum Vorschein kamen - 1941-1945 les crimes nazis contre les prisonniers de guerre soviétiques furent perpétrés par le 'Troisième Reich' pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en raison d'une véritable politique d'extermination, et ces exactions se situent à la suite de l'opération 'Barbarossa' sur le front de l'Est
September 2020 local elections in North Rhine-Westphalia: 13. September 2020 Kommunalwahlen in Nordrhein-Westfalen
2011 Rhineland-Palatinate state election: March 2011 Rhineland-Palatinate state election
14 March 2021: 2021 Rhineland-Palatinate state election: 14 March 2021: 2021 Rhineland-Palatinate state election
Cities and municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate: Cities in Rhineland-Palatinate - Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Education in Trier: Education in Trier
Economy and transportation in Trier: Economy and transportation in Trier
History and timeline of Trier: History and timeline of Trier
Trier in the modern age, 1848 revolution, repression and 1871 second German Empire: Trier in the modern age, as during the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, Trier's city council sent a letter to the king of Prussia, demanding more civic liberties, as the lawyer Ludwig Simon was elected to represent Trier in the first German parliament in Frankfurt, as Prussian soldiers killed one citizen and wounded others escalating the situation, as the people of Trier hoisted black-red-gold flags as democratic symbols, rang the church bells, organized a militia and took away the signs of Prussian rule, as a second melée between demonstrators and soldiers, which left two citizens dead, led to a collective outburst of fury with people building barricades and waving the red flag, as there were even reports that a statue of the Prussian king was smashed into pieces and Trier was on the eve of a civil war, when the commander of the VIII Prussian army corps arrived and threatened to shell Trier, as - after being confronted with superior Prussian military power - the citizens gave up and removed the barricades, as some citizens were jailed for their democratic intentins, as Ludwig Simon emigrated like many others and died in Switzerland, and as Trier became part of the German Empire during the Prussian-led unification of Germany in 1871
1843 Karl Marx' frühe Texte: 1843 in Karl Marx' Kritik der 'Deutschen Ideogie' - in der 'Vormärz' Periode der deutscher Länder zwischen der Julirevolution 1830 und der Märzrevolution von 1848 (und andere im Europa der Jahre 1848-1851) - schreibt er in seiner Kritik zu Bruno Bauers Schrift 'Die Judenfrage' von 1843 - in der es heißt, daß die deutschen Juden 'die staatsbürgerliche, die politische Emanzipation' begehren -, daß 'erst in den nordamerikanischen Freistaaten - wenigstens in einem Teil derselben - die Judenfrage ihre theologische Bedeutung verliert und zu einer wirklich weltlichen Frage' wird. 'Mit der lebensfrische(n ... Existenz der Religion (sei) der Beweis geführt, daß das Dasein der Religion der Vollendung des Staats nicht widerspricht.' 'Die Religion gilt uns nicht mehr als der Grund, sondern nur noch als das Phänomen der weltlichen Beschränktheit'. Marx arbeitet sich gleichermaßen in seiner Kriik an der fast 2000-jährigen Geschichte und Tradition der Juden in Europa ab, die ihn als Sohn einer angesehenen jüdischen Rechtsanwaltsfamilie in Trier, der in der Folge der großen französichen Revolution 1789-1792 und der Judenemanzipation zum Christentum konvertiert war. Wie anderswo in Europa zuvor und insbesondere auf der iberischen Halbinsel, während und in Folge der 'Reconquista' der spanischen 'conquistadores'. Mit von ihnen besonders konsequent, brutal und bis ins 19./20. Jahrhundert praktizierter 'Inquisition', die vor allem auf konvertierte Juden zielte (und diese zu einem sehr kleinen Teil auch wohlhabend, weil sie ab Etablierung der christlichen Religion nach der Zerstörung Israels in 2 Jahrhunderten etwas später als Doktrin, als Staatsreligion des römischen und dann des Heiligen Römischen Reiches deutscher Nation' von 'ehrbaren' Berufen ausgeschlossen wurden, daher u.a. von Jesus als Christus nach seiner Kreuzigung durch das 'Imperium Romanum' verächtlich gemachte Tätigkeiten in Verbindung mit der Geldzirkulation ausübten und wohl gut verstanden hatten. Dieser Kontext wird in der August-Dezember 1843 Schrift von Marx, der im Juni 1843 Jenny von Westphalen in Bad Kreuznach standesamtlich heiratete, nur bruchstückhaft sichtbar, u.a. wegen der damaligen Quellenlage, wegen anderer Schwerpunkte der publizistischen Arbeit des jungen Wissenschaftlers, der bedeutend später in Bemerkungen über anstehende Arbeiten ausdrücklich den individuellen Reproduktionsprozeß der gesellschaftlichen Individuen anspricht (im Unterschied zum gesellschaftlichen Reproduktionspozeß und den er wegen des enormen Aufwands für die Formulierung seines Hauptwerks vernachlässigen mußte), wie auch ethnologische Studien auflistet
1845/1846 'Kommunismus' die wirkliche Bewegung, welche den jetzigen Zustand aufhebt: Der Kommunismus ist für uns nicht ein Zustand, der hergestellt werden soll, ein Ideal, wonach die Wirklichkeit sich zu richten haben [wird]. Wir - Marx, Engels and colleagues - nennen Kommunismus die wirkliche Bewegung, welche den jetzigen Zustand aufhebt, 'Die deutsche Ideologie' 1845/46 unveröffentlicht - According to some scientiests in the 20th and 21st centuries programmatic terms of a classless society first emerged in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome has also been discussed, among them thinkers such as Aristotele, Cicero, Demosthenes, Plato, Tacitus, as the 5th-century Mazdak movement in Persia has been described as communistic for challenging the enormous privileges of the noble classes and the clergy, criticizing the institution of private property, and striving to create an egalitarian society, as in the Medieval Christian Church communities shared their land and their other property, and as an economic system 'communism' was attractive to many of the peasants who supported social revolution in 16th century central Europe (among others highlighted in one of Karl Marx's early writing), as in the early 19th century, various social reformers founded communities based on common ownership (including Robert Owen, who founded New Harmony, Indiana in 1825, and Charles Fourier, whose followers organized other settlements in the USA), in its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe, and as the 'Industrial Revolution' advanced socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions (including Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, working at the mill owned by his father in Manchester as an office clerk, working his way up to become a partner of the firm in 1864, tied together with Mary Burns, a fierce young Irish woman who worked in the Engels factory, while Engels regarded stable monogamy as a virtue, and Burns guided Engels through Manchester and Salford, showing him the worst districts for his research)
1849-1883 Karl and Jenny Marx' family in London: 1849-1883 Karl and Jenny Marx' family in London
London 1867 Karl Marx - Ware und Geld und der Produktionsprozeß des Kapitals: 1867 Karl Marx: Der Produktionsprozeß des Kapitals, Erster Abschnitt Ware und Geld, Dietz Verlag 1968
Ab 1875 studierte Marx weitere, darunter neuere, Literatur zur Entwicklung der Menschheit und von Elementen der Produktivkraft ihrer Arbeit im umfassenderen Sinne. Dieser große Themenkreis einer wissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung entsprach auch Engels’ Plan, ein Werk über die Dialektik der Natur schreiben zu wollen. Probleme zum Zusammenhang des Physischen und des Psychischen, der physischen, chemischen und biotischen Hauptformen der Materie, der Existenz, Umwandlung und Nutzung von Stoffen und Energien sowie der Herausbildung und Entwicklung der Menschheit fanden Marx’ wissenschaftliches Interesse. Es ging dabei auch um die von Thomas Malthus 1815 wiederholt in die öffentliche Diskussion gebrachte wichtige Frage, wie viel Menschen auf der Erde ernährt werden können. So studierte Marx zwischen Januar 1875 und Februar 1876 die sozialökonomische und politische Entwicklung Russlands nach den Reformen der 1860er und Anfang der 1870er Jahre, von März bis Juni 1876 Probleme der Physiologie und der Geschichte der Technik und von Mai bis Dezember 1876 die Geschichte des Grundeigentums sowie Probleme der europäischen und außereuropäischen Rechts- und Verfassungsgeschichte
Die gedankliche Fassung und Darstellung der Probleme des Zirkulationsprozesses des Kapitals im zweiten Buch des „Kapitals” hingegen scheint Marx sehr schwer gefallen zu sein, wie die 8 Manuskripte bezeugen, die er dazu bis Anfang 1880 erarbeitet hat (Manuskripte V-VIII davon seit April 1877 entstanden) – und zwar noch keineswegs druckreif. Es ging darum, welche inneren, wesentlichen und allgemeinen Zusammenhänge entstehen, wenn der nach Abschluss des unmittelbaren Produktionsprozesses der in den hergestellten Waren verkörperte Wert (einschließlich Mehrwert) in möglichst kurzer Zeit erfolgreich realisiert, d.h. die Warenform des Kapitals in die Geldform verwandelt werden soll, um reproduzieren, also ununterbrochen produzieren zu können. Die Orte des wirtschaftlichen Geschehens sind in diesem Zusammenhang vor allem das Kontor (Büro, Buchhaltung, Verwaltung, Management bzw. Werkleitung) des Unternehmens und die Märkte.
June 1870 until May 1871 in London 'Adresse(n) des Generalrats der IAA', and first 'an das Romanische Föderalkomitee in Genf': 29. Juni 1870 in London Adresse des Generalrats der Internationalen Arbeiterassoziation IAA an das Romanische Föderalkomitee in Genf, und 1870 weitere Adresss der IAA die Schweiz betreffend, einschließlich 5. Juli 1870 'Die Aussperrung der Bauarbeiter in Genf' (also cocerning UK/Switzerland relations and achievements of the english labor movement) avant la guerre juillet 1870 - janvier 1871 guerre franco-allemande, la défaite de Napoléon III, la chute du Second Empire, 1871 siège de Paris, l'achèvement de l'unité italienne après la prise de Rome en septembre 1870, 'l'unité' allemande et 'Second Empire', l'insurrection de la Commune de Paris combattue puis écrasée avec l'accord des Prussiens lors de la 'Semaine sanglante' (21-28 mai) par le gouvernement investi par l'Assemblée nationale, qui était replié à Versailles depuis le 18 mars
History and timeline of Saarbrücken: History and timeline of Saarbrücken
1848-1849 Saxony in the German revolutions: Saxony in the German revolutions of 1848–1849
September 2019 Saxony state election: 1 September 2019 Saxony state election
Economy of Dresden: Economy of Dresden
Timeline of Dresden: Timeline of Dresden
1206 first documentation of Dresden: 1206 first documentation of Dresden
Economy of Leipzig: Economy of Leipzig
Since 1082 timeline of Leipzig: Timeline of Leipzig since 1082
Since the 12th century (at least) Thomaskirche: At the current site of the 'Thomaskirche' (from the Aramaic ta'am, from Hebrew t'óm, meaning 'twin') there has been a church at least since the 12th century, as foundations of a Romanesque building have been discovered in the choir and crossing of the current church - 1st century 'Didache' ('Teaching'), also known as 'The Lord's Teaching Through the Twelve Apostles' to the Nations, a brief anonymous early Christian treatise written in Koine Greek, dated by modern scholars to the first century - Likely prior to the Diocletian reform in AD 293, Roman Gaul Gallican Rite, a historical version of Christian liturgy and other ritual practices in Western Christianity, as rites first developed in the early centuries as the Syriac-Greek rites of Jerusalem and Antioch and were first translated into Latin in various parts of the Western Roman Empire Praetorian prefecture of Gaul - Ambrosian chant (also known as Milanese chant), the liturgical plainchant repertory of the Ambrosian rite (Ambrosius c. 340 – 397) of the Roman Catholic Church, introducing hymnody from the Eastern Church to the West, distinct from Gregorian chant - Mozarabic Rite developed before and during the Visigothic period 418-721, officially called the Hispano-Mozarabic Rite, a liturgical rite of the Latin Church once used generally in the Iberian Peninsula, in what is now Spain and Portugal - Dissemination and hegemony of Gregorian chant, that appeared in a remarkably uniform state across Europe within a short time, after Charlemagne, once elevated to Holy Roman Emperor, aggressively spread Gregorian chant throughout his empire to consolidate religious and secular power, requiring the clergy to use the new repertory on pain of death - Augustinians, Christian religious orders following the Rule of Saint Augustine, who developped a conception of 'original sin', emerging in the 3rd century and fully formed with the writings of Augustine of Hippo, becoming the first author to use the phrase 'original sin', as there are two distinct types of Augustinians in Catholic religious orders in the Middle Ages - Since 592 Benedictines, a monastic religious order of the Catholic Church following the Rule of Saint Benedict - Seit der Mitte des 9. Jahrhunderts entwickelte sich in europäischen Klöstern eine neue Art der Musikschrift für den gregorianischen Choral mit Neumen, welche man über den Text notierte zur Verbildlichung der Winkbewegungen des Chorleiters oder des Sängers (griechisch 'neuma'), wobei die älteste Quelle dieser Notation sich in der Musica disciplina von Aurelian von Réôme um 850 findet, unter Verweis auf die 'Musica Albini' (vor 800), diese unter Berufung auf die alten griechischen Autoren (graeca lingua auctorem) mit Darstellung von acht Tonarten, vier Grundtonarten ('authenticum'), und aus den vorherigen abgeleitet ('Plagi'), identisch mit der später zunächst aus acht Kirchentonarten bestehenden Tonordnung mit I. Dorisch, II. Hypodorisch, III. Phrygisch etc. - Der linienlosen adiastematischen Neumennotation wurden allmählich Linien hinzugefügt, zunächst zwei farbige Notenlinien für die Töne f und c, um die Halbtonschritte e–f und h–c zu markieren, dann, um auch die Tonschritte zwischen den Linien genau zu erfassen, fügte der Benediktinermönch, Musiktheoretiker und Lehrer Guido von Arezzo (992 in der Gegend von Paris - Mai 1050 in Avellana) zu Beginn des 11. Jahrhunderts zwischen die f- und die c-Linie eine dritte Linie ein, und das Terzliniensystem, mit dem sich jeder diatonische Schritt genau bezeichnen lässt, war erfunden, ergänzt durch den Rat über oder unter die drei Linien eine vierte Linie zu setzen, dann verwendete Guido statt der Farben Buchstaben (c oder f) am Beginn eines Systems, um eine der Halbtonpositionen zu markieren, der Notenschlüssel war erfunden, und im praktischen Unterricht erfand Guido ergänzend die relative Solmisation, in der sowohl der Halbtonschritt mi-fa (oder e–f) als auch der Halbtonschritt si-do (h–c) mit den immer gleichen Tonsilben 'mi–fa' gesungen wird - Since 1123 celibacy was first required of some clerics of the Catholic Church at the First Lateran Council, as - because clerics resisted it - the celibacy mandate was restated at the Second Lateran Council in 1139 and the Council of Trent 1545–64, as Judaism - the religion of Jesus from Nazareth and reportedly the son of Maria and Joseph - strongly opposes celibacy - Seit dem 11. Jahrhundert und seit 1170 eröffnet die Notation komponierter Musik den Weg zur 'Ars antiqua', franko-flämischen Schule etc., indem es nun gelingt, diese Kunst, welche keine Gegenständlichkeit kennt und in der die Menschen sich und ihre sozialen Beziehungen - in der Herausbildung der christlichen Religion zum Abstraktum einer Trinität entwickelt - wiederfinden können gerade weil diese Kunst in ihrer lebendigen Gestalt keine Ware werden und wie die gesprochene(n) Sprache(n) nur in Gegenwart lebendiger Menschen (auch Nonnen und Mönche) existieren kann
Since 1409 Leipzig University and alumni: Since 1409 Leipzig University - List of Leipzig University people, including scientists, poets, musicians, and politicians - Since 1990 South African politician Jeffrey Thamsanqa 'Jeff' Radebe, born in August 1953, who studied at the University of Zululand and finished in International Law at the Karl Marx University in Leipzig in 1981, and was arrested in 1986 after returning to South Africa, and sentenced to a 10-year imprisonment on Robben Island, but released from prison in 1990 after a successful hunger strike and served as minister first under Nelson Mandela after the 1994 democratic elections and later - CDU's Angela Merkel, born 1954 and Chancellor of Germany since 2005, was educated at Karl Marx University in Leipzig, where she studied physics from 1973 to 1978, and then studied and worked at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin-Adlershof from 1978 to 1990 - Student finance of Leipzig University people
1723-1750 Johann Sebastian Bach in Leipzig: Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) - a German composer and musician known for instrumental compositions such as concertos, for instance for violin, for harpsichord including 'The Well-Tempered Clavier', suites, chamber music as well as for orchestra, as many of his works employ the genres of canon and fugue, extensively for organ, for vocal music, such as the St John Passion, cantatas, the Mass in B minor, as since the 19th-century (Mendelssohn) Bach Revival regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time - since 1723 employed as Thomaskantor at St. Thomas) in Leipzig, now composing music for the principal Lutheran churches of the city, for festivities (e.g. Peasant Cantata, Coffee Cantata) in Leipzig and the region, for invitations by territorial lords, and for its university's student ensemble Collegium Musicum, including 'The Art of the Fugue' (which he continued to prepare for publication until shortly before his death) and 'The Musical Offering'
Since 1837-1839 Leipzig–Dresden railway: Since 1837-1839 Leipzig–Dresden railway
Since 1843 University of Music and Theatre 'Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Leipzig', 1850 anti-Semitism promoted by Wagner following failed revolutions: Since 1843 University of Music and Theatre 'Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Leipzig', a public university in Leipzig, founded in 1843 by Felix Mendelssohn as Conservatory of Music, the oldest university school of music in Germany - 1835-1847 Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy in Leipzig, concentrated on developing the town's musical life by working with the orchestra, the opera house, the Thomanerchor, the city's other choral and musical institutions, and founded the Leipzig Conservatory in 1843 - 1850 anti-Semitic composer Richard Wagner, who fled from Dresden, holds that Jews are unable to speak European languages properly and that Jewish speech took the character of an 'intolerably jumbled blabber', a 'creaking, squeaking, buzzing snuffle', incapable of expressing true passion, that debars them from any possibility of creating song or music, stating that Mendelssohn, whom Wagner damns with faint praise, is 'sweet and tinkling without depth', citing 'the redemption of Ahasuerus — Going under'
Since 1933 history of Leipzig during Nazi regime: Since 1933 history of Leipzig during Nazi regime
April 1945 Allied ground advance arrives, July 1945 Leipzig city under Soviet control: April 1945 Allied ground advance arrives, July 1945 Leipzig city under Soviet control
2020 Archiv Bürgerbewegung Leipzig e.V. Chronik zu den Friedensgebeten und zu den politisch-alternativen Gruppen in Leipzig: Chronik zu den Friedensgebeten und zu den politisch-alternativen Gruppen in Leipzig, Archiv Bürgerbewegung Leipzig e.V.
Since 1136 timeline of Chemnitz: Timeline of Chemnitz since 1136
Since 1836 Königliche Gewerbeschule (later Chemnitz University of Technology): Since 1836 Königliche Gewerbeschule and later Chemnitz University of Technology
Since 1852 Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof: Since 1852 Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof
2011 Saxony-Anhalt state election: March 2011 Saxony-Anhalt state election
March 2016 Saxony-Anhalt state election: 13. März 2016 Landtagswahl in Sachsen-Anhalt
October 2019 Halle synagogue neo-Nazi shooting: 9 October 2019 Halle synagogue shooting in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt
History of Schleswig-Holstein: History of Schleswig-Holstein
Economy of Schleswig-Holstein: Economy of Schleswig-Holstein
Elections in Schleswig-Holstein: Elections in Schleswig-Holstein
Spring 2022 Schleswig-Holstein state election: Spring 2022 Schleswig-Holstein state election - 2022 election opinion polling
20th century Heligoland, naval base during World War I and II: 20th century Heligoland and and German empire's naval base during World War I and II
History and timeline of Kiel: History and timeline of Kiel
Jüdische Gemeinde und Synagoge in Lübeck: Jüdische Gemeinde und Synagoge in Lübeck
History and timeline of Lübeck: History and timeline of Lübeck
12th century timeline of Lübeck: Timeline of Lübeck the 12th century
Spring 1942 bombing of Lübeck and 'Baedeker Blitz' series of attacks by German empire's Luftwaffe on English cities: March 1942 during German empire's World War II, the city of Lübeck was the first German city to be attacked in substantial numbers by the Royal Air Force, as the attack of 28 March 1942 created a firestorm that caused severe damage to the historic centre, with bombs destroying three of the main churches and large parts of the built-up area, and led to the retaliatory 'Baedeker' raids on historic British cities - April–May 1942 'Baedeker Blitz' series of attacks by German empire's Luftwaffe on English cities including Bath, Canterbury, Exeter. Norwich, and York, as the name derives from Baedeker, a series of German tourist guidebooks, including detailed maps, which were used to generate targets for bombing, as the raids were planned in response to a devastating increase in the effectiveness of the Royal Air Force's bombing offensive, and - to increase the effect on civilian life - targets were chosen for their cultural and historical significance, rather than for any military value, following the lost battle against Soviet Union's Moscow, the 20 January 1942 Wannsee conference deciding and organizing the Holocaust, as German empire forces and allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia, marked by fierce close-quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in air raids, and one of the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare, with an estimated 2 million total casualties, and as by 1942 the authority of the German military's Army High Command OKH was limited to the Eastern Front
Economy of Flensburg: Economy of Flensburg
Economy of Thuringia: Economy of Thuringia
List of cities, towns and municipalities in Thuringia: Cities, towns and municipalities in Thuringia
Timeline of Erfurt since the 8th century: Timeline of Erfurt since the 8th century
Since 742 Erfurt in the Middle Age: Since 742 Erfurt in the Middle Age
Early modern age and for nearly two hundred years Thuringia's Bach family: Thuringia's Bach family for nearly two hundred years, with over 50 known musicians and several notable composers, as a family genealogy was drawn up by Johann Sebastian Bach himself in 1735 and completed by his son Carl Philipp Emanuel. after the Bach family never left Thuringia until the sons of J.S. Bach went in some European towns and counties, after all the misery of the peasantry and citizens in towns at the period of the Thirty Years' War - 1615-1692 Heinrich Bach, a German organist, composer and a member of the great Bach family. was Ratsmusikant in the Erfurt Ratsmusikanten-Compagnie, as from 1641 he became organist in Arnstadt's St. Mary's Church and the Upper Church. as also three of his sons, Johann Christoph Bach, Johann Michael Bach and Johann Günther Bach, were musicians
Since 1878 J.A. Topf and Sons engineering company later building crematoria ovens for concentration and extermination camps: Since 1878 J.A. Topf and Sons, an engineering company in Erfurt, originally making heating systems and brewing and malting equipment, as the company later diversified into silos, chimneys, incinerators for burning municipal waste, and crematoria, as during World War I it made weapons shells, limbers (carts for carrying artillery) and other military vehicles, and as in and before World War II it made weapons shells and aircraft parts for the Luftwaffe, and as it is now infamous as the largest of 12 companies that designed and built crematoria ovens for concentration and extermination camps during the Holocaust, planned and carried out by the NSDAP regime from 1935 to 1945. as the company 1939 with 1,150 employees - and at least 620 foreigners were forced to work for the company - not only made crematoria ovens, even also made ventilation systems for the gas chambers at Auschwitz II–Birkenau - WWII Use of forced labour by J.A. Topf and Sons
April 2002 Erfurt massacre and aftermath: April 2002 Erfurt massacre, a school shooting that occurred on 26 April 2002 at the Gutenberg-Gymnasium in Erfurt, as 19-year-old expelled student Robert Steinhäuser shot and killed 16 people, including 13 staff members, two students, and one police officer, before committing suicide - 'Post-traumatic stress disorder', a mental and behavioral disorder that can develop because of exposure to a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse, domestic violence or other threats on a person's life - 20. April 2017: Der 26. April 2002 war nicht nur der Tag, an dem Robert Steinhäuser 16 Menschen tötete, er löste auch eine politische Debatte aus, incl. Debatte um Killerspiele und Waffenbesitz, wie auch in anderen Staaten
Politics and elections in Thuringia: Elections in Thuringia
5 February 2020 President of the Central Council of Jews in Germany Josef Schuster condemns alliance of FDP, AfD and CDU to elect FDP's Thomas Kemmerich: 5. Februar 2020: Der Präsident des Zentralrats der Juden, Josef Schuster verurteilt das Bündnis von FDP, AfD und CDU bei der Wahl Thomas Kemmerichs zum thüringischen Ministerpräsidenten und erklärt 'damit verlässt die FDP den Konsens der demokratischen Parteien, nicht mit der AfD zusammenzuarbeiten oder auf die Unterstützung der Rechtspopulisten zu zählen' - Josef Schuster was born in Haifa in 1954, after his paternal family had lived in Franconia since at least the middle of the 16th century, and as his father David Schuster was a merchant who was forced to emigrate to Palestine in 1938, as both parents of his mother died at the Auschwitz concentration camp, as his family returned to Germany in 1956 where Schuster later studied medicine becoming a specialist in internal medicine, today also a volunteer as an emergency physician for the Bavarian section of the Red Cross
July 2021 continuation of Thuringia political crisis caused by AfD, FDP and CDU: July 2021 continuation of Thuringia political crisis caused by AfD, FDP and CDU
Social movements and protests: Protests in Germany
2015: 5 January 2015: Thousands take to the streets in Berlin, Stuttgart, Cologne and Dresden to oppose racism and xenophobia - 10 January: Tens of thousands of people rally in Dresden against racism and xenophobia - 12 January: 'Anti-Islamisation' Pegida marchers were outnumbered by tens of thousands counterdemonstrators across the country, with 30,000 people in Leipzig, 20,000 in Munich, in Dresden and other cities - 13 January: Rally to condemn the Paris jihadist attacks and take a stand against Islamophobia draws 10,000 people in Berlin - 19 April: Thousands in Germany protest against Europe-USA trade deal that they fear will erode food, labour and environmental standards - 10 October 2015: Hundreds of thousands of people marched in Berlin on Saturday to oppose planned free trade deal TTIP between the EU and the USA that is claimed to be anti-democratic and to threaten food safety and environmental standards - 19 October 2015: Demonstrations in Berlin to protest against Russia’s aggression on Syria
2016: 16 January 2016: Thousands of protesters in Berlin call for organic farming, which is done without pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, without the use of antibiotics for livestock and GMO feed, also protesting against corporate agriculture as well as the pending TTIP free trade agreement between the EU and the USA - 11 avril 2016: Environ 45'000 salariés de la sidérurgie ont manifesté pour dire leurs inquiétudes quant à leur avenir, dans un secteur soumis à la concurrence féroce des acteurs chinois - 24 April 2016: Tens of thousands of opponents of a proposed transatlantic trade deal poured onto German streets Saturday on the eve of a visit by USA's Obama - 29 avril 2016: Plusieurs débrayages ont eu lieu dans toute l'Allemagne pour réclamer de meilleures conditions de travail et une augmentation de salaires pour une vaste branche fourre-tout qui recouvre l'automobile, les industries électriques, la métallurgie, et emploie 3,4 millions de personnes
June/July 2017: 27 June 2017: Greenpeace, Oxfam and other organizations, preparing protests against the G20 summit in July, demand solutions and cooperation to combat famines, inequality, climate change, wars and displacements, not provided by present G20 policy, and call for developing democracy, strengthening parliaments, creating transparency, enabling effective public participation in important decisions, also in Germany and Hamburg, that will host Putin, Xi Jinping, Trump and Erdogan in July - Proteste und Gegenveranstaltungen gegen den G20-Gipfel in Hamburg am 7./8. Juli 2017 - zahlreiche Bündnisse und Initiativen organisieren Veranstaltungen um Alternativen zum beim G20 vertretenen Wirtschaftssystem aufzuzeigen - 7 July 2017: New York city mayor Bill De Blasio, one of Trump's sharpest critics, will take part in protests against the G20 summit in Hamburg and will be a keynote speaker on Saturday at a rally for human rights and democracy
January 2019 remembrance of the 100th anniversary of the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht: In January 2019 German democrats commemorated the 100th anniversary of the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht - 13 January 2019: Jewish-born anti-war and anti-racism activist and scientist Rosa Luxemburg, who was killed in 1919 amid renewed repression following WWI, commemorated Sunday two days before the 100th anniversary of her murder in Berlin, as a whole week of events is planned for the commemoration, although neo-Nazi linked politicians have tried to ban demonstrations honoring 'enemies of democracy and free society' - 13 janvier 2019: Karl Liebknecht, autre personnage majeur contre la guerre 1914-1918, assassiné lui aussi en janvier 1919, a attiré plusieurs milliers de sympathisants dimanche dans le centre de la capitale.
Society, demographics, languages, human rights, religion, racism and antisemitism in Germany: German society - Demographics of Germany - Human rights in Germany - Ethnic groups in Germany - Immigrants to Germany
Since early 1990s history of immigration to and migration in Germany: Since early 1990s history of immigration to and migration in Germany
21st century UN's OHCHR monitoring Germany's compliance with obligations of human rights treaties: United Nations OHCHR monitoring Germany's compliance with obligations of human rights treaties
History of the Jews in Germany: History of the Jews in Germany since the Early Middle Ages - Category: Jewish German history - Antisemitism and Holocaust (the genocide in which approximately six million Jews were murdered by Nazi Germany) in Germany and Europe - The end of the Cold War 1990/91 contributed to a growth in the Jewish people of Germany with a population of more than 100,000 registered citizens - May 2005: Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe - sixty years after the end of World War II - 14 September 2014: 'Stand Up Against Anti-Semitism: No More Jew-Hatred' Rally at the Brandenburg Gate on Sunday afternoon in the middle of Berlin, attended by 5,000 people - 20 February 2015: Berlin's Jewish community removes its logo on envelopes containing its monthly magazine to protect members from anti-Semitic attacks
October 2012 memorial in Berlin to Roma and Sinti victims: 24 October 2012: Long-delayed memorial in Berlin to Roma and Sinti victims of the Nazis
Arabs in Germany: Arabs in Germany
Assyrians/Syriacs in Germany: Assyrians/Syriacs in Germany
Kurds in Germany: Kurds in Germany
Russians in Germany: Russians in Germany
Spaniards in Germany: Spaniards in Germany
Turks in Germany: Turks in Germany
Immigration and refugees in Germany: Immigration to Germany
Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
2016: 29 January 2016: Germany tightens refugee policy, announcing to close its border to Algerians, Tunisians and Moroccans and also to prevent migrants from bringing their families to join them for two years, as Finland joins Sweden in deportations - 5 February 2016: Tens of thousands Syrians flee joint Russian-Iranian-Assad offensive on Aleppo as regime forces fully encircle countryside north of major city and Russian airstrikes mount to 250 a day - 6 November 2016: Ahead of 2017 federal elections the German CDU-led interior ministry reportedly wants to stop migrants ever reaching Europe’s Mediterranean coast by picking them up at sea and returning them to Africa - 18 November 2016: Survivors of the SS St. Louis, the trans-Atlantic liner carrying nearly 1,000 Jewish refugees from Germany in 1939, rejected by the USA and Cuba and forced to return to Europe, urge world to treat immigrants 'as family'
Music in Germany and history: Music in Germany - History of music in Germany
Religion and history of religion in Germany: History of religion in Germany - Religion in Germany
Christianity and antisemitism: Christianity and antisemitism - Medieval antisemitism
Antisemitism in Germany and Europe: Antisemitism in Germany - Antisemitism in Europe
Religious disaffiliation (Kirchenaustritte): Kirchenaustritte in Deutschland
Women and women's rights in Germany: Women in Germany - Women's rights in Germany
2016: 5 janvier 2016: Entre 200 et 300 personnes se sont rassemblées devant la cathédrale de Cologne pour appeler à plus de respect envers les femmes - 2016 New Year's Eve sexual assaults and robbery in Germany - 8 January 2016: German police have identified 18 asylum-seekers among 31 suspects in connection with crimes committed in Cologne at New Year, as government spokesman tells reporters that there are 9 Algerians, 8 Moroccans, 5 Iranians, 4 Syrians, 2 Germans and one person each from Iraq, Serbia and the USA among the suspects - 11 May 2016: Women's rights activists say that while government plans to allow women to compare their salaries against peers were a good start, more still needs to be done - 12 May 2016: Green party politician and first Muslim woman Muhterem Aras elected with a large majority as president (speaker) of Baden-Württemberg's state legislature
Children, childhood and children's rights in Germany: Children in Germany - Childhood in Germany - Children's rights in Germany
German childhood in Nazi Germany and World War II: German childhood in Nazi Germany and World War II
Murdered children in Germany: Murdered children in Germany
Child abuse in Germany: Child abuse in Germany
Since January 2020 impact of covid-19 pandemic on children: Since January 2020 impact of the covid-19 pandemic on children in Germany and on education
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Universities and colleges in Germany: Universities and colleges in Germany by state
History museums in Germany: History museums in Germany
Since 1997 Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma: Since 1997 Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma was established in Heidelberg
Health in Germany: Health in Germany
Medical outbreaks and health disasters in Germany: Medical outbreaks in Germany - Health disasters in Germany - Man-made disasters in Germany
2009 flu pandemic: 2009 flu pandemic in Germany
2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak
Since January 2020 timeline of German government reactions to covid-19: Timeline of German government reactions to the 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic spreading in the country
Since 25 February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia: Since 25 February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia
Since May/June 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Gütersloh district: Juni 2020 covid-19-Ausbruch in Tönnies-Stammwerk in Rheda-Wiedenbrück im Kreis Gütersloh
1933-1945 Nazi healthcare and medical experiments: Health and healthcare in NDSAP-Germany
Drugs in Germany: Drugs in Germany
'Professional' sports in Germany and 'Bundesliga': 'Professional' sports in Germany and 'Bundesliga'
Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany: Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany
Freedom of press and censorship in Germany: Freedom of press in Germany - Censorship in Germany
March 1914 German newspapers beat the war drums: March 1914: German newspapers beat the war drums
Since March 1935 television history in Germany: Television history in Germany began in Berlin March 1935
Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany: Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany
Crime in Germany: Crime in Germany
Racism in Germany: Racism in Germany
Since 17th century German colonialism in Africa and worldwide since 19th century: Since 1680 German colonization of Africa - Since 1884 German colonial empire -
Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany: Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany
July 2014: 18 July: Anti-Semitic slogans chanted at Berlin protest against Israel's Gaza operation - 21. Juli: Eine anti-israelische Kundgebung in Berlin von palästinensischen und politischen Gruppen wie dem Hochschulverband der Partei 'Die Linke' ist am Samstag mit antisemitischen Parolen und dem versuchten Angriff auf ein Ehepaar aus Jerusalem eskaliert - 21 July: Germany's Jewish community is shocked by an 'explosion of evil and violent hatred of Jews' shown by protesters at anti-Israel demonstrations across the country chanting 'gas the Jews' and other anti-Semitic slogans during some pro-Gaza protests - 21 July: As wave of anti-Semitic rallies hits cities across Germany and anti-Israel protester chanted in Dortmund and Frankfurt 'Hamas Hamas Juden ins gas', Jewish community braces itself ahead of Friday’s Iranian-sponsored Al Quds Day March
2015: 5 January 2015: A 26-year-old Israeli was beaten by a group of seven men on a Berlin subway car after he filmed them singing an anti-Semitic song and refused to delete the video - 27 January 2015: Auschwitz survivors gather for memorial 70 years after liberation - 17 February: Jewish cemetery in the northern German city of Oldenburg vandalized, targeted over the past few years by right-wing extremists - 28 June 2015: Berlin’s philharmonic’s new conductor met by anti-Semitism in German press, as NDR website calls Russian-born Kirill Petrenko, philharmonic’s first Jewish conductor, 'the tiny gnome, the Jewish caricature' - 16 November 2015: Ursula Haverbeck after calling the Holocaust in a statement broadcast on television outside of the trial of former SS guard Oskar Groening 'the biggest and most sustainable lie in history', sentenced to 10 months in jail
Since 19th century timeline of Nazism and since 1919 NSDAP's rise to power: Since 19th century timeline of Nazism in Germany - Since 1919 Adolf Hitler's rise to power
1914-1918 World War I and German Empire since 1871: World War I 1914-1918 and German Empire since 1871 - German war crimes in World War I
15 January 1919 SPD-linked ordered assassination of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht: 15 January 1919 ordered assassination of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht - German army officer Pabst, who ordered the executions of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg in 1919 as well as summary executions of many other Communist Party of Germany members, was never brought to justice even in the later Federal Republic of Germany, became an industrialist and eventually Director of Rheinmetall Borsig in Berlin, later settled in Switzerland, where he took a post with the arms manufacturer Oerlikon and following World War II, Pabst took some involvement in the activities of the neo-Nazi Bruderschaften, small groups that existed across Europe and which attempted to co-ordinate their political activism, later returned to Germany in 1955, settling in Düsseldorf, and there became involved with neo-Nazis - In 1962 in an interview and in his memoirs, Pabst maintained that he had talked in 1919 on the phone with SPD-Noske in the Chancellery, and that SPD-Noske and SPD-Ebert had approved of his assassination actions, never challenged, especially since neither the Reichstag, the Bundestag nor the courts in Germany until today ever examined the case
1918-1933 Political violence in Germany: 1918-1933 Political violence in Germany
Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany: Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany
German war crimes in World War II, crimes of the Wehrmacht and the Holocaust: German war crimes in World War II - War crimes of the Wehrmacht - The Holocaust
Nazi tradition of intelligence agencies and list of intelligence agencies in Germany: List of intelligence agencies of Germany - Bundesnachrichtendienst BND's Nazi tradition
1946: Gehlen Organization established in June 1946 by USA occupation authorities consisted of members of the 12th Department of the former 'Foreign Armies East', numerous former SS, SD and Wehrmacht officers and carried the name of Wehrmacht Major general Reinhard Gehlen, head of the German military intelligence in the Eastern Front during World War II - Agency 114 of the Bundesnachrichtendienst BND was a main entrance for former Nazis - 26 September 2011: Wanted Nazi Walter Rauff was German 'Bundesnachrichtendienst' spy between 1958-1962 - Walter Rauff: Gas van engineering and mass murder - In 1965 'Butcher of Lyon' SS-Hauptsturmführer Klaus Barbie was recruited by the BND, his initial monthly salary of 500 Deutsche Mark was transferred in May 1966 to an account of the Chartered Bank of London in San Francisco in the USA, which recruited him in 1947 as an agent for the USA Army Counter Intelligence Corps CIC, and he made at least 35 reports to the BND headquarters in Pullach - 27. September 2011: Bislang geheimgehaltene Akten des BND belegen, daß Walter Rauff wegen seiner Tätigkeit im Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Entwicklung und Einsatz von Gaswagen) 1958 vom BND eingestellt wurde - CIA-Akten 2006: Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem BND und CIA bereits 1958 bekannt - BND-Akten: Aufenthaltsort Eichmanns sogar schon 1952 bekannt
Since 1945 neo-Nazism in Germany: Chauvinism, fascism and neo-Nazism in Germany - Neo-Nazism
Nazi terrorism since 1945, Nazi party 'NPD' and neo-Nazi linked AfD in German parliaments: Todesopfer rechtsextremer Gewalt in Deutschland nach 1945
11. April 1968 Attentat auf Rudi Dutschke: 11. April 1968 Attentat auf Rudi Dutschke in West-Berlin
September 1991 Riot of Hoyerswerda: Riot of Hoyerswerda September 1991
August 1992 Riot of Rostock-Lichtenhagen: Riot of Rostock-Lichtenhagen August 1992
1992 Mordanschlag von Mölln: Mordanschlag von Mölln 1992
1999 Hetzjagd in Guben: Hetzjagd in Guben 1999
Since 1990th to 2011 'National Socialist Underground' terrorist group: 'National Socialist Underground' terrorist group's serial murders - Neonazi-Mordserie bis 2011
2011/2012: 12. November 2011: Mordserie an Ausländern und Polizistin von seit 90er Jahren bekannten Neonazis - 13 November 2011: Police made a second arrest after the discovery of evidence linking a Nazi group to 10 murders - Untersuchungsausschuss zur Terrorgruppe Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund seit Januar 2012 - 13. März 2012: Zahlreiche Festnahmen bei polizeilicher Aktion gegen die kriminelle Vereinigung 'Aktionsbüro Mittelrhein' und deren 'Braunes Haus' - 27 March 2012: 'Germany's new breed of neo-Nazis pose a threat', British TV report says - 30. Mai 2012: Von fünf mutmasslichen Helfern der Rechtsterroristen sind nur noch zwei in Haft - 15. Juni 2012: Bundesgerichtshof hebt Haftbefehl gegen weiteren mutmaßlichen Helfer der rechtsterroristischen NSU auf - 28. Juni 2012: 'Verfassungsschutz' vernichtete im November 2011 Akten über seine Verbindung zu Naziterroristen nach Aufforderung zu deren Übermittlung - 23. November 2012: Bundespräsident Gauck lehnt Treffen mit den Opferfamilien der NSU-Morde ab und schlägt Bitte der Türkischen Gemeinde für ein persönliches Treffen zum Jahrestag der Aufdeckung der NSU-Mordserie aus
2013: 26 Mart 2013: Almanya’da sekizi Türk 10 kisiyi öldüren neonazi terör örgütü NSU’nun yargilanacagi davada Münih Yüksek Eyalet Mahkemesi - 2. April 2013: 50 'Verfassungsschutz' V-Leute im NSU-Umfeld identifiziert, schwerste Straftaten, hohe Honorare des Staates (fünf- bis sechsstellig) und oftmals ohne Strafverfolgung - 2. April: Celal Özcan erklärt. daß 'Hürriyet' immer wieder beim OLG München angerufen und um eine Vorabinformation gebeten habe, wann die Akkreditierungsfrist beginnen würde - 'die Verfahrensweise ist ungerecht und nicht akzeptabel' - 2. April: Statt das Anliegen, die Teilnahme türkischer Medien und der Botschaft am NSU-Prozeß vor dem Münchner OLG zu gewährleisten, als Vorsitzender des Auswärtigen Ausschusses nach Kräften zu unterstützen, maßt sich CDU-Polenz von der Kiesinger/Filbinger/Globke-CDU an, die 'türkische Politik' 'dringend zu warnen' - vor dem Zustand eines Landes, dessen Behörden den Naziterror sogar finanziell gefördert haben (ein Grund, sich zu schämen und zu entschuldigen), und welchen auch dieser CDU/CSU-Politiker mit herbeigeführt hat und nun selbst offenbart - 4 April: A Turkish newspaper complains to Germany's highest court over German neo-Nazi trial access - 12 avril: La Cour constitutionnelle allemande a ordonné au tribunal de Munich d'accorder des places supplémentaires aux médias étrangers pour couvrir le procès de néonazis jugés à partir de mercredi pour des meurtres racistes - 15 avril: Le procès de néo-nazis allemands accusés de meurtres racistes est reporté au 6 mai - 25 April: The German lower house, the Bundestag, refuses to back a ban of the neo-nazi party NPD
2015: 21 January 2015: The leader of far-right and anti-Muslim movement Pegida resigned after a photo of him posing as Hitler and reports that he called refugees 'scumbags' - 11 February 2015: German refugee centres face drastic rise in extremist attacks - 23 Februar 2015: Bachmann wieder im Pegida-Vorstand - 9 March 2015: Village of Tröglitz mayor Markus Nierth quits over neo-Nazi protest after neo-Nazis were given permission to demonstrate outside his home over his support of asylum seekers - 29. März 2015: Zeugin und Ex-Freundin von Florian H. tot, der im Herbst 2013 im Auto verbrannte bevor er im NSU-Ausschuß aussagen konnte - 4 April 2015: Asylum seekers' accommodation set on fire in suspected far-right arson attack in village of Tröglitz - 22 April 2015: Germany grapples with attitudes to asylum seekers - 6 May 2015: Police detained four people suspected of setting up a right-wing extremist group that was planning bomb attacks on Muslims and refugees, as a separate investigation began into arsonists who damaged a shelter for asylum-seekers - 30 July 2015: A worrying rise of fire bombings and violent attacks on asylum-seekers has marred German attempts to integrate desperate refugees from Syria, Eritrea and also people from the Balkans, as in the past 25 years in Germany 75 people have been murdered in rightwing extremist attacks - 23 August 2015: The outbreak of violence by right-wing radicals against refugees followed a demonstration of some 1,000 people in Heidenau, near Dresden against the roughly 250 refugees - 26 August: Two new attacks hit refugee centres in Leipzig and Parchim - 17 October 2015: Mayoral candidate Henriette Reker, responsible for taking charge of refugees in her city, stabbed in Cologne in a racist attack wounding four other people and linked to migrants policy - 19 October 2015: At the anniversary of the Pegida rallies in Dresden on 19 October 2015 keynote speaker Pirinçci tries to stir up hatred against refugees in Europe and Germany saying 'KZs sind ja leider derzeit außer Betrieb' - 22 October 2015: In the first three quarters of 2015 there were a total of 461 attacks across Germany against asylum seekers’ homes believed to have been driven by xenophobic motives, including scores of arson attacks - 7 December: Germany's constitutional court to hear case on banning neo-Nazi NPD in March 2016 - 22 December 2015: A German town council member of the National Democratic party has been given only a suspended sentence over a tattoo bearing a notorious Nazi concentration camp slogan and a rendering of Auschwitz
2016: 11 January 2016: Two Pakistanis and a Syrian man were injured in attacks by gangs of people in Cologne, German police said late on Sunday - 11 January 2016: Gangs attacked groups of foreigners in four separate incidents on Sunday in Cologne, after attackers reportedly arranged via Facebook to go on 'manhunt' of foreigners after assaults on women on New Year’s Eve - 12 January: Over 200 masked anti-refugee supporters, carrying placards with racist overtones, went on a rampage in the German city of Leipzig on Monday night, throwing fireworks, breaking windows and vandalising buildings, police says - 20 February 2016: A video showing a mob of people in Saxony chanting hate slogans at a bus full of visibly shaken refugees has sparked outrage among German social media users - 20 février: Tollé après la diffusion de vidéos montrant en Saxe des policiers évacuant brutalement un bus de demandeurs d'asile qui refusent de gagner leur foyer, effrayés par des manifestants anti-réfugié - 21 February: A fire that destroyed a hotel being converted into a shelter for refugees in Saxony's city of Bautzen was cheered and celebrated by onlookers, police say treating the incident as suspected arson - 8 March 2016: Congo-born priest Ndjimbi-Tshiende in Germany's Bavaria quits over death threats he received since speaking out in defence of refugees and after he was fed up with xenophobic utterances from prominent CSU local politicians Sylvia Boher and Johann Haindi - 19 April 2016: In diesem Jahr sind in Deutschland bereits mehr als 300 Straftaten gegen Asylunterkünfte verübt worden - 11. Mai 2016: Mobiltelefon des mittlerweile toten Neonazis 'Corelli', V-Mann des sogenannten 'Verfassungsschutzes', aufgetaucht, welches 2012 (!) bei der Aufnahme in ein 'Zeugenschutzprogramm' der NSU-Untersuchung übergeben wurde und auf dem sich zahlreiche Bild-Dateien und Kontakte befinden - 6 July 2016: Anti-immigration party AfD plunged into a leadership crisis over Holocaust denial and antisemitic views expressed by one of its MPs - 13 July 2016: A group of young men left a black man bloodied and unconscious after he tried to stop them harassing some Somalis in Munich - 16 August 2016: Berlin authorities must cancel contracts with Pewobe company that runs nine homes for asylum seekers after leaked emails showed managers including a former DVU member joking about executing refugees, suggesting to invest a €5,000 donation from BMW in 'a small guillotine for children' and joking that disposing of the bodies would require a 'large-volume crematorium' - 27 September 2016: Police suspect a 'xenophobic motive’ after two improvised explosive devices detonated outside a mosque and congress centre in Dresden on Monday - 7 October: A group of young people in eastern Germany's Sebnitz threatened three Syrian refugee children with a knife and hit them before chanting right-wing slogans, police said - 20 October 2016: Police officer dies from injuries after being shot by Neo-Nazi 'Reichsbürger' extremist - 23 October 2016: As police and fire officers tried to persuade a Somali boy not to jump, onlookers were spending a long time, watching and calling on the migrant teen to leap from an apartment block in German town of Schmoelln and to suffer fatal injuries - 31 October 2016: Two weeks after a 'Reichsbürger' Neo-Nazi killed an officer during a police raid, German police are investigating within their own ranks for links to the extremist movement with the largest number of cases in Bavaria and Saxony-Anhalt
January/February 2018: 2 janvier 2018: La responsable du parti Alternative pour l'Allemagne a vu son tweet retiré des réseaux sociaux après avoir comparé les réfugiés à des 'hordes de barbares' - 22 February 2018: Germany's AfD set to embrace anti-Islam and neonazi-linked Pegida, as latest INSA poll this week showed the AfD on 16%, overtaking the SPD for the first time - 22 February 2018: A German-Russian dual national has been arrested and accused of 'politically motivated' attempted murder after he attacked three asylum seekers with a knife in Heilbronn - 27 February 2018: In a vote on Monday night, the local council in southwestern Germany's Herxheim near Heidelberg decided by 10 votes to 3 that a Nazi-era bell, complete with the inscription 'Everything for the Fatherland - Adolf Hitler', should continue to hang in the local church, as councilors said the bell, which also bears a swastika, should serve as a force for reconciliation and a memorial against violence and injustice
5 August 2020 German neo-Nazi Stephan Ernst admits to murdering pro-refugee politician Walter Luebcke: 5 August 2020: German neo-Nazi Stephan Ernst on trial admits to murdering pro-refugee politician Walter Luebcke, implicates co-defendant in killing
Terrorism in Germany: Terrorism in Germany
In the wake of the hostage-taking, public criticism of the Olympic Committee's decision to continue the games, but about 80,000 people who filled Munich's Olympic Stadium for a West German football match carried noisemakers, waved flags, and when several spectators unfurled a banner reading '17 dead, already forgotten?' security officers removed the sign and expelled those responsible from the grounds, the remaining members of the Israeli team withdrew from the Games and left Munich after a memorial service with the notorious Brundage - Accusation of German foreknowledge of the attack, revealed since 2012 - 1 December 2015: In 1992 the lawyer Mr. Zeltzer and Ms. Spitzer, the widow of the fencing coach Andre Spitzer, pressured the German government into releasing the file, which included the photographs 1972 Munich Olympic massacre's victims - 2 December 2015: Horrific new details emerge about the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre, as Israeli athletes were beaten until their bones snapped and one man was castrated by Palestinian terrorists
May 1993 Solingen arson attack: 28 May 1993 Solingen arson attack
22 July 2016 Munich shooting: 22 July 2016 Munich shooting - 22 July 2016: Munich police warned people to avoid public places as they hunted for the shooter who opened fire at a shopping mall, killing at least eight people and wounding others - 23 July: 18-year-old German-Iranian from Munich kills 9 people then himself in Munich terror rampage - 23 July: Munich attack reports, live updated by British newspaper - 24 July: 18-year-old Ali Sonboly from Munich, who killed nine people mostly teenagers including three children from Turkey, three ethnic Albanians from Kosovo and at least one Greek teenager, was reportedly obsessed with mass killings, played computer shooting games and was interested in the Neo-Nazi terrorist Anders Breivik, who murdered 77 mostly young people on 22 July 2011 targeting an AUF camp, and whose face was used by Sonboly as his profile picture on the WhatsApp messaging service - 24 July: Police arrest a 16-year-old Afghan youth on suspicion of a connection to the killing of nine people by Sonboly, as authorities confirmed that the gunman had written a manifesto before the attack without revealing any details about its content, and that he spent more than a year planning the attack and was able to buy a handgun on the dark web - 27. Juli 2016: Der Münchner Todesschütze Sonboly hat es Presseberichten zufolge als 'Auszeichnung' empfunden, am einem 20. April wie Adolf Hitler geboren worden zu sein, war als Deutsch-Iraner stolz darauf Arier zu sein, habe Araber und Türken gehasst und ihnen gegenüber 'Höherwertigkeitsgefühle' gehegt - 27 July: Police investigate Sonboly's targeting of people of foreign origin, saying the gunman was racist and a rightwing extremist
Political violence in Germany: Political violence in Germany
June 2019 murder of pro-refugee German politician Walter Lübcke: 2. Juni 2019 gewaltsamer Tod des Regierungspräsidenten des Regierungsbezirks Kassel Walter Lübcke - 9 June 2019: After neo-Nazi linked accounts on social media celebrated Lübcke’s death, drawing condemnation from across the political spectrum, detectives investigating the death of German politician Walter Lübcke have questioned a man in connection to the suspected murder - 17 June 2019: Identified only as Stephan E, with links to neo-Nazi groups, who once planted a pipe bomb outside a home for asylum seekers, is a suspect in the murder of German politician Lübcke, according to security sources - 26 June 2019: Stephan Ernst, a 45-year-old German man with a string of convictions for violent anti-migrant crime, has confessed to murdering a pro-refugee German politician Walter Lübcke
Murder victims in Germany: Murder victims in Germany
Human trafficking in Germany: Human trafficking in Germany
Violence against women in Germany: Violence against women in Germany
Rape in Germany: Rape in/a> Germany
October 2018 Freiburg gang rape, aftermath and trial: Oktober 2018 Gruppenvergewaltigung in Freiburg
Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Germany: Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Germany
Theft in Germany: Theft in Germany
1933-1945 stealing of art and other items, organized looting in European countries during NSDAP rule: 'Nazi plunder', stealing of art and other items as a result of the organized looting of European countries during the time of the Third Reich, as looting of Jewish property was a key part of the Holocaust, and as plundering occurred from 1933, beginning with the seizure of property of German Jews, until the end of World War II, particularly by military units and also soldiers - NS-Raubkunst (kurz Raubkunst) werden Kunstwerke bezeichnet, die während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus geraubt beziehungsweise 'NS-verfolgungsbedingt entzogen' wurden, wobei die Opfer des Raubs vor allem Juden und als Juden Verfolgte waren, sowohl innerhalb des deutschen Reichs von 1933 bis 1945, wie in allen von den Deutschen während des Zweiten Weltkriegs besetzten Gebieten auf der Grundlage einer Vielzahl von gesetzlichen Regelungen und unter Beteiligung diverser Behörden und eigens dafür eingerichteten Institutionen, nach der London Charter of the International Military Tribunal von 1945 als Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit eingestuft
Political corruption and crimes:
Since 1975 'Flick-Affäre' (not finished): Flick-Affäre seit 1975 (nicht abgeschlossen)
Since 1999 Telekom Überwachungsaffäre: Überwachungsaffäre der Deutschen Telekom (seit 1999)
2007 Polizistenmord von Heilbronn: Polizistenmord von Heilbronn 25. April 2007
Since 2010 'Staatstrojaner'-Affäre: 'Staatstrojaner'-Affäre seit 2010
Since 1999 'Überwachungsaffäre der Deutschen Telekom': Überwachungsaffäre der Deutschen Telekom (seit 1999)
Computer crime, cyber spying and industrial espionage: Computer crime - Cyber spying - Industrial espionage - Cyber-attacks - Computer security
Corruption, white collar crime and scandals in Germany: Corruption in Germany
Arson in Germany: Arson in Germany
Since 1945 Holocaust trials: Since 1945 Holocaust trials
1942 - April 2017: 18 April 2017: The once-inaccessible archive of the UN war crimes commission, that was closed in the late 1940s and its use of the records was effectively suppressed, as West Germany was transformed into a pivotal ally at the start of the cold war and as many convicted Nazis were granted early release after the anti-communist USA senator Joseph McCarthy lobbied to end war crimes trials, is being opened by the Wiener Library in London with a catalogue that can be searched online - 23 April 2017: Citing recently released UN documents that show the Allies were aware of the scale of the Holocaust in 1942, Israeli PM Netanyahu says in a speech marking Holocaust Remembrance Day that this new research assumed the 'terrible significance' that 'the powers knew and did not act', adding that global indifference persisted and is persisting, as evidenced by the horrors in Biafra, Cambodia, Rwanda, Sudan and Syria
Judiciary and courts in Germany: Judiciary of Germany
Courts in Germany: Courts in Germany
Federal Criminal Police Office of Germany: Bundeskriminalamt BKA ist eine dem Bundesministerium des Innern nachgeordnete Bundesoberbehörde der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit Standorten in Wiesbaden, Berlin und Meckenheim bei Bonn, mit der Aufgabe, die nationale Kriminalitätsbekämpfung in enger Zusammenarbeit mit den Landeskriminalämtern zu koordinieren, unterstützt von zentralen erkennungsdienstlichen und kriminaltechnischen Einrichtungen mit Sammlungen, wobei die Behörde bei ihrer Gründung und für die folgenden 20 Jahre ähnlich wie Justiz, Verfassungsschutz und BND vor allem in der Führungsetage einen zunächst fast hundertprozentigen Bestand an ehemaligen Mitgliedern der NSDAP und Angehörigen der SS aufwies, aufgebaut seit 1951 unter der Leitung der Kriminalkommissare und ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen Paul Dickopf und Rolf Holle, 1959 waren noch zwei Drittel der Beamten im BKA-Führungspersonal ehemalige SS-Mitglieder, drei Viertel gehörten zuvor der NSDAP an, nur zwei von 47 leitenden Beamten des BKA hatten keine NS-Vergangenheit, 33 waren ehemalige SS-Führer, selbst 1969 zählte noch ein Viertel des BKA-Führungspersonals zu ehemaligen SS-Mitgliedern, die Hälfte aller Beamten waren einst Parteimitglieder der NSDAP, wobei auch auch die Organisationsstruktur und die Arbeitsweise aus dem Reichskriminalpolizeiamt, daher schloß sich auch das Verbrechenskonzept und die Theorie der Verbrechensbekämpfung fast nahtlos an die NS-Zeit an, besonders hinsichtlich der Auffassung von Sinti und Roma
Nazi tradition of intelligence agencies and list of intelligence agencies in Germany: List of intelligence agencies of Germany - Bundesnachrichtendienst BND's Nazi tradition
Foreign relations of Germany: Foreign relations of Germany
German membership of international organisations: German membership of international organisations
Since 1957 Germany and the European Union: Germany and the European Union
11/12 July 2020 the only EU country without comprehensive national legislation to return private property confiscated by the Nazis is Poland: 11 July 2020: As Poland is the only country in the EU that has not passed comprehensive national legislation to return, or provide compensation for, private property confiscated by the Nazis, Polish president rejects Holocaust restitution claims ahead of election, as Andrzej Duda vows no reparations for assets seized from Jews during World War II, saying 'damages should be paid by the one that started the war', and as EU leaders are split over covid-19 recovery ahead of this week’s emergency summit that will expose national divisions over budgets, the €750bn pandemic fund, but not yet over Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen, promoting war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the Führerbegleitbatallion, tasked with guarding Hitler and his field headquarters during the invasion of Poland, which began on 1 September 1939, describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military
Germany/United Nations relations and membership since 1973: Germany and the United Nations
February 1945 Yalta Conference World War II meeting of the heads of government of the USA, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union: February 1945 Yalta Conference World War II meeting of the heads of government of the USA, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe
July/August 1945 Potsdam Conference: July/August 1945 Potsdam Conference and Potsdam Agreement
1945-1949 Allied-occupied Germany: 1945-1949 Allied-occupied Germany, the administration of Germany (unconditional surrendered 'Deutsches Reich') from the May 1945 defeat of NSDAP ruled Germany in World War II until the founding of East- and West Germany in 1949 - Pages of 'Aftermath of World War II in Germany', including 1944 proposed 'Morgenthau Plan' and discussion, other allied plans for German industry after World War II, including since 1947/48 'Marshall Plan', after a USA initiative passed in 1948 for foreign aid to Western Europe, French ' Monnet Plan' emphasizing expansion, modernization, efficiency, and modern management practice, setting investment targets, and allocating investment funds, as the plan’s process – focusing, prioritizing, and pointing the way – has been called 'indicative planning' to differentiate it from highly directive and rigid Soviet style planning
Since 1945 USA's 'Operation Paperclip', initiated by 'Osenberg List' since 1943: Since 1945 Operation Paperclip - including 'Osenberg List' since 1943 - a secret USA intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from former NSDAP ruled Germany to the USA for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe, as since May 1945 maily conducted by the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency JIOA - it was largely carried out by special agents of the USA Army's Counterintelligence Corps, as many of these personnel were former members, and some were former leaders, of the NSDAP Party and organisations, as the primary purpose for Operation Paperclip was USA military advantage in the Soviet–American Cold War, and the Space Race - USA intelligence involvement with German and Japanese war criminals after World War II - CIA's 'Operation Bloodstone', a covert operation whereby the Central Intelligence Agency sought out Nazis and collaborators living in Soviet-controlled areas, to work undercover for USA intelligence inside of the country itself, in Latin America, and Canada, as well as domestically within the USA, as many of those who were hired as part of Bloodstone were high-ranking Nazi intelligence agents who had committed war crimes - Since WWII 'Ratlines', a system of escape routes for Nazis - including the Holocaust organiser Adolf Eichmann, Auschwitz concentration camp's Josef Mengele, the 'Butcher of Lyon' Klaus Barbie protected by the government in 'La Paz' until 1983 - and other fascists fleeing Europe in the aftermath of World War II, as these escape routes mainly led toward havens in Latin America, particularly Argentina though also in Paraguay, Colombia, Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico, Chile, Peru, Guatemala, Ecuador and Bolivia, as well as the USA, Spain and Switzerland
January 2020 Mary Robinson and Ban Ki-moon today joined atomic experts marking 75th anniversary of the UN and atomic bombings: 23 January 2020: Mary Robinson and Ban Ki-moon today joined experts from the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists for the unveiling of the Doomsday Clock in Washington DC, an annual assessment of the existential risks faced by humanity, taking into account the precarious state of nuclear arms controls, the growing threat of climate disaster, and how these can be compounded by disruptive new technologies - 6 and 9 August 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as USA detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities with the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement, remaining the only uses of nuclear weapons in armed conflict - Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945, followed by a debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, after the used weapons needed to be developed against attackers in a war never been there, and the killed children and innocent victims also in Japan were killed by Japanese, German, Italian and allied war criminals, in a looming age of ultimately indivisible responsibility
5 November 2020 Germany supporting UN resolutions broke recent promises to oppose anti-Israel bias at the UN: 5 November 2020: A committee at the UN General Assembly passed with overwhelming majorities a series of resolutions critical of Israel, lambasting the Jewish state, among other things, for ostensible human rights violations against Palestinians and 'repressive measures' against Syrians in the Golan Heights, as motions are passed annually by the 'UN’s Special Political and Decolonization Committee', with minor adjustments, and ratified by member states in December, with nearly all European countries, including staunch allies of Israel such as Germany and the Czech Republic, traditionally supporting most of these resolutions, and as UN Watch, a Geneva-based nonprofit monitoring the world body’s alleged anti-Israel bias, released a long statement decrying the resolutions passed Wednesday, saying 'world body now adds insult to injury' 'just two weeks after the Palestinian Islamic Jihad terrorist group assaulted Israeli civilians with a barrage of rockets from Gaza — while the UN’s General Assembly and Human Rights Council stayed silent', and as 'same European nations have failed to introduce a single UNGA resolution on the human rights situation in China, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, Turkey, Pakistan, Vietnam, Algeria, or on 175 other countries'
Foreign relations of Germany by continent and bilateral relations: Foreign relations of Germany by continent and countries - Bilateral relations of Germany
Germany/Afghanistan relations: Germany/Afghanistan relations
Germany/Africa relations: Germany/Africa relations
Germany/Albania relations: Germany/Albania relations
Germany/Algeria relations: Germany/Algeria relations
Germany/Angola relations: Germany/Angola relations - German campaign in Angola 1914-1915 during World War I
Germany/Argentina relations: Germany/Argentina relations
Germany/Armenia relations: Germany/Armenia relations
April 2015: 15 April 2015: Armenian genocide should be called what it was and the German government has a special responsibility, because German officers were among the accessories and accomplices, the Central Council of Jews in Germany says - 17 April 2015: Turkey has never accepted the term genocide for its war crime against Armenians, even though historians have demolished its denial of responsibility for up to 1.5 million deaths - 17 April 2015: SPD-Steinmeier avoids to say 'genocide' for genocide of Armenians, because his party supported World War I from German beginning to end and as a result the war crimes - 17 April 2015: SPD-Schulz disassociates himself from European Parliament's resolution recognizing the Armenan Genocide, because his party supported World War I from German beginning to end and hence the war crimes
Germany/Austria relations: Germany/Austria relations
1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss': 1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss'
1939-1945 The Holocaust in Austria during World War II: The Holocaust in Austria during World War II - Nazi concentration camps in Austria
2012 October 2012 Vienna's first monument to remember people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve: 12 October 2012: Vienna will erect first monument to remember the thousands of people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve in the military during World War II
Germany/Bangladesh relations: Germany/Bangladesh relations
Germany/Belarus relations: Germany/Belarus relations
Belarusian resistance during World War II: Belarusian resistance during World War II
Germany/Belgium relations: Germany/Belgium relations
5–16 August 1914 Battle of Liège: 5–16 August 1914 Battle of Liège, the opening German aggression in its invasion of Belgium and the first battle of World War I, the length of the siege of Liège may have delayed the German invasion of France by 4–5 days, railways needed by the German armies in eastern Belgium were closed for the duration of the siege and German murderous troops did not appear in strength before Namur until 20 August - On 6 August 1914 the German Army Zeppelin Z VI bombed the Belgian city of Liège, killing nine civilians, followed by night raids on Antwerp on 25 August and 2 September - Super-heavy howitzer developed by the German armaments manufacturer Krupp were used to destroy the Belgian forts at Liège, Namur, and Antwerp, and the French fort at Maubeuge, applauded by the German press and declared a 'Wunderwaffe' (wonder weapon) - September-October 1914 Siege of Antwerp
1914-1918: In August 1914, Ebert led the Social Democratic Party to vote almost unanimously in favour of war loans - German war crimes World War I - Chemical weapons in World War I - April/May 1915 Second Battle of Ypres - Germany used the first time poison gas on a large scale on the Western Front - By 1916 the German Empire had become a military dictatorship under the control of Hindenburg and Ludendorff - The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was over 38 million, over 17 million deaths and 20 million wounded, including about 11 million military personnel and about 7 million civilians, the Allies lost about 6 million military personnel while the so-called Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey) lost about 4 million, at least 2 million died from diseases and 6 million went missing, presumed dead
1 February 2021 Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas and Nazi general Erwin Rommel: 1 February 2021: Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas, as vandalism comes as Alexander De Croo faces series of criticisms, including from hardline Flemish Nationalists, over allegedly undemocratic nature of anti-covid restrictions - 1 October 2020: Belgian government attracted attention for being the country’s first gender-balanced one, as Sophie Wilmes became Belgium’s first female foreign minister, as her paternal grandparents were killed in the bombing of Limal during World War II, and as her mother - an Ashkenazi Jew - lost several relatives in the Holocaust - Limal et la Seconde Guerre mondiale, quand en mai 1940, les Allemands devaient passer la Dyle par le pont de Limal, se trouvait en face d’eux la IIe Division Nord-Africaine, une lutte s'engagea, et quand nombreux furent les soldats français qui payèrent de leur vie cette résistance acharnée qui dura trois jours à Limal - 10 mai 1940 sans déclaration de guerre, l'Allemagne déclenche son offensive contre les Pays-Bas, la Belgique, le Luxembourg et la France, et dès le premier jour de combat, les armées belge et néerlandaise sont surclassées, suivie par des arrestation, internement et déportation des 'suspects étrangers', soit 7500 Allemands et Autrichiens pour la plupart des réfugiés Juifs, déportés vers les camps du midi de la France, et quand Winston Churchill devient Premier ministre, succédant à Arthur Neville Chamberlain - 20 mai 1940 20 les chars de Rommel atteignent La Manche à Abbeville, encerclant l'armée du Nord (Français, Anglais et Belges) - 24 mai au 27 mai 1940 résistance des bataillons des Royal Welch Fusiliers et Royal Scott Fusiliers sur les canaux au Sud-Ouest de Lille face à la division de Rommel, 7e Panzerdivision - 20 avril 1944 bombardement de Limal qui détruisit presque entièrement le village et fit 31 morts ainsi que plusieurs blessés - 1940-1944 'Des Bombes sur Limal' - Limal 'Monument aux morts', aux victimes civiles et militaires de 1914-1918 et 1940-1945 - 20 avril 1944 victime d'un bombardement médecin Charles Wilmes, mort à l'âge de 34 ans, Place Albert 1er, n° 4, et Marie-Louise Piette, tuée en même temps que son époux
Germany/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: Germany/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations
2014-2018 First World War centenary: First World War centenary 2014-2018
28/29 June 2014 Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation: 28/29 June 2014: Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation, as divisions still run deep
Germany/Brazil relations: Germany/Brazil relations
Germany/Bulgaria relations: Germany/Bulgaria relations
1939-1945 World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact: World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact
Germany/Burundi relations: Germany/Burundi relations
1939-1945 Burundi and German empire's World War II: Ruzagayura famine during World War II
1972 and 1993 Burundi genocide: Burundi genocide 1972 and 1993
1993-2005 Burundian Civil War: Burundian Civil War 1993-2005
Germany/Cameroon relations:
1911-1916 'Neukamerun': a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neukamerun">1911-1916 'Neukamerun' was the name of Central African territories ceded by France to Germany in 1911
Germany/Canada relations: Germany/Canada relations
Germany/Chile relations: Germany/Chile relations
Germany/PR of China relations: Germany/PR of China relations
1899-1901 Boxer rebellion: 1899-1901 Boxer rebellion
Germany/Czech Republic relations: Germany/Czech Republic relations
August-October 1944 'Slovak National Uprising' against NS regime: August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising, an armed insurrection organized by the Slovak resistance movement during World War I, as the movement was represented mainly by the members of the Democratic Party, by social democrats and Communists, and launched from Banská Bystrica in an attempt to resist German troops that had occupied Slovak territory and to overthrow the collaborationist government of Jozef Tiso - 1944-1945 SS general Hermann Höfle played a leading role in the suppression of the Slovak National Uprising, as after WWII - he was arrested by Czechoslovakian authorities, and tried along with Hanns Ludin, as both were sentenced to death and executed on 9 December 1947, as some sources claim that he died in custody on 3 December - Hanns Elard Ludin (1905 – 9 December 1947 in Bratislava), a German diplomat who became Ambassador to the Slovak Republic in 1941, replacing Manfred von Killinger, as his activities included convincing the Slovak government to comply with deportations for slave labor and providing diplomatic cover to such activities, promoted to SA-Obergruppenführer, committing war crimes, as some years after the war he was arrested and extradited to Czechoslovakia, where he was tried with SS-Obergruppenführer Hermann Höfle, and as Hanns Ludin's youngest son Malte filmed a documentary about the impact of his father's involvement in the Third Reich on his family, called '2 oder 3 Dinge, die ich von ihm weiß', released in 2005 and run in New York City in January 2007 at the Film Forum, as Hanns Ludin's granddaughter Alexandra Senfft later wrote the book 'Schweigen tut weh. Eine deutsche Familiengeschichte'
Since 1938 Czech resistance to Nazi occupation: Czech resistance to Nazi occupation
Germany/Denmark relations: Germany/Denmark relations
1943-1945 arrests and deportations of Danish Jews: Arrests and deportations of Danish Jews 1943-1945
Germany/Egypt relations: Germany/Egypt relations
Germany/Eritrea relations: Germany/Eritrea relations
Germany/Ethiopia relations: Germany/Ethiopia relations
Germany/Finland relations: Germany/Finland relations
April 1918 Battle of Helsinki, German invasion and starvation as a weapon in warfare: April 1918 Battle of Helsinki, as the German empire invaded Helsinki despite the opposition of Finnish White Army leader Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim who wanted to attack the capital city with his own troops, but the Germans including their Ebert/Scheidemann supporters had their own interest in taking Helsinki as quickly as possible and then moving further east towards the Russian border - April-May 1918 Battle of Lahti - Baltic Sea Division comprising two army brigades from the German Eastern Front, as Germany aimed in 1918 to establish a chain of satellite states in eastern Europe in order to provide raw materials for German industry and food products - Hunger as A Weapon of War in Eastern Europe during the period of World War I - Detachment Brandenstein, unit assigned to cut the railway between Helsinki and Viipuri
1939-1945 Finland's cooperation with Nazi Germany and military history of Finland during World War II: Finland sided with Nazi Germany - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact - Military history of Finland during World War II 1939-1945
Germany/France relations: Germany/France relations
1914-1918 World War I: World War I 1914-1918 First Battle of the Marne September 1914 - The Battle of Verdun from 21 February – 18 December 1916 was one of the largest battles of World War I, after the German 5th Army attacked the defences of the Région Fortifiée de Verdun and those of the Second Army garrisons on the right bank of the Meuse, intending to rapidly capture the Côtes de Meuse - In 1916 the German strategy was to inflict mass casualties on the French, to weaken the French Army to the point of collapse, therefore the Germans planned to use a large number of heavy and super-heavy guns to inflict a greater number of casualties than French artillery - In 1980, J. Terraine gave 750,000 Franco-German casualties in 299 days of Verdun battle, E.R. Dupuy and T.N. Dupuy gave 542,000 French casualties in 1993, H. Heer and K. Naumann calculated 377,231 French and 337,000 German casualties - German war crimes World War I - Chemical weapons in World War I - List of French villages destroyed in World War I - French World War I casualties
May/June 1940 German invasion of France during World War II and war crimes: German invasion of France 1940 during World War II - Hitler's general Erwin Rommel and Nazi invasion of France and Belgium 1940, in 1961 the biggest German military barracks named 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne' - Hitler's general Heinz Guderian and Nazi invasion of France and Belgium 1940, after 1945 he advised on the re-establishment of military forces in West Germany - Hitler's quartermaster general of the German 'Wehrmacht' 1939-1944 - Allied casualties of the second German assault and war crime within 26 years include 85,310 French soldiers murdered (including 5,400 Maghrebis), 12,000 missing, 120,000 wounded and 1,540,000 prisoners (including 67,400 Maghrebis) - German Military Administration in France 1940-1944 - Vichy France 1940-1944 - German war crimes World War II - Oradour-sur-Glane in Nazi occupied France was destroyed on 10 June 1944, when 642 of its inhabitants, including women and children, were massacred by a German Waffen-SS company - French World War II casualties
Since July 1945 Place de la Bataille-de-Stalingrad in Paris: Depuis 7 juillet 1945 Place de la Bataille-de-Stalingrad située dans les 10e et 19e arrondissements de Paris, qui commémore la ville de Russie où les armées soviétiques remportèrent une victoire décisive sur l'armée allemande du 17 juillet 1942 au 2 février 1943, commandée par 'Generalfeldmarschall' Paulus et 'Generalfeldmarschall' Manstein, après la guerre accusé et jugé coupable de crimes de guerre et contre les civils, y compris son commandement à ses troupes de participer aux opérations d'épuration à Simferopol en novembre 1941, aidant au massacre de 11 000 civils Juifs, mais en 1955 le criminel de guerre devient conseiller pour la nouvelle Armée de l'Allemagne de l'Ouest, la Bundeswehr - 'Generalfeldmarschall' Manstein's war crimes, involvement in the Holocaust, and 1949 trial in Hamburg
11 novembre 1968 une foule énorme se déploie à Paris et à 11 heures précises, toutes les cloches des villes de France retentissent: Le 11 novembre 1968, une foule énorme se déploie le long des Champs-Élysées, et à 11 heures précises, toutes les cloches des villes de France retentissent comme lors du cessez-le-feu en 1918
Novembre 1968 le 'Requiem' de Brahms par la chorale des J.M.F. et le 'Studio Orchester' de Hanovre à Saint-Gervais: Le 'Requiem' de Brahms par la chorale des J.M.F., publié le 27 novembre 1968 par Anne Rey, disant 'la récente exécution en l'église Saint-Gervais du Requiem allemand de Brahns par la chorale des Jeunesses Musicales de France et le Studio Orchester de Hanovre avait attiré un nombreux auditoire, généralement très jeune', nené par Klaus Bernbacher - 27 novembre 1968: Le 'Requiem allemand' de Brahms en l'église Saint-Gervais par la chorale des 'Jeunesses musicales de France' et le 'Studio Orchester de Hanovre' avait attiré un nombreux auditoire, généralement très jeune' - L'église Saint-Gervais, estimée par des compositeurs et la famille Couperin, collègues de la famille de J.S. Bach en Thuringe
1914-1918/2014-2018: First World War 1914-1918 centenary 2014-2018 - World War I memorials - 12 octobre 2013: Les commémorations du centenaire de la Première Guerre mondiale, qui devraient se prolonger sur cinq ans, ont été partiellement dévoilées à Blois - 17 octobre 2013: A moins de huit mois du 70e anniversaire de la Libération, en Normandie un bunker allemand 'au coeur du Débarquement' 1944 s'ouvre au public - 29 mai 2016: Les africains, qui se sont battus dans les tranchées, et le centenaire de la bataille de Verdun de la première guerre mondiale déclarée par l'Allemagne - 29 mai 2016: Bayeux a commémoré le centenaire de la bataille de Verdun, conçue par le commandant en chef de l'Armée allemande général Erich von Falkenhayn comme une bataille d'attrition pour 'saigner à blanc l'Armée française' sous un déluge d'obus - 29 mai 2016: Cannes commémore le centenaire de la bataille de Verdun, la plus terrible bataille que l'humanité ait connue - 29 mai 2016: Cent ans après l'enfer de Verdun, François Hollande et Angela Merkel commémoraient la bataille de Verdun, une journée placée sous le signe de l'Europe dans un contexte difficile - 1 July 2016: Battle of the Somme centenary commemorations in France and in the United Kingdom - 1 juillet 2016: Près de 600 enfants - 300 Britanniques et 300 Français - doivent participer à la célébration à Thiepval pour célébrer le centenaire de la bataille de la Somme, la plus meurtrière de la Grande Guerre
Germany/Gabon relations: Germany/Gabon relations
June 1940: Le 7 juin 1940 les assassins de la 7e division blindée allemande sous les ordres d'Erwin Rommel, qui séparent alors les Africains des Européens, exécutent sommairement le capitaine N'Tchoréré, qui refuse d’être considéré comme un 'Untermensch', un 'sous-homme' - 1940 Execution of prisoners in France by Nazi Germany and by Rommel's 7th Panzer division alongside troops from 5th Panzer division, committing numerous atrocities against French and especially French-African soldiers, Rommel himself ordered the execution of one French officer, who did not have a gun - 27. Juli 2009: Die 'Wehrmacht' des nationalsozialistischen Deutschlands verletzte systematisch - in Deutschland jahrzehntelang geleugnet und verdrängt - die Genfer Kriegskonvention und verübte z.B. 1940 aus rassistischen Motiven Kriegsverbrechen, die der Historiker Raffael Scheck anhand von Dokumenten beschreibt, die belegen wie Wehrmachtseinheiten innerhalb nur eines Monats, zwischen dem 24. Mai und dem 24. Juni 1940 mindestens 3.000 schwarze Soldaten Frankreichs ermordeten, obwohl die sich bereits ergeben hatten oder verwundet waren und nicht mehr im Kampf standen
Germany/Georgia relations: Germany/Georgia relations
Germany/Greece relations: Germany/Greece relations
1941-1945 Invasion of Greece by Germany and Italy and occupation: Invasion of Greece by Germany and Italy 1941 - Axis occupation of Greece 1941-1945
Nazi war crimes and the Holocaust in Greece: Nazi war crimes in Greece - The Holocaust in Greece - Haidari concentration camp
1967-1974 support for the Greek military dictatorship, including German: Support for the Greek military dictatorship 1967-1974
Germany/Hungary relations: Germany/Hungary relations
Since 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact and World War II 1939-1945: World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact
Military history of fascist Kingdom of Hungary 1920–46 during World War II: Military history of fascist Kingdom of Hungary 1920–46 during World War II
Hungarian resistance movement of World War II: Hungarian resistance movement of World War II
Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Hungary: Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Hungary
Germany/Indonesia relations: Germany/Indonesia relations
Trade and investment: Trade and investment
February 2019 SPD congratulations to the Iranian regime: 21 February 2019: Congratulations to the Iranian regime, that seeks the destruction of the Jewish state, by SPD politicians including Germany's social democratic FM Heiko Maas, who appeared in a photograph shaking hands with Iran's FM Javad Zarif at the weekend Munich Security conference, Germany's deputy FM SPD-Annen, who celebrated Iranian regime's seizure of power in its embassy in Berlin, and German president SPD-Steinmeier, who sends 'congratulations to the most dangerous regime in the world', condemned by Simon Wiesenthal Center's Abraham Cooper according to 'The Jerusalem Post' - 26 February 2019: Germany’s Central Council of Jews joins criticism of German president over Iran telegram, as Josef Schuster says that 'routine diplomacy appears to have overtaken critical thinking', also rejected as 'shocking' by Human Rights Watch’s Wenzel Michalski
Germany/Iraq relations: Germany/Iraq relations
Germany/Israel relations: Germany/Israel relations
History of the Jews in Germany: History of the Jews in Germany
Since 1882 Aliyah (immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the land of Israel): Aliyah - immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the land of Israel since 1882
1914-1918: 2 August 1914 Ottoman German Alliance in SPD supported World War I - On 14 November 1914 Ottoman Empire declares an Islamic holy war on behalf of the Ottoman government, urging his Muslim followers to take up arms against Britain, France, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro in World War I - 1914-1918 German military commanders to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War were Otto Liman von Sanders, Goltz, Kress von Kressenstein, and more, compare the 'League of German Asian Warriors' affiliated to the NSDAP after the Nazi takeover of power in 1933 - 1914-1918 World War I Middle East's combatants were on the one hand the Central Powers, the Ottoman Empire (including Kurds, Persians and some Arab tribes), and on the other hand, the British (with the help of Jews, Greeks, Assyrians and the majority of the Arabs), the Russians and the French from the Allies of World War I, main campaigns include, the Sinai and Palestine Campaign 28 January 1915 – 30 October 1918, the Mesopotamian Campaign 6 November 1914 – 14 November 1918, and the Persian Campaign December 1914 – October 1918
24 June 1941 German air force in the skies of pre-state Israel: 8 April 2021: On 24 June 1941 during the longest and most complex sortie executed by the NSDAP-ruled German empire's air force in the skies of pre-state Israel, a Junkers plane photographed Tel Aviv, the Jordan Valley, Tiberias and an airport near Amman, as this revealing June 1941 sortie was not the only wartime German action over Palestine, as Israeli historians and aerial warfare scholar Daniel Uziel uncovered a collection of hundreds of aerial photographs of Palestine taken by the Luftwaffe during World War II, recently published in the Hebrew-language journal Cathedra, as 286 photographs from 50 sorties were found in the USA National Archives (a fraction of over 1 million photographs taken by the Luftwaffe during the war), seized by the Allies and handed over to the CIA, which later used them in intelligence analyses of areas under Soviet control during the Cold War, after in June 1941 German empire's forces were preparing for the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Germans and Italians aided the Arab rebels in Iraq in their revolt against the British, with the aim of cutting the British off from vital oil fields in Iraq, and then, the Luftwaffe flew over Palestine and bombed targets there, focusing mainly on Haifa but struck Tel Aviv and Latrun as well, after a few months earlier, Italian planes had bombarded Tel Aviv, killing more than 100 people and causing major damage, as the Luftwaffe flew over Palestine once again during part of the operations by Erwin Rommel’s Afrika Korps, which reached Egypt in 1942, as for the first time in summer 1943 Hitler allied Husseini proposed bombing Jerusalem and Tel Aviv in reprisal for the British and American bombardments of German cities, and as the Luftwaffe even prepared a detailed plan for a heavy bombardment of Tel Aviv that was not executed
2013: 8 April 2013: Thousands from across the globe marched solemnly at the former Nazi Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp to honour the six million Jews killed in the Holocaust during World War II - 18 avril 2013: Condamnés à mourir dans des chambres à gaz, les derniers jeunes juifs du ghetto de Varsovie 1943, ont au moins voulu choisir leur mort et mourir au combat, l'arme à la main, se souvient Simcha Rotem - 14 June 2013: Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu, visiting the former Nazi death camp at Auschwitz, says the Jewish state would act - alone if necessary - to prevent a repetition of the Holocaust - 28 June: Germany's Federal Administrative Court dismisses bid to release full Eichmann files - 8 November: Anti-Semitism on rise in Europe, says European Fundamental Rights Agency survey - 9 November 2013: Holocaust survivors, citizens and politicians will marks Nazi pogrom of November 1938 with vigils and tributes to the victims
2014: 28 March 2014: Palestinian students visit Auschwitz in first organized visit in a program, that aims to teach Israeli and Palestinian students about the other side's suffering in effort to study how empathy could facilitate reconciliation - Yom HaShoah 28 April 2014 - 13 July: About 1,000 demonstrators, most of them Palestinian, hold unregistered march protesting Israel's Operation Protective Edge - 16 July: Following its German sister company’s lead, the Dutch branch of Europe’s TUI travel giant has called off all tours of Israel due to the rocket fire there - 18 July: Anti-Semitic slogans chanted at Berlin protest against Israel's Gaza operation - 21. Juli: Eine anti-israelische Kundgebung in Berlin von palästinensischen und politischen Gruppen wie dem Hochschulverband der Partei 'Die Linke' ist am Samstag mit antisemitischen Parolen und dem versuchten Angriff auf ein Ehepaar aus Jerusalem eskaliert - 21 July: Germany's Jewish community is shocked by an 'explosion of evil and violent hatred of Jews' shown by protesters at anti-Israel demonstrations across the country chanting 'gas the Jews' and other anti-Semitic slogans during some pro-Gaza protests - 21 July: As wave of anti-Semitic rallies hits cities across Germany and anti-Israel protester chanted in Dortmund and Frankfurt 'Hamas Hamas Juden ins gas', Jewish community braces itself ahead of Friday’s Iranian-sponsored Al Quds Day March - 24 July: As death toll in the Gaza/Israel conflict rises, officials indicate that ceasefire may take time - 24 July 2014: Parents in Gaza and Israel do not want their children to grow up to kill or be killed in a senseless war that has no end - 30 July: In Israel, 79-year-old Holocaust survivor worries about her Gazan daughter
2017: 25 April 2017: Visiting Israel German FM Sigmar Gabriel says that it would be 'regrettable' if PM Benjamin Netanyahu were to refuse to meet him due to his planned meeting with groups critical of the Israeli army, but insists that he will not change his plans - 26 April 2017: German FM Gabriel met with groups after defying to cancel the meeting, shortly after the meeting one of the groups, B’Tselem co-funded by the FordFoundation, called on the international community to punish Israel for the continued occupation of the West Bank - 10 July 2017: Six people including a number of former senior public officials, suspected of corruption in the potentially fraudulent purchase of naval vessels, questioned as part of the ongoing investigation into the 'submarine affair', in which PM Netanyahu’s personal lawyer David Shimron is suspected of attempting to sway multi-billion-shekel deals in favor of the German shipbuilder ThyssenKrupp, which he represented in Israel
15 January 2020 murderous alliance of SPD, German TV and Iranian Mullah regime: 15 January 1919 SPD-supported murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht in Berlin, 13 January 2020 German TV and SPD support for Iranian regime's denial of its brutal shootdown of a Ukrainian jetliner, as Iranian regime's Rohani warned on 15 January that European soldiers in the Mideast 'could be in danger', as regime's FM acknowledged that Iranians 'were lied to' for days following its brutal shootdown of a Ukrainian jetliner that killed 176 people, and as the state of Israel, founded following the Holocaust committed by Germany, is continuously forced to defend itself against terrorists also in Syria, where Assad is allied with the Russian, the Iranian Mullah regime and Hezbollah terrorists - 15 January 2020: Russian Jew David Dushman, one of the last surviving soldiers to have taken part in the liberation of the Auschwitz camp in January 1945, since 1996 living in southern Germany and still struggling to explain how such a catastrophe could happen, joined the Red Army in 1941 after Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, today saying 'they were standing there, all of them in (prisoner) uniforms, only eyes, only eyes, very narrow - that was very terrible, very terrible'
20 January 2020 Rachel Hanan's son says Holocaust forum should have been honoring survivors first and foremost: 20 January 2020: Many leaders and even war criminal Putin - allied with the Iranian Mullah regime, Assad and Hezbollah terrorists - and German president, but few actual survivors invited to landmark Holocaust event, as Yaron Hanan, son of former Auschwitz prisoner Rachel Hanan, who was not among 30 given tickets to event, says forum should have been honoring survivors first and foremost, adding 'I think they’re no less essential to representing what took place there than anything else this ceremony is intended to achieve', and as Environmental Protection Minister Ze’ev Elkin says he would hand over his invitation to a survivor who wished to attend but was not invited, and called on his fellow ministers to do the same
Germany/Italy relations: Germany/Italy relations
1914-1918 Austria-Hungary's and Germany's campaign against Italy in World War I and Erwin Rommel: Austria-Hungary's and Germany's campaign against Italy in World War I - Battles of the Isonzo 1915-1917 in World War I - The use of poison gas by the Germans played a key role in the collapse of the Italian Second Army in the Battle of Caporetto 1917, Erwin Rommel (later Hitler's favorite general) won the 'Pour le Mérite' for his role in the battle - In 1917 the 1944 Nobel laureate Otto Hahn was one of three officers, disguised in Austrian uniforms, sent to the Isonzo front in Italy to find a suitable location for an attack, utilising newly developed rifled minenwerfers that simultaneously hurled hundreds of containers of poison gas onto enemy targets, as they selected a site where the Italian trenches were sheltered in a deep valley so that a gas cloud would persist, the 'Battle of Caporetto' broke through the Italian line and the Central Powers overran much of northern Italy, as in 1918 the German offensive in the west smashed through the Allies' lines after a massive release of gas from their mortars
1915-1918 German empire's 'Gastruppe' and Nobel laureate 'Haber's rule': 1915-1918 'Gastruppe' durante la prima guerra mondiale, le truppe tedesche incaricate dell'uso dei gas sotto la supervisione del premio Nobel 1918 Fritz Haber - 'Manifesto of the Ninety-Three', 4 October 1914 proclamation originally titled in English 'To the Civilized World' by 'Professors of Germany', declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions in World War I - Since 1915 Fritz Haber, who played a major role in the development of the non-ballistic use of chemical warfare in World War I, in spite of the proscription of their use in shells by the Hague Convention of 1907 and to which Germany was a signatory, formulated a simple mathematical relationship between the gas concentration and the necessary exposure time which became known as 'Haber's rule', as during the 1920s his institute developed the cyanide gas formulation Zyklon A
1936/1937 Anti-Comintern Pact and 1939-1945 World War II: 1936/1937 Anti-Comintern Pact and 1939-1945 World War II
29 June 1944 Civitella massacre of 244 civilians by german soldiers of the 'Wehrmacht', never charged in Germany: 29 June 1944 massacre of 244 civilians in Civitella was done by german soldiers of the 'Wehrmacht', never charged in Germany
Since 1945 'Schrank der Schande', 'Armadio della vergogna', 'LA MEMORIA': - LA MEMORIA - Armadio della vergogna - Schrank der Schande (staatlich versteckte Akten über deutsche Kriegsverbrechen)
2012/2013 report by Italian and German historians on German war crimes against Italians and reactions: 19 December 2012: At the presentation of a report by Italian and German historians on German war crimes against Italians, Italy presses Germany on conviction of former Nazis - 29 July 2013 and its truth: The murderer SS-Priebke and free man in 2013 said, that the victims - from 14 year old boys (today 83) to 75 year old men - were, in his view at the time, terrorists - 15 October 2013: Angry protests mark funeral of Nazi war criminal SS officer Erich Priebke in Italy - 16 October: Italy marked the 70th anniversary of the round-up and deportation of Jews from Rome's ghetto on Wednesday, amid turmoil over the burial of Nazi war criminal Erich Priebke and his Holocaust-denying final statement - 18 October: 90-year-old former Nazi soldier Alfred Stork sentenced in absentia by a military court in Rome which found him guilty of taking part in the execution of at least 117 Italian officers on the Greek island of Cephalonia - 19 October 2013: Nazi war criminal Priebke to be buried in 'secret location' in Italy
15 August 2020 after 76 years victims of 1944 Nazi Fosse Ardeatine massacre identified: 15 August 2020: After 76 years, victims of 1944 Fosse Ardeatine massacre, in which civilians were killed by Nazi German occupation soldiers in reprisal for a partisan attack on an SS regiment in Italy, identified through DNA testing, as two of those who died can now finally be honored by families, and as David Reicher's father Marian, a Polish Jew who fled to Italy during WWII, was among the 335 civilians murdered in the indiscriminate mass killings, which targeted Jews and Gentiles of all ages, from all professions, and socioeconomic groups, during the German led massacre period following the overthrow of Mussolini, as Nazi Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel became commander of German Army Group B in Italy since July 1943, to force Italy to continue Nazi's war after the overthrow of the war criminal Mussolini, as EU's present-day president of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen calls Erwin Rommel a resistance fighter
Germany/Japan relations: Germany/Japan relations
Germany–Korea relations: Germany–Korea relations
Germany/North Korea relations: Germany/North Korea relations
February 2018 North Korea acquiring equipment and technology for its nuclear and weapons programmes through its Berlin embassy: 4 February 2018: North Korea has been acquiring equipment and technology for its nuclear and weapons programmes through its Berlin embassy, according to Germany’s domestic intelligence BfV
Germany/South Korea relations: Germany/South Korea relations
Germany/Kuwait relations: Germany/Kuwait relations
Germany/Latvia relations: Germany/Latvia relations
Baltic Germans: Baltic Germans
July 1941 burning of the Riga synagogues: July 1941 burning of the Riga synagogues
Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45: Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45
Germany/Lebanon relations: Germany/Lebanon relations
Germany/Libya relations: Germany/Libya relations
1936-1945 and German invasion of North Africa 1941: World War II North African campaign 1940-1943 and German invasion
Germany/Lithuania relations: Germany/Lithuania relations
Resistance in Lithuania during World War II: Resistance in Lithuania during World War II
Germany/Luxembourg relations: Germany/Luxembourg relations
1959 Germany/Luxembourg Compensation Agreement for Victims of the Nazi Regime on paying DM 18 million: 1959 Germany/Luxembourg 'Bilateral Compensation Agreement for Victims of the Nazi Regime' on paying DM 18 million
Germany/Luxembourg economic and financial relations: Business in Luxembourg - Economy, finance and companies of Luxembourg
Germany/Malta relations: Germany/Malta relations
Since January 1941 German intervention: Since January 1941 German intervention
Germany/Middle East relations: Germany/Middle East relations
1871-1945 Germany and the Middle East: 2004: Germany and the Middle East, 1871-1945
1939-1945 submarine warfare in German, Italian and Japanese empires' World War II: Submarine warfare in World War II
Germany/Mozambique relations: Germany/Mozambique relations
Germany/Namibia relations: Germany/Namibia relations
Germany/Netherlands relations: Germany/Netherlands relations
1918 Wilhelm's flight, 1920-1941 exile for war criminal Wilhelm II in the Netherland against the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, expressly providing in article 227 for the prosecution of Wilhelm for war crimes: 10 November 1918 flight and 1920-1941 exile and asylum for last German emperor and war criminal Wilhelm II in the Netherlands' 'Huis Doorn' was based on monarchist and family ties with Netherlands' Queen Wilhelmina, in return Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, committing war crimes not yet seen and Wilhelm went undisturbed by the German 'Wehrmacht' - 1919 Peace Treaty of Versailles, Articles 227-230: 'The Allied and Associated Powers publicly arraign William II of Hohenzollern, formerly German Emperor, for a supreme offence against international morality and the sanctity of treaties. A special tribunal will be constituted to try the accused, thereby assuring him the guarantees essential to the right of defence.'
Germany/New Zealand relations: Germany/New Zealand relations
1914-1918: Military history of New Zealand in World War I
Germany/North Macedonia relations: Germany/North Macedonia-Yugoslavia relations
The Holocaust in Macedonia 1941-1945: The Holocaust in Macedonia 1941-1945
Germany/Norway relations: Germany/Norway relations
German occupation and the Holocaust in Norway: Jewish deportees from Norway during World War II - The Holocaust in Norway
1945-2007 NSDAP/CDU-Filbinger scandal: NSDAP/CDU-Filbinger-Affäre (1945 bis 2007) - Justizmorde als NS-Richter - 'Furchtbare Juristen' (mit dem Untertitel 'Die unbewältigte Vergangenheit unserer Justiz') behandelt die Verbrechen der deutschen Justiz in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus und die durch Übernahme von NS-vorbelasteten Juristen in den Staatsdienst der Bundesrepublik Deutschland verhinderte gerichtliche Aufarbeitung ebendieser Verbrechen - 1. September 2009: Österreichs Nationalratspräsidentin Prammer fordert eine 'lückenlose Rehabilitation' der Opfer der NS-Militärjustiz - Opfer der NS-Militärjustiz sind Personen, die von Militärgerichten (einschließlich Feldgerichten und Ersatzgerichten) in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus verurteilt wurden, während des Zweiten Weltkrieges haben Militärrichter etwa 30.000 Todesurteile gefällt
Palau during 1939-1945 World War II and post-war development: Palau during 1939-1945 World War II and post-war development - Wars and battles involving Palau
Germany/Palestinian territories relations: World War I 1914-1918 started by the German and Austrian empires - Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1922 - World War II 1939-1945 - The Holocaust, from 1941 to 1945, Jews were targeted and methodically murdered in a genocide by the German Empire
Germany/Papua New Guinea relations: Germany/Papua New Guinea relations
1884-1919 'Kaiser-Wilhelmsland': 'Kaiser-Wilhelmsland' 1884-1919
Germany/Peru relations: Germany/Peru relations
Germany/Poland relations: Germany/Poland relations
Since 1772 Prussian Partition: Since 1772 Prussian Partition
Since 1885 mass deportation of Poles by the German Empire: Since 1885 mass deportation of Poles from territories controlled by the German Empire
Aftermath of the First World War: Aftermath of the First World War
6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of ill prepared Poland after French and British pressure not to mobilize: 6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of Poland, fought between the armies of Poland and Nazi Germany in World War II, after reason for Poland's late and insufficient mobilization was pressure from the French and the British not to mobilize, and as since 29 August 1939, when the Poles re—started the mobilization against advice from Paris and London, it was too late - Since 1938 'Western betrayal' (and earlier) concerning the fact that France, the United Kingdom, and sometimes the USA failed to meet their legal, diplomatic, military, and moral obligations with respect to the Czechoslovak and Polish states during the prelude to and aftermath of World War II, also sometimes referring to the treatment of other Central and Eastern European states at the time, enabling World War II that lasted from 1939 to 1945, the Holocaust by Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe, and the August 1945 atomic bombings forcing Japanese war criminals to surrender
1940 German mass murder 'Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion' in Poland: 1940 German 'Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion' in Poland, a second stage of the Nazi German campaign of violence and mass murder during World War II aimed to eliminate the intellectuals and the upper classes of Polish society across the territories slated for eventual annexation, as most of the killings were arranged in a form of mass disappearances from multiple cities and towns upon the German arrival, and in the spring and summer of 1940, more than 30,000 Poles were arrested by the Nazi authorities in German-occupied central Poland, about 7,000 of them including community leaders, professors, teachers and priests were subsequently massacred secretly at various locations including at the Palmiry forest, the others were sent to German concentration camps
27 January 2020 Holocaust survivors will gather at the former German Auschwitz death camp: 27 January 2020: 75 years after the liberation of Auschwitz, Holocaust survivors will gather at the former German Nazi death camp to honor its over 1.1 million mostly Jewish victims and to share their testimony as a stark warning amid a recent surge of anti-Semitic attacks on both sides of the Atlantic and especially fresh concerns over anti-Semitism in Europe, after war criminal Novichok-Putin, falsely accusing Poland of colluding with German Nazi dictator Hitler and contributing to the outbreak of World War II, spoke in Jerusalem on 23 January, and as Germany since 1961 refuses to rename Nazi general Erwin Rommel barracks in Augustdorf, continuing Nazi propaganda, misleading and indoctrinating young people and generations, as neo-Nazis and AfD since 2015 got stronger in Germany and elsewhere
11/12 July 2020 Poland the only EU country without comprehensive national legislation to return private property confiscated by the Nazis: 11 July 2020: As Poland is the only country in the EU that has not passed comprehensive national legislation to return, or provide compensation for, private property confiscated by the Nazis, Polish president rejects Holocaust restitution claims ahead of election, as Andrzej Duda vows no reparations for assets seized from Jews during World War II, saying 'damages should be paid by the one that started the war', and as EU leaders are split over covid-19 recovery ahead of this week’s emergency summit that will expose national divisions over budgets, the €750bn pandemic fund, but not yet over Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen, promoting war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the Führerbegleitbatallion, tasked with guarding Hitler and his field headquarters during the invasion of Poland, which began on 1 September 1939, describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military
Germany/Portugal relations: Germany/Portugal relations
Germany/Romania relations: Germany/Romania relations
History of the Jews in Romania and the Holocaust: History of the Jews in Romania and the Holocaust in Romania - June 1941 Iasi pogrom
Germany/Russia relations: Germany/Russia relations
1943 'Battle of Kursk' blocking the way of further Nazi Germany's 'Blitzkrieg' in the coming up winter: 1941-1943 during Axis powers' World War II Kursk was occupied by NSDASP and SS Germany between 4 November 1941 – 8 November 1943, as in July 1943 the Germans launched 'Operation Citadel' in an attempt to recapture Kursk, as during the resulting 'Battle of Kursk', the village of Prokhorovka near Kursk became the center of a major armoured engagement between Soviet and German forces, which is widely considered to have been one of the largest tank battles in history, and as Operation Citadel was the last major German offensive against the Soviet Union and the final stage, blocking the way of further Nazi Germany's 'Blitzkrieg' in the coming up winter - Soviet army's resistance and defense campaign was a strategic Soviet success, as for the first time, a major German offensive had been stopped before achieving a breakthrough, despite German empire was using more technologically advanced armour than in previous years, yet unable to break through the in-depth Soviet defences, caught off guard by the significant operational reserves of the Red Army, as this result changed the pattern of operations on the Eastern Front, with the Soviet Union gaining the operational initiative, but the Soviet victory was costly, with the Red Army losing considerably more men and materiel than the German Army, finally enforcing the Soviet Union's larger industrial potential and pool of manpower, as Nazi 'Blitzkrieg' general Guderian wrote 'with the failure of Zitadelle we have suffered a decisive defeat', long before 1944 'Operation Overlord' against NSDAP Germany and the Italian puppet 'Social Republic', (established by Kesselring's, Rommel's, von Rundstedt's, von Weichs' and Löhr's 'Operation Achse')
Soviet losses in NSDAP Germany's 'Battle of Kursk': Soviet losses in NSDAP Germany's 'Battle of Kursk' comprise 254,470 killed, missing or captured people, 608,833 wounded or sick people (74% wounded and 26% sick, a total of 863,000 men (~710,000 casualties in combat) - German Nazi general Heinz Guderian (1888-1954) during World War I and World War II and his son Nazi officer Heinz Günther Guderian (1914-2004) during World War II, then active some years in the 'Organisation Gehlen', then 'Kommandeur der Panzerbataillone 3 und 174', then 'Kommandeur der Panzerbrigade 14', then 'Referats- und Unterabteilungsleiter im Führungsstab des Heeres' and at last 'Inspizient der Panzertruppe und General der Kampftruppen', before in 1972 Guderian received the 'Großes Verdienstkreuz des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland'
17 July 1944: 17 July 1944 Red Army reaches the Russian border, as some of the 57,000 German PoWs march through the streets of Moscow to demonstrate the success of the Red Army, amongst those captured 19 German Hitler-generals, before symbolically cleaning the streets afterwards - July 1944 Field Marshal von Rundstedt, at the time Commander-in-Chief in the West, had told Fuhrer HQ that it was 'time to make peace’ and Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, injured on the 17th July thanks to resistance against Nazi-Germany, sent his last report on the battle in France - Since 1941 German war crimes in the East under Field Marshal von Rundstedt's command, as Army Group South actively participated in the policies outlined in the Hunger Plan, the Nazi racial starvation policy, by 'living off the land', denying food supplies to Soviet prisoners of war and civilians, and as Rundstedt shared the general German Army prejudice against the 'Ostjuden', and killings took place with the knowledge and support of the German Army
Resistance movement against the Axis occupation of the Soviet Union during World War II: Soviet partisans, resistance movement that fought a guerrilla war against the Axis occupation of the Soviet Union during World War II
2014: 14 March: Germany warns Putin regime of further EU sanctions if it doesn't step back in its intervention in Ukraine - 14 April 2014: Senior French and German officials have warned that the surge in nationalism fueling the crisis in Ukraine, where separatists in the East are seeking to join Russia, echoes the ideas that led to World War I - 27 April: A German-led eight-member group of OSCE military observers accused of being NATO spies by Ponomarev, the self-proclaimed 'people's mayor' of Slovyansk, remains in captivity - 27 April: Seriously violating international law, Russian TV shows Ukrainian captives blindfolded, stripped of their pants and shoes and bound with packing tape in Slovyansk, where OSCE observers are also being held - 29 April: The German government has sought to distance itself from the country's former chancellor Gerhard Schroeder after he was reported to have partied with Russia's Putin despite tension over the crisis in Ukraine - 4 August: Germany suspends military exports of Rheinmetall to Russia
2016: 27 March 2016: Regarding how Putin's aggression in eastern Ukraine is portrayed in the media around the world, German journalist and former Moscow bureau chief of Focus magazine shares his thoughts in Ukrainian TV-interview on the impact of Russian influnce in the German media - 22/23 June 2016: 75 years after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, Ukraine's intelligence reports dozens of flights of Russian assault and reconnaissance drones, as Russian-backed separatist forces launched 46 attacks on Ukrainian troops in eastern Ukraine killing one Ukrainian soldier and injuring eleven overnight - 30 August 2016: As Russian regime's brutality in Syria and Ukraine continues and escalates, Germany's Merkel says 'I'm interested in lifting sanctions from Russia' - 20 October 2016: As French president Hollande uses the phrase 'war crimes', France and Germany allege to press Russian Putin regime to extend a pause in air strikes in Syria and halt the 'criminal' bombardment of civilians, Reuters reports
2014-2018 First World War centenary: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - World War I memorials
Since August 2019 assassination of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili in Berlin and search for assassins: 23 August 2019 assassination of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili in Berlin and international search for Khangoshvili's assassins - 30 August 2019: Similar to the Skripal case, suspected assassin 'Vadim Andreevich Sokolov' in the Berlin killing of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili used fake identity documents, a valid Moscow-issued passport and cover identity, created very recently and most likely custom-made for the specific operation in Berlin, leading to the possibilities that he may have been assassinated in an operation led by either of the FSB, the GRU or even Ramzan Kadyrov’s apparatus, Bellingcat says - 3 September 2019: Suspected assassin 'Vadim Sokolov' visited by Russian diplomats - 4 September 2019: Protesters demonstrate outside the Russian embassy in Berlin against the suspected assassination of Chechen Khangoshvili, as British historian and specialist in Russian Intelligence Services Mark Galeotti sees parallels between this case and the attack on Skripal in the UK, saying that the new case is 'probably an assassination choreographed by state elements in Russia'
Germany/Saudi-Arabia relations: Germany/Saudi-Arabia relations
Germany/Senegal relations: Germany/Senegal relations
June 1940: Le 7 juin 1940 les assassins de la 7e division blindée allemande sous les ordres d'Erwin Rommel, qui séparent alors les Africains des Européens, exécutent sommairement le capitaine N'Tchoréré, qui refuse d’être considéré comme un 'Untermensch', un 'sous-homme' - 27. Juli 2009: Der Historiker Raffael Scheck beschreibt anhand von Dokumenten, wie Wehrmachtseinheiten innerhalb nur eines Monats, zwischen dem 24. Mai und dem 24. Juni 1940, kurz nach der Kapitulation Frankreichs, mindestens 3.000 schwarze Soldaten Frankreichs ermordeten, obwohl die sich bereits ergeben hatten oder verwundet waren und nicht mehr im Kampf standen - 1940 Execution of prisoners in France by Nazi Germany and by Rommel's 7th Panzer division alongside troops from 5th Panzer division, committing numerous atrocities against French and especially French-African soldiers, Rommel himself ordered the execution of one French officer, who did not have a gun
Since 1940: On 20 June 1940 Senegalese poet, politician, and cultural theorist Léopold Sédar Senghor was taken prisoner by the Germans in la Charité-sur-Loire and finally interned at Front Stalag 230 reserved for colonial troops, German soldiers wanted to execute him and the others the same day they were captured, but they escaped this fate by yelling Vive la France, vive l'Afrique noire!, and after French officer told the soldiers that executing the African prisoners would dishonour the Aryan race - 16 juin 2011: Le poète sénégalais Léopold Sédar Senghor raconte dans un rapport son internement au sein des camps de troupes coloniales de 1940 à 1942 - 21 juin 2011: Le sort des tirailleurs sénégalais pendant la campagne de France en mai-juin 1940, et leur massacre par l'armée régulière allemande
Germany/Slovakia relations: Germany/Slovakia relations
1939-1945 Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia: Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia
History of the Jews in Slovakia, the Slovak Republic 1939-1945 and the Holocaust: History of the Jews in Slovakia - The Slovak Republic and the Holocaust
1944-1946 anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia and Eastern Europe: Anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia and Eastern Europe 1944–46
August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising: August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising
Germany/Somalia relations:
Germany/Spain relations: Germany/Spain relations
1936-1939: 1936-1939 German involvement in the Spanish Civil War following the military coup of July 1936 against the Spanish democracy, with German dictator Hitler immediately sending in powerful air and armored units to assist General Franco and fascist Spain
1915 Neutral Swedish ship torpedoed without warning by German submarine: 13 March 1915: First neutral ship Swedish S.S. 'Hanna' torpedoed without warning and sunk by German submarine
Humanitarian efforts during World War II: Sweden's humanitarian efforts during World War II
Since the 1990s CDU/CSU donations scandal: CDU/CSU-Korruptions-, Spenden- und Schwarzgeldaffäre
2011/2012 tax evasion and money-laundering: 1. April 2012: Scharfe Kritik an Schweizer Justizbehörde und ihrer Haftbefehle gegen bundesdeutsche Steuerfahnder wegen deren Einsatz gegen Wirtschaftskriminalität - auch CDU-Finanzminister Schäuble in der Kritik - 11 July 2012: France, Germany tax evasion inquiries target Swiss bank (Credit Suisse and UBS) clients - 11 August 2012: Accusations that Swiss banks (UBS etc.) are helping German citizens dodge taxes grow - 12. August 2012: Vorwurf organisierter Kriminalität Schweizer Banken - 23 November: Germany's upper house rejects deal with Switzerland to tax German assets held in Swiss bank accounts - 21 April 2013: The president of German's 'Bayern Munich' Hoeness may have hidden more than 10 million euros from tax authorities - November 2013: Stock transactions reportedly damaged German tax authorities by EUR 124 million, HypoVereinsbank involved
2015: 23 January: German companies reportedly helped the Syrian Assad regime (father and son Bashar) and Iraqi Saddam regime produce chemical weapons programs - 10 March 2015: A delegation of Syrian women attended the World Conference for Women held in Berlin and organized by the Iranian opposition - 8 June 2015: Despite Western sanctions, Assad's military forces and militias in possession of munitions from Germany, China, Egypt, Russia and USA (including cluster munitions used against many Syrian cities), leaked report claims - 20 August 2015: Syrian Coalition calls for sit-in in Berlin on 2nd anniversary of Ghouta chemical massacre, to show solidarity with August 2015 Douma massacre victims, to pay homage to the victims of the 2013 Ghouta massacre and to all victims of Assad’s war on the Syrian people, and to decry the international silence and passiveness - 14 September: First Syrians halted minutes after German checks begin enforcing again asylum rules, that had been relaxed for those fleeing brutal civil war - 10 October: Syrian Coalition and the Syrian community in Germany call to join the demonstration in Berlin on 17 October to protest against the Russian invasion of Syria and Putin’s support for the dictator Assad - 19 October 2015: Demonstrations in Berlin to protest against Russia’s aggression on Syria - 3 December 2015: Evidence of oil and food transactions, including items imported from Russia, between the Assad regime and Islamic State terrorists reported by German Foreign Ministry and Syrian officer - 4 December: German parliament backs plan to join USA-led anti-Isis military campaign and to provide support staff and reconnaissance jets, but Germans will not actively engage in combat
Germany/Tanzania relations: Germany/Tanzania relations
Germany/Thailand relations: Germany/Thailand relations
1939-1945 Axis powers World War II and Thailand's military alliance: 1939-1945 Axis powers World War II and Thailand's military alliance with Japan 1941–1945
Germany/Togo relations:
Germany/Tunisia relations: Germany/Tunisia relations
Germany/Turkey relations: Germany/Turkey relations
Since 2 August 1914 Ottoman–German alliance: Since 2 August 1914 Ottoman–German alliance
1914-1918 World War I: On 14 November 1914 Ottoman Empire declares an Islamic holy war on behalf of the Ottoman government, urging his Muslim followers to take up arms against Britain, France, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro in World War I - 1914-1918 German military commanders to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War were Otto Liman von Sanders, Goltz, Kress von Kressenstein, and more, compare the 'League of German Asian Warriors' affiliated to the NSDAP after the Nazi takeover of power in 1933 - 1914-1918 World War I Middle East's combatants were on the one hand the Central Powers, the Ottoman Empire (including Kurds, Persians and some Arab tribes), and on the other hand, the British (with the help of Jews, Greeks, Assyrians and the majority of the Arabs), the Russians and the French from the Allies of World War I, there were five main campaigns, the Sinai and Palestine Campaign 28 January 1915 – 30 October 1918, the Mesopotamian Campaign 6 November 1914 – 14 November 1918, the Caucasus Campaign 24 October 1914 – 30 October 1918, the Persian Campaign December 1914 – October 1918, and the Gallipoli Campaign 25 April 1915 – 9 January 1916
Germany/Ukraine relations: Germany/Ukraine relations
1914-1918 German and Austro-Hungarian empire's WWI split Ukrainians into two separate and opposing armies: Ukraine during World War I - Ukrainian State 29 April 1918 - December 1918
2015: 27 April 2015: German government reportedly knew Ukraine flight dangers before MH17 crash in July 2014 - 8 May 2015: UN's Ban Ki-moon and Ukraine's Poroshenko lay flowers at World War II memorial in Kyiv - 1 August 2015: Germany shelves Nazi crimes probe of SS-commander Michael Karkoc now living in USA, who commanded a unit in the SS-led Ukrainian Self Defense Legion accused of burning villages filled with women and children, based on wartime documents, testimony from other members of the unit and Karkoc’s own Ukrainian-language memoir - 12 August 2015: Researchers open 'neglected chapter' of Ukraine's Holocaust history, as investigation led by Patrick Desbois reveals that killings in western Ukraine were not carried out using the industrialised methods of Auschwitz and other death camps, but instead Jews were rounded up and shot, one by one, sometimes kicked or beaten to death, and no records were kept
25/26 June 2019 European corruption: 25 June 2019: Ukrainian president Zelensky is disappointed by PACE's decision to reinstate the voting rights of the Russian regime, saying he 'tried to convince Mr. Macron and Mrs. Merkel that the return of the Russian delegation to the PACE is possible only after Russia fulfills the Assembly's fundamental requirements. It is a pity that our European partners haven't heard us' - 26 June 2019: Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe PACE is reportedly set to lift remaining sanctions from the murderous Russian regime after it became known that PACE committees had considered the question of the powers of Russia's delegation and recommended they should be reinstated with simultaneous cancellation of the remaining restrictions left after the Assembly passed a respective resolution, in order to get regime's contribution to the council’s annual budget, as Ukraine's Iryna Herashchenko said 'money turned out [to be] more important than principles'
Germany/United Kingdom relations: Germany/United Kingdom relations
December 1914 German raid on Scarborough etc: German raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby
11 July 2020 'the most terrible camp' called Sylt on UK soil constructed by Nazi Germany after June 1940: 11 July 2020: 'The most terrible camp', as after 80 years cruelty of SS site Lager Sylt on UK soil constructed on Alderney after the island was occupied in June 1940 revealed, and as archaeologists publish in-depth survey highlighting the historical importance of the oft-overlooked Lager Sylt, as well as the physical and psychological torture of its inmates, mostly East Europeans and a large contingent of French Jews, as French prisoners dubbed Alderney 'le rocher maudit' underlining the brutality of the wind-swept, sea-beaten and remote island with a prewar civilian population of 1,400 people evacuated by Britain when, deeming them too difficult to defend, it pulled out of the Channel Islands after the fall of France in June 1940 - Since June 1940 history of Alderney during World War II and German occupation - Since January 1942 'Lager Sylt' Nazi concentration camp on Alderney on the British Channel Islands, built along with three other labour camps by the Organisation Todt, as the control of Lager Sylt changed since 1943 when it was run by the Schutzstaffel SS-Baubrigade 1 becoming a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp located in Hamburg - 'Lager Norderney' Nazi concentration camp on Alderney, in the Channel Islands, named after the East Frisian island of Norderney, housing European (usually Eastern but including Republican Spaniards) and Russian enforced labourers, as prisoners in Lager Sylt were also slave labourers
Germany/USA relations: Germany/USA relations
1933/1998/2007: From 1931 to 1945 in the Brown House in Munich, funds for renovation of this NSDAP party headquarters provided by industrialist Fritz Thyssen, Hitler kept a life-size portrait of Henry Ford next to his desk, since Ford and Adolf Hitler admired each other's achievements - In July 1938 Henry Ford received the highest medal Nazi Germany could bestow on a foreigner, and James D. Mooney, vice-president of overseas operations for General Motors, received a similar medal - 30 November 1998: Major USA car companies Ford and General Motors scrutinized for alleged Nazi collaboration over their business dealings with Nazi Germany, embroiled in a debate that 'GM was an integral part of the German war effort' - 30 November 2006: How General Motors helped jump-start the Third Reich’s military machine - 5 May 2007: Hitler’s carmaker - the inside story of how General Motors helped mobilize the Third Reich
2013: 19 June 2013: Obama's arrival in Berlin, calling in his speech at Brandenburg Gate for a one-third reduction of the United States' and Russia's nuclear stockpiles - 17 July 2013: German military reportedly knew about US surveillance programme - 21 July: Germany's two main intelligence services reportedly used NSA programme to spy on citizens - 3 August: German intelligence agency BND providing the National Security Agency of the USA with vast amounts of data about the telecommunications information it has obtained - 13. September: Verfassungsschutz spionierte für US-Geheimdienste - Maaßen stimmte zu - 17 October: The US Federal Reserve orders German Commerzbank to fix money-laundering measures - 23 October: Obama tells Merkel US is not monitoring her communications but did not deny reports that US intelligence in the past have listened to calls of Angela Merkel - 25 October 2013: Action wanted from US President Barack Obama, not just apologetic words, Angela Merkel says after EU talks dominated by allegations that the NSA had accessed tens of thousands of French phone records, monitored Angela Merkel's mobile phone and after Germany and France demanded 'no-spy' agreement with US - 27 October 2013: Since 2002 War-Merkel's phone reportedly tracked by US - 27 October: Obama was personally informed of mobile phone tapping against Merkel since 2010, according to US intelligence sources - 31 October: German MP Hans-Christian Stroebele meets Edward Snowden in Moscow and says, he is willing to come to Germany to assist investigations into US surveillance
2015: 3 May 2015: German PM Merkel joins Holocaust survivors to mark the liberation of Nazi concentration camp in Dachau by USA soldiers 70 years ago, thanking the camp's survivors for their work in telling their eyewitness stories of the horrors they experienced - 27. Januar 2012: Um als Zeitzeuge bei Schulbesuchen über seine persönliche Erinnerung an die NS-Zeit zu berichten, reist Abba Naor jedes Jahr nach Deutschland, da er - nachdem er in München auf der Polizeiwache in der Ettstraße einen deutschen Polizisten wiedererkannt hatte, der als Wachmann im Ghetto Kaunas Juden Flaschen auf die Köpfe gestellt hatte, um sie herunterzuschießen - heute in Israel lebt - 4 May 2015: German PM Merkel defends German intelligence cooperation with USA spy agency, also claiming once more that it is not acceptable for friendly nations to spy on each other and promising that her office will provide 'full details' about intelligence cooperation - 7 May 2015: German secret service BND reduces cooperation with NSA after NSA fails to provide clear reasons for each request for surveillance of individuals or organisations - 2 July: Germany summons USA ambassador after WikiLeaks publishes what it says is evidence of NSA eavesdropping on ministers - 8. Juli 2015: NSA hörte laut Wiki-Leaks Regierungsumfeld von Kohl bis Merkel schon seit den 1990er-Jahren ab - 16 July 2015: SS officer Oskar Gröning escaped prosecution in Britain nearly 70 years ago because of the USA’s desire, according to newly discovered UNWCC documents also revealing that the entire judicial process against Germans accused of committing war crimes was closed down after political intervention from above
February 2019 German Rommel supporting CDU chancellor criticises USA warning that EU must not be excluded from discussions on future nuclear disarmament: 16 February 2019: German chancellor criticises USA isolationism, urging 'win-win solutions', warning that Europe must not be excluded from discussions on future nuclear disarmament
3 December 2020 USA Jewish doctor and his team shocked to find Nazi tattoos on covid-19 patient: 3 December 2020: Jewish doctor Taylor Nichols working with coronavirus patients in California shared his shock about the moment he saw neo-Nazi tattoos on the body of a severely ill man, as his team — which included a Black nurse and a respiratory specialist of Asian descent — prepared the man to be intubated, now saying 'we all saw. The symbols of hate on his body outwardly and proudly announced his views. We all knew what he thought of us. How he valued our lives', also saying 'unfortunately, society has proven unwilling to listen to the science or to our pleas. Begging for people to take this seriously, to stay home, wear a mask, to be the break in the chain of transmission', then saying 'I reassured him that we were all going to work hard to take care of him and keep him alive as best as we could', and later saying he had asked himself how the man might have acted had the roles been reversed
Germany/Vietnam relations: Germany/Vietnam relations
Germany/Yemen relations: Germany/Yemen relations
Germany/Zimbabwe relations: Germany/Zimbabwe relations

Greece - Geography of Greece - History of Greece - Demographics of Greece
Shipbuilding companies of Greece: Shipbuilding companies of Greece
Mining in Greece: Mining in Greece - Mines in Greece
Water in Greece: Water in Greece
Since 2009 Greek economic and political crisis: Since 2009 Greek government-debt crisis - European debt crisis 2010-present
2015: 11 June: Unemployment has started climbing again in Greece, as it gained half a percentage point to reach 26.6% in the first quarter of the year, from 26.1% in the last quarter of 2014 - 30 June: The bank shutdown in Greece and the imposition of capital controls have led to a halt in trade across the country - 1 July 2015: Consumption apparently down 70%, tourism drying up and companies face struggle to pay for wholesale food ahead of 5 July referendum, as bank closures take their toll on businesses across Greece - 6 July: The number of business start-ups in Greece declined by 20% in the first half of 2015 on an annual basis, as 68% of new enterprises were one-person companies - 6 July: Local lenders are now just a step away from serious solvency problems after the ECB decided to increase the haircut on the collateral they use to draw liquidity - 23 July 2015: Greek economy will sink back into recession at a rate of 2.5% this year, with unemployment starting to rise again, IOBE says - 3 August 2015: Bank and finance shares collapse by as much as 30% as bourse reopens after five-week shutdown - 3/4 August: Manufacturing data reveals economy in shock, as Greek stocks fall for 2nd day - 10 August: Capital controls blamed for a new 15-year high in dismissals for July 2015 - 18 August: Unemployed increased by 2% in July 2015 - 28 August: Greece’s GDP shows 1.6% growth for the second quarter of 2015
2015: 6 June 2015: State debts have increased by 1.1 billion euros in the first four months of the year 2015, tax rebates, increasing revenue shortfalls (1 billion euros in May), and exhaustion of the state’s cash reserves illustrate the crumbling of the 2015 budget - 29 June: The imposition of measures restricting financial transactions accompanied by a total freeze in the payments of citizens’ obligations to the state, while there was also an impact on the payment of pensions and private sector salaries - 6 August 2015: As talks continue over proposed €86bn third bailout, Greek treasury says tax revenues fell 8.5% in a year, and public spending fell 12.3% - 21 August: Unpaid taxes grow at a slower pace in July 2015 - 9 October 2015: 'Tax evasion and smuggling are worth between 15 and 20 billion euros a year', Alternate Finance Minister Alexiadis says, as the SDOE is currently investigating 38,000 cases involving 1.3 million people and businesses - 25 November: In an effort to help the country raise tax revenues Germany gives Greece the names of more than 10,000 citizens suspected of dodging taxes with holdings in Swiss banks - 23 December: Following the delivery to authorities of a detailed list of thousands of individuals with suspect deposits by a HSBC whistleblower, large-scale tax evaders will be given one last chance to pay their dues to the state, Greek PM Tsipras says
June/July 2015: 3 June: Greece receives a bailout proposal and PM Tsipras heads to Brussels for crucial talks with EC - 4 June: Greece says it will bundle together €1.6bn of debt payments due to IMF and settle up on 30 June - 11/12 June: IMF walks out of Greece bailout talks due to a lack of progress in narrowing key differences with Tsipras government - 14 June: Greece's latest reform package, ignoring latitudes, dismissed as incomplete, differences in fiscal terms amount to €2bn a year in permanent budget savings, EU's Sunday talks halted after less than an hour in Brussels - 17 June: Bank of Greece warns of 'uncontrollable crisis' without bailout deal - 19 June 2015: Several thousand demonstrators chanting 'Europe! Europe!' rallied in front of parliament in Athens calling for Greece to keep the euro, as the country edged nearer to a default - 26 June 2015: Greek PM Alexis Tsipras calls referendum in July on bailout terms to settle before July - 28 June: With deputies from the far-right Golden Dawn voting with the Tspipras government and pro-European opposition parties voting against Greek Parliament approves referendum on 5 July - 28 June: EU executive publishes offer that Greek PM Tsipras rejected - 30 June: EU's Juncker makes last-minute offer to Greece but Tsipras unmoved - 30 June: Hopes of last-minute deal on decision day for Greek PM Tsipras, as Greece faces deadline for reaching deal with creditors and making €1.6bn IMF payment, otherwise it will lose €7.2bn bailout funds - 1 July: PM Tsipras reportedly concedes ground to get new deal with EU and ECB - 2 July: Greek government and creditors hunker down before Sunday referendum - 3 July: Thousands on the streets of Athens to support Communist Party, which staged an anti-government rally in front of the Greek parliament, saying Sunday referendum will not change things for the better - 3 July: Latest poll shows narrow lead for 'Yes' vote ahead of Sunday referendum decision, after finance minister said he will resign if Greek referendum votes yes to accept troika’s debt-bailout terms - 3 July: PM Tsipras urges people to vote no in Sunday’s referendum as capital controls bite and vital tourism industry sees tens of thousands cancel holidays in Greece
July 2015 Greek economy referendum: 5 July 2015 Greek economy referendum - 1 July 2015: Greece's July 5 referendum does not meet guidelines drawn up by the Council of Europe, notably one recommending that voters have at least two weeks to make their minds up, the human rights watchdog says - 5 July: Split Greece teeters on the brink with referendum, facing fincance minister Varoufakis' so-called terrorists - 6 July: Finance minister Varoufakis resigns, after Greece has delivered a resounding 'No' to its creditors and European participants expressed 'preference' for his absence throughout negotiations ahead of an emergency eurozone summit on Tuesday - 8 July: Unless Greek government presents convincing details entailing more austerity as the basis for its third bailout in five years, all 28 national EU leaders are to gather in Brussels on Sunday in emergency session to discuss how to contain the fallout from Greece’s financial collapse - 8 July: After months of Greek government's second-rate theatre Europe has five days to find a shift - 10 July: Tsipras' government urges MPs to back bailout plan after it has submitted a package of tough austerity measures in an attempt to reach a €53.5bn bailout and avoid Grexit - 11 July: After PM Tsipras received backing from his MPs, Eurozone creditors meet to discuss latest Greek proposals and to decide - 13 July: After Eurozone agreed that Greece should receive a new aid programme, several national parliaments must give their approval, including the Greek parliament - 14 July: Greek PM Tsipras meets mutinous MPs as bailout vote looms, and eurozone is battling to find a way to provide 'bridge financing' to help Greece meet its short-term funding demands - 14 July: Parliament to vote as IMF warns Greece needs extra debt relief above bailout - 16 July: ECB and Eurogroup consider next steps after Greek parliament's 'Yes' vote - 17 July: Greek PM Tsipras has sought to rid his government of leftists who oppose further austerity, reshuffling his cabinet barely 48 hours after dissidents said 'No' - 18 July: Greek banks to re-open Monday - 20 July: Greece’s bank branches are open for the first time in three weeks, but capital controls are still in place - 21 July: Chances of Greek bailout rest on MPs' vote on Wednesday on two laws, a banking reform law and an overhaul of Greece’s civil code - 23 July: Greek parliament approves next phase in bailout reforms and measures required to qualify for €86bn in loans - 23 July: As creditors return to Athens, Tsipras grapples with domestic challenges - 25 July: Greece edges closer to third bailout as it formally requests IMF help - 29 July: EU's Moscovici optimistic on third Greek bailout talks - 29 July: Former finance minister Varoufakis may face criminal charges over secret currency plan to establish an alternative currency in the event of the country leaving the eurozone - 31 July: Following talks on reforming the tax system and labour market regulations, negotiatons with EU and IMF continue in Athens to thrash out details of €86bn bailout
August 2015: 3 August: Greece and its lenders agree that pension reforms will affect only those who retired after the end of June - 5 August: Syriza' Nikos Filis urges to unite behind new funding agreement, saying the country wants a full bailout immediately rather than a bridge loan - 10 August: Greece reportedly closes in on third bailout deal after significant concessions made concerning spending cuts, public sector reforms and privatisations - 11 August: Following an agreement between Greece and lenders overnight, Greece closer to clinching €86bn bailout deal - 11 August: As bailout deal reached with creditors PM Tsipras calls emergency sessions of parliament to vote on measures, which will see further spending cuts imposed - 14 August: Greek parliament approves bailout deal despite government rebellion in all-night session, as figures from Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands suggest growth in the eurozone will miss 0.4% in 2015 and as Eurozone finance ministers will soon be heading for a eurogroup meeting to sign off the €85bn Greek bailout deal - 17 August: PASOK refuses to back Tsipras in any confidence vote - 20 August: Greek PM resigns to trigger snap elections likely on 20 September
2016: 15 January 2016: Thousands take to the streets of the Greek capital to protest against planned pension reforms, as lawyers, doctors and others in professional attire joined the protest - 4 February 2016: Greece grinds to a halt in general strike over pension reforms - 12 February: Angry Greek farmers clash with riot police in Athens then paraded their tractors outside parliament, in their first big protest in the capital against pension reform plans after weeks of road blockades - 7 April: Greek public sector workers strike over pension reforms - 6 mai: Les Grecs sont en grève générale avant le vote de réformes visant à augmenter les rentrées fiscales et réduire les dépenses consacrées aux retraites - 9 May: With the backing of its 153 MPS Greece’s leftist-led coalition approves toughest measures yet worth €5.4bn in budget savings amid rioting - 22 May: Supported by 152 deputies Greek parliament approves a fresh round of austerity incorporating €1.8bn in tax increases, amid hopes the move will lead to much-needed debt relief when eurozone finance ministers meet this week - 3 October 2016: Greek police fire teargas at pensioners during Athens protest against Tsipras's austerity policy
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Greece: Greek society - Human rights in Greece
Demographics, ethnic groups and minorities in Greece: Demographics of Greece - Ethnic groups in Greece - Minorities in Greece
1941-1944 occupation of Greece by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany and the Holocaust in Greece: 1941-1944 occupation of Greece by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany - The Holocaust in Greece
African immigrants to Greece: African immigrants to Greece
Arabs in Greece: Arabs in Greece
Armenians in Greece: Armenians in Greece
Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia: Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia
2014: 1 April 2014: Migrants and asylum-seekers detained in Greece forced to endure deplorable conditions, often with devastating effects on their health, MSF says
2015: Rhodes Shipwreck 20 April 2015 - 5 June 2015: The numbers of migrants arriving on Greece's islands has increased sixfold since last year, piling more pressure on the cash-strapped government's services, UN says - 7 July: 19 people feared dead after people smuggler's boat capsizes off Greek islands of Agathonisi and Farmakonisi, as more than 68,000 migrants – mainly Syrian, Afghan and Iraqi refugees – have risked the short trip from Turkey to the Greek islands in the first half of 2015 - 27 July: As the people arriving in their thousands on Greek shores are refugees, not migrants and as Europe turns its back, the compassionate crisis response of local Greek volunteers, despite harsh austerity, puts the international community to shame - 11 August 2015: Greek police use fire extinguishers and batons to disperse desperate refugees, including young children, to Kos who were protesting about the length of time it was taking to process their paperwork, as large parts of the humanitarian response in Greece have been carried out by volunteers rather than the Putin-bootlicker government, unable to deal with the unprecedented influx, the majority of whom are from Syria and Afghanistan - 16 August: Hundreds of Syrian migrants on the Greek island of Kos begin boarding a passenger ship that is to house and process them, in a bid to ease sometimes chaotic conditions onshore - 17 August: Almost 500 Syrian refugees board floating reception center at Kos - 19 August: The unprecedented spike in refugee arrivals on Greek shores is pushing the resort island of Lesbos to 'breaking point', with some 2,000 people landing there every day, as Greece has seen around 160,000 migrants land on its shores since January - 24 August: One dead, six missing after refugee boat capsizes off Lesvos and as some 2,500 refugees, mostly from Syria, are expected to disembark from the Eleftherios Venizelos at Piraeus - 30 August: A 17-year-old migrant was killed during a shootout at sea between Greek port police and human smugglers - 6 September: A newborn baby boy found dead on Greek island of Kos after his parents reached the shores in a boat, as Greece is struggling to cope with a wave of refugees from the war in Syria, as refugees and migrants clash with police on another Greek island, and as the mayor of Lesbos' main town warns the island would boycott 20 September general election if the government does not address the situation immediately - 8 September: More clashes on Greek island of Lesbos, transformed by the sudden influx of 20,000 refugees and migrants, mostly from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan in the escalating international crisis - 15 September: At least 22 refugees, including four children, died Tuesday morning when their boat sank off the coast of Turkey as they were trying to reach the Greek island of Kos - 24 September: More than 2,500 mainly Syrian and Afghan refugees, soaked and exhausted, reached the Greek island of Lesbos within hours on Wednesday - 30 September 2015: More refugees arrive in Greece from Syria, as a refugee reports that 'Assad's army are dropping missiles and bombs on us and on civilians, so I have to escape from Syria' - 2 October 2015: In the paupers’ section of Lesbos cemetery, volunteers, strangers, Israeli and Palestinian activists attend funerals for unidentified migrant victims, including kids, who drowned in the Aegean Sea - 16 October: Seven people have drowned including a baby and three children after their wooden boat and a coast guard vessel crashed during a migrant rescue operation off the island of Lesbos - 18 October: 12 refugees including children drown off Turkish coast, twenty-three people rescued as they try to reach Greek island of Lesbos - 24 October 2015: As Russian airstrikes push more migrants to flee to EU before borders shut and sea gets rougher, more Syrians risk deadly crossings to Greece after more than 502,000 refugees and migrants have entered Greece since the beginning of this year - 30 October 2015: Greece's Tsipras says he feels 'ashamed' amid migrant border chaos and deaths at sea - 1 November 2015: Eleven refugees, including six children, drowned on Sunday off the Greek island of Samos, adding to a string of migrant boat tragedies since Monday off the Greek islands of Lesbos, Kalymnos and Rhodes in which more than 60 people have drowned, at least 28 of them children, the vast majority Syrian refugees, women and children braving winter storms in a bid to meet men who made the journey earlier - 11 novembre 2015: Quatorze réfugiés et migrants, dont sept enfants, sont morts noyés mercredi à l'aube au large de la Turquie lors du naufrage de leur embarcation qui se dirigeait vers l'île grecque de Lesbos - 20 November: Video released by the Turkish Institute of Public Diplomacy appears to show a man on board a Greek coastguard vessel attempting to sink an inflatable raft, carrying Syrian refugees and migrants in Aegean sea with a lance, slowly taking water before it is rescued by the Turkish vessel - 22 November: Concerns are mounting in Greece that the country could have to deal with thousands of trapped refugees and migrants, after border crossings to Balkan nations to the north were abruptly closed, newly imposed restrictions in the Balkans criticised by UNHCR and UNICEF - 6 December: As thousands of people continue to arrive at the Greece-Macedonia border daily, small numbers of refugees and migrants who had been denied entry into Macedonia have opted to go back to Athens
2016: 12 March 2016: Despite six years of economic hardship in Greece, ordinary people have shown astonishing generosity in helping the 42,000 refugees and migrants stranded in their country, on the islands of Lesbos, of Kos, in Athens, in Idomeni and elsewhere - 28 May 2016: Protests grow as Greece's Tsipras administration moves refugees to derelict warehouses 'not fit for animals', as missing refugees after the closure of Idomeni including an undefined number of unaccompanied minors are thought to be living on the streets of Greek cities, hiding in forests or to have been taken by smugglers and as refugees heading for Europe are continuing to make the journey fraught with danger from north Africa across the Mediterranean - 19 September 2016: Thousands of refugees detained at Moria camp, one of Greece’s biggest refugee camps, on the island of Lesbos, have fled the facility amid scenes of mayhem after fires rapidly swept through the facility - 18 November 2016: Dozens of people have been driven out of a refugee camp on the Greek island of Chios after two successive nights of attacks by a far-right group
Timeline of Athens: Timeline of Athens
Central Greece Region: Central Greece Region
History and timeline of Thessaloniki: History and timeline of Thessaloniki
Major communities of North Aegean Region: Major communities of North Aegean Region
Culture and languages of Greece: Culture of Greece - Languages of Greece
Art in Greece: Greek art - Modern Greek art
Science in Ancient Greece: Ancient Greek science - Ancient Greek medicine
Ancient Greek architecture and sculpture: Ancient Greek architecture - Ancient Greek sculpture
Science museums in Greece: Science museums in Greece
Health in Greece: Health in Greece
Disease outbreaks and man-made disasters in Greece: Disease outbreaks in Greece - Man-made disasters in Greece
Since 26 February 2020 timeline of covid-19 cases in Greece: Since 26 February 2020 covid-19 cases in Greece
2 August 2020 Greece reports 4,662 covid-19 cases and 208 deaths: 2 August 2020 Greece reports 4,662 confirmed covid-19 cases and 208 deaths
Health care in Greece: Health care in Greece
C. 460-370 BC Hippocrates of Kos establishing medicine as a profession: C. 460-370 BC Hippocrates of Kos, a Greek physician who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine, the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine that revolutionized Ancient Greek medicine, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields with which it had traditionally been associated (theurgy and philosophy), thus establishing medicine as a profession - Hippocratic theory, as Hippocrates is credited with being the first person to believe that diseases were caused naturally not because of superstition and gods, separating the discipline of medicine from religion he argued that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet, and living habits - Hippocratic medicine's concept of crisis, a point in the progression of disease at which either the illness would begin to triumph and the patient would succumb to death, or the opposite would occur and natural processes would make the patient recover - Hippocratic medicine's concept of professionalism, notable for discipline and rigorous practice, as his work 'On the Physician' recommends that physicians always be well-kempt, honest, calm, understanding, and serious
Newspapers in Greece: Newspapers in Greece
Television in Greece: Television in Greece
EPT Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation: EPT - Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation - 12 June 2013: Greek state TV and radio were gradually pulled off the air late Tuesday, hours after the government said it would temporarily close all state-run broadcasts and lay off about 2,500 workers as part of a cost-cutting drive - 12 June: Journalists fired from Greece's state TV and radio have refused to leave the broadcaster's headquarters, continuing Internet programming - 13 juin 2013: Grève générale de 24 heures après la fermeture de la radiotélévision - 15 June: Greek PM Samaras offers to partially reinstate state broadcaster ERT after its dramatic shutdown this week sparked protests and criticism - 17 June: Greek top administrative court overturns closure of state broadcaster EPT, saying EPT could resume transmission until a new national media body is set up - 30 June: The EPT TV complex has turned into a unique experiment in self-rule where staff are working for free but with more passion than ever - 7. November: Frühere staatliche TV und Rundfunkanstalt EPT, nach Entlassung im Juni aller 2500 Mitarbeiter in eigener Regie weitergeführt, wurde von der Polizei geräumt - 9 November 2013: Greek police, protesters scuffle at shut public broadcaster
Radio stations in Greece: Radio stations in Greece
Ancient Greek religion and mythology: Ancient Greek religion - Ancient Greek religion and mythology
Christianity in Greece: Christianity in Greece
Crime in Greece: Crime in Greece
18 September 2013 Pavlos Fyssas stabbed to death: Death of Pavlos Fyssas 18 September 2013 - 18 September 2013: Greek Golden Dawn member arrested over murder of leftwing musician and anti-fascist activist Pavlos Fyssas - 23 septembre: La Grèce fait la chasse aux policiers soupçonnés de collusion avec Aube dorée - 25 September: Thousands of Greeks on the streets to denounce the murder of a musician stabbed to death by a member of the far-right Golden Dawn, as a government inquiry presented evidence of widespread infiltration of security forces by Golden Dawn - 26 septembre: Attaque contre un journal accusé de soutenir des néonazis, ne causant que des dégâts matériels - 28 September: Greek police arrested several members of Golden Dawn, including its leader Mihaloliakos, on charges of founding a criminal organisation - 30 septembre: Des témoignages d'ex-militants d'Aube dorée et un rapport judiciaire mettent au jour de nombreuses 'actions criminelles' du parti néonazi grec - 1 octobre: Des responsables du parti néonazi Aube dorée devant la justice pour 'participation à une organisation criminelle' - 30 septembre: Des témoignages d'ex-militants d'Aube dorée et un rapport judiciaire mettent au jour de nombreuses "actions criminelles" du parti néonazi grec - 3 octobre: Le chef du parti néonazi placé en détention provisoire - 3 octobre: Le chef du parti néonazi placé en détention provisoire - 3 octobre: Un 3e député du parti Aube dorée en détention provisoire
Racism in Greece: Racism in Greece
Antisemitism in Greece: Antisemitism in Greece
Judiciary and judicial system of Greece: Judiciary of Greece - Judicial system of Greece
Since 1834 Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece: Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece since 1834
Law enforcement and police force of Greece: Law enforcement in Greece - Police force of Greece
Police misconduct and brutality in Greece: Police misconduct and brutality in Greece
Foreign relations of Greece: Foreign relations of Greece
Treaties of Greece: Treaties of Greece
1967-1974 foreign support for the Greek military dictatorship: Foreign support for the Greek military dictatorship 1967-1974
Greece/European Union relations: Greece/European Union relations
2015: 16 February 2015: Greece bailout talks in Brussels break down after Athens rejects 'unacceptable' eurozone demands - 17 February: Pressure mounting to break the deadlock over Greece's loan programme, after Monday night’s talks collapsed - 19 February: Greece submits request to extend its bailout deal for another six months, triggering an emergency meeting of eurozone finance ministers - 20 February: Eurozone ministers gather for crucial Greece talks - 21 February: Greece and eurozone creditors reach deal on loan as Greek government commits to unspecified reforms over the coming months, winning time to tackle tax fraud, corruption and other crimes against the Greek people - 24 February: Greek government submits economic reform plan to European Commission, reportedly outlining plans to raise billions of euros by tackling tax evasion, corruption, and smuggling - 24 February: Prosposed Greek reforms win conditional approval in Brussels for four months extension of rescue package - 28 May 2015: Greek bailout talks loom over G7 meeting - 11 June: Hollande, Merkel and Tsipras agree that negotiations between Greece and its creditors must be intensified to reach a deal to avert a Greek default - 19 June 2015: ECB staves off collapse of Greek banking system with emergency funding, as Greece's PM Tsipras sides with Putin regime in Moscow for financial support, saying 'we are ready to go to new seas to reach new safe ports' - 20 June 2015: Russian pipeline project through Greek territory - 23 June: Eurozone politicians in Brussels cautiously welcome new reform proposals by Greece as a possible basis for an agreement, saying that there is still a lot of work to be done to reach deal this week - 27 June: Greeces in the eurozone looks increasingly shaky on Saturday after Greece's PM calls for a risky popular vote on eurozone proposals and ministers then reject a monthlong extension to bailout program - 30 June: EU's Juncker makes last-minute offer to Greece but Tsipras unmoved - 4 July 2015: Tsipras government's fincance minister Varoufakis accuses creditors of terrorism ahead of controversial Greek economic referendum - 9 July: Greek government seeks new EU loan to avert 'Grexit' and economic collapse, urged to deliver a detailed economic package - 12 July: Greece is being pushed by Eurozone to accept and implemen austerity measures and reforms, or get a 'time-out' from the euro - 10 August: Due to tax woes Piraeus Port Authority facing problems also concerning a 112-million-euro investment project, 95%-funded by the EU - 10 August 2015: EU approved the release of 474 million euros for Greece to boost its efforts to deal with undocumented immigration and asylum applications, but the funds cannot be disbursed as Greek authorities have yet to set up a service for the management of EU subsidies for immigration - 20 August: Greece made a crucial 3.2 billion euro debt repayment to the European Central Bank using newly released bailout funds, after the program cleared its final hurdles on Wednesday also by the ESM
Greece/United Nations relations, UN Security Council resolutions concerning Greece (UN member state since October 1945): United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Greece
Bilateral relations of Greece: Bilateral relations of Greece
Greece/Afghanistan relations: Greece/Afghanistan relations
Greece/Canada relations: Greece/Canada relations
Greece/Germany relations: Greece/Germany relations
1941-1945 Invasion of Greece by Germany and Italy and occupation: Invasion of Greece by Germany and Italy 1941 - Axis occupation of Greece 1941-1945
Nazi war crimes and the Holocaust in Greece: Nazi war crimes in Greece - The Holocaust in Greece - Haidari concentration camp
1967-1974 support for the Greek military dictatorship: Support for the Greek military dictatorship 1967-1974
Since 2010 German Ferrostal/HDW submarines for Greece: German Ferrostal/HDW submarines for Greece - PASOK-Tsochatzopoulos corruption scandal 2010 (ongoing) - 11. April 2012: Der frühere PASOK-Verteidigungsminister Tsochatzopoulos ist wegen Korruptionsverdachts (Kauf deutscher U-Boote) verhaftet worden - 18 October 2013: 90-year-old former Nazi soldier Alfred Stork sentenced in absentia by a military court in Rome which found him guilty of taking part in the execution of at least 117 Italian officers on the Greek island of Cephalonia - 24 August 2013: EADS, ThyssenKrupp venture raided over suspected bribes in Greek order - 11 April 2014: Under azure blue skies Greek governmemt welcomes A. Merkel while protesters demand 'Merkel go home' - 23 March 2015: Greek leader to face scepticism, criticism on first Berlin visit - 6 April 2015: Greece says that Germany owes it nearly €279bn in reparations for World War's occupation and damages, officially quantifying sum which includes repayment of forced loan and return of archaeological treasures
Greece/Hungary relations: Greece/Hungary relations
Greece/Latvia relations: Greece/Latvia relations
Greece/Lithuania relations: Greece/Lithuania relations
Greece/Netherlands relations: Greece/Netherlands relations
Greece/New Zealand relations: Greece/New Zealand relations
Greek New Zealanders: Greek New Zealanders
Greece/Serbia relations: Greece/Serbia relations
Greece/Switzerland relations: Greece/Switzerland relations
January 2014 Greek bribes for weapons in Switzerland: 4. Januar 2014: Griechische Waffenkäufer legen Schmiergeld in der Schweiz an
Greece/Turkey relations: Greece/Turkey relations
Since 1952 Greece's and Turkey's NATO membership: Greece's and Turkey's NATO membership since February 1952
2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Greece/United Kingdom relations: Greece/United Kingdom relations
Greece/USA relations: Greece/USA relations
Natural disasters in Greece: Natural disasters in Greece
Earthquakes in Greece: Earthquakes in Greece
Forest fires in Greece: Fires in Greece
Weather events and floods in Greece: Weather events in Greece

Hungary - Geography of Hungary - History of Hungary - Demographics of Hungary
Companies of Hungary by industry: Companies of Hungary by industry
Agriculture in Hungary: Agriculture in Hungary
2012 Hungarian presidential election: Hungarian presidential election 2 May 2012
May 2014 Hungarian European Parliament election: Hungarian European Parliament election 25 May 2014
March 2017 Hungarian presidential election: 13 March 2017 Hungarian indirect presidential election
April 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election: 8 April 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election - 9 April 2018: Orban's ruling Fidesz party re-elected on Sunday for a third successive term with preliminary results showing Orban possibly gaining strong mandate - 9 April 2018: OSCE monitors deliver a damning verdict on the parliamentary election in Hungary, complaining of 'intimidating and xenophobic rhetoric, media bias and opaque campaign financing' - 13 April 2018: Hungarian journalists admit role in forging anti-migrant 'atmosphere of fear' ahead of Victor Orbán’s election victory this week, as the 'Guardian' spoke to several employees of the taxpayer-funded MTVA network to hear the inside story of how its channels pumped out government messaging, and at times false stories, with the goal of winning support for Orban's anti-immigration message
May 2019 European Parliament election in Hungary: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Hungary
Social movements and protests: Protests in Hungary - 2006 protests in Hungary
2014: 27 April: Hungary's annual 'March of Life' commemorating the Holocaust drew a record 25,000 people as part of events marking 70 years since the start of mass deportations of Hungarian Jews in World War II
2015: 3 January 2015: Thousands of Hungarians protested at what they see as the country's move towards Russian regime in the latest demonstration against the government of controversial PM Orban - 1 February: Thousands of protesters demand ouster of government, complain about premier's dealings with Putin - 17 February: Several thousand people marched in central Budapest to protest Putin's visit to Hungary - 13 April: A day after several thousand people rallied in Budapest to commemorate the hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews killed during the Holocaust, far-right Jobbik party wins first seat amid anti-Semitism rise - 29 August 2015: Residents of Budapest and migrants camping around the Eastern railway station lit candles in memory of those migrants or refugees who died in a truck discovered in Austria near the Hungarian border - 14 December: Several hundred people including a USA envoy joined a protest organized by Jewish groups in Hungary against a planned statue of World War II-era politician Homan, who helped legislate against Jews and called for their deportation during Holocaust
December 2018 protests: 13 December 2018: Protests have broken out in Hungary after the country's parliament passed new labour laws, meaning that companies can demand up to 400 hours of overtime a year and delay payment for it for three years - 16 December 2018: Anti-government demonstrations in Budapest on Friday ended in clashes for a consecutive third night between police and protesters angry at PM Orban’s controversial new laws on workers rights and the judicial system - 16 December 2018: Protests prompted by the 'Overtime Act' and the establishment of the administrative courts overseen by the executive branch continue in Hungary on Sunday - 17 December 2018: After on Sunday thousands marched through Budapest ignoring subzero temperatures to register their discontent with the government in the fourth such gathering since protests began on Wednesday, MPs and MEPs at the state television headquarters demanded airtime to make a series of demands of the government, refusing to leave - 21 December 2018: A new wave of female politicians and protesters are offering an alternative to the Hungary PM’s macho politics - 22 December 2018: Thousands of people marched in anti-government protests Friday in Budapest, upset over labor law changes, increasing corruption and limits on academic freedom under Orban’s nationalist government
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Hungary: Hungarian society
Regions, counties and districts of Hungary: 7 regions of Hungary - 19 counties of Hungary - 174 districts of Hungary
Demographics and ethnic groups in Hungary: Demographics of Hungary - Ethnic groups in Hungary
Roma in Hungary: Roma in Hungary
Immigration and refugees in Hungary: Immigration to Hungary
2015: 31 July 2015: Hundreds of migrants fleeing war, poverty and upheaval in the Middle East and Africa, have been setting up camp in Budapest's metro stations as they continue their journey for survival in Europe - 27 August 2015: Budapest's main station is filling up with migrants and refugees as they attempt to continue their journey into western Europe - 2 September: Migrants and refugees stage a demonstration outside Budapest's main international train station as police blocked some 2,000 people from boarding trains to Austria and Germany - 3 September: People rush into Budapest Keleti railway station and try to board trains following the blocking and a re-opening of the station and an ongoing confusion in deeply divided EU, now waiting for a special meeting of EU ministers on September 14 - 4 September: Standoff between refugees and the authorities in Hungary continues - 4 September: Hundreds of Syrian refugees start sit-in at the main train station in the Hungarian capital - 5 September: Austrians greet thousands off Hungarian buses - 6 September: Ongoing divergent reactions of Hungarians in the refugee and migrant crisis show deep rift within a nation which itself has been torn apart several times by war and revolution - 8 September: Hundreds of refugees and migrants have broken through police lines on Hungary’s border with Serbia and are walking towards Budapest - 11 September: Refugees forced to scramble for food as policemen throw sandwiches towards desperate refugees at centre in Röszke - 12 September: Refugees rush to enter Austria, Germany before Hungary crackdown, as Hungarian PM says any 'rebellious' migrants would be arrested - 14 September: A record number of refugees and migrants surge into Hungary on Sunday ahead of the introduction of harsh new immigration laws - 14 September 2015: Syrian refugees endure horrific conditions in Hungarian camps, living in Kiskunhalas camp outside of Budapest without food or blankets inside a fenced forest surrounded by police and army forces, with recent rains turning the forest into a pool of mud - 15 September: Hungary imposes strict new border controls in crackdown on refugees, as laws to criminalise refugees and migrants come into force - 17 September: Refugees and migrants accumulate at Hungarian border with Serbia after Hungarian regime brings in tough new measures, using use tear gas and water cannons and detaining dozens - 17 September: Thousands of refugees enter Croatia after Hungary's crackdown - 18 September: Hungary builds border fence with Croatia as Croatia closes border crossings with Serbia - 19 September: More than 4,400 refugees and migrants cross from Croatia to Hungary in 24 hours - 17 October 2015: EU-member Hungary closes its border with Croatia using barbed wire to block the path of desperate refugees and migrants to get to northern Europe, as dictator Assad, Russian, Iranian and Hezbollah terrorists commit more war crimes in Syria
Culture of Hungary: Culture of Hungary
Women and women's rights in Hungary: Women in Hungary - Women's rights in Hungary
Children and childhood in Hungary: Childhood in Hungary - Youth in Hungary
Schools in Hungary: Schools in Hungary
Health in Hungary: Health in
Disease outbreaks in Hungary: Disease outbreaks in Hungary
25 July 2020 4,424 covid-19 cases and 596 deaths in Hungary: On 25 July 2020 4,424 covid-19 cases and 596 deaths in Hungary
Hospitals in Hungary: List of hospitals in Hungary
Human rights in Hungary: Human rights in Hungary
Political scandals in Hungary: Political scandals in Hungary
Crime in Hungary: Crime in Hungary
Human trafficking in Hungary: Human trafficking in Hungary
Corruption in Hungary: Corruption in Hungary
Man-made disasters in Hungary: Man-made disasters in Hungary
Massacres in Hungary: Massacres in Hungary
Transport disasters in Hungary: Transport disasters in Hungary
Law and legal history in Hungary: Hungarian law - Legal history of Hungary
Courts and judiciary in Hungary: Courts and judiciary in Hungary
Law enforcement in Hungary: Law enforcement in Hungary
Foreign relations: Foreign relations of Hungary
Immigration to Hungary: Immigration to Hungary
1989 removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria: 1989 removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
Hungary/China relations: Hungary/China relations
Hungary/European Union relations: Hungary/European Union relations
Hungary/Israel relations: Hungary/Israel relations
Hungary/Serbia relations: Hungary/Serbia relations - Serbs in Hungary
Hungary/United Nations relations: Hungary/United Nations relations

Éire (Republic of Ireland) - History of Ireland - Geography of Ireland - Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
Companies of the Republic of Ireland by industry: Companies by industry in the Republic of Ireland by industry
Agriculture in the Republic of Ireland: Agriculture in the Republic of Ireland
Fishing in Ireland: Fishing in Ireland
Transport in Ireland: Transport in Ireland
Water transport in the Republic of Ireland: Water transport in the Republic of Ireland
Rail transport in the Republic of Ireland: Rail transport in the Republic of Ireland
Road transport in the Republic of Ireland: Road transport in the Republic of Ireland
Irish economic history, economic cycle and crises: Economic history of the Republic of Ireland
Taxation in the Republic of Ireland: Taxation in the Republic of Ireland
Elections and politics in the Republic of Ireland: Elections in the Republic of Ireland
2013: Referendum on 4 October 2013 to abolish Seanad Éireann - Referendum on 4 October 2013 to establish a Court of Appeal - 4 October 2013: Ireland set to vote on abolishing upper house of parliament - 5 October: Final results revealed 51.7% in favour of keeping the Seanad Éireann, while 48.3% backed PM Kenny's plan to scrap upper house
May 2019 European Parliament election in Ireland: 24 May 2019 European Parliament election in Ireland
Social movements and protests: Protests in Ireland
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Ireland: Irish society - Human rights in Ireland
Provinces and counties of Ireland: 4 provinces of Ireland (Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster) no longer serve administrative or political purposes, but function as historical and cultural entities - Counties of Ireland, in 2019 there are 26 county level, 3 city level and 2 city and county entities – the modern equivalent of counties corporate – that are used to demarcate areas of local government in the Republic of Ireland - In the Republic of Ireland local government functions are mostly exercised by thirty-one local authorities, termed County, City, or City and County Councils - Local Government Reform Act 2014 - Local electoral areas for elections to local authorities in Ireland - There are currently 40 multi-member constituencies, that elect 158 TDs (members of parliament), to Dáil Éireann, Ireland's house of representatives, by means of the single transferable vote, to a maximum term of five years
Towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland by county: Towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland by county
History of Dublin to 795: History of Dublin to 795
Timeline of Dublin: Timeline of Dublin since 841
1919-1921 Irish War of Independence: 1919-1921 Irish War of Independence
1940-1941 German bombing of Dublin and of the Irish state: 1940-1941 German bombing of Dublin and of the Irish state in World War II
Economy of Cork: Economy of Cork
Economy of Limerick: Economy of Limerick
Demographics and ethnic groups in Ireland: Demographics of the Republic of Ireland - Ethnic groups in Ireland
History of the Jews in Ireland: History of the Jews in Ireland
Immigration to the Republic of Ireland: Immigration to the Republic of Ireland
Women and women's rights in Ireland: Women in Ireland - Women's rights in Ireland
Children's rights in Ireland: Children's rights in Ireland
Health in the Republic of Ireland: Health in the Republic of Ireland
Healthcare of the Republic of Ireland: Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland
Media of the Republic of Ireland: Media of the Republic of Ireland
Internet in the Republic of Ireland: Internet in the Republic of Ireland
Since the 1930s abuse in the state childcare system: Since the 1930s abuse in the state childcare system in Ireland
Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home contoversies: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home contoversies
2017 Tuam care home mass grave of babies and children: 3 March 2017: Mass grave of babies and children found at Tuam care home in Ireland
Crime in the Republic of Ireland: Crime in the Republic of Ireland
Corruption in Ireland: Corruption in Ireland
Law and legal history of the Republic of Ireland: Law of the Republic of Ireland - Law and legal history in the Republic of Ireland
Judiciary of the Republic of Ireland: Judiciary of the Republic of Ireland
Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland: Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland
Foreign relations of Ireland: Foreign relations of the Republic of Ireland
Treaties of Ireland: Treaties of Ireland
Ireland and the European Union EU: Ireland and the European Union EU
Bilateral relations of the Republic of Ireland: Bilateral relations of the Republic of Ireland
Ireland/Australia relations: Ireland/Australia relations - Irish Australian
Ireland/USA relations: Ireland/USA relations - Irish Americans

Italy - Geography of Italy - History of Italy - Italian Renaissance 14th - 16th century - Kingdom of Italy 1861–1946 - Demographics of Italy
Economic sectors and companies by industry in Italy: Economic sectors - Companies of Italy by industry
Automobile manufacturers of Italy: Automobile manufacturers of Italy
Electronics companies of Italy: Electronics companies of Italy
Economic history and economic cycles in Italy: Economic history of Italy
Italy's economy in the 21st century: Italy's economy in the 21st century
Since 2010 Italian government debt timeline: Italian government debt timeline since 2010
2020/2021 impact of covid-19 on the unemployment rate in Italy: 6 April 2020: Forecasted impact of covid-19 on the unemployment rate in Italy in 2020 and 2021
Taxation and budget in Italy: Taxation in Italy
Elections and politics in Italy: Elections in Italy
February 2013 Lombard regional election: Lombard regional election 10/11 February 2013
February 2013 General election and political gridlock: General election 2013 - Italian general election 24/25 February 2013 - 24 February 2013: Italians began voting on Sunday in a closely watched election whether a new government can pull Italy out of recession and help resolve the euro zone debt crisis - 26 February 2013: After Italy missed sending Berlusconi to jail and not to parliament again with more than 29% of the votes, the country thrown into political gridlock - (2012 Silvio Berlusconi was convicted of tax fraud in an Italian court, sentenced to four years' imprisonment and also banned from running for public office for a five-year term) - 26 February: Hopes of economic recovery and stability dashed as election results show no coalition strong enough to form government - 26 February: Italy seeks path out of election impasse - 16 Marzo 2013: Con 327 voti è stata eletta la presidente della Camera Laura Boldrini, con 137 voti il nuovo presidente del Senato Pietro Grasso - 23 March: Italy's Bersani looking for parliament support - 29 March: Weeks after winning a slim majority in the February polls, Pier Luigi Bersani failed to form a new government and to overcome uncertainty - 18 April: Italy's parliament has failed to elect a new president during a first round of voting - 20 April: Democratic party leader Bersani quits after both candidates he backed for presidency fail to garner enough votes in secret ballots - 20 April: Calling on Italian parties too to show 'collective responsibility' for the country, re-elected 87-year-old President Giorgio Napolitano agreed to stand for an unprecedented second term - 25 April: Moderate leftist Enrico Letta begins complex talks on forming a new coalition government - 27 April: Enrico Letta said he had won support of other parties to form a coalition government that will include PDL secretary Alfano as deputy PM and interior minister
May 2014 Italian European Parliament election: Italian European Parliament election 25 May 2014
March 2018 Lombard regional election: 4 March 2018 Lombard regional election
February 2019: 19 February 2019: An Italian parliamentary committee has voted to block a criminal case against Matteo Salvini, the deputy PM and interior minister, for refusing to allow refugees and migrants to disembark from a rescue ship, as prosecutors in Sicily's Catania need the backing of parliament to continue investigations against Salvini
May 2019 European Parliament election in Italy: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Italy
May/June 2019 Italian local elections: 26 May and 9 June 2019 Italian local elections
May 2023 next Italian general election: No later than May 2023 next Italian general election
Social movements, trade unions, criticism and protests in Italy: Protests in Italy - Trade unions in Italy - Trade unions in Italy


Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Italy: Italian society
History of religion in Italy: History of religion in Italy
1593–1600 imprisonment, trial and execution of Giordano Bruno: Imprisonment, trial and execution of Giordano Bruno, 1593–1600
August 2020 Vatican under Pope Pius XII hid Holocaust orphans from family: 29 August 2020: Vatican under Pope Pius XII hid Holocaust orphans from family, historian says
Human rights in Italy: Human rights in Italy


Prehistoric and ancient remains of Aosta city dating to the Neolithic era: Prehistoric and ancient remains of Aosta city dating to the Neolithic era


Timeline of Turin since 218 BC: Timeline of Turin since 218 BC


Economy of Milan: Economy of Milan
3rd–8th centuries in Milan: 3rd–8th centuries in Milan
1922–1943 Mussolini' march on Rome, fascist regime, World War II: 1922–1943 Mussolini' march on Rome, fascist regime, World War II by 'Axis powers', Western Allies' invasion of Sicily in July 1943 leading to the collapse of the fascist regime, the fall of Mussolini, and 1943-45 civil war against now occupying NSDAP ruled German empire's forces and allies, including 'Field Marshal' Rommel's Army Group B, formed in northern Italy in July 1943 and tasked to secure Northern Italy after the overthrow of Mussolini, and to disarm the Italian Army, as Rommel ordered 'without sentimentalites' ('Irgendwelche sentimentalen Hemmungen des deutschen Soldaten gegenüber badogliohörigen Banden in der Uniform des ehemaligen Waffenkameraden sind völlig unangebracht. Wer von diesen gegen den deutschen Soldaten kämpft, hat jedes Anrecht auf Schonung verloren und ist mit der Härte zu behandeln, die dem Gesindel gebührt, das plötzlich seine Waffen gegen seinen Freund wendet. Diese Auffassung muss beschleunigt Allgemeingut aller deutschen Truppen werden', zitiert nach Februar 2019 Abschlußbericht 'Die Traditionswürdigkeit Erwin Rommels für die Bundeswehr' des Wissenschaftlichen Dienstes des Deutschen Bundestages


Since 1946 City Council elections and list of mayors of Monza: City Council elections and list of mayors of Monza in the Italian Republic since 1946
29th-21st centuries timeline of Monza: 29th-21st centuries history and timeline of Monza
Since 8/12 September 1943 armistice and NSDAP ruled Germany's brutal response until 1945: L'8 settembre 1943, in occasione dell'armistizio, Gianni Citterio, con i membri del 'Fronte d'azione antifascista' e i rappresentanti dei partiti democratici, si rivolse alla cittadinanza dal balcone del Municipio, incitando i monzesi alla resistenza e alla lotta armata contro il fascismo e contro l'invasore tedesco. Pochi giorni dopo, il 12 settembre 1943, ebbe inizio l'occupazione nazista di Monza, le truppe della 'Wehrmacht' entrarono in città e insediarono il comando presso il macello comunale (tra via Mentana e via Buonarroti). Seguì una capillare occupazione della città con la complicità dei comandi fascisti locali, l'insediamento del comando di piazza nella casa del Fascio, di un presidio militare presso San Fruttuoso e del comando operativo delle SS per tutta l'Italia settentrionale ovest nelle ville attorno la Villa Reale. Nel corso dell'occupazione, dall'aprile 1944, si distinse per brutalità e torture l'Ufficio politico investigativo, istituito dai fascisti repubblichini in dipendenza della Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana con compiti di investigazione e repressione dei reati politici, di cui uno dei tre distaccamenti aveva sede in Monza. La repressione antipartigiana, in collaborazione coi tedeschi, fu portata avanti con interrogatori violenti e torture sistematiche nella Villa Reale e nelle adiacenti ville di via Tommaso Grossi, nel macello comunale, dirimpetto al carcere di via Mentana allora in uso, e nella Casa della GIL, oggi Urban Center[26][27]. Nel quadro della repressione fascista furono attive anche le Brigate Nere cittadine, con soprusi e requisizioni alla popolazione, e la "Banda Pennacchio", una banda di repressione aggregata al comando delle SS monzese. La mattina del 25 aprile 1945, con la città ancora sotto occupazione nazista e con un'ingente presenza fascista, mentre le brigate partigiane calavano da tutta la Brianza, i membri del CLN monzese cercarono un incontro con il comando tedesco per evitare scontri sanguinosi e rappresaglie sulla popolazione. Tale colloquio segnò anche l'ultima presenza documentata del sergente delle SS Siegfried Werning, criminale di guerra che farà perdere le proprie tracce. L'incontro, senza che si raggiungesse un accordo di resa, comportò una "tregua d'armi" dettata dallo stallo a partire dalle ore zero del 25 aprile stesso, per cui i tedeschi non interferirono con gli eventi dell'Insurrezione, riuscendo così a limitare gli scontri armati avvenuti in città tra il 25 e il 26 aprile 1945, che registrarono però alcune vittime civili.[28] Il 26 aprile si insediò il CLN in Municipio e venne nominato primo sindaco della Liberazione il socialista Enrico Farè, membro del CLN e già ultimo sindaco della città prima del Fascismo, che il 30 aprile nominò la giunta municipale. Il 29 aprile 1945 fecero il loro ingresso in città i militari americani della 1ª divisione corazzata, prendendo contatto, grazie alla mediazione dell'arciprete di Monza monsignor Giovanni Rigamonti, con le SS ancora asserragliate nel loro quartier generale e imponendogli la resa. Il 30 aprile 1945 i tedeschi lasciarono quindi la città
Since 1998 University of Milano-Bicocca located in Milan and Monza; Since 1998 University of Milano-Bicocca located in Milan and Monza


2018 Italian general election in Trentino-Alto Adige won by centre-left coalition: 2018 Italian general election in Trentino-Alto Adige, as centre-left coalition won 43.4% of the vote
Since 1946 list of mayors of Trento in the Italian Republic: Since 1946 list of mayors of Trento
Demographics of Trento: Demographics of Trento
Economy of Trento: Economy of Trento, as the city owes much of its unique economy to its position along the main communication route between Italy and Northern Europe and to the Adige river, formerly a navigable river and one of the main commercial routes in the Alps, as the original course of the river is now covered by the Via Torre Vanga, Via Torre Verde and the Via Alessandro Manzoni, but logistics and road transportation developed. As late as World War II, Trento depended on wine-making and silk. The manufacturing industry installed in the post-war period has been mostly dismantled, and today, Trento thrives on commerce, services, tourism, high-quality agriculture and food industry (including wine, fruit), and developed research and conference institutions thanks to a small but renowned university and internationally renowned research centers
Transport in Trento and Trentino: Transport in Trento and Trentino
Timeline of Trento since 49 BCE: Timeline of Trento since 49 BCE
Timeline of Trento prior to 19th century: Timeline of Trento prior to 19th century
20th century timeline of Trento: 20th century timeline of Trento
21st century timeline of Trento: 21st century timeline of Trento


History of Bolzano: History of Bolzano
Mayors of Bolzano since Italian Republic 1948: List of mayors of Bolzano since Italian Republic 1948
Economy of Bolzano: Economy of Bolzano
Timeline of Bolzano since 14 BC: Timeline of Bolzano documented since 14 BC
Timeline of Bolzano prior to 20th century: Prior to 20th century timeline of Bolzano
20th century timeline of Bolzano: 20th century timeline of Bolzano
21st century timeline of Bolzano: 21st century timeline of Bolzano
October 2023 'Trentino-Alto Adige' provincial elections: October 2023 'Trentino-Alto Adige' provincial elections


5th-8th centuries timeline of the Republic of Venice: 5th-8th centuries timeline of the Republic of Venice
Since 1172 elections, Great Council of Venice, committee of 40/41 and doge: Selection and then election of the Doge, as tendency toward a hereditary monarchy was checked by a law that decreed that no doge had the right to associate any member of his family with himself in his office, nor to name his successor, and after 1172 the election of the doge was entrusted to a committee of 40/41, who were chosen by four men selected from the Great Council of Venice, which was itself nominated annually by twelve persons - 1172-1797 'Great Council of Venice', a political organ of the Republic of Venice that met in a special large hall of the Palazzo Ducale, as participation in the Great Council was established on hereditary right, exclusive to the patrician families enrolled in the Golden Book of the Venetian nobility, and as the Great Council had the power to create laws and elected the Council of Ten - Since 1179 'Council of Forty' (the Supreme Court of Forty also known as 'The Quarantia'), one of the highest constitutional bodies of the Republic of Venice, with both legal and political functions as the Supreme Court, established as part of the constitutional reforms that transformed the monarchy into a communal form, as an assembly of forty electors were elected in their turn by nine electors who were nominated by the popular assembly 'La Concio'
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19th century Venice: 19th century Venice
Since 1842 Milan–Venice railway: Since 1842 Milan–Venice railway
1866 Venice becomes part of the Kingdom of Italy per Treaty of Vienna: 1866 Venice becomes part of the Kingdom of Italy per Treaty of Vienna
20th/21st centuries in Venice: 20th/21st centuries in Venice
January 2019 Venice battles with tourism and flooding: 6 January 2019: Venice's battles with tourism and flooding reach crisis level


Timeline of Trieste since 79 CE: Timeline of Trieste since 79 CE
Since 1236 history of the Jews in Trieste: History of the Jews in Trieste goes back over 800 years
20th century Trieste: 20th century Trieste
Since 1912 Synagogue of Trieste: Since 1912 Synagogue of Trieste
1 May 1945 Trieste city taken by Yugoslav forces: 1 May 1945 Trieste city taken by Yugoslav forces
21st century Trieste: 21st century Trieste


Timeline of Genoa since 209 BC: Timeline of Genoa since 209 BC
21st century Genoa: 21st century Genoa


20th/21st centuries history of Emilia-Romagna region and timeline: 20th and 21st centuries history of Emilia-Romagna region and timeline
July 1914 Italy neutral, 1914/1915 central powers aggressions, April/May 1915 'Treaty of London' and Italian entry against aggressors: When World War I began in July 1914, Italy was a partner in the Triple Alliance with German empire and Austria-Hungary but decided to remain neutral, as a strong sentiment existed within the general population and political factions to go to war against Austria-Hungary, as the liberation of regions in the Alps eastward to Trieste at the northern end of the Adriatic Sea was a primary goal and would 'liberate' Italian speaking populations from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, while uniting them with their cultural homeland, after during the immediate pre-war years, Italy started aligning itself closer to the Entente powers, France and Great Britain, for military and economic support. In April 1915 - amid first attacks of 'Central Powers' chemical warfare in Belgium/France - Italy negotiated the secret Pact of London by which Great Britain and France promised to support Italy annexing the frontier lands in return for entering the war on the Entente side. On May 3, Italy resigned from the Triple Alliance and later declared war against Austria-Hungary, as at the beginning of this period of war against 'Central Powers' aggressions since July 1914, the Italian army boasted less than 300,000 men, but mobilization greatly increased its size to more than 5 million by the war’s end in November 1918. Approximately 460,000 were killed and 955,000 were wounded in the conflict, in its final period involving later German empire's 'Field Marshall' Erwin Rommel with war crimes (chemical warfare) - June 1915 Isonzo front, with the dream of breaking over the Karst Plateau into the Carniolan Basin, taking Ljubljana and threatening the Austro-Hungarian Empire's capital Vienna. It was a Napoleonic plan, which had no realistic chance of success in an age of barbed wire, machine guns, indirect artillery fire, chemical warfare, submarine warfare, tanks and warplanes, and more in the 20th century, until 3 November 1918 armistice of 'Villa Giusti' outside Padua in the Veneto - October-November 1918 Battle of Vittorio Veneto - after during the Battle of Caporetto October-November 1917 the Italian Army suffered over 300,000 casualties (dead, injured and captured), was forced to withdraw, causing the replacement of the Italian Supreme Commander Luigi Cadorna with General Armando Diaz - marking the end of the war on the Italian Front, securing the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and contributing to the end of WWI just one week later - 26 April 1915 'Treaty of London' between the UK, France, Russia, and Italy with the aim of enticing Italy to enter WWI on the side of the Triple Entente, as the agreement involved promises of Italian territorial expansion against Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and in Africa
Since 1943 Italian women in the Resistance against German/Italian WWII and the libaration of northern Italy: After in summer 1943 Italy became a nation in growing crisis with the economy in shambles in a state of semi-starvation and chaos, Italians now longed for the liberation from the German NSDAP-SS/Italian fascist yoke. In September the first the first partisan bands were formed. From June-August 1944 alone, according to the German high command, the partisans killed some 5,000 of their soldiers and wounded thousands more. In late August in regions of Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy and Piedmont underground forces began activities to coincide with the Allied offensive and to the partisans it seemed that the liberation of northern Italy was imminent. In Bologna partisan Clarice Boniburini promoted to the rank of a lieutenant and was only one ot thousands of women who had become a vital force in the resistance, as the total number of partisans had grown to nearly 200,000
Economy of Bologna city and region: Economy of Bologna city, as in terms of total GDP, the Metropolitan City of Bologna generated a value of about €35 billion in 2017, equivalent to €34,251 per capita, the third highest figure among Italian provinces (after Milan and Bolzano/Bozen), as the economy of Bologna is characterized by a flourishing industrial sector, traditionally centered on the transformation of agricultural and zootechnical products (Eridania, Granarolo, Segafredo Zanetti, Conserve Italia), machinery (Coesia, IMA, Sacmi), construction equipment (Maccaferri); energy (Hera Group), automotive (Ducati, Lamborghini), footwear, textile, engineering, chemical, printing and publishing (Cappelli, il Mulino, Monrif Group, Zanichelli). In particular, Bologna is considered the centre of the so-called 'packaging valley', an area well known for its high concentration of firms specialised in the manufacturing of automatic packaging machines (COESIA, IMA), and furthermore, Bologna is well known for its dense network of cooperatives, a feature that dates back to the social struggles of farmers and workers in the 1800s and that today produces up to a third of its GDP and occupies 265 thousand people in the Emilia-Romagna region
Timeline of Bologna since at least 1,000 BCE: Timeline of Bologna since at least 1,000 BCE and first settlements
189 BCE Bologna town becomes a Roman colony: 189 BCE Bologna town becomes a Roman colony
June 2016 2016 Bologna municipal election: June 2016 2016 Bologna municipal election
Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Bologna: Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Bologna


Timeline and history of Tuscany in the Italian Republic: Timeline and history of Tuscany in the Italian Republic
Timeline of Florence: Timeline of Florence
21st century Florence: 21st century Florence


Perugia city: Perugia city, the capital city of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the River Tiber, and of the province of Perugia. The city is located about 164km north of Rome and 148 km southeast of Florence. It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area. The region of Umbria is bordered by Tuscany, Lazio, and Marche, as the history of Perugia goes back to the Etruscan period when Perugia became one of the main Etruscan cities. Today the city is also known as the universities town, with the University of Perugia founded in 1308 (today about 34,000 students), the University for Foreigners (5,000 students), and some smaller colleges such as the Academy of Fine Arts 'Pietro Vannucci', the Perugia University Institute of Linguistic Mediation for translators and interpreters, the Music Conservatory of Perugia, founded in 1788, and other institutes
Timeline of Perugia: Timeline of Perugia
41-40 BC Perusine War: 41-40 BC Perusine War, a civil war of the Roman Republic, which was fought by Lucius Antonius and Fulvia to support Mark Antony against his political enemy (and the future Emperor Augustus), Octavian on his way to become first Roman emperor until 19 August AD 14, followed by others and establishing a new military state of slaveholders, on the one hand later successful emperors in the Jewish–Roman wars with a dramatic impact on the Jewish people, turning them from a major population in the Eastern Mediterranean into a scattered and persecuted minority, a disaster to Jewish society and history, as the events also had a major impact on Judaism, after the central worship site of Second Temple Judaism, the Second Temple in Jerusalem, was destroyed by Titus' troops in 70 CE, as Jewish presence in parts of the Southern Levant was regained only in the mid-20th century, with the founding of the modern state of Israel in 1948 CE, on the other hand not successful in the 'Battle of the Teutoburg Forest' probably in the Osnabrück region in automn 9 CE, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus, as the alliance was led by Arminius
20th and 21st centuries Perugia: 20th and 21st centuries Perugia




Timeline of the city of Rome since antiquity: Timeline of the city of Rome since antiquity and history
1923-1943 (1945) Italian imperialism under Fascism: Italian imperialism under Fascism, as among the regime's goals were the acquisition of territory considered historically Italian in France (e.g. Nice), Yugoslavia (e.g. Dalmatia), the expansion of Italy's sphere of influence into the Balkans (e.g. Greece) and the acquisition of more colonies in Africa. The 'pacification' of Libya (1923–32), the invasion of Ethiopia (1935–36), the invasion of Albania (1939), the invasion of France (1940), the invasion of Greece (1940–41) and the invasion of Yugoslavia (1941) were all undertaken in part to add to Italy's national space. According to historians, Fascist Italian imperialism under Benito Mussolini, particularly in Africa, served as a model for the much more famous expansionism of Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe - Military history of Italy during World War II
Da agosto 1875 monumento della vergogna: Crimini di guerra della Wehrmacht furono quelli commessi dalle forze armate tedesche durante la seconda guerra mondiale, che tra il settembre 1939 e il maggio 1945 si macchiarono di innumerevoli crimini di guerra, crimini contro le popolazioni civili e violazioni delle norme internazionali che regolavano i conflitti armati, specialmente sul fronte orientale - 'Armadio della vergogna', un'espressione del giornalismo relativo a crimini di guerra commessi sul territorio italiano durante la campagna d'Italia (1943-1945) dalle truppe nazifasciste - Depuis 16 août 1875 monument d'Hermann ('Hermannsdenkmal' - 'sapere aude'), un monument situé en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie en Allemagne dans le sud de la forêt de Teutberg, qui se trouve au sud-ouest de Detmold dans le district de Lippe. Il se dresse sur le mont densément boisé de Teutberg qui s'élève à 386 mètres, au centre de la fortification circulaire de Grotenburg, mais c'est vers l'ouest et non vers le sud que la statue - inaugurée en présence de l'empereur Guillaume - est tournée - 9 CE 'Battle of the Teutoburg Forest' in the northern countryside of Osnabrück, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, as the alliance was led by Germanic officer of Varus's auxilia 'Arminius', who had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses. The very cruel battle reportedly (by contemporary historians) for many days is commonly seen as one of the most important defeats in Roman history, bringing the triumphant period of expansion under Augustus to an abrupt end. The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania - List of ancient Germanic peoples
21st century Rome: 21st century Rome
June 2016 Rome municipal election: 5 June and 19 June 2016 Rome municipal election


Timeline of L'Aquila since 1240: Timeline of L'Aquila since 1240
History and timeline of Pescara: History and timeline of Pescara










Islands of Italy: Islands of Italy
Geography and climate of Sadinia: Geography and climate of Sadinia
History of Sardinia: History of Sardinia
Timeline of Cagliari: Timeline of Cagliari
21st century timeline of Cagliari: 21st century timeline of Cagliari




Sicily island: Sicily island, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 20 regions of Italy with its capital city of Palermo, as it is one of the five Italian autonomous regions and is officially referred to as 'Regione Siciliana', with about 5 million inhabitants - Geology of Sicily - Geography of Sicily, separated from Calabria and the rest of the Italian mainland by the Strait of Messina, as the total area of the island is 25,711 km2 while the Autonomous Region of Sicily (which includes smaller surrounding islands) has an area of 27,708 km2, as the terrain of inland Sicily is mostly hilly and is intensively cultivated wherever possible, as along the northern coast mountain ranges up to 2,000 m are an extension of the mainland Apennines, as the cone of Mount Etna dominates the eastern coast, and as also Sicily's surrounding small islands have some highly active volcanoes due to the fact that Sicily is is placed in its natural history on the northern edge of the African continental plate
History of Sicily til today in the 21st century: History of Sicily, influenced by numerous ethnic groups, in ancient times controlled by external powers – Phoenician and Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, Vandal and Ostrogoth - then Byzantine Greek, Aghlabid, Kalbid, Norman, Aragonese and Spanish, but also experiencing important periods of independence, as under the indigenous Sicanians, Elymians and Sicels, and later as the Emirate of Sicily, County of Sicily, and Kingdom of Sicily, as the Kingdom was founded in 1130 by Roger II, belonging to the Siculo-Norman family of Hauteville - 19th century unification of Italy period, emigration and mafia, early 20th century and Fascist period, since 1946 post-war period, Sicilian Regional Assembly, Sicilian Independence Movement, and 1960s Sicilian Mafia trials, as in the second decade of the 21st century, Sicily has become a destination for migrants coming from Africa and Middle Eastern countries, as well as Bangladesh, on their way to Europe, mainly Germany, Northern Italy, France and Sweden
Industry and manufacturing, GDP growth since 2000: Industry and manufacturing, GDP growth since 2000 and statistics


Cities and municipalities in Sicily: 390 municipalities in Sicily
Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Messina: List of municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Messina
Timeline of Messina since 730 BCE: Timeline of Messina since 730 BCE
July-August 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily during liberation of Europe: July-August 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily
August 1943 Battles for Etna positions: August 1943 Battles for Etna positions
21st century Messina: 21st century Messina


Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Palermo: List of municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Palermo
Economy and infrastructure of Palermo: Economy and infrastructure of Palermo
20th century timeline of Palermo: 20th century timeline of Palermo
September 1943 NSDAP ruled German empire's bombardements targeting Palermo: 1943 'Luftwaffe' bombardamenti sconda guerra mondiale - 13/9/43 Luftwaffe: Palermo, 23/9/43 Luftwaffe: Palermo
Timeline of Palermo in the 21st century: Timeline of Palermo in the 21st century


Municipalities of the Province of Syracuse: List of municipalities of the Province of Syracuse
Timeline of Syracuse since 8th century BCE settlement established by Corinthian Greeks: Timeline of Syracuse since 8th century BCE, as settlement established by Corinthian Greeks
February 1941 - July 1943 Allied bombardaments: 15 febbraio 1941 - 10 luglio 1943 bombardamenti aerei degli Alleati
21st century timeline of Syracuse: 21st century timeline of Syracuse


Geology, climate and environment of Pantelleria island: Geology, climate and environment of Pantelleria island


Culture of Italy: Culture of Italy
Italian cultural history: Italian cultural history
14th - 16th century Italian 'Renaissance': Italian 'Renaissance' 14th - 16th century
Schools in Italy: Schools in Italy
Universities and colleges in Italy: Universities and colleges in Italy
Medical outbreaks and man-made disasters in Italy: Medical outbreaks in Italy - Man-made disasters in Italy
Health disasters in Italy: Health disasters in Italy
Since 31 January 2020 covid-19 outbreak in Italy: 2020 Chinese coronavirus outbreak in Italy
Timeline of the covid-19 pandemic in Italy: Timeline of the covid-19 pandemic in Italy since January 2020
17 February 2021 2,751,657 confirmed covid-19 cases and 94,540 deaths: 17 February 2021 2,751,657 confirmed covid-19 cases and 94,540 deaths
Healthcare in Italy: Healthcare in Italy
Hospitals in Italy: Hospitals in Italy
Athletics in Italy: Athletics in Italy
Gymnastics in Italy: Gymnastics in Italy
Winter sports and Alpine skiing competitions in Italy: Winter sports competitions in Italy - Alpine skiing competitions in Italy
Football in Italy: Football in Italy
Newspapers in Italy: List of newspapers in Italy
Radio stations in Italy: Radio stations in Italy
Internet in Italy: Internet in Italy
Crime in Italy: Crime in Italy
Since 71 BC Roman empire's mass murder of slaves and further imperial conquests: Um 71 v. Chr. 'Zweite Schlacht am Silarus' zwischen aufständischen Sklaven, deren Heer von wütenden Sklaven nach Zeitzeugenberichten derzeit schon 200.000 bewaffnete Sklaven umfasste, und römischen Legionären - besser trainiert und vor allem gut bewaffnet auf der Grundlage von durch Sklaven produziertem Reichtum -, in der der Anführer der Widerstandsbewegung Spartacus bald nach Beginn der Schlacht getötet werden konnte ohne daß seine Leiche je gefunden wurde (zur Nachahmung bis 1919 und zur Gegenwart), damit nach dem Tod ihres Generals viele Widerstandskämpfer den Mut verloren wegen der Unklarheit des Geschehens und sie sich den Römern ergaben, um dann von den 'patres familias' und ihrem Befehlshaber Crassus, bekannt insbesondere auch für seinen zusammengeraubten gewaltigen Reichtum, als gefangenene Sklaven zu tausenden entlang der Via Appia ans Kreuz geschlagen zu werden, im geschichtlichen Ablauf später gefolgt von Crassus' Feldzug nach Syrien, der dann von Augustus, seit 30 v. Chr. Alleinherrscher (Römische Kaiserzeit 27 v. Chr. bis 284 n. Chr.), fortgesetzt wurde u.a. bis hin zur Liquidierung Judäas und Israels
Antisemitism in Italy: Antisemitism in Italy
Italian fascism and racism: Italian fascism and racism
Since 1922 Jews during the fascist era in Italy: Since 1922 Jews during the fascist era in Italy
Racism in Italy and antisemitism in 21st-century Italy: Racism in Italy - Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy
Organized crime and mafia in Italy: Organized crime in Italy - Mafia - Organized crime events in Italy
Since 19th century Sicilian Mafia: Since 19th century Sicilian Mafia
Terrorism in Italy: Terrorism in Italy
August 1980 Bologna massacre: August 1980 Bologna massacre
December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks: December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks
Violence in Italy: Violence in Italy
Violence against women in Italy: Violence against women in Italy - Rape in Italy
Human trafficking in Italy: Human trafficking in Italy
Corruption, white-collar crime and scandals in Italy: Corruption in Italy - Scandals in Italy - Political scandals in Italy
2012-2013 former PM Berlusconi sentenced to several years in prison for different crimes: Procedimenti giudiziari a carico di Silvio Berlusconi
2013: 1 March 2013: Former PM Berlusconi is under investigation on suspicion of bribing a senator to change sides in parliament 2006 - 7 March 2013: Former PM Berlusconi has been sentenced to a year in prison over the publication of leaked transcripts from a police wiretap concerning a political rival to be published in a newspaper run by Berlusconi's brother - 8 May 2013: Former PM Berlusconi's tax fraud conviction and four-year prison sentence were upheld on the first appeal raising demands that he should be barred from public office immediately - 9 May: A day after Milan court upheld his conviction in the case of tax fraud, prosecutors on Thursday filed charges against Berlusconi for bribing a left-wing senator 3.0 million euros to join his party - 19 June: Italy’s constitutional court upholds Berlusconi tax fraud conviction - 24 June: A Milan court convicted former Italian PM Berlusconi of paying for sex with an underage prostitute and then using his influence to try to cover it up - 19 July: Milan court finds Silvio Berlusconi's associates guilty on sex charges - 1 août: Peine de quatre ans de prison confirmée contre Berlusconi dans le procès Mediaset - 19 October: Milan court hands Silvio Berlusconi two-year ban from public office - 23 October: Berlusconi faces new trial starting on February 11 for bribing senator - 27 novembre: Le Sénat italien chasse Silvio Berlusconi de ses rangs - 29 November: Italian court accuses Berlusconi of bribing witnesses in his paying for sex with a minor case
Disasters in Italy: Disasters in Italy
Judiciary and court system in Italy: Judiciary of Italy
Foreign relations of Italy: Foreign relations of Italy
Treaties of Italy: Treaties of Italy
Italian membership in international institutions: Italian membership in international institutions
Italy and the United Nations: Italy and the United Nations
Italy/European Union relations: Italy and the European Union
2012/2013: 7 septembre 2012: Naufrage près de Lampedusa - 54 immigrés sauvés, des disparus recherchés - 3 October 2013 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck - 4 October 2013: Three hundred people were feared dead after a boat carrying up to 500 African asylum seekers caught fire and sank in the water off the Italian island of Lampedusa - 7 octobre: Les sauveteurs ont repêché 83 nouveaux corps de migrants morts après le naufrage survenu près de Lampedusa, et la ministre de l'Intégration Cécile Kyenge dénonce 'l'absurdité' des lois italiennes en matière d'immigration - 9 octobre: Barroso et Letta accueillis mercredi sur l'île de Lampedusa, par les huées et les insultes d'habitants - 11 October 2013 shipwreck - 11/12 October: Dozens of people died on Friday when a boat carrying around 250 migrants capsized between Sicily and Tunisia, a week after the 3 October 2013 migrant shipwreck - 14 October: Italy will increase patrols in the Mediterranean following the two recent disasters in which hundreds of migrants died while attempting to reach Europe - 14 October: Italy plans a large-scale deployment of forces in the Mediterranean to manage the influx of asylum seekers as the latest boatload carrying 137 migrants arrived on its shores - 20 October: A boatload of 254 Syrian and Egyptian migrants including 94 minors landed in Italy on Sunday after a perilous voyage through rough seas from Egypt - 25 October: Nearly 700 refugees including dozens of Eritreans have been rescued off Sicily in five operations, as leaders grapple with the issue of illegal immigration at a EU summit
Bilateral relations of Italy: Bilateral relations of Italy
Italy/Egypt relations: Italy/Egypt relations
Italy/Eritrea relations: Italy/Eritrea relations
Since 1848 Italian empire and Italian colonisation in Africa: Italian Empire since 1848 - Italian colonisation in Africa
1890-1936 Italian Eritrea: Italian Eritrea 1890-1936
1936-1941 Italian East Africa: Italian East Africa 1936-1941
Italy/Ethiopia relations: Italy/Ethiopia relations
Since 1848 Italian empire and Italian colonisation in Africa: Italian Empire since 1848 - Italian colonisation in Africa
1937 Italian Atrocities against the native population: !937 Italian Atrocities against the native population
Italy/France relations: Italy/France relations
Italy/Germany relations: Italy/Germany relations
Italy/Iran relations: Italy/Iran relations
Italy/Israel relations: Italy/Israel relations
Roman empire's conquests in West Asia, 1st century Pilate's Court, trial and execution of Jesus of Nazareth: Roman empire's conquests in West Asia, 1st century Pilate's Court, rial and execution of Jesus of Nazareth
Since 6 CE Jewish resistance to the census imposed for Roman tax purposes: Judas of Galilee, or Judas of Gamala, was a Jewish leader who led resistance to the census imposed for Roman tax purposes by Quirinius in Judea Province around 6 CE - Seit Beginn des 1. Jahrhunderts jüdischer Widerstand gegen die römische Fremdherrschaft, während der auch Judas der Galiläer und seine zwei Söhne, Simon und Jakobus, die wie ihr Vater ihr Leben in den Dienst der Rebellion gegen die römische Fremdherrschaft stellten, von dem römischen Prokurator Tiberius Alexander (46–48 n. Chr.) gekreuzigt wurden - 66 CE Battle of Beth Horon was a battle fought in 66 CE between the Roman army and Jewish rebels - April–December 67 CE Galilee campaign, when Roman general Vespasian invaded Galilee under the orders of Emperor Nero in order to crush the Great Revolt of Judea
History of the Jews in the Roman Empire and in Italy: History of the Jews in the Roman Empire - History of the Jews in Italy
Nazi designs to bomb Jewish cities in Palestine, planning the Holocaust in the Middle East: 8 December 2016: Nazi designs to bomb Jewish cities in Palestine, planning the Holocaust in the Middle East
June/July 1940 Italian bombing of Haifa: June/July 1940 Italian bombing of Haifa
Italy/Lebanon relations: Italy/Lebanon relations
Italy/Libya relations: Italy/Libya relations
1910-1947 History of Libya as Italian colony: History of Libya as Italian colony 1910-1947
1911-1912 Tripolitanian War: Tripolitanian War 1911-1912
1911-1943 'Italian Libya' protectorate and colony of Italy: 'Italian Libya' protectorate and colony of Italy 1911-1943
1923-1932 Second Italo-Senussi War: Second Italo-Senussi War 1923-1932
Since 1938 Italy’s aggressive policies against Jews and the Jews of Libya during the Holocaust: Since 1938 Italy’s aggressive policies against Jews and the Jews of Libya during the Holocaust
Italy/Malta relations: Italy/Malta relations
June–December 1940 Italian aerial bombardment of Malta: June–December 1940 Italian aerial bombardment of Malta
Since 1942 World War II sites in Malta: Since 1940 World War II sites in Malta
Italy/Nigeria relations:
Italy/Russia relations: Italy/Russia relations
Italy/Somalia relations: Italy/Somalia relations
1889-1936 Italian Somaliland: Italian Somaliland 1889–1936
1936–1941 colony of the Kingdom of Italy 'Italian East Africa': Italian East Africa 1936–1941, colony of the Kingdom of Italy
Italy/Spain relations: Italy/Spain relations
1938 Bombing of Barcelona: Bombing of Barcelona March 1938
2016: 29 January 2016: Hours after Italian authorities covered up nude Roman statues in order to spare the blush and not to offend visiting Iranian murderous regime's president Rouhani, Italy's obsequious, impertinent and unprincipled Matteo Renzi, visiting Berlin on Friday, and German chancellor Angela Merkel pledge to tackle Europe’s refugee and migrant influx but failed to resolve discord on an EU deal with Turkey to limit arrivals - 23 May 2016: Syrian HNC women hold high-level meetings in Rome, emphasizing the role of Syrian women in the future of Syria, while Italian officials stressed the need for international action to put an end to violence against civilians and to hold violators of human rights to account - 21 October 2016: EU fails to agree on threatening Russia with sanctions over Aleppo as push by Britain, France and Germany to address Syrian bombing campaign lacks unanimous support at Brussels summit
Italy/Tunisia relations: Italy/Tunisia relations - Italian Tunisians
Italy/Ukraine relations: Italy/Ukraine relations
Italy/United Kingdom relations: Italy/United Kingdom relations
Italians in the United Kingdom: Italians in the United Kingdom
Italy/USA relations: Italy/USA relations - 20 September 2012: Italy's highest criminal court upholds the convictions of 23 Americans in the abduction of Egyptian Osama Moustafa Hassan Nasr 2003 from a Milan street as part of the CIA's extraordinary rendition program, paving the way to possible extradition requests by Italian authorities - 1 juillet 2013: Le 'Guardian' a affirmé que la France, l'Italie et la Grèce figuraient parmi les 38 'cibles' surveillées par la NSA - les Européens exigent des explications - 24 October 2013: USA reportedly spied on Italian government - 7 janvier 2016: 'Nous payons encore, 15 ans après, les conséquences de ce qui était censé être une guerre éclair pour éliminer la menace terroriste', dit le ministre des Affaires étrangères italien Paolo Gentiloni à l'égard de la soi-disant guerre de Washington contre le terrorisme
Natural disasters in Italy: Natural disasters in Italy

Latvia - Geography of Latvia - History of Latvia - Demographics of Latvia
Agriculture in Latvia: Agriculture in Latvia
Political parties in Latvia: Political parties in Latvia
October 2018 Latvian parliamentary election: 6 October 2018 Latvian parliamentary election
25 May 2019 European Parliament election in Latvia: 25 mai 2019 élections européennes en Lettonie
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Latvia: Latvian society - Demographics of Latvia - Human rights in Latvia
Districts of Latvia: Districts of Latvia
List of cities and towns in Latvia: Cities and towns in Latvia - Port cities in Latvia
Timeline of Riga since 12th century: Timeline of Riga since 12th century
18 November 1918 Riga becomes capital of independent Latvia: 18 November 1918 Riga becomes capital of independent Latvia
July 1941 burning of the Riga synagogues: July 1941 burning of the Riga synagogues
Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45: Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45
History of Liepaja: History of Liepaja
History of Liepaja during World War I 1914-1918: History of Liepaja during World War I 1914-1918
History of Liepaja during World War II 1939-1945: History of Liepaja during World War II 1939-1945
Economy of Liepaja: Economy of Liepaja
History of Jelgava: History of Jelgava
Since 1941/42 results and aftermath of Jelgava massacres as Jelgava itself was mostly destroyed in later fighting: Since 1941/42 results and aftermath of Jelgava massacres, as Jelgava itself was mostly destroyed in later fighting and liberation by the Soviet Army in World War II
Education in Latvia: Education in Latvia
Health in Latvia: Health in Latvia
Newspapers in Latvia: Newspapers in Latvia
Crime in Latvia: Crime in Latvia
Terrorist incidents in Latvia: Terrorist incidents in Latvia
1998 Riga bombing outside the 92-year old synagogue in Riga: 1998 Riga bombing outside the 92-year old synagogue in Riga
Man-made disasters in Latvia: Man-made disasters in Latvia
24 November 2013 over 700,000 euros donated to victims of the Riga supermarket tragedy: 24 November 2013: Over 700,000 euros donated to victims of the Riga supermarket tragedy and their families, reports LETA
Human trafficking in Latvia: Human trafficking in Latvia
Latvian courts and judges: Latvian judges
Law enforcement in Latvia: Law enforcement in Latvia
Foreign relations of Latvia: Foreign relations of Latvia
Treaties of Latvia: Treaties of Latvia
Latvia/Belarus relations: Latvia/Belarus relations
Latvia/Germany relations: Latvia/Germany relations
Baltic Germans: Baltic Germans
Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45: Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45
Latvia/Greece relations: Latvia/Greece relations
Latvia/Israel relations: Latvia/Israel relations
31 October 2012 Latvia calls for development of economic relations and support for Latvia's OECD membership: 31 October 2012: Latvia's FM Rinkevics calls for development of economic relations and support for Latvia's OECD membership
Latvia/Lithuania relations: Latvia/Lithuania relations
Latvia/Russia relations: Latvia/Russia relations - Russians in Latvia

Lithuania - Geography of Lithuania - History of Lithuania - Demographics of Lithuania
Forestry in Lithuania: Forestry in Lithuania
Since the 1990s economic history of Lithuania and economic cycles: Since the 1990s economic history of Lithuania
2004-2017 annual GDP growth rate of Lithuania: 2004-2017 annual GDP growth rate of Lithuania
Taxation, budget and ministry of finance in Lithuania: Taxes in Lithuania - Ministry of Finance - State budget of the Republic of Lithuania
25 May 2014 European Parliament election in Lithuania: 25 May 2014 European Parliament election in Lithuania
26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Lithuania: 26 mai 2019 élections européennes en Lituanie
Protests and social movements in Lithuania: Protests in Lithuania - Trade unions in Lithuania - Environmentalism in Lithuania
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Lithuania: Lithuanian society - Human rights in Lithuania
Economy of Vilnius: Economy of Vilnius
Timeline of Vilnius: Timeline of Vilnius since 1323
History and timeline of Kaunas: History and timeline of Kaunas
History of Klaipeda: History of Klaipeda
Demographics of Lithuania: Demographics of Lithuania
History of the Jews in Lithuania since the 8th century: History of the Jews in Lithuania since the 8th century
1941-1943 Vilna Ghetto: 1941-1943 Vilna Ghetto
Health in Lithuania: Health in Lithuania
Media of Lithuania: Media of Lithuania
Broadcasting in Lithuania: Broadcasting in Lithuania
Internet in Lithuania: Internet in Lithuania
Crime in Lithuania: Crime in Lithuania
Corruption in Lithuania: Corruption in Lithuania
Human trafficking in Lithuania: Human trafficking in Lithuania
Domestic violence in Lithuania: Domestic violence in Lithuania
Law and legal history of Lithuania: Law of Lithuania - Legal history of Lithuania
Judiciary and courts of Lithuania: Courts of Lithuania
Law enforcement in Lithuania: Law enforcement in Lithuania
Foreign relations of Lithuania: Foreign relations of Lithuania
Treaties of Lithuania: Treaties of Lithuania
Bilateral relations of Lithuania: Bilateral relations of Lithuania
Lithuania/Belarus relations: Lithuania/Belarus relations
3 July 2021 Lithuania declared a state of emergency due to an influx of migrants over the last few days from Belarus: 3 July 2021: Lithuania has declared a state of emergency due to an influx of migrants over the last few days from Belarus, AP reports
Lithuania/Denmark relations: Lithuania/Denmark relations
Lithuania/Germany relations: Lithuania/Germany relations
Resistance in Lithuania during World War II: Resistance in Lithuania during World War II
The Holocaust in Lithuania: The Holocaust in Lithuania - Vilna Ghetto
Lithuania/Greece relations: Lithuania/Greece relations
Lithuania/Sweden relations: Lithuania/Sweden relations
Landforms of Lithuania: Landforms of Lithuania
Water in Lithuania: Water in Lithuania

Luxembourg - Geography of Luxembourg - History of Luxembourg - Demographics of Luxembourg
Economy of Luxembourg: Economy of Luxembourg
Road transport in Luxembourg: Road transport in Luxembourg
Financial companies in Luxembourg: Financial 'services' companies of Luxembourg
April 2016: 3 April 2016: Findings of a yearlong investigation by the ICIJ of the 'Panama Papers' (also concerning the British Virgin Islands and other offshore havens), a giant leak of offshore financial records, expose global array of crime, corruption, offshore holdings of politicians and public officials from around the world including Putin, Assad associates, the family of China’s Xi Jinping, the king of Saudi Arabia, Poroshenko, the familiy of Pakistan's Nawaz Sharif, people in more than 200 countries and territories (Jackie Chan, Lionel Messi etc.), people and companies blacklisted because of evidence that they’d been involved in wrongdoing and war crimes, such as doing business with Mexican drug lords, terrorist organizations like Hezbollah or rogue nations like North Korea and Iran, the support of Assad's barrel bombs, and involving major banks including British banks, German banks, banks of Luxembourg, Switzerland's UBS, Credit Suisse and HSBC Private Bank
Taxation in Luxembourg: Luxembourgish tax regime - Base Erosion and Profit Shifting - Luxembourg Leaks journalistic investigation conducted by the ICIJ, based on confidential information about tax rulings from 2002 to 2010 - 5 November 2014: Pepsi, IKEA, FedEx and 340 other international companies have secured secret deals from Luxembourg, allowing many of them to slash their global tax bills while maintaining little presence in the duchy, leaked documents reviewed by ICIJ journalists show - 9 December 2014: New leak reveals Luxembourg tax deals for Disney, Koch Brothers Empire, Microsoft etc. - 10 December 2014: Fresh allegations outlining the tactics Jean-Claude Juncker used when he was PM of Luxembourg to promote the country as the destination for multinational corporations - 1 January 2017: EU's Jean-Claude Juncker spent years in his previous role as Luxembourg’s prime minister secretly blocking EU efforts to tackle tax avoidance by multinational corporations, leaked documents reveal
Government of Luxembourg: Executive branch
October 2018 Luxembourg general election: 14 October 2018 Luxembourg general election
Society, demographics, human rights and culture in Luxembourg: Luxembourgian society - Demographics of Luxembourg - Human rights in Luxembourg
Education in Luxembourg: Education in Luxembourg
Health in Luxembourg: Health in Luxembourg
Corruption and white-collar crime in Luxembourg: Corruption in Luxembourg
Courts, criminal law and law enforcement in Luxembourg: Courts and Criminal Law in Luxembourg - Law enforcement in Luxembourg
Foreign relations of Luxembourg: Foreign relations of Luxembourg
Treaties of Luxembourg: Treaties of Luxembourg
Luxembourg/European Union relations: European Investment Bank
Luxembourg/UN relations: Luxembourg and the United Nations
Bilateral relations of Luxembourg: Bilateral relations of Luxembourg
Luxembourg/Belgium relations: Luxembourg/Belgium relations
Luxembourg/France relations: Luxembourg/France relations
Luxembourg/Germany relations: Luxembourg/Germany relations
Luxembourg/Hungary relations: Luxembourg/Hungary relations
Luxembourg/Portugal relations: Luxembourg/Portugal relations
Luxembourg/USA relations: Luxembourg/USA relations

Malta - Geography of Malta - History of Malta - Demographics of Malta
Water transport in Malta: Water transport in Malta
Tourism in Malta: Tourism in Malta
Taxation in Malta: Taxation in Malta
Political parties and trade unions in Malta: Political parties in Malta - Trade unions in Malta
Politics, elections and parliament in Malta: Elections in Malta - Parliament of Malta
March 2003 Maltese European Union membership referendum: 8 March 2003 Maltese European Union membership referendum
European Parliament election 2014: European Parliament election 24 May 2014
May 2019 European Parliament election in Malta: 25 May 2019 European Parliament election in Malta
1 December 2019 Malta’s PM quits in crisis over Daphne Caruana Galizia murder: 1 December 2019: Malta’s PM quits in crisis over Daphne Caruana Galizia murder
Social movements and protests in Malta: Protests in Malta
October 2017 protests following the murder of Daphne Caruana Galizia: 16 October 2017: Journalists, politicians, private citizens, backers and detractors, all were quick to condemn the as-yet unknown perpetrators who murdered Malta's most known journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia - 17 October 2017: People gathered outside the law courts in Valletta this afternoon for a protest demanding justice following the murder of Daphne Caruana Galizia - 19 October 2017: Malta's journalists held a silent commemoration in Valletta today to mark their sorrow at the murder of blogger Daphne Caruana Galizia and to promise that the savage attack will not intimidate the profession - 22 October 2017: Thousands of Maltese call for justice in a protest held by a group of non-governmental organizations after journalist and anti-corruption blogger Daphne Caruana Galizia was killed last Monday
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Malta: Maltese society - Human rights in Malta
Regions, districts and local councils of Malta: Subdivisions of Malta - Regions of Malta - Districts of Malta - Local councils of Malta
Demographics of Malta: Demographics of Malta
Women and women's rights in Malta: Women in Malta - Maltese women by occupation
Maltese children: Maltese children
Education in Malta: Education in Malta
Health in Malta: Health in Malta
Media in Malta: Media in Malta
Radio and TV in Malta: Radio in Malta - Television in Malta
Internet in Malta: Internet in Malta
Crime in Malta: Crime in Malta
Terrorism in Malta: Terrorism in Malta
1977 Murder of Karin Grech: 28 December 1977 Murder of Karin Grech
October 2017 assassination of Daphne Caruana Galizia: 16 October 2017 assassination of Daphne Caruana Galizia
Human trafficking in Malta: Human trafficking in Malta
Human trafficking in Malta: Human trafficking in Malta
Law and legal history of Malta: Law of Malta - Human rights in Malta and history
Judiciary of Malta: Judiciary of Malta
2017 police sergeant suspended after Facebook comments celebrating Caruana Galizia murder: 17 October 2017: Police sergeant suspended after Facebook comments celebrating Caruana Galizia murder
Foreign relations of Malta: Foreign relations of Malta
Treaties of Malta: Treaties of Malta
Immigration to Malta: Immigration to Malta - Illegal immigration in Malta - May 2007 Malta migrant shipwreck - 11 October 2013 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck - 13 octobre 2013: Après le naufrage au sud de Malte qui a coûté la vie à des dizaines de migrants en majorité syriens, le Premier ministre maltais Muscat a déploré que la 'Méditerranée soit en train de devenir un cimetière' - September 2014 Malta migrant shipwreck - 17 September 2014: About 500 migrants may have been killed when people smugglers rammed their boat bound for Malta, drowning the vast majority of its passengers, including refugees from Egypt, Sudan, Syria and Palestine, the IOM says after it debriefed two Palestinian survivors - 19 September 2014: World must vigorously pursue criminal gangs who doomed hundreds of migrants in the Mediterranean, IOM's William Lacy Swing says
Malta and the European Union: Malta and the European Union
March 2003 Maltese EU membership referendum: Maltese EU membership referendum March 2003
Bilateral relations of Malta: Bilateral relations of Malta
Malta/France relations: Malta/France relations
1798-1800 French occupation of Malta: 1798-1800 French occupation of Malta
Malta/Germany relations: Malta/Germany relations
Since January 1941 German intervention: Since January 1941 German intervention
Malta/Italy relations: Malta/Italy relations
June–December 1940 Italian aerial bombardment of Malta: June–December 1940 Italian aerial bombardment of Malta
Malta/Libya relations: Malta/Libya relations
Malta/Russia relations: Malta/Russia relations
Malta/Spain relations: Malta/Spain relations
Malta/Tunisia relations: Malte/Tunisia relations
Malta/Turkey relations: Malta/Turkey relations
Malta/United Kingdom relations: Malta/United Kingdom relations
1690–1967 British Mediterranean Fleet: British Mediterranean Fleet 1690–1967
1798-1800 Siege of Malta: Siege of Malta (1798–1800)
1813-1964 British Malta Colony: British Malta Colony 1813–1964
1964 Maltese referendum on a new constitution and independence: Maltese referendum on a new constitution and independence 1964
Malta/USA relations: Malta/USA relations
Landforms of Malta: Landforms of Malta
Water in Malta: Water in Malta

Netherlands - Geography of the Netherlands - History of the Netherlands - Dutch Revolt 1566–1648 against Spanish rule - 1581–1795 Republic of the United Netherlands - 1795–1806 Batavian Republic - Napoleon's puppet 'Kingdom of Holland' 1806-1810 - 1815-1839 United Kingdom of the Netherlands - Since 1830 Kingdom of the Netherlands
Demographics of the Netherlands: Demographics of the Netherlands
Energy and fossil fuels in the Netherlands: Energy in the Netherlands - Fossil fuels in the Netherlands
Oil companies of the Netherlands: Oil companies of the Netherlands
20 July 2021 'Royal Dutch Shell' confirmed that it will appeal against the landmark Dutch court ruling: 20 July 2021: 'Royal Dutch Shell' has confirmed that it will appeal against the landmark Dutch court ruling calling for the oil giant to cut its carbon emissions faster, as court in The Hague reached the milestone verdict in May this year after Friends of the Earth and over 17,000 co-plaintiffs successfully argued that Shell had been aware of the dangerous consequences of CO2 emissions for decades, and that its climate targets did not go far enough, as now Shell’s chief executive Ben van Beurden said the company agrees that 'urgent action is needed' to reduce carbon emissions, vowing to accelerate its progress towards becoming a net zero carbon company, but said that Shell would still appeal against the ruling 'because a court judgment, against a single company, is not effective', ignoring that the cancellation of an important step fought for progress - that admittedly first will concern only one fossil fuel giant - is certainly not suitable for further progress against catastrophic consequences of climate change's global warming, in Africa, the Americas, Antarctica, Asia, Australie, Europe and EU countries including the former colonial Dutch empire's country 'The Nethelands', last week hit by unprecedented European floods, killing many citizens Europe e.i. today mourned in Belgium
Renewable energy in the Netherlands: Renewable energy in the Netherlands
Water supply and sanitation in the Netherlands: Water supply and sanitation in the Netherlands
Water transport in the Netherlands: Water transport in the Netherlands
Foreign trade of the Netherlands: Foreign trade of the Netherlands
Opinion polling for the 2017 Dutch general election: Opinion polling for the 2017 Dutch general election
Social movements and protests in the Netherlands: Social movements and protests in the Netherlands
6 December 2018 people protesting the Dutch tradition of 'Black Pete' turning their backs to a holiday parade: 6 December 2020: People protesting the Dutch tradition of 'Black Pete' turn their backs to a holiday parade in the Netherlands, when on the Dutch St. Nicholas holiday parades are organized in which the saint 'Sinterklass' arrives to hand out candy and gifts, as these parades have taken on an increasingly political - and violent - tone because of Santa’s traditional blackface sidekick, and as growing number of Netherlanders who are protesting the tradition of St. Nicholas’ notorious assistant, however, have faced increasing pushback, when this year white supremacists raised Nazi salutes at the Sinterklass parade in Hoorn and flew neo-Nazi flags at the one in Zaandijk, and when in Eindhoven an estimated 250 white extremists chanted racist slogans and threw eggs and beer cans at people peacefully protesting the parade
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in the Netherlands: Dutch society - Human rights in the Netherlands - Multiculturalism in the Netherlands
History and economy of Amsterdam: History and economy of Amsterdam
Timeline of Amsterdam: Timeline of Amsterdam since 1270
1270 dam built on Amstel River: 1270 dam built on Amstel River
Economy of Rotterdam: Economy of Rotterdam
Port of Rotterdam: Port of Rotterdam
Timeline of Rotterdam: Timeline of Rotterdam
Timeline of The Hague: Timeline of The Hague
Timeline of Utrecht: Timeline of Utrecht
Since 1636 Utrecht University: Since 1636 Utrecht University
Economy and demographics of Groningen: Economy and demographics of Groningen
Timeline of Groningen: History and timeline of Groningen
Demographics and ethnic groups in the Netherlands: Demographics of the Netherlands - Ethnic groups in the Netherlands
Chinese people in the Netherlands: Chinese people in the Netherlands
Curaçaoans in the Netherlands: Curaçaoans in the Netherlands
Indians in the Netherlands: Indians in the Netherlands
History of the Jews in the Netherlands: History of the Jews in the Netherlands
Muslims in the Netherlands: Muslims in the Netherlands
Walloons in the Netherlands: Walloons in the Netherlands
Culture of the Netherlands: Culture of the Netherlands - Languages of the Netherlands
Science and technology in the Netherlands: Science and technology in the Netherlands
Monuments and memorials in the Netherlands: Monuments and memorials in the Netherlands
1939-1945 World War II memorials and cemeteries in the Netherlands: World War II memorials and cemeteries in the Netherlands
Health in the Netherlands: Health in the Netherlands
Medical outbreaks and health disasters in the Netherlands: Medical outbreaks in the Netherlands - Health disasters in the Netherlands
1999 Bovenkarspel legionellosis outbreak: 1999 Bovenkarspel legionellosis outbreak
2012 outbreak of Salmonella: 2012 outbreak of Salmonella
Health disasters in the Dutch Caribbean: Health disasters in the Dutch Caribbean
Since 2020 covid-19 pandemic in the Dutch Caribbean: Since 2020 covid-19 pandemic in the Dutch Caribbean
Healthcare in the Netherlands: Healthcare in the Netherlands
Hospitals in the Netherlands: List of hospitals in the Netherlands
Dutch journalists: Dutch journalists
Radio and television in the Netherlands: Radio in the Netherlands - Television in the Netherlands
Fake news in the Netherlands:
Religion in the Netherlands: Religion in the Netherlands
History of religions in the Netherlands: History of religion in the Netherlands
Crime in the Netherlands: Crime in the Netherlands
Racism and antisemitism in the Netherlands: Racism in the Netherlands - Antisemitism in the Netherlands
Terrorism in the Netherlands: Terrorism in the Netherlands
Organised crime and drug trafficking in the Netherlands: a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organised_crime_in_the_Netherlands">Organised crime in the Netherlands - Organised crime groups in the Netherlands
Human trafficking in the Netherlands: Human trafficking in the Netherlands
Corruption in the Netherlands: Corruption in the Netherlands
Police brutality in the Netherlands: Police brutality in the Netherlands
Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in the Netherlands: Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in the Netherlands
Since 1838 Supreme Court of the Netherlands: Since 1838 Supreme Court of the Netherlands
European Court of Human Rights cases involving the Netherlands: European Court of Human Rights cases involving the Netherlands
Law enforcement in the Netherlands: Law enforcement in the Netherlands
Foreign relations of the Netherlands: Foreign relations of the Netherlands
Since 1598 Dutch colonisation in Africa: Dutch colonisation in Africa
1598–1872 'Dutch Gold Coast' in West Africa: 1598–1872 'Dutch Gold Coast' in West Africa
Since 1590s Dutch colonization of the Americas: Dutch colonization of the Americas - Since 1621 Dutch West India Company
List of cities in Aruba: List of cities in Aruba
Timeline and 20th-21st centuries history of Aruba: 20th-21st centuries history of Aruba and timeline
Environment of the Dutch Caribbean: Environment of the Dutch Caribbean
1815–1954 Dutch colony Curaçao and Dependencies: 1815–1954 Dutch colony Curaçao and Dependencies
Refinería Isla: Refinería Isla
February 2021 CIA World Factbook detailing Curaçao's economy and society: 25 February 2021: CIA World Factbook detailing Curaçao's economy and society
19 March 2021 Curaçao general election two days after the 2021 Dutch general election: 19 March 2021 Curaçao general election, taking place in Curaçao two days after the 2021 Dutch general election
Curaçao society: Curaçao society
Demographics and ethnic groups in Curaçao: Ethnic groups in Curaçao
1949–1962 Dutch colony 1949–1962 'Netherlands New Guinea': Dutch colony 1949–1962 'Netherlands New Guinea'
Bilateral relations of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations of the Netherlands
Netherlands/Afghanistan: The Netherlands/Afghanistan relations
Netherlands/Angola relations: Netherlands/Angola relations
Netherlands/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: Netherlands/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations
Netherlands/Ethiopia relations:
Netherlands/Germany relations: Netherlands/Germany relations
1918 Wilhelm's flight, 1920-1941 exile for war criminal Wilhelm II in the Netherland against the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, expressly providing in article 227 for the prosecution of Wilhelm for war crimes: 10 November 1918 flight and 1920-1941 exile and asylum for last German emperor and war criminal Wilhelm II in the Netherlands' 'Huis Doorn' was based on monarchist and family ties with Netherlands' Queen Wilhelmina, in return Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, committing war crimes not yet seen and Wilhelm went undisturbed by the German 'Wehrmacht' - 1919 Peace Treaty of Versailles, Articles 227-230: 'The Allied and Associated Powers publicly arraign William II of Hohenzollern, formerly German Emperor, for a supreme offence against international morality and the sanctity of treaties. A special tribunal will be constituted to try the accused, thereby assuring him the guarantees essential to the right of defence.'
Netherlands/Greece relations: Netherlands/Greece relations
Netherlands/Guyana relations: Netherlands/Guyana relations
Since 17th century Dutch colony and 'importation' of enslaved Africans: Since 17th century Dutch the first Europeans to settle modern day Guyana, after in 1621 the government of the Netherlands gave the newly formed Dutch West India Company complete control over the trading post on the Essequibo, administering the colony, known as Essequibo, for more than 170 years, establishing a second colony on the Berbice River southeast of Essequibo in 1627, and, after indigenous populations died from diseases introduced by the Europeans, turning to the 'importation' of enslaved Africans, who rapidly became a key element in the colonial economy - 1627-1815 Berbice region along the Berbice River in Guyana and a colony of the Netherlands, then ceded to the United Kingdom, merging with Essequibo and Demerara to form the colony of British Guiana in 1831, then in 1966 gaining independence as Guyana
Februar-December 1763 Berbice slave uprising: Februar-December 1763 Berbice slave uprising, a slave revolt in Guyana that began on 23 February, seen as a major event in Guyana's anti-colonial struggles, and when Guyana became a republic in 1970 the state declared 23 February as a day to commemorate the start of the Berbice slave revolt, as insurgents were eventually defeated in the spring of 1764 with the assistance of troops from neighbouring French and British colonies and from Europe including Dutch forces, executing 125 men and 3 women for participating in the rebellion - Cuffy, an Akan man who was killed by the Dutch in 1763 during the uprising, and who was captured in his native West Africa and stolen for slavery to work in the plantations of the Dutch colony of Berbice in present-day Guyana, becoming famous because in 1763 he led the revolt of more than 2,500 slaves against the colony regime, and today he is a national hero in Guyana
1941-1942 Dutch East Indies campaign amid WWII: Dutch East Indies campaign during World War II
1945-1949 Indonesian National Revolution: Indonesian National Revolution 1945-1949
August 1945 Proclamation of Indonesian Independence: 17 August 1945 Proclamation of Indonesian Independence
Netherlands/Iran relations: Netherlands/Iran relations
Netherlands/Iraq relations: Netherlands/Iraq relations
Netherlands/Ivory Coast relations: Netherlands/Ivory Coast relations
Netherlands/Liberia relations: Netherlands/Liberia relations
Netherlands/Morocco relations: Netherlands/Morocco relations
Netherlands/Nigeria relations: Netherlands/Nigeria relations:
Royal family major shareholder of 'Royal Dutch Shell': 'Royal Dutch Shell' - Niederländisches Königshaus Großaktionär von 'Royal Dutch Shell'
Shell Nigeria:
2011 Nettogewinn von 'Royal Dutch Shell' 30,92 Mrd. USA-Dollar: 2011 Umsatz von 'Royal Dutch Shell' 470,17 Mrd. USA-Dollar, Nettogewinn 30,92 Mrd. USA-Dollar
Netherlands/Palestinian territories relations: Netherlands/Palestinian territories relations
Netherlands/Russia relations: Netherlands/Russia relations
July-December 2014: 17 July 2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 shot down by a Russian-made BUK missile fired from an area in eastern Ukraine controlled by Russian-backed separatists - 19 July: Amid reports that pro-Russia separatists accused of shooting down MH17 flight remove corpses themselves and are looting credit cards and other possessions, Dutch PM Mark Rutte and more global politicians round on Vladimir Putin as separatists continue to block international inspectors attempting to identify and repatriate bodies - 20 July: As inspectors still denied access and anger mounts towards Russian regime, that is not yet ready to abandon separatists, UN considers resolution on Ukraine crash site access - 8 August: Dutch FM Timmermans fears that the Russian policy towards Ukraine can be applied in other countries, and it poses a threat to the whole of Europe - 29 November: More remains of victims from Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 arrive at Netherlands airport from crash site in pro-Russia separatists area, 289 victims identified - 19 December 2014: Bodies of MH17 victims ‘contain missile fragments', Ukraine's SBU security service says
2015: 8 October 2015: The 'Bellingcat' open source investigation into the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 summarizes that on 17 July 2014 a Buk missile launcher, originating from the 53rd Brigade near Kursk in Russia, travelled from Donetsk to Snizhne, was then unloaded and drove under its own power to a field south of Snizhne, where at approximately 4:20 pm it launched a surface-to-air missile that hit Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 as it flew over Ukraine, and was driven back on the morning of July 18 from Luhansk in Ukraine across the border to Russia, adding that 'alternative scenarios presented by the Russian Ministry of Defense and Almaz-Antey are at best deeply flawed, and at worst show a deliberate attempt to mislead using fabricated evidence' - 13 October: International investigators have concluded that Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 was shot down by a Russian-made BUK missile fired from rebel-held eastern Ukraine on 17 July 2014, a Dutch paper says ahead of the official report - 13 October: Dutch MH17 report suggests efforts were made by Russian-backed separatists to cover up causes of disaster, including a bungled autopsy in which metal fragments from a Russian-made Buk missile were deliberately removed, as the chairman of the safety board Tjibbe Joustra says to Dutch journalists in the corridor of parliament that the Buk missile was fired from an area controlled by Russian-backed separatists
2016: 4 January 2016: Dutch prosecutors say they will 'seriously study' claims by citizen journalists to have identified Russian soldiers implicated in the crash of flight MH17, shot down over eastern Ukraine in July 2014 - 5 January: Dutch FM Bert Koenders hopes that the format of the MH17 crash tribunal will be determined within next six months - 14 January 2016: Relatives of July 2014 MH17 victims demand release of radar data not given to the investigators by either the Russian or Ukrainian authorities, but what they say is key evidence - 24 February 2016: Bellingcat names those possibly involved in July 2014 MH17 crash, including Russia Defence Ministry and Putin - 24 February 2016: MH17 report identifies Russian soldiers suspected of downing Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 in Ukraine in 2014 - 24 February 2016: MH17 - Potential Suspects and Witnesses from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade - A bellingcat Investigation 2015/2016
Netherlands/South Africa relations: Netherlands/South Africa relations
Since 1652 Dutch colonization of South Africa: Dutch colonization of South Africa since 1652
1652-1806 Dutch Cape Colony: 1652-1806 Dutch Cape Colony
Netherlands/Syria relations:
September 2020 Dutch government seeks to hold Syria accountable for torture: 19 September 2020: Dutch government seeks to hold Syria accountable for torture
Netherlands/Turkey relations: Netherlands/Turkey relations
Netherlands/Ukraine relations: Netherlands/Ukraine relations
Netherlands/USA relations: Netherlands/USA relations - 6 November: A group of lawyers, journalists and privacy advocates is taking the government to court to prevent Dutch intelligence using phone data illegally acquired by the US National Security Agency
Environment of the Netherlands and climate change: Environment of the Netherlands
Natural disasters in the Netherlands: Natural disasters in the Netherlands
July 2021 floods by heavy-violent rains in west- and central Europe: Since 12 July 2021 several European countries affected by catastrophic floods, causing deaths and widespread damage in the UK and across northern and central Europe, including Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Italy - July 2021 Hochwasser in West- und Mitteleuropa durch das Tiefdruckgebiet 'Bernd', vor allem in Belgien, Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Schweiz, UK - 15 July 2021: At least 38 people have died and dozens are missing or awaiting rescue from rooftops after heavy rain and floods caused buildings to collapse in the western German states of Rhineland-Palatinate and North-Rhine Westphalia, 'The Guardian' reports - 16 July 2021: Death toll exceeds 120 as Germany and Belgium worst hit by devastating floods, and as search for missing continues, with Netherlands, Switzerland and Luxembourg also affected

Poland - Geography of Poland - History of Poland - Demographics of Poland
Agriculture in Poland: Agriculture in Poland
27 January 2020 Holocaust survivors gather at the former German Auschwitz death camp: 27 January 2020: 75 years after the liberation of Auschwitz, Holocaust survivors gather at the former German Nazi death camp to honor its over 1.1 million mostly Jewish victims and to share their testimony as a stark warning amid a recent surge of anti-Semitic attacks on both sides of the Atlantic and especially fresh concerns over anti-Semitism in Europe, after war criminal Novichok-Putin, falsely accusing Poland of colluding with German Nazi dictator Hitler and contributing to the outbreak of World War II, spoke in Jerusalem on 23 January, and as Germany since 1961 refuses to rename Nazi general Erwin Rommel barracks in Augustdorf, continuing Nazi propaganda, misleading and indoctrinating young people and generations, as neo-Nazis and AfD since 2015 got stronger in Germany and elsewhere
2016: 10 January 2016: Thousands on the streets of Poland across the country condemning new media law as government power grab - 11 January: At various centres, Polish journalists protest at state control of public broadcasting - 23 January: Thousands of Poles marched through Warsaw to protests against their new conservative government's plan to increase its surveillance powers following moves to take more control of the judiciary and the media - 27 February: Tens of thousands of anti-government protesters rally for 'free and open Poland' - 11 March: After Polish PM is refused to publish a ruling of the country's Constitutional Tribunal, protesters in favour of the court projected passages from the ruling onto the walls of the prime minister's chancellery on Wednesday night - 12/13 March 2016: Tens of thousands of people took to the streets in the Polish capital Warsaw, in Poznan and Wroclaw against the government's collision course with the country's top court to undermine judicial independence - 7 mai 2016: Plus de 240'000 manifestants à Varsovie souhaitent que la place de la Pologne soit préservée en Europe, montrant du doigt les conservateurs au pouvoir - 5 June: Former presidents lead 50,000 marchers in Warsaw in pro-democracy protests - 13 December 2016: Thousands protest against Law and Justice party threatening to reverse democratic gains made since 1989 - 17 December 2016: Mass protests in Poland over media restrictions
Society, demographics, culture, human rights and religion in Poland: Polish society - Human rights in Poland - Religion in Poland
Economy of Warwaw: Economy of Warsaw
Timeline and history of Warsaw: Timeline of Warsaw - History of Warsaw
13/14 February 2019 Warsaw Middle East Conference: 13/14 February 2019 Warsaw Conference, hosted by Poland and the USA the issues of the event include 'terrorism and extremism, missile development and proliferation, maritime trade and security, and threats posed by proxy groups across the region' of Middle East and especially 'Iran’s influence and terrorism in the region' - 14 February 2019: '60 foreign ministers and representatives of dozen of governments, an Israeli PM and the foreign ministers of leading Arab countries stood together and spoke with unusual force, clarity and unity against the common threat of the Iranian regime', Israel's Netanyahu says in Warsaw - 14 February 2019: Israel's Netanyahu on Thursday called on Arab states to continue normalizing relations with Israel, as the Iranian regime, vowing to revenge, once again tries to blame Israel and the USA for an attack reportedly claimed by Jaish ul-Adl
Economy of Kraków: Economy of Kraków
Timeline of Kraków: Timeline of Kraków
Since 1473 early printing in Cracow and Poland: Since 1473 early printing in Cracow and Poland
1918-1939 Second Polish Republic: 1918-1939 Second Polish Republic
Since 1988 Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków: Since 1988 Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków
1861-1939 Stara Synagogue, Lódz's principal Orthodox synagogue: 1861-1939 Stara Synagogue, Lódz's principal Orthodox synagogue
6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of ill prepared Poland after French and British pressure not to mobilize: 6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of Poland, fought between the armies of Poland and Nazi Germany in World War II, after reason for Poland's late and insufficient mobilization was pressure from the French and the British not to mobilize, and as since 29 August 1939, when the Poles re—started the mobilization against advice from Paris and London, it was too late - Since 1938 'Western betrayal' (and earlier) concerning the fact that France, the United Kingdom, and sometimes the USA failed to meet their legal, diplomatic, military, and moral obligations with respect to the Czechoslovak and Polish states during the prelude to and aftermath of World War II, also sometimes referring to the treatment of other Central and Eastern European states at the time, enabling World War II that lasted from 1939 to 1945, the Holocaust by Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe, and the August 1945 atomic bombings forcing Japanese war criminals to surrender
Economy of Gdansk: Economy of Gdansk
Timeline and history of Gdansk: Timeline of Gdansk - History of Gdansk
Wroclaw city: Wroclaw city in southwestern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia, located on the banks of the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe, roughly 350 kilometres from the Baltic Sea to the north and 40 kilometres from the Sudeten Mountains to the south, as the official population of Wroclaw in 2020 was 643,782, with a further 1.25 million residing in the metropolitan area - History of Wroclaw that has long been the largest and culturally dominant city in Silesia, and is today the capital of Poland's Lower Silesian Voivodeship, after the history of the city started at a crossroads in Lower Silesia, becoming one of the centres of the Duchy and then Kingdom of Poland, and briefly, in the first half of the 13th century, the centre of half of the divided Kingdom of Poland, as its historical affiliations since AD 800 include Duchy of Poland 985–1025, Kingdom of Poland 1025–1038, Duchy of Bohemia 1038–1054, Kingdom of Poland 1054–ca. 1325, Duchy of Silesia 1202–1335, Kingdom of Bohemia 1335–1469, Kingdom of Hungary 1469–1490, Kingdom of Bohemia 1490–1526/1742, Habsburg Monarchy 1526–1742, Kingdom of Prussia 1742–1871, German Empire 1871–1918, Weimar Germany 1918–1933, NSDAP ruled Germany 1933–1945, People's Republic of Poland 1945–1989 and Republic of Poland 1989–present
Timeline of Wroclaw: Timeline of Wroclaw
Since 1918/1945 Wroclaw University of Science and Technology: Since 1918/1945 Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
Since 1945 liberated Wroclaw and reconstruction: Since 1945 liberated Wroclaw and reconstruction
1942-1943 German 'ethnic cleansing' of Zamojszczyzna: 1942-1943 'ethnic cleansing' of Zamojszczyzna by NSDAP and SS ruled Germany
Demographics, demographic history and ethnic groups in Poland: Demographics of Poland - Demographic history of Poland
Belarusian minority in Poland: Belarusian minority in Poland
German minority in Poland: German minority in Poland
Ukrainians in Poland: Ukrainians in Poland
Schools in Poland: Schools in Poland
Museums in Poland: Museums in Poland
World War II museums in Poland: World War II museums in Poland
Health in Poland: Health in Poland
Medical outbreaks and man-made disasters in Poland: Medical outbreaks in Poland - Disasters and man-made disasters in Poland
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Poland: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Poland
Coal and environment of Poland: Coal and the environment in Poland
Coal and environment of Poland: Coal and the environment in Poland
Newspapers in Poland: List of newspapers in Poland
Broadcasting in Poland: Broadcasting in Poland
Internet in Poland: Internet in Poland
Cinema of Poland: Cinema of Poland
Lists of Polish films by decade: Lists of Polish films by decade
History of religion in Poland: History of religion in Poland Religion in Poland
Roman Catholic church sex abuse cases in Poland: Roman Catholic chruch sex abuse cases in Poland
Crime in Poland: Crime in Poland
Since 1939 German invasion and World War II crimes in Poland: Since 1939 German invasion, occupation and World War II crimes in Poland
2002-2004 Orlengate: 2002-2004 Orlengate
2006/2007: Oleksy tapes
1944-1946 anti-Jewish violence in Poland: Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946
Human trafficking in Poland: Human trafficking in Poland
Law enforcement in Poland: Law enforcement in Poland
Foreign relations of Poland: Foreign relations of Poland
Treaties of Poland: Treaties of Poland
Poland's membership international organisations: Poland's membership international organisations
Since 1991 Poland member of the Council of Europe: Council of Europe
Poland and the European Union, since 2004 membership: Poland and the European Union
Since 2015 reactions to the Polish Constitutional Court crisis: Since 2015 EU and international reaction to the Polish Constitutional Court crisis
July 2017 efforts to reverse curbs on judicial freedom: 23 July 2017: EU will hit Poland with deadline to reverse curbs on judicial freedom
Bilateral relations of Poland: Bilateral relations of Poland
Poland/Austria relations: Poland/Austria relations
Since 1769 Austrian occupation of Spiš and Podhale: Since 1769 Austrian occupation of Spiš and Podhale
Since 1772 Austrian Partition: Since 1772 Austrian Partition
Poland/Brazil relations: Poland/Brazil relations
1978 Poland's extradition request for war criminal Wagner rejected: Late 1930s—1945 Austrian member of the SS Gustav Franz Wagner, a starter deputy commander of the Sobibór extermination camp in German-occupied Poland, where more than 200,000 Jews were gassed during Operation Reinhard, known as 'The Beast' due to his brutality, sentenced to death in absentia after the war, but escaped with Franz Stangl to Brazil where he lived undisturbed until he was exposed by Simon Wiesenthal and arrested on 30 May 1978, but extradition requests from Israel, Austria, and Poland were rejected by Brazil's Attorney General Henrique Fonseca de Araújo, father of the current Brazilian chancellor Ernesto Araújo who was appointed by President Jair Bolsonaro in January 2019, the BBC interviewed Wagner in 1979
Poland/Czech Republic relations: Poland/Czech Republic relations
Poland/Denmark relations: Poland/Denmark relations
Poland/France relations: Poland/France relations
Poland/Germany relations: Poland/Germany relations
August-October 1944 Warsaw Uprising: Warsaw Uprising 1 August – 2 October 1944
2018: 1 February 2018: Israel condemns passing of Polish Holocaust law, as politicians and Yad Vashem voice outrage - 1 February 2018: Yad Vashem criticized the Polish Senate’s approval of a contentious Polish Holocaust bill that would outlaw blaming the Polish state or nation for crimes of the Holocaust committed in Poland and vowed to continue supporting research into the 'Polish population’s attitudes toward Jews during the Holocaust' - 8 February 2018: Holocaust survivors entered the Polish embassy compound in Tel Aviv protesting the Polish complicity bill - 10 February 2018: Adviser Andrzej Zybertowicz to Poland's president says that Israel's reaction to a law criminalizing some statements about Poland's actions during World War II stems from a 'feeling of shame at the passivity of the Jews during the Holocaust', in a new version of victim blaming - 18 February 2018: Netanyahu slams Holocaust remark by Polish PM in Munich, who said - questioned by journalist Ronen Bergman who told of his mother's narrow escape from the Gestapo in Poland after learning that neighbours were planning to denounce them - that the Holocaust had involved 'Jewish perpetrators' as well as Polish, as the audience at the Munich Security Conference stayed quiet, according to Haaretz correspondent Noa Landau
Poland/Lebanon relations: 10 May 2005: Relations between Lebanon and Poland
Poland/Russia relations: Poland/Russia relations
Since 1772 Russian Partition: Since 1772 Russian Partition
Since 1914-1918 Central Powers (including Germany, Austria-Hungary) First World War and aftermath: Since 1914-1918 Central Powers (including Germany, Austria-Hungary) First World War and aftermath
1939-1947 Poles in the Soviet Union: 1939-1947 Poles in the Soviet Union
2013 Russia moves nuclear-capable missiles closer to EU: 17 December 2013: Russia moves nuclear-capable missiles closer to European Union
2017 rally of solidarity with the political prisoners in Crimea held near the Russian Embassy: 1 March 2017: Rally of solidarity with the political prisoners in Crimea was held near the Russian Embassy in Warsaw
Poland/Syria relations:
Poland/United Kingdom relations: Poland/United Kingdom relations
Poland/USA relations: Poland/USA relations
Poland/Vietnam relations: Poland/Vietnam relations since 1950
Environmental issues and environmentalism in Poland: Environmentalism in Poland
Coal and the environment in Poland: Coal and the environment in Poland
Water in Poland: Water in Poland
Natural disasters in Poland: Natural disasters in Poland

Portugal - Geography of Portugal - History of Portugal - Portuguese Empire (from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999) - Portuguese Colonial War 1961-1974 - Third Portuguese Republic since 1974 - Demographics of Portugal
Energy in Portugal: Energy in Portugal
Hydroelectric power stations in Portugal: List of hydroelectric power stations in Portugal
Wind power in Portugal: Wind power in Portugal
Portuguese wine: Portuguese wine
Fishing in Portugal: Fishing in Portugal
Water in Portugal: Water in Portugal
Rivers of Portugal: List of rivers of Portugal
Transport in Portugal: Transport in Portugal
Rail transport in Portugal: Rail transport in Portugal
Road transport in Portugal: Road transport in Portugal
Banking in Portugal: Banking in Portugal
Economic history of Portugal and economic cycles: Since 20th century economic history of Portugal
2010–14 Portuguese financial and economic crisis (ongoing): European sovereign debt crisis (2010-present) - 2010–14 Portuguese financial crisis
2011-2014 Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal: 2011-2014 Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal
Military coups in Portugal: Military coups in Portugal
Since 1941 Portuguese volunteers fighting the Soviet Union on the Axis side: Since 1941 Portuguese volunteers fighting the Soviet Union on the Axis side
October 2017 Portuguese local elections: 1 October 2017 Portuguese local elections
May 2019 European Parliament election in Portugal: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Portugal
September 2019 Madeiran regional election: 22 September 2019 Madeiran regional election
2023 next Portuguese legislative election: On or before 8 October 2023 next Portuguese legislative election
Social movements, trade unions and protests: Portuguese protests
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Portugal: Portuguese society - Human rights in Portugal
November 1755 Lisbon earthquake: 1 November 1755 Lisbon earthquake
October 2017 local elections: 1 October 2017 Portuguese local elections
Sephardi Jews in modern Spain and Portugal: Sephardi Jews in modern Spain and Portugal
Immigration to Portugal: Immigration to Portugal
2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Culture of Portugal: Culture of Portugal
Women and women's rights in Portugal: Women in Portugal
Children and youth in Portugal: Childhood in Portugal - Youth in Portugal
Education in Portugal: Education in Portugal
Schools in Portugal: List of schools in Portugal
Colleges and universities in Portugal: List of universities and colleges in Portugal
Health in Portugal: Health in Portugal
Health disasters in Portugal: Health disasters in Portugal
Access to healthcare for migrants in Portugal and payments: Access to healthcare for migrants in Portugal and payments
Newspapers in Portugal: Newspapers in Portugal
Broadcasting in Portugal: Broadcasting in Portugal
Internet in Portugal: Internet in Portugal
Crime in Portugal: Crime in Portugal
Racism in Portugal: Racism in Portugal
Antisemitism in Portugal: Antisemitism in Portugal
History of the conversos since 15th century: History of the conversos since 15th century
Corruption in Portugal: Corruption in Portugal
Police corruption in Portugal: Police corruption in Portugal
Terrorism in Portugal: Terrorism in Portugal
Human trafficking in Portugal: Human trafficking in Portugal
Since 1982 Constitutional Court: Constitutional Court Portugal since 1982
Judiciary and courts of Portugal: Judiciary of Portugal - Courts in Portugal
Law enforcement agencies of Portugal and Polícia de Segurança Pública: Law enforcement in Portugal - Law enforcement agencies of Portugal - Polícia de Segurança Pública
Foreign relations of Portugal: Foreign relations of Portugal
1415-2002 Portuguese Empire: Portuguese Empire 1415-2002
Portugal/Africa relations: Portugal/Africa relations
Portugal and the United Nations: Portugal and the United Nations
10 November 1975 Portugal and UN General Assembly's anti-Semitism marking the 37th anniversary of Nazi Germany's November 1938 'Kristallnacht': On 10 November 1975 by a vote of 72 to 35 (with 32 abstentions) UN General Assembly adopted resolution 3379, that 'determine[d] that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination', with the support of the Arab- and Muslim-majority countries, many African countries, the Soviet bloc, and a few others including Portugal after its Socialist Party PS won the April 1975 election for the Constituent Assembly - Throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s UN documents systematically denied the existence of the Jews, Israel ancient history, the Holocaust, and the notion that Jews deserve the same rights granted to other groups, as most infamous example of this trend was the passage of UN General Assembly's resolution 3379, which equated Zionism with racism on 10 November 1975, the first postwar 'ideology' to ever be condemned in the United Nations' history, as many observers noted that the resolution was passed on the 37th anniversary of November 1938 'Kristallnacht' in Nazi Germany, the pogrom historians agree marked the beginning of the Holocaust
Since 1986 Portugal and the European Union: Portugal and the European Union, membership since 1986/1993
Treaties of Portugal: Treaties of Portugal
Bilateral relations of Portugal: Bilateral relations of Portugal
Portugal/Angola relations: Portugal/Angola relations
Portugal/Benin relations:
1830 Contonou founded as a slaving port: 1830 Contonou founded as a slaving port
Portugal/Equatorial Guinea relations:
Portugal/Germany relations: Portugal/Germany relations
Portugal/Guinea-Bissau relations: Portugal/Guinea-Bissau relations
1963-1974 Guinea Bissau War of Indepencence: Guinea Bissau War of Indepencence 1963-1974
Portugal/Hungary relations:
1560-1812 Goa Inquisition: Goa Inquisition 1560-1812
Portugal/Israel relations: Portugal/Israel relations
Portugal/Luxembourg relations: Portugal/Luxembourg relations
Portugal/East Timor relations: Portugal/East Timor relations
Portugal/Vatican relations: Portugal/Vatican relations

Romania - Geography of Romania - History of Romania - Demographics of Romania
Economy of Romania: Economy of Romania
Agriculture in Romania: Agriculture in Romania
Elections and politics in Romania: Elections in Romania
2015: 9 June 2015: Romanian parliament blocks investigation into forgery, money-laundering, tax evasion and conflict of interest in connection with PM Victor Ponta - 13 July 2015: Romanian prosecutors charged PM Victor Ponta as part of a corruption probe, piling more pressure on the embattled politician to resign - 22 July: Romania’s president has signed into law legislation that punishes Holocaust denial and the promotion of the fascist Legionnaires’ Movement with prison sentences of up to three years - 18 September: Victor Ponta indicted on charges of forgery, money laundering as part of corruption sweep, mainly concerning his time as a lawyer prior to taking office - 29 September: Thousands protest as Romanian PM Ponta withstands no-confidence vote - 4 November: Romanian PM and government resign after protests - 16 November: Prime minister-designate Dacian Ciolos has named a government, tapping European Union experts as well as private and non-profit sectors leaders to steer the country until elections next year
May 2019 European Parliament election in Romania: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Romania
24 November 2019 Romanian presidential election runoff: 10 November 2019 Romanian presidential election second round
Social movements and protests: Social movements and protests in Romania
2012–14 Romanian social unrest: 2012–14 Romanian protests against shale gas - 2012–14 Romanian social unrest
2015: 2015 Romanian protests - 2 November 2015: Thousands of people marched through Bucharest to commemorate the victims after a Romanian club fire death toll was raising to 30, which also left nearly 200 injured during a rock concert that featured the use of fireworks indoors - 4 November: Tens of thousands of Romanians are marching against government corruption, angry that licences are given for businesses which do not pass necessary health and safety tests - 6 November: Massive anti-corruption rallies continued in Bucharest's University square for the third night, calling for the reform of the political class and public administration which are widely seen as corrupt - 9 November: Anti-corruption protests continue in Romania, calling for change amid the political class, as fire death toll rises
2017 Romanian protests: 2017 Romanian protests - in January 2017, days after the PSD government was sworn in, massive protests took place throughout Romania against the government ordinance bills that were proposed by the Ministry of Justice regarding the pardoning of certain committed crimes, and the amendment of the Penal Code, especially regarding the abuse of power - 2 February 2017: Protesters have clashed with police in Bucharest after hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets in cities across Romania in anger at the government’s decriminalising of a string of corruption offences - 6 February 2017: An estimated half a million Romanians have continued to protest against the government, with many calling on it to quit even after it scrapped the corruption legislation that sparked a week of public outrage - 12 February 2017: Among the of placards of mass anti-government protests in Romania many read 'Hands off DNA', Romania’s national anti-corruption directorate founded in 2003 and at the forefront of the country’s fight against official misconduct - 13 February 2017: Tens of thousands gathered in Bucharest to call for the government to stand down, despite resignation of justice minister
August 2018 Romanian protests: August 2018 Romanian protests - 11 August 2018: Tens of thousands of people took part in in Friday's protest in Bucharest and several other Romanian cities against corruption and low wages, as more than 400 people were injured by police using tear gas, pepper spray and water cannons, as several police officers were also hurt, as president Iohannis 'firmly condemn(ed) riot police's brutal intervention, strongly disproportionate to the actions of the majority of people', and as video footage posted on social media show police beating non-violent protesters holding their hands up - 12 August 2018: Tens of thousands of demonstrators gathered in the Romanian capital Bucharest returning to the streets without fear in a huge anti-corruption protest on Saturday, 24 hours after more than 450 people were hurt, many needing treatment, and about 30 arrested
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Romania: Romanian society - Human rights in Romania
Cities, towns and metropolitan areas in Romania: List of cities and towns in Romania - Metropolitan areas in Romania
Timeline of Bucharest since the late Middle Ages: Timeline of Bucharest shown since the late Middle Ages
Demographics, ethnic groups and minorities of Romania: Demographics of Romania - Ethnic groups in Romania - Minorities of Romania
Immigration to Romania: Immigration to Romania
2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Culture of Romania: Culture of Romania
Health in Romania: Health in Romania
Healthcare in Romania: Healthcare in Romania
Medical and health organizations based in Romania: Medical and health organizations based in Romania - Medical education in Romania
Newspapers in Romania: Newspapers published in Romania
Broadcasting in Romania: Broadcasting in Romania
Internet in Romania: Internet in Romania
Crime in Romania: Crime in Romania
Racism and anti-Semitism in Romania: Racism and anti-Semitism in Romania
Human trafficking in Romania: Human trafficking in Romania
Law enforcement and Romanian Police: Law enforcement in Romania - Romanian Police
Foreign relations of Romania: Foreign relations of Romania
Treaties of Romania: Treaties of Romania
Romanian membership in international organsisations and the EU: Romanian membership in international organsisations and in the European Union
Bilateral relations of Romania: Bilateral relations of Romania
Romania/Bulgaria relations: Romania/Bulgaria relations
Romania/Canada relations: Romania/Canada relations
Romania/Canada trade relations: Romania/Canada trade relations
Romania/Germany relations: Romania/Germany relations
History of the Jews in Romania and the Holocaust: History of the Jews in Romania and the Holocaust in Romania - June 1941 Iasi pogrom
Romania/Hungary relations: Romania/Hungary relations
Romania/Israel relations: Romania/Israel relations
Romanian Jews in Israel: Romanian Jews in Israel
Romania/United Kingdom relations: Romania/United Kingdom relations

Slovakia - Geography of Slovakia - History of Slovakia - Demographics of Slovakia
Mines in Slovakia: Mines in Slovakia
Agriculture in Slovakia: Agriculture in Slovakia
Social movements and protests in Slovakia:
March 2018 protests following the murder of journalist Ján Kuciak: 2 mars 2018: Des milliers de personnes ont manifesté à Bratislava et dans d'autres villes de Slovaquie en mémoire du journaliste d'investigation Jan Kuciak assassiné, qui était spécialisé dans les enquêtes sur des fraudes fiscales et des détournements de subventions - 9 March 2018: In protests called the biggest since the 1989 Velvet revolution, tens of thousands of Slovaks have rallied to demand the resignation of PM Robert Fico’s government following the murder of journalist Ján Kuciak that has shocked the central European nation and stoked anger over sleaze in public life, also calling for foreign experts to join the team investigating the killings - 16 March 2018: Tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets across Slovakia on Friday to call for snap elections following crisis over journalist’s death, saying the premier’s resignation was not enough to address what they see as a corrupt government
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Slovakia: Slovak society - Human rights in Slovakia
Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Education in Slovakia: Education in Slovakia
Schools in Slovakia: Schools in Slovakia
Universities and colleges in Slovakia: Universities and colleges in Slovakia
Health in Slovakia: Health in Slovakia
Telecommunications in Slovakia: Telecommunications in Slovakia
Internet in Slovakia: Internet in Slovakia
Crime in Slovakia: Crime in Slovakia
Racism and antisemitism in Slovakia: Racism in Slovakia - Antisemitism in Slovakia
Slovak mafia: Slovak mafia
Human trafficking in Slovakia: Human trafficking in Slovakia
Constitutional Court of Slovakia: Constitutional Court of Slovakia
Law enforcement in Slovakia: Law enforcement in Slovakia
Foreign relations of Slovakia: Foreign relations of Slovakia
Treaties of Slovakia: Treaties of Slovakia
Membership in international organisations: Slovakia's membership in international organisations
Bilateral relations of SlovakiaBilateral relations of Slovakia: Bilateral relations of Slovakia
Slovakia/Czech Republic relations: Slovakia/Czech Republic relations
Slovakia/Germany relations: Slovakia/Germany relations
1939-1945 Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia: Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia
History of the Jews in Slovakia, the Slovak Republic 1939-1945 and the Holocaust: History of the Jews in Slovakia - The Slovak Republic and the Holocaust
1944-1946 anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia and Eastern Europe: Anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia and Eastern Europe 1944–46
August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising: August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising
Slovakia/Hungary relations: Slovakia/Hungary relations
Hungarians in Slovakia: Hungarians in Slovakia
Slovaks in Hungary: Slovaks in Hungary
February 1947 Paris Peace Treaties: February 1947 Paris Peace Treaties
2009 ban of Hungarian President from Slovakia: 2009 ban of Hungarian President from Slovakia
Slovakia/Italy relations: Slovakia/Italy relations
Slovakia/Russia relations: Slovakia/Russia relations
Forests of Slovakia: Forests of Slovakia
Water in Slovakia: Water in Slovakia
Environmentalism in Slovakia: Environmentalism in Slovakia
Natural disasters in Slovakia: Natural disasters in Slovakia
2013 European floods: 2013 European floods

Slovenia - Geography of Slovenia - History of Slovenia - Demographics of Slovenia
Agriculture in Slovenia: Agriculture in Slovenia - Slovenian wine
Banking in Slovenia: Banking in Slovenia - Bank of Slovenia
Elections and politics in Slovenia: Elections in Slovenia
November 2017 Slovenian presidential election second round: 12 November 2017 Slovenian presidential election second round
May 2019 European Parliament election in Slovenia: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Slovenia
Social movements and protests: Protests in Slovenia
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Slovenia: Slovenian society - Human rights in Slovenia
Demographicy and ethnic groups in Slovenia: Demographics of Slovenia - Ethnic groups in Slovenia
Immigration to Slovenia: Immigration to Slovenia
Culture and languages of Slovenia: Culture of Slovenia - Languages of Slovenia
Education in Slovenia: Education in Slovenia
Internet in Slovenia: Internet in Slovenia
Crime in Slovenia: Crime in Slovenia
Foreign relations of Slovenia: Foreign relations of Slovenia
Treaties of Slovenia: Treaties of Slovenia
July-December 2021 Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union: 1 July 2021 - 31 December 2021 Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union
Bilateral relations of Slovenia: Bilateral relations of Slovenia
Slovenia/European Union relations: Slovenia and the European Union - Euroscepticism in Slovenia
Istria - Slovene Istria
Slovenia/USA relations: Slovenia/USA relations

Spain - Geography of Spain - History of Spain - 'Reconquista' period 718-1492 on the Iberian peninsula, coming before the discovery of the Americas and the period of colonial empires - Spanish colonization of the Americas since 1492 - Spanish American wars of independence 1808-1833 - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939 - Demographics of Spain
Automotive industry in Spain: Automotive industry in Spain
Construction and civil engineering companies of Spain: Construction and civil engineering companies of Spain
Chemical and pharmaceutical industry in Spain: Chemical companies of Spain - Pharmaceutical companies of Spain
Forestry in Spain: Forestry in Spain
Drought in Spain: Drought in Spain
Transport in Spain: Transport in Spain
2011/2012 Spain's unemployment rate rose to 22,8%: 27 January 2012: Spain's unemployment figure passes five million (5,3 million) in the last quarter of 2011, the rate rose to 22,8% - 13. März 2012: In 2012 erwartet Spanien einen Rückgang seiner Wirtschaftsleistung um 1,7%, hat mit 22,9% bereits die höchste Arbeitslosenquote in der EU und bekommt sein Defizit von ca. 6% nicht unter Kontrolle - 3 April: Spain's jobless rate at 23.6% in February - 23. April 2012: Spanien zu Jahresbeginn 2012 in Rezession - 27 April: Spanish unemployment hits record 5.64 million at the end of March 2012 - 9 May: Spanish lender Bankia to be partly nationalised - 25 May: Spain's Bankia seeks 19bn-euro bailout from government - 1. Juni: Zunehmende Kapitalflucht aus Spanien - 10 June: Spain asks for eurozone help - 11. Juni: EU: Troika soll Spanien überwachen - 25 juin 2012: L'Espagne officiellement demande l'aide européenne pour sauver ses banques
Cooperatives in Spain: Cooperatives in Spain
Poverty in Spain:
Wealth in Spain: Wealth in Spain
Spanish billionaires: Spanish billionaires
Politics of Spain: Politics of Spain - List of Constitutions of Spain - Spanish Constitution of 1812, established in March 1812 by the Cádiz Cortes, Spain's first national sovereign assembly, established the principles of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy and freedom of the press, supporting land reform and free enterprise, one of the most liberal constitutions of its time - Federal Constitution of the First Republic of Spain 1873–1874 - The Spanish Constitution of 1931, approved by the Constituent Assembly in 1931, was the constitution of the Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939 and of the second period of Spanish history in which both head of state and head of government were democratically elected - The Spanish Constitution of 1978, is the current supreme law of the Kingdom of Spain enacted after the country's 1978 constitutional referendum and is a furtherance of the Spanish transition to democracy
Political parties in Spain: List of political parties in Spain
Elections, referendums and politics in Spain: Elections in Spain - Referendums in Spain
March 2004 election results: Electoral outcome, heavily influenced by the aftermath of the Madrid train bombings on 11 March, as the PP government kept blaming the terrorist organization ETA for the bombings, even in spite of mounting evidence suggesting the involvement of Islamist groups that would have been perceived as the direct result of Spain's involvement in the Iraq War, which had been highly unpopular among the public, then described by some media as an 'unprecedented electoral upset', following abuse of the PP's absolute majority throughout the legislature, with a focus on Spain's involvement in Iraq, was said to have helped fuel a wave of discontent against the incumbent ruling party, with the government's mismanagement on the bombings serving as the final catalyst for change to happen, as 11 million votes and 42.6%, the opposition Spanish PSO increased by 3.1 million, and the PP, which opinion polls earlier in the year had predicted would secure a diminished but still commanding victory, lost 35 seats resulting in the worst defeat for a sitting government since 1982, and as the 75.7% turnout was among the highest since the Spanish transition to democracy
2011 Spanish general election: Spanish general election 20 November 2011
September 2017: 21 September 2017: A day after Spanish Guardia Civil officers raided regional government buildings and arrested 14 senior officials, regional president of Catalonia Carles Puigdemont has accused the Spanish government of acting 'beyond the limits of a respectable democracy' and violating fundamental rights as it strives to prevent independence referendum - 27 September 2017: The Catalan regional government has accused the Spanish authorities of behaving like Turkey, China and North Korea by blocking websites designed to help people vote in Sunday’s independence referendum - 28 September 2017: UN human rights experts have weighed in on the escalating row over Catalonia’s independence referendum, warning the Spanish authorities that their 'worrying' efforts to halt Sunday’s poll appear to violate fundamental rights and risk stifling debate 'at a critical moment for Spain’s democracy'
October 2017 Catalan independence referendum: 1 October 2017 Catalan independence referendum - 1 October 2017: 38 injured as riot police attack protests, while Catalans cast independence votes in peaceful defiance of Spanish government - 2 October 2017: Preliminary results of Catalan referendum show 90% in favour of independence, after raids on ballot stations by riot police left hundreds of Catalans injured - 4 October 2017: Catalonia’s president Puigdemont has accused King Felipe of Spain of acting as a mouthpiece for the Rajoy government after Catalonia’s independence referendum was marred by police violence and as the country wrestles with the crisis - 6 October 2017: After hundreds of people were injured by Spanish police attempting to stop independence referendum by raiding polling stations, beating voters and firing rubber bullets at crowds, Spanish government has apologised for police violence strangely insisting that the region’s political leaders are to blame - 10 October 2017: Catalan president Puigdemont says he has mandate to declare independence but proposes waiting 'a few weeks' to encourage dialogue - 11 October 2017: Rajoy threatens Catalonia with direct rule after Catalan offer of talks - 12 October 2017: Catalan president Puigdemont accuses Rajoy of ignoring call for talks, as vice-president Junqueras says that 'a sincere dialogue is what the international community wants and what Catalonia expects, not confrontation and new threats', and as Human Rights Watch documents that police used excessive force in Catalonia during referendum, calling for an independent report into the violence - 13 October 2017: As the central government in Madrid appears to be hostage to some of the most reactionary forces in Spanish society, Spain’s need for a new constitution is greater than Catalonia’s need for independence, historian John Payne says - 17 October 2017: Rajoy government has signalled a hardening line over Catalonia by jailing the leaders of two of the largest separatist organisations in a move seen as taking Rajoy closer to imposing central rule over Catalonia - 22 October 2017: Catalan president Puigdemont said in a televized speech that the decision by PM Rajoy to fire the regional government and force a new election is 'the worst attack against the institutions and the people of Catalonia since the military dictatorship of Francisco Franco' - 28 October 2017: Rajoy government takes direct control of Catalonia, firing the region’s defiant separatist government a day after Catalan lawmakers passed a declaration of independence for the prosperous northeastern region, and calls fresh elections - 28 October 2017: Calling for 'democratic opposition' to the takeover Catalonia's Puigdemont vows 'peaceful resistance' - 31 October 2017: Catalan leaders facing rebellion charges flee to Belgium
May 2019 Spanish regional and local elections: 26 May 2019 Spanish regional elections - 26 May 2019 Spanish local elections
May 2019 European Parliament election in Spain: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Spain
10 November 2019 xenophobic Vox party puts 'menace’ of migrant children at centre: 10 November 2019: Xenophobic Vox party puts 'menace’ of migrant children at centre of election drive
Social movements and protests in Spain: Protests in Spain - Labour movement in Spain
Since 1855 Labour disputes in Spain: Since 1855 Labour disputes in Spain
2011-2012 Spanish protests: 2011–12 Spanish protests
February-June 2012: 19 février 2012: Des centaines de milliers d'Espagnols sont descendus dans les rues pour protester contre la réforme du travail - 11 März: Hunderttausende demonstrieren in 60 spanischen Städten gegen die Arbeitsmarktreformen und Sparmassnahmen der Regierung, Gedenken an Bombenanschläge 2004 - 29. März: Generalstreik in Spanien - Protest gegen Arbeitsmarktreform - 30 March: Spanish workers angry at the labour 'reform' staged general strike on Thursday, bringing factories and ports to a standstill - protests across the country - 29. April 2012: Zehntausende Spanier demonstrieren gegen das neue Sparpaket, das insbesondere im Gesundheits- und Bildungsbereich Kürzungen vorsieht - 12 May: Spain's 'indignants' to take over streets - 13 May: Thousands march against economic gloom in Spain - 22 May: Spanish school and university protest at education cuts - 15 June: Striking Spanish miners clash with police in Asturias - Asturian miners' strike June 2012 - 28 June: Spanish pensioners are joining in a wave of social protests in Spain
July-December 2012: 11 juillet 2012: Arrivés à Madrid, les mineurs grévistes manifestent pour défendre leurs emplois - 11 July: Spain's government announces budget cuts, sales tax rising from 18% to 21% etc. amid protests of thousands - 16 juillet: Des milliers de fonctionnaires manifestent, spontanément, à Madrid contre le plan de rigueur du gouvernement - 20 juillet: Des centaines de milliers contre le plan de rigueur, manifestants dispersés violemment à Madrid - 22. Juli: Tausende arbeitslose Demonstranten gegen die unsoziale Regierungspolitik nach Sternmarsch in Madrid - 11 September: More than a million people gather in Barcelona, accusing Madrid government of dragging them into economic trouble - 15 September: Tens of thousands of people have rallied in Spain and Portugal to protest against fresh austerity measures - 22. September: Tausende protestieren in Madrid gegen Sparmassnahmen und fordern Entmachtung der Banker - 25 September: Spanish riot police fires rubber bullets at protesters injuring several people as thousands rally against austerity - 30 septembre: Une nouvelle manifestation anti-austérité dégénère à Madrid - 7 octobre: Quelques milliers de manifestants à Madrid contre l'austérité - 13 October: Thousands protest in Spain, Portugal against austerity cuts - 27 October: Several thousand people have marched to Spain's parliament in an anti-austerity protest, but were held back from surrounding the building - 10 November: Spain anti-bank protest decries second evictee suicide - 19 décembre: Des milliers de manifestants devant l'Assemblée régionale de Madrid pour protester contre les coupes dans le budget de la santé publique
January-June 2013: 14 January: Thousands demonstrated in Madrid against plans to privatise parts of their public health care system - 27 January 2013: Anger mounts over corruption in recession-hit Spain - 12 February: As Spain debates reform fresh anti-eviction protests after evictees committed suicide - 16 février: Manifestations dans toute l'Espagne pour mettre fin aux expulsions - 24 February: Tens of thousands marched through cities across Spain to protest economic policy, the privatisation of public services and political corruption - 10 March: Thousands march in cities across Spain protesting government austerity policies, unemployment - 14 mars: Des milliers d'étudiants espagnols ont manifesté jeudi à Madrid contre les coupes budgétaires qui frappent les écoles et les universités - 15 April: Thousands of protesters took to the streets of Madrid on Sunday to demand the abdication of Spain's scandal-hit monarchy - 18 avril: Pendant les députés adoptent une loi controversée contre les expulsions plusieurs dizaines de militants anti-expulsions ont manifesté leur colère près du Congrès des députés - 21 April: Thousands of doctors, nurses and other healthcare workers marched in Madrid to protest against government spending cuts and plans to partly privatise medical services - 25 avril: La police espagnole a dispersé jeudi à coups de matraque des manifestants rassemblés près du Congrès des députés à Madrid, ripostant à des jets de projectiles - 12 mai: Deux ans après, les Indignés sont de retour à la Puerta del Sol - 1 June: Thousands protest Europe crisis in Madrid on Saturday in a string of demonstrations across Europe
July-December 2013: 15 July: Protesters, outraged by the corruption allegations at a time of recession and record unemployment, rallied outside the Popular Party's Madrid headquarters - 19 août: Manifestation des pêcheurs espagnols contre la construction du récif de Gibraltar par les autorités britanniques - 12 septembre: Les partisans de l'indépendance de la Catalogne ont formé une chaîne humaine d'environ 400 km le long de la côte méditerranéenne pour réclamer un référendum sur l'autodétermination de la région autonome - 22 septembre: Manifestation à Madrid pour défendre la santé publique - 17 October: Scientists held a minute of silence at universities across Spain to protest against drastic cuts to the country's science budget - 17 October: Respite for families in Spain mass eviction protest - 27 octobre: Des victimes de l'ETA manifestent pour réclamer justice après l'arrêt des juges du CEDH qui pourrait entraîner la libération de dizaines de militants de l'ETA - 14 November: Madrid street sweepers and public parks gardeners strike against plans to cut their salaries by up to 40 percent and slash 1,135 jobs hampers Spanish capital's image and tourism - 24 novembre: Manifestations contre l'austérité en Catalogne et Andalousie - 1. Dezember: Im Nordwesten Spaniens haben tausende Menschen gegen das Urteil zum Untergang des Öltankers 'Prestige' protestiert - 5 décembre: Les victimes de la police franquiste réclament 'justice et vérité' à Madrid
2014: 12 January: Huge silent march in Bilbao after ban on Eta prisoner rally, victims of Eta violence said the march made a mockery of their suffering - 22 March: Tens of thousands 'marching for dignity' in Madrid against Rajoy's tax increases and budget cuts - 4 April: Tens of thousands took to the streets in cities across the country to demonstrate against the government’s austerity measures - 2 June 2014: Tens of thousands in more than 60 Spanish towns and cities took to the streets to demand a referendum on the future of the monarchy after Juan Carlos' abdication - 6 June: Spanish protesters across Spain and Europe call for a referendum on the monarchy and for a republic - 29 November 2014: Thousands stage anti-government protest in Madrid against austerity, unemployment and corruption - 20 December: Thousands of people protest in Spanish cities such as Barcelona, Bilbao and Madrid against a new law that sets hefty fines for offences such as burning the national flag and demonstrating outside parliament buildings or strategic installations
2015 anti-austerity movement and protests in Spain: 2015 anti-austerity movement and protests in Spain since 2011
January 2015 protests: 31 January 2015: Tens of thousands join Podemos anti-austerity rally in Madrid demanding change in Spain - 22 March: Thousands of people took part in a 'march for dignity' in Madrid to protest against austerity measures on the eve of a closely-watched regional election in Andalusia - 11 August 2015: About 200 people took to the square in Salou in protest against 50-year-old Senegalese Mor's death, who jumped from a balcony on the third floor in an attempt to escape police who raided his house on Tuesday morning - 11 September: Nearly 1.5 million Catalans took to the streets of Barcelona to rally for independence, as the region’s politicians launched their campaigns for a looming election - 5 November 2015: More than 430,000 people have signed a petition opposing government's plans to create optional bullfighting course for students aged 15 to 17
2017 protests: 18 February 2017: Tens of thousands of demonstrators march in Barcelona following mayor’s call to challenge the Spanish government over its failure to accept country’s quota of migrants agreed in 2015 - 27 August 2017: Hundreds of thousands march in Barcelona to show unity after terrorist attacks - 11 September 2017: Up to a million Catalans have gathered in Barcelona to call for independence less than three weeks ahead of referendum on 1 October - 20/21 September 2017: Protests in Barcelona after Spanish police raid Catalan government buildings, as tens of thousands rallied to protest searches and arrests - 21 September 2017: Podemos as well as regional parties backed a demonstration in Madrid to protest the raids in Barcelona against organizers of the independence referendum, saying 'Detencions NO', 'Democrácia SI'
October 2017 Catalonia general strike: 3 October 2017: Catalonia holds general strike in protest over referendum violence - 3/4 October 2017: An estimated 700,000 people rally in Barcelona outside the headquarters of Spain’s national police force amid strikes in protest at police violence during the Catalonian independence referendum - 8 October 2017: Mired by fascist salutes from Falange party members in Madrid, while shouting slogans such as 'Puigdemont to Prison' or 'Long live the National Police and Civil Guard', that injured 900 people in Barcelona, and organized by an anti-independence group under the slogan 'Let’s recover our senses', tens of thousands also took to Barcelona streets for anti-independence rally - 17 October 2017: Hundreds of thousands of people have taken to the streets of Catalonia to protest against a Madrid judge’s decision to detain pro-independence leaders Jordi Sánchez and Jordi Cuixart, as tensions between the Madrid and Barcelona governments continue to rise - 22 October 2017: 450,000 protesters rally in Barcelona after Rajoy government moves to impose direct rule over Catalonia and arrest region’s president
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Spain: Spanish society - Human rights in Spain
Economy of Bilbao: Economy of Bilbao
19 June 1937 Franco fascists capture Bilbao following April 1937 Guernica masscre by NSDAP ruled German empire: 19 June 1937 Franco fascists capture Bilbao following April 1937 Guernica masscre by NSDAP ruled German empire and Italian fascists
Catalonia and Catalan history: Catalonia - History of Catalonia - Catalan constitutions, the first constitutions were promulgated by the Corts of 1283, the last ones were promulgated by the Corts of 1705 - Catalan Republic, proclaimed 1641, 1873, 1931 and 1934 - 1934 Proclamation of the Catalan Republic within the Spanish state by the President of the Generalitat Lluís Companys - 1939–1975 Catalonia under Franco's dictatorship - 1939/1940 Lluís Companys exiled, detained and extradited by Nazi German secret police Gestapo to their fascist Spanish allies, tortured and beaten, sentenced to death and executed at Montjuïc Castle in Barcelona on 15 October 1940 - 1979 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, a constitutional law defining the region of Catalonia as an autonomous community within the Kingdom of Spain and one of seventeen such statutes granted, in various forms and capabilities, to the different autonomous communities of Spain since 1970s transition to democracy of the, on 18 June 2006 a referendum altering the statute to expand the authority of the Catalan government was approved
Culture and languages of Catalonia: Catalan culture - Languages of Catalonia - Catalan language
Municipalities of Catalonia: 948 Municipalities of Catalonia as of 2015
133 BCE Romans in power in Barcino: 133 BCE Romans in power in Barcino
Since 1462 sieges of Barcelona: Since 1462 sieges of Barcelona
Since 1888 world's fairs in Barcelona: Since 1888 world's fairs in Barcelona
Since 2010 Catalan autonomy and independence protests: July 2010 Catalan autonomy protest and protests in Catalonia since 2010
Girona and province of Girona: Province of Girona - Girona
Tarragona and province of Tarragona: Province of Tarragona - Tarragona
1980 first Catalan regional election since 1930s: 20 March 1980 Catalan regional election
June 2006 Catalan constitutional referendum: 18 June 2006 Catalan constitutional referendum
October 2017 Catalan independence referendum: 1 October 2017 Catalan independence referendum - 2 October 2017: The Catalan regional government is holding an emergency meeting to discuss the next steps towards declaring independence from Spain a day after millions of Catalans voted in a tumultuous poll that left more than 800 people injured - 6 October 2017: The Catalan government will defy the Spanish constitutional court by pressing ahead with a parliamentary debate to discuss Sunday’s referendum result - 9 octobre 2017: Maire de Barcelone Ada Colau s'est prononcée contre une déclaration d'indépendance - 10 October 2017: A group of members of the Catalan Parliament have taken Monday's plenary suspension imposed by the Spanish Constitutional Court to the European Court of Human Rights - 10 October 2017: Catalan government suspends declaration of independence, after Tusk appealed to Puigdemont to step back from a unilateral declaration of independence and begin dialogue with the Spanish PM Rajoy - 23 October 2017: Catalan MPs to discuss response to Rajoy government's move towards direct rule - 30 October 2017: Rajoy government’s resolve faces crucial test as Catalan independence group calls for widespread campaign of civil disobedience
October 2012 Galician parliamentary election: Galician parliamentary election 21 October 2012
2011 Madrid Assembly election: Madrid Assembly election 22 May 2011
Demographics and ethnic groups in Spain: Demographics of Spain - Ethnic groups in Spain
1492-1968 Alhambra Decree against Jews and Spanish Inquisition: Alhambra Decree 1492-1968 - Spanish Inquisition 1478-1834 - Converso
Islam in Spain and 'Reconquista' 722-1492: Islam in Spain - Reconquista 722-1492
Immigration to Spain: Immigration to Spain
Culture and languages of Spain: Culture of Spain - Languages of Spain
Women in Spain: Women in Spain
Children in Spain:
Youth in Spain: Youth in Spain
Schools in Spain: Schools in Spain
Health in Spain: Health in Spain
2009 flu pandemic in Spain: 2009 flu pandemic in Spain
Since January 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Spain: Since January 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Spain
Health disasters in Spain: Health disasters in Spain
Water supply and sanitation in Spain: Water supply and sanitation in Spain
October 2014 Spanish health workers attack poor training for combating Ebola virus: 8 October 2014: Spanish health workers attack poor training for combating Ebola virus after infection of Spanish nurse
Lists of Spanish media by autonomous community, province and city: Media in Spain by city - Spanish media by autonomous community - Catalan media - Agència Catalana de Notícies
Newspapers in Spain: Newspapers in Spain
Telecommunications in Spain: Telecommunications in Spain
Internet in Spain: Internet in Spain
Human rights in Spain: Human rights in Spain
1492-1968 Alhambra Decree against Jews and Spanish Inquisition: Alhambra Decree 1492-1968 - Spanish Inquisition 1478-1834 - Converso - Auto-da-fé
Republicanism in Spain: Republicanism in Spain
1873-1874 First Spanish Republic: First Spanish Republic 1873-1874
1931-1939 Second Spanish Republic: Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939
Contemporary Spanish monarchy: Contemporary Spanish monarchy
Royal household of Spain: Royal household of Spain
Racism and antisemitism in Spain: Racism in Spain - Antisemitism in Spain
1492-1968 Alhambra Decree against Jews and Spanish Inquisition: Alhambra Decree 1492-1968 - Spanish Inquisition 1478-1834
2018: 30 June 2018: Defying multiple rulings in Spain that declared boycotting Israel illegal, the City Council of Sagunto near Valencia Tuesday declared itself an 'Israeli apartheid-free space', as some 50 municipalities have passed resolutions in recent years endorsing BDS in catholic embossed Spain, more than in any other European country
Slavery in Spain and in the Spanish New World colonies: Slavery in Spain - Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies
Crime in Spain: Crime in Spain
War crimes of the Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 and aftermath: War crimes of the Spanish Civil War
March 1937 Bombing of Durango: 31 March 1937 Bombing of Durango
1 April 1937 Bombing of Jaén: 1 April 1937 Bombing of Jaén
26 April 1937 Bombing of Guernica: 26 April 1937 Bombing of Guernica
May 1937 Bombardment of Almería: May 1937 Bombardment of Almería
May 1938 Bombing of Alicante: May 1938 Bombing of Alicante
January 1939 Bombing of La Garriga: 28/29 January 1939 Bombing of La Garriga
In 2012 Spain's Supreme Court barred Garzón, who also investigated Francoist crimes against humanity, from the legal profession for 11 years: 17. Januar 2012: Richter Garzón, der u.a. Franco-Verbrechen und einen Korruptionsskandal der Partido Popular untersuchen ließ, droht durch die spanische 'Justiz' Berufsverbot - 29 January 2012: Thousands have joined a demonstration in Madrid in support of human rights judge Baltasar Garzón - 1. Februar 2012: Erstmals sagen Opfer der Franco-Diktatur vor Gericht aus - 9. Februar 2012: Ein zu konsequenter Demokrat für ein überschätztes Spanien in der Krise - Berufsverbot gegen Richter Garzón verhängt mittels eines Schandurteils des Obersten Madrider Gerichts zugunsten der konservativen Volkspartei und der Franco-Anhänger - 9 February 2012: Spanish judge Baltasar Garzon vows to fight conviction - 20. Februar 2012: Amtsenthebung Garzóns endgültig - 27 February 2012: Spanish human rights investigator Baltasar Garzón escaped a second conviction for abuse of his powers when the supreme court declared him not guilty in a case involving his investigation of crimes committed under the Franco dictatorship, but the decision came too late to save Garzón's career as an investigating magistrate as the the supreme court had already disbarred him in a separate case for wiretapping conversations between defence lawyers and their clients in a corruption investigation involving PM Mariano Rajoy's People's party
Terrorism in Spain: Terrorism in Spain
Neo-Nazi terrorism in Spain:
2013-2016 Memoria de Yolanda González: 2013-2016 Memoria de Yolanda González
List of ETA attacks since 1961: List of ETA attacks since 1961 - ETA
2006 Madrid-Barajas Airport bombing: 2006 Madrid-Barajas Airport bombing
Islamist terrorism in Spain: Islamist terrorism in Spain
Corruption in Spain: Corruption in Spain
2013 Political corruption in Spain and Rajoy's Popular Party PP: 1 February 2013: The newspaper El País reports that PM Rajoy and other conservative politicians had received regular payments from a previously undisclosed account run by treasurers of his Popular Party - 3 April 2013: A Spanish judge charged King Juan Carlos's daughter in a corruption probe into alleged misuse of public funds by her husband Inaki Urdangarin - 9 July 2013: Spanish newspaper El Mundo has published documents, admitted by Barcenas for the first time, showing PM Mariano Rajoy and other top politicians received illicit payments - 15 juillet 2013: L'opposition exige la démission de Mariano Rajoy après la publication de messages échangés entre le Premier ministre et l’ex-trésorier du Parti populaire - 24 juillet 2013: Le président andalou démissionne, sur fond de corruption - 1 August 2013: Rajoy admits he trusted 'delinquent’ party official
White-collar crime in Spain:
Gangs in Spain: Gangs in Spain
October 2020 Spain becomes cannabis hub as criminals fill tourism void: 11 October 2020: Spain becomes cannabis hub as criminals fill tourism void
Violence against women in Spain: Violence against women in Spain
2015 list of incidents of violence against women in Spain: List of incidents of violence against women in Spain
Law and legal history of Spain: Law of Spain - Legal history of Spain - Since 1812 Constitutions of Spain - March 1812 Spanish Constitution drafted and adopted by the Cádiz Cortes, Spain's first national sovereign assembly, in refuge in Cádiz during the Peninsular War, establishing the principles of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy, freedom of the press, and supporting land reform and free enterprise - December 1931 Constitution of Spain, approved by the Constituent Assembly, was the constitution of the Second Spanish Republic founded 14 April 1931 and in force until 1 April 1939, in the second period of Spanish history in which both head of state and head of government were democratically elected - Spanish Constitution of 1978, enacted after the country's 1978 constitutional referendum in the period of the Spanish transition to democracy
Courts in Spain: Courts in Spain
14 June 2019 Catalan blocked from joining EU parliament: 14 June 2019: Spanish court blocks jailed Catalan leader from joining EU parliament
Foreign relations: Foreign relations of Spain
1492–1975 Spanish Empire: Spanish Empire 15th century to the 1970s
1415-2002 Portuguese Empire: Portuguese Empire 1415-2002
Spain/Africa relations:
1912-1956 Spanish protectorate in Morocco: 1912-1956 Spanish protectorate in Morocco established 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate, as Spanish protectorate consisted of a northern strip on the Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar, and a southern part of the protectorate around Cape Juby, bordering the Spanish Sahara, as the northern zone became part of independent Morocco in April 1956, shortly after France had ceded its protectorate French Morocco, as Spain finally ceded its southern zone through the Treaty of Angra de Cintra in April 1958 after the short Ifni War, and as the city of Tangiers was excluded from the Spanish protectorate and received a special internationally-controlled status as Tangier International Zone
1936-1939 Francoist military coup and war against the Spanish Republic since 1931: 1936-1939 Francoist military coup and war against the second Spanish Republic 1931-1939
1939-1975 Francoist Spain: 1936/1939-1975 Francoist Spain
1939-1945 Axis ship-watching activities in the Gibraltar area: 1939-1945 Axis ship-watching activities in the Gibraltar area
1940-1944 resupply of Nazi Germany's submarines in Spain: 1940-1944 Resupply of Nazi Germany's submarines in Spain
1940-1945 Occupation of Tangier: 1940-1945 Occupation of Tangier
1946-1958 Spanish West Africa grouping of Spanish colonies along the Atlantic coast: 1946-1958 Spanish West Africa, a grouping of Spanish colonies along the Atlantic coast of northwest Africa
Since 1986 Spain in the EU: Since 1986 Spain in the European Union
Bilateral relations of Spain: Bilateral relations of Spain
Spain/Bangladesh relations: Spain/Bangladesh relations - Inditex S.A.
Spain/Brazil relations: Spain/Brazil relations
Spain/Colombia relations: Spain/Colombia relations
Spain/Egypt relations: Spain/Egypt relations
Spain/Germany relations: Spain/Germany relations
1936-1939: 1936-1939 German involvement in the Spanish Civil War following the military coup of July 1936 against the Spanish democracy, with German dictator Hitler immediately sending in powerful air and armored units to assist General Franco and fascist Spain
Spain/Guatemala relations: Spain/Guatemala relations
Before the 15th century pre-Columbian societies in 'Mesoamerica': Before the 15th century pre-Columbian societies in 'Mesoamerica' - Pre-Columbian era
Since 15th century Spanish colonization of the Americas and Guatemala: Spanish colonization of the Americas since 1492
Since 1524 Afro-Guatemalan: Afro-Guatemalan since 1524
Spain/Israel relations: Spain/Israel relations
Spain/Latin America relations: Spain/Latin America relations
1519-1521 Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire: 1519-1521 Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
1532-1572 Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire: 1532-1572 Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
Spain/Libya relations: Spain/Libya relations
Spain/Mexico relations: Spain/Mexico relations
March 2019 Mexican demand for apology for crimes against indigenous people but Sánchez reacts angrily: 26 March 2019: After Mexican president López Obrador wrote to King Felipe VI demanding that he apologise for crimes committed against Mexico’s indigenous people during the conquest 500 years ago, saying 'there were massacres and oppression', 'the so-called conquest was waged with the sword and the cross', 'they built their churches on top of the [indigenous] temples', and 'let us ask forgiveness first', Spain's Pedro Sánchez government reacted angrily to López Obrador’s letter, conservative People’s party leader says 'it’s scandalous ignorance and a real affront to Spain and its history', also saying 'we didn’t colonise, what we did was to make Spain larger', but Podemos party says López Obrador 'has every right to ask the king to apologise for the abuses of la conquista'
Spain/Morocco relations: Spain/Morocco relations
Since 1859 Spanish colonial wars in Morocco: Spanish colonial wars in Morocco since 1859
1913–1956 Spanish 'Protectorate' in Morocco: Spanish 'Protectorate' in Morocco 1913–1956
1497 Conquest of Melilla: 1497 Conquest of Melilla
1909-1910 Second Melillan campaign: 1909-1910 Second Melillan campaign
Spain/Netherlands relations: Spain/Netherlands relations
1549-1581 Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands: 1549-1581 Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands in the 15th and 16th century
Spain/Switzerland relations: Spain/Switzerland relations
April 2018: 5 April 2018: Italian and French national Hervé Falciani, the whistleblower who exposed wrongdoing at HSBC’s Swiss private bank freely sharing a list of 130,000 names of organisations and individuals who were using the Swiss banking system to launder money and evade taxes freely with authorities in the EU, India and Argentine, is facing extradition from Spain to Switzerland after his arrest in Madrid widely seen as a favour to the Swiss in the hope that Switzerland will extradite two Catalan and republican fugitives, after Spanish tax authorities recovered some €300m in unpaid tax from some of the 637 Spaniards who appeared on Falciani’s list and despite Spain’s national court rejected a Swiss extradition request in 2013 on the grounds that the charge of violating bank secrecy was not an offence in Spain if the secrecy was used as a cover for serious offences
Spain/Syria relations: Spain/Syria relations
Spain/Turkey relations: Spain/Turkey relations
Spain/United Arab Emirates relations: Spain/United Arab Emirates relations
24 June 2021 Gibraltar abortion referendum: 24 June 2021 Gibraltar abortion referendum
Spain/Holy See–Vatican relations: Spain/Holy See–Vatican relations
Environmental organisations based in Spain: Environmental organisations based in Spain

Sweden - History of Sweden - Geography of Sweden - Urban areas in Sweden - Demographics of Sweden
Swedish Armed Forces: Swedish Armed Forces
Political parties in Sweden: - Political parties in Sweden
Swedish labour movement: Swedish labour movement
Trade unions in Sweden: Trade unions in Sweden
Elections and politics in Sweden: Elections in Sweden - Government of Sweden
Since 1969 policies and views of Swedish PM Olof Palme: Policies and views of Olof Palme, PM since 1969
September 2010 Swedish general election: Swedish general election 19 September 2010
April 2012 Swedish culture minister Liljeroth cutting cake designed like an African tribal woman: April 2012: Swedish culture minister Lena Adelsohn Liljeroth cutting cake designed like an African tribal woman - demands to resign
May 2019 European Parliament election in Sweden: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Sweden
10 June 2020 Sweden identifies dead man as main suspect in 1986 murder of PM Palme: 10 June 2020: Sweden identifies dead man, Stig Engstrom who died in 2000, as main suspect in 1986 murder of PM, closes probe
Social movements and protests in Sweden: Protests in Sweden - Swedish labour movement
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Sweden: Swedish society - Human rights in Sweden - Religion in Sweden
Demographics of Sweden and people by ethnic or national origin: Demographics of Sweden - Swedish people by ethnic or national origin and ethnic groups in Sweden
History of the Jews in Sweden: History of the Jews in Sweden
Contemporary immigration to Sweden and countries of origin: Immigration to Sweden - Contemporary immigration to Sweden - Countries of origin for persons born abroad
2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Women and women's rights in Sweden: Women in Sweden - Women's rights in Sweden
Children and children's rights in Sweden: Ombudsman for Children in Sweden - Swedish children's literature
Health in Sweden: Health in Sweden
Medical outbreaks in Sweden: Medical outbreaks in Sweden
Since January 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Sweden: Since January 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Sweden
Hospitals in Sweden: Hospitals in Sweden
Media of Sweden: Media of Sweden
Crime in Sweden: Crime in Sweden
Tax evasion in Sweden: Tax evasion in Sweden
Racism in Sweden: Racism in Sweden
Nazism and antisemitism in Sweden: Nazism in Sweden - Antisemitism in Sweden
Organized crime in Sweden: Organized crime in Sweden
28 February 1986 Assassination of Olof Palme: 28 February 1986 Assassination of Olof Palme
2010 Stockholm bombings: 2010 Stockholm bombings
Violence in Sweden: Violence in Sweden
Arson in Sweden: Arson in Sweden
October 1998 Gothenburg discothèque fire: 29 October 1998 Gothenburg discothèque fire
April 2000 Bäckaby Old Church arson attack: 28 April 2000 Bäckaby Old Church arson attack
2014 mosque arson attacks in Sweden: 2014 mosque arson attacks in Sweden
Since 2014/2015 Arson attacks on asylum centres in Sweden: Since 2014/2015 Arson attacks on asylum centres in Sweden
May 2016 riots in Sweden: May 2016 riots in Sweden
October 2016 Malmö Muslim community centre arson: October 2016 Malmö Muslim community centre arson
2017 Rinkeby riots: February 2017 Rinkeby riots
Judiciary of Sweden: Judiciary of Sweden
Supreme Court of Sweden: Supreme Court of Sweden
Law enforcement in Sweden: Law enforcement in Sweden
Swedish Prosecution Authority: Swedish Prosecution Authority
Foreign relations of Sweden: Foreign relations of Sweden
Sweden's participation in international organizations: Sweden's participation in international organizations
March 1953 UN Secretary-General selection of Dag Hammarskjöld for a 5-year term: March 1953 United Nations Secretary-General selection of Dag Hammarskjöld for a 5-year term
September 1957 UN Secretary-General selection of Dag Hammarskjöld for a second term: September 1957 UN Secretary-General selection of Dag Hammarskjöld for a second 5-year term
June 2015 UN's Ban Ki-moon receives report on Dag Hammarskjöld’s death: 12 June 2015: UN's Ban Ki-moon receives report probing new information on Dag Hammarskjöld’s death
Bilateral relations of Sweden: Bilateral relations of Sweden
Sweden/Bangladesh relations: Sweden/Bangladesh relations
Humanitarian efforts during World War II: Sweden's humanitarian efforts during World War II
Sweden/Israel relations:Sweden/Israel relations
Since 1953 Sweden–Israel Friendship Association: Since 1953 Sweden–Israel Friendship Association, nationwide since 1978
Nobel Prize since 1901 and Right Livelihood Award: Nobel Prize since 1901 - Right Livelihood Award
2014 Nobel prizes: 6 October 2014: British-American John O'Keefe, Norwegian Edvard and May-Britt Moser win the Nobel Medicine Prize for discovering how the brain navigates - 8 October: Eric Betzig, William Moerner and Stefan Hell win the Nobel Prize in chemistry for developing optical microscopy to study the interplay between molecules inside cells, including the aggregation of disease-related proteins - 9 October: French novelist Patrick Modiano wins the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature - 10 octobre: Prix nobel de la paix 2014 pour leur lutte contre l'oppression des enfants et pour le droit à l'éducation à Malala Yousafzai et Kailash Satyarthi - 25 September 2014: USA whistleblower Snowden wins Swedish human rights award for 'revealing the unprecedented extent of state surveillance' - 2 December 2014: Co-winning 'alternative Nobel', Snowden calls on UN to protect privacy
Sweden/Poland relations: Sweden/Poland relations
Sweden/Russia relations: Sweden/Russia relations
Sweden/Rwanda relations: Sweden/Rwanda relations
Sweden/South Africa relations: Sweden/South Africa relations
Sweden/Turkey relations: Sweden/Turkey relations - Turks in Sweden
Sweden/United Kingdom relations: Sweden/United Kingdom relations
Sweden/USA relations: Sweden/USA relations
Since 17th-century Swedish colonization of the Americas: Swedish colonization of the Americas since 17th-century
19th and early 20th centuries Swedish emigration to the USA: Swedish emigration to the USA in the 19th and early 20th centuries
Climate change in Sweden: Climate change in Sweden
Natural disasters in Sweden: Natural disasters in Sweden
Weather events in Sweden: Weather events in Sweden
2005 Cyclone Gudrun: January 2005 Cyclone Gudrun
2007 Cyclone Per: January 2007 Cyclone Per
Landslides in Sweden: Landslides in Sweden
Heat waves and wildfires in Sweden: Skogsbränder i Sverige
2014 Swedish heat wave: 2014 Swedish heat wave
2010 Swedish cold waves: 2010 Swedish cold waves




Future enlargement - candidates

Iceland - Geography of Iceland - Geology of Iceland - History of Iceland - Demographics of Iceland
Energy in Iceland: Energy in Iceland
Geothermal power in Iceland: Geothermal power in Iceland
Fishing in Iceland: Fishing in Iceland
Economic history of Iceland: Economic history of Iceland
2008-2011 Icelandic financial crisis: 2008-2011 Icelandic financial crisis
Politics of Iceland: Politics of Iceland - 1 juillet 2012: Réélection du président Olafur Ragnar Grimsson
2012 Icelandic constitutional referendum: Icelandic constitutional referendum, 20 October 2012
Social movements and protests in Iceland: Protests in Iceland
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Iceland: Icelandic society - Human rights in Iceland
Economy of Reykjavík: Economy of Reykjavík
Since 1911 University of Iceland: Since 1911 University of Iceland
Culture of Iceland: Culture of Iceland
Women in Iceland: Women in Iceland
Education in Iceland: Education in Iceland
Health and healthcare in Iceland: Health in Iceland - Healthcare in Iceland
Media of Iceland: Media of Iceland
Internet in Iceland: Internet in Iceland
Crime in Iceland: Crime in Iceland
Corruption in Iceland: Corruption in Iceland
Law and legal history of Iceland: Law of Iceland - Legal history of Iceland
Foreign relations of Iceland: Foreign relations of Iceland
Iceland/Norway relations: Iceland/Norway relations
Environment of Iceland: Environment of Iceland
Climate of Iceland: Climate of Iceland
Forests in Iceland: List of forests in Iceland
Islands of Iceland: List of islands of Iceland
Water and rivers of Iceland: Water in Iceland - List of rivers of Iceland
Natural disasters in Iceland: Natural disasters in Iceland
Volcanism of Iceland: Volcanism of Iceland
March-June 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull: March-June 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull
May 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn: May 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn
2014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga: 2014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga

North Macedonia - Geography of North Macedonia - History of North Macedonia - Demographic history of North Macedonia - Demographics of North Macedonia - 12 June 2018 Greek-Macedonian agreement on the name 'Republic of North Macedonia' for the former constituent country of Yugoslavia, entering into force on 12 February 2019
Coal mines in North Macedonia: Coal mines in North Macedonia
Energy in North Macedonia: Energy in North Macedonia
Renewable energy in North Macedonia: Renewable energy in North Macedonia
Hydroelectric power stations in North Macedonia: Hydroelectric power stations in North Macedonia
Agriculture in North Macedonia: Agriculture in North Macedonia
Transport in North Macedonia: Transport in North Macedonia
Rail transport in North Macedonia: Rail transport in North Macedonia
Road transport in North Macedonia: Road transport in North Macedonia
Banks and banking in North Macedonia: List of banks in North Macedonia
National Bank of North Macedonia: National Bank of North Macedonia
Economic history of North Macedonia and economic cycles: Economic history of North Macedonia
Unemployment in North Macedonia: Unemployment in North Macedonia
Taxation in North Macedonia: Taxation in North Macedonia
Political parties in North Macedonia: Political parties in North Macedonia
November 1990 Macedonian parliamentary election: 11 November 1990 Macedonian parliamentary election
Social movements and protests in North Macedonia:
2011 Macedonian protests: 2011 Macedonian protests
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in North Macedonia: North Macedonian society
July 1963 Skopje earthquake: July 1963 Skopje earthquake
Demographics and demographic history in North Macedonia: Demographics of North Macedonia - Demographic history of North Macedonia
Ethnic groups in North Macedonia: Ethnic groups in North Macedonia
Immigration and refugees in North Macedonia:
Culture and languages of North Macedonia: Macedonian culture - Languages of North Macedonia - Macedonian language
Education in North Macedonia: Education in North Macedonia
Schools in North Macedonia: Schools in North Macedonia
Health in North Macedonia: Health in North Macedonia
North Macedonian media: Macedonian media
Newspapers in North Macedonia: Newspapers in North Macedonia
Broadcasting in North Macedonia: Radio in North Macedonia - Television in North Macedonia
Internet in North Macedonia: Internet in North Macedonia
Since 2015 Macedonian border barrier: Since 2015 Macedonian border barrier
Crime in North Macedonia: Crime in North Macedonia
Corruption in North Macedonia: Corruption in North Macedonia
North Macedonian mafia: Macedonian mafia
Human trafficking in North Macedonia: Human trafficking in North Macedonia
Terrorism in North Macedonia: Terrorism in North Macedonia
Law enforcement in North Macedonia: Law enforcement in North Macedonia
North Macedonian police: Macedonian police
Foreign relations of North Macedonia: Foreign relations of North Macedonia
Treaties of North Macedonia: Treaties of North Macedonia
Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
North Macedonia/European Union relations: North Macedonia/European Union relations
Since 2000 accession of North Macedonia to the EU: Since 2000 accession of North Macedonia to the European Union
June 2018 Prespa agreement between Greece and North Macedonia: < href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prespa_agreement">12 June 2018 Prespa agreement between Greece and North Macedonia, under the United Nations' auspices, resolving a long-standing dispute over the latter's name
Bilateral relations of North Macedonia: Bilateral relations of North Macedonia
North Macedonia/Albania relations: North Macedonia/Albania relations
2015: 21 August 2015: Macedonian police drove back migrants and refugees trying to enter from Greece on Friday after a night spent stranded in no-man's land by an emergency decree effectively sealing the Macedonian frontier - 22 August: Refugees, most of them Syrians, at Macedonia border spent night in open fields - 22 August: Thousands of migrants rushed past baton-wielding Macedonian police who were attempting to stop them entering Macedonia from Greece, police fired stun grenades and several were injured in the clashes - 23 August: After overwhelming police forces, who threw stun grenades and lashed out with batons before apparently abandoning a bid to stem their flow through the Balkans to western Europe, hundreds of migrants crossed from Greece into Macedonia gathering at Gevgelija train station - 10 September 2015: Refugees struck by baton-wielding police at Greece-Macedonia border, many are refugees from Syria, driven from their homes by violence there and worsening conditions for refugees in surrounding countries due to funding shortfalls in aid - 20 November 2015: Freezing refugees and migrants spend night at North Macedonia-Greece border after Macedonia began granting passage to refugees from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan only
North Macedonia/Russia relations: North Macedonia/Russia relations
North Macedonia/Ukraine relations: North Macedonia/Ukraine relations
Environmental issues in North Macedonia: Environmental issues in North Macedonia
Natural disasters in North Macedonia: Natural disasters in North Macedonia
Earthquakes in North Macedonia: Earthquakes in North Macedonia
1963 Skopje earthquake: 1963 Skopje earthquake
Floods in North Macedonia: Floods in North Macedonia

Montenegro - Geography of Montenegro - History of Montenegro
Agriculture in Montenegro: Agriculture in Montenegro
Water in Montenegro: Water in Montenegro
Political parties in Montenegro: List of political parties in Montenegro
Parliament of Montenegro: Parliament of Montenegro
Elections and politics in Montenegro: Elections in Montenegro
2006 Montenegrin independence referendum: 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum
2009 Montenegrin parliamentary election: Montenegrin parliamentary election, 2009
Protests in Montenegro: Protests in Montenegro
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Montenegro: Montenegrin society
Human rights in Montenegro: Human rights in Montenegro
Regions and municipalities of Montenegro: 3 regions of Montenegro - 23 municipalities of Montenegro
Cities in Montenegro: List of cities in Montenegro
Demographics and ethnic groups in Montenegro: Demographics of Montenegro - Ethnic groups in Montenegro
Culture and languages in Montenegro: Culture in Montenegro - Languages in Montenegro
Women in Montenegro: Women in Montenegro
Youth policy in Montenegro: Youth policy in Montenegro
Education in Montenegro: Education in Montenegro
Health in Montenegro: Health in Montenegro
Attacks and threats against journalists in Montenegro: Attacks and threats against journalists in Montenegro
Internet in Montenegro: Internet in Montenegro
Crime in Montenegro: Crime in Montenegro
Corruption in Montenegro: Corruption in Montenegro
Violence in Montenegro: Violence in Montenegro
Human trafficking in Montenegro: Human trafficking in Montenegro
Law enforcement in Montenegro: Law enforcement in Montenegro
Foreign relations of Montenegro: Foreign relations of Montenegro
Montenegro/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: Montenegro/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations
Montenegro/Russia relations: Montenegro/Russia relations
Montenegro/Serbia relations: Montenegro/Serbia relations
Montenegro/United Kingdom relations: Montenegro/United Kingdom relations
Montenegro/USA relations: Montenegro/USA relations
Water in Montenegro: Water in Montenegro

Serbia - Geography of Serbia - History of Serbia - Demographics of Serbia - Demographic history of Serbia
Agriculture in Serbia: Agriculture in Serbia
Banking in Serbia: Banking in Serbia
Taxation in Serbia: Taxation in Serbia
Elections and politics in Serbia: Elections in Serbia
May 2012 Serbian parliamentary election: Serbian parliamentary election 6 May 2012
May 2012 Serbian presidential and local elections: Serbian presidential election 6 May 2012 - Serbian local elections 6 May 2012 - 6 May 2012: Serbians will vote on Sunday in presidential, parliamentary and local elections - 7 mai: Boris Tadic et le nationaliste Nikolic au second tour - 9 May: The Socialists agree to revive their coalition with the Democrats saying they will back Tadic in the presidential run-off - 20 May: Incumbent President Tadic has conceded defeat in the presidential run-off against rightist opposition leader Nikolic - 10. Juli: Einigung von SPS, SNS und URS auf Koalitionsabkommen, Regierungschef soll am 23. Juli der sozialistische Parteichef Ivica Dacic werden - 27 July: Milosevic’s former spokesman Ivica Dacic became Serbia’s new Prime Minister promising to promote reconciliation in the Balkans - NZZ 3. August: Funktionär aus Milosevic-Ära wird Geheimdienstchef
Protests and social movements in Serbia: Protests in Serbia
October 2000 overthrow of Slobodan Miloševic: October 2000 protests and the overthrow of Slobodan Miloševic
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Serbia: Serbian society - Human rights in Serbia
Districts, municipalities and cities of Serbia: 29 districts of Serbia - Municipalities and cities of Serbia
Cities in Serbia: List of cities in Serbia
Since 1440 sieges of Belgrade: Since 1440 sieges of Belgrade
December 1914 Austrians bombard and capture Belgrade: December 1914 Austrians bombard and capture Belgrade
April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia: April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade - The Holocaust in Yugoslavia
June 2006 Belgrade capital of independent Serbia: June 2006 Belgrade becomes the capital of independent Serbia
Timeline of Novi Sad: History and timeline of Novi Sad
Arabs in Serbia: Arabs in Serbia
Bosniaks of Serbia: Bosniaks of Serbia
Hungarians in Serbia: Hungarians in Serbia
Romani people in Serbia: Romani people in Serbia
2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Health in Serbia: Health in Serbia
Healthcare in Serbia: Healthcare in Serbia
Newspapers in Serbia: Newspapers in Serbia
Internet and telecommunications in Serbia: Internet in Serbia - Telecommunications in Serbia - Serbian Wikipedia
Crime in Serbia: Crime in Serbia
War crimes in Serbia: War crimes in Serbia
Axis occupation of Vojvodina: Axis occupation of Vojvodina
Serbian war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars: Serbian war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars
1998/1999 Kosovo Albanian and Serbian war crimes in the Kosovo War: 1998/1999 Kosovo Albanian and Serbian war crimes in the Kosovo War
Corruption in Serbia: Corruption in Serbia
2014 political corruption in Serbia: 2014 overview of political corruption in Serbia
2015 stagnation in fight against corruption in Serbia: Stagnation in fight against corruption in 2015, according to Transparency Serbia
Organised crime in Serbia and Serbian mafia: Organised crime in Serbia - Serbian mafia
Terrorism in Serbia: Terrorism in Serbia
Law enforcement in Serbia: Law enforcement in Serbia
Foreign relations of Serbia: Foreign relations of Serbia
Treaties of Serbia: Treaties of Serbia
Immigrants to Serbia: Immigrants to Serbia
Serbia in intergovernmental organizations: Serbia in intergovernmental organizations
Bilateral relations of Serbia: Bilateral relations of Serbia
Serbia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: Serbia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations
Serbia/Croatia relations: Serbia/Croatia relations
1914-1945 Croatia and Serbia in World War I and World War II: 1914-1945 Croatia and Serbia in World War I and World War II
1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence: 1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence
Serbia/Italy relations: Serbia/Italy relations
Serbia/Lebanon relations: Serbia/Lebanon relations
Serbia/Syria relations: Serbia/Syria relations
2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Natural disasters in Serbia: Natural disasters in Serbia
Earthquakes in Serbia: Earthquakes in Serbia
Floods in Serbia: 2006 European floods

Turkey Türkei - History of Turkey - Geography of Turkey - Demographics of Turkey
Coal mining disasters in Turkey: Coal mining disasters in Turkey
Electric power in Turkey: Electric power in Turkey
Economic history of Turkey and economic cycles: Economic history of Turkey
2001 Turkish economic crisis: 2001 Turkish economic crisis
Since 2008 Global recession: Global recession since 2008
Since March 2020 socio-economic impact of coronavirus pandemic in Turkey: Since March 2020 socio-economic impact of the Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Turkey
Unemployment in Turkey: Unemployment in Turkey
Poverty in Turkey: Poverty in Turkey
Turkish military: Turkish Armed Forces
Military history of Turkey: Military history of Turkey
World War I crimes by the Ottoman Empire: World War I crimes by the Ottoman Empire
1914-1923 Armenian Genocide: 1914-1923 Armenian Genocide
1914-1924 Assyrian genocide: 1914-1924 Assyrian genocide
1913-1922 Greek genocide: 1913-1922 Greek genocide
Labour Battalions of the Ottoman Empire: Labour Battalions of the Ottoman Empire
1939-1945 Turkey during World War II: 1939-1945 Turkey during World War II
Human rights of Kurdish people and suppression in Turkey: Human rights of Kurdish people and suppression in Turkey - Persecution of Kurds in Turkey
1937-1938 Dersim rebellion and Turkish military operations: 1937-1938 Dersim rebellion and Turkish military operations
Since 1978 Kurdish–Turkish conflict and 1978–present timeline: Since 1978 Kurdish–Turkish conflict - 1978–present timeline of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict
Since 1984 Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey: Since 1984 Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey
Since 2015 Kurdish–Turkish conflict: Since 2015 Kurdish–Turkish conflict
Since 1960 list of Turkish coups d'état and attempts: Since 1960 list of Turkish coups d'état and attempts
Military budget of Turkey: Military budget of Turkey
Since 1359 history of taxation and fiscal organization in Turkey: Since 1359 history of taxation and fiscal organization in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey
Jizya per capita tax in the Ottoman Empire: Jizya per capita yearly tax in the Ottoman Empire levied on non-Muslim subjects, called the dhimma, permanently residing in Muslim lands governed by Islamic law - 'Devshirme' (tax of sons) practice
Since 2005 Turkish Revenue Administration: Since 2005 Turkish Revenue Administration
Grand National Assembly of Turkey: Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Political parties, political party alliances, trade unions and human rights organizations in Turkey: Political parties in Turkey - Political party alliances in Turkey - Trade unions in Turkey - Human rights organizations based in Turkey
September 2010 Turkish constitutional referendum: 12 September 2010 Turkish constitutional referendum
January-September 2012: 6 January 2012: Ex-army head Ilker Basbug has been remanded in custody in a widening probe into the so-called Ergenekon network - 26. März 2012: Türkischer Ex-Armeechef Basburg wegen Putsch-Vorwürfen vor Gericht - 4 April 2012: General Kenan Evren to face court in landmark case for his role in 1980 coup that shaped the country for decades - 8. Mai 2012: Wieder mehrere Offiziere festgenommen im Zusammenhang mit der Vertreibung des früheren Ministerpräsidenten Erbakan aus dem Amt 1997 - 10. Mai 2012: Die türkische Justiz hat am Mittwoch Untersuchungshaft gegen sechs aktive Generäle und fünf pensionierte Generäle verhängt - 4 August: Turkey retires 40 'coup plot' generals - 21 September: Turkish court sentences three former generals to life in prison in the trial of hundreds of military officers accused of plotting
2013/2014 corruption scandal in Turkey: 2013/2014 corruption scandal in Turkey - 26 décembre: Remaniement ministériel majeur en Turquie sur fond de scandale financier - 27 December: Three lawmakers quit Turkish ruling party AKP over corruption scandal - 8 janvier 2014: Le gouvernement turc a continué les purges au sein de la police nationale sur fond de scandale de corruption, limogeant les préfets de police de 16 provinces
1 November 2015 Turkish general election: 1 November 2015 Turkish general election
April 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum: 16 April 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum - 16/17 April 2017: Turkey’s Erdogan hails 'historic' referendum win as opposition claims fraud, preparing to contest the reported results of 51.41% and 48.59% - 17 avril 2017: Alors que la diaspora turque dans son ensemble s'est prononcée en faveur du texte renforçant les pouvoirs du chef de l'Etat turc, en France avec 64,86%, en Allemagne avec 63,07%, où la diaspora turque est très importante, la tendance est inversée en Suisse - 17 April 2017: The Turkish referendum on presidential powers took place on an 'unlevel playing field' and in a political environment where fundamental freedoms were curtailed, including restrictions on media outlets and arrests of journalists, European observers say - 19 April 2017: Turkey’s high election board rejects appeals from the main opposition parties against referendum result citing the controversial last-minute decision by the same board to allow the counting of possibly hundreds of thousands of unstamped ballots that 'contradicted the law'
February 2018: 1 février 2018: Un tribunal d'Istanbul fait marche arrière et décide de ne pas remettre en liberté conditionnelle le président d'Amnesty international en Turquie, jugé pour appartenance à une 'organisation terroriste' et détenu depuis juin 2017 - 11 février 2018: Le principal parti prokurde de Turquie HDP élit de nouveaux chefs ce dimanche, dont un remplacera Demirtas qui est toujours en prison, au moment où le Parti démocratique des peuples HDP est le seul parti élu au parlement à s'opposer à l'offensive militaire menée par le régime d'Erdogan dans l'enclave syrienne d'Afrine - 11 February 2018: 3rd 'Peoples' Democratic Party' Ordinary Congress elected chairwoman Pervin Buldan and chairman Sezai Temelli - 12 février 2018: Erdogan régime reproche aux deux responsables du HDP des déclarations faites sur l'offensive lancée à Afrine en Syrie - 12 February 2018: Number of arrested protesters over Erdogan's illegal Afrin assault reaches 666 in Turkey
Social movements, protests and repression in Turkey: Protests in Turkey
2013 protests in Turkey: 2013 protests in Turkey
May/June 2013 Gezi Park protests in Turkey: May 2013 Gezi Park protests in Turkey
May 2014: 1 May 2014: Riot police uses tear gas and water cannon on 1 May to prevent demonstrators defying a ban on protests on Istanbul's central Taksim Square - 14 May: Thousands of protesters clashed with police in Ankara and Istanbul, accusing the government and mining industry of negligence after deadly Soma coal mine disaster on 13/14 May - 15 May: The Confederation of Turkish Trade Unions is backing a one day strike in protest at mine safety after Soma mine disaster - 15 May: Turkey outraged as PM Erdogan's aide kicks protester held on the ground by special forces police in Soma after coal mine disaster - 15 May: Miners and mourners scorn government that 'laughs at our pain' - 16 May: Teargas, plastic bullets and water cannons used on protesters at scene of worst industrial accident amid anger at PM's offhand remarks towards victims - 17 May: Miner Erdal Bicak who survived Soma disaster says company to blame - 20 May: The main labour union in Soma called on thousands of workers to down tools at mines run by the same operator until the sites have been properly inspected - 23 May: After clashes between police and protesters left two dead, including a 15-year-old boy, Erdogan expresses little remorse for the violence - 31 May: Protesters in Istanbul, Ankara and Adana mark nationwide anti-government protest anniversary, facing in Istanbul 25,000 police officers firing teargas, water cannon and arresting dozens
2015: 15 February 2015: Street protests across Turkey after student Ozgecan Aslan was killed for resisting rape - 16 February 2015: Police detained five women protesters who unfurled a banner atop of a building in Istanbul's Taksim square to denounce brutal murder of 20-year old student Ozgecan Aslan that triggered outrage across the country - 22 March: Kurds call on Turkish government to meet their demands at celebrations to mark New Year in Istanbul - 1 May 2015: Hundreds of flag-waving protesters gathered in the Besiktas neighbourhood, where they were held back by lines of police closing off streets to traffic to stop May Day rallies at the central Taksim Square - 1 May: Turkish police use water cannon and tear gas on May Day in Istanbul to push back activists from Taksim Square during first major protests since government passed security bill - 22 July 2015: Turkish police fired tear gas and water cannon against hundreds of protesters who took to streets in Istanbul to condemn the suspected 'Islamic State' deadly suicide attack in the Kurdish majority town of Suruc near the Syrian border and Kobani, also detaining and injuring protesters in other demonstrations - 27 July: Thousands chant anti-government slogans in Cizre and violence flares between Kurdish protesters and Turkish forces after the funeral of a demonstrator who died protesting against military strikes targeting Kurdish camps in northern Iraq - 10 September: Pro-Kurdish politicians, including cabinet ministers, attempting to march to Cizre in south-east Turkey to protest against a week-long military curfew in the town have been blocked by security forces - 3 October 2015: Turkish journalists rally to protest diminishing media freedom - 10 October: Riot police used water cannon and tear gas to disperse several hundred protesters in Ankara marching for a Kurdish fighter who was killed in Kobani early in September while fighting against Islamic State and whose family have been struggling to bring his body back to Turkey for burial - 10 October: Impromptu protests began in Istanbul on Saturday evening in response to the Turkish government’s handling of the Ankara terror attack, blaming the authorities for the twin bomb attacks that targeted a peace rally in the capital earlier on Saturday and killed more than 90 people - 11 October: Thousands gather in Ankara to pay respects to activists killed in bombings during the peace rally on Saturday, saying the police had failed to provide any security measures to protect the rally’s attendees and had even teargassed relatives of the victims as they arrived at the scene of the attack looking for their loved ones - 12 October: Thousands of mourners gather across Turkey for the funerals of victims of Saturday’s bombings during the peace rally in Ankara - 13 October: Demonstrators scuffle with riot police during a rally in Istanbul to commemorate the 97 victims and over the government's response to the Ankara bombings - 27 November 2015: Hundreds of Turks have rallied against Russian and Syrian offensives on the province of Latakia, an area mainly controlled by ethnic Turkmens, as Russian forces continue launching heavy bombardment - 29 November 2015: Lawyer and human rights defender Tahir Elci, who faced a criminal charge for supporting Kurdish rebels, has been killed in an attack in south-east Turkey in which a police officer also died, while he and other lawyers were making a press statement - 29 novembre: Quelque 50'000 personnes ont assisté dimanche à Diyarbakir, dans le sud-est de la Turquie, aux obsèques du célèbre avocat kurde Tahir Elçi tué par des hommes armés non identifiés - 20 December: Turkish police teargas protesters in Istanbul calling for an end to curfews in the south-east, where the military has increased operations against Kurdish militants
2016: 10 February 2016: Riot police use water cannon, smoke grenade to disperse Kurds protesting curfews in the southeast province of Diyarbakir - 6 March: Turkish police fire tear gas for second day after seizing newspaper to disperse hundreds of the newspapers' supporters, dozens of people were overcome by the gas and collapsed onto the street - 6/7 March 2016: Attacked by violent police firing rubber bullets, women march in Istanbul marking International Women’s Day two days early after the city’s governor banned their rally planned for March the 8, citing 'security' concerns - 24 juillet 2016: Un rassemblement de soutien à la démocratie est prévu dimanche 24 juillet sur la place Taksim à Istanbul huit jours après l'échec du coup d'Etat et alors que les purges massives lancées depuis par le pouvoir turc continuent - 24 juillet: 'Ni coup d'Etat, ni diktat', des milliers de Turcs se sont réunis dimanche en début de soirée sur la place Taksim à Istanbul - 25 July: Many thousands of Turks in the first cross-party rally condemn coup attempt amid a purge of suspected state enemies and torture claims - 21 August: Hundreds of Turks gathered in the Turkish capital to voice their anger and frustration at the government following a suicide bomb attack at a wedding in the southeastern city of Gaziantep, that killed at least 51 people and is seen as a revenge attack on Kurds - 5 November 2016: Using water cannons and tear gas, police attempt to disperse protesters in central Istanbul after arrest orders against opposition newspaper's staff following arrests of pro-Kurdish leaders
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Turkey: Turkish society
Economy and infrastructure of Ankara: Economy and infrastructure of Ankara
Timeline of Istanbul: Timeline of Istanbul
657 BCE Byzantium founded by Greeks: 657 BCE Byzantium founded by Greeks
Since 330 Constantinople: Since 330 Constantinople
Demographics and ethnic groups in Turkey: Demographics of Turkey - Ethnic groups in Turkey
Armenians and Assyrians in Turkey: Armenians in Turkey
1914-1923 Armenian Genocide: Armenian Genocide
Assyrians in Turkey:
Since 1984 Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey: Since 1984 Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey
Since July 2015: Since July 2015 Kurdish–Turkish conflict in Eastern and Southeastern Turkey, Syria–Turkey border region and Iraqi Kurdistan, escalating after failed two-and-a-half-year-long peace process, aimed at resolving the long-running conflict - 31 July 2015: Kurdish villagers flee as Turkish jets hit PKK targets in southeast Turkey - 15 August 2015: Four Turkish soldiers killed and six more wounded in a clash with Kurdish militants in the southeasterly Hakkari province - 8 September 2015: Ten Turkish police officers killed in a bomb attack on a minibus in the eastern Turkish province of Igdir after Turkish warplanes struck PKK targets in northern Iraq, following a militant attack that killed 16 soldiers in Turkey's southeast - 8 September: Kurdish civilians hit by snipers as Turkey cracks down on militants in south-eastern towns - 17 October: 28 Kurdish militants, three soldiers killed in fighting in southeast Turkey - 3 November 2015: Curfew ordered in Turkey's Kurdish southeast as clashes kill one - 27 December 2015: Kurdish groups meeting in southeastern Turkey calls for self-rule amid heavy fighting in the region as the army pushed ahead with a security operation in which it says more than 200 Kurdish militants have been killed
2016: 10 February 2016: Riot police use water cannon, smoke grenade to disperse Kurds protesting curfews in the southeast province of Diyarbakir - 3 May 2016: Crackdown in Turkey's Kurdish south-east turns journalists into 'terrorists' as pro-Kurdish reporters are routinely detained, while those of pro-government outlets cannot always write what they want - 30 juillet 2016: Huit soldats turcs et 35 séparatistes kurdes tués dans le sud-est de la Turquie - 8 August: Turkish warplanes hit Kurdish militant targets in the countryside of Siirt province in southeast, killing 13 Kurdish people - 10 August 2016: 4 people were killed in a car bomb attack in the centre of Diyarbakir, and 3 lost their lives in a near-simultaneous bombing in Kiziltepe in Mardin province to the south, both attacks reportedly aimed at passing police vehicles - 18 août 2016: Deux attaques à la voiture piégée ont fait 6 morts et de nombreux blessés dans l'est du pays - 26 August 2016: An attack with an explosives-laden truck on a police checkpoint in south-east Turkey's Cizre, in the mainly-Kurdish Sirnak province that borders Syria, has killed at least 11 police officers and wounded 78 other people, after Turkish regime told Kurds in northern Syria to withdraw or face action - 3 septembre: Des affrontements font suite à une nouvelle journée de violence dans le Sud-Est turc à majorité kurde, pendant laquelle 27 militants du PKK et au moins sept soldats ont été tués
Immigration to Turkey: Immigration to Turkey
21th century Refugees and Asylum-seekers in Turkey: Refugees and Asylum-seekers in Turkey
Human Rights in Turkey: Human Rights in Turkey - Torture in Turkey
Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey: Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey
Freedom of religion in Turkey: Freedom of religion in Turkey
Domestic violence in Turkey: Domestic violence in Turkey
Children, children's rights and child labour in Turkey:
Educational organizations in Turkey: Educational organizations in Turkey
Schools and high schools in Turkey: Schools in Turkey - List of high schools in Turkey
2016/2017 educational institutions closed in the Turkish purges: List of educational institutions closed in the Turkish purges since 2016
Health in Turkey: Health in Turkey
Medical outbreaks and disasters in Turkey: Medical outbreaks in Turkey - Disasters and man-made disasters in Turkey
2009 swine flu pandemic in Turkey: 2009 swine flu pandemic in Turkey
Healthcare in Turkey: Healthcare in Turkey
2016: 5 March 2016: Turkish police fire teargas during raid on top-selling Zaman newspaper - 6 March: Turkish police fire tear gas for second day after seizing newspaper to disperse hundreds of the newspapers' supporters, dozens of people were overcome by the gas and collapsed onto the street - 20 July 2016: Turkish regime blocks access to WikiLeaks after Erdogan party emails go online - 25 juillet: Les autorités turques ont lancé lundi des mandats d'arrêt contre 42 journalistes - 26 August 2016: Acclaimed author Asli Erdogan, who was imprisoned along with other pro-Kurdish writers after July’s failed coup, is being denied vital medical attention - 30 August: Turkish police raid Kurdish-language daily Azadiya Welat in Diyarbaki, detaining 23 people, including 3 people and a child, who were visiting the offices, two weeks after another Kurdish paper was shut down by court order and its chief editors were arrested - 3 septembre: Après que Can Dundar a été forcé d'abandonner son poste à la tête du journal Cumhuriyet, sa femme s'est vue confisquer son passeport et a été empêchée de quitter le pays pour rejoindre son mari en Allemagne
List of journalists killed in Turkey: List of journalists killed in Turkey
Radio stations and television in Turkey: Radio stations in Turkey - Television in Turkey
Newspapers in Turkey: List of newspapers in Turkey
2016: 24 March 2016: More than 100 international writers have called for espionage charges against Turkish journalists Can Dündar and Erdem Gül to be dropped on the eve of a trial, which could see them jailed for life - 1 April 2016: Hundreds of people including opposition politicians protest and OSCE's Dunja Mijatovic reiterates her concern by calling for the prosecution to be dropped as espionage trial of Turkish journalists Can Dündar and Erdem Gül resumes - 6 May 2016: Turkish journalist Can Dündar sentenced to more than five years in prison, shortly after surviving an attack by a gunman who attempted to shoot him outside courthouse in Istanbul - 31 octobre 2016: Reporters sans frontières dénonce l’extinction accélérée du pluralisme en Turquie, après la liquidation par décret de quinze médias kurdes, après la police a lancé un coup de filet contre l’un des derniers grands quotidiens d’opposition Cumhuriyet, et alors qu’Internet reste coupé dans une partie du pays - 5 novembre 2016: Neuf membres de la direction et de la rédaction du quotidien turc d'opposition Cumhuriyet ont été formellement placés samedi en 'détention préventive' dans l'attente de leur jugement, selon NTV - 11 November 2016: Cumhuriyet Newspaper Executive Board Chair Akin Atalay arrested on his return home - 22 November 2016: With new decree Erdogan regime shuts down 9 more newspapers, bringing total to 195 - 26 December 2016: As since the July coup, more than 110,000 people have been sacked or suspended and 40,000 jailed pending trial, Turkish authorities arrest cafeteria manager Buran of the opposition Cumhuriyet newspaper for insulting the president after he said he would not serve tea to Tayyip Erdogan
Internet and social media in Turkey: Internet in Turkey - Internet censorship - 6 juin 2013: Le gouvernement turc a engagé la chasse aux utilisateurs des réseaux sociaux comme vecteurs d'information sur la contestation qui agite la Turquie - 6 February 2014: Turkey passes law tightening government controls over the internet - 9 February 2014: Turkish police crack down on internet freedom protest - 7 March: Turkey's president rules out any ban on Facebook and YouTube after Erdogan's threats - 21 March 2014: Turkey blocks access to Twitter - 26 March: Turkish court orders halt to Twitter ban - 27 March: Turkey's government blocks YouTube access, a day after lifting Twitter ban - 3 April: Turkey publishes constitutional court's ruling that Twitter ban violates free speech - 4 April 2014: YouTube ban violates human rights, court in Ankara says - 17 February 2015: Rape and murder of student Özgecan Aslan sparks mass Twitter protest in Turkey - 24 avril 2016: Ebru Umar, éditorialiste néerlandaise d'origine turque, a été interpellée par la police dans la nuit à son domicile de Kusadasi, dans l'ouest de la Turquie, pour des tweets visant le président turc - 30 April 2017: Turkey's Erdogan regime blocks Wikipedia
Crime in Turkey: Crime in Turkey
Turkish war crimes: Turkish war crimes
Crime against women in Turkey: Crime against women in Turkey
Honour killing in Turkey: Honour killing in Turkey
January 2015 Istanbul bombing: January 2015 Istanbul bombing - 7 January 2015: Turkish group DHKP-C claims responsibility for a suicide bomb attack at a police station in Istanbul's historic Sultanahmet district that killed one officer and wounded another
Judicial system of Turkey: Judicial system of Turkey
Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors in Turkey: Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors in Turkey
Judicial courts in Turkey: Judicial courts in Turkey
Constitutional Court of Turkey: Constitutional Court of Turkey since 1961
Military courts in Turkey: Military courts in Turkey
Law enforcement in Turkey, police, gendarmerie and secret services: Law enforcement in Turkey - Turkish Gendarmerie - Turkish National Intelligence Organization
June 2017 report 'Mass torture and ill-treatment in Turkey': 6 June 2017: SFC report 'Mass torture and ill-treatment in Turkey'
Prisons in Turkey: Prisons in Turkey
Treaties of Turkey: Treaties of Turkey
Since 1299 Military history of the Ottoman Empire: Since 1299 Military history of the Ottoman Empire
Massacres in and committed by the Ottoman Empire: Massacres committed by the Ottoman Empire - Massacres in the Ottoman Empire
Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire: Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire
World War I crimes by the Ottoman Empire: World War I crimes by the Ottoman Empire
Turkish war crimes: Turkish war crimes
Since 1922/1923 List of wars involving Turkey: Since 1922/1923 List of wars involving Turkey
Since 2002 foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdogan government: Foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdogan government since 2002 - Neo-Ottomanism
Turkey's membership of international organizations: Turkey's membership of international organizations
Turkey/United Nations relations:
Turkey and NATO: Turkey and NATO
Bilateral relations of Turkey: Bilateral relations of Turkey
Turkish population and diaspora: Turkish population - Turkish diaspora
Turkey/Afghanistan relations: Turkey/Afghanistan relations
Turkey/Armenia relations: Turkey/Armenia relations - Armenians in Turkey
Turkey/Australia relations: Turkey/Australia relations
Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 1914-1918: Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 1914-1918
1908–1922 defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire: Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 1908–1922
Turkey/Brazil relations: Turkey/Brazil relations
Turkey/Bulgaria relations: Turkey/Bulgaria relations
Turkey/Cyprus relations: Turkey/Cyprus relations
1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus: 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute: Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute
Turkey/France relations: Turkey/France relations
2 July 2020 Turkey seeks French apology over 'false’ Mediterranean warships claim by France's Macron: 2 July 2020: Turkey seeks French apology over 'false’ Mediterranean warships claim by France's Macron, supporting warlord Haftar and his crimes
Since the 1960s Turkish workforce in Germany: Turks in Germany since the 1960s
2013 CDU's Helmut Kohl discussed secret plan with UK's Thatcher in 1982 to reduce number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%: 1 August 2013: Former Chancellor Helmut Kohl (CDU) discussed a secret plan with Margaret Thatcher in 1982 to reduce the number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%
2016: 2 June 2016: After German MPs approved a motion, with one abstention and one vote against, describing the massacres of Armenians by Ottoman forces a century ago as genocide, Turkey has recalled its ambassador from Berlin - 9 June 2016: German parliament condemns Turkey’s Erdogan's threats to MPs after Armenian vote, who said MPs with Turkish heritage who had backed the vote were traitors whose blood was impure and should be tested in a laboratory, also calling the 11 MPs of Turkish origin a 'mouthpiece for the PKK' - 1 August 2016: Turkish government condemns German court decision banning Erdogan from addressing his supporters by video link at a rally in Cologne amid the crackdown on the media and freedom of expression by the same government, condemned by leading press freedom bodies - 14 octobre 2016: La justice allemande a rejeté en appel un recours du président turc Erdogan contre l'absence de poursuites à l'encontre d'un humoriste qui l'avait moqué
2017: 27 February 2017: Turkish authorities have arrested journalist Deniz Yücel for German newspaper on charges of propaganda, the first German reporter to be held in a widespread crackdown since July and that has frequently targeted the media - 28 February/1 March 2017: Opposition and human rights groups condemn the arrest in Turkey of German newspaper correspondent Deniz Yücel as an 'assault on freedom of expression' and attempt at intimidating foreign press in the country, as German foreign ministry summons Turkish ambassador to Berlin, seeking the release of jailed journalist - , 3 March 2017: After blocking a rally by Turkey's justice minister to promote a referendum on expanding Erdogan's powers citing 'security reasons', German town Gaggenau receives bomb threat - 6 mars 2017: Les propos du président turc accusant l'Allemagne de 'pratiques nazies' après l'interdiction de meetings de soutien sont 'absolument inacceptables', a déclaré le chef de la chancellerie fédérale allemande Peter Altmeier - 9 March 2017: During Turkish FM Mevlüt Cavusoglu's rally in Hamburg, German journalist Kempkens reportedly attacked after he held up a sign supporting detained journalist Deniz Yucel - 12 May 2017: Germany demands access to female German journalist Mesale Tolu it said had been held in police custody in Turkey since last month without consular representation - 19 August 2017: Germany urges Spain not to extradite German writer Dogan Akhanli, who was born in Turkey but emigrated to Germany in 1991 after spending years in Turkish prison, to Turkey, after he was arrested on a Turkish warrant while in Granada on holiday - 8 October 2017: Turkish prosecutors demand up to 15 years jail for Amnesty activists including Swede Ali Gharavi and German Peter Steudtner - 25 October 2017: Court releases human rights defenders including Amnesty International’s Turkey Director Taner Kiliç and German Peter Steudtner
Turkey/Greece relations: Turkey/Greece relations
Since 1952 Greece's and Turkey's NATO membership: Greece's and Turkey's NATO membership since February 1952
1996 Imia military crisis: 1996 Imia/Kardak military crisis
2016-2018 Imia tensions: 2016-2018 Imia tensions
Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Turkey/Iran relations: Turkey/Iran relations
Turkey/Iraq relations: Turkey/Iraq relations - Euphrates river
2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
August 2011 Turkey-Iraq cross-border raids: August 2011 Turkey-Iraq cross-border raids
2015: 16 January 2015: Turkish FM Cavusoglu said up to 700 Turkish nationals have joined the 'Islamic State' terrorist group, sounding the alarm over the risk of attacks inside Turkey - 25 July 2015: Turkish jets hit Islamic State targets in Syria, Kurds in Iraq, the first time Turkey strikes Kurds in northern Iraq since a peace deal was announced in 2013 between Ankara and the PKK rebel group - 29 July 2015: Turkey launches heaviest airstrikes on Kurdish militants in northern Iraq since campaign began last week - 29 July: Turkey steps up bombing of Kurdish targets in Iraq, after Nato members urged proportionate response to security threat, alleged by Turkey - 1 August 2015: Iraqi Kurdistan urges Turkey to halt PKK bombardment - 1 August: Iraq's Barzani condemns Turkish bombing he says killed civilians - 8 September 2015: Turkish troops cross into Iraq in pursuit of Kurdish PKK rebels - 19 September 2015: Turkish jets hit Kurdish militant camps in Iraq, killing at least 55 people - 5 December 2015: Iraq tells Turkey to 'immediately' withdraw forces, including tanks and artillery, it has deployed in the country’s north without Iraq’s consent
Turkey/Israel relations: Turkey/Israel relations
2017: 9 May 2017: Erdogan says he is working to halt 'judaization’ of Jerusalem, after calling for Muslims to flood Temple Mount, as Israel says it 'consistently protects total freedom of worship for Jews, Muslims and Christians' - 18 July 2017: Turkish Erdogan regime says Israel’s brief closure of Temple Mount following a deadly terror attack is 'crime against humanity', after Israel police closed the site on Friday and Saturday for security reasons and found additional weapons, including mock guns, knives, clubs, chains, and additional melee weapons - 26 September 2017: Concerning Israel and Iraqi Kurdistan's independence bid, Turkey’s Erdogan says 'It is not possible for us to take steps with those who do not see Turkey as a playmaker in the region. Turkey is a playmaker in the region', warning the Kurds that Israel’s backing 'will not save you'
Turkey/Libya relations: Turkey/Libya relations
Turkey/Netherlands relations: Turkey/Netherlands relations
2017: 4 March 2017: The Netherlands have banned a planned rally in Rotterdam next week seeking the aupport of Turks living abroad for measures aimed at boosting the powers of Erdogan, as PM Rutte says 'that the Dutch public space is not the place for political campaigns in other countries' - 12 March 2017: The Netherlands says visit by Turkish family minister Kaya was 'irresponsible' as Turkey vows 'strong reprisal', after Turkish demonstrators made nationalist signs during a gathering outside the Turkish consulate in Rotterdam - 12 March 2017: As Turkey has already brought in diplomatic sanctions and told the Dutch ambassador to Ankara not to return, Dutch government defends Turkish consulate actions - 15 March 2017: Erdogan ratchets up anti-Dutch rhetoric, reiterating his assertion that they were responsible for the slaughter of Bosnians in Srebrenica in 1995
Turkey/New Zealand relations: Turkey/New Zealand relations
Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 1914-1918: Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 1914-1918
1908–1922 defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire: Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 1908–1922
March 2019 Erdogan's offensive comments: 20 March 2019: Turkey's Erdogan, who is seeking to drum up support for his Islamist-rooted AK Party in March 31 local elections, said Turkey would make the suspected attacker of the March 2019 Christchurch massacre pay if New Zealand did not, as a father and son from Syria, who came as refugees to New Zealand last year, have been buried in New Zealand, the first funerals for the 50 victims of last week's Christchurch massacre, and as Australian PM Scott Morrison condemned 'reckless' and 'highly offensive' comments made by Turkey's president Erdogan concerning Ottoman empire's role in World War I on the side of the Central Powers, in the wake of the March 2019 Christchurch massacre - In March 2019 most extensive and heaviest bombardment in weeks, as Assad's and Russian warplanes pounded the rebel-held enclave in the Idlib-Hama-east Latakia region, deemed a 'de-escalation zone' since 2018, and confirmed by Russia in coordination with Turkey - 19 March 2019: At least 750 households have fled the village of Hwaiz in northern rural Hama to Idlib province over the past month to escape the Assad regime’s intensive shelling, causing massive destruction to civilian homes - 20 March 2019: Assad regime's ground shelling targets 11 areas in Hama and its administrative borders with Idlib province as part of the continuous escalation in the 'truce areas'
Turkey/Niger relations: Turkey/Niger relations
Turkey/Palestinian territories relations: Turkey/Palestinian territories relations
Turkey/Russia relations: Turkey/Russia relations
Turkey/Saudi-Arabia relations: Turkey/Saudi-Arabia relations
Turkey/Sweden relations: Turkey/Sweden relations - Turks in Sweden
Turkey/Switzerland relations: Turkey/Switzerland relations
Since 2011 Refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey: Refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey since 2011
Since December 2011 foreign involvement in Assad's war against the Syrian people: Since 2011 Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War
March 2012 Turkey closes embassy in Syria: 26. März 2012: Türkei schliesst Botschaft in Syrien
Since 2013/2014 Turkey/Rojava conflict: Since 2013/2014 Turkey and Rojava - Rojava-Turkey conflict
October/November 2014: 2 October: Turkey MPs back military involvement in Iraq and Syria also allowing foreign troops to use Turkish territory for operation against Isis - 3 October: Turkey will try to stop Kurdish border town of Kobani falling to Islamic State - 4 October: After Turkey promised they will not allow 'Islamic State' terrorists to control Kobani and Kobani's defenders called the Turkish government for weapons and help, YPG commander Hasan says 'until now we have not seen them do anything' - 8 October: Anger grows as Turkey stops Kurds from aiding militias in Syria and Kobani - 10 October: As awaiting Turkey and USA continue discussions and USA forces continue airstrikes against terrorists attacking Kobani, Turkish Kurds can only protest in solidarity with their Syrian neighbours - 10 October: Governing AKP's Yasin Aktay told the BBC that there is no tragedy in Kobani as cried out by the PKK, 'there is a war between two terrorist groups' - 11 October: USA wants to know how far Turkey is willing to go in strengthening moderate opposition forces fighting Syria's Assad - 13 octobre: La Turquie met ses bases militaires à disposition de la coalition contre 'l'Etat islamique' - 14 October: Turkey denies it gave USA permission to use air base against IS terrorists as Turkish warplanes hit Kurdish targets in southeast Turkey for first time in 2 years - 20 October: After Turkey's Erdogan said he would not agree to any USA arms transfers to Kurds in Syria, US military airdropped weapons, ammunition and medical supplies to Kurdish forces defending Kobani against terrorists - 20 October: In a shift in its position due to protests on government inaction Turkey to allow Kurdish peshmerga across its territory to fight in Kobani - 29 October: Iraqi Kurdish fighters cross Turkish border into Syria to support Kobani's defenders - 29 November: 'Islamic State' terrorists launch attack on Kobani from inside Turkey for first time
2015: 22 February 2015: Turkish army evacuates 38 troops guarding Suleyman Shah tomb in Syria - 25 May: Turkey and the USA agreed 'in principle' to give air support to some forces from Syria's mainstream opposition, Turkey says - 1 July 2015: Turkish regime, siding with terrorists, plans to send troops to fight Kurds in Syria, as Syrian Kurds say beat back 'Islamic State' terrorists' attack on border town of Tel Abyad - 23 July: Syrian activists protest the murder of several Syrian refugees by Turkish military while attempting to illegally cross the border - 24 July: Bombing of Islamic State positions by Turkish F-16 jets on Syrian side of border reaching into Turkey’s Kilis province follows deadly terrorist attack and the killing and wounding of Turkish soldiers in cross-border clashes - 27 July: Turkey agrees with the USA that air cover should be provided for moderate rebels in Syria fighting Islamic State terrorists there - 28 July: Shells fired by Turkish artillery fall on Kurdish town of Zur Maghar, injuring four, according to rights group - 30 July: Turkish military reportedly responsible for the deaths of several civilians on the border with Syria over the past week - 14 August: 2 citizens killed while 8 others wounded due to shooting them by Turkish border guards west of Tal Abyad when they were trying to enter Turkey - 19 August 2015: A girl has died in Derik camp for Syrian refugees near Mardin after Turkish authorities used tear gas, rubber bullets and water to suppress protests inside the camp - 27 August 2015: Antakya hospital confirms the death of Colonel Radoun, a commander of a Free Syrian Army faction, after an improvised explosive device was placed inside his car near his home near Syria's border - 28 December 2015: Journalist and film maker Naji Jerf shot dead in Gaziantep, who received death threats after he produced a film which documents 'Islamic State' group’s atrocities in Aleppo province
2016: 9 February 2016: Russia’s campaign in Syria amounts to ethnic cleansing, Turkey's PM says at a joint press conference with Germany - 14 février: La Turquie a bombardé samedi des cibles Kurdes et du régime syrien dans le nord de la Syrie - 15 February 2016: A woman reportedly killed, her child and 6 others injured, including a child and a citizen women, by the shelling of the Turkish forces on areas in Mariameen village, amid displacement for people from the villages controlled by the Syrian Democratic forces in a the areas near Azaz and Afrin towards another safe areas - 18 February: Turkey wants a secure strip of territory 10 km deep on the Syrian side of its border, including the town of Azaz, to prevent attempts to 'change the demographic structure' of the area and for humanitarian purposes, Deputy PM Yalçin Akdogan says, as president Erdogan says the USA did not agree to set up proposed no-fly zone, 'but Russian fighter planes come and go freely there, and so thousands of oppressed people die' - 10 May 2016: Turkish border guards reportedly continue to target Syrian citizens including children and women on the border and kill about 30 of them since the beginning of this year - 15 July 2016: Syrian Coalition's Khaled Khoja rejects statements by Turkish PM Yildirim that Turkish government wants to develop relations with Syria and other nations in the region accusing him of attempting to prop up the Assad regime
August/September 2016: Since August 2016 Turkish military intervention in Syria - Military operations in Assad's war against the Syrian people involving Turkey - Since August 2016 'Operation Euphrates Shield' - Since 24 August 2016 Jarabulus offensive - 24 août 2016: L'armée turque a lancé une opération en Syrie aussi contre les milices kurdes avec pour but de 'mettre un terme' aux problèmes à la frontière turque - 25 August 2016: More than 20 Turkish tanks in northern Syria, as the USA administration tries to soothe Turkish concerns about Kurdish territorial gains in Syria and as the Turkish regime declares 'we will cleanse the area of all the terrorists', following the Kurdish success against 'Islamic State' terrorists in Manbij and other locations - 28 August 2016: Turkish soldier killed, as in four days of intervention in Syria Turkish regime increasingly targeting local Kurdish fighters, who warn 'aggression' will being 'new conflict period' - 28 August: Turkish airstrikes and artillery attacks in Syria have killed at least 35 civilians and wounded dozens more as Turkish regime continues cross-border offensive also targeting Kurds - 3 septembre: Ouvrant un nouveau front en Syrie, les chars turcs sont entrés dans le village d'Al-Rai depuis la ville frontalière de Kilis - 7 September 2016: Turkish forces shell Afrin countryside, killing and injuring about 16 most of them from the self-defense forces and Asayish - 7 September 2016: Turkish border guards kill four people from one family from the countryside of Deir Ezzor
December 2016: 2 December 2016: Syrian Coalition's Hijab met with Turkish FM Mevlut Çavusoglu in Ankara to discuss ways to stop the onslaught carried out by the Assad regime and its Iranian and Russian allies on Aleppo - 6 December 2016: Syrian citizens who reportedly fled their homes running from Assad barrel bombs and Russian airstrikes, trying to find a shelter away from the military operations across the Turkish borders, had to face the Turkish border snipers who stopped them and prevented them from their important humanitarian right which is the right to live, the Turkish Genderma killed dozens of civilians, and beat dozens others leading to permanent deep scars in their bodies, while others were arrested and turned back to the Syrian lands - 23 December 2016: The number of the dead rose to 72 civilians of al-Bab city including 21 children and 13 women, the number included 9 families at least, in which considered the largest mass massacre by Turkish warplanes since its intervention in Syria, SOHR says
Since 15 January 2018: 15 January 2018: Turkish forces renewed the shelling targeting areas controlled by the Kurdish Forces in Afrin area in the northwestern countryside of Aleppo - 18 January 2018: The Turkish forces expand their areas of shelling against the SDF and shell the triangle of the Iraqi/Syrian/Turkish borders after targeting the countryside of Afrin and Kobani - 18 January 2018: Thousands of Kurds march to condemn Turkish preparations to invade Syrian canton of Afrin - 19 January 2018: Turkey shells Afrin as defence minister vows ground assault will follow - 19/20 January 2018: Turkish forces and allies intensify their shelling on positions in Afrin area injuring more people including children and women, with clashes in its northern border, in the countryside of Marea and in conjunction with the flight of Turkish warplanes over Afrin area
21 January 2018: 21 January 2018: SOHR documented the death of 6 citizens including a child under the age of 8, because of the aerial bombardment by the Turkish warplanes, which targeted today areas in Afrin city and its countryside, as Turkey bring more military reinforcements amid continued aerial and missile shelling on the area, and as UN officials underscore the obligation on all parties to the conflict in Syria and the international community, to protect civilians from atrocity crimes, as dozens of people in eastern Ghouta and Idlib province have been killed in recent airstrikes, and schools and hospitals are being deliberately destroyed by the Assad regime and its allies - 22 January 2018: 18 civilians reported killed so far in two-day Turkish operation, including 8 members of same family sheltering in building flattened by airstrike, as Erdogan's aggression continues - 23 January 2018: 4 children and women were killed in Turkish shelling on Afrin rising the death toll to 30 civilians killed in 4 consecutive days of aerial and ground shelling on the area - 24 January 2018: The Turkish warplanes intensify their targeting and bomb the villages and the townships of Afrin by tens of strikes with the continuation of the combat operations on its border with Turkey and Iskenderun - 25 January 2018: Turkey to extend Syria campaign to Kurdish-controlled Manbij, as USA's Trump called Erdogan on Wednesday, urging him to curtail the operation and warning Turkey not to risk coming into conflict with USA forces - 25 January 2018: Turkish operation continues in Afrin area, targeting separated places and raising the number of killed citizens to 32 at least - 25 January 2018: The number of casualties in Afrin area raises to about 110, to 140 - 26 January 2018: Syrian rebels put their own aims aside to fight Turkey’s battles - 26 January 2018: Turkey's military operation, illegal under international law, completes its first week in Afrin with 38 civilian casualties and about 120 fighters and soldiers killed during the aerial and ground shelling and the violent fighting - 28 January 2018: Turkish warplanes carry out a massacre against displaced family in a village in Afrin countryside as the death toll rose to 46 Syrian citizens of the Kurds, Arabs and Armenians including 13 children and 7 citizen women killed since 20 January - 29 January 2018: Afrin hospital administration reveals civilians comprise the largest number, including 37 civilian martyrs and 60 wounded, admitted to the hospital since the start of Turkish attack - 29 January 2018: During 24 hours 5 massacres in the Syrian North, as 14 children of 45 citizens were killed by the Turkish warplanes and the regime’s warplanes in a village in Afrin and two towns in Idlib, and as the killer of Afrin children shuts his ears and eyes on the killer of Idlib children - 29 January 2018: Turkish forces continue shelling Afrin with the continuation of clashes between Kurdish forces and Erdoan forces with the participation of 'Grey Wolves', as SOHR documented the death of 61 Syrian citizens of the Kurds, Arabs and Armenians including 18 children and 11 citizen women, and many injured - 30 January 2018: Turkish warplanes are continuing their shelling to villages and places in Afrin area, which resulted until now in the death and the injury of tens of the citizens and the displaced people to Afrin area with varying severity - 31 January 2018: As Afrin has been one of the most peaceful regions of Syria throughout the seven years old catastrophic Assad war, and as it is also host to nearly half a million refugees from other parts of Syria especially Idlib and Aleppo regions, Turkey’s war on Afrin is Erdogan’s attempt to re-stage the 'blood for votes’ tactic, mobilising Turkish ultra-nationalism in an anti-Kurdish war, according to London magazine
February 2018: 4 February 2018: On Saturday seven Turkish soldiers have been killed in their murderous offensive against Kurds in Syria, including five who died in a single attack by defenders on a tank, Turkey’s 'Olive Branch' army says - 4 February 2018: Turkish army continues to target civilian population as it fails to advance against Syrian Democratic Forces SDF in Afrin, as victims of Turkish bombing in Xalaka village say that they were deliberately targeted by the Turkish army and more than 150 civilians were killed and hundreds were wounded in Turkish airstrikes and artillery bombing since 20 January - 4 February 2018: Thousands of people took part in large demonstrations in Afrin city and area to denounce the Turkish massacres and to express their resentment at Erdogan's aggression, amid ongoing Turkish shelling on Afrin areas - 5 February 2018: Renewed Turkish shelling targets several villages in the townships of Afrin - 5 February 2018: A massive Turkish force arrives in the southern countryside of Aleppo to establish points of it in the outskirts of the controlled areas of the regime forces, the Lebanese Hezbollah and the Iranian Guards - 9 February 2018: 21 days of Erdogan's murderous operation kill about 365 citizens including women and children and defending fighters of the Kurdish units in Afrin area - 10 February 2018: SOHR monitored renewed Turkish bombardment on areas in Afrin, including bombardments by warplanes in Bulbula Township, in Raju Township and other places in the south-western countryside of Afrin, as death toll raises to more than 400 civilians and fighters killed by Erdogan's 'Olive Branch' - 16 February 2018: The Turkish aircraft bomb the townships of Rajo and Sheikh Hadid in Afrin area - 16/17 February 2018: Amid aerial bombardments, 6 people injured in the renewed Turkish shelling on the countryside of Afrin, medical sources confirm the use of gases in the shelling, according to SOHR and Reuters - 23 February 2018: Civilian deaths in Turkish attacks may be unlawful, as military appears to have failed to take necessary precautions to avoid civilian casualties in three attacks in northwest Syria in late January 2018, according to Human Rights Watch - 23 February 2018: Renewed Turkish airstrikes on Afrin area - 25 February 2018: Intense aerial and ground shelling and bombardments by warplanes and helicopters in Jendires Township and other places in Afrin area by Turkish military
March 2018: 4 March 2018: UN's Panos Moumtzis said they continue to receive disturbing reports out of Afrin of civilian deaths and injuries, and restrictions on civilian movement as a result of ongoing military operations - 13 mars 2018: Selon l'armée turque, les forces turques encerclent depuis lundi Afrine, où plusieurs milliers de civils se trouvent encore et plus de 200 civils ont déjà été tués depuis le début de l'opération turque, selon l'OSDH - 16 March 2018: Reports of civilian casualties from Afrin 'deeply alarming', according to UN's Ravina Shamdasani, saying that children, families killed by Turkish airstrikes, shelling in Afrin - 16 March 2018: At least 16 casualties, including 2 pregnant women, and more injured people in a massacre by Turkish forces targeting for the only hospital in Afrin city, as Turkish forces try to break into the city from its north - 17/18 March 2018: Turkish forces work on going deep in Afrin city and their warplanes and artillery re-target the city amid increased fears for the lives of civilians, as videos show threatening fighters of Erdogan's operation - 18 March 2018: After they thieved its villages the forces of the 'Olive Branch' Operation start to loot Afrin city after their full control on it - 27 March 2018: Turkish warplanes bomb an area controlled by the Kurdish forces in the northern countryside of Aleppo
Turkey/Tunisia relations: Turkey/Tunisia relations
Turkey/Ukraine relations: Turkey/Ukraine relations - Turks in Ukraine
Turkey/United Kingdom relations: Turkey/United Kingdom relations
Turkey/USA relations: Turkey/USA relations
2017: 16 May 2017 Erdogan’s guards attack against protesters at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in Washington, D.C., when Turkey's Erdogan was in Washington that day to meet with USA's Trump and watched the brutal attacks from a distance, assumedly personally ordering the attack - 17 May 2017: Erdogan’s guards attack protesters outside Turkish ambassador’s D.C. residence, prompting outrage by local and USA officials who accused the guards of using violence to quell what had been a peaceful demonstration in Northwest Washington - 14 June 2017: Metropolitan Police Department says that Sinan Narin had been arrested on an aggravated assault charge and Eyup Yildirim on charges of assault with significant bodily injury and aggravated assault - 16 June 2017: Arrest warrants issued for Turkish security officials over embassy brawl in DC - 29 August 2017: 19 people, including 15 Turkish security officials, in connection with a brawl during Erdogan's visit, indicted in Washington for attacking USA protesters




Applied but not recognised as official candidate and potential candidates

Albania - Geography of Albania - History of Albania - Battle of Kosovo 1389 - Albanian resistance during World War II - People's Socialist Republic of Albania 1944-1992 - History of post-Communist Albania - Demographics of Albania
List of oil and gas fields in Albania - Patos-Marinza Oil Field
Taxation in Albania: Taxation in Albania
Elections, government and politics in Albania: Elections in Albania
Social movements and protests in Albania: Protests in Albania
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Albania: Albanian society
Demographics and ethnic groups in Albania: Demographics of Albania - Ethnic groups in Albania
Albanians: Albanians
Greeks in Albania: Greeks in Albania
Romani people in Albania: Romani people in Albania
Serb minority in Albania: Serb minority in Albania
Human rights and freedom of religion in Albania: Human rights in Albania - Freedom of religion in Albania
Languages and culture of Albania: Culture of Albania - Languages of Albania
Education in Albania: Education in Albania
Health in Albania: Health in Albania
Albanian media: Albanian media
Crime in Albania: Crime in Albania
Organised crime in Albania: Organised crime in Albania
Gangs in the Albanian civil war of 1997: Gangs in the Albanian civil war of 1997
Judiciary of Albania: Judiciary of Albania
Law enforcement in Albania: Law enforcement in Albania
Foreign relations of Albania: Foreign relations of Albania
Treaties of Albania: Treaties of Albania
Albania/Bulgaria relations: Albania/Bulgaria relations
Albania/EU relations: Albanian EU accession bid 2009
Albania/Kosovo relations: Albania/Kosovo relations
Albania/Serbia relations: Albania/Serbia relations
Albania/USA relations: Albania/USA relations
Natural disasters in Albania: Natural disasters in Albania
Floods in Albania: Floods in Albania

Bosnia and Herzegovina - Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Mining in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Mining in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Agriculture in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Agriculture in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Transport in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Economic history and economic cycles in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Economic history of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Regional economic history of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Employment and unemployment in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Employment and unemployment in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Labor in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Labor in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Taxation in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Taxation in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Elections and politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Protests in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Protests in Bosnia and Herzegovina
June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina: June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnia and Herzegovina society - Human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cities and towns in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cities and towns in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Demographics of Sarajevo: Demographics of Sarajevo
Timeline of Sarajevo: Timeline of Sarajevo
Early 20th century end of the Habsburg dominance in Sarajevo: Early 20th century end of the Habsburg dominance in Sarajevo, after by 1910 Sarajevo was populated by 52,000 people and four years later an event in Habsburg Sarajevo city's and the world's history occurred, when in Sarajevo the young Serb nationalist Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie on their imperial visit to the city, starting a chain of events that would lead to World War I, as at the end of the Great War and as part of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, Austria-Hungary ceased to exist and Sarajevo became part of the new Kingdom of Yugoslavia - June 1914 anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo consisted of large-scale anti-Serb violence in Sarajevo following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, as encouraged by the Austro-Hungarian government, the violent demonstrations assumed the characteristics of a pogrom, leading to ethnic divisions unprecedented in the city's history
21st century history of Sarajevo: History of modern Sarajevo in the 21st century
Demographics of Banja Luka: Demographics of Banja Luka
Economy of Banja Luka: Economy of Banja Luka
History and timeline of Banja Luka: History of Banja Luka
Zenica-Doboj Canton: Since 1995 Zenica-Doboj Canton
History and timeline of Zenica: History and timeline of Zenica
Politics and mayors of Zenica city: Politics, mayors and city mayors of Zenica city
November 2020 reelection of Fuad Kasumovic as mayor of Zenica: November 2020 reelection of Fuad Kasumovic as mayor of Zenica
History and timeline of Bihac: History and timeline of Bihac
1941-1945 Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement: 1941-1945 Yugoslav Partisans, officially the 'National Liberation Army and Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia', the Communist-led resistance to the Axis powers - chiefly Germany - in occupied Yugoslavia during World War II, as resistance organisation led by Josip Broz Tito and its activists are considered to be Europe's most effective anti-Axis resistance movement during the war - Stjepan Filipovic (27 January 1916 – 22 May 1942), who joined the labour movement in 1937 but was arrested in 1939 and sentenced to a year in prison, then led the Kolubara Company of the Valjevo Partisan Detachment during the 1941 Partisan uprising, was captured on 24 December 1941 by Chetniks unit of Kosta Pecanac and hanged in Valjevo by Serbian State Guard unit on 27 May 1942, as Filipovic raised his arms and shouted 'Smrt fašizmu, sloboda narodu' ('Death to fascism, freedom to the people') when the rope was put around his neck - Since 1942 'Death to fascism, freedom to the people' Partisan motto was accepted as the official slogan of the entire resistance movement
1944-1950 flight and expulsion of Germans from Yugoslavia: 1944-1950 flight and expulsion of Germans from Yugoslavia
2 October 2020 migrants killed in brawl in Bihac's refugee camp, as UN says ready to assist Bosnia: 2 October 2020: Migrants killed and wounded in brawl in Bihac's refugee camp, as UN says ready to assist Bosnia
Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Universities in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Science and technology in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Science and technology in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina media: Media in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Internet in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Internet in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian Mafia: Bosnian Mafia
Human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1992–1995 war crimes in the Bosnian War: War crimes in the Bosnian War 1992–1995
Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
List of decisions of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina: List of decisions of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Law enforcement in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Law enforcement in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bosnian Police
Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian War 1992-1995, prosecutions and legal proceedings ongoing: 1992-1995 Bosnian War, prosecutions and legal proceedings
Bosnia and Herzegovina/Croatia relations: Bosnia and Herzegovina/Croatia relations
Bosnia and Herzegovina/European Union relations: Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union
Bosnia and Herzegovina/Russia relations: Bosnia and Herzegovina/Russia relations
Bosnia and Herzegovina/United Nations relations: United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Bosnia and Herzegovina - United Nations Protection Force 1992-1995 - the first UN peacekeeping force in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav wars - UNPROFOR and Srebrenica massacre - 16 November 1999: The United Nations must accept partial responsibility for the mass killings of Srebrenica in 1995, according to a UN report - 25/ 26 July 2012: In Bosnia and Herzegovina UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon visits the old city of Sarajevo and Srebrenica, saying that the UN 'will continue to do all that we can to prevent this [so that] Srebrenica will not happen anytime, anywhere, to anyone'
Natural disasters in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Natural disasters in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Kosovo - History of Kosovo - Battle of Kosovo 1389 - Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia (World War I 1914-1918) - World War II - Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo - Kosovo War 1998-1999 - Kosovo status process - 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence
Mining in Kosovo: Mining in Kosovo - Mines in Kosovo
Coal mines in Kosovo: Coal mines in Kosovo
Lead and zinc mines in Kosovo: Lead and zinc mines in Kosovo
Nickel mines in Kosovo: Nickel mines in Kosovo
Agriculture in Kosovo: Agriculture in Kosovo
Forests of Kosovo: Forests of Kosovo
Political parties in Kosovo: Political parties in Kosovo
1999-2008 Temporary administration of the UN Mission in Kosovo: 1999-2008 Temporary administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo
Elections and politics in Kosovo: Elections in Kosovo
2010 political crisis in Kosovo: 2010 political crisis in Kosovo
December 2010 Kosovan parliamentary election: Kosovan parliamentary election 12 December 2010
February 2016 Kosovan presidential election: 26 February 2016 Kosovan presidential election
February 2021 Kosovan parliamentary election: 14 February 2021 Kosovan parliamentary election
Social movements and protests in Kosovo: Protests in Kosovo
2015 Kosovo protests: 2015 Kosovo protests
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Kosovo: Kosovar society - Human rights in Kosovo
List of cities in Kosovo: List of cities in Kosovo
Ethnic groups in Kosovo: Ethnic groups in Kosovo
Education in Kosovo: Education in Kosovo
Schools in Kosovo: Schools in Kosovo
Health in Kosovo: Health in Kosovo
Healthcare in Kosovo: Healthcare in Kosovo
Media of Kosovo: Media of Kosovo
Attacks and threats against journalists in Kosovo: Attacks and threats against journalists in Kosovo
Broadcasting in Kosovo:
Radio in Kosovo - Television in Kosovo
Internet in Kosovo: Internet in Kosovo
Crime in Kosovo: Crime in Kosovo
Violence, terrorism and war crimes in Kosovo: Terrorism in Kosovo
Destruction of Albanian and Serbian heritage in Kosovo: Destruction of Albanian heritage in Kosovo - Destruction of Serbian heritage in Kosovo
Since 1998/1999 Kosovo War crimes witness intimidation and deaths: Since 1998/1999 Kosovo War crimes witness intimidation and deaths
Human trafficking in Kosovo: Human trafficking in Kosovo
Law of Kosovo: Law of Kosovo
Judiciary and court system of Kosovo: Judiciary of Kosovo
Since 2009 Constitutional Court of Kosovo: Since 2009 Constitutional Court of Kosovo
Law enforcement in Kosovo: Law enforcement in Kosovo
Foreign relations of Kosovo: Foreign relations of the Republic of Kosovo
International recognition of Kosovo: International recognition of Kosovo
Treaties of Kosovo: Treaties of Kosovo
1999-2008 Temporary administration of the UN Mission in Kosovo: 1999-2008 Temporary administration of the United Nations Mission in Kosovo
Bilateral relations of Kosovo: Bilateral relations of Kosovo
Kosovo/Albania relations: Kosovo/Albania relations
Kosovo/Israel relations: Kosovo/Israel relations
Kosovo/Serbia relations: Kosovo/Serbia relations
Since 2008 Belgrade–Pristina negotiations: Belgrade–Pristina negotiations since 2008
Kosovo/Turkey relations: Kosovo/Turkey relations
Landforms of Kosovo: Landforms of Kosovo




States not on the agenda

Liechtenstein - History of Liechtenstein
Banking and finance in Liechtenstein: Banking and finance in Liechtenstein
Banks in Liechtenstein: Banks of Liechtenstein - National Bank of Liechtenstein since 1861 - as Liechtenstein is in a customs and monetary union with Switzerland and have adopted the Swiss franc as official currency, the monetary policy and money supply is the sole responsibility of the Swiss National Bank - LGT Group, the private banking and asset management group of the princely House of Liechtenstein, originally known as The Liechtenstein Global Trust, is the largest family-owned private wealth and asset manager in Europe - VP Bank AG, a Liechtenstein-based private bank headquartered in Vaduz, having subsidiary companies with banking licences in Switzerland, Luxembourg, the British Virgin Islands and Singapore, an asset management company in Hong Kong, as well as representative offices in Moscow and Hong Kong
Political parties in Liechtenstein: List of political parties in Liechtenstein
Elections in Liechtenstein: Elections in Liechtenstein
November 2019 Liechtenstein Hospital referendum: 24 November 2019 Liechtenstein Hospital referendum
Foreign relations of Liechtenstein: Foreign relations of Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein/Austria relations: Liechtenstein/Austria relations


Norway - Geography of Norway - Geology of Norway - History of Norway - Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany 1940-1945 - Demographics of Norway
Hydroelectric power stations in Norway: Hydroelectric power stations in Norway
Agriculture in Norway: Agriculture in Norway - Farms in Norway
Agricultural cooperatives in Norway: Agricultural cooperatives in Norway
Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway: Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway
Banking and banks in Norway: Banking in Norway
Economic history and economic cycles in Norway: Economic history of Norway
Since 2008 Great Recession in Europe: Since 2008 Great Recession in Europe
Trade unions in Norway: Trade unions in Norway
Elections and politics in Norway: Elections in Norway
February–August 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly election: February–August 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly election
September 2009 Norwegian parliamentary election: 13/14 September 2009 Norwegian parliamentary election
September 2019 Norwegian local elections: 9 September 2019 Norwegian local elections
12 September 2021 Norway goes to the polls on Monday in 'the climate election': 12 September 2021: Norway goes to the polls on Monday in parliamentary elections that are forcing western Europe’s largest oil and gas producer to confront its environmental contradictions, as climate issues have dominated the campaigning since August, when the UN’s IPCC published its starkest warning yet that global heating is dangerously close to spiralling out of control, as the report gave an instant boost to parties calling for curbs on drilling like the country’s Green party wanting an immediate halt to oil and gas exploration, and no further production at all after 2035, therefore seeing a membership surge by nearly a third, and as the Greens’ deputy leader Arild Hermstad says 'the International Energy Agency’s Net Zero report in May had already made it plain that there was no room for oil and gas, and so the IPCC report really hit home', 'this really is the climate election'
Social movements and protests in Norway: Protests in Norway
2015 more than 1,000 young activists on Utoya for the opening of the Labour Youth summer camp 4 years after 2011 massacre: 7 August 2015: More than 1,000 young activists were on the Norwegian island of Utoya for the official opening of the Labour Youth summer camp, four years after July 2011 massacre


Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Norway: Norwegian society - Human rights in Norway
Metropolitan regions, towns and cities of Norway: Metropolitan regions of Norway - List of towns and cities in Norway


Economy of Greater Oslo: Economy of Greater Oslo
Timeline of Oslo: Timeline of Oslo
November 1942 Norwegian Jews deported to Auschwitz from Oslo harbour: November 1942 Norwegian Jews deported to Auschwitz from Oslo harbour
21st century in Oslo: 21st century in Oslo






Vestfold og Telemark


Agder


Rogaland


Vestland


More og Romsdal


Trondelag


Nordlang




History of the Jews in Norway: History of the Jews in Norway - Oslo Synagogue
Romani in Norway: Romani in Norway (Norwegian and Swedish Travellers) - 9 April 2015: Norway to pay reparations to Roma for racist policies and suffering before, during and after German occupation in World War II
Sami people in Norway: Sami people in Norway
Culture and languages of Norway: Culture of Norway - Languages of Norway
Women and women's rights in Norway: Women in Norway - Women's rights in Norway
Children and childhood in Norway: Childhood in Norway - Youth in Norway
Early childhood education in Norway: Early childhood education in Norway
Health in Norway: Health in Norway
Healthcare in Norway: Healthcare in Norway
Media of Norway: Media of Norway
Internet in Norway: Internet in Norway
Crime in Norway: Crime in Norway
Corruption in Norway: Corruption in Norway
Tax evasion in Norway:
Terrorism in Norway: Terrorism in Norway
List of terror attacks and terror related incidents in Norway: List of terror attacks, terror threats and terror related incidents in Norway since 1973
2006 Oslo Synagogue attack: 2006 Oslo Synagogue attack
July 2011 Norway right-wing extremist attacks, massacre and aftermath: 2011 Norway right-wing extremist attacks - 23. Juli 2011: Bombenanschlag in Oslo und Massaker in Ferienlager der AUF am 22. Juli 2011 - 24 July: Right-wing extremist Breivik admits to carrying out Friday attacks in Norway - Trial of Anders Behring Breivik since 16 April 2012 - 22 June: Breivik trial ends in Norway with walkout by families - 13 August: Norway police 'could have stopped Breivik sooner', commission says - 24 August 2012: Anders Breivik deemed sane and sentenced to 21 years in prison - 17 July 2015: Terrorist Breivik enrolled on Oslo University political science course, at the expense of taxpayers i.e. also the victims of his crime - 22 July 2015: 4 years after terrorist Breivik went on a murderous rampage at a summer camp for young people, parents of the 69 people he killed on Utøya island are still too traumatised to return to full-time work, as six out of 10 parents are still struggling with intense grief, while two out of three still have significant symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, journal says
25 September 2020 Norway court okays extradition of suspect Abu Zayed in 1982 attack at Jewish deli in Paris: 25 September 2020: A Norwegian court approved an extradition request from France for suspect Abu Zayed linked to a terror attack in a Jewish neighborhood in Paris in 1982 that killed six people, as Friday’s ruling, which can be appealed, concerns only whether the legal grounds are met for an extradition and the decision of whether or not to extradite Walid Abdulrahman Abu Zayed will ultimately be up to Norway’s justice ministry, or government, as families of the victims of the attack, who have been demanding a trial for nearly four decades, have pinned their hopes on his extradition, and as affair is all the more explosive given media reports of a secret deal between French intelligence services and the Abu Nidal Organization under which the latter’s members would not be arrested if they refrained from committing further attacks on French soil
Judiciary of Norway: Judiciary of Norway - Courts in Norway
Supreme Court of Norway: Supreme Court of Norway
Norwegian Prosecuting Authority: Norwegian Prosecuting Authority
National Authority for Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime in Norway: National Authority for Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime in Norway
Norwegian Police Service: Norwegian Police Service
Treaties of Norway: Treaties of Norway
Since 1949 NATO membership: Since 1949 Norway member state of NATO
Bilateral relations of Norway: Bilateral relations of Norway
Norway/France relations: Norway/France relations
17 July 2013 Norwegian neo-Nazi and Anders Breivik sympathiser arrested in France over 'terror plot': 17 July 2013: Norwegian neo-Nazi and Anders Breivik sympathiser arrested in France over 'terror plot'
25 September 2020 Norway court okays extradition of suspect Abu Zayed in 1982 attack at Jewish deli in Paris: 25 September 2020: A Norwegian court approved an extradition request from France for suspect Abu Zayed linked to a terror attack in a Jewish neighborhood in Paris in 1982 that killed six people, as Friday’s ruling, which can be appealed, concerns only whether the legal grounds are met for an extradition and the decision of whether or not to extradite Walid Abdulrahman Abu Zayed will ultimately be up to Norway’s justice ministry, or government, as families of the victims of the attack, who have been demanding a trial for nearly four decades, have pinned their hopes on his extradition, and as affair is all the more explosive given media reports of a secret deal between French intelligence services and the Abu Nidal Organization under which the latter’s members would not be arrested if they refrained from committing further attacks on French soil
Norway/Germany relations: Norway/Germany relations
Norway/Iran relations: Norway/Iran relations
Norway/Russia relations: Norway/Russia relations
Norway/Saudi-Arabia relations: Norway/Saudi-Arabia relations
November 2018 Norway suspends arms export licenses: 9 November 2018: Norway suspends arms export licenses to Saudi Arabia
1905 Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden: Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden 1905
Nobel Prize since 1901 and Right Livelihood Award: Nobel Prize since 1901 - Right Livelihood Award
2014 Nobel prizes: 6 October 2014: British-American John O'Keefe, Norwegian Edvard and May-Britt Moser win the Nobel Medicine Prize for discovering how the brain navigates - 8 October: Eric Betzig, William Moerner and Stefan Hell win the Nobel Prize in chemistry for developing optical microscopy to study the interplay between molecules inside cells, including the aggregation of disease-related proteins - 9 October: French novelist Patrick Modiano wins the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature - 10 octobre: Prix nobel de la paix 2014 pour leur lutte contre l'oppression des enfants et pour le droit à l'éducation à Malala Yousafzai et Kailash Satyarthi - 25 September 2014: USA whistleblower Snowden wins Swedish human rights award for 'revealing the unprecedented extent of state surveillance' - 2 December 2014: Co-winning 'alternative Nobel', Snowden calls on UN to protect privacy
Norway/Switzerland relations: Norway/Switzerland relations
Norway/Syria relations: Norway/Syria relations
Norway/Tunisia relations: Norway/Tunisia relations
Norway/United Arab Emirates relations: Norway/United Arab Emirates relations
Norway/United Kingdom relations: Norway/United Kingdom relations
Since 1942 Anglo-Norwegian Collaboration Committee: Since 1942 Anglo-Norwegian Collaboration Committee
Climate, climate change and global warming in Norway: Global warming in Norway
Straits of Norway: Straits of Norway
Natural disasters in Norway: Natural disasters in Norway
September 2005 Hurricane Maria: September 2005 Hurricane Maria
Floods in Norway: Floods in Norway
Landslides in Norway: Landslides in Norway
Fires in Norway: Fires in Norway

Switzerland - Geography of Switzerland - Geography of the Alps - History of Switzerland - Subdivisions of Switzerland - Demographics of Switzerland
Economy of Switzerland: Economy of Switzerland - main industries are machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments, tourism, commodity trading, banking, insurance - Economy sectors
Companies of Switzerland by industry: Companies of Switzerland by industry
Defence companies of Switzerland: Defence companies of Switzerland
Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland: Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland
Food and drink companies of Switzerland: Food and drink companies of Switzerland
Nuclear power in Switzerland: Nuclear power in Switzerland
Renewable energy in Switzerland: Renewable energy in Switzerland
Hydroelectricity in Switzerland: Hydroelectricity in Switzerland
Solar power in Switzerland: Solar power in Switzerland
Science and technology in Switzerland: Science and technology in Switzerland
Transport in Switzerland: Transport in Switzerland
Road tunnels in Switzerland: Road tunnels in Switzerland
Rail transport in Switzerland: Rail transport in Switzerland - AlpTransit
Railway tunnels in Switzerland: Railway tunnels in Switzerland
Water transport in Switzerland: Water transport in Switzerland
Aviation accidents and incidents in Switzerland: Aviation accidents and incidents in Switzerland
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2016/2017 Switzerland's sixth place among countries by current account balance and with the largest surplus: Among countries by current account balance and with the largest surplus Switzerland is in sixth place in 2017
1854-1945 SBC and UBS: In the 19th century UBS profited considerably from its close railroad connections and large warehousing facilities during the American Civil War, by the end of 1918 and World War I, SBC surpassed CHF 1 billion in total assets and grew to 2,000 employees by 1920, on the eve of World War II in 1939, the SBC like other Swiss banks, was the recipient of large influxes of foreign funds for safekeeping, following World War II it was demonstrated that UBS likely took active roles in trading stolen gold, securities, and other assets during the war, after the war UBS opened branches and acquired a series of banks in Switzerland growing from 31 offices in 1950 to 81 offices by the early 1960s - UBS activities in World War II - March 2002 Bergier commission's Final Report on Switzerland's economic relations with Nazi Germany, gold transactions, financial system and Swiss refugee policy 1933-1945 - 7.12.1999: Volcker-Komitee über Schweizer Banken - u.a. 417 identifizierte Konten von Verfolgten, die von den Banken während des Zweiten Weltkriegs auf Anweisung der Nationalsozialisten aufgelöst und deren Guthaben den Nationalsozialisten ausgehändigt worden waren
HSBC, tax evasion and money laundering: HSBC and money laundering - Swiss Leaks is the name of a journalistic investigation of a giant tax evasion scheme operated with the knowledge and encouragement of the British multinational bank HSBC via its Swiss subsidiary, HSBC Private Bank Suisse - 8 February 2015: Swiss Leaks, leaked HSBC files offer a rare glimpse inside one of the world’s most private banking systems - 8 February 2015: HSBC files show how Swiss bank helped clients dodge taxes and hide millions - 12 February 2015: Banking giant HSBC sheltered murky cash linked to dictators, arms dealers, and other suspected criminals - 28 November 2015: Switzerland has sentenced former HSBC IT employee Hervé Falciani in absentia to five years in prison for leaking records on 106,000 account holders, in a move that led to billions of dollars in unpaid taxes being recovered by countries around the world
Socio-economic impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic: Socio-economic impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Income and wealth distribution in Switzerland: Income and wealth distribution in Switzerland - 2017 Swiss billionaires list
Labor, employment and unemployment in Switzerland: Labor in Switzerland - Swiss Labour Force Survey
Poverty in Switzerland: Poverty in Switzerland
Taxation and federal budget in Switzerland: Taxation in Switzerland - Federal budget of Switzerland
Military of Switzerland equipment: Military of Switzerland equipment
Swiss Military Intelligence Service: Swiss Military Intelligence Service
Gun politics in Switzerland: Gun politics in Switzerland
Swiss Civilian Service: Swiss Civilian Service
Political parties and trade unions in Switzerland: Political parties in Switzerland - Trade unions in Switzerland
Politics of Switzerland by canton: Politics of Switzerland by canton
Voting, elections and politics in Switzerland: Elections in Switzerland - Voting in Switzerland
July 2018 Swiss government must improve anti-corruption measures says review: 5 July 2018: Swiss government must improve anti-corruption measures says review
Voting, referendums and politics in Switzerland: List of Swiss federal referendums - Voting in Switzerland
2013: Swiss referendum 3 March 2013 - 2013 eidgenössische Volksinitiative «gegen die Abzockerei» - 3 mars 2013: Vote sur la 'limitation des rémunérations abusives des patrons' - 3 mars 2013: Les Suisses ont accepté la révision de la loi sur l'aménagement du territoire (62,9%), mais ont rejeté l'arrêté sur la politique familiale à la majorité des cantons - 3/4 mars 2013: 67,9% des Suisses et tous les cantons ont dit oui à l'initiative contre les rémunérations abusives et pour l'interdiction des parachutes dorés - 9 June 2013: Results of a referendum say that almost 80% of voters backed tighter asylum rules - Referendums 22 September 2013 - 22 septembre: Votes pour la conscription et contre la burqa - 22 septembre: La libéralisation des horaires d'ouverture des shops acceptée par près de 56% des Suisses, les refus se sont surtout concentrés en Suisse romande - Eidgenössische Volksinitiative «1:12 – Für gerechte Löhne» am 24. November 2013 - 24/25 novembre 2013: Échec d'une votation visant à limiter les hauts salaires et rejet de la vignette à 100 francs
2014: Swiss referendums 9 February 2014 (proposal to impose a quota on immigration from EU members etc.) - 9 February 2014: Immigration, avortement et financement du rail au menu des votations - 10 février: L'acceptation de l'initiative de l'UDC 'contre l'immigration de masse' avec 50,34% de oui fait réagir la presse romande, qui parle de clivage entre deux Suisses aux visions différentes - 18 May referendums - 18/19 May: Swiss voters reject proposed minimum wage and some 53 percent block spending $3.5 billion for fighter jets - 28 September: Voters reject the creation of a unified health insurance fund - 30 November: Swiss vote on capping immigration 'to save environment' - 30 novembre: Refus écrasant de l'initiative de l'association Ecologie et population - 30 novembre: Ecopop, or de la BNS et forfaits fiscaux - les Suisses disent 3x non
March and June 2015 Swiss referendums: March and June 2015 Swiss referendums
February 2019 Swiss referendums: February 2019 Swiss referendums
29 November 2020 ban on financing weapon production rejected by 57.45% of Swiss voters: 29 November referendum 'For a ban on financing producers of war material' rejected by 1,460,755 voters, 57.45% of the Swiss vote - 23 November 2020: Swiss banks have given loans and hold shares worth nearly $11 billion in companies like Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman and General Dynamics, according to a study by independent researchers Profundo, as the Swiss National Bank SNB, UBS and Credit Suisse have the biggest exposure, and as Young Greens Party's Julia Kueng said 'an enormous amount of money comes from Switzerland into an industry which profits from death and destruction' - Mass media in Switzerland - List of wars, ongoing armed conflicts and deaths by country, including Syria, Yemen, Afghanistan, Iraq, Mexico, South Sudan, Libya, Ukraine
List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland: List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland
Since the late 1960s anti-nuclear movement: Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland since the late 1960s
October 2007 protest in Zurich against demagogic SVP election posters: 18. Oktober 2007: Friedlicher Protest in Zürich gegen demagogische SVP-Wahlplakate
Since 1990 Alternative Bank Switzerland: Since 1990 Alternative Bank Switzerland
2017 sit-in in front of UN Geneva headquarters to support Syrian people: 4 March 2017: Sit-in in front of UN Geneva headquarters to support Syrian people’s demands in Geneva talks
Society, demographics, immigration, culture and human rights in Switzerland: Swiss society - Human rights in Switzerland - History of the constition in Switzerland
History of the Jews in Switzerland: History of the Jews in Switzerland
German immigration to Switzerland: German immigration to Switzerland
Turks and muslims in Switzerland: Turks in Switzerland - Muslims in Switzerland
Immigration from the former Yugoslavia to Switzerland: Immigration from the former Yugoslavia to Switzerland
2014-2016 European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014-2016 European refugee and migrant crisis
Children and children's rights in Switzerland: UNICEF Schweiz: Kinderrechte in der Schweiz
Child labour in Switzerland: Child labour in Switzerland
Education in Switzerland: Education in Switzerland
Science and technology in Switzerland: Science and technology in Switzerland
Health in Switzerland: Health in Switzerland
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Switzerland: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Switzerland
Since February 2020 timeline of covid-19 pandemic in Switzerland: Since February 2020 timeline of covid-19 pandemic in Switzerland
Water supply and sanitation in Switzerland: Water supply and sanitation in Switzerland - Reservoirs in Switzerland
French-language newspapers published in Switzerland: French-language newspapers published in Switzerland
German-language newspapers published in Switzerland: German-language newspapers published in Switzerland
Broadcasting in Switzerland: Broadcasting and radio in Switzerland
Telecommunications in Switzerland: Telecommunications in Switzerland
Internet in Switzerland: Internet in Switzerland
Crime in Switzerland: Crime in Switzerland
Corruption in Switzerland: Corruption in Switzerland
Political corruption in Switzerland:
1933-1945 Schweizer Flüchtlingspolitik, Judenstempel, ausgewiesene und der Ermordung preisgegebene Flüchtlinge: 1933-1945 Schweizer Flüchtlingspolitik vor und während des Zweiten Weltkriegs - als nach der Berliner Wannseekonferenz im Januar 1942 und dem Holocaust mehr jüdische Flüchtlinge versuchten in die Schweiz einzureisen, erliess der Chef der Schweizer Fremdenpolizei Rothmund im Anschluss an einen Bundesratsbericht eine Grenzsperre für 'nichtpolitische' Flüchtlinge und wurden mindestens 20.000 Menschen - jüdische Flüchtlinge, geflohene Zwangsarbeitern aus Polen, der UdSSR etc. - an der Grenze abgewiesen oder an die Nazis ausgeliefert, obwohl akut von Ermordung bedroht - Ab 1938 wurde der sogenannte Judenstempel - in Form eines roten J, mit dem der Passinhaber als Jude gekennzeichnet wurde - aufgrund eines Abkommens zwischen der Schweiz und Deutschland eingeführt, so daß die Schweiz deutsche Juden im Regelfall nicht als politische Flüchtlinge aufgenommen und gefährdeten Juden die Einreise in die Schweiz ohne vorherige spezielle Antragstellung und Bewilligung verwehrt hat - Switzerland granted asylum to only 644 people between 1933 and 1945, of these, 252 cases were admitted during the war, of the refugees, 60,000 were civilians escaping persecution by the Nazis, and of these 60,000, 27,000 were Jews
February 2014 Ueli Maurer (SVP) gives gifts to Polonium- and Sarin-Putin in the 'House of Switzerland': 16. Februar 2014: Putin von Bundesrat Ueli Maurer im 'House of Switzerland' empfangen und mit Geschenken begrüsst
Fifa corruption in Switzerland:
2006 FIFA World Cup controversies: List of 2006 FIFA World Cup controversies
May/June 2015: 27 May 2015: Six soccer officials arrested in Zurich over suspected corruption at soccer's governing body FIFA and acceptance of bribes and kick-backs between the early 1990s and now - 28 May 2015: As football was called just a game in 2011 by Sepp Blatter, in 2015 across the Atlantic the head of the FBI, the USA attorney general and the head of criminal investigation for the IRS gave a press conference outlining the alleged 'racketeering' and 'bribery' at the heart of the game - 3 June 2015: Sepp Blatter announces that he will step down as Fifa president - 3 June: Interpol issues red notices for former Fifa officials wanted by USA - 3 June: FBI's FIFA investigation said to include Qatar, Russia World Cup bids - 4 June: Fifa corruption crises and FBI inquiry now includes 2014 Brazil World Cup - 7/8 June: FIFA official says Russia, Qatar could be stripped of World Cup, if evidence of bribery is found - 11 June: Interpol is to cut its ties with Fifa, after it said it will not use the €20million donated by football's governing body in 2011 to fight match-fixing - 17/18 June: Swiss investigators are looking into 53 possible cases of money laundering and 104 incidents of suspicious activity in Swiss bank accounts as part of their investigation into the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 World Cups, and won't exclude Blatter from FIFA probe, reelected Swiss attorney-general Michael Lauber says
September-December 2015: 14 September 2015: After new evidence emerged in the wide-ranging investigation into Fifa corruption, fresh arrests likely, USA attorney general Loretta Lynch says - 25 septembre 2015: Président démissionnaire de la FIFA Blatter rattrapé par la justice suisse aurait aussi effectué un versement déloyal à Michel Platini - 8 October 2015: Sepp Blatter, Michel Platini and Jérôme Valcke suspended for 90 days - 21 November: Fifa ethics committee to recommend sanctions against Sepp Blatter and Michel Platini - 3 December 2015: Two more top officials arrested in Fifa corruption case - 18 December: Swiss extradite FIFA official Napout to USA in corruption probe in connection with the sale of marketing rights to football tournaments in Latin America - 21 December 2015: Sepp Blatter and Michel Platini banned from football for eight years by Fifa - 25 December 2015: Former FIFA vice president Figueredo pleads guilty to fraud and money laundering in Uruguay
2016: 14 January 2016: Fifa's Jerome Valcke sacked amid alleged corruption involving World Cup ticket sales - 27 février 2016: Après des rumeurs inquiétantes dans les couloirs du Grand Hôtel zurichois Kameha d'un dispositif de distribution d’enveloppes avec des sommes d’argent en faveur du Cheik Salmann, Gianni Infantino est élu président de la Fifa - 3 April 2016: Leaked 'Panama Papers', exposing global array of tax evasion, crime and corruption, give Fifa ethics committee new credibility crisis - 6 April 2016: Panama Papers' files raise questions about the role Fifa’s president, Gianni Infantino, played in deals that were concluded when he was director of legal services at Uefa - 19 April: USA judge released transcripts of guilty pleas from three prominent defendants in the Fifa corruption investigation in which they expressed regret and suggested that bribes in the organization were standard practice - 10 May: Michel Platini resigns as UEFA president after losing his battle to appeal against his ban from all football over a 'disloyal payment' from his former FIFA counterpart Sepp Blatter - 14 May 2016: After Fifa members passed rules giving the new Fifa council the power to appoint and dismiss members of independent committees, the head of the president’s audit and compliance committee Domenico Scala resigns over fears new rules would compromise independence and impede investigations into corruption - 3 June 2016: A spectacular scale of greed at the top of Fifa revealed when lawyers said that the three high-ranking former officials Sepp Blatter, Jérôme Valcke and Markus Kattner had secretly given themselves pay rises and massive World Cup bonuses totalling 79m Swiss francs, appearing to violate Swiss law
July 2018: 9 July 2018: As many as 180,000 children have been forced to flee their homes in Dara’a province since the start of the onslaught the Assad regime forces and Iranian terrorist militias launched to recapture rebel-held areas in the province with Russian aerial support, the UN children’s agency Unicef said - 10 juillet 2018: Les jeunes footballeurs rescapés d'une grotte inondée en Thaïlande ne pourront pas répondre à l'invitation de la Fifa d'aller en Russie assister à la finale de la Coupe du Monde le 15 juillet car ils doivent rester à l'hôpital - 13 July 2018: Russian forces have killed 71 civilians, including 20 children and nine women since the start of the FIFA World Cup on 10 June, committing at least eight massacres, attacking 14 vital civilian centers, including five healthcare facilities, and displacing 270,000 people along with allies, according to SNHR
Tax evasion, money laundering, black money, potentate funds in Switzerland: Tax evasion in Switzerland - Alleged connection of Swiss banks to illegal activities
Since 2008 UBS tax evasion controversy: Since 2008 UBS tax evasion controversy
February 2015 HSBC hid money for suspected criminals: 12 February 2015: Swiss bank HSBC hid money for suspected criminals
2016: 3 April 2016: Findings of a yearlong investigation by the ICIJ of the 'Panama Papers' (also concerning the British Virgin Islands and other offshore havens), a giant leak of offshore financial records, expose global array of crime, corruption, offshore holdings of politicians and public officials from around the world including Putin, Assad associates, Argentina's president Macri, the family of China’s Xi Jinping, the king of Saudi Arabia, Poroshenko, the familiy of Pakistan's Nawaz Sharif, people in more than 200 countries and territories (Jackie Chan, Lionel Messi etc.), people and companies blacklisted because of evidence that they’d been involved in wrongdoing and war crimes, such as doing business with Mexican drug lords, terrorist organizations like Hezbollah or rogue nations like North Korea and Iran, the support of Assad's barrel bombs, and involving major banks including Switzerland's UBS, Credit Suisse and HSBC Private Bank
2018: 5 April 2018: Italian and French national Hervé Falciani, the whistleblower who exposed wrongdoing at HSBC’s Swiss private bank freely sharing a list of 130,000 names of organisations and individuals who were using the Swiss banking system to launder money and evade taxes freely with authorities in the EU, India and Argentine, is facing extradition from Spain to Switzerland after his arrest in Madrid widely seen as a favour to the Swiss in the hope that Switzerland will extradite two Catalan and republican fugitives, after Spanish tax authorities recovered some €300m in unpaid tax from some of the 637 Spaniards who appeared on Falciani’s list and despite Spain’s national court rejected a Swiss extradition request in 2013 on the grounds that the charge of violating bank secrecy was not an offence in Spain if the secrecy was used as a cover for serious offences, including the banking of proceeds of political corruption, deposits from arms dealers and helping wealthy people evade taxes
Racism, antisemitism and discrimination in Switzerland: Racism in Switzerland - Antisemitism in Switzerland
1933-1945 Antisemitism in Switzerland during the NSDAP dictatorship in Germany and the Holocaust: 1933-1945 Antisemitism in Switzerland during the NSDAP dictatorship in Germany and the Holocaust
Since 1951 'Volkspartei der Schweiz': 'Volkspartei der Schweiz' since 1951
Since 2000 'Swiss Nationalist Party': 'Swiss Nationalist Party' since 2000
Terrorism and terrorist incidents in Switzerland: Terrorism in Switzerland - Terrorist incidents in Switzerland
European Court of Human Rights cases involving Switzerland: European Court of Human Rights cases involving Switzerland
Federal courts and Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland: Courts in Switzerland - Federal courts of Switzerland - Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland
1990 introduction du suffrage féminin au niveau cantonal aussi en Appenzell Rhodes-Intérieures: 27 novembre 1990 introduction du suffrage féminin au niveau cantonal aussi en Appenzell Rhodes-Intérieures par décision du Tribunal fédéral
Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority: FINMA Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority since 2007
Swiss intelligence agencies: Swiss intelligence agencies
Foreign relations of Switzerland: Foreign relations of Switzerland
Switzerland's membership in international organisations: Switzerland's membership in international organisations
1919/1920-1946 League of Nations: At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 following World War I the delegates finally decided to create the League of Nations, established by Part I of the Treaty of Versailles, and in June 1919 44 states signed the Covenant, including 31 states which had taken part in the war on the side of the Triple Entente against aggression and 13 states, including Switzerland, that did not - On 1 November 1920, the headquarters of the League of Nations was moved from London to Geneva, where the first General Assembly was held on 15 November 1920 - 'Palace of Nations', built between 1929 and 1938 to serve as the headquarters of the League of Nations, serving after World War II as the home of the United Nations Office at Geneva, although Switzerland did not become a member of the United Nations until 2002
United Nations Office at Geneva: United Nations Office at Geneva
International organizations based in and economy of Geneva: List of international organizations based in Geneva - Economy of Geneva
June 1931 International Conference on African Children: June 1931 International Conference on African Children
May 1994 First International Conference on the World-Wide Web: May 1994 First International Conference on the World-Wide Web
Bilateral relations of Switzerland: Bilateral relations of Switzerland
Switzerland/Afghanistan relations: Switzerland/Afghanistan relations
Switzerland/Algeria relations: Switzerland/Algeria relations
Switzerland/Argentina relations: Switzerland/Argentina relations
Switzerland/Azerbaijan relations: Switzerland/Azerbaijan relations
Switzerland/Belarus relations: Switzerland/Belarus relations
Switzerland/Brazil relations: Switzerland/Brazil relations
2014 World Cup in Brazil and international FIFA corruption crisis: 2014 World Cup in Brazil and international FIFA corruption crisis -
Switzerland/Canada relations: Switzerland/Canada relations
Switzerland/PR of China relations: Switzerland/PR of China relations
May 2013 Switzerland's red carpet for Beijing regime's PM: 24 mai 2013: À Berne et Zurich tapis rouge pour le Premier ministre chinois
Switzerland/Democratic Republic of the Congo relations: Switzerland/Democratic Republic of the Congo relations
Switzerland/Croatia relations: Switzerland/Croatia relations
Switzerland/France relations: Switzerland/France relations
Switzerland/Germany relations: Switzerland/Germany relations
1933-1945 Schweizer Flüchtlingspolitik, Judenstempel, ausgewiesene und der Ermordung preisgegebene Flüchtlinge: 1933-1945 Schweizer Flüchtlingspolitik vor und während des Zweiten Weltkriegs - als nach der Berliner Wannseekonferenz im Januar 1942 und dem Holocaust mehr jüdische Flüchtlinge versuchten in die Schweiz einzureisen, erliess der Chef der Schweizer Fremdenpolizei Rothmund im Anschluss an einen Bundesratsbericht eine Grenzsperre für 'nichtpolitische' Flüchtlinge und wurden mindestens 20.000 Menschen - jüdische Flüchtlinge, geflohene Zwangsarbeitern aus Polen, der UdSSR etc. - an der Grenze abgewiesen oder an die Nazis ausgeliefert, obwohl akut von Ermordung bedroht - Ab 1938 wurde der sogenannte Judenstempel - in Form eines roten J, mit dem der Passinhaber als Jude gekennzeichnet wurde - aufgrund eines Abkommens zwischen der Schweiz und Deutschland eingeführt, so daß die Schweiz deutsche Juden im Regelfall nicht als politische Flüchtlinge aufgenommen und gefährdeten Juden die Einreise in die Schweiz ohne vorherige spezielle Antragstellung und Bewilligung verwehrt hat - Switzerland granted asylum to only 644 people between 1933 and 1945, of these, 252 cases were admitted during the war, of the refugees, 60,000 were civilians escaping persecution by the Nazis, and of these 60,000, 27,000 were Jews
2011/2012 tax evasion amnesty: 22. September 2011: Amnestie für Steuerbetrüger - neu ausgehandeltes Steuerabkommen mit der Schweiz auf anonymer Grundlage - 30. März 2012: SPD-geführte Bundesländer verweigern die Zustimmung zum Steuerabkommen zwischen Deutschland und der Schweiz - 31 March: Swiss authorities issue arrest warrants for 3 German tax inspectors doing their duty to chase German tax cheats - 1. April: Scharfe Kritik an Schweizer Justizbehörde und ihrer Haftbefehle gegen bundesdeutsche Steuerfahnder wegen deren Einsatz gegen Wirtschaftskriminalität - auch CDU-Finanzminister Schäuble in der Kritik - 11 July: France, Germany tax evasion inquiries target Swiss bank (Credit Suisse and UBS) clients - 11 August: Accusations that Swiss banks (UBS etc.) are helping German citizens dodge taxes grow - 12. August: Vorwurf organisierter Kriminalität Schweizer Banken - 25 September: Efforts by German inspectors to trace tax evader's money in Switzerland are causing tensions between the two nations - 23 November 2012: Germany's upper house rejects deal with Switzerland to tax German assets held in Swiss bank accounts - 12 December 2012: The Swiss-German tax deal designed to regularise the estimated €200bn of undeclared German assets hidden in Swiss bank accounts has finally collapsed
2017: 1 May 2017: Investigation of alleged Swiss spy Daniel M. apparently involved in an operation to uncover German tax evaders - 3 May 2017: Germany asks Swiss envoy to clarify suspected spy Daniel M. case, thought to have worked for the Swiss intelligence service NDB in the German finance and banking sector - 12/14 May 2017: After the revelation that Switzerland conducted a spying mission in Germany targeting tax investigators, media in the two countries have reported that the neighbouring nations recently in January signed an agreement to stop all such espionage, promising to inform each other if they intend to carry out clandestine crime surveillance operations on their neighbour’s territory - 26 October 2017: Swiss Daniel Moser, who once worked as a security officer at Swiss bank UBS, admits spying charges after he compiled information on officials tasked by the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia with uncovering wealth hidden at Swiss banks, out of 'patriotism' and profit, saying he was paid €28,000 for the job
Switzerland/Ghana relations: Switzerland/Ghana relations
Switzerland/Greece relations: Switzerland/Greece relations
January 2014 Greek arms dealers' bribes in Switzerland: 4. Januar 2014: Griechische Waffenkäufer legen Schmiergeld in der Schweiz an
Switzerland/Iran relations: Switzerland/Iran relations
Switzerland/Israel relations: Switzerland/Israel relations
Switzerland/Italy relations: Switzerland/Italy relations
Italian immigration to Switzerland: Italian immigration to Switzerland
Switzerland/Libya relations: Switzerland/Libya relations
Switzerland/Mozambique relations: Switzerland/Mozambique relations
Switzerland/Nepal relations: Switzerland/Nepal relations
Switzerland/Nigeria relations: Switzerland/Nigeria relations
Switzerland/Norway relations: Switzerland/Norway relations
Switzerland/Pakistan relations: Switzerland/Pakistan relations
Since the 1970s Nuclear proliferation to Pakistan and North Korea: Nuclear proliferation to Pakistan and North Korea since the 1970s
Switzerland/Panama relations: Switzerland/Panama relations
Switzerland/Papua-New Guinea relations: Switzerland/Papua-New Guinea relations
Switzerland/Russia relations: Switzerland/Russia relations
February 2014 Ueli Maurer gives gifts to Polonium- and Sarin-Putin in the 'House of Switzerland': 16. Februar 2014: Putin von Bundesrat Ueli Maurer im 'House of Switzerland' empfangen und mit Geschenken begrüsst
April/May 2018 Swiss corporations's payments: In April 2018, the USA imposed sanctions on 'Renova Group' Vekselberg and 23 other Russian nationals - 9 May 2018: Donald Trump’s attorney and legal fixer Michael Cohen was paid half a million dollars by through an affiliate of the Renova investment group owned by Viktor Vekselberg and closely linked to Vladimir Putin - 10 May 2018: USA's special counsel Robert Mueller investigating payments made by corporations to Trump’s attorney Michael Cohen, including Swiss pharmaceuticals company Novartis, as Novartis confirmed it had paid Cohen $1.2m - 23 May 2018: Columbus Nova, an investment firm and the USA affiliate of Moscow-based Renova Group corporation owned by Viktor Vekselberg, that paid Donald Trump’s legal fixer Michael Cohen, was also involved in securing hundreds of millions of dollars in funding for the Russian oligarch from Russian state-controlled VTB Bank with ties to Russia’s intelligence services
Switzerland/Saudi-Arabia relations: Switzerland/Saudi-Arabia relations
October 2019 forgetful Swiss president to visit Saudi regime accompanied by delegation from the financial sector: 25 October 2019: Forgetful Swiss president to visit Saudi Arabia after all, accompanied by a delegation from the financial sector
Switzerland/Singapore relations: Switzerland/Singapore relations
Switzerland/South Africa relations: Switzerland/South Africa relations
Switzerland/Spain relations: Switzerland/Spain relations
April 2018: 5 April 2018: Italian and French national Hervé Falciani, the whistleblower who exposed wrongdoing at HSBC’s Swiss private bank freely sharing a list of 130,000 names of organisations and individuals who were using the Swiss banking system to launder money and evade taxes freely with authorities in the EU, India and Argentine, is facing extradition from Spain to Switzerland after his arrest in Madrid widely seen as a favour to the Swiss in the hope that Switzerland will extradite two Catalan and republican fugitives, after Spanish tax authorities recovered some €300m in unpaid tax from some of the 637 Spaniards who appeared on Falciani’s list and despite Spain’s national court rejected a Swiss extradition request in 2013 on the grounds that the charge of violating bank secrecy was not an offence in Spain if the secrecy was used as a cover for serious offences
Switzerland/Thailand relations: Switzerland/Thailand relations
Switzerland/Turkey relations: Switzerland/Turkey relations
Switzerland/Ukraine relations: Switzerland/Ukraine relations
Swiss Leaks - British HSBC and money laundering: Swiss Leaks - HSBC and money laundering
2015/2016 FIFA corruption case and United Kingdom: United Kingdom's Cayman Islands Football Association - In September 2014 Cayman Islands Football Association's Jeffrey Webb was one of several FIFA officials to call for the publication of the Garcia Report into allegations of corruption surrounding Russia and Qatar's bids for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups, in 2015 Webb was arrested for corruption charges by Swiss police acting at the request of the USA's Department of Justice on charges of racketeering, wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy - In 2015 former Cayman Islands Football Association's general secretary Takkas was arrested in Switzerland to face corruption charges in the USA - 30 May 2015: English Football Association's Gill rejects FIFA role after 'terribly damaging events' of 2015/2016 FIFA corruption case
Switzerland/USA relations: Switzerland/USA relations
Switzerland/Vietnam relations: Switzerland/Vietnam relations
Switzerland/Zambia relations: Switzerland/Zambia relations
Climate change in Europe: Climate change in Europe
Environmental movement, conservation and protected areas of Switzerland: Environmental movement in Switzerland - Conservation in Switzerland - Protected areas of Switzerland
Natural disasters in Switzerland: Natural disasters in Switzerland
Since 1850 retreat of glaciers in Switzerland: Since 1850 retreat of glaciers worldwide and in Europe
Floods in Switzerland: Floods in Switzerland
Landslides in Switzerland: Landslides in Switzerland




Withdrawal from the European Union

Since June 2016 the prospective withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union: Aftermath of the June 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum

United Kingdom - Geography of the United Kingdom - History of the United Kingdom - British colonization of the Americas since 1584 - British colonisation and empire in Africa - British colonisation of Asia - Demography of the United Kingdom
Forestry in the United Kingdom: Forestry in the United Kingdom
Fishing in the United Kingdom: Fishing in the United Kingdom
Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom: Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom
Transport in the United Kingdom: Transport in the United Kingdom
Aviation in the United Kingdom: Aviation in the United Kingdom
Rail transport in the United Kingdom: Rail transport in the United Kingdom
Road transport in the United Kingdom: Road transport in the United Kingdom
Foreign trade of the UK: Foreign trade of the United Kingdom
2012 difference in goods and services imported and exported widened to £4.2bn in August: 9 October 2012: The difference in goods and services imported and exported widened to £4.2bn in August, from £1.7bn in July
2016: 3 April 2016: 11.5m documents detail the activities of more than 200,000 offshore companies, a world of hidden wealth, about two-thirds of the total incorporated by Mossack Fonseca - 3 April 2016: Findings of a yearlong investigation by the ICIJ of the 'Panama Papers' (also concerning the British Virgin Islands and other offshore havens), a giant leak of offshore financial records, expose global array of crime, corruption, offshore holdings of politicians and public officials from around the world including Putin, Assad associates, Argentina's president Macri, the family of China’s Xi Jinping, the king of Saudi Arabia, Poroshenko, the familiy of Pakistan's Nawaz Sharif, people in more than 200 countries and territories (Jackie Chan, Lionel Messi etc.), people and companies blacklisted because of evidence that they’d been involved in wrongdoing and war crimes, such as doing business with Mexican drug lords, terrorist organizations like Hezbollah or rogue nations like North Korea and Iran, the support of Assad's barrel bombs, and involving major banks including British banks, German banks, banks of Luxembourg, Switzerland's UBS, Credit Suisse and HSBC Private Bank - 7 April 2016: While shining a spotlight on the secret financial arrangements of the rich and powerful, the so-called 'Panama Papers' have laid bare London's role as a vital organ of the world's tax-haven network
Lloyds Banking Group: Lloyds Banking Group
London Stock Exchange: London Stock Exchange
Economic history, business cycles and recessions in the UK: Economic history of the United Kingdom
18th/19th centuries establishment of the domination of the capitalist mode of production: During the 18th/19th centuries domination of the capitalist mode of production and 'Industrial Revolution', industrialists replaced merchants as a dominant factor in the capitalist system and effected the decline of the traditional handicraft skills of artisans, guilds and journeymen, as industrial capitalism marked the development of the factory system of manufacturing, characterized by a complex division of labor between and within work process and the routine of work tasks and eventually established the domination of the capitalist mode of production, as the surplus generated by the rise of commercial agriculture encouraged increased mechanization of agriculture - British Agricultural Revolution and an increase in agricultural production due to increases in labour and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries - 'Enclosure' in England of consolidating (enclosing) small landholdings into larger farms, as by the 19th century unenclosed commons had become largely restricted
1783–1815 expansion of the 'Second' British Empire and Britain's imperial century since 1815: 1783–1815 expansion and rise of the 'Second' British Empire and Britain's imperial century (1815–1914)
Late 2000s UK recession: United Kingdom late 2000s recession
13 February 2021 UK’s (and EU's) financial services following Brexit: 13 February 2021: As the UK unwittingly approached the 2007 global banking crisis, London’s financial sector, known as the City, was reaching the height of its powers, with one in every £12 of British economic output generated by financial services and as bankers were labelled masters of the universe, but output from financial services and insurance slipped from 8.3% of 2007 UK GDP before banks were bailed out to 6.3% in 2019, according to ONS - 13 February 2021: Within a month of the transition period ending, Amsterdam has taken London’s 'crown' as Europe’s major share trading centre, as last week an average €9.2bn (£8bn) of shares a day were bought and sold on the Dutch city’s three main exchanges, compared with €8.6bn in London
Youth unemployment in the United Kingdom: Youth unemployment in the United Kingdom
Income in the United Kingdom: Income in the United Kingdom
2013-2015: 3 April 2013: Britain's queen received 31 million pounds last year, but that will be increased to 36.1 million pounds in 2013-2014 financial year - 28 January 2014: British MPs criticised Royal Household for blowing its annual budget while neglecting repairs - 17/18 July 2015: British Sun newspaper defends footage from the early 1930s showing royals making Nazi salute, saying that Edward, who later became King Edward VIII, 'was already a fan of Hitler – and remained so as late as 1970, long after the Holocaust’s horrors were laid bare' - 24 July 2015: In a rise of 18% from the previous year, the royal household will receive 16 million pound ($24.8 million, 22.3 million euros) this year, and the queen will also receive 40 million pound from the proceeds of the semi-independent Crown Estate
2017: 25 octobre 2017: Parmi la multitude de terrains que possède la Couronne figure une zone commerciale où est bâti un McDonald's, a découvert 'The Independant' - 5 November 2017: Millions of pounds from the Queen’s private estate has been invested in a Cayman Islands fund as part of an offshore portfolio, including the off-licence chain Threshers and the retailer BrightHouse, which has been criticised for exploiting thousands of poor families and vulnerable people, that has never before been disclosed, using offshore private equity funds designed to shield UK investors from having to pay USA tax on their holdings, according to documents called 'Paradise Papers' and revealed in an investigation into offshore tax havens - List of people named in the November 2017 'Paradise Papers' - 7 November 2017: The Prince of Wales’s private estate has invested millions of pounds in offshore funds and companies, including a Bermuda-registered business run by one of his best friends, according to 'Paradise Papers'
20 November 2019 BT will not work with company linked to Prince Andrew: 20 November 2019: UK's telecoms firm BT says it will not work with company linked to Prince Andrew
British Military: British Armed Forces
Military history and weapons of the United Kingdom: Military history of the United Kingdom - Weapons of the United Kingdom
Military budget: Military budget
British intelligence agencies: British intelligence agencies
Government Communications Headquarters: Government Communications Headquarters
2015/2016: 12 September 2015: Jeremy Corbyn elected leader of the British Labour party with nearly 59.5% of first-preference votes, beating rivals Andy Burnham with 19%, Yvette Cooper with 17% and the 'Blairite' candidate Liz Kendall with 4.5%, saying that it is a huge mandate for a new democracy in the party - 29 April 2016: Facing intense criticism and calls to expel him from the UK Labour Party over his claims that Zionism was initially supported by Adolf Hitler, former London mayor Ken Livingstone doubled down on those statements, saying they were a 'truth' that isn’t taught 'in Israeli schools' - 29/30 April 2016: As Livingstone repeats his Hitler was a Zionist claim, panel will examine racism in UK’s main opposition party, consult with the UK Jewish community on combating it, but Corbyn reportedly facing an internal plot to oust him as Labour leader - 26 June 2016: Heidi Alexander first shadow minister to resign after Labour’s Hilary Benn sacked saying he had lost confidence in the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn - 1 July 2016: Israeli officials say the Labour Party has apologized to the Israeli ambassador after party leader Jeremy Corbyn seemed to compare Israel to the Islamic State terrorists
August 2018: 14 August 2018: A year of denials - how Jeremy Corbyn changed his story over Munich terror tribute - 14 August 2018: Despite Corbyn's admission concerning Khalaf and Atef Bseiso the day before, Labour spokesman alleges that 'Jeremy did not take part in laying wreaths on their graves', saying the wreath the Labour leader was pictured holding was for victims of the 1985 air strike - 16 August 2018: New photo from Munich killers’ ceremony shows Corbyn beside PFLP terror group chief Maher al-Taher, that killed 5 people, including British-Israeli citizen Avraham Shmuel Goldberg, in terror attack at Jerusalem synagogue - 19 August 2018: A Jewish group affiliated with Britain’s Labour movement has accused the heads of the party of trying to censor material on anti-Semitism it had planned on presenting at a conference in September - 20 August 2018: Noting that 'their contribution was fascinating and electrifying' and lauding a decision to overturn a British order to deport Raed Salah convicted in Israel of incitement to violence, Labour head Corbyn sat on panel alongside Hamas terror leaders in 2012, attending Doha conference with terror chief Khaled Mashaal and newly released Hamas members Abdul Aziz Umar and Husam Badran, responsible for bombings killing dozens of Israelis, saying 'the return will only be viable through military and armed resistance and nothing else' - 21 August 2018: UK Labour leader Corbyn visited terror leaders during a 2010 trip to Israel and the West Bank, also breaking British parliamentary rules by failing to disclose that the trip was funded by a lobby group
February 2019: 'Independent Group', a grouping of former British Labour politicians who left the party on 18 February 2019 in protes over Brexit and anti-Semitism, expressing support for a social market economy, freedom of press, environmentalism, and devolution and localism - 18 February 2019: Seven MPs from Britain’s opposition Labour Party (Luciana Berger, Chuka Umunna, Chris Leslie, Angela Smith, Mike Gapes, Gavin Shuker and Anne Coffey) announced they were breaking away in protest of the party’s failure to stamp out anti-Semitism and its support for Brexit, forming an independent group - 19 February 2019: Joan Ryan has become the eighth Labour MP to resign and join the breakaway Independent Group, claiming Corbyn’s party has become 'infected with the scourge of anti-Jewish racism'
December 2019 Labour begins move to replace Corbyn: 16 December 2019: UK Labour begins move to replace failed Corbyn
United Kingdom government and budget: Government of the United Kingdom
Taxation in the United Kingdom: Taxation in the United Kingdom
Since 2016/2020 impact of Brexit, UK's withdrawal from the European Union EU: Since 2016/2020 impact of Brexit, the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union EU
Elections, referendums and politics in the UK: Elections in the UK - Referendums in the United Kingdom
December 1918 United Kingdom general election: 14 December 1918 United Kingdom general election
November 1922 United Kingdom general election: 15 November 1922 United Kingdom general election
December 1923 United Kingdom general election: 6 December 1923 United Kingdom general election
October 1924 United Kingdom general election: 29 October 1924 United Kingdom general election
May 1929 United Kingdom general election: 30 May 1929 United Kingdom general election
October 1931 United Kingdom general election: 27 October 1931 United Kingdom general election
1938 USPD Hugo Haase's son emigration to England and then USA: On 8 October 1919 USPD's Hugo Haase (29.9.1863-7.11.1919), who was walking into the Reichstag with the intention of exposing an alliance between Ebert and a Freikorps general active in the Baltic, was shot by Johann Voss as he entered the building, as Voss was declared insane within two days, as left wing activists suggested that he was a paid assassin, and as severely injured Haase died on 7 November - Hugo Haases, verheiratet mit Thea Lichtenstein (1869-1937) aus Szczytno, gemeinsamer Sohn, der Neurologe Ernst Haase arbeitete im Krankenhaus Moabit und Tiergarten, gab 1929 einige Schriften aus dem Nachlass des Vaters heraus, bis ihm 1938 die Nationalsozialisten die Approbation entzogen und er über England in die USA emigrierte unter Verlust des größten Teil von Hugo Haases Nachlass, während die beiden Enkeltöchter infolge der nationalsozialistischen Machtübernahme nach Palästina auswanderten und sich einem sozialistischen Kibbuz anschlossen
16 June 2016 MP Jo Cox died after being shot, stabbed by neo-fascist Thomas Alexander Mair and Nigel Farage’s later attack on Jo Cox’s widower: 16 June 2016, British Labour Party MP Jo Cox died after being shot and stabbed multiple times in West Yorkshire by neo-fascist and Brexit promoter Thomas Alexander Mair with links to British and USA nationalist and white-supremacy groups including the neo-fascist National Front, the USA-based neo-Nazi organization National Vanguard and the English Defence League - 17 June: Nazi regalia discovered at house of Jo Cox killing suspect, also known to have bought books from a USA-based neo-Nazi group, including guides on how to build homemade guns and explosives, as vigils held across the UK - 18 June: In court, accused killer Mair of UK MP Jo Cox gives his name as 'Death to traitors, freedom for Britain' - 21 December 2016: Nigel Farage’s attack on Jo Cox’s widower is a new low - 21 December 2016: Farage faces legal action over comments about murdered MP's husband
Since June 2016 Brexit crisis: UK's withdrawal from the EU and Brexit crisis - 25 June 2016: UK faces Brexit crisis after Europe’s leaders demand 'Get out now’ - 26 June 2016: The backlash against Brexit has strengthened with more than 2.5 million people signed a parliamentary petition calling for a second EU referendum, after the vote to leave - 27 June: British government tries to calm markets as Labour dispute continues - 28 June 2016: Britain’s 850,000 Polish citizens face backlash after Brexit vote - 28 June 2016: EU's Juncker says UK must clarify position on Brexit as soon as possible - 29 June: 27 EU leaders meet without Britain for first time, as Scotland's first minister to hold talks in Brussels and as Labour and the Conservatives confused what their futures look like - 30 June: Brexit debate continues as leadership elections in Britain’s main parties get under way - 1 July: Britain’s main parties' debate continues - 4 July 2016: Brexit chaos continues as government faces pre-emptive legal action over Brexit decision, and another plotter, Ukip leader Farage, resigns saying 'I want my life back' - 4 July 2016: A series of 'unity events' are being held outside rail and tube stations in London to show support for people affected by the increase in racist and xenophobic abuse since the Brexit EU referendum - 5 July 2016: Tory MPs begin voting to choose new leader resp. PM, Labour debate continues, and UK central bank prepares stability moves - 6 July 2016: After Brexit referendum, EU citizens in Britain feel uncertain about their future - 12 July 2016: Theresa May to become new and Britain’s second female PM after her sole remaining challenger Andrea Leadsom withdrew from the leadership race - 14 July 2016: International reaction to the appointment of Boris Johnson as British foreign secretary has been overwhelmingly negative
October 2016: 11 October 2016: Western forces must be willing to confront Russian air power defensively over the skies of Syria to enforce a no-fly zone and protect the citizens of eastern Aleppo from a bombardment akin to the attack on Guernica during the Spanish civil war, UK MPs will be told by former cabinet minister Andrew Mitchell in an emergency three-hour Commons debate, called by the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Friends of Syria - 11 October 2016: As British MPs debate the war in Syria and possible ways to end the bloodshed, in contrast to other European parliaments like the German that not by hazard never discussed Assad's war against the Syrian people since 2011, the medics and rescue teams of east Aleppo are going about their grim daily task of picking through rubble left by airstrikes and patching up survivors - 13 October 2016: Nicola Sturgeon is to welcome 3,000 delegates to the SNP conference in Glasgow with a commitment to seek common cause with Westminster opposition parties and moderate Conservatives in order to defeat hard Brexit
February 2019: 19 February 2019: After announcing their resignation from the Labour party in protest over Corbyn’s leadership, Brexit and anti-Semitism, 'The Independent Group' aims to scoop up other frustrated MPs, also from other parties - 20 February 2019: Three Conservative MPs – Anna Soubry, Sarah Wollaston and Heidi Allen – have quit the party to join former Labour MPs' 'Independent Group', saying the Tories had lurched to the right, adopting Ukip policies and pursuing a hard Brexit - 21 February 2019: Conservatives' Justine Greening and Dominic Grieve ready to resign from the party if it does not change its direction on Brexit, after three of their colleagues joined 'Independent Group' - 26 February 2019: MPs will get vote in March on extending article 50 if no deal agreed, PM says
March 2019: 12 March 2019: This week's crucial UK's 'Brexit' votes and updates by 'The Guardian', as Irish PM Leo Varadkar has said 'revised' Brexit deal does not undermine the backstop nor reopen the withdrawal agreement - 12/13 March 2019: After MPs again rejected PM's Brexit deal by a large margin, prompting a vote tomorrow on no deal, and possibly a third on extending article 50, EU warns again against no-deal Brexit, amid ongoing votes under time pressure in a devided UK since 2016 due to UKIP - 14 March 2019: UK lawmakers vote against no-deal Brexit, now aim for delay, as John Bercow, the speaker, allows vote on second referendum - 14/15 March 2019: After MPs voted to request extension to article 50 with eight ministers voting against motion, British 'Brexit' chaos continues - 19 March 2019: Constitutional chaos after third vote on Brexit deal blocked - 19 March 2019: With just 10 days to go until the scheduled date of ending the EU membership of the 'United Kingdom', PM May to chair cabinet as government responds to Bercow ruling against repeat vote on deal, watched by 'The Guardian' - 20 March 2019: Forced by pro-Brexit cabinet ministers Theresa May asks for three-month Brexit delay, as European Parliament elections will occur in May to develop European democracy, as Brexit chaos made in Britain continues - 21 March 2019: With just 8 days to go, 'The Guardian' updates Brexit debate - 22 March 2019: UK headlines focus on the three-week deadline granted to PM Theresa May by EU leaders in Brussels, as E-petition calling for article 50 to be revoked hits 3m signatures to be considered by Parliament - 22 March 2019: The online petition calling on the UK government to revoke article 50 and remain in the EU has hit 3.5m signatures, adding 2.5m signees in less than 24 hours, but Theresa May rejected the petition on Thursday - 23 March 2019: More than 4 million sign Brexit petition to revoke article 50 - 23 March 2019: Hundreds of thousands demand people's vote, as people descend on London to march for a second vote on the UK’s departure from the EU, watched by 'The Guardian'
24-31 March 2019: 24 March 2019: As Philip Hammond admits that Theresa May’s Brexit deal may not be able to get through the Commons, deputy PM David Lidington with a pro-remain record named to take over as interim PM - 25 March 2019: Another set of votes by MPs, watched by 'The Guardian' - 26 March 2019: Warning of legal limbo for 3m EU citizens living in UK after Brexit, according to parliamentary report, saying free movement, housing and social security rights at risk, as former health minister Steve Brine, who was among three to resign their posts to rebel against the government, believes that both revoking article 50 and a second referendum are now on the table - 28 March 2019: May wants MPs to vote on Brexit deal again tomorrow, 'The Guardian' reports, after all eight indicative vote options on Brexit defeated by MPs - 29 March 2019: PM May at risk of fresh defeat as MPs debate withdrawal agreement for third time, 'The Guardian' reports - 30 March 2019: After lawmakers again rejected PM May’s proposal for leaving EU by 344 votes to 286, chances increase exit will be long delayed or that UK will crash out of bloc with no deal in two weeks, amid growing early election talk - 31 March 2019: PM May 'risks total collapse of government' after Brexit deal voted down for third time
April 2019: 1 April 2019: Second day of Commons votes on alternative Brexit options, watched by 'The Guardian' - 1 April 2019: May orders divided cabinet to boycott Brexit indicative votes - 2 April 2019: British MPs’ failure to back alternative to PM’s Brexit deal prompts renewed talk of snap general election, as EU's Barnier says extending article 50 again would pose 'significant risks' to EU - 3 April 2019: PM May faces Corbyn after agreeing to Brexit talks, refusing to rule out UK taking part in European elections if EU demands long extension, according to 'The Guardian' - 4 April 2019: Cross-party talks, earlier described as 'constructive', enter second day trying to end the Brexit deadlock - 5 April 2019: PM May asks for Brexit extension to 30 June, already rejected by EU, as EU's Tusk offers up to a year, suggesting delay could end early if deal agreed, and as May's request is criticized in the UK - 5 April 2019: Nicola Sturgeon tells EU citizens in Scotland ‘You are welcome here’ - 7 April 2019: British PM May says due to parliament's decisions we now have a stark choice to leave the EU with a deal or do not leave at all, and 'the longer this takes, the greater the risk of the UK never leaving at all' - 10 April 2019: PM Theresa May prepares to head to Brussels to seek a delay to Brexit, according to 'The Guardian' - 11 April 2019: After EU leaders in Brussels offered delay and British PM May agreed to October Brexit, PM will address Parliament in London
May 2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom: 23 May 2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom
8 November 2019 SNP's campaign 'to escape Brexit': 8 November 2019: SNP to launch campaign 'to escape Brexit'
10 November 2019 UK's parties announce policies for veterans on Remembrance Sunday: 10 November 2019: UK's parties announce policies for veterans on Remembrance Sunday
7 April 2020 amid UK's covid-19 crisis 854 new victims as PM Johnson 'stable' in hospital: 7 April 2020: Amid UK's covid-19 crisis PM Boris Johnson 'stable' in hospital, as 854 new deaths reported across UK
3 May 2020 almost a fifth of UK homes with children go hungry in covid-19 lockdown: 3 May 2020: Almost a fifth of UK homes with children go hungry in covid-19 lockdown, 'The Guardian' reports
Social movements and protests in the UK: Protests in the United Kingdom
Protests against the War in Afghanistan (2001–present): Protests against the War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
2003 protests against War in Iraq: February 2003 protests against War in Iraq
2008 National Union of Teachers strike: 2008 National Union of Teachers strike
2009 G-20 London summit protests: 2009 G-20 London summit protests
Death of Ian Tomlinson 1 April 2009: Death of Ian Tomlinson 1 April 2009
16 June 2013: Thousands of protesters were due on the streets of Belfast Saturday to urge G8 leaders to act on global poverty at their upcoming summit, expected to be dominated by talks on Syria
2015: 14 January: Thousands of London bus drivers held a one-day strike over pay and conditions - 28 February: Thousands protest in Newcastle against a march held by the British branch of Germany's anti-Islam group PEGIDA which drew up to 400 people - 20 June: Thousands have marched in London in protest against the government's austerity measures and plans for public spending cuts affecting vulnerable groups, with demonstrations also in Glasgow, Liverpool and Bristol - 12 September: Tens of thousands of people march in support of refugees across the UK as the EU prepares for its latest bruising battle over how to handle the crisis caused by the flood of Syrians fleeing Assad's war - 5 October: Tens of thousands of protesters marched through Manchester as Conservative Party opened its annual conference, after the TUC called the protest with the slogan 'No to austerity, yes to workers' rights'
2016: 27 February 2016: Thousands of protesters have assembled for Britain’s biggest anti-nuclear weapons rally in a generation in central London - 16 April 2016: A national demonstration against government cuts in London attracted about 150,000 people, demanding for decent health, homes, jobs and education in the march and rally organised by the 'People's Assembly' - 2 July 2016: Tens of thousands of people marched Saturday in London to demonstrate their opposition to Britain’s vote to leave the European Union, which has plunged government and political parties into turmoil and left the country deeply polarized - 30 juillet 2016: Des milliers d'Ecossais sont descendus dans la rue en réclamant un nouveau référendum d'indépendance suite au Brexit - 8 August 2016: 5-day strike disrupts London commuter trains against plans compromising jobs and safety
March 2017: 4 mars 2017: Plusieurs milliers de personnes ont manifesté samedi à Londres pour défendre le système de santé publique britannique NHS, en proie à une crise inédite, et mettre en garde contre une nouvelle cure d'austérité - 18 March 2017: As many as 30,000 people have joined a march against racism in London during which campaigners voiced their opposition to the wave of populism they say elected Donald Trump, saw Britain vote to leave the EU and fuelled the rise of far-right politics around Europe - 25 March 2017: Thousands march in London to 'unite for Europe', demonstrating against Britain’s departure from the EU - 29 March 2017: Police officers, Muslim youths and hundreds of others linked hands Wednesday on Westminster Bridge to honor the four people who died in a terrorist attack that started on the span a week earlier
8 December 2019 Westminster antisemitism protest: 8 December 2019: Thousands attend Westminster antisemitism protest
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in the UK: British society - Social history of the United Kingdom
Politics and elections in Aberdeen: Politics of Aberdeen - Elections in Aberdeen
1964 Aberdeen typhoid outbreak: 1964 Aberdeen typhoid outbreak
History of Berwick-upon-Tweed and England and Scotland: History of Berwick-upon-Tweed
Demography of Birmingham: Demography of Birmingham
Politics and elections in Birmingham: Politics of Birmingham - Elections in Birmingham
Education in Birmingham: Education in Birmingham
Since 1838 London and Birmingham Railway: Since 1838 London and Birmingham Railway
Since 1951 Museum of Science and Industry: Since 1951 Museum of Science and Industry
Economy and industry of Dorset: Economy and industry of Dorset
1914-1945 Portland Harbour during World War I and World War II: 1914-1945 Portland Harbour during World War I and World War II
1914-1945 Portland Harbour in WWI and WWII: 1914-1945 Portland Harbour during World War I and World War II
Economy of Bristol: Economy of Bristol
Timeline of Bristol: Timeline of Bristol
803 St James' Priory founded: 803 St James' Priory founded
Transport in Cambridge: Transport in Cambridge Cambridge
Politics and elections in Cambridge: - Cambridge City Council elections - Mayors of Cambridge
Timeline of Cambridge: Timeline of Cambridge
973 CE economic market: 973 CE economic market witnessed
Since 1884 Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology: Since 1884 Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge
Cambridge in the 20th century: Cambridge in the 20th century
Since 1938 Cambridge City Airport: Since 1938 Cambridge City Airport
Cambridge in the 21st century: Cambridge in the 21st century
Cardiff Harbour Authority and Cardiff Bay: Cardiff Harbour Authority and Cardiff Bay - Cardiff Bay
Politics and elections of Cardiff: Politics of Cardiff - Elections in Cardiff
Since 1st/11th century Late 11th century Cardiff Castle: Since 1st/11th century Late 11th century Cardiff Castle
1327 Cardiff declared a Staple Port: 1327 Cardiff declared a Staple Port
1850 to provide water for Cardiff Water Company established: Since 1850 Cardiff Corporation Waterworks
Since 1893 University of Wales: Since 1893 University of Wales
1919 South Wales race riots following WWI: 1919 South Wales race riots, after in 1911 the proportion of Cardiff's population that was black or Asian was second in the UK to London, as wages in the docks could be undercut by employing foreign men at a lower rate, as numbers of non-white settlers augmented after World War I, increasing the numbers of African, Arab and Asian residents even further, as preference in employment was given to white men, though there were still many without work, as there was also a housing shortage, as tensions erupted into riots in Glasgow, Scotland in January 1919, followed by port towns and cities in England, such as London, South Shields, Hull, and Liverpool in the first half of the year, and then in Cardiff where deadly clashes took place between white soldiers returning from the World War I and men of mainly Yemeni, Somali and Afro-Caribbean backgrounds
July 2019 'The 1919 Race Riots Project Launch' at Cardiff's Pierhead Building to examine the 1919 race riots: 31 July 2019: 'The 1919 Race Riots Project Launch' at Cardiff's Pierhead Building in July 2019 to examine the 1919 race riots
History of Edinburgh: History of Edinburgh
Timeline of Glasgow history: Timeline of Glasgow history
Economy and politics of Paisley: Economy of Paisley - Politics of Paisley, Renfrewshire
History and timeline of Paisley: History and timeline of Paisley
1914-1945 Paisley during First and Second World War: 1914-1945 Paisley during First and Second World War
20th/21st century industrial decline and regeneration of Paisley: 20th/21st century industrial decline and regeneration of Paisley
History and timeline of Leeds: History and timeline of Leeds
Economy of Liverpool: Economy of Liverpool
Timeline of Liverpool since 1207: Timeline of Liverpool since 1207
Greater London and London city: Greater London, a ceremonial county of England that makes up the majority of the London region, forming the administrative boundaries of London organised into 33 local government districts, as the Greater London Authority, based in Southwark, is responsible for strategic local government across the region and consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly - Greater London Urban Area, a conurbation in south-east England that constitutes the continuous urban area of London, and includes surrounding adjacent urban towns, the largest urban area in the United Kingdom with a population of 9,787,426 citizens in 2011 - City of London ceremonial county and local government district, that contains the historic centre and the primary central business district, as it constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, but the modern city named London has since grown far beyond the formal City of London borders, amd the City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London
Since 1881 Natural History Museum, London: Since 1881 Natural History Museum, London
Timeline of London since prehistory: Timeline of London since prehistory
1603-1714 history of London during the Stuart period: History of London during the Stuart period from 1603 to 1714
1849-1883 Karl and Jenny Marx' family in London: 1849-1883 Karl and Jenny Marx' family in London
1843 Karl Marx' frühe Texte: Im Jahr 1843 - in seiner 'Kritik der 'Deutschen Ideogie' in der 'Vormärz' Periode der deutscher Länder zwischen der Julirevolution 1830 und der Märzrevolution von 1848 (und andere im Europa der Jahre 1848-1851) - schreibt Karl Marx in seiner Kritik zu Bruno Bauers Schrift 'Die Judenfrage' von 1843 (in der es heißt, daß die deutschen Juden 'die staatsbürgerliche, die politische Emanzipation' begehren), daß 'erst in den nordamerikanischen Freistaaten (wenigstens in einem Teil derselben) die Judenfrage ihre theologische Bedeutung verliert und zu einer wirklich weltlichen Frage' wird. 'Mit der lebensfrische(n ... Existenz der Religion (sei) der Beweis geführt, daß das Dasein der Religion der Vollendung des Staats nicht widerspricht.' 'Die Religion gilt uns nicht mehr als der Grund, sondern nur noch als das Phänomen der weltlichen Beschränktheit'. Marx arbeitet sich gleichermaßen in seiner Kriik an der fast 2000-jährigen Geschichte und Tradition der Juden in Europa ab, die ihn als Sohn einer angesehenen jüdischen Rechtsanwaltsfamilie in Trier, der in der Folge der großen französichen Revolution 1789-1792 und der Judenemanzipation zum Christentum konvertiert war. Wie anderswo in Europa zuvor und insbesondere auf der iberischen Halbinsel, während und in Folge der 'Reconquista' der spanischen 'conquistadores'. Mit von ihnen besonders konsequent, brutal und bis ins 19./20. Jahrhundert praktizierter 'Inquisition', die vor allem auf konvertierte Juden zielte (und diese zu einem sehr kleinen Teil auch wohlhabend, weil sie ab Etablierung der christlichen Religion nach der Zerstörung Israels in 2 Jahrhunderten etwas später als Doktrin, als Staatsreligion des römischen und dann des Heiligen Römischen Reiches deutscher Nation' von 'ehrbaren' Berufen ausgeschlossen wurden, daher u.a. von Jesus als Christus nach seiner Kreuzigung durch das 'Imperium Romanum' verächtlich gemachte Tätigkeiten in Verbindung mit der Geldzirkulation ausübten und wohl gut verstanden hatten. Dieser Kontext wird in der August-Dezember 1843 Schrift von Marx, der im Juni 1843 Jenny von Westphalen in Bad Kreuznach standesamtlich heiratete, nur bruchstückhaft sichtbar, u.a. wegen der damaligen Quellenlage, wegen anderer Schwerpunkte der publizistischen Arbeit des jungen Wissenschaftlers, der bedeutend später in Bemerkungen über anstehende Arbeiten ausdrücklich den individuellen Reproduktionsprozeß der gesellschaftlichen Individuen anspricht (im Unterschied zum gesellschaftlichen Reproduktionspozeß und den er wegen des enormen Aufwands für die Formulierung seines Hauptwerks vernachlässigen mußte), wie auch ethnologische Studien auflistet
June 1870 until May 1871 in London 'Adresse(n) des Generalrats der IAA', and first 'an das Romanische Föderalkomitee in Genf': 29. Juni 1870 in London Adresse des Generalrats der Internationalen Arbeiterassoziation an das Romanische Föderalkomitee in Genf, und 1870 weitere Adresss der IAA die Schweiz betreffend, einschließlich 5. Juli 1870 'Die Aussperrung der Bauarbeiter in Genf' (also cocerning UK/Switzerland relations and achievements of the english labor movement) avant la guerre juillet 1870 - janvier 1871 guerre franco-allemande, la défaite de Napoléon III, la chute du Second Empire, 1871 siège de Paris, l'achèvement de l'unité italienne après la prise de Rome en septembre 1870, 'l'unité' allemande et 'Second Empire', l'insurrection de la Commune de Paris combattue puis écrasée avec l'accord des Prussiens lors de la 'Semaine sanglante' (21-28 mai) par le gouvernement investi par l'Assemblée nationale, qui était replié à Versailles depuis le 18 mars
1845/1846 'Kommunismus' die wirkliche Bewegung, welche den jetzigen Zustand aufhebt: Der Kommunismus ist für uns nicht ein Zustand, der hergestellt werden soll, ein Ideal, wonach die Wirklichkeit sich zu richten haben [wird]. Wir - Marx, Engels and colleagues - nennen Kommunismus die wirkliche Bewegung, welche den jetzigen Zustand aufhebt, 'Die deutsche Ideologie' 1845/46 unveröffentlicht - According to some scientiests in the 20th and 21st centuries programmatic terms of a classless society first emerged in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome has also been discussed, among them thinkers such as Aristotele, Cicero, Demosthenes, Plato, Tacitus, as the 5th-century Mazdak movement in Persia has been described as communistic for challenging the enormous privileges of the noble classes and the clergy, criticizing the institution of private property, and striving to create an egalitarian society, as in the Medieval Christian Church communities shared their land and their other property, and as an economic system 'communism' was attractive to many of the peasants who supported social revolution in 16th century central Europe (among others highlighted in one of Karl Marx's early writing), as in the early 19th century, various social reformers founded communities based on common ownership (including Robert Owen, who founded New Harmony, Indiana in 1825, and Charles Fourier, whose followers organized other settlements in the USA), in its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe, and as the 'Industrial Revolution' advanced socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions (including Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, working at the mill owned by his father in Manchester as an office clerk, working his way up to become a partner of the firm in 1864, tied together with Mary Burns, a fierce young Irish woman who worked in the Engels factory, while Engels regarded stable monogamy as a virtue, and Burns guided Engels through Manchester and Salford, showing him the worst districts for his research)
Von Januar 1875 bis Februar 1876 studierte Marx die sozialökonomische und politische Entwicklung Russlands nach den Reformen der 1860er und Anfang der 1870er Jahre, von März bis Juni 1876 Probleme der Physiologie und der Geschichte der Technik und von Mai bis Dezember 1876 die Geschichte des Grundeigentums sowie Probleme der europäischen und außereuropäischen Rechts- und Verfassungsgeschichte
10. April 1979 Karl Marx' Brief an Nikolai F. Danielson, der die 3 Bände des Kapital ins Russische übersetzte: Marx-Engels-Werke Band 34: Briefe Januar 1875 - Dezember 1880, mit 10. April 1979 Karl Marx' Brief an Nikolai F. Danielson, der die 3 Bände des Kapital ins Russische übersetzte: 'Ich hätte unter keinen Umständen den zweiten Band (MEW 24 Der Zirkulationsprozeß des Kapital) veröffentlicht, ehe die augenblickliche industrielle Krise in England ihren Höhepunkt erreicht hat. Die Phänomene sind diesmal ganz eigenartig, sie unterscheiden sich in vieler Beziehung von den früheren, und dies - ganz abgesehen von anderen modifizierenden Umständen - erklärt sich leicht durch die Tatsache, daß niemals zuvor der englischen Krise ungeheuere und jetzt fast schon fünf Jahre andauernde Krisen in den Vereinigten Staaten, Südamerika, Deutschland, Osterreich usw. vorausgingen. Man muß also den gegenwärtigen Verlauf beobachten, bis die Dinge ausgereift sind, dann erst kann man sie 'produktiv konsumieren', das heißt 'theoretisch'. Eine der Besonderheiten des augenblicklichen Zustandes ist diese: Es fanden, wie Sie wissen, Bankkrachs in Schottland und in einigen englischen Grafschaften, hauptsächlich in den westlichen (Cornwall und Wales) statt. Doch das wirkliche Zentrum des Geldmarkts - nicht nur des Vereinigten Königreiches, sondern der Welt -, London, ist bis jetzt nur wenig berührt worden. Im Gegenteil, von wenigen Ausnahmen abgesehen, haben die großen Aktienbanken, wie die Bank von England, bisher von der allgemeinen Flaute nur profitiert. Und was diese Flaute edeutet, können Sie schließen aus der völligen Hoffnungslosigkeit des englischen kommerziellen und industriellen Philisters, jemals wieder bessere Zeiten zu sehen. Ich habe so etwas noch nicht erlebt, bin noch nie Zeuge einer ähnlichen Kopflosigkeit gewesen, obwohl ich 1857 und 1866 in London war.'
Novewmber 1887 'Bloody Sunday' in London and brutal treatment of women activists: 13 Novewmber 1887 'Bloody Sunday' in London and brutal treatment of women activists, when marchers protesting about unemployment and coercion in Ireland, as well as demanding the release of MP William O'Brien, clashed with the Metropolitan Police and the British Army, as the period from 1885 to 1906 was one of Tory dominance and 'coercion Acts' against rural unrest in Ireland, involving various degrees of suspension of civil rights in the wider context of 'Long Depression', starting in 1873 and lasting almost to the end of the century, a worldwide price and economic recession and the most severe in Europe and the USA, which had been experiencing strong economic growth fueled by the Second Industrial Revolution in the decade following USA's abolishment of slavery by A. Lincoln, southern states rebellion and war, as the episode was labeled the 'Great Depression' at the time - Along with many other leading Socialists, Karl Marx's daughter Eleanor Marx took an active role in organizing the London demonstration of 13 November 1887, as several other demonstrations followed in the aftermath, and Eleanor Marx wrote a report on the brutal treatment of women activists and protestors at the hands of police, decrying their actions of targeting women
1893 Independent Labour Party ILP and Marx/Aveling's goal of shifting the ILP's positions towards 'system of criticism of political economy': In 1893 the Independent Labour Party ILP was founded. Eleanor Marx attended the conference as an observer, while her husband Aveling was a delegate, but their goal of shifting the ILP's positions towards 'system of criticism of political economy' failed, with the party remaining under a strong Christian socialist influence, as in 1897, Marx and Aveling re-joined the Social Democratic Federation, like most former members of the Socialist League - Wie der amerikanische Unabhängigkeitskrieg des 18. Jahrhunderts die Sturmglocke für die europäische Mittelklasse läutete, so der amerikanische Bürgerkrieg des 19. Jahrhunderts für die europäische Arbeiterklasse. In England ist der Umwälzungsprozeß mit Händen greifbar. Auf einem gewissen Höhepunkt muß er auf den Kontinent rückschlagen. Dort wird er sich in brutaleren oder humaneren Formen bewegen, je nach dem Entwicklungsgrad der Arbeiterklasse selbst. Von höheren Motiven abgesehn, gebietet also den jetzt herrschenden Klassen ihr eigenstes Interesse die Wegräumung aller gesetzlich kontrollierbaren Hindernisse, welche die Entwicklung der Arbeiterklasse hemmen. Ich habe deswegen u.a. der Geschichte, dem Inhalt und den Resultaten der englischen Fabrikgesetzgebung einen so ausführlichen Platz in diesem Bande eingeräumt. Eine Nation soll und kann von der andern lernen. Auch wenn eine Gesellschaft dem Naturgesetz ihrer Bewegung auf die Spur gekommen ist - und es ist der letzte Endzweck dieses Werks, das ökonomische Bewegungsgesetz der modernen Gesellschaft zu enthüllen -, kann sie naturgemäße Entwicklungsphasen weder überspringen noch wegdekretieren. Aber sie kann die Geburtswehen abkürzen und mildern. - Seit 1830 und den gescheiterten europäischen Revolutionen 1848-51 hatte die 'Bourgeoisie ... in Frankreich und England politische Macht erobert. Von da an gewann der Klassenkampf, praktisch und theoretisch, mehr und mehr ausgesprochne und drohende Formen. Er läutete die Totenglocke der wissenschaftlichen bürgerlichen Ökonomie. Es handelte sich jetzt nicht mehr darum, ob dies oder jenes Theorem wahr sei, sondern ob es dem Kapital nützlich oder schädlich, bequem oder unbequem, ob polizeiwidrig oder nicht. An die Stelle uneigennütziger Forschung trat bezahlte Klopffechterei, an die Stelle unbefangner wissenschaftlicher Untersuchung das böse Gewissen und die schlechte Absicht der Apologetik. Indes selbst die zudringlichen Traktätchen, welche die Anti-Corn-Law League, mit den Fabrikanten Cobden und Bright an der Spitze, in die Welt schleuderte, boten, wenn kein wissenschaftliches, doch ein historisches Interesse durch ihre Polemik gegen die grundeigentümliche Aristokratie. Auch diesen letzten Stachel zog die Freihandelsgesetzgebung seit Sir Robert Peel der Vulgärökonomie aus
Timeline and history of London in the 20th century: Timeline and history of London in the 20th century
Since 1915 German bombing campaign against Britain: Since 1915 German bombing campaign against Britain including London, following 'International Peace Congress' series of international meetings of representatives from peace societies and progressive parties from throughout the world held in various places in Europe since 1843 including London (1843), Frankfurt am Main (1850), London (1851), Manchester (1852), Edinburgh (1853), following the first Hague peace conference assembling in September 1900 representatives of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Persia, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Siam, Spain, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, USA, and subsequently Japan, ending with an agreement for the pacific settlement of international disputes, following a second international peace conference at The Hague in 1907, as 44 states including the principal nations of Europe drew up thirteen conventions and one declaration, including one for the pacific settlement of international disputes, following the 7th International Socialist Congress in Germany's city of Stuttgart 1907, aggreeing upon a resolution against militarism
Since August 1940 Nazi Germany's air raids on London: 24 August 1940 first air raid of Nazi Germany's war on London
Timeline of the history of London in the 21st century: Timeline of the history of London in the 21st century
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in London: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in London and the UK
2 February 2021 firebomb thrown at police outside synagogue in London’s Golders Green: 2 February 2021: Firebomb thrown at police outside synagogue in London’s Golders Green
Timeline of Manchester history: Timeline of Manchester history
1939-1945 Newcastle and Tyneside in German empire's WWII: 1939-1945 Newcastle and Tyneside in in German empire's and Axis Powers' World War II
Durham city south of Newcastle: Durham, a cathedral city with a population of 48,069 citizens in 2011 and the county town of County Durham, as the city lies on the River Wear south of Newcastle upon Tyne to the south-west of Sunderland, and to the north of Darlington, as - founded over the final resting place of St Cuthbert - its Norman cathedral became a centre of pilgrimage in medieval England, as the cathedral and adjacent 11th-century castle were designated a World Heritage Site by Unesco in 1986, and as the castle has been the home of Durham University since 1832 - History of Durham, as archeological evidence suggests a history of settlement in the area since roughly 2000 BC, and as the present city can clearly be traced back to AD 995, when a group of monks from Lindisfarne chose the strategic high peninsula as a place to settle with the body of Saint Cuthbert
Education and list of schools in Durham: Education and list of schools in Durham
Education in Oxford: Education in Oxford
University of Oxford: University of Oxford
4 January 2021 British citizen receives the Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine outside of clinical trials: 4 January 2021 retired maintenance manager Brian Pinker became the first person to receive the Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine outside of clinical trials
4 February 2021 Oxford University project reveals devastating covid-19 impact for world’s poorest students: 4 February 2021: Oxford University project reveals devastating covid-19 impact on prospects for world’s poorest students, especially girls
Timeline of Oxford: Timeline of Oxford
4 January 2021 British citizen receives the Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine outside of clinical trials: 4 January 2021 retired maintenance manager Brian Pinker became the first person to receive the Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 vaccine outside of clinical trials
Economy of Portsmouth: Economy of Portsmouth
June 1944 'Gold Beach', name for areas that changed all over their colours during the liberation of Europe: June 1944 'Gold Beach', the code name for one of the five areas of the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in the Normandy landings, as 'Gold', the central of the five areas, was located between Port-en-Bessin on the west and La Rivière on the east, as taking 'Gold' was to be the responsibility of the British Army, with sea transport, mine sweeping, and a naval bombardment force provided by the Royal Navy as well as elements from the Dutch, Polish and other Allied navies - Bayeux War Cemetery, the largest Second World War cemetery of Commonwealth soldiers in France, as the cemetery contains 4,648 burials, mostly of the Invasion of Normandy, as opposite this cemetery stands the Bayeux Memorial which commemorates more than 1,800 casualties of the Commonwealth forces who died in Normandy and have no known grave
1998-2021 City of Wakefield council elections: 1998-2021 Wakefield Metropolitan District Council elections and politics -
Economy of the City of Wakefield district: Economy of the City of Wakefield district
History and timeline of Wakefield: History and timeline of Wakefield
History of the Jews in the United Kingdom: History of the Jews in the United Kingdom - Jews and Judaism in the United Kingdom
2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Culture and languages in the UK: Culture of the United Kingdom
Languages of British Overseas Territories: Languages of British Overseas Territories
Music in the United Kingdom: Music in the United Kingdom
European and British music history: British music history
European and British music history: British music history
Women and women's rights in the United Kingdom: Women in the United Kingdom - Women's rights in the United Kingdom
Since 1991 Children's Rights Alliance : Since 1991 Children's Rights Alliance for England
Since 2006 unaccompanied asylum-seeking children following wars: Since 2006 Unaccompanied asylum-seeking children in the United Kingdom following wars
2010 Council of Europe says UK needs to comply with 1998 ruling concerning children's rights: 25 April 2010: The Council of Europe says UK needs to comply with 1998 ruling that said smacking violates children's rights
Universities in the UK: Universities in the UK
September 2012 London Metropolitan University loses right to sponsor visas: 2 September 2012: London Metropolitan University loses right to sponsor visas
Libraries in the United Kingdom: Libraries in the United Kingdom
History of Native Americans in North America and the USA: History of Native Americans in the USA
2009 flu pandemic in the UK: 2009 flu pandemic in the United Kingdom
Hospitals in the United Kingdom: Hospitals in the United Kingdom
Medical education in the United Kingdom: Medical education in the United Kingdom
Timeline of healthcare in the United Kingdom: Timeline of healthcare in the United Kingdom
Timeline of healthcare in the United Kingdom: Timeline of healthcare in the United Kingdom
Since October 1854 Secretary of State for Health and Social Care: Since October 1854 Secretary of State for Health and Social Care
1946 National Health Service Act: 1946 National Health Service Act
Lists of hospitals in the United Kingdom: Lists of hospitals in the United Kingdom
Freedom of the press in the United Kingdom: Freedom of the press in the United Kingdom
British journalists: British journalists
Internet in the United Kingdom: Internet in the United Kingdom
Religion in the UK: Religion in the UK
Football media in the United Kingdom: Football media in the United Kingdom
Football hooliganism in the United Kingdom: Football hooliganism in the United Kingdom
'Formula One Group', 'Concorde Agreement' and Bernie Ecclestone: Since 1987 'Formula One Group', responsible for the exploitation of FIA Formula One World Championship's commercial rights, run by Bernie Ecclestone since gaining control of the commercial rights and owned ultimately by Delta Topco, a Jersey–based company owned primarily by investment companies CVC Capital Partners, Waddell & Reed, and LBI Group, with the remaining ownership split between Bernie Ecclestone, other investment companies and company directors - Since 1981 'Concorde Agreement' between the FIA, the Formula One teams and the Formula One Group which dictates the terms by which the teams compete in races and how the TV revenues and prize money is divided and to increase the commercial success of Formula One - British chief executive of the 'Formula One Group' Bernie Ecclestone
Crime in the United Kingdom: Crime in the United Kingdom
Racism and antisemitism in the United Kingdom: Racism in the United Kingdom
2014/2015 rising anti-Semitic incidents in Britain: 31 July 2014: Anti-Semitic incidents in Britain reportedly have risen to a near record level since the start of an Israeli operation against Hamas in Gaza this month - 23 January 2015: Hate crimes against Jews in London more than doubled last year, Scotland Yard says - 5 February 2015: A record number of 1,168 anti-Semitic hate incidents were reported in Britain over 2014, fueled by the conflict in Israel and Gaza, the Community Security Trust says - 5 March 2015: Students and staff at the School of Oriental and African Studies – one of the UK’s top universities – voted, in a week of balloting, to boycott contacts with all Israeli academic institutions - 19 April 2015: Holocaust deniers and Nazi sympathizers from the UK, Spain, Canada and the USA gather in secret London conference
2016 Livingstone says creation of Israel a 'great catastrophe’: 5 May 2016: Despite suspension by Labour for saying that Hitler supported Zionism, ex-London mayor Ken Livingstone says on Holocaust Remembrance Day, that the creation of Israel was a 'great catastrophe’, also advocating for an international boycott on Israeli products - 26 August 2016: British politicians helped fuel a steep rise in racist hate crimes during and after the EU referendum campaign, UN's Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination says, adding that the negative portrayal of minorities, immigrants, refugees and asylum seekers by the UK media was also a concern - 2 November 2016: A gang of thugs shot a firecracker at a group of Jewish girls in London, injuring an eight-year-old girl in the leg and singeing her clothing
January/February 2017 British Chelsea fans guilty over 2015 racist Paris violence: 3 January 2017: British Chelsea fans found guilty by French court over racist violence on Paris Metro in 2015, after Video emerged of the group singing racist songs and preventing a black man from boarding the Metro in the French capital - 23 January 2017: British police have opened investigations into a string of attacks against the Jewish community in north London over the weekend - 2 February 2017: Anti-Semitic hate crimes hit record levels in the UK, as 2016 saw a 36% increase to 1,309 hate incidents against Jews, reaching the highest figure since watchdog started keeping records in 1984, and as rise in incidents is blamed on factors including Labour party antisemitism row and rise in xenophobia after Brexit vote
June 2017 Hezbollah supporters call for Israel’s annihilation at London rally: 19 June 2017: Hezbollah supporters call for Israel’s annihilation at London rally
Russia and organised crime on the territory of the United Kingdom: Organised crime in the United Kingdom - Gangs in the United Kingdom
November 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko in London: November 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko in London using polonium-210
June/July 2018 Amesbury poisonings of two British nationals: 30 June 2018 Amesbury poisonings of two British nationals, who were hospitalised in a critical condition and were poisoned by Novichok nerve agent of the same kind used in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in the city of Salisbury, 7 miles away - 5 July 2018: For the second time in four months, two people lie critically ill in England’s Salisbury District Hospital after being exposed to Russian military-grade nerve agent 'Novichok' - 10 July 2018: Nerve agent poisoning inquiry spreads to Swindon as car seized and as UK's Gavin Williamson told the Commons that 'the simple reality is that Russia has committed an attack on British soil which has seen the death of a British citizen', 'that is something that I think the world will unite with us in actually condemning' - 11 July 2018: 'Novichok' victim Charlie Rowley in hospital out of critical condition and speaking to police, as police say they cannot be certain there is no nerve agent still out there in Salisbury, and as novichok death shocks Salisbury's homeless - 13/14 July 2018: Bottle containing murderous nerve agent found at Charlie Rowley's home in Amesbury, as scientists, following tests, have now confirmed that the substance contained within the bottle is 'Novichok' - 14 July 2018: Following the recovery of a small bottle linked to the murder of Dawn Sturgess and the poisoning of Charlie Rowley, searches are expected to continue for several weeks, if not months, as officers try to identify potential sites and sources of contamination - 16 juillet 2018: Le Novitchok, l'agent innervant qui a empoisonné un couple de Britanniques à Amesbury, dans le sud de l'Angleterre, était contenu dans une bouteille de parfum, a affirmé le frère d'une victime, Matthew Rowley - 18 July 2018: Police investigating the Wiltshire nerve agent poisonings that left one woman dead and four seriously ill are searching a city centre park in Salisbury - 19 July 2018: UK investigators believe they have identified the perpetrators behind the Novichok nerve agent attack on the Skripals, suspecting several Russians were involved and looking for more than one suspect, according to Press Association - 20 July 2018: Novichok victim Charlie Rowley released from hospital, remaining under police protection while detectives continue to investigate exactly how he and Dawn Sturgess came into contact with the murderous nerve agent - 24 July 2018: Charlie Rowley, who was poisoned with the nerve agent novichok, has claimed the substance that killed his girlfriend and left him critically ill came in a perfume bottle that was sealed and wrapped up, leading the leader of Wiltshire council to repeat the warning that people should not pick up items - 27 July 2018: 'There’s been an assassination attempt and someone has died. This is not a game', Salisbury MP John Glen says in an interview, wanting that people visit the city as Putin is lauded for hosting the World Cup and invited to Washington while swathes of Salisbury remain cordoned off, adding 'I’m just desperately concerned for this city. I want it to get back on its feet'
13/14 September 2018: 13 September 2018: The explanation by the two Russian suspects in the 'novichok' poisonings for their presence in Salisbury in March – a sightseeing holiday diverted by snow – is so implausible that it raises intriguing questions about why Russian Putin regime chose this alibi and what it says about the health of the state’s propaganda machine, as British officials say they know the men’s real names and PM’s official spokesman says that the interview and the Russian lies 'are deeply offensive to the victims and loved ones of this horrific attack' - 14 September 2018: Story of Russian novichok attack suspects draws scorn and anger in cathedral city, as the bishop of Salisbury Nicholas Holtham, asked if there was CCTV of their visit to the cathedral, said there was nothing to link them to the building, undermining their story
Criminal enterprises, gangs, and syndicates im the United Kingdom: List of criminal enterprises, gangs, and syndicates im the United Kingdom
Murder in the United Kingdom: Murder in the United Kingdom
2005 London bombings: 7 July 2005 London bombings
June 2017 London attacks: 3 June 2017 London attacks - 4 June 2017: Police shoot dead three suspects after rampage kills seven and injures 48 people in London, general election campaigning suspended - 5 June 2017: Isis claims responsibility for attacks and police carry out fresh raids in east London, as Theresa May urged not to suppress report into funding of jihadi groups, thought to focus on Saudi Arabia, a major buyer of British weapons - 6 June 2017: Khuram Shazad Butt, named Monday as one of the three London attackers, was known to Britain’s MI5 intelligence service and even featured in a documentary entitled 'The Jihadis Next Door' which aired last year, as London mayor Khan urges police to explain why they didn't act on attackers - 7 June 2017: Body of eigth victim of London attacks, French national Xavier Thomas, recovered from Thames
November/December 2019 London Bridge stabbing: 29 November 2019 London Bridge stabbing - 30 November 2019: British police on Friday shot dead a man wearing a fake suicide vest who stabbed two people to death on London Bridge and wounded three more before being wrestled to the ground by bystanders, in what the authorities called a terrorist attack, as police named the attacker as Al-Muhajiroun supporter Usman Khan, who had been previously convicted of terrorism offences in 2012 and released from prison last year amid 'Brexit' troubles - 30 November 2019: London Bridge: attacker had been jailed for al-Qaida inspired bomb plot - 1 December 2019: Tributes have flooded in for Jack Merritt, named as the first victim in the London Bridge attack, with his father describing him as a 'beautiful spirit' and 'champion for underdogs everywhere'
Abuses and violations of the laws of war committed by British forces and police brutality in the United Kingdom: List of cases of police brutality in the United Kingdom - Abuses and violations of the laws and customs of war committed by British forces during the Iraq War since 2003
April 1979 death of Blair Peach during an anti-racism demonstration in London: 23 April 1979 death of Blair Peach during an anti-racism demonstration in London
1998 death of Christopher Alder in police custody: Death of Christopher Alder in police custody 1 April 1998
2003 British crimes during Iraq war and aftermath: Baha Mousa beaten do death 2003 by British soldiers, the 'Duke of Lancaster's Regiment' - Convicted war criminal Donald Payne 2007 jailed for one year by UK court martial - the other criminals not sentenced - Timeline: Iraqi abuse trial 2006-2008 - Video July 2009: British soldiers in action - Baha Mousa inquiry leading to death - NZZ 4. September 2011: Nach Ausnahmegenehmigung durch Londoner Polizei für eine Kundgebung der rechtsextremen 'English Defence League' wie zu erwarten Zusammenstöße - 8 September 2011 UK-inquiry into the death of Baha Mousa: The 'United Kingdom' is a nation that calls a murder 'a breach of discipline', in its illegal war - 8 September 2011: Daoud Mousa talks about pain of losing his son Baha - 22 November 2011: Over 100 Iraqi civilians win legal bid for torture inquiry against British soldiers
4 August 2011 Death of Mark Duggan: Death of Mark Duggan 4 August 2011 - 2011 England riots (Wikipedia) - 7 August 2011: Riots in north London over police shooting of Mark Duggan - NZZ 9. August: Polizei hat Mark Duggan am 4. August nicht in Notwehr getötet - 8 August: Violence extends into third day and spreads to other parts of London - 9 August: Further riots in London as violence spreads across England - 9 August: Police swell ranks to prevent a fourth night of rioting and senseless violence - 10 août: Quatrième nuit consécutive d'émeutes, les violences éclatent à Manchester et autres villes - 10 August: While trying to protect their community three Pakistani men killed by car on Wednesday in riot-hit Birmingham - NZZ 11. August: Ruhigere fünfte Nacht in britischen Städten - Sondersitzung des Unterhauses heute - Mahnwache in Birmingham - 12 August: IPCC admits on Friday after more killed people and great destructions it 'may have misled journalists' over Mark Duggan's death and the police shooting - 13 August: Wednesday Birmingham looting: Two men charged with the murder of three Pakistani - 18 August: Funerals for crash death men in Birmingham - up to 20.000 people gathered - 9 September: Hundreds of mourners gathered for the funeral of Mark Duggan, the father-of-four shot by police in Tottenham - 10 October 2011: UK in 'breach' of UN child rights pact - 11 January 2014: About 200 people gathered outside Tottenham Police Station to take part in a vigil for Mark Duggan after a jury said that he was lawfully killed by police in August 2011
Human trafficking in the United Kingdom: Human trafficking in the United Kingdom
Tax avoidance in the United Kingdom: Tax avoidance in the United Kingdom
Political scandals in the United Kingdom: Political scandals in the United Kingdom
Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom: Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom
Disasters in the United Kingdom: Disasters in the United Kingdom
Fires and building and structure fires in the United Kingdom: Fires in the United Kingdom - Building and structure fires in the United Kingdom
July 2009 Lakanal House tower block fire: July 2009 Lakanal House tower block fire
June 2017 Grenfell Tower fire: 14 June 2017 Grenfell Tower fire - 14 June 2017: A massive fire ripped through a 24-story apartment block in west London, killing several people and injuring over 50 more after residents were left trapped inside, at least 200 firefighters and 40 engines at Grenfell Tower in Latimer Road - 24 June 2017: Hundreds of residents of a housing estate in north London told to immediately leave their homes and evacuated overnight after fire inspectors warned that five tower blocks were at risk following the Grenfell Tower blaze - 27 June 2017: USA's 'Arconic' says it will no longer sell Reynobond PE cladding material, believed to be a key factor in deadly Grenfell Tower blaze, as building regulations prohibit the use of the material during initial construction, used during renovations to cut cost
Law and legal history of the United Kingdom: Law of the United Kingdom - Legal history of the United Kingdom
Treaties of the United Kingdom: Treaties of the United Kingdom
2005 Constitutional Reform Act: Constitutional Reform Act 2005
2007 British and Polish protocol to the Lisbon application of the Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the EU: The British and Polish protocol to the Lisbon Treaty relating to the application of the Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the EU
Since 2021 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU abandoned by the UK: Since 2021 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union abandoned by the UK
Judiciary of Scotland: Judiciary of Scotland
Courts of Scotland: Courts of Scotland
Chelmsford Crown Court: Chelmsford Crown Court
Since 1875 Court of Appeal of England and Wales: Since 1875 Court of Appeal of England and Wales
Since 1875 High Court of Justice: Since 1875 High Court of Justice
January 2018 Appeal court judges ruled the government’s mass digital surveillance regime unlawful: 30 January 2018: Appeal court judges have ruled the government’s mass digital surveillance regime unlawful in a case brought by Labour's Tom Watson
Foreign relations of the UK: Foreign relations of United Kingdom
Treaties of the United Kingdom: Treaties of the United Kingdom
British nationalism: British nationalism
1801–1923 History of Ireland: History of Ireland 1801–1923
1919-1921 Irish War of Independence: 1919-1921 Irish War of Independence
1879 Anglo-Zulu War: 1879 Anglo-Zulu War
Since 1880 Boer Wars: Since 1880 Boer Wars
19th/20th century - 1948/1972 Sri Lankan independence movement: 19th/20th century - 1948/1972 Sri Lankan independence movement
1948 Israeli Declaration of Independence: 1948 Israeli Declaration of Independence
'Punitive expeditions' of the United Kingdom: 'Punitive expeditions' of the United Kingdom
British Overseas Territories, former slaveholder societies, offshore financial centres and tax havens: British Overseas Territories - List of offshore financial centres
Anguilla: Anguilla, a British overseas territory in the Caribbean and one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, with a population of approximately 13,500 in 2006 estimate, Anguilla has become a popular tax haven - History of Anguilla and British Colonial Anguilla since 1650 and attempts were made to develop Anguilla into a plantation-based economy employing enslaved Africans, in 1819, there were 360 Europeans, 320 free Africans, and 2,451 slaves - Demographics and ethnic groups of Anguilla, 85.3% of the population are African in 2011 - The economy of Anguilla depends heavily on luxury tourism, offshore banking, lobster fishing, and remittances from emigrants, in 2011 Anguilla became the fifth-largest jurisdiction for captive insurance, behind Bermuda, Cayman, Vermont and Guernsey
Cayman Islands/USA relations: Cayman Islands/USA relations
Natural disasters and hurricanes in the Cayman Islands: Natural disasters in the Cayman Islands - Hurricanes in the Cayman Islands
Politics of the British Virgin Islands: Politics of the British Virgin Islands
February 2019 British Virgin Islands general election: 25 February 2019 British Virgin Islands general election
British Indian Ocean Territory: British Indian Ocean Territory
British Antarctic Territory: British Antarctic Territory
British membership in international organisations: British membership in international organisations
United Kingdom/United Nations relations: United Kingdom and the United Nations
June 1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum: United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum 5 June 1975
October/November 2016: 7 octobre 2016: Le gouvernement britannique a demandé d'exclure des professeurs étrangers d'un projet sur le Brexit qu'il avait confié à la London School of Economics - 7 octobre 2016: Un député d'Ukip a terminé à l'hôpital après une altercation au parlement européen avec un autre député d'Ukip - Violent crime, risk models, effective interventions and risk management, 2008 United Kingdom's National Audit Office report following RAND Europe’s report for the National Audit Office on interventions to reduce anti-social behaviour and crime - 19 November 2016: The timing and manner of Britain’s leaving of the EU remains unclear but the rest of Europe is timely preparing for UK's wanted divorce, after UK's May and Germany's Merkel discussed refugees and Russia and potential deals with African countries to stem migration into Europe
Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom: Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom
February 2015 Afghan civilian deaths hit record high, as insurgents, government and international troops all contribute to highest total in 5 years: 18 February 2015: Afghan civilian deaths hit record high, as insurgents, government forces and international troops all contribute to highest total in five years since records began
United Kingdom/Africa relations: United Kingdom/Africa relations
Since 1795 British occupations, annexations, colonies and 'protectorates' in Africa: Territorial evolution of the British Empire in Africa - 1795-1910 British Cape Colony
31 December 2020 Brexit consequences and questions for Africa: 31 December 2020: Africanews takes a look at Brexit consequences and questions for Africa
United Kingdom/Australia relations: United Kingdom/Australia relations
8 September 2021 green campaigners criticised the UK for apparently removing temperature goals from a prospective trade deal with Australia: 8 September 2021: Green campaigners have criticised the UK government for apparently removing references to the temperature goals of the Paris climate agreement from a prospective trade deal with Australia
United Kingdom/Bahrain relations: United Kingdom/Bahrain relations
1971 Bahrain's declaration of independence: After a plebiscite Bahrain declared independence on 15 August 1971
12 December 2020 UK's Tory MP facing demands to pay reparations for his family’s part in the Caribbean slave trade: 12 December 2020: Wealthy UK's Tory MP Richard Drax urged to pay up for his family’s slave trade past, as the Conservative MP for South Dorset has inherited the Drax Hall plantation in Barbados after his father’s death in 2017, and after the Observer revealed that he now controls the plantation where his ancestors created the first slave-worked sugar plantation in the British empire almost 400 years ago, and as leading figures in the Caribbean Community’s Reparations Commission described the Drax Hall plantation as a 'killing field' and a 'crime scene' from the tens of thousands of African slaves who died there in terrible conditions between 1640 and 1836, and as the Draxes also owned a slave plantation in Jamaica which they sold in the 18th century
United Kingdom/Benin relations: United Kingdom/Benin relations relations
United Kingdom/Burma relations: United Kingdom/Burma relations
1824-1948 British rule in Burma: British rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948
United Kingdom/Bulgaria relations: United Kingdom/Bulgaria relations
United Kingdom/Canada relations: United Kingdom/Canada relations
Since 18th century Canadian territories in the British Empire: Since 18th century Canadian territories in the British Empire
United Kingdom/Chad relations: United Kingdom/Chad relations
United Kingdom/Cyprus relations: United Kingdom/Cyprus relations
1914–1960 British Cyprus: British Cyprus 1914–1960
United Kingdom/Estonia relations: United Kingdom/Estonia relations
United Kingdom/Ethiopia relations: United Kingdom/Ethiopia relations
United Kingdom/France relations: United Kingdom/France relations
1803-1815 Napoleonic Wars: 1803-1815 Napoleonic Wars tragedy
United Kingdom/Gambia relations: United Kingdom/Gambia relations
1964 Gambia Independence Act: 1964 Gambia Independence Act
1965-1970 The Gambia British Commonwealth realm: 1965-1970 The Gambia British Commonwealth realm
October 2013 Gambia’s government withdrawing from the Commonwealth says 'will never be a member of any neo-colonial institution': 3 October 2013: Gambia’s government announced it is withdrawing from the Commonwealth, saying it 'will never be a member of any neo-colonial institution'
United Kingdom/Germany relations: United Kingdom/Germany relations
1938 Munich Agreement 1938: Munich Agreement 1938
Since 1950th British admiration of Hitler-general Erwin Rommel: Since 1950th British biography 'The Desert Fox' of the German 'Field Marshal' and Hitler-general Erwin Rommel, the first biography of Rommel enjoying immense popularity, especially in Britain and leading the Western Allies, particularly the British, to depict Rommel as the 'good German' and 'our friend Rommel', contributing to the creation of the Rommel myth - 1939-1944 Hitler-general Erwin Rommel during World War II, Rommel was promoted to Generalmajor on 23 August 1939 and assigned as commander of the Führerbegleitbrigade battalion, tasked with guarding Hitler and his field headquarters during the invasion of Poland, which began on 1 September 1939 - Since 1939 Nazi crimes against the Polish nation, committed during the course of the invasion as well as the subsequent occupation of Poland, claimed the lives of 2.77 million Christian Poles, historians outside Poland put the number of Jewish victims of the Holocaust in occupied Poland at 3.0 million - War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II
United Kingdom/Ghana relations: United Kingdom/Ghana relations
1821-1957 British colony 'Gold Coast': 1824-1901 Anglo-Ashanti Wars, a series of five conflicts between the Ashanti Empire, in the Akan interior of the Gold Coast and now Ghana, and the invading British Empire and British-allied African states - List of conflicts in Ghana and British wars - 1821-1957 British colony 'Gold Coast' on the Gulf of Guinea in west Africa that became the independent nation of Ghana in 1957 - 1867 Anglo-Dutch 'Gold Coast' treaty established a trade of forts among the Dutch and British Gold Coast, in order to produce a more coherent area of imperial influence there, all forts to the east of Fort Elmina (founded by the Portuguese) were awarded to Britain, and all forts to the west were awarded to the Netherlands - 'United Kingdom' treaties extended to the British colony 'Gold Coast'
1967-1974 Support for the Greek military dictatorship: Support for the Greek military dictatorship 1967-1974
United Kingdom/Haiti relations: United Kingdom/Haiti relations
British people of Haitian descent and Haitian people of British descent: British people of Haitian descent - Haitian people of British descent
1 January 1804 Haiti Independence Day: 1er janvier 1804 Jour de l’indépendance en Haïti
United Kingdom/India relations: United Kingdom/India relations
1858-1947 British rule in the Indian subcontinent: British Raj - British rule in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947
United Kingdom/Indonesia relations: United Kingdom/Indonesia relations
United Kingdom/Iran relations: United Kingdom/Iran relations
2011/2012: 29 November 2011: Iran protesters storm UK embassy in Tehran during a demonstration against sanctions - 30 November: UK to expel all Iranian diplomats over embassy attack - 19 February 2012: Iran has halted its limited oil sales to France and Britain in retaliation for a phased EU ban on Iranian oil - 7 August: British bank Standard Chartered rejects a US regulator's claim that it hid $250bn in transactions with Iranian banks in violation of US sanctions - 7 August 2012: Allegations that 'Standard Chartered' illegally schemed with Iran to launder money - 15 August 2012: UK bank Standard Chartered agrees to pay $340m to settle allegations that it hid $250bn in transactions with Iran - 11 December 2012: HSBC 'to pay' $1.9bn money-laundering fine over transfers linked to Iran and Mexican drug cartels
15-18 August 2019 warrant for the seizure of Grace 1: 15 août 2019: La Cour suprême de Gibraltar a autorisé le pétrolier iranien soupçonné de vouloir livrer sa cargaison à la Syrie, et arraisonné début juillet, à quitter le territoire britannique, malgré la demande américaine de prolonger l'immobilisation du navire - 16 August 2019: After failed bid to stop Gibraltar from letting seized Iranian supertanker go, USA says vessel still in breach of sanctions by aiding Revolutionary Guards, as Iranian regime denies giving Gibraltar assurances for release of tanker, that it would not head to any country subject to EU sanctions - 17 August 2019: USA Justice Department issued a warrant for the seizure of the Iranian oil supertanker Grace 1, saying Grace 1 part of scheme to illegally support Syria, one day after Gibraltar judge approved its release - 18 August 2019: Gibraltar rejects USA request to seize Iranian oil tanker, now renamed the Adrian Darya and flying the flag of Iran, after authorities seized the vessel on suspicion of transporting oil to Syria in breach of European sanctions and after Iranian regime denied giving Gibraltar assurances that it would not head to any country subject to EU sanctions
1980-1988 British support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war: British support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war 1980-1988
United Kingdom/Ireland relations: United Kingdom/Ireland relations
Since 1534 list of Irish uprisings, independence and Republic since the 20th century: List of uprisings by Irish people against English and British claims of sovereignty in Ireland since 1534 (ongoing) - Irish republicanism based on the conviction that all of Ireland should be an independent republic - Irish Rebellion of 1798 against British rule in Ireland lasting from May to September 1798 influenced by the ideas of the American and French revolutions - 1848 Young Irelander Rebellion led by the Young Ireland movement, part of the wider democratic revolutions of 1848 that affected most of Europe - Easter Rising during Easter Week 1916 was mounted by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent Irish Republic while the Kingdom was heavily engaged in World War I - Irish War of Independence between the Irish Republican Army and the British Government and its forces 1919-1921 - Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 - Irish Free State 1922-1937 - Since 1937 Constitution of the Republic of Ireland - Gaelic revival
July 2011 parade tensions in Northern Ireland: Riots in Northern Ireland amid parade tensions 12 July 2011
11 February 2021 Ireland's president says only by remembering uncomfortable aspects of shared history can we forge a better future: 11 February 2021: Currently engaged in a process of recalling the transformative events of a century ago Ireland's president Michael D Higgins says only by remembering complex, uncomfortable aspects of Britain and Ireland’s shared history can we forge a better future, making a sharp critique of British imperialism and the 'feigned amnesia' of academics and journalists who refuse to address its legacy - 11 February 2021: Ireland’s PM Micheál Martin has called for the EU and UK to 'dial down the rhetoric' before crisis talks in London between the European commission vice-president Maroš Šefcovic and Michael Gove, as tensions escalate over post-Brexit problems in Northern Ireland
United Kingdom/Israel relations: United Kingdom/Israel relations
2017: 28 March 2017: UN criticism of Israel's bombing of Hezbollah is absurd, says British FM Johnson - 14 April 2017: Israel's PM and president send condolences to family of British Hannah Bladon after a Palestinian East Jerusalem resident, said to be a mentally ill, killed the exchange student at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem on tram in capital - 18 June 2017: The BBC on Sunday apologized for a headline it published when reporting on a Palestinian terror attack in Jerusalem on Friday, admitting that its focus on the three slain assailants, rather than the Israeli victim, was inappropriate - 9 July 2017: Survivors of 'Exodus' ship voyage to Israel gather in Mediterranean port of Sete to mark anniversary, after 70 years ago some 4,500 Jews, most of them survivors of Nazi concentration camps, gathered aboard a rickety old steamer destined for a journey that would help spur the creation of an independent Jewish state
United Kingdom/Lebanon relations: United Kingdom/Lebanon relations
January 2020 UK adds entire Hezbollah movement to terror blacklist: 17 January 2020: UK adds entire Hezbollah movement to terror blacklist and freezes its assets
United Kingdom/Liberia relations: United Kingdom/Liberia relations
United Kingdom/Libya relations: United Kingdom/Libya relations
United Kingdom/Malawi relations: United Kingdom/Malawi relations
Hunger and famine in the British colony 'Nyasaland': Hunger and famine in the British colony 'Nyasaland'
United Kingdom/Malaysia relations: United Kingdom/Malaysia relations
United Kingdom/Mali relations: United Kingdom/Mali relations
Since 1670 British rule and slavery in the Cayman Islands: Since 1670 British instituted slavery in the Cayman Islands until 1834
United Kingdom/Malta relations: United Kingdom/Malta relations
1690–1967 British Mediterranean Fleet: British Mediterranean Fleet 1690–1967
1798-1800 Siege of Malta: Siege of Malta (1798–1800)
1813-1964 British Malta Colony: British Malta Colony 1813–1964
1964 Maltese referendum on a new constitution and independence: Maltese referendum on a new constitution and independence 1964
United Kingdom/Mauritius relations: United Kingdom/Mauritius relations
1810-1968 British Crown Colony 'British Mauritius': 1810-1968 British Crown Colony 'British Mauritius'
1982-2015 Mauritius v. United Kingdom: 1982-2015 Mauritius v. United Kingdom
Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute: Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
United Kingdom/Middle East relations: United Kingdom/Middle East and North Africa relations
United Kingdom/Mozambique relations: United Kingdom/Mozambique relations
United Kingdom/Namibia relations: United Kingdom/Namibia relations
1914-1915 conquest and occupation of 'German South West Africa' by forces from the 'Union of South Africa' acting on behalf of the British Imperial Government: South-West Africa Campaign 1914-1915 was the conquest and occupation of 'German South West Africa' by forces from the 'Union of South Africa' acting on behalf of the British Imperial Government
1915-1990 Namibia 'South-West Africa' mandate of South Africa: Namibia 'South-West Africa' mandate of South Africa 1915-1990 - Apartheid in South-West Africa
United Kingdom/Nigeria relations: United Kingdom/Nigeria relations
Late 1780s until the 1960s British West Africa and Colonial Nigeria: British West Africa from the late 1780s until the 1960s - Colonial Nigeria - Provinces of Nigeria
United Kingdom/Norway relations: United Kingdom/Norway relations
United Kingdom/Pakistan relations: United Kingdom/Pakistan relations
United Kingdom/Palestine relations: United Kingdom/Palestine relations
United Kingdom/Portugal relations: United Kingdom/Portugal relations
United Kingdom/Philippines relations: United Kingdom/Philippines relations
United Kingdom/Poland relations: United Kingdom/Poland relations
6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of ill prepared Poland after French and British pressure not to mobilize: 6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of Poland, fought between the armies of Poland and Nazi Germany in World War II, after reason for Poland's late and insufficient mobilization was pressure from the French and the British not to mobilize, and as since 29 August 1939, when the Poles re—started the mobilization against advice from Paris and London, it was too late - Since 1938 'Western betrayal' (and earlier) concerning the fact that France, the United Kingdom, and sometimes the USA failed to meet their legal, diplomatic, military, and moral obligations with respect to the Czechoslovak and Polish states during the prelude to and aftermath of World War II, also sometimes referring to the treatment of other Central and Eastern European states at the time, enabling World War II that lasted from 1939 to 1945, the Holocaust by Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe, and the August 1945 atomic bombings forcing Japanese war criminals to surrender
United Kingdom/Portugal relations: United Kingdom/Portugal relations
2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko in London: Poisoning and death of Alexander Litvinenko in London November 2006
August-December 2012: 9 August 2012: A High Court judge appointed to hold the inquest into the death of Alexander Litvinenko - 19 September: Litvinenko's widow hopes inquest will reveal truth - NZZ 20. September 2012: Fast sechs Jahre nach dem Tod Alexander Litwinenkos kündigt britischer Richter gerichtliche Untersuchung des Falls an und kritisiert, daß diese noch nicht stattgefunden habe - 20 September: Inquest into Litvinenko's death will examine claims the Russian government was involved - if proven this would be an 'act of state-sponsored nuclear terrorism' - 2 November: Litvinenko inquest details emerge - 14 December: Alexander Litvinenko was a 'registered and paid' agent working for Britain's foreign intelligence agency when he died after being poisoned, a lawyer representing his widow told an official hearing - another lawyer said the UK has evidence the Russian government was behind Litvinenko's death
2013/2014: 27 February 2013: After the UK government asked for 'sensitive' information about the death of Litvinenko to be kept secret, high court judge Robert Owen said he will hold an open and 'fearless' inquiry into the 2006 murder of Litvinenko - 17 May 2013: Litvinenko inquest coroner Owen reluctantly agreed to the foreign secretary's request to hide material which suggested Russia's state agencies were behind Litvinenko's cold war-style killing, also agreeing to exclude documents that examined whether UK officials could have done more to prevent the murder - 18 May: Alexander Litvinenko widow accuses William Hague and David Cameron of sabotaging the inquest into her husband's murder and hiding the Russian state's role in his death - 4 October 2013: Marina Litvinenko said she risked losing any source of income if she failed in her attempt to force a public inquiry into the 2006 killing of her husband – the only mechanism by which evidence of the Russian state's culpability can legally be considered - 22 July 2014: Public inquiry into Alexander Litvinenko's death to be announced
2014: 2 March: Ukrainians protest Russian invasion in Ukraine - 2 March: Activists calling for Putin to pull troops out of Ukraine gathered in Kiev, London, New York, Washington DC, Moscow and Vilnius - 2 March: UK will suspend its participation in preparations for a G8 meeting in Sochi after Russia violated Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity - 14 July 2014: PM Cameron faces embarrassment for letting Russian firm Rosoboronexport, supplying attack helicopters, tanks, sniper rifles, grenade launchers etc. to Assad regime, promote military aircraft at Farnborough show - 17 July 2014: Ten British passengers among the 298 victims of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 crash - 23 July 2014: More than 200 licences to sell British weapons to Russia, including missile-launching equipment, components for military helicopters and surface-launched rockets, small arms ammunition, sniper rifles, body armour, and military communications equipment are still in place despite claims of an absolute arms embargo
March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal: 4 March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal - 6 March 2018: British counter-terrorist police investigate Sergei Skripal case - 7 March 2018: Former Russian spy Sergei Skripal was deliberately poisoned with a nerve agent in a case that is now being treated as attempted murder, with police officer also 'seriously ill’ - 11 March 2018: Nerve agent traces 'found in Zizzi restaurant' in Salisbury where Skripals ate - 11 March 2018: After the Salisbury poisonings, it’s time to tell Putin’s inner circle that they are no longer welcome in the UK, Oliver Bullough says, after Russian regime's embassy issued provocative tweet and Russian state TV warned 'traitors' not to settle in England - 13 March 2018: Perhaps we should boycott the World Cup with all our friends and run it here in the UK, chemical weapons expert Hamish de Bretton-Gordon says, demanding action over the Salisbury spy attack - 14 March 2018: Receiving strong support from EU politicians and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons OPCW, the body responsible for the control of chemical weapons, UK's Theresa May expected to set out plans to build a coalition of international support – from the EU, Nato and even the UN – to rein in Russia
April 2018: 7 April 2018 Douma chemical attack - 11 April 2018: Yulia Skripal, who was poisoned with the nerve agent 'novichok' along with her father, has said she did not wish to take up the offer of services from the Russian embassy in London - 12 April 2018: GCHQ chief Jeremy Fleming condemns 'reckless' Russian attack in Salisbury - 12 April 2018: Theresa May has not ruled out committing the UK to join a coordinated military intervention in Syria without consulting MPs, after insisting that chemical weapons attacks on Douma 'cannot go unchallenged', as UK-Russia tensions rise over Syria's Douma chemical attack and Salisbury 'novichok' poisoning - 12 April 2018: 'Novichok' used in Salisbury poisoning, chemical weapons watchdog confirms, as OPCW says analysis of samples confirms UK findings about nerve agent used in Salisbury attack
20 August 2021 sanctions on 7 Russian nationals accused of involvement in the poisoning of Putin regime critic Alexei Navalny: 20 August 2021: Sanctions have been imposed on seven Russian nationals accused of involvement in the nerve agent poisoning of the key Putin regime critic Alexei Navalny, the UK government has said, as FCDO announced that the individuals, said to be members of the Russian Federal Security Service FSB (former KGB and employer of Putin), would be subject to travel bans and asset freezes, as French president Emmanuel Macron also asked Putin to release Navalny in a phone call with the Russian leader on Thursday, and as Germany's CDU Merkel on Friday said - standing next to Putin at a Kremlin press conference in the symbolic visit that is Merkel's last to Russia before leaving office next month - 'I demanded from the Russian leader that he free Navalny'
21 July 2020 British Russia report reveals UK government failed to investigate Putin regime's interference: 21 July 2020: British Russia report reveals UK government failed to investigate Putin regime's interference, as government today rejects ISC's call for inquiry
United Kingdom/Saudi Arabia relations: United Kingdom/Saudi Arabia relations
United Kingdom/Sierra Leone relations: United Kingdom/Sierra Leone relations
1808–1961 'Freetown' Crown Colony: Freetown as a Crown Colony 1808–1961
1961 Sierra Leone's and Freetown's independence: 1961 Sierra Leone became politically independent of the United Kingdom
United Kingdom/Singapore relations: United Kingdom/Singapore relations - Trade and Investment
United Kingdom/Somalia relations: United Kingdom/Somalia relations
1911 Mines and Works Act legally established South Africa's employment 'colour bar' - 1913 Natives Land Act regulating the acquisition of land by 'natives', i.e. black people - 1936 Native Trust and Land Act - 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
24 June 2021 Gibraltar abortion referendum: 24 June 2021 Gibraltar abortion referendum
United Kingdom/Sri Lanka relations: United Kingdom/Sri Lanka relations
1796 British annexation of Colombo and 1815-1945 British colony 'British Ceylon': British annexation of Colombo 1796: British colony 'British Ceylon' between 1815 and 1948 - Great Rebellion of 1817–1818
United Kingdom/Sudan relations: United Kingdom/Sudan relations
United Kingdom/Switzerland relations: United Kingdom/Switzerland relations - Man Group - hedge and investment fund - HSBC - HSBC Bank International (Jersey etc.) - 1 November 2012: As trial begins Costas Vaxevanis insists he was doing his job while ministers responsible for vetting the HSBC-list for possible tax evasion did nothing for two years - 1/2 novembre: Le journaliste Costas Vaxevanis qui a publié la liste de la banque HSBC a été acquitté - 2011/2012 UBS rogue trader scandal - 26 November: Britain's financial regulator fined UBS $47.6 million for system and control failings that allowed Kweku Adoboli to cause over $2 billion losses - 19 December: Swiss banking giant UBS has agreed to pay $1.5bn to US, UK and Swiss regulators for attempting to manipulate the Libor inter-bank lending rate
United Kingdom/Syria relations: United Kingdom/Syria relations
29/30 August 2013 British parliamentary vote rejecting military action against Assad regime over chemical weapons attacks: 29/30 August: After imploring the world not to stand idly by over Assad's use of chemical weapons, Cameron was forced into a climbdown by the Labour party, failing to pass a motion by 285 to 272 votes in the parliament - 30 August: The Syrian opposition voices regret at a British parliamentary vote rejecting military action against Assad regime over chemical weapons attacks - 5 September: British PM Cameron says that Britain has further evidence of the use of chemical weapons in Syria, which a British source says confirmed the use of sarin - 16 September: Britain welcomed Monday's UN report into last month's chemical weapons attack in Syria and said it was 'abundantly clear' from the findings that Bashar al-Assad's regime was to blame - 22 October: After the meeting of 'The Friends of Syria' group, British FM Hague said that 'Assad would play no role in that future government of Syria'
30 May 2015 chemical weapons still used in Syria, Britain’s Tobias Ellwood admits: 30 May 2015: Chemical weapons still used in Syria, Britain’s minister Tobias Ellwood admits
5 September 2015 Assad responsible for most human rights violations in Syria on a daily basis, British government says: 5 September 2015: Assad responsible for most human rights violations taking place in Syria on a daily basis, British government says
September/October 2016 Russian, Assad and Iranian regime blamed for carrying out massacres in Syria without strong European answer: 14 September 2016: Syrian Coalition's Alabdah calls on British MPs to support the protection of civilians in Syria and ending forced displacement, casting doubt about the willingness of Russian and regime forces to respect the ceasefire agreements - 25 September 2016: British authorities have confiscated the passport of Zaina Erhaim, an award-winning journalist and a prominent Syrian critic of dictator Assad, at the request of Assad's regime effectively preventing her from travelling and blocking her work as an activist in the United Kingdom - 28 September 2016: The British foreign ministry blames Russian, Assad and Iranian regime for carrying out massacres in Syria as Assad and Russian forces continue their heavy military campaign against Aleppo, bombarding residential areas from the air and claiming the lives of civilians - 8 October 2016: Where are the demonstrations in western capitals to denounce the brutal onslaught on Aleppo, The Guardian's Natalie Nougayrède asks - 16 October 2016: USA and UK consider tougher sanctions against Syrian Assad regime and allies in response to the continued bombardment of Aleppo, but fail to develop any consensus for tougher military options, including a no-bombing zone, as German chancellor Merkel is willing to countenance tougher EU sanctions, but having difficulty getting SPD support even for this measure
United Kingdom/Tunisia relations: United Kingdom/Tunisia relations
United Kingdom/Turkey relations: United Kingdom/Turkey relations
1807–1809 Anglo-Turkish War: Anglo-Turkish War 1807–1809
1914-1918 Middle-Eastern theatre of World War I and the United Kingdom: Middle-Eastern theatre of World War I and the United Kingdom
United Kingdom/UAE relations: United Kingdom/United Arab Emirates relations
United Kingdom/Ukraine relations: United Kingdom/Ukraine relations
2014/2015: 2 March 2014: UK will suspend its participation in preparations for a G8 meeting in Sochi after Russia violated Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity - 10 March 2014: Details of western sanctions against Putin regime to be finalised in London, hoping to persuade the regime to withdraw its presence from Crimea - 18 June 2014: Financial intelligence finds abroad UAH 16 billion by Yanukovych and his entourage, identifying 42 companies registered in Cyprus, Panama, UK, Belize, the Seychelles - 17 July 2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 reportedly shot down - 18 July: Nine British passengers on board of flight MH17, the Security Service of Ukraine releases a recording of conversations of separatists discussing the downing of a Malaysia Airlines jet - 19 July: Experts from the UK will arrive in Kiev to assist a Ukrainian-led MH 17 investigation MH17 as pressure grows on Russia - 10 February 2015: The Ukrainian army has received humanitarian aid from the UK worth nearly $2 million - 25 February: PM David Cameron says that Britain would deploy military personnel to Ukraine in the next month to help train the Ukrainian army, warning that Russian regime would move to destabilise other countries if left unchallenged
United Kingdom/USA relations: United Kingdom/USA relations
1622–1924 'American Indian Wars' against indigenous peoples and forced migrations of Native Americans in the USA: 1622–1924 'American Indian Wars' against indigenous peoples, elimination of tribes and nations - Forced migrations of Native Americans in the USA - American Indian Genocide Museum in Houston, Texas, dedicated to documenting the atrocities committed against the American Indians, located in Texas since the state had gone further than any other state, running out all but a few tribes, or otherwise eliminating them
Since early 17th century slavery in the colonial United States: Slavery in the colonial United States since early 17th century - Slavery in the British Empire
United Kingdom/Vanuatu relations: United Kingdom/Vanuatu relations
United Kingdom/Venezuela relations: United Kingdom/Venezuela relations
1902–1903 Venezuelan crisis: Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903
United Kingdom/Vietnam relations: United Kingdom/Vietnam relations
Since 1950s: After Britain was the first nation to employ the use of herbicides and defoliants to destroy bushes, trees, and vegetation to deprive insurgents of cover and targeting food crops as part of a starvation campaign in the early 1950s, the USA considered the British precedent in deciding that the use of defoliants was a legal tactic of warfare and Secretary of State Rusk advised President Kennedy that the British had established a precedent for warfare with herbicides in Malaya - Since 1961: 4 million of Vietnam's citizens were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as 3 million have suffered illnesses because of it, these figures include the children of people who were exposed, and the Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or have health problems due to contaminated Agent Orange - Since 1961: Effects of Agent Orange on the Vietnamese people - 18 April 1985: Massive use of defoliants by the USA in Vietnam has left hundreds of sqare kilometres of land barren, without British research, development and willingness to cooperate with the USA it might never have happened
United Kingdom/Yemen relations: United Kingdom/Yemen relations
1869–1969 British Aden Protectorate: British Aden Protectorate 1869–1969
United Kingdom/Zimbabwe relations: United Kingdom/Zimbabwe relations








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