Dies Kapitel, in dem die Fäden also zusammenlaufen, hat eine Vorgeschichte und einen Zusammenhang. Bevor der genannte Angriff auf die freie Meinungsäußerung daher genauer zu betrachten ist (vgl. die am 9.10.2008 erfolgte Aktualisierung der vorstehenden Artikel, die Kreispolizei Gütersloh betreffend), gilt das Augenmerk der historischen Wahl in Spanien am 9. März 2008, der Wissenschaft und ihrer Gegner und der Entwicklung der deutschen Republiken.

Im Oktober 1969 werden zwei Mitglieder der Marienkantorei Lemgo - darunter der Verfasser dieses Artikels - vom Politischen Kommissariat der Polizei Bielefeld festgenommen und verhört. Was war geschehen? Drei Mitglieder der Marienkantorei Lemgo - die genannten zwei und als dritter ein Andreas Koderisch, der, nachdem seine Mutter die Namen der Polizei genannt hatte, feige nach Holland geflüchtet war, dem großen Vorbild (für manche) Wilhelm II. folgend - hatten gegen die Militärdiktatur in Griechenland (seit 1967) und gegen die faschistische Diktatur in Spanien (seit 1939) protestiert: "Espana si - Franco no" und "Freiheit für Griechenland". Die deutsche Polizei fackelt nicht lange, sie hat eine Tradition zu verteidigen (darunter an vorderer Stelle ihre eigene), kriecht vor den Diktaturen und Verbrechern und verfolgt die Demokraten.

Spanien 1936 bis 1939: Militärputsch unter alsbaldiger Führung des Generals Francisco Franco gegen die demokratisch gewählte Regierung der spanischen Republik. Grausamer Bürgerkrieg, in dem die Republik mit kriegsentscheidender Unterstützung der deutschen Luftwaffe, der Legion Condor, zerstört wird. Die Verteidiger der Demokratie zu Hunderttausenden gemordet und verfolgt, bis 1975, dem Tod des Diktators und dem allmählichen Verenden seiner Diktatur. Franco im Jahre 1941: "Als Adolf Hitler - das werde ich ihm nie vergessen - mit dem Einsatz der tapferen deutschen Flieger der Legion Condor unseren Anstrengungen gegen eine Bolschewisierung Spaniens zum Sieg verhalf, da erhob ihn das Schicksal gleichsam zum Schirmherrn der europäischen Zivilisation." Soll heißen: Der Regime nie dagewesener Verbrechen, der Gaskammern, des Niedermähens von Zivilisten mit Maschinengewehren aus Flugzeugen, der Massenerschießungen, der Garrotte etc. Noch im März 1974 werden Urteile gegen Gegner der Franco-Diktatur mit der Garrotte vollstreckt (Salvador Puig Antich, Barcelona, 1948 bis 1974, wäre heute 60 Jahre alt und könnte Bielefeld besuchen). Am 31.10.2007 stimmt das spanische Parlament dem Gesetz der Rehabilitierung von Opfern aus der Zeit des spanischen Bürgerkriegs zu, in welchem erstmals das faschistische Regime Francos offiziell verurteilt wird. 71 Jahre nach dem Beginn des Verbrechens siegt die Demokratie. Am 9. März 2008 gewinnt die PSOE, der Spanien das endlich beschlossene Gesetz und die Verurteilung der Diktatur Francos verdankt, mit für viele überraschend großer Mehrheit die Parlamentswahlen. Die Bevölkerung bestätigt den Sieg der Demokratie über das Verbrechen ausdrücklich und macht die Veränderung dauerhaft, unumkehrbar.

Spanien ist aus eigener Kraft mit der Diktatur fertig geworden, im Unterschied zu den Deutschen. Wenn es auch - wegen der Deutschen, der USA, des Vatikans etc. - und wegen der allgemein bekannten und gefürchteten Grausamkeit der Putschisten und militärischen Sieger im spanischen Bürgerkrieg sehr lange gedauert hat.

Die deutsche politische Polizei (politisches Kommissariat), bis 1945 unter dem Namen Gestapo, verfolgt 1969 Bürger, die sich gegen die neuen und alten faschistischen Regime Europas, Verbündete Hitlers, grausamste Verbrecher bis in die siebziger Jahre stellen. Die deutsche politische Polizei ist durch das spanische Parlament am 31.10.2007 mit verurteilt, unumkehrbar. Die örtliche bzw. regionale Presse Lemgos ("Lippische Rundschau" - Lothar Geißler als Schreiberling - und "Lippische Landeszeitung"), die den Protest gegen Franco etc. 1969 nutzt, um Bürger wegen ihres Eintretens für die Demokratie zu verleumden, zu verunglimpfen (in übelster Weise und Tradition) und zu verfolgen, ist durch das spanische Parlament am 31.10.2007 mit verurteilt. Warum hat keine deutsche Staatsanwaltschaft jemals Anklage gegen diese politische Polizei, aktiv im Interesse der Faschisten, erhoben? Wann werden deren Aktionen endlich im Land selbst verurteilt, nach so langer Zeit wenigstens im Rahmen einer Stellungnahme? Die Zeit hat nicht für die Unbelehrbaren gearbeitet, sondern gegen sie. Es wird nicht etwas besser dadurch, daß es statt gestern vor längerer Zeit geschehen ist. Fast 40 Jahre haben sie Zeit gehabt zur Umkehr, unfähig, unbelehrbar, mit neuen Taten, um die alten zu vertuschen. Nichts ist vergessen. Das Opfer hat überlebt.

Dem Druck, der vom 9. März 2008 in Spanien ausgeht, wird früher oder später auch im Land der Menschenvergaser, der NSDAP mit Adolf Hitler als 'Führer' und des geschichtlich skrupellosesten Militarismus, der Himmlers, Görings, Globkes, Kiesingers, der Ludendorffs, Keitels, Wagners, Harlinghausens, Trettners etc. etc. nicht standzuhalten sein. Die EU ist der Unterpfand.

Zusammenhang von Nationalsozialismus und CDU-Staat: Schüsselstellung im Bundeskanzleramt des "Rasse"-Juristen Hans Globke

NSDAP-Kiesinger als Kanzler war kein Versehen. Er wurde nach einem Globke als Chef des Bundeskanzleramts, den Hitlergeneralen in der Bundeswehr etc. der Bundesrepublik, Europa und der Welt mit Bedacht und Absicht zugemutet. Er verstand seine Wahl und fuhr 1968 zum Staatsbesuch zu Franco. Dort ließ er sich vom faschistischen Diktator in aller Öffentlichkeit dekorieren: Verbunden durch gemeinsame Vergangenheit im Zeichen des "Schirmherrn der europäischen Zivilisation". Ein bundesdeutscher NSDAP-Kanzler empfängt gestanztes Blech aus Henkershand vor den Augen der Welt. Es kann nur eine Nation auf der Welt geben, die das mit sich machen läßt.

Nicht viele Jahre nach Ende des Weltkriegs wurden wieder Panzer und U-Boote gebaut. Bundesdeutsche U-Boote für die griechische Militärdiktatur? Mehr Demokratie wagen? War es falsch, diese Parole Willy Brandts - formuliert unter dem Eindruck einer bundesweiten und unüberhörbaren außerparlamentarischen Opposition gegen eine große Regierungskoalition - wörtlich und ernst zu nehmen?

Willy Brandt stand für den Widerstand gegen Hitler, zusammen mit den Ungebrochenen und Verfolgten der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, er selbst in Skandinavien, auch in Spanien (als Journalist). Von ihm (von 1969-74 Nachfolger Kiesingers als Kanzler, zuvor in der großen Koalition unter Kiesinger Außenminister), hatte schon Adenauer doppelt diffamierend als von seinem Gegenkandidaten Frahm gesprochen. Der einzige Kanzler der Bundesrepublik, der im Widerstand gegen Hitler aktiv gewesen war, wird wegen seiner antifaschistischen, demokratischen Vergangenheit diffamiert, beschimpft, angegriffen, in übelster Weise von F.J. Strauß. Ausgerechnet die sog. DDR, deren Anerkennung im Interesse einer Entschärfung des 45-jährigen Ost-West-Konflikts, des "Kalten Krieges" Willy Brandt vorantreibt (Grundlagenvertrag 1972), bringt ihn 1974 zu Fall (Affäre G. Guillaume).

Seit 1867 - dem Erscheinungsjahr von "Das Kapital" - hat sich das Austragen sozialer Gegensätze verändert. Zunächst: Mit der ökonomischen Krise von 1825 tritt die große Industrie aus ihrem Kindheitsalter und eröffnet den periodischen Kreislauf ihres modernen Lebens. Mit der politischen Krise des Jahres 1830 erobern die bürgerlichen Klassen Frankreichs und Englands politische Macht. "Von da an gewann der Klassenkampf, praktisch und theoretisch, mehr und mehr ausgesprochne und drohende Formen. Er läutete die Totenglocke der wissenschaftlichen bürgerlichen Ökonomie. Es handelte sich jetzt nicht mehr darum, ob dies oder jenes Theorem wahr sei, sondern ob es dem Kapital nützlich oder schädlich, bequem oder unbequem, ob polizeiwidrig oder nicht. ...an die Stelle unbefangener wissenschaftlicher Untersuchung trat das böse Gewissen und die schlechte Absicht der Apologetik." ( Karl Marx, Das Kapital, S.21)

Seit 1867 bewegt sich nicht nur wissenschaftliche Tätigkeit sondern alle Politik in dem Spannungsfeld, welches durch systematische theoretische Darstellung (und dadurch Kritik) des Gegenstandes auf eine neue Stufe gehoben ist. Das Naturgesetz läßt es ganz unberührt, ob über es nachgedacht wird oder nicht. Nicht so das Bewegungsgesetz der Gesellschaft. Die faschistischen Bewegungen und Regime haben zum Inhalt, was Hitler 1924 vor Gericht (nach gescheitertem Staatsstreichversuch mit Geiselnahmen, etlichen Toten etc.) als sein Programm der Vernichtung des Marxismus ausspricht. 'Was mir vor Augen stand, das war vom ersten Tage an tausendmal mehr, als Minister zu werden. Ich wollte der Zerbrecher des Marxismus werden. Ich werde diese Aufgabe lösen ...' (Zitiert nach Alan Bullock, Hitler - Eine Studie über Tyrannei, 1953.) Unter dieser Parole versammelt er die Anhängerschaft keinesweg nur der NSDAP (bis hin zum "Opus Dei"), wird zunächst weiter protegiert, noch im selben Jahr 1924 nach einer Haft von kaum neun Monaten entlassen und kann die verbrecherische Politik, bald auch wieder mit den alten Organisationen, fortsetzen.

Vorausgegangen war in den Jahrzehnten bis 1914, basierend auf enormer ökonomischer, technischer etc. Entwicklung, der Entwicklung des kapitalistischen Weltmarkts in die Breite und Tiefe, ebenfalls ein Aufschwung sozialdemokratischer Organisationen und Parteien, auf internationaler Ebene. Diese Parteien, seit dem 100. Jahrestag der französischen Revolution von 1789, also seit 1889 in der Sozialistischen Internationale verbunden, hatten seit Gründung die menschliche Anwendung von Gewalt, insbesondere die Frage von Krieg und Frieden, thematisiert. Seit dem Stuttgarter Kongreß 1907 (bestätigt in Kopenhagen 1910 und Basel 1912) gehörten folgende Sätze zu den Beschlüssen der Sozialistischen Internationale: "Droht der Ausbruch eines Krieges, so sind die arbeitenden Klassen und deren parlamentarische Vertreter in den beteiligten Ländern verpflichtet, unterstützt durch die zusammenfassende Tätigkeit des Internationalen Sozialistischen Büros, alles aufzubieten, um durch die Anwendung der ihnen am wirksamsten erscheinenden Mittel den Ausbruch des Krieges zu verhindern, die sich je nach der Verschärfung des Klassenkampfes und der allgemeinen politischen Situation naturgemäß ändern. Falls der Krieg dennoch ausbrechen sollte, sind sie verpflichtet, für dessen rasche Beendigung einzutreten und mit allen Kräften dahin zu streben, die durch den Krieg herbeigeführte wirtschaftliche und politische Krise zur Aufrüttelung des Volkes auszunutzen und dadurch die Beseitigung der kapitalistischen Klassenherrschaft zu beschleunigen."

Die so eindeutig und einmütig seit dem Stuttgarter Kongreß 1907 beständig auf größter Bühne (selbstverständlich auch Berichterstattung in der Parteipresse etc.) erklärte Absicht und Politik, sich einem Krieg der entsprechenden Staaten mit vereinten Kräften zu widersetzen und ihn nach Möglichkeit schon im Entstehen (mittels Generalstreik etc.) zu verhindern, zerplatzte in den ersten Tagen der beginnenden Katastrophe im Juli/August 1914 wie eine Seifenblase (vgl. Rosa Luxemburg, Junius-Broschüre - "Junius" ist ihr Pseudonym aus dem Gefängnis). Konsequente Anwendung fanden die Beschlüsse nur bei den Sozialdemokraten Rußlands, der SDAPR (Bolschewiki). Kein Mensch auf unserer Welt, für alle Zukunft, wird bezweifeln können, daß die Bolschewiki richtig analysiert und gehandelt haben. Die Geschichte hat ihr Urteil gesprochen.

Der 4. August 1914 sieht eine SPD, die mit ihrer Zustimmung im Reichstag zu den geforderten Kriegskrediten ihren vollständigen intellektuellen und politischen Bankrott erklärt. Aus dem Angriffskrieg der Mittelmächte - die deutschen Heere sind bereits in Luxemburg und Belgien einmarschiert und die SPD weiß es - macht die Partei der Arbeiterbewegung einen Verteidigungskrieg gegen eine fremde Invasion, um die Existenz des Vaterlandes, um Kultur und einen Freiheitskrieg gegen den russischen Despotismus.

Am 6.07.1914 hat die deutsche Reichsregierung Österreich-Ungarn eine "Blankovollmacht" unbedingter Bündnistreue gegeben.

Am 23.07.1914 stellt Österreich-Ungarn Serbien ein - wegen geforderter Preisgabe serbischer Souveränitätsrechte - unannehmbares Ultimatum.

Am 28.07.1914 erklärt Österreich-Ungarn Serbien den Krieg, nach erfolglosen Vermittlungsversuchen (Vorschlag einer Botschafterkonferenz und direkter Verhandlungen zwischen Rußland und Österreich-Ungarn). Der deutsche Generalstab drängt Österreich-Ungarn zur Generalmobilmachung und rät seinerseits von Vermittlungsversuchen ab.

Ab 3.08.1914 Einmarsch deutscher Truppen in Belgien und Luxemburg. Neutrale Länder (militärisch schwächer, weshalb man daher meint, das mit ihnen machen zu können) werden überfallen und das Verbrechen wird am 4.08.1914 - "Unrecht" ist seine Bezeichnung - vom Reichskanzler Bethmann Hollweg "offen" zugegeben: "Unsere Truppen haben Luxemburg besetzt, vielleicht schon belgisches Gebiet betreten. Meine Herren, das widerspricht den Geboten des Völkerrechts. Das Unrecht - ich spreche offen -, das Unrecht, das wir damit tun, werden wir wieder gutzumachen suchen, sobald unser militärisches Ziel erreicht ist." (Zitiert nach: Wikipedia, Die Kriegsschuldfrage - Causes of World War I)

Die SPD widerspricht dem kaiserlichen Kanzler. Für die SPD ist es ein Verteidigungskrieg.

Was ein Deutsches Reich unter Wiedergutmachung versteht, zeigen folgende Vorgänge :

Wie oben schon bemerkt, waren Anfang August 1914 deutsche Truppen völkerrechtswidrig und ohne Kriegserklärung in das neutrale Belgien einmarschiert. Das Dorf Battice gelangte gleich zu Beginn dieser "Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln" traurige Berühmtheit, als die gesamte Siedlung von deutschen Truppen niedergebrannt wurde. Aus dem Dorf war gegen den Überfall und die deutsche Besetzung Gegenwehr gekommen. Nach der gewaltsamen Einnahme des Dorfes beschuldigte das deutsche Militär die Zivilbevölkerung, als Partisanen am Widerstand teilgenommen zu haben und machte als Strafe das gesamte Dorf dem Erdboden gleich, während ein Teil der Bevölkerung massakriert wurde.

Der "Courier", das Organ des Transportarbeiterverbandes (der Gewerkschaft der Transportarbeiter) schreibt nach der Einnahme Antwerpens 1914: "Heute weht die deutsche Flagge auf den Türmen Antwerpens, hoffentlich für immer." (Courier, 25. Oktober 1914)

Den amtlich registrierten Zahlen von 670.000 toten und 1.641.000 verwundeten Soldaten in den ersten Kriegsmonaten 1914 bis Februar 1916 stehen Gewinnsteigerungen (im gleichen Zeitraum) des Krupp-Konzerns, der Vereinigten Köln-Rottweiler-Pulverfabriken, der AEG etc. nach eigenen Statistiken von z.T. mehreren hundert Prozent gegenüber. Deutsche Firmen verdienen auch an den Lieferungen von Rüstungsmaterial und Lizenzen für das Ausland. Über neutrale Länder wird während des Kriegs Zink an englische Rüstungskonzerne verkauft. Die Engländer revanchieren sich mit rüstungswichtigem Kupfer. Über die Schweiz liefern deutsche Stahlindustrielle Stabeisen und Grobbleche an französische Rüstungsfirmen. Der Krupp-Konzern hatte vor dem Krieg das Patent eines Handgranatenzünders an den englischen Konzern Vickers&Armstrong verkauft. Millionen von englischen Handgranaten mit dem Kruppschen Zünder brachten den Soldaten Tod und Verstümmelung, dem Krupp-Konzern und seinem englischen Lizenznehmer Riesengewinne.

Über eine Unterredung sozialdemokratischer Fraktionskollegen (Gustav Bauer, Max Cohen, Paul Göhre, Philipp Scheidemann, Robert Schmidt, Georg Schöpflin) gibt es Aufzeichnungen des Abgeordneten Eduard David vom 15. August 1914: "Man vertritt die Auffassung, daß die deutsche Regierung den Krieg gewollt habe als Präventivkrieg. Scheidemann ist davon überzeugt und scheint besondere Anhaltspunkte dafür zu haben." Der Abgeordnete Albert Südekum hatte am 29. Juli 1914 den Reichskanzler vorab informiert, daß der SPD-Parteivorstand im Krieg (der gar nicht begonnen hatte, der erst am 1. August mit der Kriegserklärung Deutschlands an Rußland beginnen sollte) keinerlei Klassenkampfaktionen einleiten und sich auch "mißverständlicher" Äußerungen in der Presse enthalten werde. Der Abgeordnete Südekum blickte staunenswert zuversichtlich in die Zukunft der Arbeiterbewegung.

Kriegsgegner können ihre Einsichten und Überzeugungen ab Kriegsbeginn - Kriegsrecht, "Burgfrieden", Parteidisziplin (s. oben), Pressezensur - nur illegal verbreiten, riskieren hohe Strafen bis hin zur Todesstrafe. Die wissenschaftlich gebildeten, von denen schon seit der Jahrhundertwende klare Einsichten und Orientierung ausgegangen waren, werden ins Gefängnis oder ins Zuchthaus - wie z.B. Rosa Luxemburg - geworfen. Viele Kriegsgegner beugen sich lange der Fraktionsdisziplin. Es zeigt sich im Kriegsverlauf, wie die Ebert-Kriegsfraktion diese - im Interesse der Einigkeit der Partei mit großen Skrupeln geschehene - Selbstverleugnung honoriert.

Pazifistisch orientierte Kriegsgegner, die es können und auch wollen, emigrieren vor allem in die Schweiz. Dort kann während des Krieges die Debatte auf literarischer Bühne weitergeführt werden (z.B. von Ernst Bloch, Carl von Ossietzky etc.), die keineswegs weggedrängt und abgehoben bleibt, sondern seit dem 14-Punkte-Programm von Wilson (dem US-Präsidenten) mit dem Konzept eines Völkerbunds und den darauf folgenden Erörterungen und politischen Reaktionen eine epochemachend neue, tiefgreifende Diskussion vorzeichnet.

Für die Ebert-SPD gilt im Kriegsverlauf, die ungebrochenen, kritischen und auch zur wissenschaftlichen Diskussion fähigen Mitglieder aus der Partei herauszudrängen und dann auszuschließen, ihre Lüge vom Verteidigungskrieg, ihre Kriegsunterstützung und den Betrug an Partei und Bevölkerung mit Zwangsmaßnahmen zu zementieren. Der Weg der Gewalt hat sein eigenes Gesetz. Es gibt kein zurück vor den August 1914. Die Ebert-Fraktion ist Gefangene ihres Verrates und ihrer Lüge, weil der Weg der Gewalt für die Opfer keine Umkehr kennt. Und nun die Gewalt und die Opfer dieses Krieges, die nach Millionen gezählt werden, und eines nicht zu gewinnenden Krieges.

Der Verrat von 1914 - wenn schon der Angriffskrieg für einen Verteidigungskrieg ausgegeben wurde - enthielt wenigstens die Erwartung eines Sieges, des Erfolges. Die Realität straft die Mehrheits-SPD der Lüge, unerbittlich, unwiderruflich für alle Zeiten und vor aller Augen. Die Geschichte gibt ihr Urteil ab. Die Notwehr, die angebliche Verteidigung wird statt eines Erfolges die bitterste Niederlage, eben weil sie tatsächlich ein verbrecherischer Angriff ist. Auch für den Täter, den Mörder gibt es keine Umkehr. Er kann daher nicht im Dialog zur Einsicht und zur Änderung seines Verhaltens gebracht werden. Wenn die Tat, ihre Umstände und ihre Beweggründe nicht herausgefunden, schonungslos aufgedeckt werden und der Täter nicht zur Rechenschaft gezogen wird, droht der Rückfall in die Barbarei ein Fall ins Bodenlose, der dauerhafte Verlust aller menschlichen Errungenschaften zu werden. Es ist nach 1914 lebenswichtig, das wahre Ausmaß der Katastrophe zu erkennen. Es ist nicht weniger im Jahr 2008 lebenswichtig geblieben. 1914 hat es gegeben.

Die Vorgänge und Triebkräfte, die zum 1. August 1914 geführt hatten, waren kein Geheimnis. Die Entwicklung des Weltmarkts, die Konkurrenz und Expansion des Kapitals, die Kolonialpolitik waren kein Geheimnis. Die expansive Rüstungsindustrie (z.B. "Welt-Kriegs-Konzern Krupp", Klaus Tenfelde in seiner Chronik des Hauses Krupp) war kein Geheimnis. Die wilhelminische Innen- und Außenpolitik war kein Geheimnis. Die internationalen Krisen (Balkankrisen und -kriege, Marokkokrisen etc.) waren kein Geheimnis. Der Weltkrieg wurde seit Jahrzehnten vorbereitet, in breitester Öffentlichkeit und auch die sozialdemokratische Presse berichtete, zeigte Zusammenhänge und kommentierte. Die Rhetorik überdeckte das nationale Vorurteil. Wie wenig - seit 1867 - die neuen Gedanken und die Wissenschaft (die Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie) in die Tiefe gedrungen waren, bewies im Juli/August 1914 die - im Ausland grandios überschätzte - SPD mit ihrer völligen Unterwerfung unter die Politik der kaiserlichen Regierung. (Schon 1913 war die Nachfolge im Parteivorsitz, Ebert statt Bebel, ein unübersehbares Signal gewesen. Die Bedenken, die Bebel gegen Ebert gehabt hatte, waren nur zu berechtigt.) Die internationale Aktion und Verhinderung der Katastrophe wurde durch die SPD zur puren Illusion, die Partei hatte ihr Herz für Tatsachen entdeckt, die chauvinistische Tat-Sache des Krieges.

Nach Beginn macht die Ebert-Fraktion aus dem Krieg eine vorgegebene Tatsache. (Genauso wie für Angela Merkel im Jahr 2003 der Irakkrieg der USA "nun" eine Realität ist, vgl. den Artikel zum Irakkrieg vom 6.04.2003 auf dieser Internetseite.) Ebert im Rückblick: "Der Krieg mit Rußland und Frankreich war zur Tatsache geworden. England lag auf der Lauer, um unter irgendeinem Vorwand (?) ebenfalls (?) loszuschlagen. Italien macht nicht mit (?), und Österreich ist eben Österreich (?). Die Gefahr ist groß, auch unsere Leute standen unter diesem Eindruck." (Zitiert nach Wikipedia, Ebert) Eberts Beschreibung, vom ersten bis zum letzten Wort falsch, ist absichtsvolle Fälschung der historischen Tatsachen. Der deutsche Überfall auf Belgien: alles andere als ein Vorwand. Das Ebenfallslosschlagen: Rußland und Frankreich haben nicht losgeschlagen. Daß die Gefahr groß ist wegen des Militarismus des eigenen Landes, des Angriffskrieges der Reichsregierung und der eigenen Unfähigkeit, nein zu sagen (in der Reihenfolge der Begründung), überfordert die Einsichtsfähigkeit eines SPD Parteivorsitzenden in der Nachfolge August Bebels. Derart sehen die analytischen Fähigkeiten eines Vorsitzenden aus in einer geschichtlichen Situation, in der es genauestens darauf ankommt. Daß der Krieg ein Produkt ist, an welchem die Partei selbst mitwirkt, überfordert bei näherem Hinsehen allerdings weniger den Scharfsinn als die Redlichkeit ihres Vorsitzenden. Das Ausweichen vor der Analyse, vor der Wahrheit geschieht nur teils aus Unvermögen. Es geschieht vor allem aus Feigheit resp. Korruptheit. Der ganz simple Beweis diesbezüglich (der in der begonnenen Krise bestätigt wird bis zum bittersten Ende): Das eigene Unvermögen wäre schon lange zu kompensieren gewesen durch die einfache Lektüre der Produkte anderer, gründlich und kontinuierlich arbeitender besserer Analysten (z.B. Rosa Luxemburg ab 1893 in der "Sprawa Robotnicza", in der "Sächsischen Arbeiterzeitung", in der "Leipziger Volkszeitung", in "Die Neue Zeit", im "Vorwärts" etc.).

Weil die Parteifunktionäre, auf Kosten der Parteimitglieder eingestellt, gut besoldet und sicher versorgt, nichts gründlicher gelernt und begriffen hatten als eben diesen Aufstieg, weil die allgemeine Korruption, Staatsparasitentum, Postenjagd im prosperierenden, expandierenden und doch angeblich zu kurz gekommenen wilhelminischen Reich ebensolche wilhelminischen Charakterdarsteller en masse erzeugt hatte (der 1. und 4. August 1914, die Kriegsbegeisterung großer Bevölkerungsteile zu Beginn waren hierfür der unbezweifelbare Beweis), wurden die gesellschaftlichen Klassen, die nicht von fremder Arbeit leben (sei es in Frankreich, sei es in Deutschland etc.), gegeneinander in die Schlacht, in das Blutbad, in die Giftgasschwaden gezwungen und getrieben. Weil Gier, deutsch-österreichischer Dünkel, Chauvinismus und Größenwahn Sieger waren und Kaiser, kaiserliche Regierung, Militär und Kapital tun konnten, was sie wollten. Ein Aufschrei hätte kommen müssen: Bis hierher und nicht weiter, niemals. Die SPD kroch, dankte ab und übertraf den kaiserlichen Kanzler noch mit dem Betrug und der frechsten Lüge, das deutsche Reich müsse sich gegen einen Überfall wehren.

Von diesem Zeitpunkt ab wäre einer doch so bitter notwendigen Einsicht der Kriegsfraktion, einer Selbstkritik und Umkehr eine alsbaldige Auswechslung des Führungspersonals gefolgt. Der SPD-Parteivorstand nutzt daher die Dunkelheit des Kriegsrechts und ersetzt 1916 die mehrheitlich links stehende Redaktion des "Vorwärts" durch eigene Leute. Am 16. März 1916 werden die Kriegsgegner aus der gemeinsamen Fraktion, im Januar 1917 auch aus der Partei ausgeschlossen. Das Handeln wider besseres Wissen, der Verrat und Betrug vom 4. August 1914 gegenüber der (internationalen) Arbeiterbewegung, der deutschen Bevölkerung, der Welt, gegenüber dem Gewissen und aller Zivilisation wird ergänzt mit skrupellosem Verrat an der eigenen Partei und den eigenen Gefolgsleuten, die sich (auch wider besseres Wissen aber mit Skrupeln) lange der Parteidisziplin gebeugt hatten. Die Ebert-SPD ist Gefangene ihrer Doktrin und ihrer Taten, die sie - nachdem der Weg der Gewalt und des Mordens beschritten ist - zu weiteren Taten zwingen.

Im Kriegsverlauf verändert sich diese Gefangenschaft des 4. August, es kommt ein verheißungsvoller Umstand hinzu. Dem Wissen um die eigene Lüge, die man in den ersten Tagen und vielleicht Wochen des Kriegs (bis zur Marneschlacht) noch am ehesten mit der Hoffnung auf einen Sieg, also mit Illusion und Selbsttäuschung beiseitedrängen oder herunterspielen konnte, muß Schritt für Schritt Rechnung getragen werden. Nur wie? Die zynische Kalkulation wird nun, den geschichtlichen Fehlgriff (alias Verbrechen) von Militär und Regierung, einen aussichtslosen Krieg dieses Ausmaßes begonnen zu haben, für die eigenen Zwecke skrupellos auszunutzen. Früher oder später wird die Entwicklung, die wachsende Überlegenheit der Entente und der entsprechende Kriegsverlauf Militär und Regierung dermaßen in die Enge treiben, daß das verratene, ausgeblutete, ausgehungerte und verelendete Volk ihren Sturz verlangt. Die SPD-Kriegsfraktion muß nur eng genug an der Seite der Regierung, in einer wohlerwogenen und -dosierten Nähe und Distanz zu Militär und Kaiser bleiben, damit diese abzusehende Entwicklung ihr selbst die desillusionierten Opfer zutreibt. Was sie dann diesen Teilen der Bevölkerung anbieten muß, um sie einzufangen, ist ihr ureigenes, professionelles, bestens bekanntes, langtrainiertes Betätigungsfeld. Der Krieg wurde vielversprechend, jetzt mehr und mehr für diese Fraktion der "Daheimkrieger".

Die Lehrstätte des Grauens und der gegenseitigen Vernichtung, die elendigste Schule zur Kritik der politischen Ökonomie: mit welchem Lernprozeß? 1918 sah ganz andere Menschen als die, die 1914 die Lehrstätte betreten hatten und betreten mußten. Keineswegs alle Überlebenden und Davongekommenen wurden zu Kriegsgegnern. Es gab offenbar Menschen, deren große Leidenschaft Stahlhelme - nach ihrer Einführung für die Frontsoldaten 1916, und auch hier war Deutschland technisch versiert - wurden, und deren Herz höher schlug, wenn sie z.B. als Meldegänger vor ihrem Leutnant stramm stehen durften, in der Todesmaschinerie gebraucht, mitunter vielleicht auch gelobt und mit gestanztem Blech vor der Herzregion kenntlich gemacht. Statt Hundemarke ein "Eisernes Kreuz".

Der Rückfall sprengte alle bisherigen Kenntnisse und Vorstellungen über Leben und Tod, über unzerbrechliche und zerbrechende menschliche Existenzen, über körperliche und seelische Krüppel. Das Kapital, Krupp, Stinnes etc. hatten gut vorgesorgt, mit Maschinengewehren, Kanonen, Panzerkreuzern, U-Booten, Flugzeugen und - Giftgas. Der Krieg dauerte, die Dividenden stiegen, die Proletarier fielen. Mit Hindenburg und Ludendorff ging es richtig nach oben, besonders für die Krupp AG (vgl. Norbert F. Pötzl, "Spiegel-Spezial" vom März 2004). Der verlorene Krieg, 1914 mit imperialen Zielen, Täuschung, Irreführung und sozialdemokratischem Betrug und Verrat begonnen und geführt, entließ Heerscharen von deklassierten, entwurzelten und demoralisierten Existenzen, für die es - obwohl nicht hingemordet - jedenfalls keine einfache Umkehr gab.

Die Revolutionen zum Ende der Katastrophe 1917/1918 waren gekennzeichnet vom Elend in umfassendster Weise, von schroffsten Gegensätzen (Kriegsgewinnler-Kriegsverlierer), Gegnerschaften, Leidenschaften, politischen Fraktionierungen, Kämpfen und Haß und von Hilflosigkeiten, Unzulänglichkeiten, Versäumnissen, Halbheiten, Irrtümern der Akteure auch auf der Seite der Klassen, die die Opfer geworden waren. Marx' Diagnose und Prognose von 1867, inwiefern die Wissenschaft Privatinteressen berührt, Leidenschaften hervorruft und welche Privatinteressen und mit welchen Mitteln überhaupt verfolgt werden, zeichnete noch idyllische Zustände vergangener Tage. Er konnte nicht wissen, wie die bürgerlichen Klassen und "Eliten" sich noch inspirieren und beflügeln ließen, weil die technische Entwicklung in schließlich produzierter Gestalt nicht Voraussehbares geschaffen hatte.

Als Stinnes 1924 starb, war sein Familienunternehmen mit über 600.000 Beschäftigten der größte "Arbeitgeber" der Welt. Das Familienunternehmen hatte eben auf todsichere Geschäfte gesetzt und gewonnen. Unter diesen Umständen kann auch einmal großzügig gehandelt werden und etwas abgegeben werden: Den Bedürftigen der Anti-bolschewistischen Liga des Eduard Stadtler (vgl. das Fortsetzungskapitel).

- Novemberrevolution 1918 in Deutschland, der Untergang der Weimarer Republik und die Fortsetzung des Weltkrieges

1958-1962: Wanted Nazi Walter Rauff was German 'Bundesnachrichtendienst' BND spy between 1958-1962

1965: In 1965 'Butcher of Lyon' SS-Hauptsturmführer Klaus Barbie was recruited by the BND, his initial monthly salary of 500 Deutsche Mark was transferred in May 1966 to an account of the Chartered Bank of London in San Francisco in the USA, which recruited him in 1947 as an agent for the USA Army Counter Intelligence Corps CIC, and he made at least 35 reports to the BND headquarters in Pullach

2006: CIA-Akten 2006: Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem BND und CIA bereits 1958 bekannt - BND-Akten: Aufenthaltsort Eichmanns sogar schon 1952 bekannt

2011: 7. Juli 2011: Neun ehemalige Wehrmachtssoldaten wegen Massaker in Italien 1944 im Juli 2011 in Verona zu lebenslanger Haft verurteilt - Sant'Anna di Stazzema - Die Täter, wie z.B. Gerhard Sommer, geschützt von der deutschen Justiz in Hamburg und Stuttgart - 26 September 2011: Wanted Nazi Walter Rauff was German 'Bundesnachrichtendienst' spy between 1958-1962 - Walter Rauff: Gas van engineering and mass murder - Word War II: German gas vans in concentration camps, in Poland, Baltic states, Soviet Union, Serbia and North Africa - 27. September 2011: Bislang geheimgehaltene Akten des BND belegen, daß Walter Rauff wegen seiner Tätigkeit im Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Entwicklung und Einsatz von Gaswagen) 1958 vom BND eingestellt wurde - 27. September 2011: Deutscher Verfassungsschutz läßt eigene NS-Vergangenheit untersuchen, schon 2011 - 30 November 2011: Investigators have found that in 2007 the German Intelligence Service BND destroyed files of 250 employees who had been in the Nazi SS or Gestapo

2012: 15 juillet 2012: Le criminel nazi Laszlo Csatary retrouvé à Budapest - 18 July: Csatary, accused of organising the deportation to their deaths of some 16,000 Jews arrested in Hungary - 1 October 2012: Probe into Nazi massacre at Sant'Anna di Stazzema dropped by German prosecutors - 19 December 2012: At the presentation of a report by Italian and German historians on German war crimes against Italians, Italy presses Germany on conviction of former Nazis

2013: 7 May 2013: Living in Baden-Wuerttemberg since 1983, the alleged former guard at the Nazi death camp Auschwitz Hans Lipschis arrested on charges of complicity in the mass murder of prisoners - 28 June: Germany's Federal Administrative Court blocks full release of Nazi Eichmann files - 23 July 2013: The Nazi-hunting Simon Wiesenthal Center launches German poster campaign seeking information on the last perpetrators of the Holocaust still at large nearly 70 years on - 29 July 2013 and its truth: The murderer SS-Priebke and free man in 2013 said, that the victims - from 14 year old boys (today 83) to 75 year old men - were, in his view at the time, terrorists - 26 September: Former Auschwitz guard Hans Lipschis, 93, to be tried as part of drive to round up last surviving members of Nazi regime - 15 October 2013: Angry protests mark funeral of Nazi war criminal SS officer Erich Priebke in Italy

2014: 20 February 2014: Three suspected Auschwitz guards detained in Baden-Wuerttemberg - 19 June 2014: Suspected SS guard J. Breyer arrested in the USA for the alleged murders of hundreds of thousands of Jewish men, women and children during World War II - 2 December 2014: Nazi war criminal Brunner, the unrepentant 'right-hand man' of Adolf Eichmann and wanted for deporting tens of thousands of Jews to death camps, is 'almost certain' to have died in Syria, where he was protected by successive regimes, four years ago, Simon Wiesenthal Centre says

2015: 23. Februar 2015: Ein 94-jähriger ehemaliger SS-Sanitäter im Vernichtungslager Auschwitz-Birkenau soll sich vor dem Landgericht Neubrandenburg wegen Beihilfe zum Mord in mindestens 3.681 Fällen verantworten - 31 March 2015: Following Germany's refusals of extradition to Denmark and protection by German governments and authorities, volunteer in the SS Viking Division and Denmark�s highest-ranking Nazi Soren Kam died a free man last week in Kempten after he fled to CDU/CSU-Germany in 1956 and obtained citizenship, despite conviction in Denmark to have been involved in the murder of Danish anti-Nazi newspaper editor Carl Henrik Clemmensen - 20/21 April 2015: SS 'accountant of Auschwitz' Gröning goes on trial in Germany charged with complicity in the murder of 300,000 Holocaust victims - 15 July: Former SS officer Oskar Groening known as the Bookkeeper of Auschwitz sentenced to four years in prison - 16 July 2015: SS officer Oskar Gröning escaped prosecution in Britain nearly 70 years ago because of the USA�s desire, according to newly discovered UNWCC documents also revealing that the entire judicial process against Germans accused of committing war crimes was closed down after political intervention from above - 1 August 2015: Germany shelves Nazi crimes probe of SS-commander Michael Karkoc now living in USA, who commanded a unit in the SS-led Ukrainian Self Defense Legion accused of burning villages filled with women and children, based on wartime documents, testimony from other members of the unit and Karkoc�s own Ukrainian-language memoir - 22 September 2015: 91-year-old German woman who worked at Auschwitz has been accused of complicity in the murders of at least 260,000 Jews during World War II - 2 November 2015: Former Auschwitz SS guard, charged with 170,000 counts of accessory to murder, declared fit for trial in Germany - 1 December 2015: German appeals court clears the way for the trial of 95-year-old SS sergeant at Auschwitz Hubert Z., accused of being an accessory to the murder of at least 3,681 people at the Auschwitz-Birkenau Nazi death camp, as in Detmold Reinhold H. is accused of being an accessory to the murder of 170,000 people and in Kiel a 91-year-old woman is accused of the same charges in the case of 260,000 people

2016: 18 janvier 2016: L'ex-infirmier d'Auschwitz Hubert Zafke, en poste lorsqu'est arrivé le convoi d'Anne Frank en 1944, sera jugé à partir du 29 février en Allemagne - 29 January 2016: Authorities probe former SS soldiers accused of war crimes, including involvement in a 1944 civilian massacre in France - 10 February 2016: SS men Reinhold Hanning and Hubert Zafke will go on trial this month for their alleged complicity in the murder of thousands of people at Auschwitz, as Holocaust survivor Angela Orosz, born at Auschwitz, will take the witness stand in the Hanning trial - 11 February 2016: Auschwitz survivor Leon Schwarzbaum urges SS-guard on trial to reveal his role at death camp, asking him 'to tell the historical truth', 'the truth about what you and your colleagues did', but the SS-guard remains silent - 12 February 2016: Leon Schwarzbaum, Justin Sonder, Erna de Vries, three Auschwitz survivors describe horrors of Holocaust on the second day of the trial in Detmold - 26 February 2016: Angela Orosz Richt-Bein born inside the Auschwitz concentration camp in 1944 has accused former guard Hanning on trial for being an accessory to the murders of 170,000 Holocaust victims, saying 'You know what happened to all the people, you enabled their murder. Tell us! Tell us!' - 29 February 2016: The trial of former Nazi official Hubert Z., who is thought to have worked as a medic, over his suspected involvement in the deaths of 3,681 people at the Auschwitz concentration camp is set to begin in Germany on Monday - 5 March 2016: Born in Auschwitz in December 1944 and too weak to cry, the true understanding of her origins crept up on her slowly throughout her childhood in Hungary, Angela Orosz says in Detmold's courtroom - 12 March 2016: Canadian Jewish groups are calling on Canada to strip Canadian citizenship of Helmut Oberlander, who was a member of one of the most savage Nazi killing units, responsible for the murder of more than 90,000 Jewish men, women, and children during the Holocaust and who fraudulently gained Canadian citizenship in 1954 - 29 April 2016: Ex-SS Auschwitz guard Hanning tells court in Detmold, �I am truly sorry� - 20 May: German prosecutors seeking six years' imprisonment for 94-year-old former SS guard Hanning on trial for complicity in 170,000 murders at Auschwitz - 17 June 2016: Germany jails ex-Auschwitz guard Hanning, found guilty on 170,000 counts of accessory to murder, for five years - 9 August 2016: Head of Germany�s central office for the investigation of Nazi crimes in Ludwigsburg has identified four men and four women suspected of having served at a concentration camp near Gdansk, and prosecutors will examine if they can be charged as accomplices to murder, as World Jewish Congress' Ronald Lauder says that 'given the vast system of concentration and extermination camps put in place by the Nazis, and the number of personnel needed to run and guard these sites, it comes as no surprise that a few of these perpetrators are still alive, even today' - 28 November 2016: German Federal Court of Justice upholds former Auschwitz guard Groening's conviction on accessory to murder charges, setting an important precedent for prosecutors' efforts to pursue others who were part of the 'machinery of death' even if there is no evidence of involvement in a specific killing

2016/2017: Nazi medic and SS-Unterscharführer Hubert Zafke - 29 February 2016: Trial of Auschwitz medic Hubert Zafke, charged with being an accomplice in the murder of at least 3,681 people and who served at Auschwitz when Anne Frank arrived, postponed in Germany - 7 March 2016: Auschwitz medic Zafke accused of gasing victims deemed unfit to stand trial - 16 October 2016: Trial of Auschwitz medic Hubert Zafke, repeatedly postponed after judges ruled he was unfit, now postponed over claim of biased judges, as prosecutors held up the trial by seeking the removal of several judges - 2 December 2016: Trial of Nazi medic and SS-Unterscharführer Hubert Zafke rescheduled after claim of biased judge dismissed - 14 February 2017: German court bars Jewish brothers Walter and William Plywask from joining the Zafke trial as co-plaintiffs, as allowed under German law for victims' relatives

2017: 25 January 2017: Researchers uncover vast numbers of unknown Nazi killing fields, as the 'Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos' set for completion in 2025, has now documented 42,500 sites of Nazi persecution, over eight times more than predicted - 25 January 2017: After changes in Germany's prosecution policy since 2011 have resulted in more investigations, in 2015/2016 Germany opened investigations against 42 individuals and convicted Oskar Groening, as seven decades after World War II there have been 103 convictions of Nazi war criminals, with Italy and the USA topping the list, according to the annual Simon Wiesenthal Center report, published since 2002 - 24 June 2017: Neubrandenburg state court appointed three new judges after the removing of three judges found to be biased in the often-delayed trial of a former SS medic Hubert Zafke who served at the Auschwitz death camp, as the International Auschwitz Committee has sharply attacked Germany�s handling of the case, saying the court was hurtling 'between sloppy ignorance and complete disinterest' in a resolution - 13 September 2017: Neubrandenburg state court dropped its case against 96-year-old former Auschwitz medic Hubert Zafke, after he was found unfit to stand trial for his role in the murder of more than 3,600 people at the Nazi death camp - 1 October 2017: Germany not prosecuting 8 members of SS death squad, despite knowing their names - 21 October 2017: German public prosecutors have charged a 96-year-old former Nazi death camp guard, accusing him of having guarded prisoners at the death camp in Lublin-Majdanek who were slated to be killed in 1943 and 1944

2018: 16 avril 2018: Un ex-garde SS du camp d'extermination d'Auschwitz, qui n'a pas été identifié, a été mis en accusation pour complicité de meurtres, a annoncé lundi le parquet allemand, ouvrant la voie à la tenue d'un procès - 7 June 2018: German prosecutors are investigating suspected former member of Hitler�s mobile killing squads and SS Rottenfuehrer Wilhelm Karl Friedrich Hoffmeister for involvement in World War II massacres carried out by the 'Einsatzgruppen' in Ukraine - 6 November 2018: Former Nazi SS camp guard Johann Rehbogen allegedly serving 1942-1944 at German concentration camp Stutthof near the Polish city of Gdansk, is to begin trial on Tuesday, facing 100 counts of accessory to murder

November 2018: 10 November 2018: Though up to a million people are believed to have actively participated in the extermination of millions of Jewish people during the Holocaust, only around 20,000 were ever found guilty of crimes, and fewer than 600 received heavy sentences, according to British Holocaust historian Mary Fulbrook, examining the German justice system�s prosecution of Nazi war crimes following World War II, saying that 'the total number of persons convicted under the Federal Republic for Nazi crimes was in itself fewer even than the number of people who had been employed at Auschwitz alone' and noting that West Germany�s post-war legal system was populated by many ex-Nazis

December 2018: 13 December 2018: Citing German legal regulations, Muenster state court ends proceedings against former SS guard Rehbogen at the Stutthof Nazi concentration camp, facing hundreds of counts of accessory to murder

April 2019: 18 April 2019: 92-year-old ex-SS guard Dey charged with 5,230 counts of accessory to murder at the Stutthof concentration camp, now in Poland, as 100 families to celebrate seder on eve of Passover in Warsaw Ghetto, for first time since 1943, when Nazi German troops stormed in, expecting the deportation process to last three days, but were ambushed by Jewish rebels

24 July 2019 former SS soldier Karl Muenter charged: 24 juillet 2019: Suite à la plainte de familles de victimes du massacre de 86 civils à Ascq, commis dans la nuit du 1er au 2 avril 1944 par des SS y compris Karl Münter, ce l'ancien SS, qui a assuré que le chiffre de 6 millions de juifs assassinés par les nazis était exagéré lors d'un entretien à la chaîne publique ARD diffusé le 29 novembre 2018, qui a estimé que les victimes d'Ascq étaient aussi responsables de leur mort, est enfin mis en accusation maintenant pour incitation à la haine, après en mars 2018, le Parquet allemand avait en effet annoncé l'abandon des poursuites parce que le suspect avait déjà été condamné à mort par contumace par un tribunal militaire en France en 1949 et qu'il ne pouvait donc être jugé une seconde fois pour ces mêmes faits

August 2019: 8 August 2019: A Hamburg court ruled that 92-year-old former SS Bruno Dey will go on trial on 5,230 counts of accessory to murder on allegations that, in his role as a guard, he helped the Stutthof concentration camp function

16 October 2019 SS guard Bruno Dey case: 16 October 2019: Former SS guard Bruno Dey at Stutthof concentration camp will go on trial in Hamburg on Thursday, in what could be one of the last criminal cases of an individual charged over the Holocaust

20 January 2020 photos surface showing convicted Nazi criminal John Demjanjuk at Sobibor camp: 20 January 2020: Photos surface showing convicted Nazi criminal John Demjanjuk, who denied ever having been a guard at Sobibor and who was sentenced 2011 in Munich to five years in prison, at Sobibor camp

6 July 2020 three years in jail for former Nazi camp guard Bruno Dey demanded: 6 July 2020: German prosecutors demanded three years in jail for a 93-year-old former Nazi concentration camp guard Bruno Dey who they said was 'without a doubt' complicit in the murder of more than 5,000 people during World War II

22 July 2020 at Bruno Dey trial in Hamburg witness Marek Dunin-Wasowicz wants to be heard in Germany: 22 July 2020: Still haunted by the pyres of burning bodies, Marek Dunin-Wasowicz, who spent several months at Stutthof camp, initially built to imprison Polish leaders and intelligentsia in September 1939, where war crimes defendant Bruno Dey at trial in Hamburg served, wants to speak out for the more than 60,000 people killed at the camp and for the few survivors who are still alive, also wanting his testimony to be heard in Germany, the country where Nazism originated and at a time of rising neo-Nazism linked rhetoric, politics and crime in Halle, Hanau, Kassel, Frankfurt, Berlin etc. and in Europe, also reporting that Germans came up to his table in the courtroom to meet him, 'to ask forgiveness in the name of their grandfathers, their fathers', 'I was shocked', and also calling Germany�s long delay in bringing Nazi personnel like Dey to justice 'inexcusable'

23 July 2020 Nazi concentration camp guard Dey convicted over 5,232 murders: 23 July 2020: Nazi concentration camp guard convicted over 5,232 murders of mostly Jewish prisoners, as Bruno Dey found guilty of accessory to murders in final months of second world war, as now about 40 survivors or their descendants were co-plaintiffs in the trial, appearing mostly via a video link, and as Investigation of National Socialist Crimes' office says it is investigating a further 14 individuals over crimes committed in concentration camps

5 February 2021 German prosecutors charged former secretary at Nazi concentration camp with complicity in murders: 5 February 2021: German prosecutors have charged a former secretary, identified only as Irmgard F, at the Stutthof Nazi concentration camp with complicity in the murders of 10,000 people, in the first such case in recent years against a woman, as the suspect 'is accused of having assisted those responsible at the camp in the systematic killing of Jewish prisoners, Polish partisans and Soviet Russian prisoners of war in her function as a stenographer and secretary to the camp commander' between June 1943 and April 1945, the prosecutors said in a statement

8 February 2021 Nazi concentration camp guard charged: 8 février 2021: Un ex-gardien de camp nazi inculpé qui aurait aidé et encouragé le meurtre plus de 3�500 détenus dans un camp de concentration au nord de Berlin, entre 1942 et 1945

20 February 2021 Nazi concentration camp guard Friedrich Karl Berger charged: 20 février 2021: Les États-Unis ont extradé samedi vers l�Allemagne un ancien gardien de camp de concentration Friedrich Karl Berger, aujourd�hui âgé de 95 ans, accusé de 'complicité de meurtres', a indiqué samedi la justice allemande

19 October 2021 WWII camp secretary facing charges of abetting thousands of murders remained silent: 19 October 2021: WWII camp secretary facing charges of abetting thousands of murders while working as secretary to concentration camp's commandant remained silent at the start of her trial in Itzehoe near Hamburg on Tuesday, as the defendant named under German law only as Irmgard F stands accused of aiding and abetting murder in more than 11,000 cases at the Nazi-run Stutthof camp, located near Danzig now the Polish port city of Gdansk

20 December 2022 Irmgard Furchner convicted of complicity in 10,500 murders at Nazi Death Camp: 20 December 2022: Itzehoe state court gave Irmgard Furchner a two-year suspended sentence, after being accused of being part of the apparatus that helped the Stutthof concentration camp's function during World War II

Bundesdeutsches 'Auswärtiges Amt': Schon 2005-2010 Historikerkommission zur NS-Vergangenheit des Auswärtigen Amts

Bundesdeutsche Fortsetzung der Nazijustiz, ungesühnte Nazijustiz und deren Tradition: Ungesühnte Nazijustiz - Furchtbare Juristen - Justiz und NS-Verbrechen - 1945-2016 German trial judgments concerning national socialist homicidal crimes

1956: 16. Februar 2016: Das Grundsatzurteil des Bundesgerichtshofes zur Ablehnung der Entschädigung von NS-verfolgten Sinti und Roma vom 7. Januar 1956, in dem der BGH feststellte, dass die 'Zigeuner' von den Nationalsozialisten zu Recht als 'artfremd' behandelt worden seien, prägte über viele Jahre das gesamte Entschädigungsrecht für die Überlebenden der Sinti und Roma und wurde zur Niederschlagung von Strafverfahren gegen die Organisatoren des Holocausts herangezogen

1995: NS-Justizverbrechen ohne Verurteilungen - Die Aufarbeitung der NS-Justizverbrechen durch die bundesdeutsche Justiz gilt als gescheitert, der Bundesgerichtshof bedauerte in einem Urteil aus dem Jahr 1995 selbst, daß auf Grund von 'folgenschweren Versagens der bundesdeutschen Justiz' NS-Richter nicht strafrechtlich zur Verantwortung gezogen worden sind

2013: 27 June 2013: German court dismisses bid to release full Eichmann files - 22. Oktober 2013: Schon 2012/2013 beginnt eine 'Unabhängige Wissenschaftliche Kommission beim Bundesministerium der Justiz zur Aufarbeitung der NS-Vergangenheit' ihre Arbeit

2015: 10. August 2015: Journalisten bekommen mehr Einblicke in ein Gutachten zur NS-Vergangenheit des deutschen Bundeslandwirtschaftsministeriums, entscheidet das Oberverwaltungsgericht Münster und hebt vorausgehende Beschlüsse auf - 7 October 2015: 70 years after the end of World War II, Germany�s justice ministry is embarked on a wide-ranging effort to examine the influence that the Nazis had on the country�s legal system, including the role some German officials played in preventing former Nazis from being prosecuted after the war

2016: 16. Februar 2016: Das Grundsatzurteil des Bundesgerichtshofes zur Ablehnung der Entschädigung von NS-verfolgten Sinti und Roma vom 7. Januar 1956, in dem der BGH feststellte, dass die 'Zigeuner' von den Nationalsozialisten zu Recht als 'artfremd' behandelt worden seien, prägte über viele Jahre das gesamte Entschädigungsrecht für die Überlebenden der Sinti und Roma und wurde zur Niederschlagung von Strafverfahren gegen die Organisatoren des Holocausts herangezogen

Oktober 2016: 10 October 2016: 'Rosenburg Project' study, covering the period from 1950 to 1973 and conducted by independent experts, highlights how thousands of Germans who committed crimes during Hitler's dictatorship were protected by former NDSAP members holding key positions in the legal system, finding that more than half of all senior officials in Germany's Justice Ministry in the 1950s and 1960s were ex-Nazis who, through inaction or intentional sabotage, systematically protected fellow former members of Hitler's National Socialist party from prosecution and shaped West Germany's legal code for decades

November 2016: 26 November 2016: The German government will launch an investigation into NSDAP influence on the country's post-war central government, also seeking to clarify what continuity there was in the staff of the Chancellory and to look at the role of Hans Globke who served as chief of staff and a trusted confidant to chancellor Konrad Adenauer between 1953 and 1963, despite he was a senior civil servant in the Nazi-era interior ministry and was involved in the drafting of the Nuremberg race laws

November 2018: 10 November 2018: Though up to a million people are believed to have actively participated in the extermination of millions of Jewish people during the Holocaust, only around 20,000 were ever found guilty of crimes, and fewer than 600 received heavy sentences, according to British Holocaust historian Mary Fulbrook, examining the German justice system�s prosecution of Nazi war crimes following World War II, saying that 'the total number of persons convicted under the Federal Republic for Nazi crimes was in itself fewer even than the number of people who had been employed at Auschwitz alone' and noting that West Germany�s post-war legal system was populated by many ex-Nazis

Society, demographics, languages, human rights, religion, racism and antisemitism in Germany: German society

Human rights in Germany: Human rights in Germany

Since October December 2000/2009 'Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union': Since October December 2000 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, enshrining certain political, social, and economic rights for EU citizens and residents into EU law

Text of the 'Charter of Fundamental Rights': The text of the 'Charter of Fundamental Rights' contains some 54 articles divided into seven titles, as the first six titles deal with substantive rights under the headings dignity, freedoms, equality, solidarity, citizens' rights and justice, while the last title deals with the interpretation and application of the Charter

Title 'Freedoms': Title 'Freedoms', contain articles 6-19 including 'Right to liberty and security', 'Respect for private and family life' saying everyone has the right to respect for his or her private and family life, home and communications, 'Protection of personal data', 'Right to marry and right to found a family', 'Freedom of thought, conscience and religion', 'Freedom of expression and information' saying everyone has the right to freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers, the freedom and pluralism of the media shall be respected, 'Freedom of assembly and of association', 'Freedom of the arts and sciences', 'Right to education' saying everyone has the right to education and to have access to vocational and continuing training, 'Freedom to choose an occupation and right to engage in work', saying everyone has the right to engage in work and to pursue a freely chosen or accepted occupation, and nationals of third countries who are authorised to work in the territories of the Member States are entitled to working conditions equivalent to those of citizens of the Union, 'Freedom to conduct a business', 'Right to property', 'Right to asylum', 'Protection in the event of removal, expulsion or extradition', saying collective expulsions are prohibited, and no one may be removed, expelled or extradited to a State where there is a serious risk that he or she would be subjected to the death penalty, torture or other inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

Title 'Solidarity': Title 'Solidarity' - title IV of the charter - contains 11 articles including 'Workers' right to information and consultation within the undertaking', 'Right of collective bargaining and action', 'Right of access to placement services', 'Protection in the event of unjustified dismissal', 'Fair and just working conditions', 'Prohibition of child labour and protection of young people at work', 'Family and professional life', 'Social security and social assistance', 'Health care' saying everyone has the right of access to preventive health care and the right to benefit from medical treatment, 'Access to services of general economic interest', 'Environmental protection', 'Consumer protection'

2015/2016 United Nations OHCHR monitoring Germany: United Nations OHCHR monitoring Germany's compliance with obligations of human rights treaties

Demographics and ethnic groups in Germany: Demographics of Germany - Ethnic groups in Germany - Immigrants to Germany

Since early 1990s history of immigration to and migration in Germany: Since early 1990s history of immigration to and migration in Germany

21st century immigrant population in Germany by country of birth: According to the 'Federal Statistical Office of Germany' in 2012, 92% of residents (73.9 million) in Germany had German citizenship, with 80% of the population being Germans (64.7 million) having no immigrant background, as of the 20% (16.3 million) people with immigrant background, 3.0 million (3.7%) had Turkish, 1.5 million (1.9%) Polish, 1.2 million (1.5%) Russian and 0.85 million (0.9%) Italian background, as in 2014, most people without German citizenship were Turkish (1.52 million), followed by Polish (0.67 million), Italian (0.57 million), Romanians (0.36 million) and Greek citizens (0.32 million), and as of 2020, the most common groups of resident foreign nationals in Germany are listed and ranked by number

List of groups of resident foreign nationals in Germany ranked by number: List of groups of resident foreign nationals in Germany ranked by number, including - and beginning with a group of five - Turkey (12.8%), EU's Poland (7.6%), Syria (7.2%), EU's Romania (7.0%), and EU's Italy (5,7%)

21st century UN's OHCHR monitoring Germany's compliance with obligations of human rights treaties: United Nations OHCHR monitoring Germany's compliance with obligations of human rights treaties

History of the Jews in Germany since the Early Middle Ages: History of the Jews in Germany since the Early Middle Ages

Jewish German history and antisemitism in Germany: Jewish German history - Antisemitism in Germany

1914-1918 German and Austrian empires' World War I and Jews: 1914-1918 World War I was the first war Jews fought in large numbers, and in a great spirit of volunteerism, on both sides, as in some countries, mainly Germany and Austro-Hungary, assimilation and civic equality for Jews were motivating factors to fight - An estimated 100,000 German Jewish military personnel served in the German Army during World War I, of whom 12,000 were killed in action

1933-1945 Antisemitism in Germany and the Holocaust: Antisemitism and Holocaust (the genocide in which approximately six million Jews were murdered by Nazi Germany 1939-1945) in Germany and Europe

Since 1990/1991 Jewish people in the reunited Germany: The end of the Cold War 1990/91 contributed to a growth in the Jewish people of Germany with a population of more than 100,000 registered citizens - May 2005: Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe - sixty years after the end of World War II

2014/2015: 14 September 2014: 'Stand Up Against Anti-Semitism: No More Jew-Hatred' Rally at the Brandenburg Gate on Sunday afternoon in the middle of Berlin attended by 5,000 people and following a surge of abuse against Jews and spreading anti-Israeli sentiment in the last months - 20 February 2015: Berlin's Jewish community removes its logo on envelopes containing its monthly magazine to protect members from anti-Semitic attacks

2016: 2 September 2016: Rise of populist AfD 'frightening', Josef Schuster, the president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, says

2018: 29 April 2018: Germany�s newly appointed official in charge of fighting anti-Semitism says he is not surprised that Jews are considering leaving the country following a series of high profile hate crimes recently in the country, also saying that roughly 20% of Germans hold anti-Semitic views

8 June 2018: The Jewish community of Mainz reacted with shock and grief Thursday after a 14-year-old girl was found dead, as police launched a manhunt for an Iraqi refugee suspected of killing her

8 October 2018: While some Jews and fewer than 20 people in the neo-Nazi linked German AfD party gathered and celebrated in muted fashion in Wiesbaden on Sunday, some 400 demonstrators attended a counterrally and all major Jewish-German groups united to criticize the new faction

9/10 November 2018: 9 November 2018: In one of numerous events in the capital and across the country students and rabbis in German capital read names of victims, light candles and pray at memorials 80 years after �Night of Broken Glass� with more recent anti-Jewish violence in the USA and elsewhere prevalent in people�s minds - 10 November 2018: In rare move, the Central Council rallied other mainstream Jewish organizations in a statement of opposition to the neo-Nazi linked AfD party and to a new small group calling itself Jews for the AfD - 10 November 2018: Following Germany's 'Kristallnacht' rescued Kindertransport children 80 years on remain determined to resist the resurgence of inhuman movements and the 'hostile environment' towards displaced people, also reporting that a father, who had been German medical officer in World War I, 'for the rest of his life' 'had terrible nightmares that the Gestapo were coming for him'

January 2019: 24 January 2019: Charlotte Knobloch, Jewish community leader in the Bavarian city of Munich, said she had been targeted with threats and hate mail 'almost by the minute' since calling the AfD party a threat to democracy in a speech about Holocaust victims

May 2019: 28 May 2019: Following a warning that Jews should refrain from wearing skullcaps in public German chancellor expressed concerns over the country's rise in anti-Semitism saying every Jewish institution in Germany needs police protection

July 2019: 15 July 2019: Central Council of Jews in Germany slams �irresponsible and dangerous� Spiegel piece criticizing Jewish groups for �aggressive lobbying� against BDS

Romani people in Germany since the Late Middle Ages: Romani (Roma and Sinti) people in Germany since the Late Middle Ages - History of the Romani people during World War II - Romani genocide (Porajmos) was the effort during World War II by Nazi Germany and its allies to exterminate the Romani people of Europe - Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma

October 2012 memorial in Berlin to Roma and Sinti victims: 24 October 2012: Long-delayed memorial in Berlin to Roma and Sinti victims of the Nazis

February 2018: 26 February 2018: As Monday marks 75 years since the Nazi genocide against Sinti and Roma started, these communities struggling for decades for official recognition of that crime still live with daily prejudice

2 August 2019 genocide of Sinti and Roma remembered: 2 August 2019: After on 2 August 1944 more than 4,000 people were gassed to death in Auschwitz, the Nazi genocide of Sinti and Roma in Europe still affects many lives today, historian says

October 2019 'Forgotten Victims' exhibition in London: 27 October 2019: Nazi directives and accounts of Roma genocide go on display, as 'Forgotten Victims' exhibition in London documents fate of 500,000 Roma and Sinti

Afro-Germans: Afro-Germans - List of former German colonies in the 19th and 20th century - Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany - Afro-Germans in Germany since 1945

2017: 28 February 2017: As there are as many as one million people with African roots in Germany, and although the constitution guarantees equality, bans racial discrimination and enshrines the inviolability of human dignity, widespread discrimination against black people persists in Germany, UN experts say

Arabs in Germany: Arabs in Germany

Armenians in Germany: Armenians in Germany, like much of the Armenian diaspora, most Armenians immigrated to Germany after the Armenian Genocide of 1915, others came later, fleeing conflicts in places like Iran, Azerbaijan and Lebanon, another influx came fleeing nationalist persecution in Turkey

Asians in Germany: Asians in Germany - Pakistanis in Germany - Vietnamese people in Germany

2016: 29 December 2016: Pakistani Naveed Baloch wrongly arrested over Berlin Christmas attack says he fears for his life also saying he was tied up, blindfolded and slapped by police after being held �because he ran across road�

Assyrians (or Arameans) in Germany: Assyrians in Germany, also known as Arameans and estimated at around 135,000 people with German citizenship, mainly coming from Azerbaijan, Turkey, Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Iran, as local communities exist in several cities such as Munich, Augsburg and Gütersloh with 13,000 Assyrian citizens

Italians in Germany: Italians in Germany

Kurds in Germany: Kurds in Germany

October 2019 Kurdish activists occupied CDU office in Chemnitz: 25 October 2019: Kurdish activists have occupied a CDU office in the Saxon Chemnitz, protesting against the military offensive of Turkey in northern Syria

20 February 2020 Kurds and other immigrants shocked after German gunman killed 9 people in Hanau: 20 February 2020: Germany's immigrant community in Hanau reeling after shootings, as for decades Turks, ethnic Kurds and other immigrants have coexisted in the town, leaving residents shocked after German gunman, who posted a hate-filled manifesto, killed nine people of foreign background

Polish minority in Germany: The Polish minority in Germany is the second largest Polish minority in the world and the biggest in Europe

20 October 2015: Twelve people were injured after a fire broke out on Monday at a building in Gudensberg housing mostly migrant workers from Bulgaria and Poland

Romanians in Germany: Romanians in Germany are one of the sizable communities of the Romanian diaspora in Western Europe, as according to German statistics from 2015/2016 the number of Romanian nationals in Germany was 452,718, which was up from 94,326 in 2008 (after the entry of Romania in the European Union in 2007), as by the end of 2019, the number had increased to 748,225, and as - if descent is actually taken into account as the main criterion of immigration - the total number of individuals living in Germany who stem from Romania (both Romanian-German and Romanian) may amount to as much as 2,000,000 residents, therefore putting the Romanian diaspora living in this country the largest of all Romanian ones living within the European Union

Russians in Germany: Russians in Germany

2016 Russian regime's FM meddling in fabricated story: 29 January 2016: Russian FM Sergei Lavrov calls for 'truth and justice' in a Russian teen's fabricated rape claim by alleged Middle East migrants in Berlin, as Russian regime is murdering hundreds of civilians including children in Syria since months - 31 January 2016: 13-year-old Russian-German girl has admitted making up a story about being kidnapped and raped by migrants, exacerbated by a report on Russian state TV, in which the girl�s relatives claimed her allegations were not being investigated, and that triggered outrage among Berlin�s Russian-German community, staging protests supported by the Pegida-related Bärgida movement, the Neonazi National Democratic party, and joint by Russian FM Sergei Lavrov, who criticised the Berlin authorities

Spaniards in Germany: Spaniards in Germany

Syrians in Germany: Syrians in Germany - December 2015: Syrian asylum applications in Europe from April 2011 to December 2015 according to UN - 7 December 2015: Germany is on pace to take in one million asylum-seekers in 2015, in the last 11 months the country has taken in 964,574 new migrants, including more than 200,000 just in November

October 2016 Syrians in Germany tied up bomb suspect: 11 October 2016: Syrians in Germany who tied up bomb suspect in Leipzig hailed as heroes

November 2016: 23 November 2016: High Administrative Court ruling to leave 1000s of Syrians divided from families, as UNHCR indicates that there is a pattern whereby returning Syrians are imprisoned and disappear

October 2018 North Rhine-Westphalia 'apologizing' for jailing Syrian man who then died in his cell: 5 October 2018: Authorities in western Germany's North Rhine-Westphalia are 'apologizing' for mistakenly jailing a Syrian man who died following a fire in his cell after more than two months in custody

12 December 2020 Anwar al-Bunni now in exile in Germany part of first prosecution for war crimes against Assad�s regime: 12 December 2020: Human rights lawyer Anwar al-Bunni, who devoted his life to human rights in Syria, now in exile in Germany and part of a landmark first prosecution for war crimes against Assad�s regime after spending several years inside its jails, has also met Anwar Raslan, who became a police officer before transferring to Assad's intelligence services and helped detain Bunni, now both buying groceries in a Turkish shop near the gates of Marienfelde, the Berlin refugee camp they now called home

10 June 2022 number of Syrians becoming German citizens tripled in 2021: 10 June 2022: The number of Syrians who became naturalised German citizens was three times higher in 2021 than the year before, with many of those who fled between 2014 and 2016 now fulfilling eligibility criteria, after hundreds of thousands of migrants entered Germany after former chancellor Angela Merkel opened the country in 2015 to refugees fleeing war and poverty in the Middle East and beyond

Turks in Germany: Turks in Germany

1993-2011 Solingen arson attack and NSU: Solingen arson attack of 1993 - Since 1990th to 2011 'National Socialist Underground' terrorist group's serial murders

2014/2015: 1 December 2014: Thousands pay tribute Sunday to young woman Tugce Albayrak who was beaten to death trying to stop a group of men harassing two teenage girls in a McDonald's restroom - 17 June 2015: 18-year-old man convicted and sentenced under juvenile law to three years in prison over the death of German-Turkish student Tugce Albayrak following an altercation at a fast-food restaurant - 14. Juli 2015: Mutter von Sanel M. spuckte nach der Urteilsverkündung im Prozess gegen ihren Sohn auf ein Gedenkfoto der getöteten Tugce

Immigration and refugees in Germany: Immigration to Germany

2013/2014: 17 octobre 2013: De Lampedusa aux rues de Berlin, l'odyssée d'un migrant ghanéen - 29/30 September 2014: Asylum-seekers reportedly abused in German refugee centres

Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis

2015: 4 August 2015: Number of immigrants living in Germany rose by 3.7% last year to a record high of 11 million, as many of the immigrants came from other European Union countries - 6 September 2015: Hundreds of refugees and migrants arrive in Munich, as Germany expects to receive thousands - 7 September: 10,000 more refugees expected to arrive by train on Monday - 13 September: Germany reinstates controls at Austrian border - 5 November 2015: Government will establish up to five reception centres inside Germany for the swifter processing of asylum claims and the prompt deportation of those with little chance of obtaining refugee status, mainly people from the Balkans

2016: 29 January 2016: Germany tightens refugee policy, announcing to close its border to Algerians, Tunisians and Moroccans and also to prevent migrants from bringing their families to join them for two years, as Finland joins Sweden in deportations - 5 February 2016: Tens of thousands Syrians flee joint Russian-Iranian-Assad offensive on Aleppo as regime forces fully encircle countryside north of major city and Russian airstrikes mount to 250 a day - 6 November 2016: Ahead of 2017 federal elections the German CDU-led interior ministry reportedly wants to stop migrants ever reaching Europe�s Mediterranean coast by picking them up at sea and returning them to Africa - 18 November 2016: Survivors of the SS St. Louis, the trans-Atlantic liner carrying nearly 1,000 Jewish refugees from Germany in 1939, rejected by the USA and Cuba and forced to return to Europe, urge world to treat immigrants 'as family'

July 2018: 3 July 2018: German government deal over migration spells end of open borders for refugees

Languages and culture in Germany: Culture in Germany

Languages in Germany - main immigrant languages are Turkish, Polish, Italian, Kurdish, Arabic, Romanian, Greek, Serbo-Croatian, Russian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese, Ukrainian, French, Vietnamese - Anglicismes en allemand

Music in Germany and history: Music in Germany - History of music in Germany

March 2018: 1 March 2018: Lost music of Nazis� prisoners to be heard at concert in Jerusalem in April, in first public performance of songs written in concentration camps and tracked down over decades

April 2018: 15 April 2018: German rappers win Echo Music award despite complaints from Holocaust survivors over offensive Auschwitz verse, as the International Auschwitz Committee said their presence at the awards ceremony was a 'slap in the face for Holocaust survivors' - Seit dem 15. April 2018 geben Preisträger Auszeichnungen der Deutschen Phono-Akademie, die den Echo Musikpreis seit 1992 jährlich vergibt, unter Protest gegen Antisemitismus bei der Vergabe 2018 zurück - 25 April 2018: Organizers of Germany�s Echo Music Awards said they would scrap their main annual prize due to a row over winners this year, a rap duo who have been slammed for anti-Semitic lyrics

Religion and history of religion in Germany: History of religion in Germany - Religion in Germany

Since the Middle Ages 'Holy Roman Empire' and European countries: Religion in the 'Holy Roman Empire' 800-1806 - State church of the Roman Empire since 380 - History of the Jews in Europe - Religion in European countries

Christianity and antisemitism: Christianity and antisemitism - Medieval antisemitism

Antisemitism in Germany and Europe: Antisemitism in Germany - Antisemitism in Europe

1933, 1941�1945 The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, genocide during World War II: The Holocaust in Germany, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide in which some six million European Jews were killed by Nazi Germany and the World War II collaborators with the Nazis also outside Europe under Axis occupation

February 1963 'The Deputy': 20 February 1963 - 20 February 2015: 'The Deputy', play about Vatican�s silence during Holocaust, opens in Berlin

February 2015 Europe's fine art of anti-Semitism exhibition: 23 February 2015: From Notre Dame to Wittenberg, in Europe the fine art of anti-Semitism is on public display at many of the continent�s most visited landmarks

February 2018: 27 February 2018: In a vote on Monday night, the local council in southwestern Germany's Herxheim near Heidelberg decided by 10 votes to 3 that a Nazi-era bell, complete with the inscription 'Everything for the Fatherland - Adolf Hitler', should continue to hang in the local church, as councilors, expressing cynicism, said the bell, which also bears a swastika, should serve as a force for reconciliation and a memorial against violence and injustice

April 2018: 3 April 2018: Local church officials in Schweringen decided in mid-March to put Nazi-era swastika church bell back in use, the symbol engraved on the bell was removed along with part of a Nazi-era inscription with a note claiming responsibility found on the church door saying 'Spring cleaning 2018 - it was time for spring cleaning to bring fresh air to the village'

May 2018: 9 May 2018: Neo-Nazi linked 'Alternative for Germany' speaks at German Catholic Convention in the city of Münster

July 2018 Martin Luther letter critical of Jews goes up for auction: 10 July 2018: Discovered 1914 in the private collection of a German baron and now being sold by a German document collector, Martin Luther letter critical of Jews goes up for auction, saying Jewish people are 'devils incarnate'

Catholic church sexual abuse cases in Germany: Catholic church sexual abuse cases in Germany - Catholic sexual abuse in the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising - Protected child abuser catholic priest Peter Hullermann - Parish transfers of abusive priests

January 2013 defamation of scientists: 9. Januar 2013: Deutsche katholische Kirche beendet auf Betreiben der Diözese München die Untersuchung ihres Missbrauchsskandals und diffamiert die Wissenschaftler - 9 January 2013: Prof Pfeiffer accuses the catholic church of obstructing his team's work by seeking to control the investigation into sexual abuse by clergy - 7. März 2013: Missbrauch im Kloster Ettal war systematisch

2016: 8 January 2016: At least 231 children at Regensburger Domspatzen boys� choir run by Pope Benedict�s elder brother Georg Ratzinger from 1964 to 1994, were victims of physical abuse ranging from sexual assault to rape, severe beatings and food deprivation for decades, according to lawyer U. Weber

2017: 18 July 2017: Five-hundred-and-forty-seven pupils at one of Germany�s most famous Roman Catholic choir schools in Regensburg were physically or sexually abused between 1945 and 2015, an independent report has found, with some boys likening the institution to hell

September 2018 'tip of the iceberg' and calls for justice: 12 septembre 2018: Des milliers d'enfants ont été abusés sexuellement par des prêtres en Allemagne entre 1946 et 2014, selon une étude sur l'Eglise catholique allemande, qui est aussi accusée d'avoir sciemment caché les faits - 25 September 2018: German Catholic church presented the results of an investigation into decades of sexual abuse of children, detailing the cases of 3,677 children, the majority of whom are male, and of 1,670 implicated clerics, mainly priests, as justice minister says report probably shows only the tip of the iceberg, encouraging the church to work with the judicial system to bring as many cases as possible to court

Religious disaffiliation (Kirchenaustritte): Kirchenaustritte in Deutschland

2013/2014 Tebartz-van Elst's expenses scandal: Tebartz-van Elst's expenses scandal since 2007 - 27 March 2014: Pope Francis accepts resignation of German 'Bishop of Bling' Tebartz-van Elst

Women and women's rights in Germany: Women in Germany - Women's rights in Germany

2014/2015: 26 November 2014: Agreement for law demanding at least 30% women in top boardrooms - 30 November 2014: Thousands of citizens pay tribute to 23-year-old student Tug�e Albayrak who was murdered after rushing to the aid of two teenage girls who were being harassed by a group of men in Offenbach - 17 June 2015: 18-year-old man convicted and sentenced under juvenile law to three years in prison over the death of German-Turkish student Tugce Albayrak following an altercation at a fast-food restaurant - 14. Juli 2015: Mutter von Sanel M. spuckte nach der Urteilsverkündung im Prozess gegen ihren Sohn auf ein Gedenkfoto der getöteten Tugce

2016: 5 janvier 2016: Entre 200 et 300 personnes se sont rassemblées devant la cathédrale de Cologne pour appeler à plus de respect envers les femmes - 2016 New Year's Eve sexual assaults and robbery in Germany - 8 January 2016: German police have identified 18 asylum-seekers among 31 suspects in connection with crimes committed in Cologne at New Year, as government spokesman tells reporters that there are 9 Algerians, 8 Moroccans, 5 Iranians, 4 Syrians, 2 Germans and one person each from Iraq, Serbia and the USA among the suspects - 11 May 2016: Women's rights activists say that while government plans to allow women to compare their salaries against peers were a good start, more still needs to be done - 12 May 2016: Green party politician and first Muslim woman Muhterem Aras elected with a large majority as president (speaker) of Baden-Württemberg's state legislature

Children, childhood and children's rights in Germany: Children in Germany - Childhood in Germany - Children's rights in Germany

German childhood in Nazi Germany and World War II: German childhood in Nazi Germany and World War II

1938-2018 evacuated youngsters to Britain and elsewhere in Europe: 17 December 2018: 80 years after the start of effort to evacuate 10,000 youngsters to Britain and elsewhere in Europe to escape Hitler�s regime, Germany has agreed to one-time payments of 2,500 euros for survivors, primarily Jews, who were evacuated from Nazi Germany, many of whom never saw their parents again, as about 1,000 survivors are thought to be alive today, with about half living in Britain, and the payment is seen as a 'symbolic recognition of their suffering', Claims Conference negotiator Greg Schneider said

22 July 2020 2.8 million children in Germany grow up in poverty: 22 July 2020: 2.8 million children in Germany grow up in poverty, as covid-19 crisis threatens to exacerbate the problems of child poverty, according to a new study, saying 'politicians are doing too little to save children from poverty'

Murdered children in Germany: Murdered children in Germany

Child abuse in Germany: Child abuse in Germany

Since January 2020 impact of covid-19 pandemic on children: Since January 2020 impact of the covid-19 pandemic on children in Germany and on education

11 June 2020 covid-19 outbreak and children: 11 June 2020 covid-19 outbreak, kids, and how covid-19 affects children - March 2020: Schools closed due to covid-19 and tips to help parents cope

Education in Germany: Education in Germany - Education in Germany by state - Education in Germany by city or town - History of education in Germany - Since the 1990s Federal Republic of Germany's history of education

Schools in Germany: Schools in Germany - Primary and secondary education in Germany - Schulgeschichte in Deutschland - 'Bildungsreform'

Schools by state of Germany: Schools by state of Germany - List of schools in Germany by 'Bundesland'

Schools named 'Anne-Frank-Schule' in Germany: Liste der nach Anne Frank benannten Schulen in Deutschland benannt nach Anne Frank (1929 in Frankfurt - 1945 in Bergen-Belsen)

August 2015 German schools named 'Janusz-Korczak-Schule': 24: August 2015: Interaktive Karte der Schulen benannt nach Janusz Korczak (1878 in Warsaw - 1942 in Treblinka)

November 2017 student honored for opposing racism: 8. November 2017: Die 15 Jahre alte Schülerin Emilia S. ist für ihren Einsatz gegen rechte Umtriebe und Rassismus an ihrer Schule in Dresden mit dem Preis für Zivilcourage gegen Rechtsradikalismus, Antisemitismus und Rassismus ausgezeichnet worden

Since 2019�20 impact of the 2019�20 Chinese coronavirus pandemic on education worldwide including Germany: Since 2019�20 impact of the 2019�20 Chinese coronavirus pandemic on education worldwide including Germany - 16 March 2020: 56 countries have closed schools nationwide, impacting over 516.6 million children and youth, and further 17 countries have implemented localized school closures and, should these closures become nationwide, hundreds of millions of additional learners will experience education disruption, as selected schools started in German states of Bavaria, Nordhein-Westfalen, Baden-Württemberg, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz and several cities

3 December 2020 Germany to return to pre-Nazi alphabet table with Jewish names: 3 December 2020: For first time in 86 years, schools plan to use so-called Weimar tables as aid to help children learn to spell, as Germany is planning a return to pre-World War II alphabet tables that existed before the Nazis removed all names with Jewish associations, according to local media

Universities and colleges in Germany: Universities in Germany - Universities and colleges in Germany by state - List of universities in Germany - Universities and colleges in Germany by type

28 October 2020 researchers say early humans used green Levant including Israel as steppingstone out of Africa: Early humans migrated out of Africa through the Middle East with the help of a favorable climatic window over some 8,000 years, using today�s Israel and the surrounding region as a steppingstone on their way to Europe and the rest of Asia, as Jordan Rift Valley likely provided a green corridor for early humans to migrate north during a regional 'humid interval' when people were first establishing a permanent foothold outside Africa, according to researchers from several German universities with findings based on archaeological remains in Jordan, which were correlated with ecological data from the Dead Sea to ascertain the local environment at the time

Libraries in Germany: Libraries in Germany - State libraries of Germany - Libraries in Germany by city - List of libraries in Germany

Museums in Germany: Museums in Germany - Museums in Germany by state - Museums in Germany by city - List of museums in Germany

Since 1873/1970 Ethnological Museum of Berlin: Since 1873/1970 Ethnological Museum of Berlin, the de facto national collection of the Federal Republic of Germany, located in Berlin along with the Museum of Asian Art and the Museum of European Cultures, as the museum holds one of the largest and most important collections of works of art and culture from outside Europe in the world

Ethnic groups by continent and ethnology: Ethnic groups by continent - Ethnology, the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationships between them

Ethnic groups by continent: Ethnic groups in Africa - Ethnic groups in North America - Ethnic groups in the USA - Native Americans in the USA - Ethnic groups in Central America - Ethnic groups in South America - Ethnic groups in Asia - Ethnic groups in Europe - Ethnic groups in Oceania and Australia

History of Native Americans in North America and the USA: History of Native Americans in the USA

Iroquois 'People of the Longhouse' historical indigenous confederacy in northeast North America: The Iroquois 'People of the Longhouse', a historical indigenous confederacy in northeast North America, known during the colonial years to the French as the Iroquois League, later as the Iroquois Confederacy and to the English as the Five Nations, comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca, as after 1722 they accepted the Tuscarora people from the southeast into their confederacy, also Iroquoian-speaking, and consequently became known as the Six Nations, and as in 2010 more than 45,000 enrolled Six Nations people lived in Canada, and about 80,000 in the USA

Lewis H. Morgan's (1818-1881) theory of social evolution: Lewis H. Morgan's (1818-1881) theory of social evolution - 1877 'Ancient Society' investigation by the anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan, building on the data about kinship and social organization presented 1871 - 'Ancient Society' investigation, published 1877 (full text) - 1884/1892 'Die irokesische Gens' by Friedrich Engels (im Anschluß an Lewis H. Morgans Forschungen, in 'Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigentums und des Staats'

History museums in Germany: History museums in Germany

Holocaust memorials and museums in Germany: List of Holocaust memorials and museums in Germany, included in a list of Holocaust memorials and museums worldwide, listed by country

Archives in Germany: Archives in Germany - List of archives in Germany

'International Tracing Service' in Bad Arolsen: 'International Tracing Service' in Bad Arolsen, an internationally governed centre for documentation, information and research on Nazi persecution, forced labour and the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and its occupied regions, containing about 30 million documents from concentration camps, details of forced labour, and files on displaced persons

May 2019: 21 May 2019: Arolsen Archives makes available details and artifacts of about 2.2 million people, including Nazi concentration camp prisoner cards and death notices

Since 1997 Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma: Since 1997 Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma was established in Heidelberg

Health in Germany: Health in Germany

Medical outbreaks and health disasters in Germany: Medical outbreaks in Germany - Health disasters in Germany - Man-made disasters in Germany

1918 flu pandemic during World War I, mistakenly called 'Spanish flu': 1918 World War I flu pandemic (mistakenly called 'Spanish flu') in the last year of German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman's empires' World War I 1914-1918, lasting from spring 1918 through spring or early summer 1919, and infecting 500 million people � about a third of the world's population at the time - as the death toll is estimated to have been anywhere from 17 million to 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in human history

Seit 1954 Contergan-Skandal: Seit 1954 Contergan-Skandal - das millionenfach verkaufte Beruhigungsmedikament Contergan, das den Wirkstoff Thalidomid enthielt, konnte bei der Einnahme in der frühen Schwangerschaft Schädigungen in der Wachstumsentwicklung der Föten hervorrufen

Seit Beginn der 1980er Jahre: Seit Beginn der 1980er Jahre Infektionen durch HIV-kontaminierte Blutprodukte

2009 flu pandemic: 2009 flu pandemic in Germany

2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

2011/2012 aftermath of 'Contergan-Skandal': 8 November 2011: Drug thalidomide blamed for a broader range of harmful effects, revealed in German 'Contergan-Skandal' - 1 September 2012: German company Grunenthal Group issued its first apology in a half-century saying it regretted the consequences of the drug Thalidomide, that led to the births of children without limbs or with shortened limbs during the 1950s and 1960s, as a British charity representing families hurt by thalidomide in the 1950s and 1960s said the company apology was not enough

2017 Fipronil scandal: Juni, Juli und August 2017 Fipronil Lebensmittelskandal, in Hühnereiern, Hühnerfleisch und Hühnerkot aus den Niederlanden, Belgien und Deutschland wurde Fipronil nachgewiesen, obwohl die Verwendung bei Tieren, die der Lebensmittelerzeugung dienen, verboten ist

2020 covid-19 pandemic in Germany: Since January 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Germany

Since January 2020 timeline of German government reactions to covid-19: Timeline of German government reactions to the 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic spreading in the country

5 April 2020 current numbers of covid-19 cases in Germany: 5 April 2020: RKI reports - in its current numbers of registered cases in Germany since 24 February - total of 91,714 covid-19 infections, total of 1,342 deaths, 5,936 new cases and 184 new deaths

23 May 2020 new covid-19 cases following church service and visiting restaurant: 23 mai 2020: Une quarantaine de personnes ont été contaminées par le nouveau coronavirus dans un restaurant de la ville de Leer et après avoir assisté à une messe à Francfort début mai

30 May 2020 confirmed covid-19 cases in Germany increased by 738 to 181,196: 30 May 2020: The number of confirmed covid-19 cases in Germany increased by 738 to 181,196, data from the RKI for infectious diseases showed on Friday, as reported death toll rose by 39 to 8,489

13 June 2020 confirmed covid-19 cases rise by 348 to 186,022: 13 June 2020: The number of confirmed covid-19 cases in Germany increased by 348 to 186,022, according to data from the Robert Koch Institute

Since 25 February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia: Since 25 February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia

Since 27 February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Heinsberg district: Since 27 February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Heinsberg district in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia

Since May/June 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Gütersloh district: Juni 2020 covid-19-Ausbruch in Tönnies-Stammwerk in Rheda-Wiedenbrück im Kreis Gütersloh

18 June 2020 North Rhein Westphalia fresh outbreak of covid-19: 18 June 2020: In North Rhein Westphalia around 7,000 people placed in quarantine and schools and kindergartens have been closed after fresh outbreak of covid-19, as spread is believed to have come from meat processing plant Tönnies in Rheda-Wiedenbrück with now 657 confirmed cases of the virus with people living in very cramped conditions

19 June 2020 Tönnies managers opted against taking basic safety precaution: 19 June 2020: For months, human rights activists, labor rights experts and doctors have demanded that workers be given a bedroom each to reduce the risk of a covid-19 outbreak, but Tönnies managers opted against taking this basic safety precaution, as it would have slightly diminished their profits

20 June 2020 more than 1.000 Tönnies workers tested positive for covid-19: 20 June 2020: More than 1,000 workers have tested positive for covid-19 at Tönnies slaughterhouse in Rheda-Wiedenbrück in northwestern Germany, as results have prompted local authorities to shut down the plant, and suspend all schools and daycare centers in the region until the summer holidays

2 August 2020 neo-Nazis, others hold massive Berlin protest against covid-19 restrictions: 2 August 2020: Neo-Nazis, others hold massive Berlin protest against covid-19 restrictions, as some 20,000 people rally outside Brandenburg gate, calling pandemic �the biggest conspiracy theory�

2 August 2020 2 Guineans injured in an apparent racially-motivated attack in Erfurt: 2 August 2020: Two Guineans were injured, one of them critically, in an apparent racially-motivated attack near a known far-right hangout in Germany's Erfurt, as 12 German nationals were arrested but later freed

13 December 2020 Germany to close shops and schools in tightened covid-19 lockdown: 13 December 2020: Germany to close shops and schools in tightened covid-19 lockdown, as chancellor Angela Merkel after a meeting with leaders of the country�s 16 federal statesnsays urgent action is needed as daily cases and deaths hit record highs

Healthcare in Germany: Healthcare in Germany - Medical and health organisations based in Germany - Health Care System of Elderly in Germany

1933-1945 Nazi healthcare and medical experiments: Health and healthcare in NDSAP-Germany

2016 aftermath of Nazi medical experiments: 26 January 2016: Newly discovered testimony provides brutal new details about Nazi medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners

2016 Germany's healthcare system is losing money to scammers, also linked to the Russian mafia: 17 April 2016: Germany's healthcare system is losing as much as �1 billion euros a year to scammers, some of whom are linked to the Russian mafia, according to a media report

Drugs in Germany: Drugs in Germany

Ökonomie - Klassengegensätze, Rüstungsindustrien und -exporte: Economy of Germany - main industries include production machinery, vehicles, trains, shipbuilding, space and aircraft, machine tools, electronics, information technology, optical and medical apparatus, iron and steel, coal, cement, mineral fuels, chemicals, plastics, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, textiles - Economic history of Germany - List of companies in Germany

Industry in Germany: Industry in Germany - Companies of Germany by industry

Engineering companies of Germany: Engineering companies of Germany

Automotive industry in Germany: Automotive industry in Germany

Since 1951 'Mercedes Benz' in Argentina: Since 1951 'Mercedes Benz' in Argentina, founded by Jorge Antonio employing German Nazis, himself linked with stories of 'Nazi Gold', money brought to Argentina, the USA, and other safe havens by Nazis fleeing Germany, and who later admitted that he knew Eichmann's real identity - Jorge Antonios Verwicklung in Nazigeschäfte und Geldwäsche, recherchiert von Gaby Weber - Nazis in South America, Nazis who lived in Argentina included Adolf Eichmann, Josef Mengele, Aribert Heim, Eduard Roschmann and Ludolf von Alvensleben - Since World War II 'Organisation of Former SS Members' international Nazi network to establish and facilitate secret escape routes

1948-1960 Holocaust organiser Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and 'Mercedes-Benz' department head in Buenos Aires: 1948-1960 Adolf Eichmann's, one of the major organisers of the Holocaust, escape to Argentina, finding employment at 'Mercedes-Benz Argentina' founded in 1951, where he rose to department head in Buenos Aires

Since 2008 worldwide 'Volkswagen' defeat device and emissions scandal: Volkswagen emissions scandal - in September 2015 'Volkswagen' admitted to illegally using installed software to change emissions test results for 11 million of its diesel engine cars sold between 2009 and 2015 - 20 September 2015: Volkswagen orders external investigation after USA regulators found cars gave inaccurate data on toxic emissions - 22 September 2015: Calling for a 'Europe-wide' investigation in the Volkswagen emissions scandal, France�s finance minister Sapin says, 'what we are dealing with is making sure people avoid being poisoned by pollution' - 2 October: Volkswagen emissions testing scandal is deepening, with the Paris prosecutor announcing a preliminary inquiry - 9 October: Carmaker VW says half of models involved in emissions scandal may need complex, costly repairs such as a new fuel tank - 15 October: Volkswagen is to recall 8.5m diesel cars across the EU after German authorities rejected its proposals for a voluntary scheme in the emissions scandal - 3 November 2015: VW reveals CO2 emissions problem in 800,000 vehicles - 5 November: The deepening crisis at Volkswagen has hit sales hard, with the first signs emerging that the emissions-rigging scandal is putting customers off

2015 robot kills worker at Volkswagen plant: 2 July 2015: Robot kills worker at Volkswagen plant in Germany

2016 carmakers Audi, Mercedes, Opel, Porsche and Volkswagen emissions scandal: 22 April 2016: Diesel crisis deepens as German carmakers Audi, Mercedes, Opel, Porsche and Volkswagen recall 630,000 cars as part of a clampdown on nitrogen oxide emissions

9 September 2016: Volkswagen engineer James Liang pleads guilty to conspiracy in the company�s emissions cheating scandal and has agreed to cooperate in the widening criminal investigation

2017 Daimler emissions scandal: 13 July 2017: German automaker Daimler manipulated the engines of around one million diesel vehicles to make them appear less polluting, local media report

2013/2018 Humans and monkeys exposed to pollutants in experiments: 29 January 2018: Founded by Daimler, Bosch, BMW and VW, EUGT association financed by several car companies supported experiments not only with monkeys, but also with humans, reportedly sponsoring a study in which also humans were exposed to nitrogen dioxide - 29 January 2018: Volkswagen is under fire globally from politicians and environmentalists following revelations it helped to fund experiments in which monkeys and humans breathed in car fumes for hours at a time

May 2018: Former Chairman of the Vorstand Volkswagen AG Winterkorn was charged in a USA indictment with fraud and conspiracy in the case on 3 May 2018, increasing the likelihood that Winterkorn would face similar actions in his native Germany and impact an existing shareholders lawsuit against Volkswagen

9 September 2019 call for SUV ban in city: 9 September 2019: Berliners call for SUV ban after a driver reportedly lost control of his car and hit a group of pedestrians in the German capital, killing four people

10 September 2019: 10 September 2019: Emissions from diesel cars, even newer and supposedly cleaner models, increase on hot days, a new study has found, raising questions over how cities suffering from air pollution can deal with urban heat islands and the climate crisis

November 2019 Mercedes-Benz to axe more than 1,000 jobs in cost-cutting drive: 14 November 2019: Mercedes-Benz plans to save �1.65bn by cutting more than 1,000 jobs in the latest sign German carmakers are struggling to make big investments in electric car technology

February 2020 automobile industry facing weaker demand from abroad, stricter emission rules and electrification: 22 February 2020: Problems in Germany�s mighty automobile industry, caused by weaker demand from abroad, stricter emission rules and electrification, is starting to leave a wider mark on Europe�s largest economy by pushing up unemployment, eroding job security and hitting pay

May 2020 German court rules against Volkswagen in 'dieselgate' scandal: 25 May 2020: After years Volkswagen has lost a landmark legal battle in Germany�s highest civil court in 'dieselgate' scandal, in which Volkswagen and fellow German carmaker Daimler have paid more than �30bn, as VW was found to have installed software that artificially lowered emissions of nitrogen oxides when the vehicles were being tested, meaning the output of the harmful pollutants were much higher in real-life conditions, and showing that 'a large corporation is not above the law'

German car parts makers:

August 2020 Germany�s Continental says it used slave labor to supply Nazis: 28 August 2020: German car parts maker Continental, founded in 1871 in Hanover and developed from a consumer and leisure focused company into an armaments business, revealed Thursday that it played a key role in the Nazi war effort and used thousands of slave laborers during World War II, as company was the world�s biggest producer of rubber materials at the time, supplying the Nazi war machine as the horrors of the Holocaust unfolded

Chemical industry of Germany: Chemical industry of Germany

Since 1911 development of chemical warfare: Since 1911 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, during World War I and World War II the research of the institute was directed more or less towards Germany's military needs - Since 1911 later war criminal Fritz Haber played a major role in the development of chemical warfare in World War I, in spite of the Hague Convention of 1907, to which Germany was a signatory - October 1914 'Manifesto of the Ninety-Three' proclamation endorsed by 93 prominent German scientists, scholars and artists, declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions in the early period of World War I, elsewhere called the 'Rape of Belgium', and galvanizing support for the war throughout German schools and universities

Since 1925 IG Farben including BASF, Bayer and Hoechst: In December 1925 IG Farben as a merger of the six companies BASF, Bayer, Hoechst, Agfa, Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron and Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer, having a workforce of 100,000-218,000 people, of which 2.6% were university educated, 18.2% were salaried professionals and 79.2% were workers, IG Farben ended up being the 'largest single contribution' to the successful Nazi election campaign of 1933

1933-1945 concentration camp system and killing centers: The German state established killing centers for efficient mass murder as part of the 1933-1945 concentration camp system under National Socialism

German companies involved in the Holocaust: German companies involved in the Holocaust - List of companies involved in the Holocaust, including Allianz, Audi, BASF, Bayer, BMW, Degesch, DEST, Deutsche Bank, Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe (holding company for more than 25 SS industries), Dresdner Bank, Ford Germany, IG-Farben, Krupp, Mercedes-Benz, Opel, Porsche, Thyssen AG, Volkswagen

Since 1919 until today 'Degesch' and 'Zyklon B': In 1938-1943 Degesch, founded in 1919 as a subsidiary of Degussa with its first director Fritz Haber, hold in 1936 by Degussa and IG Farben and having the patent of the infamous Zyklon, a pesticide whose 'Zyklon B' variant (without odor or irritant) was used to execute people in gas chambers of German extermination camps during the Holocaust, became extremely profitable - Nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges führte die Degesch ihr Geschäft fort mit Beteiligung der Bayer AG, der Degussa AG sowie der Th. Goldschmidt AG, seit 1986 als Detia-Degesch GmbH mit Tochtergesellschaften in den USA und Chile

Since 1942 use of'Zyklon B' in the Holocaust: In early 1942, Zyklon B emerged as the preferred killing tool of Nazi Germany for use in extermination camps during the Holocaust

Since 1953 Fritz Haber Institute: Since 1953 Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society (the former Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry since 1911), research topics covered throughout the history of the institute include chemical kinetics and reaction dynamics, colloid chemistry, atomic physics, spectroscopy, surface chemistry and surface physics, chemical physics and molecular physics, theoretical chemistry, and materials science

In the 1960s West Germany planned to deploy chemical weapons, unteachable since 1914: 22 April/2 May 2018: After 'the father of chemical warfare' Fritz Haber personally oversaw the first use of chlorine gas at the front lines at Ypres in 1915 and set out for the eastern front to deploy gas against the Russian army West Germany planned to procure and even deploy chemical weapons in the 1960s, according to recently disclosed and evaluated USA and German military files, contrary to longstanding government denials

2016 BASF fire: 17. Oktober 2016 Unfall bei der BASF in Ludwigshafen mit einem mehr als zehn Stunden andauernden Brand und zwei Explosionen, durch die vier Menschen starben und weitere sieben schwer verletzt wurden - 30 October 2016: BASF chemical giant on Saturday said a firefighter injured in an explosion at its plant in western Germany earlier this month had died, pushing the death toll up to four

Since 2018 Bayer and glyphosate: 8 juin 2018: Le syndicat apicole de l'Aisne en France a porté plainte mercredi contre Bayer, qui vient de boucler le rachat de Monsanto, après la découverte de glyphosate dans le miel d'un de ses adhérents

August 2018 Monsanto�s Roundup verdict: 11 August 2018: Monsanto, now a unit of Bayer AG, suffered a major blow with a San Francisco jury ruling that the company was liable for terminally ill Dewayne Johnson�s cancer, awarding him $289m in damages, after Monsanto�s Roundup weedkiller caused his cancer without warning him of the health hazards from exposure, and after the jury further found that Monsanto 'acted with malice or oppression' and 'fought science' for years, targeting academics who spoke up about possible health risks of the herbicide product - 10 July 2018: Monsanto faces 5,000 lawsuits nationwide alleging Roundup caused cancer, mainly in USA state courts

Monsanto legal cases: Monsanto legal cases

April-July 2019: 30 juillet 2019: Environ 5000 procédures supplémentaires à l'encontre du groupe pharmaceutique et de sa filiale Monsanto sont venues s'ajouter aux quelque 13 000 relevées en avril

Arms industry in Germany and arms export: Arms industry and companies in Germany - Deutschland aktuell drittgrößter Waffenexporteur der Welt

Since 1914 Germany, weapons of mass destruction and history: Germany, weapons of mass destruction and history - Since 1914 Chemical weapons in World War I

Since 1983 German exports to Iraq to produce poison gases: Since 1983 West German companies have exported to Iraq huge quantities of raw materials, equipment, and small industrial factories to produce poison gases, participating directly in building the Sa'd Project, the Iraqi chemical project, and the construction of the military complex in Al-Taji, engaged in chemical warfare during the Iran�Iraq War 1980-1988 - 1986-1989 Anfal genocide and chemical attacks

2011: 1 July 2011: Saudi troops quietly pull out of Bahrain after crackdown on anti-government protests - 3 July 2011: 200 German tanks 'Leopard' to Saudi-Arabia - 4 July: Saudi sources confirm German tanks deal - 44 tanks already bought

14. Juli 2011: Kanzlerin (und Kopf-ab-Komplizin) Merkel - 'Als Waffenhändlerin durch Afrika' im Juli 2011

7. Dezember 2011: Empörung über stark steigende deutsche Rüstungsexporte nach Vorliegen des Rüstungsexportberichts - 19. März 2012: Das Volumen der weltweiten Rüstungsgeschäfte hat in den vergangenen fünf Jahren um 24 Prozent zugenommen - auf die beiden grössten Rüstungsexporteure USA entfällt mehr als die Hälfte - auf Platz drei folgt Deutschland mit neun Prozent

2012: 17 June 2012: Saudi Arabia wants to buy 600-800 Leopard battle tanks from Germany, more than twice as many as originally envisaged - 30 December 2012: The German government is close to completing another 100 million-euro arms deal with Saudi Arabia to sell 30 armoured vehicles, and Berlin's national security council has already signaled its backing

2013: 23 February 2013: German government heavily criticised for allowing its sales of arms and military hardware to Middle Eastern Gulf states to more than double over the past year

2014: 11 January 2014: Political pressure and bribery allegations are unlikely to hurt Germany�s exporters of military equipment, exporting more weapons than Britain, France or any other country besides America and Russia - 11 March: German Heckler&Koch increases small arms exports to conflict regions - 10 August 2014: German Economy Minister Gabriel wants the authorities to be much more watchful when awarding weapons export licences, particularly with regard to human rights

2015: 5. März 2015: Laut Anfragebeantwortung zu vom Bundessicherheitsrat erteilten Waffenexportgenehmigungen werden pro Jahr werden etwa 10.000 Rüstungsexporte genehmigt und fast ein Drittel der Exporte der letzten 12 Jahre ging nach Saudi-Arabien - 2 June 2015: Selling death - an investigation into Germany�s weapons exports, one of the world�s biggest

2016: 3 July 2016: German arms exports almost doubled in 2015 to their highest level since the beginning of this century, according to an Economy Ministry's report - 25 October 2016: In the first six months of 2016, the CDU/SPD-government approved German arms sales totaling �4.029 billion, an increase of half a billion euros on the first half of the previous year, after 2015 was a record-breaking year for weapons exports, despite assurances from Economy Minister SPD-Gabriel that he wanted to cut down on arms exports

2018: 24 January 2018: Newly released figures show Germany's CDU/SPD coalition approved more weapons exports over the past four years, also showing exports to countries outside the EU and NATO rose even more steeply, by 47% to almost 15 billion euros, as photos emerged in recent days allegedly showing Turkey using German-made tanks against Kurds in northern Syria

October 2019 new military exports to the UAE: German government, headed by CDU's Angela Merkel, has given its approval for new military exports to the UAE, despite an agreement by the ruling coalition to no longer supply military hardware to countries 'directly' involved in the war in Yemen

November 2019 arms export record: 13 November 2019: Data revealed by the Economy Ministry in response to a Left party information request showed that in the first 10 months of 2019, Germany authorized �7.4 billion in arms exports, closing in on a new annual record

December 2019 arms exports in Germany in 2019 hit record highs: 27 December 2019: Arms exports in Germany in 2019 hit record highs, prompting opposition to criticise government's willingness to sell arms to authoritarian regimes including Haftar supporting Egypt, as sales have hit �7.95 billion in the calendar year and Ministry of the Economy said there was a rise of 65% on 2018, and as Greens said exports to crisis regions destabilize

Energy in Germany: Energy in Germany, sourced predominantly by fossil fuels, followed by wind, nuclear power, solar, biomass (wood and biofuels) and hydro

Renewable energy in Germany: Renewable energy in Germany

Electricity sector in Germany: Electricity sector in Germany - List of power stations in Germany

Nuclear power in Germany: Nuclear power in Germany - Nuclear power phase-out in Germany

Search for a repository for a repository for highly radioactive waste: Mit der Endlagersuche für ein Endlager für hochradioaktive Abfälle soll ein geeigneter Standort in tiefer geologischer Formation gefunden werden, der Suchprozess für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist im Standortauswahlgesetz beschrieben

29 September 2020 potential storage sites for radioactive waste: 29 September 2020: Germany published list of potential storage sites for radioactive waste, following parliament's approval three years ago for a science-based search for a site, and identifying 90 areas covering 54% of the country's surface area as potentially geologically suitable

Agriculture in Germany: Agriculture in Germany - products include cereals, sugar beets, vegetables, milk, pork, beef, fruits, grapes and wine, beverages - Agricultural productivity - Agricultural machinery manufacturers of Germany - History of agriculture in Germany

Food industry in Germany: Food industry in Germany

31 July 2023 German supermarket trials charging true climate cost of foods: 31 July 2023: A leading discount supermarket in Germany has raised the prices of a selection of its products to reflect their real cost on people�s health and the environment. In a week-long experiment in all 2,150 branches of the Penny chain, a range of nine products, mainly dairy and meat, will be priced at what experts from two universities have deemed to be their true cost, in relation to their effect on soil, climate, water use and health.

German wine: German wine - Wine regions of Germany

Livestock and animal husbandry in Germany: Viehwirtschaft in Deutschland - Livestock and animal husbandry in Germany - Livestock - Animal husbandry - Animal welfare in agriculture in Germany - Fleischkonsum in Deutschland

22 June 2020 meat plant 'system is built on using low-paid, badly exploited workers': 22 June 2020: Covid-19 outbreaks that have struck workers in meat plants around the world are due to poor working conditions and living quarters in a sector that is in a 'disastrous race to the bottom' in the quest for cheap meat, according to trade union representatives, saying 'the whole system is built on using low-paid, badly exploited workers'

23 September 2020 German police raid meat-processing firms suspected of smuggling workers: 23 September 2020: Police have raided the premises of several companies suspected of illegally smuggling eastern European agency workers into the German meat industry, as about 800 officers launched raids on more than 40 private homes and business premises in Berlin, Lower Saxony, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and North-Rhine Westphalia, but the companies targeted have not yet been named

Dairy farming in Germany: Dairy farming in Germany

Poultry farming: Poultry farming

2016 German government refuses legal ban on shredding chicks: 18 March 2016: German government refuses legal ban on shredding chicks, as around 45 million male chicks are shredded every year in Germany because they cannot produce eggs

Animal diseases in Germany: Animal diseases in Germany

10 September 2020 Germany confirms swine fever on its territory leading to crisis measures: 10 September 2020: Germany confirms 1st case of swine fever on its territory - 10 September 2020: German farmers face possible pig culls as African swine fever discovered, as discovery of deadly virus in wild boar cadaver leads to crisis measures including hunting, harvesting and leisure bans

2021 endangered bees and wild bees: Leider gibt es in der Landwirtschaft nur noch wenige adäquate Lebensräume für geschützte Hautflügler, vor allem die intensive Landwirtschaft mit ihrem unverhältnismäßigen Einsatz an Pestiziden bedrohe den Bestand der heimischen Wildbienen massiv, und der Verlust weiterer Arten sei nur noch durch ein Umdenken in der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis möglich,sagt NABU's Johann-Christoph Kornmilch

Organic farming in Germany and NABU: Organic farming in Germany - Sustainable agriculture agriculture - Agricultural biodiversity - Outline of sustainable agriculture - Since 1899 'Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V.' or NABU ('Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union'). a German non-governmental organisation dedicated to conservation at home and abroad, including the protection of rivers, forests and individual species of animals

2014 1,047,633 hectares of farmland for organic agriculture in Germany: In 2014 Germany reached 1,047,633 hectares of farmland for organic agriculture accounting for 6.3% of total farmland

Wolf attacks on livestock and people in Germany:

April 2018 40 sheep killed by wolf: 30 April 2018: Wolf attack kills more than 40 sheep in southwestern Germany

November 2018: 29 November 2018: Wolf attacks man working on the cemetery in the village of Steinfeld in Lower Saxony as three other wolves watching from a distance

February 2019: 17 February 2019: Wolf attacks on livestock increased drastically in 2017, reportedly carrying out 472 attacks, an increase of 66% over the previous year, as the number of killed, injured or missing livestock � mostly sheep and goats � rose 55%, to 1,667

Forestry in Germany: Forestry in Germany - Forests and woodlands of Germany - Western European broadleaf forests

Foreign trade of Germany: Foreign trade of Germany

Banking in Germany: Banking in Germany - List of banks in Germany

Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank

1933-1945: 1933-1945 Deutsche Bank took part in the aryanization of Jewish-owned businesses, was involved in 363 such confiscations by November 1938, incorporated other banks that fell into German hands during the occupation of Eastern Europe, provided banking facilities for the Gestapo and loaned the funds used to build the Auschwitz camp and the nearby IG Farben facilities

2001-2007: 2001-2007 Deutsche Bank bank engaged in covert espionage on its critics

2004-2008: 2004-2008 Deutsche Bank was one of the major drivers of the collateralized debt obligation market during the housing credit bubble

2015: 23 April 2015: Deutsche Bank hit by record $2.5bn Libor-rigging fine, also accused of being obstructive towards regulators in their investigations into the global manipulation

2017: 31 January 2017: Deutsche Bank fined $630m over Russia money laundering claims, following five previous fines of �1.7bn for rigging Libor in 2015, of �200m for breaching USA sanctions with Iran and Syria in 2015, of �5.9bn for toxic bond mis-selling scandal in 2016 and of �75m to resolve a USA government lawsuit over hiding tax liabilities to the Internal Revenue Service in 2017 - 21 March 2017: The German bank that loaned $300m to USA's Trump played a prominent role in a money laundering scandal run by Russian criminals with ties to the Kremlin, the Guardian can reveal - 30 May 2017: Federal Reserve fined Deutsche Bank AG $41 million after it found that the German bank had faulty systems to detect suspicious transactions between 2011 and 2015

April 2019 'Deutsche Bank' role in Russian money-laundering scheme: 17 April 2019: Germany�s troubled Deutsche Bank faces fines, legal action and the possible prosecution of 'senior management' because of its role in a $20bn Russian money-laundering scheme, a confidential internal report seen by the Guardian says

7 July 2020 New York state penalizes Deutsche Bank $150M for Epstein dealings: 7 July 2020: New York state penalizes Deutsche Bank $150M for dealings with the late sex offender Jeffrey Epstein

12 January 2021 Deutsche Bank joins companies cutting ties with Donald Trump: 12 January 2021: Deutsche Bank has been Trump�s most important lender since his 1990s bankruptcies, as the 'Trump Organization' fronted by two sons owes the bank about $340m in outstanding loans, now became the latest large company to cut ties with Donald Trump reportedly announcing it would no longer do business with the disgraced president, following deadly attack on the USA Capitol building by a mob of Trump supporters

HSBC Trinkaus Düsseldorf: HSBC Trinkaus Düsseldorf - HSBC Group London - HSBC Private Bank Geneva, together with the private banking business of HSBC Trinkaus known collectively as Global Private Banking - HSBC and money laundering - 8 February 2015: Swiss Leaks, leaked HSBC files offer a rare glimpse inside one of the world�s most private banking systems - 8 February 2015: HSBC files show how Swiss bank helped clients dodge taxes and hide millions

Berenberg Bank: Berenberg Bank, Hamburg-based multinational investment banking and private banking company

2016: 16 April 2016: Public prosecutor and tax authorities are examining claims following leaked 'Panama Papers', that leading German private bank Berenberg helped clients to evade tax - 'Panama Papers' and Germany, Berenberg Bank, Deutsche Bank, Mercedes-Benz, Siemens AG etc.

Labor in Germany: Labor in Germany

Economic history and economic cycles in Germany: Economic history of Germany since 1945

1932-1939 unemployment rate in Germany: 1932-1939 unemployment rate in Germany

Since 2007/2008 Financial crisis and ongoing European sovereign debt crisis: 2007-2008 Financial crisis - European sovereign debt crisis (ongoing) - During the late 2000s and early 2010s international 'Great Recession'

2008-2013 recession, economies of EU members and German states: Late 2000s recession in Germany - Economies of EU member states - GDP, growth, deficit and unemployment 2005-2013 - List of German states by GDP 2008-2013

2011/2012: 29. September 2011: Schuldenberg von Bund, Ländern und Gemeinden Ende Juni 2011 auf 2,072 Billionen Euro angewachsen (allein beim Bund auf 1,338 Bio.)

16 August 2011: German economy grew by just 0,1% in second quarter 2011 - 15 February 2012: German economy shrinks 0.2% in fourth quarter 2011 - 15 November 2012: Germany's economy grew by 0.2% between July and September

10 December 2012: General Motors to close Opel plant in Bochum

March 2020 looming recession in German economy: 30 March 2020: The coronavirus outbreak has made a recession in Germany's economy inevitable in the first half of this year, country's council of economic advisers said, predicting that output could shrink by up to 5.4% this year, as others have been more pessimistic

29 April 2020 Germany expects record recession in 2020 due to covid-19 pandemic: 29 April 2020: Germany expects record recession in 2020 due to covid-19 pandemic

15 May 2020 German economy in recession: 15 May 2020: German economy in recession amid covid-19 pandemic as first official snapshot shows GDP down 2.2% in first quarter, 'The Guardian' reports

30 July 2020 German economy shrinks by 10.1% in second quarter: 30 July 2020: The German economy collapsed at a record pace over the second quarter of this year as covid-19 crisis took hold, as GDP fell by 10.1 percent from April to June compared to the previous quarter

February 2021 short-time work owed by covid-19 crisis: 18 Februar 2021: Derzeit sind 2,6 Millionen Arbeitnehmer in Kurzarbeit in der Bundesrepublik, weil u.a. die deutschen Autobauer in der covid-19 Krise deutlich weniger Autos verkaufen

Labor and labor relations in Germany: Labor in Germany - German labour law - Trade unions in Germany

Cooperatives in Germany: Cooperatives in Germany - Worker cooperatives in Europe

Since 2014 Heiler-Glas: Since 2014 Heiler-Glas GmbH in Kirrlach self-managed by its workers

Unemployment in Germany: Unemployment in Germany - List of German states by unemployment rate, ranking from 2,7 to 10,2% in July 2019

Poverty in Germany: Poverty in Germany - Welfare in Germany

2012/2013 gap between rich and poor grows: 23 September 2012: The gap between rich and poor is continuing to widen, according to a new four-yearly poverty report drawn up by the German labor ministry - 6 March 2013: Poverty critics slam Merkel cabinet's social report

October 2014 wealth inequality in Germany: 23 October 2014: Wealth inequality in Germany likely to be higher than previously thought

March 2017 15.7% of Germans in poverty: 3 March 2017: With 15.7% of Germans in poverty, the country has reached a high point since reunification, according to the Equal Welfare Association, based on statistics from the Federal Statistical Office

October 2019 growing gap between the rich and the poor: 7 October 2019: The gap between the rich and the poor in Germany is growing, according to a WSI study, as the findings come in contrast to the greater economic prosperity that Germany has enjoyed for the past 10 years

Wealth in Germany: Wealth in Germany - Alphabetical list of German billionaires - List of German billionaires by net worth

German military 'Bundeswehr': German military 'Bundeswehr' - German rearmament during the interwar period 1918-1939 in violation of the Treaty of Versailles - Rearmament and 'Bundeswehr' since 1955 - Cold War military history of Germany - Barracks of German 'Bundeswehr'

Since 1937 'Nordlager', since 1961 Hitler-General 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne' in Augustdorf: 'Nordlager' in Augustdorf since 1937, Hitler-General 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne' since 1961 - Seit 1965 Rommel-Kaserne der Bundeswehr südlich der baden-württembergischen Gemeinde Dornstadt und eine der Kasernen die den Namen des Hitler-Generals Erwin Rommel tragen - 14. Juni 1996: Die deutsche 'Wehrmacht' in der Realisierung der Welteroberungs- und Versklavungspläne des national-sozialistischen Deutschlands katapultierte das NS-Mordsystem mit Waffengewalt über die deutschen Grenzen hinaus bis nach Stalingrad und Narvik, an den Nordrand der Sahara und die Küste des Atlantiks, ihren territorialen Eroberungen übrigens immer hart auf dem Fuße ein Vernichtungsapparat, dessen Radius stets identisch mit dem Radius der Wehrmachtsfront war, die daher an der physischen Auslöschung der Opfer selbst dann mitverantwortlich und mitschuldig gewesen wäre, wenn die Massen-, Serien- und Völkermorde ohne ihre Beteiligung stattgefunden hätten, in die sie aber tief involviert war (Ralph Giordano in einem offenen Brief an den CDU-Minister Volker Rühe mit der Aufforderung, Erwin Rommel aus der Bundeswehr-Tradition zu entfernen) - 15 May 2017: The head of the Simon Wiesenthal Center�s Israel office Efraim Zuroff told 'Newsweek' in a telephone interview that the announced still insufficient move to remove Nazi-era military names from German army barracks 'should have happened years ago', as it 'has to be clear that the Wehrmacht also played a role in crimes against humanity and waging a war against peace, people who were part of that shouldn't be the heroes of the new Germany'

1936-1945 war crimes of the Wehrmacht: Crímenes de guerra de la 'Wehrmacht' - Válecné zlociny Nemecka behem druhé svetové války - Zbrodnie oddzialów Wehrmachtu - Crimes de guerre de la Wehrmacht - War crimes of the Wehrmacht - War crimes of the Wehrmacht - Russian language - Verbrechen der Wehrmacht

Since 1949 illegal clandestine army tolerated by the government: Since 1949 'Schnez-Truppe', an illegal clandestine army put together in Germany from 1949 by veterans of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS having with around 2,000 officers and a total strength of up to 40,000 members under the leadership of Hitler-officer Albert Schnez (1911�2007) with his accomplices Adolf Heusinger and Hans Speidel

Since 1951: By 1951 CDU-chancellor Konrad Adenauer had learned of the existence of the secret Schnez-army and its military personnel, but evidently declined to act against them

Since 1955 list of generals of the German 'Bundeswehr', mostly former Nazi 'Wehrmacht' officers: List of generals of the German 'Bundeswehr', mostly former Nazi 'Wehrmacht' officers - 1940-1945 Adolf Heusinger devient chef de la section des opérations ('Operationsabteilung') à l�OKH et participe aux décisions opérationnelles et stratégiques, les crimes de guerre de la Wehrmacht - Heinrich Trettner 1907-2006, rejoint la Légion Condor et sert comme adjudant et officier d'opérations du Generalmajor Hugo Sperrle et Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen durant la Guerre civile d'Espagne, ensuite un Generalleutnant allemand qui a servi au sein de la Heer dans la Wehrmacht pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et de 1964 à 1966 Inspecteur général de la Bundeswehr (Generalinspekteur der Bundeswehr)

German military personnel: German military personnel

1976 Rudel-Affäre: Nazi-Offizier Rudel, der sich nach Kriegsende als NS-Fluchthelfer ('Kameradenwerk' Hilfseinrichtung für NS-Kriegsverbrecher in Argentinien und Europa wie Rudolf Heß, Karl Dönitz, Josef Mengele), Neonazi, Waffenhändler, Siemens Auslandsvertreter und Unterstützer von Diktatoren betätigte, nahm im Oktober 1976 auf Einladung ranghoher Bundeswehroffiziere mit öffentlichen Rechtfertigungsversuchen der NS-Vergangenheit an einem Traditionstreffen ehemaliger Angehöriger des Aufklärungsgeschwaders 2 Immelmann der Wehrmacht auf dem Fliegerhorst Bremgarten teil, der Parlamentarische Staatssekretär im Bundesverteidigungsministerium, Hermann Schmidt von der SPD, hatte die Veranstaltung genehmigt

2006: In 2006 German troops in Afghanistan were in the centre of an international scandal during the War in Afghanistan since 2001, including German soldiers taking photographs of each other posed with skulls, including kissing the skulls

2009: 2009 operation Oqab was the first German ground force offensive since the creation of the Bundeswehr, the commander of the QRF, Hans-Christoph Grohmann, introduced one of his officers as 'the first Oberleutnant to lead an Infantry Company in to battle since 1945' to the press

2009: 2009 Kunduz airstrike on Friday 4 September 2009 southwest of Kunduz City in northern Afghanistan, as, responding to a call by German forces, an USA F-15E fighter jet struck two fuel tankers captured by some Taliban insurgents, killing over 90 civilians in the attack

2011-2017: 11 May 2017: Since Germany ended obligatory military service in 2011, the armed forces have examined more than 2,500 cases of suspected right-wing extremists in their ranks

2014: 31 December 2014: Involvement of German Bundeswehr in targeted Taliban killings in Afghanistan

2016/2017: 9 April 2017: German army probing 275 cases of right-wing extremism, including anti-Semitism, of those, 143 cases date back to 2016, with 53 new cases recorded this year

2017: 27 avril 2017: Après la révélation de plusieurs affaires embarrassantes, le général allemand Spindler chargé de la formation a été démis de ses fonctions

Since April/May 2017: Ab 27. April 2017 Terrorermittlungen gegen Bundeswehr-Oberleutnant Franco Albrecht - 27 April 2017: German lieutenant stationed in Hammelburg, who led a 'double life' pretending to be a Syrian refugee has been arrested on suspicion he planned a gun attack with racist motives, prosecutors say - 3 May 2017: Far right military scandals put German defence minister under pressure - 7 May 2017: German military has ordered an inspection of all of its barracks after discovering Nazi-era memorabilia at two of them, ministry says - 9 May 2017: Police arrested a second soldier Maximilian T. in planned far-right terror plot to kill politicians and blame the attack on Muslim asylum seekers

Nazi tradition of intelligence agencies and list of intelligence agencies in Germany (see also 'crime in Germany', explained further below): List of intelligence agencies of Germany

1946: Gehlen Organization established in June 1946 by USA occupation authorities consisted of members of the 12th Department of the former 'Foreign Armies East', numerous former SS, SD and Wehrmacht officers and carried the name of Wehrmacht Major general Reinhard Gehlen, head of the German military intelligence in the Eastern Front during World War II - Agency 114 of the Bundesnachrichtendienst BND was a main entrance for former Nazis

2011: 30 November 2011: Investigators have found that in 2007 the German Intelligence Service BND destroyed files of 250 employees who had been in the Nazi SS or Gestapo

2015: 24 April 2015: German BND helped NSA spy on EU politicians and companies, lied and withheld information for years

2017: 8 March 2017: The case against the NSU, the neo-Nazi terrorist organization National Socialist Underground that committed ten murders, three bomb attacks, and 15 bank robberies in the years between 1998 and 2011, is an unprecedented example of the close connection between the German secret services and the neo-Nazi movement as well as the structural racism within the German law enforcement authorities, NSU-Watch says

Military budget of Germany: Military budget of Germany

1997: 8 May 1997: More than 50 years after Germany's World War II documentary reveals that among more than 1 million people now getting wartime pensions of up to $600 per month are still members and widows of SS units branded as criminal by the Nuremberg war crimes tribunal

2015: 15. Mai 2015: Luftabwehrsystem Meads für Bundeswehr, eines der teuersten Rüstungsvorhaben

2017: 1 March 2017: How much German military spending has grown over time and between the years 2000 and 2015

August 2019 taxpayers pay millions for questionable 'extra tuition': 8 August 2019: Between January and June 2019, the German Defense Ministry and its affiliated institutions spent �155 million on external consultants and support services, almost as much as all 13 other ministries put together, as ministry has long faced scrutiny over equipment deficiencies and why it resorts to consultancy despite having a staff of over 20,000 under CDU's Ursula von der Leyen, now designated president of the European Commission

Taxation in Germany: Taxation in Germany

Federal budget of Germany: Federal budget of Germany

Social movements, criticism and protests: Protests in Germany

Since 1947 peace movement: Since 1947 the West German peace movement concentrated on the abolition of nuclear technology, particularly weapons, from West Germany and Europe, most activists stridently attacked both the USA and Soviet Union

16�17 June 1953 uprising in East Germany Uprising of June 1953 in East Germany

1955 peace movement 'Paulskirchenbewegung': 1955 Paulskirchenbewegung, eine außerparlamentarische Bewegung, die sich in den 1950er Jahren kritisch zur Westintegration äußerte und sich gegen die Wiederbewaffnung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland aussprach

The late 1960s student movement: Student movement during the late 1960s - Protests of 1968 worldwide

Since the early 1970s anti-nuclear movement: Anti-nuclear movement in Germany since the early 1970s - International reaction to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 2011

1989/1990 Monday demonstrations for political reforms in East Germany: Monday demonstrations in East Germany 1989/1990 - Alexanderplatz demonstration for political reforms in East Berlin on 4 November 1989

2010/2015: 5 October 2010: After police deployed water cannon, batons, teargas and pepper spray against thousands of protesters in Stuttgart on 30 September 2010, images of bloodied protesters and reports of police beating schoolchildren have transformed 'Stuttgart 21' from a central station project into a political disaster for Angela Merkel's CDU - 18 November 2015: Stuttgart police found guilty of brutality when they broke up a protest against Stuttgart's planned train station five years ago, injuring 100 people

2011: 7. Dezember 2011: Empörung über stark steigende deutsche Rüstungsexporte nach Vorliegen des Rüstungsexportberichts

Since 2011: Since 2011 'We are fed up!' series of demonstrations against industrial livestock production and for more sustainable farming, organized and sustained by around 120 different groups which represent farmers, companies, environmental rights and animal rights activists

2012: 15. August 2012: Mitarbeiterinnen des insolventen Schleckerkonzerns gründen Genossenschaft um geschlossene Filialen als Mini-Supermärkte in Eigenregie weiterführen

2013: 23 February 2013: German government heavily criticised for allowing its sales of arms and military hardware to Middle Eastern Gulf states to more than double over the past year - 22 April 2013: Lufthansa cancels almost all flights due to a warning strike after three rounds of pay talks without any agreement - 1 June 2013: Thousands of people take part in a series of anti-capitalist demonstrations in Frankfurt on May 31, 2013, targeting primarily the European Central Bank and banking giant Deutsche Bank - StopWatchingUs 2013 - 7 September 2013: Thousands took to the streets in Berlin in protests against Internet surveillance activities by intelligence agencies and the NSA, and the German government's perceived lax reaction to them

2014: 4 February 2014: Around 30,000 people from several associations representing farmers, beekeepers and consumers, as well as environmental, development and food organizations, gathered in Berlin to demonstrate against large-scale agribusiness

27 March: Hundreds of flights have been cancelled after public-sector workers walked off the jobs at airports in German cities in a strike for higher wages for some 2.1 million federal and municipal employees

May-December 2014: 20 May 2014: Holocaust survivors call on Germany to take in more Syrian refugees - 12 October 2014: In the city of Duesseldorf more than 20,000 mainly Kurdish people protested against attacks by Islamic State terrorists on Kurdish towns in Syria, particularly the besiegement of the town of Kobane - 30 November 2014: Thousands of citizens pay tribute to 23-year-old student Tug�e Albayrak who was murdered after rushing to the aid of two teenage girls who were being harassed by a group of men in Offenbach - 23 December 2014: Protesters hold up banner reading 'Together against Neo Nazis and racism' during a demonstration under the slogan 'Dresden Nazi-free' against the latest 'anti-Islamisation' Pegida rally in Dresden

2015: 5 January 2015: Thousands take to the streets in Berlin, Stuttgart, Cologne and Dresden to oppose racism and xenophobia - 10 January: Tens of thousands of people rally in Dresden against racism and xenophobia - 12 January: 'Anti-Islamisation' Pegida marchers were outnumbered by tens of thousands counterdemonstrators across the country, with 30,000 people in Leipzig, 20,000 in Munich, in Dresden and other cities - 13 January: Rally to condemn the Paris jihadist attacks and take a stand against Islamophobia draws 10,000 people in Berlin - 19 April: Thousands in Germany protest against Europe-USA trade deal that they fear will erode food, labour and environmental standards - 30 August: Thousands of people took to the streets of Dresden to welcome refugees, following a string of violent anti-refugee protests in the region - 10 October 2015: Hundreds of thousands of people marched in Berlin on Saturday to oppose planned free trade deal TTIP between the EU and the USA that is claimed to be anti-democratic and to threaten food safety and environmental standards - 19 October 2015: Demonstrations in Berlin to protest against Russia�s aggression on Syria

2016: 16 January 2016: Thousands of protesters in Berlin call for organic farming, which is done without pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, without the use of antibiotics for livestock and GMO feed, also protesting against corporate agriculture as well as the pending TTIP free trade agreement between the EU and the USA - 11 avril 2016: Environ 45'000 salariés de la sidérurgie ont manifesté pour dire leurs inquiétudes quant à leur avenir, dans un secteur soumis à la concurrence féroce des acteurs chinois - 24 April 2016: Tens of thousands of opponents of a proposed transatlantic trade deal poured onto German streets Saturday on the eve of a visit by USA's Obama - 29 avril 2016: Plusieurs débrayages ont eu lieu dans toute l'Allemagne pour réclamer de meilleures conditions de travail et une augmentation de salaires pour une vaste branche fourre-tout qui recouvre l'automobile, les industries électriques, la métallurgie, et emploie 3,4 millions de personnes - 30 April 2016: German riot police arrested around 400 protesters in Stuttgart trying to block access to the congress of the right-wing populist AfD political party, as clashes broke out between party members and left-wing activists

June 2016: 11 June 2016: Thousands of peace activists and demonstrators have formed a human chain near USA Ramstein air base in western Germany, used to control USA's aircraft operating in Middle East, to protest against lethal drone strikes, as critics also state that drones often miss their intended targets, can only partly relay what is happening on the ground and encourage warfare with impunity, waged by people at computer screens far from danger - 20 June 2016: Tens of thousands of people joined weekend rallies in Germany to condemn racism and right-wing populist groups who have been railing against a record influx of migrants

September 2016: 3 septembre 2016: Plusieurs dizaines de milliers de Kurdes ont manifesté à Cologne après l'offensive lancée contre les milices kurdes en Syrie - 17 September: Tens of thousands of demonstrators in seven major cities across Germany in protest over transatlantic trade deal TTIP

November 2016: 5 November 2016: Several thousand Kurds marched against Erdogan in the western Germany city of Cologne on Saturday in support of pro-Kurdish politicians jailed in Turkey the previous day by Erdogan's regime - 25 November 2016: Hundreds gather in Hamelin to attend vigil for an attack on a woman who was dragged through the streets of a north German town behind a car with a rope tied around her neck

December 2016: 8 December 2016: Hundreds of German and Arab nationals gathered in front of the Russian Embassy in Berlin to denounce the ongoing Russian aerial bombardment of Aleppo in response to initiative by the International Festival of Literature in Berlin as well as 250 writers from 60 countries - 15 December 2016: Global outcry condemns Russian regime for Aleppo tragedy, as condemnation of the Syrian dictator Assad and his allies Russia and Iran has intensified in capitals across Europe including Berlin, where after all hundreds have demonstrated blaming Russian regime and its support of Assad for the unfolding tragedy

January 2017: 21 January 2017 Women's March in cities around the world, including Berlin, Bonn, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Heidelberg and Munich, to promote women's rights and to address racial inequities, workers' issues, and environmental issues - 21 January 2017: Thousands protest over far-right conference in Koblenz

March 2017: 9 March 2017: Several thousand protesters gathered in Berlin and other German cities to march on International Women's Day on Wednesday, with Donald Trump's presidency being a recurring theme - 19 March 2017: Tens of thousands voiced their opposition to next months Turkish referendum on greater presidential powers, as German Kurds took to the streets of Frankfurt to protest against Turkish president Erdogan

April 2017: 22 April 2017: About 50,000 protesters have tried to disrupt a gathering of the anti-asylum and anti-EU xenophobic AfD party in Cologne, already riven by internal rivalries five months before the country�s general election

June/July 2017: 27 June 2017: Greenpeace, Oxfam and other organizations, preparing protests against the G20 summit in July, demand solutions and cooperation to combat famines, inequality, climate change, wars and displacements, not provided by present G20 policy, and call for developing democracy, strengthening parliaments, creating transparency, enabling effective public participation in important decisions, also in Germany and Hamburg, that will host Putin, Xi Jinping, Trump and Erdogan in July - Proteste und Gegenveranstaltungen gegen den G20-Gipfel in Hamburg am 7./8. Juli 2017 - zahlreiche Bündnisse und Initiativen organisieren Veranstaltungen um Alternativen zum beim G20 vertretenen Wirtschaftssystem aufzuzeigen

August 2017: 19 August 2017: Counter-protesters block neo-Nazi march in Berlin's Spandau district, coming from all over Germany and neighboring European countries, and attempting to march to the site of the prison where Nazi officer Rudolf Hess died, after police have told organizers they can march

September/October 2017: 25 September 2017: Hundreds of protesters gathered in Berlin and other cities in Germany to protest the surge of the neo-Nazi linked Alternative for Germany party, which captured around 13% of the vote in the German elections Sunday, catapulting it to become the country�s third biggest political force - 22 October 2017: Two days before the new parliament convenes and AfD will join this assembly that is obligated to the constitution, thousands protest racism in Berlin

November 2017: 4 novembre 2017: Des milliers de personnes manifestaient samedi à Bonn pour réclamer des actions plus fortes contre le réchauffement mondial, à commencer par la fin du charbon

December 2017: 2 December 2017: Protests delay German neo-Nazi linked AfD party congress, as police use water cannons to disperse hundreds of protesters, and as later in the day, about 6,500 protesters marched through Hannover chanting slogans against the party and carrying placards reading 'Hanover against Nazis' and 'Stand up to racism'

January 2018: 8 January 2018: Workers have downed tools at more than 80 companies across Germany as the country�s biggest union IG Metall stepped up its campaign for a 28-hour working week to allow employees to improve their work-life balance

March 2018: 4 March 2018: Thousands in Berlin protest against the attack of the Turkish military on the Kurdish region of Afrin in northwestern Syria, which has been largely trouble-free throughout Assad's war against the Syrian people

April 2018: 25 April 2018: Non-Jewish Germans joined with Jews wearing kippahs at several protests across Germany in a sign of solidarity following shocking anti-Semitic incidents, as one small Berlin-Neukoelln rally was called off by its members when angry counter-protesters shouted 'terrorists', spat at participants and snatched away an Israeli flag, and after Jewish leader warned against wearing religious symbols on streets for fear of attack, raising pointed questions about German government�s ability to protect its burgeoning Jewish community seven decades after the Holocaust

May 2018: 5 May 2018: Germans and Kurds take to the streets against arms trade and German weapons manufacturer Rheinmetall - 28 May 2018: 25,000 activists rally in German capital shout 'Nazis out' to eclipse nationalist AFD party's 5,000-strong march

July 2018: 8 July 2018: Thousands of people marched through German cities on Saturday to protest against EU policy on refugees and support NGOs helping rescue migrants in the Mediterranean

July 2018: 19 July 2018: Hundreds took to the streets of Bonn to protest anti-Semitism after an assault on an Israeli professor ended in embarrassment for police when they apprehended the victim instead of the attacker - 23 July 2018: Thousands rally in Munich to protest 'politics of fear', as members of Seehofer's CSU party tried to stop employees of theaters in Munich from attending the protest

15 September 2018: 15 September 2018: Thousands demonstrate against too high rental prices in Munich

17 September 2018: 17. September 2018: Proteste gegen die Räumung des Hambacher Waldes und bevorstehende Rodung dauern an

6 October 2018: 6 October 2018: Thousands of anti-coal demonstrators descended on Germany�s Hambach forest to celebrate an unexpected court victory that suspended an energy company�s planned razing of the woodland to expand a giant opencast mine

13/14 October 2018 tens of thousands, organizers said at least 242,000 people marched in Berlin in a protest against racism: 14 October 2018: Tens of thousands, organizers said at least 242,000 people marched in Berlin Saturday in a protest against racism amid growing concern over xenophobic incidents in the east of the country - 13. Oktober 2018 bundesweites Aktionsbündnis #unteilbar solidarisch � gerade jetzt! Demonstration in Berlin mit zehntausenden Teilnehmern, nachdem am gleichen Tag das neue Bündnis von hunderten bundesweiten und lokalen Organisationen und Gruppen mit der programmatischen Erklärung seiner Zielsetzung - eine solidarische und gerechte Gesellschaft - handlungsfähig geworden war

December 2018: 2 December 2018: Thousands of demonstrators took to streets Saturday in Berlin and Cologne to protest the government's climate policy ahead of the UN Climate Change Conference

January 2019 remembrance of the 100th anniversary of the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht: In January 2019 German democrats commemorated the 100th anniversary of the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht - 13 January 2019: Jewish-born anti-war and anti-racism activist and scientist Rosa Luxemburg, who was killed in 1919 amid renewed repression following WWI, commemorated Sunday two days before the 100th anniversary of her murder in Berlin, as a whole week of events is planned for the commemoration, although neo-Nazi linked politicians have tried to ban demonstrations honoring 'enemies of democracy and free society' - 13 janvier 2019: Karl Liebknecht, autre personnage majeur contre la guerre 1914-1918, assassiné lui aussi en janvier 1919, a attiré plusieurs milliers de sympathisants dimanche dans le centre de la capitale

March 2019: 24 mars 2019: Des dizaines de milliers de manifestants ont défilé ce samedi à Berlin contre le projet de réforme du droit d'auteur

April 2019 protests against rising rent prices: 6 April 2019: Thousands of people have taken to the streets of Berlin to protest against rising rent prices, as estimates say housing costs in the German capital have doubled over the past 10 years, as protesters are calling for the local government to seize properties owned by private landlords, and as similar protests also took place in Munich and Cologne

June 2019: 1 June 2019: Hundreds of counter-protesters, showing solidarity with Israel, and anti-Israel protesters face off in Berlin, Germany's capital since 1871, as numbers at 'al-Quds Day' rally reportedly lower than expected

7 July 2019: 7 July 2019: Protesters support humanitarian aid work to rescue refugees and save lives in the Mediterranean

15 July 2019: 15 juillet 2019: Des salariés de sept sites allemands d'Amazon étaient en grève lundi à l'appel de leur principal syndicat, pour réclamer une amélioration de leurs conditions de travail à l'occasion des journées de super promotions 'Prime Day' 'sur le dos des salaires'

20 July 2019 protest against neo-Nazi party: 20 July 2019: Thousands of people have staged a counterprotest against a planned demonstration by a neo-Nazi party in Kassel, several weeks after the murder of Walter Lübcke, one of the city's prominent pro-migrant politicians

September 2019 transport policy protest: 14 September 2019: Tens of thousands of climate demonstrators turned up to protest at Germany's biggest car show in Frankfurt, using the event as a platform to demand the car industry address its role in damaging the environment

October 2019 Kurdish protests against Turkish aggression: 11 October 2019: Kurdish people took the streets in many German cities, as Turkish state's occupation attacks against northern and eastern Syria have been protested in tens of cities in Germany and were joined by tens of thousands of people

13 October 2019 German protests against anti-Semitism: 13 October 2019: Starting where Nazis burned books, 10,000 march in Berlin against anti-Semitism, as thousands more rally elsewhere in Germany four days after neo-Nazi attempted to massacre Jews in Halle on Yom Kippur, but failed to enter synagogue and killed 2 bystanders

20 October 2019 Dresden protest against xenophobic 'Pegida': 20. Oktober 2019: Unter dem Motto 'Herz statt Hetze' sind in Dresden Tausende Menschen gegen die ausländerfeindliche Pegida-Bewegung auf die Straße gegangen

23 November 2019 protest against encouraged neo-Nazis in Hannover, supported by court decision: 23 November 2019: Over 5,000 people demonstrate against 100 German neo-Nazi protesters and their NPD, which marches to intimidate journalists who have reported critically on the nationalist party, after police had tried to ban the NPD from protesting, but a court decided late Friday that the neo-Nazi action could go ahead

21 February 2020 thousands in vigils across Germany chanting 'Nazis out' after terrorist attack: 21 February 2020: Thousands of people have taken part in vigils across Germany chanting 'Nazis out' at vigils after gunman Rathjen with racist beliefs killed nine people with so-called 'migrant background' at restaurants in Hanau

11 April 2020 Nazi concentration camp Buchenwald quietly marks 75 years since liberation: 11 avril 2020: 75 ans après la libération de Buchenwald, le mémorial du camp de concentration, contraint d'annuler ses commémorations en raison de l'épidémie de Covid-19, a rendu hommage virtuellement samedi aux victimes du nazisme, racisme et l'antisémitisme

4 September 2021 many thousands demonstrate in Berlin for a solidarity society: 4. September 2021: Viele tausend Menschen demonstrieren in Berlin für eine solidarische Gesellschaft und Zusammenhalt, aufgerufen von dem Aktionsbündnis 'Unteilbar'

9 June 2022 warning strikes in German seaports: 9. Juni 2022: Warnstreiks in mehreren Seehäfen, darunter in Hamburg, in Emden, Bremen, Bremerhaven und Wilhelmshaven, während es zu einem Stau in der Nordsee von Containerschiffe um in Häfen einlaufen zu dürfen

State elections and subdivisions of Germany: State elections by state and by year in the Federal Republic of Germany - Subdivisions of Germany - History of Germany by state - Former German states and territories by current state

History of Baden-Württemberg: History of Baden-Württemberg

Economy,agriculture and environment in Baden-Württemberg: Economy,agriculture and environment in Baden-Württemberg

Geography of Baden-Württemberg: Geography of Baden-Württemberg

Demographics, cities and towns in Baden-Württemberg: List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population - Demographics of Baden-Württemberg with a population of 10,486,660 citizens in 2014

Stuttgart Metropolitan Region: Stuttgart Metropolitan Region is a metropolitan region in Germany consisting of the cities of Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Tübingen/Reutlingen

Stuttgart city: Stuttgart city, the capital and largest city of Baden-Württemberg, located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley with a population of 635,911 citizens in 2020 - History of Stuttgart

Economy of Stuttgart: Economy of Stuttgart area, known for its high-tech industry, as some of its most prominent companies include Daimler AG, Porsche, Bosch, Celesio, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Sika

Timeline of Stuttgart: Timeline of Stuttgart

20th century Stuttgart: 20th century Stuttgart

Heidelberg city: Heidelberg city, a university town in Baden-Württemberg, situated 78 km south of Frankfurt on the river Neckar with a population 159,914 citizens in 2016, of which roughly a quarter consisted of students, as Heidelberg is part of the densely populated Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region

Schwetzingen town: Schwetzingen town in northwest Baden-Württemberg, around 10km southwest of Heidelberg and 15km southeast of Mannheim, one of the five biggest cities of the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis district, located in the Rhine-Neckar-triangle in the plain of the Rhine river, lying west of the Odenwald and in the east of the Rhine. A small stream, the Leimbach, runs through the city before joining the Rhine. The city is most famous for Schwetzingen Palace and the Schlosstheater. The palace grounds also feature a mosque, the oldest in Germany. Although not functional, it was used by Muslim prisoners in the Franco-Prussian War.

Schwetzingen palace and festival: Schwetzingen Palace situated in Schwetzingen, roughly equidistant from the electors' seats at Heidelberg and Mannheim, and is most notable for its spacious and ornate gardens. Other than these exceptionally well preserved gardens and the palace proper, the compound also features the Schlosstheater Schwetzingen, the principal venue for the annual Schwetzingen festival.

Karlsruhe city: Karlsruhe city, the second-largest city of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg after its capital of Stuttgart, with 313,092 inhabitants on the right bank of the Rhine

Mannheim city: Mannheim city, the third-largest city in Baden-Württemberg with a population of approximately 309,119 inhabitants in 2020, as the city is at the centre of the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region

Göppingen town: Göppingen town in southern Germany, part of the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg, and the capital of the district Göppingen, as the city is also home to the toy company Märklin, as Göppingen is situated at the bottom of the Hohenstaufen mountain, in the valley of the river Fils, with the districts of Bartenbach, Bezgenriet, Faurndau, Göppingen, Hohenstaufen, Holzheim, Jebenhausen and Maitis

History and economy of Göppingen: History and economy of Göppingen, as - following the August 1782 destruction of the town by a fire - industrialisation during the 19th century made the area into a centre of industry

Weikersheim town: Weikersheim town in the Main-Tauber district of Baden-Württemberg, im fränkisch geprägten Nordosten des heutigen Bundeslandes

Weikersheim history: Weikersheim in der Geschichte, frühe Neuzeit, 2. 'Reich', Nationalsozialisms, nach zwei Weltkriegen Bundesland mit Gebietsreformen und Einwohnerentwicklung bis 2020 und 7439 'citizen' - Die Jüdische Gemeinde in Weikersheim bestand bereits im Mittelalter (mit Unterbrechungen durch Judenverfolgungen) und in der Neuzeit ab dem 17. Jahrhundert bis zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus, Jews numbered 82 in Wekersheim in 1900, just 16 in 1933, and in the 1930s/40s ten managed to emigrate, according to Yad Vashem

Economy, schools, politics and culture in Weikersheim: Wirtschaft, Ausbildung, Politik, Gemeinderat, Kultur und Kulturdenkmale in Weikersheim

Heilbronn city: Heilbronn city in northern Baden-Württemberg, surrounded by Heilbronn District. With over 126,000 residents, it is the sixth-largest city in the state. From the late Middle Ages on, it developed into an important trading centre. At the beginning of the 19th century, Heilbronn became one of the centres of early industrialisation in Württemberg. Heilbronn's old town was completely destroyed during the air raid of 4 December 1944 and rebuilt in the 1950s. Today Heilbronn is the economic centre of the Heilbronn-Franken region.

Neckarwestheim municipality: Neckarwestheim municipality, with 3524 inhabitants in the Heilbronn district, Baden-Württemberg, in south-west Germany. It is located on the Neckar river and is well known as the location of a nuclear power station, the Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Plant.

Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Station: Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Station, a nuclear power plant in Neckarwestheim municipality, sometimes abbreviated GKN

15 April 2023 nuclear power phase-out in Neckarwestheim: 15. April 2023: Nachdem in den Tagen vor dem geplanten Abschalttermin erneut eine Debatte über eine eventuelle Laufzeitverlängerung der verbliebenen drei Reaktoren und über die Wiederinbetriebnahme bereits abgeschalteter Kernkraftwerke entfacht wurde, wurden mit Ablauf des 15. April die letzten drei deutschen Reaktoren jedoch wie geplant vom Netz genommen.

Politics and state elections in Baden-Württemberg: State elections in Baden-Württemberg

1848�1849: Baden in the German revolutions of 1848�1849 - 1848/1849 Baden Revolution

1933-1945 subcamps of the Natzweiler-Struthof complex of Nazi concentration camps: List of subcamps of the Natzweiler-Struthof complex of Nazi concentration camps, located on both sides of the German-French border, in Alsace and Lorraine as well as in the adjacent German provinces of Baden and Württemberg

Since 1942 World War II Axis advance stalls: Since January 1942 and the German defeat in Stalingrad the Allied Forces of WWII, including the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the USA and 22 smaller or exiled governments including Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Free France, Poland etc., issued the Declaration by United Nations, affirming the Atlantic Charter, and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers and that defeating Germany was the primary objective - By 30 April 1945, German empire's army in Southwest Germany were defeated and all of Baden, Württemberg and Hohenzollern were completely occupied

1958-1978 Baden-Württemberg governed by former NSDAP members: Since the creation of the state of Baden-Württemberg in 1952, the state's Minister-presidents included 1958-1960 former NSDAP's Kurt Georg Kiesinger and 1966-1978 former NSDAP's Hans Filbinger

Since 1962 Nazigeneral 'Rommel-Kaserne' in Dornstadt: Since 1962 'Rommel-Kaserne' in Dornstadt, named to honour Nazigeneral Rommel

March 2011 Baden-Württemberg state election: March 2011 Baden-Württemberg state election - 11. Juli 2012: Staatsanwaltliches Ermittlungsverfahren gegen früheren CDU-Ministerpräsidenten Mappus wegen Untreue beim Kauf von EnBW-Aktien - 14. Juli 2012: CDU distanziert sich von Stefan Mappus

March 2016: 13. März 2016 Landtagswahl in Baden-Württemberg - 12 May 2016: Green party politician and first Muslim woman Muhterem Aras elected with a large majority as president (speaker) of Baden-Württemberg's state legislature

13/14 July 2020 police searching for threatening armed man in combat gear: 13 July 2020: Police in Baden-Württemberg are searching for a man in combat gear armed with a bow and arrow, a knife and a handgun who held up four police officers and stole their weapons, as schools, nurseries and lidos in Oppenau stay closed - 14 July 2020: Police are looking for armed man with a large contingent

March 2021 Baden-Württemberg state election: 14 March 2021 Baden-Württemberg state election - Opinion polling reported by 'Wikipedia' (english)

History of Bavaria: History of Bavaria

Cities in Bavaria: Cities in Bavaria

Munich Metropolitan Region: Munich Metropolitan Region

Munich city: Munich city, the capital and most populous city of Bavaria with a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants in 2020, as city's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people, located at the banks of the River Isar - a tributary of the Danube - north of the Bavarian Alps - History of Munich since Middle Ages

Timeline of Munich since 1158: Timeline of Munich since 1158

20th century timeline of Munich: 20th century timeline of Munich

8-9 November 1923 'Beer Hall Putsch in Munich' of Hitler and the NSDAP Party: 8-9 November 1923 'Beer Hall Putsch in Munich', as Adolf Hitler and the NSDAP Party planned to seize Munich and use the city as a base for a march against Germany's national government, failure of the Putsch

21st century timeline of Munich: 21st century timeline of Munich

Since 22 March 2007 Jewish Museum Munich: Since 22 March 2007 Jewish Museum Munich, providing an overview of Munich�s Jewish history as a part of the city's new Jewish Center located at Sankt-Jakobs-Platz. It is situated between the main synagogue Ohel Jakob and the Jewish Community Center which is home to the Jewish Community of Munich and Upper Bavaria and houses a public elementary school, a kindergarten, a youth center as well as a community auditorium and a kosher restaurant.

Since May 2015 'NS-Dokumentationszentrum' museum of Munich: Since May 2015 'NS-Dokumentationszentrum', a museum in the Maxvorstadt area of Munich, which focuses on the history and consequences of the NSDAP regime and the role of Munich as Hauptstadt der Bewegung ('capital of the movement')

17 February 2023 Ukrainian president Zelenskiy will be the opening speaker at the three-day Munich security conference: 17 February 2023: Senior politicians are meeting today in Germany, with Ukrainian officials expected to address the 'security conference', as - bolstered by tens of thousands of reservists - Russia's Putin regime has intensified ground attacks across southern and eastern Ukraine, and, as the first anniversary of its 24 February invasion nears, a major new Russian offensive appears to be taking shape, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates

Tegernsee town and lake: Tegernsee town in the Miesbach district of Bavaria, located on the shore of Lake Tegernsee, which is 747m above sea level. A spa town, it is surrounded by an alpine landscape of Upper Bavaria, and has an economy mainly based on tourism. The town is home to a former Benedictine monastery, the Tegernsee Abbey. - Tegermsee lake

Since Middle Ages history of Tegernsee region and of Tegernsee town: History of Tegernsee area since Middle Ages, as the recorded history of the region and of the town began with the arrival of the Bavarians in the sixth century AD. In 746, the noble family of Huosi founded the Benedictine monastery 'Tegernsee Abbey'.

Ca. 1180 'Codex latinus Monacencis': Ca. 1180 'Dû bist mîn, ich bin dîn', der erste von sechs zusammenhängenden Versen, die sich im Codex latinus Monacencis (Tegernseer Briefsammlung) am Ende eines Liebesbriefes finden. Sie wurden gegen Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts von einem anonymen Schriftsteller verfasst. Der Text gehört zu den bekanntesten Beispielen der deutschen Literatur des Mittelalters und gilt als ältestes mittelhochdeutsches Liebeslied.

Nuremberg city: Nuremberg city, the second-largest city of Bavaria with 518,370 inhabitants in 2019, situated on the Pegnitz River (from its confluence with the Rednitz in Fürth onwards Regnitz, a tributary of the River Main) and the Rhine�Main�Danube Canal, and located in the Bavarian administrative region of Middle Franconia, as Nuremberg forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring cities of Fürth, Erlangen and Schwabach

Economy and economic history of Nuremberg: Economy and economic history of Nuremberg, as the 1797-1801 sample was early industrial, then the economic structure of the region around Nuremberg was dominated by metal and glass manufacturing, reflected by a share of nearly 50% handicrafts and workers, as in the 19th century Nuremberg became the 'industrial heart' of Bavaria with companies such as Siemens and MAN establishing a strong base in the city during the rise of the 2nd Germany empire leading to WWI and II, as Nuremberg after WWII is still an important industrial centre with a strong standing in the markets of Central and Eastern Europe, as items manufactured in the area include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles, writing and drawing paraphernalia, stationery products and printed materials, and as in 21st century the city is also strong in the fields of automation, energy and medical technology, and around a third of German market research agencies are located in the city in an area of growing aggressive advertising especially in some parts of our planet

Since 1949/50 Nuremberg International Toy Fair (Spielwarenmesse): Since 1949/50 Nuremberg International Toy Fair (Spielwarenmesse) and annually held, the largest international trade fair for toys and games as only trade visitors associated with the toy business, journalists and invited guests are admitted when during about 2,800 exhibitors from about 60 countries present their products, in 2017 73,000 trade visitors and purchasers from 123 countries, and as the fair is organized by 'Spielwarenmesse eG' - 'Global Toy Conference' on the last day of the fair dealing with issues concerning the future of the toy trade and industry, e.g. sustainability, toy safety, but today also online marketing and successful selling on the Internet - 20 categories of modelling in the USA and UK - Les différentes formes de modélisme en France au 21ème siècle - Depuis 1902 Meccano, un jeu de construction à base d'éléments à l'origine entièrement métalliques, d'abord produit par Meccano Ltd. à Liverpool, ensuite par la filiale fran�aise Meccano SA à Paris et à Calais - Seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts in verschiedenen europäischen Ländern eine Vielzahl von Herstellern von Metallbaukästen - März 2021 Auflistung von Marken und Kompatibilität durch 'Wikipedia' Autoren

Timeline of Nuremberg since Middle Ages: Timeline of Nuremberg since Middle Ages

1219-1806 Free Imperial City of Nuremberg's prosperity, target of wars: 1219-1806 Free Imperial City of Nuremberg � independent city-state � within the Holy Roman Empire, after Nuremberg gained piecemeal independence from the Burgraviate of Nuremberg in the High Middle Ages, leading to the economic and cultural flowering of the city and surrounding areas in the 15th and 16th centuries, making it the center of the German Renaissance also with increased trade routes and therefore becoming a target for in the coming periods of war, as the ravages of the major European wars of the 17th and 18th centuries caused the city to decline and incur sizeable debts, resulting in the city's absorption into the new Kingdom of Bavaria on the signing of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, becoming one of the many territorial casualties of the Napoleonic Wars

Organization of medieval 'Free imperial city' states: Organization and development of medieval 'Free imperial city' states in Europe

Since 15th century development of medieval 'Free imperial city' states in central Europe including later Switerland: 16th and 17th century, a number of Imperial Cities separated from the Empire, including cities connected to the 'Old Swiss Confederacy', gaining its formal independence from the Empire in 1648 after de facto independence since 1499, as also tthe independence of the Imperial Cities of Basel, Bern, Lucerne, St. Gallen, Schaffhausen, Solothurn, and Zürich was formally recognized by the empire - Territorial growth of Bern, the largest free imperial city until 1798

Territory of independent city-state Nuremberg, and after city of Bern left to join the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1353: Territory of independent city-state Nuremberg, comprising some 1,200 square kilometres, making it one of the largest imperial cities territories, after the Imperial City of Bern left to join the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1353, only the Imperial Cities of Ulm and Strasbourg had anything like the same amount of land

July-September 1632 Siege of Nuremberg: July-September 1632 Siege of Nuremberg, a battle campaign that took place in 1632 about the Imperial City of Nuremberg during the 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War

1668 Simplicissimus novel published: Simplicius Simplicissimus, written in 1668 by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen and probably published the same year, inspired by the events and horrors of the 'Thirty Years' War' which devastated Germany from 1618 to 1648, and regarded as the first adventure novel in the German language and the first German novel masterpiece

1695 Pachelbel becomes organist of St. Sebaldus Church: 1653-- 1706 Johann Pachelbel German composer, organist, and teacher, who brought the south German organ schools to their peak as his contributions to the development of the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a place among the most important composers of the European Baroque era

1806 Nuremberg becomes part of the Kingdom of Bavaria: 1806 Nuremberg City becomes part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, per Treaty of Confederation of the Rhine

Since 1834 Bavarian Ludwig Railway: Since 1834 Bavarian Ludwig Railway, the first steam-hauled railway opened in German territories after the Ludwigs-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft) received a concession to build a railway from Nuremberg to Fürth

Since 1844 Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof: 1844 Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof opens

20th century Nuremberg: 20th century Nuremberg

1923-1938 Nuremberg rallies including 1933 'Rally of Victory' and Leni Riefenstahl's film 'Der Sieg des Glaubens': 1923-1938 Nuremberg rallies, including 5th NSDAP party congress August-September 1933, called the 'Rally of Victory' as Leni Riefenstahl's film 'Der Sieg des Glaubens' was made at this rally

April 1945 Battle of Nuremberg, a five-day battle between USA forces and NSDAP-ruled Germany's forces (including somes foreign traitors even now), as the battle saw some of the fiercest urban combat during the war and it took four days for the defenders of human rights and democracy to capture the city

November 1945 - October 1946 Nuremberg trials: November 1945 - October 1946 Nuremberg trials, a series of military tribunals held after World War II by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war

Seit 1914/1032 Landgericht Nürnberg-Fürth: Landgericht Nürnberg-Fürth, eines von 22 Landgerichten im Freistaat Bayern, das 1914 durch Zusammenlegung der Landgerichte Fürth und Nürnberg enstand, zum Bau des Nürnberger Justizpalastes führte (1932 abgeschlossen), und das besonders bekannt wurde insbesondere der Schwurgerichtssaal des Justizpalastes, in dem die internationalen Nürnberger Prozesse nach 1945 gegen NS-Kriegsverbrecher und Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit und die Nachfolgeprozesse stattfanden

Seit 1945 SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei Bach-Zelewski für Beteiligung an Kriegsverbrechen nie zur Rechenschaft gezogen: Seit August 1945 wurde SS-Obergruppenführer, General der Waffen-SS und General der Polizei Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski für seine Beteiligung am Holocaust und der 'Bandenbekämpfung' in der Sowjetunion nie zur Rechenschaft gezogen, nachdem die Staatsanwaltschaft des Landgerichts Nürnberg-Fürth zwar ab 1951 ermittelte, das Verfahren edoch im Dezember 1954 einstellte und Bach-Zelewski außer Verfolgung setzte obwohl auch für die Staatsanwaltschaft des Gerichts ein Tatverdacht für seine Teilnahme an den Ermordungen von Juden und Russen vorlag

Since 1945 SS-commander Bach-Zelewski never faced trial for any war crimes: Since August 1945 SS commander of NSDAP-ruled Germany Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski - who in 1944 led the brutal suppression of the Warsaw Uprising, as since 1941 the forces under von dem Bach numbered 14,953 Germans, mostly officers and unteroffiziere, and 238,105 local 'volunteers', as war crime victims were also executed by local collaborators under Nazi command - never faced trial for any war crimes, in reported exchange for his testimony against his former superiors at the Nuremberg trials, and similarly, he never faced extradition to Poland or to the USSR, as of the sentences against the war criminal referred to his role in Poland, in the Soviet Union, or his participation in the Holocaust, although he openly denounced himself as a mass murderer, and as his evidence for the defence at the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Israel in May 1961 was to the effect that operations in the Soviet-Union and Poland were conducted by 'Operations Units of the Security Police' and were not subject to the orders of Adolf Eichmann's office, nor was Eichmann able to give orders to the officers in charge of these units, who were responsible for the murder of Jews and Gypsies

1. August - 2. Oktober 1944 Warschauer Aufstand: 1. August - 2. Oktober 1944 Warschauer Aufstand, die militärische Erhebung der Polnischen Heimatarmee gegen die deutsche Besatzungsmacht im Zweiten Weltkrieg

Seit August 1944 'Rzez Woli' und von der deutschen Besatzungsmacht begangener Massenmord an polnischen Zivilisten: August 1944 'Rzez Woli', der von der deutschen Besatzungsmacht begangene Massenmord an polnischen Zivilisten des Warschauer Stadtteiles Wola während des Zweiten Weltkrieges, später wurde von Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski der Massenmord aus taktischen Gründen variiert, wobei Frauen, Alte und Kinder wurden vom Erschießungsbefehl ausgeschlossen und die Durchführung des Massenmords von den eigentlichen Kampfeinheiten auf speziell gebildete Einsatzgruppen hinter der Front verlagert wurde, um den Fortgang der Morde vor der Zivilbevölkerung zu verschleiern

6 November 2021 multiple people wounded in knife attack on German train between Regensburg and Nuremberg: 6 November 2021: Multiple people wounded in knife attack on German train near Seubersdorf station, as man arrested in connection with attack on a high-speed train travelling between the cities of Regensburg and Nuremberg

Since settlement by Celtic peoples history of Bavaria: History of Bavaria - originally settled by Celtic peoples such as the Boii, then eventually conquered and incorporated into the Roman Empire as the provinces of Raetia and Noricum, after the decline of the slave holding empire a stem duchy of Bavaria in the 6th century, later in the Holy Roman Empire to its status as an independent kingdom and finally as a large Bundesland (state) of the Federal Republic of Germany since 1945/1949, as the second German empire since 1871 was defeated, abolished and devided in two pieces amid the emerging so called 'Cold War'

1848-1849 European, German revolutions and Bavaria: Bavaria in the German revolutions of 1848�1849

Since 1871 and 1933: Since 1871 Bavaria in the German Empire, since 1918 in the Weimar Republic and during the 1933-1945 Nazi period - 30 October 2017: Adolf Hitler only joined the Nazis after being rejected by the 1919 newly formed German Socialist party, telling him that it did not want him in the party, historian Thomas Weber has learned

Since 1932 von Stauffenberg agreed with the Nazi party's racist and nationalistic aspects, later supporting and committing war crimes: Since 1932 during the German presidential election leutnant Claus von Stauffenberg agreed with the Nazi Party's racist and nationalistic aspects, had supported the German colonization of Poland and made extremist remarks regarding Polish Jews, and voiced support for Hitler, saying 'the idea of the Führer principle bound together with a Volksgemeinschaft .., the racial thought (Rassengedanke), and the will towards a new German-formed legal order appears to us healthy', later his regiment took part in the attack on Poland, and he supported the occupation of Poland, its handling by the Nazi regime, the use of Poles as slave workers, later Stauffenberg's unit was reorganized into a Panzer Division, and he served as an officer on the General Staff in the Battle of France, for which he was awarded the Iron Cross First Class, then in 1943, Stauffenberg was promoted to Oberstleutnant of the general staff, was sent to Africa to join GFM Rommel launching his offensive against British, USA and French forces in Tunisia, later receiving multiple severe wounds in an airstrike, then beginning to change some of his views towards Hitler

8/9 November 1923 'Beer Hall Putsch' coup d'état attempt by the NSDAP: 8/9 November 1923 'Beer Hall Putsch' (Munich Putsch), a failed coup d'état by the NSDAP, by leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, as approximately 2,000 Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle in the city centre, were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 NSDAP members and four police officers, as Hitler, who was wounded during the clash, escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside

February-April 1924 'Beer Hall Putsch' trial: February-April 1924 'Beer Hall Putsch' trial at Bavarian 'People's Court' ('Volksgericht') - Alan Bullock (1914-2004), a British historian known for his 1952 book 'Hitler - A Study in Tyranny', second edition 1962, the first comprehensive biography of Adolf Hitler as Bullock's later writings show the dictator as much more of an ideologue, who pursued the ideas expressed in 'Mein Kampf' and elsewhere, important to understand Hitler's way to the Holocaust, expressed in his trial February-April 1924 in Munich with the words 'ich wollte der Zerbrecher des Marxismus werden. Ich werde diese Aufgabe lösen ... Als ich zum erstenmal vor Wagners Grab stand, da quoll mir das Herz über ...' - Alan Bullock's 'Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (1952)'

2009, 'the (1924 Munich) trial was the decisive boost to Hitler's political career': 2009 Oxford University Press New York, Bernhard Fulda: 'The verdct of 1 April was spectacularly lenient, as the lay judges had only be prepared ot accept a 'guilty' verdict on condition that Hitler receivec the lightest possible sentence, with the prospect of of early release after six months' (p 69), and as 'the trial was the decisive boost to Hitler's political career' (p 70)

1923-1925 Heinrich Himmler, involved in the 'Beer Hall Putsch', became SS-leader, rise in the SS: Heinrich Luitpold Himmler, born in Munich in 1900 into a teacher's (Gebhard Himmler) Roman Catholic family and as Heinrich's name was that of his godfather Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler, as Himmler later admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group 'Bund Reichskriegsflagge', becoming in 1922 more interested in the 'Jewish question', as after the murder of FM Walther Rathenau on 24 June Himmler took part in demonstrations against the treaty of Versailles and joined the NSDAP in August 1923, and then - as a member of German military officer Röhm's paramilitary unit 'Sturmabteilung SA' - Himmler was involved in the 'Beer Hall Putsch', then - sfter NSDAP party was re-founded in February 1925 - Himmler joined the 'Schutzstaffel SS' as an SS-leader

Since 23 March 1933 'Enabling Act' and more: 'Enabling Act of 1933', passed in both the Reichstag and Reichsrat on 23 March 1933, as on 30 January 1934 the policy of Gleichschaltung brought an end to the Reichsrat, transferring the states' powers to the Reich, as it can be argued that this violated the 'Enabling Act' - 'Gleichschaltung' and 'legal basis', the process of Nazification by which Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party successively established a system of totalitarian control and coordination over all aspects of German society and societies occupied by Nazi Germany 'from the economy and trade associations to the media, culture and education' - June/July 1934 'Night of the Long Knives'. after chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his power and alleviate the concerns of the German military about the role of Ernst Röhm and the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Nazis' paramilitary organization

Since 1933 Munich's 'Academy for German Law' on the initiative of Hans Frank, Adolf Hitler's personal legal adviser: Academy for German Law (Akademie für deutsches Recht) was an institute founded in 1933 in Nazi Germany on the initiative of Hans Frank, born in 1900 to the lawyer Karl Frank and his wife Magdalena, later graduated from high school at the renowned Maximilians gymnasium in Munich, then joined the German empire's army in WWI, studied law and economics from 1919 at the University of Munich (also at the University of Kiel, again 1922-1923 at Munich obtaining his Dr. jur. degree in 1924, in 1919-1920 as a member of the Thule Völkisch society, serving also in the Freikorps under Franz Ritter von Epp's command and taking part in the crackdown of the Münchner Räterepublik. in 1919, then joined the German Workers' Party DAP at its beginning, evolving quite soon into NSDAP as Frank in 1923 became a member of the Sturmabteilung SA, joined the NSDAP in October and in November took part in the 8/9 November 1923 'Beer Hall Putsch', the failed coup attempt intended to parallel Mussolini's March on Rome, fled to Austria, returning in Munich only in 1924, after the pending legal proceedings were stayed, then Frank rose to become Adolf Hitler's personal legal adviser

Since 1919 Heinrich Müller became head of the Munich Political Police, since 1933/1939 chief of the 'Gestapo': Heinrich Müller - born in Munich in April 1900 to Catholic parents as his father had been a rural police official - was a high-ranking German Schutzstaffel SS and police official after World War I, who joined the Bavarian Police in 1919, was involved in the suppressions in the early post-war years, became head of the Munich Political Police Department, having risen quickly through the ranks, then in May 1933 was promoted to Polizeiobersekretär and again to Criminal Inspector in November 1933, then in April 1934 'Geheimen Staatspolizeiamtes in Berlin, then in September 1939 during military's invasion of Poland - when the Gestapo and other police organizations were consolidated under Heydrich into the 'Reich Security Main Office RSHA' - Müller was made chief of the RSHA 'Amt IV' (Office or Dept. 4) Gestapo, remaining for the majority of World War II in Europe the chief of the secret state police of NSDAP ruled Germany, as Müller was central in the planning and execution of the Holocaust and attended the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, which formalised plans for deportation and genocide of all Jews in German-occupied Europe, named by the NSDASP party the 'Final Solution to the Jewish Question' - Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich's career in the SS, born in 1904 in Halle an der Saale to composer and opera singer Richard Bruno Heydrich and his wife Elisabeth, as his father was protestant and his mother was Roman Catholic, as his forenames were patriotic musical tributes with 'Reinhard' referring to his father's opera 'Amen', and with 'Tristan' stems from Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, then in the 1920th naval career, then since August 1931 in the SS, Gestapo and SD, since 1936 consolidating the police forces and leaving the Catholic Church in favour of the 'Gottgläubig movement'

8 November 1939 assassination attempt on Hitler by German resistance fighter: 8. November 1939 Bomben-Attentat auf Adolf Hitler und nahezu die gesamte nationalsozialistische Führungsspitze im Münchner Bürgerbräukeller durch den Widerstandskämpfer gegen den Nationalsozialismus Georg Elser, das nur knapp scheiterte - Memorials of the 8 November 1939 assassination attempt on Hitler

Since November 2012 neo-Nazis charged with murders of 11 people mostly immigrants: November 2012: Federal prosecutors charge neo-Nazis with murders of 10 people, mostly immigrants and a police officer

March 2013: 27 March 2013: Munich court sparked angry criticism for failing to guarantee the Turkish media access to cover the upcoming neo-Nazi murder trial in which most of the victims were Turkish

May 2013: 4. Mai 2013: 79 Landtagsabgeordnete haben Verwandte ersten Grades, also Ehepartner, Eltern oder Kinder, angestellt und dafür Gelder vom Landtag kassiert

Since 6 May 2013: Since 6 May 2013 'NSU Trial' against several people in connection with the National Socialist Underground terrorist organization in Germany and the NSU murders in Munich - 'National Socialist Underground' far-right German terrorist group which was uncovered in November 2011

July 2013: 30 juillet 2013: Le président du club de football Bayern Munich, Uli Hoeness, qui avait reconnu avoir caché de l'argent en Suisse, accusé de fraude fiscale

August 2013: Gustl Mollath's persecution and HypoVereinsbank black money scandal since 2003 - 6 August 2013: The OLG Nuremberg orders the reopening of Mollath's case and his immediate release

September/October 2013 Bavaria state election: September/October 2013 Bavaria state election - 16 September 2013: Christian Social Union wins in Bavaria

June 2015: 6./7. Juni 2015: G7-Gipfel auf Schloss Elmau 2015 kostet Bundesrepublik und das Land Bayern über 200 Millionen Euro

2017: 17 May 2017: Six alleged perpetrators all from Munich and Ebersberg ranging in age from 18 to 33 charged with incitement to hate after spewing anti-Semitic abuse at passengers on a Munich city bus packed with some 40 passengers, but only an unmarried couple from Munich attempted to intervene, as Bavaria has seen a rise in anti-Semitic criminality with 176 anti-Jewish crimes reported in the state in 2016

April 2018: 25 April 2018: Bavaria's ruling Christian Social Union CSU has ordered Christian crosses, that are already compulsory in public school classrooms and courtrooms, to be placed in all state buildings, saying that 'the cross is a fundamental symbol of our Bavarian identity and way of life' and a cultural rather than religious symbol, without explicitly mentioning that crucifixion was the capital punishment in the Roman Empire meted out specifically to slaves predominantly acquired through warfare, succeeded by kingdoms and empires, including Francia (Kingdom of the Franks 481�843), the Carolingian Empire, and the 'Holy Roman Empire' 800/962�1806

April 2018 Bavarian Muehldorfer Hart concentration camp memorial: 28 April 2018: Germany inaugurated a memorial at the long-forgotten site of World War II Nazi Muehldorfer Hart concentration camp where forced laborers built an aircraft factory deep inside a Bavarian forest and where at least 2,200 prisoners, many of them Hungarian Jews, died in the miserable conditions at the camp and were buried on-site in a mass grave, after more than 70 years later the state of Bavaria has finally put up a memorial of standing concrete slabs with photographs and text on the site�s grim history, according to the association 'For Remembrance' that fought for 20 years for the memorial to be built

October 2018 Bavarian state election: 14 October 2018 Bavarian state election - 15 October 2018: After voters delivered the Christian Social Union CSU its worst showing since 1954, Germany�s ruling parties attempt to ride out the fallout from a disastrous regional election, as Green Party ends CSU�s 61-year political dominance in Bavaria

October 2019 Oktoberfest methane emissions: 27 October 2019: Oktoberfest 'produces 10 times as much methane as Boston', as first analysis of environmental impact of Munich festival reveals extent of emissions

3 November 2019 neo-Nazi linked AfD target Indian-German 'Christ Child': 3 November 2019: Benigna Munsi, the daughter of Indian-German parents selected by the city of Nuremberg to play the 'Christ Child' and open its world-famous Christmas market, will speak to the press, days after she was targeted by a racist comment by the neo-Nazi linked AfD

28/29 April 2020 75th anniversary of the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp: 29 April 2020: Israel Defense Forces and USA Navy bands surprised Israeli Holocaust survivor Abba Naor this week to mark both Israel�s 72nd Independence Day and the 75th anniversary of the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp where at the start of Nazi dictatorship Eichmann's battalion of the Deutschland Regiment was quartered in 1934, playing for him a rendition of Israel�s national anthem, Hatikva

May 2020 Thailand's king living in the Bavarian Alps in luxury while his country suffers: 1 May 2020: The king of Thailand is enjoying life at a luxury hotel in the Bavarian Alps in Germany, while his subjects back home are suffering under covid-19, but criticizing the monarchy is outlawed, despite the king's 'embarrassing' behavior, enjoying special permission to reside at Garmisch-Partenkirchen's Hotel Sonnenbichl not open for normal accommodation, as his entourage of 100 includes a harem of at least 20 women and the king jet-setting around Germany in a private Boeing 737, after he reportedly didn't even disembark and took off again directly after landing

June 2020 Munich bans display of yellow stars at covid-19 lockdown protests: 2 June 2020: Munich bans display of yellow stars at covid-19 lockdown protests, after German Jewish groups raised concerns over using symbol meant to resemble the ones that Nazis forced Jews to wear during Holocaust

25 June 2021 several people killed and injured in a knife attack in Wuerzburg: 25 June 2021 a mass stabbing in Würzburg in Bavaria - 25 June 2021: Several people were killed and others injured in a knife attack in the southern German city of Wuerzburg, as 'the attacker was overpowered ... and there are several injured as well as fatalities' police said on Twitter

July/August 2020 Thailand struggles to cope with crises as king squanders people's product in Germany: 29 July 2020: Thailand struggles to cope with covid-19 crisis, as king is gallivanting miles away in Germany and Thai protesters call for end of monarchy on king's birthday, as Thai PM promises 'we will follow in His Majesty's footsteps' - 31 August 2020: Thai king 'releases his concubine from jail and flies her to Germany to join his harem' a year after she was stripped of royal titles

30 July 2021 suspected NSU allied Susanne G. sentenced: 30. Juli 2021: Das Oberlandesgericht München hat Susanne G. wegen Vorbereitung einer schweren staatsgefährdenden Gewalttat, wegen Bedrohung, wegen Verstoßes gegen das Waffengesetz und wegen Störung des öffentlichen Friedens durch die Ankündigung von Straftaten zu einer Gesamtfreiheitsstrafe von 6 Jahren verurteilt, allerdings ohne ihre Verbindung zur Terrorgruppe NSU in die Urteilsfindung einzubeziehen

1 December 2021 4 people have been injured, one seriously, after WWII bomb exploded in Munich: 1 December 2021: Four people have been injured, one seriously, after a second world war bomb exploded at a bridge near Munich�s busy main train station, as more than 2,000 tonnes of live bombs and munitions are discovered each year in Germany - and now more than 70 years after the end of NSDAP's war - and had been cases of several deadly blasts in the past

Politics and elections of Bavaria: Politics of Bavaria - State elections in Bavaria

Berlin city, region, economy and history: Berlin city, the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population with 3,769,495 inhabitants in 2019

Economy of Berlin: Economy of Berlin, dominated by the service sector, with around 84% of all companies doing business in services. Important economic sectors in Berlin include life sciences, transportation, information and communication technologies, media and music, advertising and design, biotechnology, environmental services, construction, e-commerce, retail, hotel business, and medical engineering.

Universities and research institutions in Berlin: Universities and research institutions in Berlin, one of the most prolific centers of higher education and research in the world. It is the largest concentration of universities and colleges in Germany. The city has four public research universities and 27 private, professional and technical colleges.

Humboldt University of Berlin: Since 1810 Humboldt University of Berlin, a public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin

Since 4 September 2023 Humboldt university's photo exhibition 'Russian War Crimes': Since 4 September 2023 Humboldt-Universität will be showing the photo exhibition 'Russian War Crimes', which documents war crimes in Ukraine since February 2022. At the opening event the president of the university will welcome visitors, followed by a contribution from the vice-president of the German Bundestag. Afterwards, Andriy Yermak, Head of the Office of the President of Ukraine, and Viktor Pinchuk, the donor of the exhibition, will speak.

5 September 2023 Ukraine demands justice for every tortured and killed Ukrainian: 5 September 2023: Ukraine's Andriy Yermak says at Russian War Crimes exhibition in Berlin 'We demand justice for every tortured and killed Ukrainian, for every destroyed home, for every tear shed by a Ukrainian child'

Elections in Berlin: Elections in Berlin

Timeline and politics of Berlin: History and timeline of Berlin since foundation in 1163

18 January 1871 Berlin becomes capital of the German Empire: Since 18 January 1871 Berlin becomes capital of the newly unified German Empire

1892 'German Peace Society' in Berlin: 1892 'German Peace Society', founded in 1892 in Berlin, still existing and known as the Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft - Vereinigte KriegsdienstgegnerInnen (DFG-VK, German Peace Society - United War Resisters)

Since 1918 Stab-in-the-back myth: Die Metapher vom 'Dolchstoß von hinten' wurde in einem Artikel der Neuen Zürcher Zeitung vom 17. Dezember 1918 einer größeren Öffentlichkeit weitergeben, tatsächlich lange zuvor von Paul von Hindenburg, tatsächlich eine Lebenslüge - seit Monaten zuvor) von Paul von Hindenburg und vor allem von Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff (Stellvertreter Paul von Hindenburgs als Chef der dritten Obersten Heeresleitung) mit in der letzten Kriegsperiode bestimmendem Einfluss auf die deutsche Kriegführung und Politik, maßgeblich verantwortete für die gescheiterte deutsche Frühjahrsoffensive 1918 und weitere Fehlschläge angesicht der Überlegenheit der Alllierten seit Kriegseintritt 1917 der Nordamerikaner nach Neuauflage des deutschen unbeschränktem U-Boot Kriegs - und daher einer der Väter der Dolchstoßlegende, zur Zeit der Weimarer Republik in der völkischen Bewegung, Beteiligung 1920 am Kapp-Putsch und 1923 am Hitler-Putsch

15 January 1919 war resisters Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht assassinated: 15 January 1919 war resisters Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht assassinated in Berlin by 'Freikorps' used by SPD leaders

8 October 1919 USPD's Hugo Haase assassinated: On 8 October 1919 USPD's Hugo Haase (29.9.1863-7.11.1919), who was walking into the Reichstag but was shot by Johann Voss as he entered the building and died on 7 November - Hugo Haases, verheiratet mit Thea Lichtenstein (1869-1937) aus Szczytno, gemeinsamer Sohn, der Neurologe Ernst Haase arbeitete im Krankenhaus Moabit und Tiergarten, gab 1929 einige Schriften aus dem Nachlass des Vaters heraus, bis ihm 1938 die Nationalsozialisten die Approbation entzogen und er über England in die USA emigrierte unter Verlust des größten Teil von Hugo Haases Nachlass, während die beiden Enkeltöchter infolge der nationalsozialistischen Machtübernahme nach Palästina auswanderten und sich einem sozialistischen Kibbuz anschlossen

Since 1931 Reinhard Heydrich's career in the SS: Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich's career in the SS, born in 1904 in Halle an der Saale to composer and opera singer Richard Bruno Heydrich and his wife Elisabeth, as his father was protestant and his mother was Roman Catholic, as his forenames were patriotic musical tributes with 'Reinhard' referring to his father's opera 'Amen', and with 'Tristan' stems from Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, then in the 1920th naval career, then since August 1931 in the SS, Gestapo and SD, since 1936 consolidating the police forces and leaving the Catholic Church in favour of the 'Gottgläubig movement'

February 1933 Reichstag fire: 27 February 1933 Reichstag fire, an arson attack on the Reichstag building, home of the German parliament in Berlin, precisely four weeks after Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany - 1955 Testimony of SA-member Hans-Martin Lennings, published in July 2019, more than 80 years after the event

1933/1955/2019: 26/27 July 2019: When witness Hans-Martin Lennings and his colleagues of the Nazis' SA arrived with van der Lubbe at the Reichstag, he noticed 'a strange smell of burning and there were clouds of smoke billowing through the rooms', saying 1955 in an account confirmed by a Hanover court 'we were convinced that van der Lubbe could not possibly have been the arsonist, because according to our observation, the Reichstag had already been burning when we dropped him off there', as Reichstag blaze in Germany was used by Adolf Hitler used to claim a Communist plot and consolidate his influence with a crackdown

Since April 1933 NSDAP Germany's 'Gestapo' in Berlin: 26 April 1933 Nazi 'Gestapo' (secret police) headquartered in Berlin on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße, preceded by the 'Prussian Secret Police' since 1851

Since 1930s Gestapo Heinrich Müller in Berlin: Heinrich Müller - born in Munich in April 1900 to Catholic parents as his father had been a rural police official - was a high-ranking German Schutzstaffel SS and police official after World War I, who joined the Bavarian Police in 1919, was involved in the suppressions in the early post-war years, became head of the Munich Political Police Department, having risen quickly through the ranks, then in May 1933 was promoted to Polizeiobersekretär and again to Criminal Inspector in November 1933, then in April 1934 'Geheimen Staatspolizeiamtes in Berlin, then in September 1939 during military's invasion of Poland - when the Gestapo and other police organizations were consolidated under Heydrich into the 'Reich Security Main Office RSHA' - Müller was made chief of the RSHA 'Amt IV' (Office or Dept. 4) Gestapo, remaining for the majority of World War II in Europe the chief of the secret state police of NSDAP ruled Germany, as Müller was central in the planning and execution of the Holocaust and attended the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, which formalised plans for deportation and genocide of all Jews in German-occupied Europe, named by the NSDASP party the 'Final Solution to the Jewish Question'

Since 1930s Gestapo personnel and some known operations: Gestapo personnel and some operations

Since April 1933 'Research Office of the Reich Air Ministry' and NSDAP's Herman Göring: Since April 1933 'Research Office of the Reich Air Ministry', as leading member of the NSDAP Herman Göring was the most important individual at the FA

Since 1933 development of NSDAP's German Luftwaffe, then in Spanish fascists' war: 30 April 2020: James S. Corum explains how Germany's Luftwaffe and 'Legion Condor 1936�39' develop Blitzkrieg in Franco's war, showing 1936 - 1939 development of NSDAP's German Luftwaffe in Spanish fascists' war against the Republic, to hone and develop their tactics, train their officers, and to become the most practised air force in the world at conducting close support of ground troops, as in effect this proved to be the training ground for the 'Blitzkrieg' which would be unleashed across Europe in the years that followed - In July 1936 'Reich Air Travel Ministry' used Ju 52s, flown by 'Deutsche Luft Hansa' pilots to carry the Franco's army of Africa from Spanish Morocco to Spain, as this mission became known as 'Operation Magic Fire', and as since October 1936 the 'Kriegsmarine' provided various surface ships, coordinated the movement of German supplies to Spain, dispatched German U-boats to Spanish waters - Since 17 July 1936 history of NSDAP's military aid to Spain

July 1933 Columbia concentration camp in Berlin: Since July 1933 Columbia concentration camp in Berlin established - 1936-1945 Sachsenhausen Nazi concentration camp, used primarily for political prisoners - Since 1936 Berlin-Marzahn concentration camp set up for Romani people by Nazi authorities

Since 30 January 1935 NSDAP Germany's 'Reich Security Main Office RSHA' headquartered in Berlin: Since 30 January 1935 NSDAP Germany's 'Reich Security Main Office RSHA' - SS officers Reinhard Heydrich and Heinrich Müller - headquartered in Berlin, on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße

Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres' building systems for wars of aggression, near Berlin: Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres', the High Command of the German Army during NSDAP ruled German empire, founded as a part of Hitler's re-militarisation of Germany contrary to all international treaties and obligations since 1914-1918 WWI, as from 1938 OKH was, together with OKL (Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, High Command of the Air Force) and OKM (Oberkommando der Marine, High Command of the Navy), formally subordinated to the OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, High Command of the Armed Forces), with the exception of the Waffen-SS, located in Zossen town's - about 30 kilometres south of Berlin - 'Wünsdorf', hosting the underground headquarters of the German Wehrmacht (OKW) and Army's High Command (OKH), where since 1933 independent armored penetrations were trained and executed by the Germans, a technique later called 'Blitzkrieg', using innovative combined arms tactics and also radios in all of the tanks to provide a new level of tactical flexibility and power, and where since 1937 bunker systems were built - Since 1938 'Oberkommando der Wehrmacht', the High Command of the Wehrmacht (armed forces) of NSDAP ruled Germany and replacing the 'Reich War Ministry', having nominal oversight over the 'Heer' (army), the 'Kriegsmarine' (navy), and the 'Luftwaffe' (air force)

1936-1945 NSDAP regime's Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg concentration camp: 1936-1945 NSDAP regime's Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg concentration camp, that mainly held political prisoners throughout World War II

January 1940 'Wannsee Conference': 20 January 1940 'Wannsee Conference', a meeting of senior government officials of Nazi Germany and SS leaders to ensure the cooperation of administrative leaders to implement the 'Final solution to the Jewish question', whereby most of the Jews of German-occupied Europe would be deported to occupied Poland and murdered

2 May 1945 'Raising a Flag over the Reichstag' taken by a Jewish Soviet army officer and photographer: 2 May 1945 'Raising a Flag over the Reichstag', World War II photograph and a symbol of the Soviet victory over NSDAP ruled Germany, taken during the Battle of Berlin, as the identities of the men in the picture were revealed in 2006, as the photographer Yevgeny Khaldei was born to a Jewish family in Ukraine's Yuzovka (now Donetsk), since 2014 facing another aggression, following the April/May 1945 Battle of Berlin, one of the last major offensives of the European theatre of - by the time only - German empire's World War II, and after the Soviet army had liberated NSDAP regime's concentration and extermination camps, including Majdanek and Auschwitz, since months

May 1945 Estrongo Nachama from Thessaloniki stays in Berlin: Mai 1945: Als die Rote Armee Ende 1944 auf Auschwitz zurückte, wurden die Häftlinge nach Sachsenhausen gebracht. Estrongo Nachama aus Thessaloniki gehörte zu den 12.000, die von dort aus im Frühling 1945 den berüchtigten 'Todesmarsch' nach Mecklenburg antreten mußten. Nur ganz wenige überlebten diese Tortur. Nach seiner Befreiung durch sowjetische Truppen traf er im Mai in Berlin ein. Der Zug, der nach Griechenland hätte fahren sollen, blieb in der Stadt, die Eisenbahnlinien waren zerschlagen. - 15. Januar 2000: Estrongo Nachama, Oberkantor der Jüdischen Gemeinde zu Berlin, ist gestorben. Der in Thessaloniki Geborene musste für die Nazis singen und verlor vorübergehend seine Stimme. Nach der Shoah blieb er im Land der Täter und belebte den Synagogengesang neu.

Since 30 August 1945 'Allied Control Council' and operations: Since 30 August 1945 'Allied Control Council', the governing body of the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany and Allied-occupied Austria, as members were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the USA and France, based in Berlin-Schöneberg, as was constituted the sole legal sovereign authority for Germany as a whole, replacing the extinct civil government of the German empire

1945-1990 Berlin divided into four sectors: Greater Berlin was divided into four sectors by the Allies under the London Protocol of 1944, including the American sector, consisting of the boroughs of Neukölln, Kreuzberg, Tempelhof, Schöneberg, Steglitz, and Zehlendorf, the British sector, consisting of the boroughs of Tiergarten, Charlottenburg, Wilmersdorf, and Spandau, the French sector, consisting of the boroughs of Wedding and Reinickendorf, the Soviet sector, consisting of the boroughs of Mitte, Prenzlauer Berg, Pankow, Weißensee, Friedrichshain, Lichtenberg, Treptow, and Köpenick, as first the Soviet victors of the Battle of Berlin immediately occupied all of Berlin, handing the American, British and French sectors to the American and British Forces in July 1945, as the French occupied their sector later, and as Berlin remained divided until reunification in 1990

1948 deterioration in inter-Allied cooperation within the council and breakdown: 1948 deterioration in inter-Allied cooperation within the council and breakdown

June 1948 newly introduced Deutsche Mark also in West Berlin and blockade: June 1948 � May 1949 Berlin Blockade, one of the first major international crises of the 'Cold War', as during the multinational occupation of post�war Germany the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control, as the Soviets offered to drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the newly introduced Deutsche Mark from West Berlin

Since 1949 Berliner Ensemble after Brechts exile in the USA: Since 1949 'Berliner Ensemble', a German theatre company established by actress Helene Weigel and her husband playwright Bertolt Brecht in East Berlin, as in the time after Brecht's exile in the USA the company first worked at 'Deutsches Theater' and in 1954 moved to the 'Theater am Schiffbauerdamm', that was open for the 1928 premiere of 'The Threepenny Opera', since 1949 premiering with 'Mother Courage and Her Children' written in 1939, followed by 'The Caucasian Chalk Circle' written in 1944, 'Life of Galileo' written in 1938 and receiving its first theatrical production in German at the Zurich Schauspielhaus since September 1943, 'The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui' written in 1941, and 'Schweyk in the Second World War' written by Brecht in 1943 while in exile in California - Seit 1933 verließen Verfolgte und Entrechtete das NSDAP beherrschte Deutsche Reich zu Hunderttausenden (500.000 Menschen, einschließlich Lehrer und Erzieher, Publizisten, Schriftsteller, Wissenschaftler etc.), 360.000 der Exilanten stammten aus Deutschland, nach dem Anschluss Österreichs 1938 kamen ungefähr 140.000 Österreicher hinzu, wobei der weitaus größte Teil von ihnen (zwischen 80 und 90 %) jüdischer Abstammung war, und wobei mit dem Schritt in das Exil die Menschen versuchten, einer drohenden Inhaftierung, Verbringung in ein Konzentrationslager und Tötung zu entgehen - daß dies trotzdem geschehen konnte, zeigt z.B. das Schicksal von Anne Frank azs Frankfurt in Holland, Felix Nussbaum aus Osnabrück in Belgien im Juni 1944 von der Wehrmacht inhaftiert und nach Auschwitz-Birkenau gebracht -, und am 23. Oktober 1941 das 'Reichssicherheitshauptamt' unter Heinrich Himmler ein generelles Ausreiseverbot für Juden erlassen hatte, seitdem das NS-Regime seit 1938 in der Tschechoslowakei und seit 1939 in Polen und dann weiter den Massenmord begonnen hatte - Beteiligung von Exilanten an der militärischen Bekämpfung des NSDAP-Regimes und der Achsenmächte, so als Deserteure (wie z.B. das Opfer Walter Gröger vom NSDAP Militärricher Hans Filbinger) in der Résistance in Frankreich oder der Sowjetunion, als Soldaten oder in Hilfskorps der Briten und Amerikaner, Künstler beteiligten sich an der Propaganda gegen NSDAP und SS-Deutschland, im Nachkriegsdeutschland wurden Oppositionelle gegen das NSDAP Regime, wenn sie nach Deutschland zurückkehrten, dafür zum Teil massiv kritisiert, wie auch der von der CDU/CSU als 'Frahm' diffamierte Willy Brandt (K. Adenauer's Rede am 14. August und am 16. August 1961, der seinem Gegenkandidaten 'Brandt alias Frahm' nennt, und Franz Josef Strauß' Anspielung auf Brandts Exiljahre 'Eines wird man Herrn Brandt doch fragen dürfen: Was haben Sie zwölf Jahre lang draußen gemacht? Wir wissen, was wir drinnen gemacht haben'

August 1951 'Third World Festival of Youth and Students' in East Berlin 'against Nuclear Weapons': August 1951 'Third World Festival of Youth and Students' held in East Berlin, East Germany, and organised by World Federation of Democratic Youth with 26,000 participants from 104 countries, as the theme of the festival was 'Peace and Friendship against Nuclear Weapons'

Since late 1940s 'Republikflucht': Since late 1940s 'Republikflucht', a term which translates to 'desertion from the republic' or 'flight from the republic', first used in 1945 almost immediately after World War II by officials in the Soviet Zone of Occupation, four years before the establishment of the GDR, in reference to the large number of Germans legally migrating westward to the American, British, and French zones of occupation for economic and social reasons, as the number of those who left the GDR between 1945 and 1961 is estimated at between 3 and 3.5 million people, and as close to one million of those who left were refugees and expellees from World War II and the post-war era, initially stranding in the Soviet zone or East Berlin

16/17 June 1953 East German uprising: 16/17 June 1953 East German uprising that began with a strike action by construction workers in East Berlin against work quotas during the Sovietization process in East Germany, as demonstrations in East Berlin turned into a widespread uprising against the government of East Germany and the Socialist Unity Party the next day, involving over one million people in about 700 localities across the country

June�November 1961 Berlin Crisis: June�November 1961 Berlin Crisis, the last major politic-military European incident of the Cold War about the occupational status of the former German capital city Berlin and of post�World War II Germany, as the crisis started when the USSR launched an ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of all armed forces from Berlin including the Western armed forces in West Berlin and as the crisis culminated in the city's de facto partition with the East German erection of the Berlin Wall, and as the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union � the last to be attended by the Communist Party of China � was held in Moscow during the crisis - June 1961 Vienna Summit and the Berlin question, following the 1960 USA election and the January 1961 inauguration of John F. Kennedy, until the summer 1963 political crisis in the USA and his 22 November 1963 assassination in Texas, with an enormous impact on USA's public contributing to a growing distrust of governmental institutions, as the suspected perpetrator Lee Harvey Oswald was killed by Jack Ruby on 24 November, and as Kennedy was succeeded as president by Lyndon Johnson until January 1969

August 1961-1989 Berlin Wall and impacts for the parts of Berlin: Since 13 August 1961 Berlin Wall, a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989, as construction of the wall was commenced by the GDR (East Germany) on 13 August and cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany, including East Berlin - Auswirkungen des Mauerbaus 1961 bis 1990 für Westberlin - Auswirkungen des Mauerbaus 1961 bis 1990 für Ostberlin

In and since the 1960s social and new political movements in Berlin and also in Germany: In and since the 1960s social and new political movements, grewing as younger people became disillusioned with the political 'establishment', worrying it was reminiscent of German empire's NSDAP rule past, as West Berlin became a center for these movements since many pensive and critical, 'left' leaning people would take residence in West Berlin to avoid the military draft that was in effect in the rest of West Germany - 1960s-1970s 'Außerparlamentarische Opposition' (German for extra-parliamentary opposition, commonly known as the APO), a political protest movement in West Germany forming a central part of the German student movement, as its membership consisted mostly of young people disillusioned with the grand coalition (Große Koalition) of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), and as - since the coalition controlled 95% of the Bundestag, the APO provided a more effective outlet for student (and more) dissent

Seit Februar 1963 auch in West-Berlins Theatern Auseinandersetzung mit den Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit des NSDAP-Regimes: Seit Februar 1963 auch in West-Berlin - vor allem in der 'Freien Volksbühne' und in Ergänzung zum Brecht-Ensemble in Ost-Berlin seit 1949 - Auseinandersetzung mit den Kriegsverbrechen und Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit des NSDAP-Regimes in Theatern, zunächst Rolf Hochhuths Schauspiel 'Der Stellvertreter' das die Deportation und massenhafte Vernichtung von Juden in Konzentrationslagern, das Verhalten des Vatikans und namentlich des Papstes Pius XII. thematisiert, dessen Archivunterlagen seit 1945 unglaubliche 75 Jahre von den Nachfolgern im Amt verschlossen gehalten wurden bis ....

April 2020 researchers say Vatican archives show pope Pius XII knew of WWII killing of Jews: 30 April 2020: Researchers studying the newly opened Vatican archives of pope Pius XII have already found evidence that the World War II-era pope knew about the mass killing of Jews from his own sources but kept it from the USA government, the Washington Post reported Wednesday, saying documents indicate pope was aware of massacre of Jews in Warsaw and Lviv from own sources, but denied it to Americans - vgl. Artikel vom 17. April 2007: Nachrichten aus einem 'wunderbaren Land', dem 'GFM-Rommel'-Land

Seit Oktober 1965: Seit Oktober 1965 Oratorium in 11 Gesängen 'Die Ermittlung, ein Theaterstück des Dramatikers Peter Weiss, das den ersten Frankfurter Auschwitzprozess von 1963 bis 1965 mit den Mitteln des dokumentarischen Theaters thematisiert, mit Uraufführung in 15 Theatern in West- und Ostdeutschland auch an der 'Freien Volksbühne' in Berlin ab 14. Oktober 1965 - 'Eichmann in Jerusalem. Ein Bericht von der Banalität des Bösen', ein Buch von Hannah Arendt, das sie anlässlich des 1961 vor dem Bezirksgericht Jerusalem geführten Prozesses gegen den SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann verfasste, erstmals 1963 erschienen, nachdem in den 50iger Jahren die CDU Adenauer/Globke Regierung in Bonn in Zusammenarbeit mit der CIA aus den USA die Aufdeckung von Eichmanns Aufenthaltsort - Mercedes-Benz Mitarbeiter in Buenos Aires - und seine eventuelle Auslieferung an Israel zu verhindern suchte, dann ebenfalls noch die argentische Regierung und schließlich sogar mit Unterstützung der UN

2 June 1967 student Benno Ohnesorg killed by a policeman: 2 June 1967 student Benno Ohnesorg killed by a policeman during a demonstration in West Berlin, after Ohnesorg participated in a student protest held near the Deutsche Oper in opposition to the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, turning violent after pro-Shah demonstrators, including agents of the Shah's intelligence service, began battling students, and the police overreacted, employing brutal tactics in their attempts to control the crowd, as in the ensuing tumult, demonstrators dispersed into the side streets, followed by police, as in a courtyard Ohnesorg was then shot in the back of the head by police officer Karl-Heinz Kurras, who stood trial the same year but was acquitted, on 27 November 1967

April 1968 assassination attempt against Rudi Dutschke: 11 April 1968 assassination attempt against the spokesperson of the German student movement of the 1960s Rudi Dutschke, who later died, by Josef Bachmann, who had contact with an active cell of Neonazis in Peine since 1961, participating in shooting practice with them

1 May 1968 may demonstration in Westberlin: 1. Mai 1968 in Westberlin, als im SDS Ende der sechziger Jahre das 'Kapital' von Karl Marx gelesen wurde um theoretische Grundlagen für die Überwindung des Kapitalismus und den Übergang zum Sozialismus zu entwickeln. Einer der Mitstreiter: Rudi Dutschke aus Luckenwalde, DDR, der nach dem Mauerbau in West-Berlin studierte. Viele aktive Theoretiker waren es nicht. Aber nach dem Mord an Benno Ohnesorg am 2. Juni 1967 änderte sich auf einen Schlag die Stimmung der Studenten nicht nur auf dem Campus der Freien Universität in Berlin. Demonstrationen. Auseinandersetzungen mit der Polizei. Proteste gegen den Vietnamkrieg der USA. Rote Fahnen auf dem Kurfürstendamm in West-Berlin und Studenten, die dem kommunistischen Chef des nordvietnamesischen Vietcong huldigten, mit ihren Ho-Ho-Ho-Chi-Minh-Rufen. Die heiß diskutierten Notstandsgesetze, die der Bundestag schließlich im Frühjahr 1968 verabschiedete, heizten die Atmosphäre zusätzlich an und verschafften der außerparlamentarischen Opposition, der APO, ungeahnten Zulauf.

1 May 1969 huge may demonstration from Berlin-Neukölln to Berlin-Kreuzberg: 1. Mai 1969 Demonstration der APO (Außerparlamentarische Opposition) von der Karl-Marx-Straße in Berlin-Neukölln zum Hohenstaufenplatz in Berlin-Kreuzberg mit der Teilnehmerzahl von 1 Million Demonstranten

Since 1970s/1980s reconstruction of the system of political economy: 1977/78 Krise und Auflösung der 'Projektgruppe Entwicklung des Marxschen Systems' (Das Kapitel vom Geld 1973, Theorien über den Mehrwert 1975, Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie 1978) infolge politischer Intrige seitens des Projektleiters seit Sommer 1977 nach verletzter Eitelkeit, Gegenangriff mithilfe eines WG-Miglieds und Psychologiestudenten mit doppeltem Spiel, außerdem zu der Zeit unzureichender Quellenlage zur Geschichte Israels, des Militärstaats 'Imperium Romanum', dann - nach dessen Selbstauflösung trotz von seinen Ideologen ausgedachter christlicher Staatsreligion, ausgehend von nicht verstandener jüdischer Geschichte und Kultur - des 'Sacrum Imperium Romanum' bis 1806 und der Nationalstaaten bis 2021, und damit vor allem zur Geschichte der Privateigentumsformen, die heute den globalen Kapitalismus, den Weltmarkt und das Verhältnis reicher Länder zu Ländern mit Gemeinwesen, die die europäische Entwicklung mit seinen Privateigentumsformen (und entsprechenden Kriegen) nicht mitgemacht sondern nur darunter gelitten haben und leiden

Since 1971/1972 'Four Power Agreement on Berlin': After Willy Brandt took office of chancellor in Bonn in October 1969, 3 September 1971 'Four Power Agreement on Berlin', agreed on by the four wartime Allied powers, drawn up 'in the English, French and Russian languages, all texts being equally authentic', thus there is no authentic text in the German language, put it into force at a ceremony in Berlin on 3 June 1972 by 4 powers' ambassadors

July/August 1973 '10th World Festival of Youth and Students' with millions of visitors in East Berlin 'against Nuclear Weapons': July/August 1973 '10th World Festival of Youth and Students' held in East Berlin, organised by World Federation of Democratic Youth with 26,000 participants from 104 countries and millions of visitors, as the theme of the festival was 'Peace and Friendship against Nuclear Weapons'

Since 1970s non-governmental environmental organization 'Greenpeace' and 'Greens' in West Germany: After in 1972 non-governmental environmental organization 'Greenpeace', then in over 55 countries and and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, in the 1970s and 1980s in West Germany a 'Green Party' was formed to organize and accommodate the anti-nuclear movement in Germany, and after peace movement activists and other new social movements had previously been active in the 'APO', as later in 1983, the 'German Green Party' was elected into the Bundestag still in Bonn, where it stood for the concept of movement and change - until today seen in new social movements - and as within only a few years, the 'Greens' gained political influence amid growing knowledge of natural foundations and the unity of man and nature

Since early 1980s 'Schwerter zu Pflugsharen' movement also in the GDR and its capital: Seit Anfang der 1980er Jahre haben die Oppositionsgruppen in der DDR immer stärkeren Zulauf, wobei eine wesentliche Ursache dafür das von vielen Menschen als Bedrohung empfundene Wettrüsten der Supermächte ist, und in den Jahren 1982/83 gehen die Jugendlichen mit zahlreichen Aktionen in die Öffentlichkeit

Since October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital: 3 October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital of the 'Federal Republic of Germany'

Since 1990 German reunification and Berlin's urban renewal: 1990 Wiedervereinigung in Berlin und Stadterneuerungsprogramm

4 May 1918 - 13 January 2000 Estrongo Nachama, from Thessaloníki to Auschwitz and Berlin: Estrongo 'Eto' Nachama, né le 4 mai 1918 à Thessalonique, mort le 13 janvier 2000 à Berlin) était un chanteur grec puis hazzan de la communauté juive de Berlin, un fils d'une famille de Juifs Séfarades expulsés d'Espagne en 1492, et qui se sont enfuis vers l'Empire ottoman. Jusqu'à l'expropriation des biens juifs en Grèce pendant l'occupation allemande, les Nachama respectent les règles originaires d'Espagne. Lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il rejoint l'armée grecque qui est défaite au printemps 1941. Au printemps 1943, toute la famille Nachama est déportée à Auschwitz - Estrongo Nachama wurde als Sohn des Getreidehändlers Menachem Nachama und seiner Frau Oro im nordgriechischen Saloniki (Thessaloníki) geboren; er entstammt einer Familie sephardischer Juden, die 1492 aus Spanien vertrieben wurden und ins Osmanische Reich geflüchtet waren. Etliche von Nachamas Vorfahren waren bedeutende Rabbiner und Talmudgelehrte, und die Erinnerung an die verlorengegangene iberische Heimat wurde in der Familie über Jahrhunderte gepflegt: Bis zur Enteignung jüdischen Besitzes in Griechenland während der deutschen Okkupation bestand bei den Nachamas der Brauch, den Schlüssel des ehemaligen Hauses in Spanien vom Vater auf den ältesten Sohn weiterzuvererben. Nach dem Besuch der jüdischen Elementarschule und des Französischen Gymnasiums trat Estrongo Nachama in das väterliche Geschäft ein und wurde Kantor der Synagoge in Thessaloniki. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde er zur griechischen Armee einberufen, die im Frühjahr 1941 innerhalb weniger Wochen von der deutschen Wehrmacht geschlagen wurde. Die Stadt Saloniki fiel dabei am 9. April. Im Frühjahr 1943 wurde die gesamte Familie Nachama nach Auschwitz deportiert, seine Eltern, seine Schwestern Matilde und Signora und seine Braut Regina wurden ermordet. Estrongo Nachamas sängerisches Talent und die Schönheit seiner Baritonstimme fielen nicht nur seinen Mitgefangenen, sondern auch den Wachmannschaften auf. Er war zeitlebens davon überzeugt, dass sein Gesang es war, der es ihm ermöglicht hatte, nicht nur Auschwitz, sondern auch den Todesmarsch der Häftlinge des Konzentrationslagers Sachsenhausen zu überleben. Am 5. Mai 1945 befreite ihn die Rote Armee in der Nähe von Nauen. Estrongo Nachama feierte von nun an dieses Datum als seinen 'zweiten Geburtstag'.

2011 Berlin state election: 2011 Berlin state election - Political parties - compare - 18 septembre 2011: Une majorité pour les sociaux-démocrates SPD (28,3%) avec les Verts (17,6%) au scrutin régional à Berlin - le parti libéral FDP (1,8%) est chassé du parlement

September 2016 Berlin elections: 18 September 2016 Wahl zum Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin - 19 septembre 2016: Après les élections régionales à Berlin le maire actuel Michael Müller, SPD avec moins de 22% des voix, privilégie une coalition avec les écologistes, crédités de 15% des voix, et le parti 'Die Linke', qui progresse nettement et recueille un score voisin, plus que l'AfD - 17 January 2017: Appointed by the Left party, Andrej Holm, an academic who had hidden the fact he served in the notorious East German secret police Stasi before the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, resigned as deputy housing minister

February 2019 BND headquarter in Berlin: 8 February 2019: After taking 12 years and �1bn of taxpayers to build, BND's, and world�s biggest, intelligence headquarters reopens in Berlin

29 August 2020 Berlin protests and planned counter-protests amid covid-19: 29 August 2020: Berlin braces for protest against covid-19 restrictions after court ruling, amid calls for counter-protests saying 'there must be no tolerance towards racists, anti-Semites, right-wing extremists and Nazis� - 29 August 2020: After mass protest against pandemic restrictions had been allowed to go ahead by German court after a bitter legal battle, Berlin police break up protest against covid-19 restrictionsh by 18,000 coronavirus sceptics because protesters were failing to respect social distancing

29 August 2020 'Reichsbürger' and neo-Nazi linked groups tried to storm German parliament: 29 August 2020: 'Anti-corona' extremists try to storm German parliament, some waving the flag of the German Reich since 1871 and neo-Nazi linked banners, but police prevent hundreds from entering Reichstag and disband march against covid protection measures

26 September 2021 Berlin state election: 26 September 2021 Berlin state election - 2021 opinion polling for September 2021 Berlin state election, giving the Greens a leading position with about 22-27%

15 January 2022 Europe commemorates the 103rd anniversary of the summary execution of Luxemburg and Liebknecht: 15 janvier 2022 après dans l'oblast de Tcheliabinsk en Russie la ville de Roza été fondée en 1931 dénommée en sa mémoire, un collège de la ville de Lisses porte son nom en France, plusieurs écoles également, et la Ville de Paris a nommé un jardin à son nom, les jardins Rosa-Luxemburg - 9. Januar 2022: 'Und wer war dieser Liebknecht' fragt eine junge Polizistin vor der Gedenkstätte der Sozialisten am Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde, wohin ca. 2.400 Menschen gekommen sind um der Ermordung von Rosa Luxemburg und Karl Liebknecht zu gedenken, verbunden mit der Diskussion aktueller politischer Fragen

8 June 2022 man detained after driving car into Berlin crowd, killing one: 8 June 2022: Man detained after driving car into Berlin crowd, killing one, as police says a teacher died and 14 schoolchildren were injured on road adjacent to 2016 fatal attack

17 October 2022 new EU sanctions against Iranian/Russian war crimes in Ukraine: 17. Oktober 2022: 'Die neuen EU-Sanktionen gegen den Iran sind nur das absolute Minimum des Nötigen. Der Aufstand für die Freiheit ist Europas Regierungen gleichgültig', kommentiert die Autorin Gilda Sahebi

23 October 2022 demonstrators hold banner 'Woman, Life, Freedom' during solidarity rally in Berlin: 23 October 2022: Demonstrators hold a banner in Berlin reading 'Woman, Life, Freedom' during a rally - in Berlin's Tiergarten Park - in solidarity with Iranian protests following the death of Mahsa Amini last month

24 October 2022 climate protesters threw potatoes at Claude Monet painting in Potsdam southeast of Berlin: 24 October 2022: German climate protesters threw mashed potatoes at a Claude Monet painting at Potsdam�s Barberini Museum southeast of Berlin not intending to harm the painting because it was enclosed in glass, and they did not cause any damage. The painting is the latest artwork in a museum to be targeted by climate activists.�The UK group Just Stop Oil threw tomato soup at Vincent van Gogh�s Sunflowers in London�s National Gallery earlier this month.That painting was also behind protective glass and unharmed, according to the museum.

9 November 2022 controversial panel discussion about the Holocaust and 'Nakba' delayed: 9 November 2022: Eine für den 9. November geplante Veranstaltung des Goethe-Instituts in Israel und der Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung in Tel Aviv - bei der sich drei Teilnehmer zur Frage austauschen sollten wie die Erfahrungen des Holocaust und die der 'Nakba' der Palästinenser vergleichbar sind - wird nach Protesten verschoben

2 December 2022 campaigners celebrate changing of colonial street names in Berlin: 2 December 2022: Campaigners who have fought for decades for Germany to confront its colonial past celebrated the renaming of Berlin places in tribute to figureheads who resisted forced rule in Africa, as Manga Bell Platz in the so-called African Quarter of Berlin�s Wedding district was renamed in memory of Rudolf and Emily Duala Manga Bell, a king and queen of Duala in Cameroon who fought against German colonialism. Rudolf Duala Manga Bell, who had been educated in Germany, was executed along with about 100 other people by German authorities in August 1914 after a sham trial - and after German empire's appalling attack against Belgium in its World War I. The square, a central part of the African Quarter, had until Friday been known as Nachtigalplatz since 1910, after Gustav Nachtigal, the German empire�s commissioner for west Africa who had a key role in the German colonisation of Togo, Cameroon and Namibia in the 1870s. Close by, Lüderitz Strasse, named after colonialist Adolf Lüderitz, a Bremen tradesman once celebrated as the founder of the German-Southwest Africa colony � now Namibia � was given the new name Cornelius Fredericks Strasse. Frederiks was a resistance fighter from the Nama people who was imprisoned in a concentration camp on Shark Island along with a group of almost 1,800 people in 1906. He died on 16 February 1907 from malnutrition and hypothermia. Some of the victims among those held with him were decapitated and their skulls sent to Germany for so-called racial scientists to carry out anthropological research on them. In a ceremony attended by the ambassadors of Cameroon and Namibia, as well as the current King Eboumbou of Douala and his wife.

Society, ethnic groups and crime in Berlin: Berlin society - Ethnic groups in Berlin - Crime in Berlin - Since 1914 German war crimes promoted and ordered in Berlin

Jews and Judaism in Berlin: Jews and Judaism in Berlin

April 2018 Berlin anti-semitic attack: 17 April 2018 Berlin anti-semitic attack, when two young men wearing Jewish skullcaps were insulted by Arabic-speaking passers-by, and one of the two, an Israeli citizen, was beaten with a belt by a Palestinian attacker

March 2019 anti-Semitic attacks: 2 March 2019: For restaurateur Yorai Feinberg in Berlin, anti-Semitic attacks are routine, after he was taking a break outside his Berlin restaurant in December 2017, when a man screamed at him 'Go back to your gas chambers', filmed by his friend and posted as video on social media that went viral and unleashed a torrent of anti-Semitic hate mail

29 October 2019 Jewish man beaten on the street: 29 October 2019: A 70-year-old Jewish man was beaten on a Berlin street in an apparent anti-Semitic attack, after he was initially insulted by an unknown man as he walked in the Karow neighborhood

August 2020 neo-Nazi linked arson attack on Israeli-owned bar in Berlin: 20 August 2020: Berlin police investigate neo-Nazi link to arson attack on Israeli-owned bar that has been the repeated target of anti-Semitic harassment, as at a solidarity rally called by the Lichtenberg Anti-fascist Network the bar�s owner said he would not close shop, despite the repeated threats

25 February 2021 hundreds of German police swoop on members of banned anti-Semitic Islamic group: 25 February 2021: Hundreds of German police swoop on members of banned anti-Semitic Islamic group, as raids in Berlin and across Brandenburg target Jama�atu Berlin organization, said to have called for armed jihad and terrorist attacks on civilians

Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region since 1990: Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region since 1990

Geography of Brandenburg including Potsdam, Cottbus, Frankfurt/O., region including Berlin: Geography of Brandenburg state in the northeast of Germany with an area of 29,478 square kilometres and - without Berlin - a population of 2.5 million residents, the fifth-largest German state by area and the tenth-most populous, Potsdam is the state capital and largest city, while other major towns include Cottbus, Brandenburg an der Havel and Frankfurt (Oder), and as Brandenburg 'surrounds' the national capital and city-state of Berlin, together forming the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, the third-largest metropolitan area in Germany

History of Brandenburg, former Prussia and Berlin: History of Prussia - History of Brandenburg state

1848-1849 Prussia in the German revolutions: Prussia in the German revolutions of 1848�1849, backlash in Prussia and repression

Since 1871, since 1918 and 1933-1945: Since 1871 Prussia in the German Empire - Since 1918 Prussia in the Weimar Republic, during the 1933-1945 Nazi period and end of Prussia

Economy of Brandenburg state: Economy of Brandenburg state, as its Gross domestic product GDP was 72.9 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 2.2% of German economic output, as GDP per capita was the third lowest of all states in Germany, as unemployment rate stood at 5.8% in October 2018, higher than the German average but lower than the average of Eastern Germany

Subdivisions of Brandenburg state with 14 rural districts (Landkreise) and 4 urban districts: Subdivisions of Brandenburg state, divided into 14 rural districts (Landkreise) and four urban districts (kreisfreie Städte)

Cities and towns in Brandenburg: List of cities in Brandenburg by population - Towns in Brandenburg listed by 'Wikipedia'

Potsdam city: Potsdam city, the capital and largest city of Brandenburg, bordering the federal capital Berlin as parts of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, like Berlin situated on the River Havel some 25 kilometres southwest of Berlin's city centre, as Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the 'German Kaiser' until 1918, as Potsdam also today - over 1000 years old - is widely known for its palaces, its lakes, and a certain historical and cultural significance

Education in Potsdam: Education and research in Potsdam

Beelitz town: Beelitz town in Potsdam-Mittelmark district in Brandenburg, chiefly known for its cultivation of white asparagus (Beelitzer Spargel).

History and timeline of Beelitz since 997: A 997 deed by Emperor Otto III mentions a settlement with the Slavic name Belizi, though this denotation may also refer to the nearby town of Belzig. The Saint Mary and Saint Nicholas parish church was first mentioned in a 1247 report of a Jewish host desecration, and bleeding host miracle, that made Beelitz a medieval pilgrimage site. Since 1370 the host was kept in a small chapel adjacent to the church. The reason for the former name of the Judenberg - renamed Friedensberg after WWI and II in 1945 - before the Mühlentor is not confirmed, though tradition indicates it was the site of the burning of Jews.

1900-1990 history of Beelitz town: 1900-1990 Geschichte von Beelitz, als von 1908 bis 1942 der Deutsch-Israelitische Gemeindebund Berlin in Beelitz die Israelitische Erziehungsanstalt unterhielt, ein Heim für geistig behinderte Kinder und Jugendliche, die einzige jüdische heilpädagogische Einrichtung in Deutschland. Im Jahre 1937 wurden dort noch 56 Mädchen und Jungen betreut. Im April und Juni 1942 wurden die Kinder und ihre Erzieher in zwei Transporten in das Ghetto Warschau und in das Vernichtungslager Sobibor deportiert. Am Gymnasium in der Karl-Liebknecht-Straße erinnert seit Ende der 1990er Jahre eine Gedenktafel mit dem Davidstern an ihr Schicksal. Seit den 30iger Jahre wurde die sogenannte 'Tannenbaum-Antenne' (collinear antenna array) weltweit bekannt, die aus einer Zusammenschaltung von 96 Einzeldipolen bestand, welche an 75 m hohen Stahlmasten aufgehängt waren. All das diente dazu, möglichst störungsfreie Signale zu erhalten, die per Kabel nach Berlin zum HTA bzw. zum Fernsprechamt übertragen wurden. Die Funkempfangsstelle Beelitz war somit Teil des weltweiten postalischen Fernmeldenetzes. Seit 1930 entstand der Begriff, daß Beelitz das 'Ohr zur Welt' sei. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden über die Funkempfangsstelle Beelitz die Funkverbindungen für die DDR-Post unter anderem mit Moskau, Peking, Shanghai, Kairo, Helsinki, Budapest, Belgrad, Ulan Bator, Pjöngjang und Havanna hergestellt.

Since 1990 history of Beelitz town: Geschichte von Beelitz seit 1990, die heutige Großgemeinde entstand durch den Zusammenschluss der Stadt Beelitz mit den Orten des ehemaligen Amtes Beelitz in 2001

Beelitz town: Beelitz town in Potsdam-Mittelmark district in Brandenburg, chiefly known for its cultivation of white asparagus (Beelitzer Spargel).

Cottbus city: Cottbus city, a university city and the second-largest city in Brandenburg, situated around 125 km southeast of Berlin on the River Spree, as Cottbus is also a major railway junction with extensive sidings/depots, and as - although only a small Sorbian minority lives in Cottbus itself - the city is considered as the political and cultural center of the Sorbs in Lower Lusatia

Frankfurt (Oder) town: Frankfurt (Oder) (also known as Frankfurt an der Oder) town located on the west side of the Oder River, on the Germany-Poland border, as the town's recorded history began in the 13th century as a West Slavic settlement, the in its history successively part of the Kingdom of Poland, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the Bohemian Crown, Prussia and Germany, as after World War II the eastern part of Frankfurt became part of Poland under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement (renamed to Slubice), while the western part became a border town of the GDR in 1949

Demographics of Frankfurt (Oder): Demographics of Frankfurt (Oder)

Education in Frankfurt (Oder): European university in Frankfurt, as university was refounded in 1991 with a European emphasis, in close cooperation with the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, jointly also running the Collegium Polonicum in Slubice, as the Viadrina European University, Viadrina European University

Oranienburg town: Oranienburg town in Brandenburg, the capital of the district of Oberhavel, located on the banks of the Havel river, 35 km north of the centre of Berlin

History of Oranienburg and WWII 'Auergesellschaft Oranienburg Plant': History of Oranienburg, originally named Bötzow, dating back to the 12th century and was first mentioned in 1216, as in the 20th century Oranienburg became the center of NSDAP ruled Germany's nuclear-energy project because it was the location of the 'Auergesellschaft Oranienburg Plant', Germany's uranium production facility, as the town also had an armaments hub, aircraft plant, and railway junction, all of military importance

Since 1933 Oranienburg concentration camp: Oranienburg was an early German concentration camp, one of the first detention facilities established by the Nazis in the state of Prussia when they gained power in 1933. It held the political opponents of Nazi Party from the Berlin region

Since 1936 Sachsenhausen concentration camp, gaa chamber, medical experimentation area: Since 1936 Sachsenhausen concentration camp - outfitted with several subcamps, a gas chamber, and a medical experimentation area, a prisoners were treated harshly, fed sparingly, and killed openly - used from 1936 to the end of NSDAP rule in May 1945, mainly holding political prisoners includinge Francisco Largo Caballero, PM of the Second Spanish Republic attacked by Spanish, German and Italian war criminals, Yakov Dzhugashvili, Paul Reynaud the penultimate PM of France, the wife and children of the Crown Prince of Bavaria, Ukrainian nationalist leader Stepan Bandera, several enemy soldiers and political dissidents

Zossen (Upper Sorbian Sosny) town: Zossen (Upper Sorbian Sosny) town in the district of Teltow-Fläming about 30 km south of Berlin, as Zossen before the 21st century consisted of several smaller municipalities, which were grouped together in 2003 to form the city

20th century history of Zossen, preparation of WW I and II and German empire's war crimes: Zossen im 20. Jahrhundert, Vorbereitung von Weltkrieg I und II, und Bunkeranlagen 'Maybach I' für den Großteil des Oberkommandos des Heeres OKH, direkt neben dem Bunker 'Maybach II', und dem Bunker 'Zeppelin' der militärischen Nachrichtenzentrale mit dem postalischen Decknamen 'Amt 500', wobei die Bunkeranlagen Maybach I un II leider nur zu Gräbern für andere führten, die Opfer der deutschen brutalen Angriffskriege, und nicht für die Ratten, die zum Teil ab Sommer 1944 versuchten das - übrigens ab 1941/42 deutlich erkennbar - sinkende Schiff zu verlassen um sich zu retten

Since 1914 prisoner of war camp for French, British, Indian, Russian, Tartars, Bashkirs and then cemetry 'Zehrendorf': Im Ersten Weltkrieg entstanden auf dem Truppenübungsplatz zwei Kriegsgefangenenlager (später Halbmondlager und Weinberglager genannt) für Franzosen, Briten, Russen, Tataren, Baschkiren sowie indische Angehörige der Streitkräfte des Britischen Empire, die an der Westfront in deutsche Gefangenschaft geraten waren, dann wurden gestorbene Kriegsgefangene auf dem Zehrensdorfer Friedhof bestattete

20th century Zehrensdorf Indian Cemetery: Zehrensdorf Indian Cemetery ist ein deutscher Soldatenfriedhof für indische kriegsgefangene Soldaten des Ersten Weltkriegs, die letzte Ruhestätte für 206 indische Soldaten, die in der rassistischen deutshen Kriegsgefangenschaft verstarben

Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres' building systems for new wars of aggression in Zossen's 'Wünsdorf': Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres', the High Command of the German Army during NSDAP ruled German empire, founded as a part of Hitler's re-militarisation of Germany contrary to all international treaties and obligations since 1914-1918 WWI, as from 1938 OKH was, together with OKL (Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, High Command of the Air Force) and OKM (Oberkommando der Marine, High Command of the Navy), formally subordinated to the OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, High Command of the Armed Forces), with the exception of the Waffen-SS, located in Zossen town's - about 30 kilometres south of Berlin - 'Wünsdorf', hosting the underground headquarters of the German Wehrmacht (OKW) and Army's High Command (OKH), where since 1933 independent armored penetrations were trained and executed by the Germans, a technique later called 'Blitzkrieg', using innovative combined arms tactics and also radios in all of the tanks to provide a new level of tactical flexibility and power, and where since 1937 bunker systems were built - Since 1938 'Oberkommando der Wehrmacht', the High Command of the Wehrmacht (armed forces) of NSDAP ruled Germany and replacing the 'Reich War Ministry', having nominal oversight over the 'Heer' (army), the 'Kriegsmarine' (navy), and the 'Luftwaffe' (air force)

21th century Zossen Holocaust denial and neo-Nazi violence: 2008-2011 Zossen, wo im Zentrum der Stadt Stolpersteine zum Gedenken an die während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus ermordeten Bewohner verlegt werden, und wobei ein städtischer Mitarbeiter von einem Holocaustleugner tätlich angegriffen witd. woraufhin der Holocaustleugner in der Folgezeit in diesem Haus ein Geschäft betreibt

January 2010 neo-Nazi arson attack in Zossen, and 2011 second trial: 20. Januar 2010: Plötzlich stand das Gebäude einer brandenburgischen Bürgerinitiative in Zossen in Flammen, wo sich im Inneren eine Ausstellung über das jüdische Leben im Ort befand, und nun hat ein Rechtsextremer zugegeben, das Feuer gelegt zu haben - Im Januar 2010 brannte das von dem gegen rechtsextreme Umtriebe in der Stadt engagierten Verein 'Zossen zeigt Gesicht' genutzte Haus der Demokratie nach Brandstiftung durch einen jugendlichen neo-Nazi ab, Reste wurden wenige Wochen später abgerissen, dann wurde der Täter wurde aufgrund mangelnder Reife freigesprochen, aber später wurde Daniel T., der den Jugendlichen angestiftet hatte, am 1. Dezember 2011 u. a. wegen Anstiftung zur Brandstiftung und Volksverhetzung zu 3 Jahren und 8 Monaten Haft verurteilt

30 Mai 2019 Brandenburgs 'tax haven Zossen': 30 Mai 2019: Brandenburgs 'tax haven Zossen', der märkischen 17.000-Einwohner-Kleinstadt, wo mittlerweile unzählige Immobilien- und andere Unternehmen registriert sind, denn Zossen erhebt den niedrigstmöglichen Gewerbesteuersatz von gerade einmal gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen 200%

Prignitz district: Prignitz district, neighboring the district Ludwigslust-Parchim in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the district Ostprignitz-Ruppin in Brandenburg, the district Stendal in Saxony-Anhalt and the district Lüchow-Dannenberg in Lower Saxony

Perleberg�town: Perleberg�town located at Stepenitz tributary river of the Elbe, the capital of the district of Prignitz, today also located in the northwest of the German state of Brandenburg, and today with about 12,000 inhabitants in a mostly agricultural area, having a long history of troops being stationed here (most notably Prussian), but since Middle Ages first an administrative center for local government situated halfway between the two largest German cities Berlin and Hamburg and surrounded by the municipalities Karstädt to the north-west, Gross Pankow (Prignitz) to the north-east, Plattenburg to the south-east, the Ämter Bad Wilsnack/Weisen in the south, Lenzen-Elbtalaue in the west, and the town of Wittenberge to the south-west

Hanseatic League member Perleberg's history, 1618-1648 'Thirty Years' War, Prussian garrison town, world wars, and aftermath: History of Perleberg, as in the 14th century the town was at its height as part of the Hanseatic League, as in 1523 after the 1517 beginning of the Protestant Reformation movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in particular to papal authority, Perleberg was the muster point for an army assembled by Elector Joachim I in support of his brother-in-law Christian II of Denmark's attempt to recover his throne, and then 1618-1648 'Thirty Years' War' caused serious damage to the town of 3,500 inhabitants, only 300 survived - In 1860 wird Perleberg preußische Garnisonsstadt, 1904-1909 Neubau der kaiserlichen Kasernen, 1992 letzte Militäreinheiten der ehemaligen Gruppe der sowjetischen Streitkräfte in Deutschland verlassen den Garnisonsstandort

Brandenburg elections: Elections in Brandenburg

September 2014 Brandenburg state election: 14 September 2014 Brandenburg state election - 14/15. September: Vorläufiges amtliches Ergebnis der Landtagswahl 2014 in Brandenburg

September 2019 Brandenburg state election: 1 September 2019 Brandenburg state election

Bremen state elections: State elections in Bremen

10 May 2015: 10 May 2015 Bremen state election - 11 May 2015: Following state elections, Bremen�s mayor resigns despite SPD and Greens could proceed to govern with a slim bulk

26 May 2019 Bremen state election: 26 May 2019 Bremen state election

14 May 2023 Bremen state election: 14 May 2023 Bremen state election

History of Hamburg: History of Hamburg

Economy and media of Hamburg: Economy of Hamburg - Medien in Hamburg, 2020/21 mit einem Gesamtumsatz von 25 Mrd. Euro, wobei rund 70.000 Beschäftigte in 14.063 Unternehmen aus den Bereichen Werbung (51% der Unternehmen), Verlag (16%), Musik (9%), Filmwirtschaft (8%), Druck (4%), Rundfunk (1%) und in der Kulturwirtschaft (11%) tätig sind, zusätzlich rund 2000 Multimediaunternehmen, während Hamuburg außerdem ein wichtiger Standort ist für die Medienausbildung mit diversen Journalistenschulen und Ausbildungsmöglichkeiten im Bereich Medien - Nachdem seit 1945 das sozialdemokratische Verlagswesen neu organisiert worden war, mußten während der 1960er und 1970er Jahre viele der sozialdemokratischen Zeitungen ihr Erscheinen einstellen und es entstanden zahlreiche Minderheitsbeteiligungen an Verlagshäusern, die ab 1971 in der DDVG gebündelt wurden, so auch das Druck- und Verlagshaus Frankfurt am Main (Verlag der Frankfurter Rundschau)

Education in Hamburg:Education in Hamburg

Elections in Hamburg: Elections in Hamburg

Timeline of Hamburg: Timeline of Hamburg

Since 1558 Hamburg Stock Exchange: 1558 Hamburg Stock Exchange (Hamburger Börse) in the 'Free and Hanseatic city of Hamburg', the oldest stock exchange in Germany, as today four different individual exchanges exist under its umbrella, including the Insurance Exchange, Grain Exchange, Coffee Exchange, along with the General Exchange

Since 1669 St. Michael's Church: Since 1669 St. Michael's Church, one of Hamburg's five Lutheran main churches (Hauptkirchen) and one of the most famous churches in the city, as St. Michaelis is a landmark of the city and it is considered to be one of the finest Hanseatic Protestant baroque churches, accommodating five organs including a Marcussen organ, a large Steinmeyer organ with its 85 registers, 5 manuals and 6674 pipes, as in October 2008 St. Michael's received a new crypt organ, named after Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy - 1768�1788 Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714-1788) at the Michaeliskirche in Hamburg, who - following his father Johann Sebastian Bach - produced his most ambitious work, the oratorio 'Die Israeliten in der Wüste' (The Israelites in the Desert), a composition remarkable not only for its great beauty but for the resemblance of its plan to that of Felix Mendelssohn's 'Elijah'

Since 1847 Hamburg-American Line: Since 1847 Hamburg-American Line (Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Aktien-Gesellschaft HAPAG), a transatlantic shipping enterprise established in Hamburg, that developed into the largest German, and at times the world's largest, shipping company, serving the market created by German immigration to the USA, later immigration from Eastern Europe, as on 1 September 1970, after 123 years of independent existence, HAPAG merged with the Bremen-based North German Lloyd to form Hapag-Lloyd AG

Prior to WWI Hapag's chief tried to acted as mediator: Prior to World War I HAPAG's (Hamburg-America Line) general director Albert Ballin, which for that time was the world's largest shipping company, acted as mediator between the United Kingdom and the German Empire in the tense years prior to German empire's assault upon European countries, terrified that the company would lose its ships in the event of naval hostilities, and attempting to broker a deal whereby the United Kingdom and Germany would continue to race one another in passenger liners but desist in their attempts to best one another's naval fleets, as consequently the beginning of World War I deeply disillusioned him and he committed suicide in 1918 - Since August 1914 during World War I - as 'The Imperator' and the 'Vaterland' were briefly in service before the war - in 1914 the 'Vaterland' was caught in port at Hoboken in New Jersey at the beginning of German empire's aggression and interned by the USA, then seized and later renamed 'Leviathan' after the declaration of war on Germany following its restarted unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917, then served for the duration and beyond as a troopship, as in 1917 Hapag's liner 'Allemannia' was torpedoed by German submarine near Alicante and two people were lost

1914-1917 Hamburg-American Line during WWI and German unrestricted submarine warfare: 1914-1917 Hamburg-American Line during WWI, as in 1914 company's 'Vaterland' was caught in port at Hoboken in New Jersey at the outbreak of World War I and interned by the USA, then - since German empire's unrestricted submarine warfare - seized, renamed Leviathan after the declaration of war on Germany in 1917, and served for the duration and beyond as a troopship, and as in 1917 Hamburg America Line's 'Allemannia' was torpedoed by German submarine near Alicante and two people were lost

Since 1919 University of Hamburg: Since 1919 University of Hamburg

Since March 1933 'Geheime Staatspolizei' Gestapo in Hamburg: Am 5. März 1933 beauftragte der Hamburger NS-Gauleiter Karl Kaufmann den nationalsozialistischen Polizeibeamten Peter Kraus mit der Leitung eines Fahndungskommandos der Hamburger Staatspolizei, das insbesondere in der Illegalität operierende kommunistische und sozialistische Gruppen zerschlagen sollte

1936-1945 organization, staff etc of the 'Gestapo' in Hamburg: 1936-1945 Organisation, Personal, Verfolgungsmaßnahmen, Judenreferat, Verfolgung des Hamburger Widerstands durch die Gestapo in Hamburg

1938-1945 Neuengamme concentration camp: 1938-1945 Neuengamme concentration camp near the village of Neuengamme in the Bergedorf district of Hamburg, operated by the SS an estimated 106,000 prisoners were held at Neuengamme and at its subcamps, the verified death toll is 42,900

Since 1945 Hamburg after the Second World War: Hamburg after the Second World War 1939-1945

1946-1948 Hamburg Ravensbrück trials: 1946-1948 Hamburg Ravensbrück trials, a series of seven trials for war crimes against camp officials from the Ravensbrück concentration camp that the British authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Hamburg after the end of World War II

Since 1950s history of 'Tagesschau' (German TV series), 'Wehrmacht' and 'Waffen-SS' roots: Propagandakompagniemitarbeiter (Truppengattung der Nazi-Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS) Martin Svoboda bildete nach Kriegsende mit Filmproduzent Kipp und Fotograf Fritz Kempe ein Team, um von 1951 bis 1960 als erster und zunächst einziger Redakteur für die Tagesschau beim Nordwestdeutschen Rundfunk NWDR Materialien nach eigener Vorstellung zu einer Nachrichtensendung zusammenschneiden, sprach die Nachrichten dreimal wöchentlich abends live, war dann seit 1960 Sendeleiter und außerdem für Dienstpläne der Tagesschau-Sprecher verantwortlich, die bis zum heutigen Tag Nachrichten von anonym bleibenden Redakteuren verbreiten, d.h. ohne jemals einen verantwortlichen Autor für die Sendung zu nennen

'Show' or 'Schau', 'Darbietung', 'Vorführung': Eine 'Show' oder 'Schau', Darbietung, Vorführung, ein Ereignis mit Unterhaltungs- oder/und mit Informationscharakter

Since 1968 'Friedrich-Ebert-Gymnasium' in Hamburg: 1968 wurde das Harburg Gymnasium für Jungen koedukativ und nach dem ehemaligen SPD-Vorsitzenden Friedrich Ebert benannt, der 1914-1918 mitverantwortlich für den 1. Weltkrieg des Deutschen Reiches war, aber niemals zur Rechenschaft gezogen wurde (zuvor 1628 gegründete Lateinschule, ab 1937 Oberschule für Jungen, ab 1959 Gymnasium für Jungen Harburg), und nachdem 1967 der in den sechsiger Jahren amtierende Senator der Hamburger Polizeibehörde und dann Innensenator Helmut Schmidt SPD-Fraktionsvorsitzender im Bundestag in Bonn geworden war

Since late 1970s 'Hitler Diaries' German media scandal involving K. Kujau, G. Heidemann, Th. Walde i.a.: Since 1970s production. sale, acquisition and publication - after German and Hamburg journalists Gerd Heidemann and Thomas Walde produced a prospectus outlining what was available for purchase and the costs - of the so-called 'Hitler Diaries' ('Hitler-Tagebücher'), a series of sixty volumes of journals purportedly written by Adolf Hitler, but in fact forged by Konrad Kujau until 1983. The diaries were purchased in 1983 for 9.3 million Deutsche Marks by the West German news magazine 'Stern', which sold serialisation rights to several news organisations. One of the publications involved was the British newspaper The Sunday Times, which asked their independent director, the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, to authenticate the diaries; he did so, pronouncing them genuine. At the press conference to announce the publication, Trevor-Roper announced that on reflection he had changed his mind, and other historians also raised questions concerning their validity. Rigorous forensic analysis, which had not been performed previously, quickly confirmed that the diaries were fakes. The West German journalist with Stern who 'discovered' the diaries and was involved in their purchase was Gerd Heidemann, who had an obsession with the Nazi era. When Stern started buying the diaries, Heidemann stole a significant proportion of the money. Kujau and Heidemann spent time in prison for their parts in the fraud, and several newspaper editors lost their jobs. - 16. März 2008: 'Gier nach dem großen Geld', die Veröffentlichung der angeblichen Hitler-Tagebücher vor 25 Jahren war der GAU der deutschen Pressegeschichte - 6. Mai 2013: Das Bundesarchiv der Bundesrepublik Deutschland gab am 6. Mai 2013 nach intensiver Prüfung bekannt, dass die angeblichen 'Hitler-Tagebücher' des 'Stern' gefälscht waren, nachdem das Bundesarchiv bereits seit dem 5. April 1982 mit den 'Stern'-Redakteuren Dr. Thomas Walde und Leo Pesch, wenig später auch mit Gerd Heidemann, in Kontakt gestanden hatte

June and December 1982 Hamburg state election, Greens win 7,7%: 6 June 1982 Hamburg state election, Greens party wins 7,7% - 19 December 1982 Hamburg state election

February 2015 Hamburg state election: 15 February 2015 Hamburg state election - 16 February 2015: Conservatives suffer blow in Hamburg state vote but AfD wins seats in its first western regional assembly, turnout about 54%

June/July 2017 protests G20 against summit in Hamburg: G20 Hamburg summit protests June-July 2017 - 7�8 July 2017 G20 Hamburg summit in the city of Hamburg - 7 July 2017: Protesters reportedly clashed with police, torched patrol cars and blocked roads in the German city of Hamburg on Friday in fresh violence just before the start of the G20 summit - 7 July 2017: New York city mayor Bill De Blasio, one of Trump's sharpest critics, will take part in protests against the G20 summit in Hamburg and will be a keynote speaker on Saturday at a rally for human rights and democracy - 9 July 2017: Two nights of rioting, looting and transport chaos left many residents in Hamburg asking why their government had decided to hold the annual G20 summit with Putin, Xi Jinping, Trump and Erdogan in a densely populated city with such a strong tradition of counter-cultural protest

2018 transformation of Hamburg Gestapo headquarters: 1 February 2018: Relatives of some of the thousands of Nazi victims who were tortured and murdered in the Hamburg headquarters of the Gestapo have accused authorities and property developers of insulting their memory following the transformation of the building into a luxury complex with scant reference to its past

February 2020 Hamburg state election: 23 February 2020 Hamburg state election - 2020 Hamburg state election opinion polling - 24 February 2020: Greens and SPD victorious with 24.2% and 39% in Hamburg state elections as the crisis in the CDU, FDP and AfD deepens

3 May 2020 75th anniversary of the liberation of Hamburg and Neuengamme Concentration Camp: 3 May 2020: On 3 May 1945 British troops liberated Hamburg, but international commemorative ceremony to mark the 75th anniversary of the liberation of Neuengamme Concentration Camp can unfortunately not take place this year due to covid-19 pandemic

Since April 2021 Hamburg's nightly exit lock as on Memorial Day Israelis gathered by the graves of Jewish soldiers and victims of WWI: Seit 2. April gilt in Hamburg eine nächtliche Ausgangsbeschränkung - 14 April 2021: On Memorial Day, a group of civilians gathered by the graves of 24 Jewish soldiers buried in Mount Scopus British War Cemetery, part of 23,000 burial sites around the world and funded by the UK in partnership with the governments of Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and South Africa, whose soldiers fought alongside Britain in 1914-1918 World War I

10 July 2021 Esther Bejarano, a survivor of the Auschwitz death camp, has died: 10 July 2021: Esther Bejarano, a survivor of the Auschwitz death camp who devoted much of her life to the fight against antisemitism and racism � often through the power of music � has died peacefully in the early hours of Saturday at the Jewish Hospital in Hamburg, after regaining her life and liberty following 1945 death camp's liberation by Soviet soldiers, according to Auschwitz Committee in Germany's Helga Obens

9/10 March 2023 seven people killed in Jehovah�s Witnesses hall shooting in Hamburg: 9 March 2023 mass shooting at a Jehovah�s Witness centre on Deelbögestrasse in Hamburg's Gross Borstel district at c. 9:00 p.m. � 9:15 p.m., as at least eight people were killed and an unspecified number were injured, eight of them seriously. The perpetrator - according to the police an ex-member of Jehovah's Witnesses - is among the dead. - 10 March 2023 seven people killed and dozens wounded in Jehovah�s Witnesses hall shooting in Hamburg, as the perpetrator, who was said to have emptied one of several magazines of bullets in the shooting, had been ejected from the church about 18 months ago for reasons unknown, according to local media

History of Hesse: History of Hesse - State elections in Hesse - Constitution of Hesse December 1946, the constitution of the German state (Bundesland) of Hesse since World War II

Since 1st century BCE 'Germania magna' and Roman empire's fleet bases Rhein-Main-Gebiet: Since 1st century BCE Roman empire's 'Germania magna' - Seit 13/12 v. Chr. römisches Legionslager auf einer Anhöhe über dem Rhein und gegenüber der Mainmündung an der römischen Rheintalstraße, das über 350 Jahre lang Standort römischer Legionen und bis in die Mitte des 3. Jahrhunderts, teilweise auch noch im 4. Jahrhundert, Ausgangspunkt für Feldzüge in die Magna Germania blieb, und außerdem Stützpunkt der Rheinflotte des römischen Reiches wurde - 297-455 'Germania Primera' ('Germania prima')

Monasteries in Hesse and 'Lorsch Codex': Monasteries in Hesse and 'Lorsch Codex' - Since 764 Lorsch Abbey (the Imperial Abbey of Lorsch), about 10 km east of Worms, later one of the most renowned monasteries of the Carolingian Empire - About 1175-1195 'Lorsch Codex' consisting of 460 pages in large format containing more than 3800 entries, and important because it details the gifts given to the monastery and the possessions belonging to it, giving some of the first mention of cities of the Middle Ages in central Germany, and in particular in the Rhein-Neckar region, as over one thousand places are named - Since 736 Hersfeld Abbey, an important Benedictine imperial abbey in the town of Bad Hersfeld, founded by a disciple of Saint Boniface, as the clerics - because its location rendered it vulnerable to attacks from the Saxons - transferred it to Fulda, and some years later, in or about 769 after the defeat of the Saxons by the Franks, the archbishop of Mainz re-founded the monastery at Hersfeld - List of Carolingian (and earlier) monasteries

Since 13th century landgraviate of Hesse and later principality: Landgrafschaft Hessen, ein Fürstentum des Heiligen Römischen Reiches mit dem historischen Kerngebiet im Norden und in der Mitte des heutigen Landes Hessen, wobei die Residenz zunächst kurzfristig in Marburg und in Gudensberg war, aber schon von 1277 an in Kassel, während vor 1500 die Landgrafschaft Hessen territorial bis an Rhein und Neckar anwuchs, dann als Fürstentum regiert durch das Haus Hessen woei 1526 der Übertritt Hessens zum lutherischen Glauben erfolgte

1524-1525 'German Peasants War' popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe: 1524-1525 German Peasants' War, a widespread popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe (the largest and most widespread popular uprising prior to the French Revolution since 1789), that failed because of intense opposition from the aristocracy, who slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed peasants and farmers, as the survivors were fined and achieved few, if any, of their goals, and as - like the preceding Bundschuh movement and the Hussite Wars, the war consisted of a series of both economic and religious revolts in which peasants and farmers, often supported by Anabaptist clergy, took the lead - 1525 Odenwälder Bauernheer während des Deutschen Bauernkrieges - List of peasant revolts, as their history spans over a period of over two thousand years, and as a variety of reasons fueled the emergence of the peasant revolt phenomenon, including tax resistance, social inequality, religious war, national liberation, resistance against serfdom, redistribution of land, and also more or less external factors such as plague and famine

1567-1806 Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt: 1567-1806 Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt

1567 founding of Hesse-Darmstadt and European war in Germany 1618-1648: Gründungsphase von Hessen-Darmstadt 1567�1596, Dreißigjähriger Krieg, Pest und Hungersnöte 1597�1661

1848-1849 National Assembly in Frankfurt in the German revolutions: National Assembly in Frankfurt in the German revolutions of 1848�1849

1933/34-1945 People's State of Hesse: People's State of Hesse, the name of the German state of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1918 until 1933/34-1945, and constitution since 20 February 1919

September 2013 Hesse state election: 22 September 2013 Hesse state election - 23. September 2013: Vorläufiges Ergebnis der Landtagswahl 2013

October 2018 Hessian state election: 28 October 2018 Hessian state election - 29 October 2018: After the CDU slumped to 27% in preliminary results in the state and the SPD tanked to 19.8% in a dead heat with the resurgent Green party for second place, giving the coalition 69 seats of 137, Merkel said national politics had had negative influence on the results in Hesse

29 March 2020 finance minister Thomas Schäfer died by suicide amid covid-19 pandemic and economic crisis: 29 March 2020: Police suspect finance minister for the state of Hesse Thomas Schäfer died by suicide after his body was found on train tracks near Wiesbaden, leaving a note before taking his own life referencing his reasons for his apparent suicide, after he regularly appeared in public in recent days to inform the public about financial assistance during the covid-19 crisis

14 March 2021 Hessian local elections, to elect district, municipal, and city councils and local boards: 14 March 2021 Hessian local elections, to elect district, municipal, and city councils and local boards, as well as mayors in some cities and district administrators in some districts, as indirect elections will also take place for the Planning Board of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main Regional Authority and the regional councils of Hesse's three governing districts

Since March 2021 results of local elections in Frankfurt/M., Wiesbaden, Kassel, Darmstadt and Offenbach: Since March 2021 results of local elections in independent cities in Hesse including Frankfurt/Main (24.6% Greens, 21.9% CDU, 17.0 SPD), Wiesbaden (23.% CDU, 21.4 Greens, 20.3 SPD), Kassel (28.7 Greens, 24.6% SPD, 19.2% 'Leopard tank' party CDU), Darmstadt (27.4% Greens, 16.7% SPD, 15.6% CDU, Offenbach am Main (28.4% SPD, 18.1% Greens, also CDU)

8 October 2023 Hesse state election: 8 October 2023, as all members of the Landtag will be elected - Opinion polling for the October 2023 Hesse state election

Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region and Frankfurt/Main: Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region - Frankfurt/Main city

Geography of Frankfurt/Main: Geography of Frankfurt/Main

History, economy, and banking of Frankfurt/Main: History of Frankfurt/Main and, economy of Frankfurt/Main - Frankfurt/Main's Bankenviertel

Frankfurt/Main's Altstadt in the Medieval Period: Frankfurt/Main's Altstadt in the Medieval Period

Early 20th century's Frankfurt/Main's old town: Frankfurt/Main's old town in the early 20th century

1939-45 Frankfurt/Main's destruction in World War II, post-war period 'reconstruction', second destruction: Frankfurt/Main's destruction in World War II, post-war period with reconstruction and second destruction

20th/21st century districts and sights of the Altstadt of Frankfurt/Main: 20th/21st century districts and sights of the Altstadt of Frankfurt/Main, including Römerberg and surroundings and Cathedral area - where the majority of German kings were chosen since the Middle Ages, and from 1562 to 1792 10 emperors of the Holy Roman Empire were crowned in the Bartholomäuskirche -, western, northern, eastern (in the Judengasse Museum, part of the Frankfurt Jewish Museum, excavated remains of the ghetto and the synagogue can be viewed) old town - Frankfurt/Main's Bankenviertel

Elections and mayors of Frankfurt-am-Main since 19th century: Elections and mayors of Frankfurt-am-Main since 19th century

7 November 2022 voters in Frankfurt/Main remove city's mayor amid corruption case: 7 November 2022: Voters in Frankfurt/Main remove city's mayor amid corruption case

Timeline of Frankfurt since 843 CE: Timeline of Frankfurt since 843 CE, as city becomes capital of East Francia

1241 Judenprogrom: 1180 Staufenmauer built, 1241 'Judenschlacht' - Pogrom von 1241 in Frankfurt am Main, die älteste dokumentierte Verfolgung der Juden in Frankfurt, welche am 24. Mai 1241 seitens der christlichen Mehrheit der Stadtbevölkerung stattfand, angestachelt insbesondere durch die Dominikaner, als 170 Juden ermordet wurden (die Opferzahlen weichen, je nach Quelle, leicht voneinander ab), wobei Opfer wohl auch gefoltert wurden bevor sie umgebracht, ausgeplündert, nackt liegen gelassen und nicht bestattet wurden, und infolgedessen sich 24 überlebende Juden taufen ließen um der Ermordung zu entgehen

1349 second Judenschlacht: The second Judenschlacht of 1349

1462-1811 Frankfurter Judengasse (ghetto), Germany's largest Jewish community in early modern times: 1462-1796 Frankfurter Judengasse, das seit 1462 bestehende jüdische Ghetto in Frankfurt am Main, das erste und eines der letzten seiner Art in Deutschland vor der Epoche der Emanzipation im 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts, wobei in der frühen Neuzeit hier die größte jüdische Gemeinde Deutschlands lebte

1721 Ghetto Fire: The Ghetto Fire of 1721

July 1796 French Revolutionary troops, end of the Judengasse: Bombardment of 1796 by French Revolutionary troops and end of the Judengasse

1848/49 Frankfurt Parliament and constitution: 1848/49 Frankfurt Parliament (Frankfurter Nationalversammlung), the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany, including the German-populated areas of Austria-Hungary, elected on 1 May 1848 in the Paulskirche at Frankfurt am Main. Its existence was both part of and the result of the 'March Revolution' within the states of the German Confederation

9 November 1848 democrat Robert Blum executed in Vienna: 9. November 1848 Robert Blums - in Köln geborener Wortführer der Linken in der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung von 1848 und der populärste Politiker seiner Zeit - letzte Worte 'Ich sterbe für die deutsche Freiheit, für die ich gekämpft' bevor er am 9. November 1848 im Wiener Vorort Brigittenau im Morgengrauen durch die Kugeln eines österreichischen Hinrichtungskommandos sterben mußte - 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche

1914 University Frankfurt and 1923 Frankfurt School and critical theory: 18 October 1914 University Frankfurt

Since 1923 Institute for Social Research IfS: Since 1923 Institute for Social Research IfS, a research organization for sociology and continental philosophy, best known as the institutional home of the Frankfurt School and critical theory - 1903-1969 Theodor W. Adorno, born Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund, was a German scientist, sociologist, musicologist, and composer known for his critical theory of society and a leading member of the Frankfurt School of critical theory, whose work has come to be associated with thinkers such as Ernst Bloch, Walter Benjamin, Max Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, and Herbert Marcuse, for whom the works of Marx, Freud and Hegel were essential to a critique of modern society and a critic of both fascism and what he called the culture industry

Since 1921/1930 'Röderberg-Reformschule': 1921 wird die Reformvolksschule Röderberg gegründet, eine öffentliche Volksschule und Teil eines ambitionierten reformpädagogischen Modellversuchs der Stadt Frankfurt, wobei der Besuch unentgeltlich ist und die Schule wird im Gegensatz zu den Regelschulen keinem Schulbezirk zugeordnet wird, und 1930 kann nach gemeinsamer konzeptioneller Arbeit im Rahmen des Projekts Neues Frankfurt mit dem Stadtbaumeister Ernst May ein eigenes Schulgebäude am Bornheimer Hang geplant und realisiert werden

August 1937 - Frühjahr 1942 Lager für Sinti und Roma Frankfurt am Main: 18. August 1937 - Frühjahr 1942 Lager für Sinti und Roma Frankfurt am Main, Aufnahme in das Haftstättenverzeichnis der Stiftung EVZ gemäß Beschluss vom 08. Juni 2001

9/10 November 1938 'Kristallnacht' in Frankfurt, followed by the Holocaust: 9/10 November 1938 Kristallnacht, as most of the synagogues in Frankfurt were severely damaged or destroyed by the NSDAP mob on Kristallnacht,including the synagogues at Alt Heddernheim 33, Börneplatz, Börnestraße, Conrad-Weil-Gasse, Freiherr-vom-Stein-Straße, Friedberger Anlage 5-6, Hermesweg 5-7, Inselgasse 9, Marktplatz Höchst, Obermainanlage 8, Ostendstraße 18, Niederhofheim'sche Synagoge, Schloßstraße 5, and Unterlindau 21, and as the deportation of the Jewish residents to their deaths in the East quickened in pace after Kristallnacht, as their property and valuables were taken by the Gestapo before deportation, and as they were subjected to extreme violence during transport to the stations for the cattle wagons which carried them east, as most ended up in new ghettoes established by the Nazis such as the Warsaw Ghetto before their murder in camps such as Sobibor, Belzec and Treblinka

Since 1942 Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II: Since 1942 Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II

March 1945 Battle of Frankfurt: March 1945 Battle of Frankfurt was a four-day struggle for control of Frankfurt am Main during World War II since 1939, as USA's 5th Infantry Division conducted the main attack while the 6th Armored Division provided support, as the city was occupied by NSDAP Germany's Seventh Army, as radio Luxembourg reported small sporadic fighting lasting until 4 April

Februar 1942 - 18. März 1945 'Arbeitserziehungslager Frankfurt-Heddernheim', Buchenwald: Februar 1942 - 18. März 1945 'Arbeitserziehungslager Frankfurt-Heddernheim', Häftlinge wurden nach Auflösung nach Buchenwald deportiert. Arbeit bei der Vereinigten Deutschen Metallwerke AG/Adler-Werke, Aufräumarbeiten und Entladen von Waggons

Since 1 August 1945 Frankfurter Rundschau: Since 1 August 1945 Frankfurter Rundschau, a German daily newspaper published every day but Sunday as a city, two regional and one nationwide issues, the first newspaper published in the USA sector in occupied Germany as the licence was handed over to the first team of editors consisting of Emil Carlebach, Hans Etzkorn, Wilhelm Karl Gerst, Otto Grossmann, Wilhelm Knothe, Paul Rodemann and Arno Rudert, a group of social democrats, political Catholics and communists, who had spent years in the resistance and Nazi concentration camps or in exil

20th century journalist and resistance fighter Emil Carlebach, opposing NSDAP dictatorship since early 1934: 1914-2001 Emil Carlebach a Hessian Landtag member, a writer, and a journalist, who was sentenced to 3 years in prison for spreading anti-fascist union publications, then in 1937 sent to Dachau concentration camp, then imprisoned at Buchenwald in 1938, where he was active in the illegal resistance organization, then was to have been shot by the SS on 6 April 1945 for his efforts in the camp revolt but was hidden by other prisoners and survived till liberation, then after the liberation of the concentration camp, the prisoners from Buchenwald chose him as their spokesman, later becoming the vice-president of the International Buchenwald Committee, as in 1947, without explanation, the USA Military Government (general Clay) in Germany revoked Carlebach's publisher's license despite he was also a co-founder of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime VVN (Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes) - Publikationen von Emil Carlebach

Since 1957 Deutsche Bundesbank: Since 1957 Deutsche Bundesbank, the central bank of the Federal Republic of Germany and as such part of the European System of Central Banks ESCB

1963-1965 second Auschwitz trial: 1963-1965 second Auschwitz trial, a series of trials charging 22 (!) defendants under German criminal law for their roles in the Holocaust as mid- to lower-level officials in the Auschwitz-Birkenau death and concentration camp complex

1977 'Röderberg-Reformschule' becomes 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule Frankfurt/Main': 1977 'Röderberg-Reformschule' wird 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule Frankfurt/Main', politisch gewollt u.a. von SPD Mitgliedern die aus deutscher Geschichte, der Entwicklung zum 1. Weltkrieg und Ebert-SPD unterstützten Kriegsverbrechen - angefangen Juli/August 1914 in Luxemburg, Belgien und Frankreich (German 'Schrecklichkeit'), dann barbarischem 'Stellungskrieg' mit hunderttausenden von Opfern, geächtetem und unmenschlichen Chemiewaffeneinsatz seit 1915 in Belgien bis 1917/18 gegen und in Italien durch den späteren GFM Erwin Rommel, weltweiter 'unrestricted submarine warfare' - und dann den Verfolgungen von Kriegsgegnern (um sie mit allen Mitteln zum Schweigen zu bringen) bis hin zu den Morden von Friedenskämpfern wie Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, Hugo Haase und vielen anderen - Verbrechen die der NSDAP den Weg ebneten und den NSDAP-Organisationen die Orientierung boten - kaum etwas gelernt haben

1 November 1979: Thursday 1 November 1979, events

1980 Frankfurt city twinned with Tel Aviv city in Israel: 1980 Frankfurt city twinned with Tel Aviv city in Israel, according to 'Die Zeitgeschichte 1945�2000', Chronik der Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Institut für Stadtgeschichte

18 October 1980: Saturday 18 October 1980, events

Since 1997 Anne Frank Educational Centre to promote human rights education and facilitating dialogue: Since 1997 Anne Frank Educational Centre located in the neighbourhood of Dornbusch, Frankfurt am Main, where Anne Frank was born. The Centre is supported by the Anne-Frank-Fonds in Basel. In their work, the Centre uses the biography and the diary of Anne Frank as a unique tool to promote tolerance and educate people about the consequences of Nazism, discrimination and racism.

April 2001 Emil Carlebach died in Frankfurt: 9 April 2001: Former 'Buchenwald Inmates Advisory Board at the Buchenwald Memorial', and vice president of the 'International Committee of Buchenwald-Dora and Subcamps' Emil Carlebach died in Frankfurt a. M.

16 June 2020 Frankfurt court hearing against two neo-Nazis in Walter Luebcke murder case: 16 June 2020: German court in Frankfurt begin hearing the case against two neo-Nazis accused of killing regional politician Walter Luebcke, as Stephan Ernst is accused of murder, attempted murder, serious bodily harm and firearms offenses, and as protesters against anti-immigrant Pegida movement hold a banner reading 'who always wanted to know, how it could happen with the Nazis, lives in the right time' during a demonstration on Monday

9 July 2020 Frankfurt police computer searched for data on politician receiving letters since February signed 'NSU 2.0': 9 July 2020: German police computer in Frankfurt was searched for data on politician Janine Wissler threatened by neo-Nazis, receiving several threatening letters and emails since February, signed 'NSU 2.0', a reference to the German neo-Nazi National Socialist Underground group that committed several racist murders in the 2000s, coming now as the German police and army find themselves under increased scrutiny for neo-Nazi linked and racist views in their ranks, a debate fuelled by the global Black Lives Matter protests

14 July 2020 Idil Baydar also received threatening letters from neo-Nazis: 14 July 2020: Idil Baydar also received threatening letters from neo-Nazi linked extremists, as data were said to have been requested from the Hessian police

August 2020 Frankfurt�s new Jewish museum reclaims Anne Frank�s forgotten roots in the city: 26 August 2020: Frankfurt�s new Jewish museum reclaims Anne Frank�s forgotten roots in the city, preparing to showcase the Frank family�s deep attachment to a city they left for the Dutch capital in 1933, when Anne was 4 years old

13 January 2022 court jails former Syrian Assad regime's intelligence officer A. Raslan for life: 13 January 2022 after his arrest in 2014, former Syrian Assad regime's colonel Anwar Raslan - who led a unit of regimes's General Intelligence Directorate -, is sentenced by a German court to life in prison, after prosecutors had accused Anwar Raslan of 58 murders in a Damascus prison where they say at least 4,000 opposition activists were tortured in 2011 and 2012 - Das Oberlandesgericht in Koblenz hat am Donnerstag den früheren syrischen Geheimdienstoffizier Anwar Raslan der Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit schuldig befunden, und verurteilte ihn zu lebenslanger Haft. Der Prozess wurde unter dem Weltrechtsprinzip geführt, das es ermöglicht, in Deutschland auch schwere Straftaten in Drittstaaten zur Anklage zu bringen. - 13 January 2022 Anwar Raslan sentenced to imprisonment for life and given a week to appeal the verdict, according to 'Wikipedia'

19 January 2022 trial at Frankfurt�s higher regional court against Syrian Assad regime's torturer: 19 January 2022: Trial at Frankfurt�s higher regional court - the second of its kind in Germany - adding to other European efforts to hold loyalists of Syrian Assad�s regime to account for alleged war-era atrocities, as finally accused Alaa M faces 18 counts of torturing detainees and killing one of them at military hospitals in Homs and Damascus in 2011-12

24 October 2021 Zimbabwe's Tsitsi Dangarembga recipient of the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade 2021: 21 June/24 October 2021: Zimbabwean author and filmmaker Tsitsi Dangarembga has been named the recipient of the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade 2021, as the Prize honours personalities who have contributed to the realisation of the idea of peace in literature, science or art

19-23 October 2022 Frankfurt Book Fair, annual event in mid-October since 1949: 19-23 October 2022 Frankfurt Book Fair, the world's largest trade fair for books, based on the number of publishing companies represented. It is considered to be the most important book fair in the world for international deals and trading. The five-day annual event in mid-October since 1949 (17th century) is held at the Frankfurt Trade Fair grounds, as the first three days are restricted exclusively to professional visitors.

7 November 2022 voters in Frankfurt/Main remove city's mayor amid corruption case: 7 November 2022: Voters in Frankfurt/Main remove city's mayor amid corruption case

Wiesbaden city: Wiesbaden city and the capital of the state of Hesse with 290,955 inhabitants in 2020 plus approximately 19,000 USA citizens (mostly associated with the army), as Wiesbaden is the second-largest city in Hesse after Frankfurt/M.

History and timeline of Wiesbaden: History of Wiesbaden

Antiquity and Wiesbaden: While evidence of settlement at present-day Wiesbaden dates back to the Neolithic era, historical records document continuous occupancy after the erection of a Roman fort in 6 AD which housed an auxiliary cavalry unit, as the thermal springs of Wiesbaden are first mentioned in Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historia, becoming famous for their recreation pools for Roman army horses

1922-1941 Alexej von Jawlensky in Wiesbaden: 1922-1941 Alexej von Jawlensky in Wiesbaden, a Russian painter who moved to Germany, in 1914 to Switzerland, expelled from the German empire, and again to Germany - 1911-1914 'Der Blaue Reiter' group of artists founded by a number of Russian emigrants, including Wassily Kandinsky, Alexej von Jawlensky, Marianne von Werefkin, and native German artists, such as Franz Marc, Paul Klee, August Macke and Gabriele Münter

1914-1945 Wiesbaden, World War I/II and deportation of Jews to the death camps in Poland: Wiesbaden in the Weimar Republic, the NSDAP ruled German empire 1933-1945 and its World War II 1939-1945 - Geschichte der Juden in Wiesbaden und der Holocaust, nachdem 1938 alle Synagogen geschändet und beschädigt wurdem, und später etwa die Hälfte von 3.000 Juden fliehen und den Holocaust überleben konnte während von den übrigen fast alle aus der Stadt vertrieben oder in die Vernichtungslager deportiert wurden

Darmstadt city: Darmstadt city in located in the southern part of the Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region), as Darmstadt has around 160,000 inhabitants, making it the fourth largest city in the state of Hesse after Frankfurt am Main, Wiesbaden and Kassel

Education and research in Darmstadt: Education in Darmstadt

Since 1629 Ludwig-Georgs-Gymnasium in Darmstadt: Seit 1629 Ludwig-Georgs-Gymnasium in Darmstadt, welches besonderen Wert auf humanistische und altsprachliche Bildung legt, und außerdem das älteste Gymnasium in Südhessen - Seit 1625 Geschichte des Ludwig-Georgs-Gymnasiums - Darmstadt 1996: Der Name 'Schule' hat seinen Ursprung in der altgriechischen 'scholé', während im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert von 'Freizeit' im Gegensatz zu 'Arbeitszeit' (auch in anderen Sprachen) gesprochen wird

Since 1826 Georg-Büchner-Schule: Seit 1826 Georg-Büchner-Schule, ein staatliches Gymnasium im Südosten Darmstadts, benannt nach dem Schriftsteller Georg Büchner

Since 1877 'Technische Universität Darmstadt': Since 1877 'Technische Universität Darmstadt' - Research and cooperation, and fields of study - Botanical Garden of TU Darmstadt

Since 1971 Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences: Since 1971 Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences

20s/21st century European Space Operations Centre ESOC: European Space Operations Centre ESOC serves as the main mission control centre for the European Space Agency ESA and is located in Darmstadt

Economy of Darmstadt: Economy of Darmstadt

Timeline and history of Darmstadt: Geschichte der Stadt Darmstadt

Darmstadt since the Middle Ages until WWI 1914-1918: During the Middle Ages Darmstadt - a village since 8th/9th century - was chartered as a city by the 'Holy Roman Emperor' in 1330, at which time it belonged to the 'counts' of Katzenelnbogen, as the city, then called Darmstait, became a secondary residence for the counts, with a small castle established at the site of the current, much larger edifice, and as - when the house of Katzenelnbogen became extinct in 1479 - the city was passed to the 'Landgraviate' of Hesse, and was seat of the ruling landgraves 1567�1806 and thereafter (to 1918) of the 'grand dukes' of Hesse

1813-1837 Karl Georg Büchner: 1813-1837 (in Zürich) Karl Georg Büchner, Schriftsteller, Mediziner, Naturwissenschaftler und Revolutionär, der trotz seines schmalen Werkes � er starb bereits im Alter von 23 Jahren � als einer der bedeutendsten Literaten des Vormärz gilt, wobei Teile seines Werkes zur Exilliteratur zählen - 1815�1871 'Vormärz' (oder 'Ära Metternich' vor den Revolutionen in Europa 1848-1850) und Industrialisierung

1 October 1830 Södel massacre by grand duchy's military: 1. October 1830 Blutbad von Södel, eine gewalttätige Aktion von Soldaten des Großherzogtums Hessen gegen Bewohner des Dorfes Södel und des damaligen Fleckens Wölfersheim

1834 'Hessische Landbote von Georg Büchner: 1834 'Hessische Landbote', ein von Georg Büchner verfasstes, nach redaktioneller Überarbeitung des Butzbacher Rektors Weidig gedrucktes und veröffentlichtes Pamphlet gegen die sozialen Mißstände der Zeit, wobei die ersten Exemplare der Flugschrift in der Nacht zum 31. Juli 1834 heimlich im Großherzogtum Hessen-Darmstadt verteilt wurden und die Streitschrift seitdem bekannt geworden ist für ihren Aufruf 'Friede den Hütten! Krieg den Palästen!'

1933-1945 NSDAP ruled Germany and Darmstadt: 1933-1945 NSDAP ruled Germany, as Darmstadt was the first city in Germany to force Jewish shops to close in early 1933, for 'endangering communal order and tranquility', as in 1942, over 3,000 Jews from Darmstadt were first forced into a collection camp and later deported to concentration camps where most eventually died, as several prominent members of the German resistance movement against the Nazis were citizens of Darmstadt, some executed for their opposition to Hitler's regime, as Darmstadt was first bombed in 1940, and 34 other air raids would follow before the war's end

20s/21st century European Space Operations Centre ESOC: European Space Operations Centre ESOC serves as the main mission control centre for the European Space Agency ESA and is located in Darmstadt

Hanau town: Hanau town in the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, located 25 km east of Frankfurt am Main and is part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, a major railway junction and port on the river Main, making it an important transport centre

Timeline of Hanau: History and timeline of Hanau

After WWII 'Schule in Klein-Auheim' in Hanau becomes 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule': In der Folge von WWII wird aus der 'Schule in Klein-Auheim' eine 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule', gewollt von Politikern die aus deutscher Geschichte, der Entwicklung zum 1. Weltkrieg und Ebert-SPD unterstützten Kriegsverbrechen - angefangen Juli/August 1914 in Luxemburg, Belgien und Frankreich (German 'Schrecklichkeit'), dann barbarischem 'Stellungskrieg' mit hunderttausenden von Opfern, geächtetem und unmenschlichen Chemiewaffeneinsatz seit 1915 in Belgien bis 1917/18 gegen und in Italien durch den späteren GFM Erwin Rommel, weltweiter 'unrestricted submarine warfare' - und dann den Verfolgungen von Kriegsgegnern (um sie mit allen Mitteln zum Schweigen zu bringen) bis hin zu den Morden von Friedenskämpfern wie Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, Hugo Haase und vielen anderen - Verbrechen die der NSDAP den Weg ebneten und den NSDAP-Organisationen die Orientierung boten - kaum etwas gelernt haben

February 2020 Hanau shootings: 19 February 2020 Hanau shootings, targeting two shisha bars/hookah lounges - 20 February 2020: 11 people dead, including suspect, after Hanau attacks at the opening of the actual carnival week starting on 'Fat Thursday', after the beginning of the 'Fifth Season' on 11 November at 11:11 a.m.

21 February 2020 people of Hanau rallied in the wake of racist assault as politicians, judiciary and media not tackling racism with full strength: 21 February 2020: As the people of Hanau rallied together in the wake of a deadly and racist assault on its community, there were not just whispers filled with fear but also cries for help and shouts of anger, as even German Constitutional Court needs 75 years to start probing the Nazi connections of its postwar judges, including long-serving judge NSDAP-member Willi Geiger, who served from 1951 to 1977, after during the Nazi regime from 1933 to 1945 Geiger handed down a number of death sentences for minor offenses while presiding over a special court under Adolf Hitler's NSDAP party

Giessen town: Giessen town in the federated state of Hesse, capital of both the district of Giessen and the administrative region of Giessen, with a population of approximately 90,000 citizens, with roughly 37,000 university students, as its name was first referred to in 1197, as the largest river in Giessen is the Lahn, which divides the town in two parts, and as Giessen is also home to the University of Giessen

Since 12th century history and timeline of Giessen: History of Giessen since 12th century and todays international relations

Kassel city: Kassel city on the Fulda River in northern Hesse, the administrative seat of the Regierungsbezirk Kassel and the district of the same name with 200,507 inhabitants in December 2015, as the former capital of the state of Hesse-Kassel has many palaces and parks, including the Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe

Timeline of Kassel: Timeline of Kassel

1866-1919 Prussian and German empire's armies: 1866-1919 Prussian and German empire's armies and XI Army Corps before and during World War I, joined the predominantly Saxon 3rd Army at the start of the First World War, and still in existence at the end of the war

In 1935 Henschel&Son began manufacturing Panzer I tanks and Tiger tanks for its 'Blitzkkrieg* war crimes: In the 20th century, early in 1935, Henschel&Son German company began manufacturing Panzer I tanks, during World War II responsible for license production of the Dornier Do 17Z medium bomber, and since 1939 for large-scale production of the Panzer III, as Henschel became the sole manufacturer of the Tiger I and alongside Porsche the Tiger II, as in 1945, the company had 8,000 workers working in two shifts each of 12 hours, and forced labour was used extensively, as the company's factories, which also manufactured narrow-gauge locomotives, were among the most important Allied bomber targets and were nearly completely destroyed during German empire's brutal World War, including the Holocaust - Panzerkampfwagen VI, ein schwerer deutscher Panzer der vom Alleinhersteller Henschel in Kassel von 1942 bis 1944 gefertigt und von der 'Wehrmacht' ab Spätsommer 1942 eingesetzt wurde - Jagdpanzer VI Jagdtiger, schwere Jagdpanzer, die als Abwandlung des Tiger II entstanden und während des Zweiten Weltkriegs des Deutschen Reiches seit Februar 1943 von den Firmen Krupp sowie Henschel & Sohn in Kassel, vom Oberkommando des Heeres bestellt, gebaut wurden

Seit 1933 Wegmann&Co.'s Ausbeutung von Zwangsarbeitern, Kriegsgefangenen und politischen Gefangenen, dann Zulieferer für Kampfpanzer Leopard: Das Unternehmen Wegmann & Co. spezialisierte sich in den 30er Jahren des 19. Jh. auf Reisezugwagen und militärische Fahrzeuge, und während der Zeit der nationalsozialistischen Diktatur war die Ausbeutung von Zwangsarbeitern, Kriegsgefangenen und politischen Gefangenen Teil der Unternehmenspolitik von August Bode, des späteren Wehrwirtschaftsführers, und dann - während der Wiederbewaffnung nach kaum beendeter Katastrope des 2. Weltkriegs - übernahm das Unternehmen in den 1960er Jahren die Entwicklung und den Bau von Turmsystemen für Gerätschaften der neu gegründeten Bundeswehr, darunter der Kampfpanzer Leopard 1 und 2, auch exportiert an mindestens 19 Staaten und Regime

1942-1945 Kassel World War II bombings: 1942-1945 Kassel World War II bombings, a set of Allied strategic bombing attacks and the vast majority of the city center was destroyed,, as the liberating USA First Army captured Kassel on 3 April 1945, where only 50,000 inhabitants remained, versus 236,000 in 1939

Volkmarsen town: Volkmarsen town in Waldeck-Frankenberg district in northern Hesse

24 February 2020 Volkmarsen ramming attack: 24 February 2020 Volkmarsen ramming attack, as a car was driven by a German citizen from the local area into a crowd at a carnival parade in Volkmarsen and more 30 people were injured, seven seriously, and as a third of those injured were children - 24 février 2020: Une voiture a foncé dans un défilé de carnaval à Volkmarsen dans le centre de l'Allemagne, faisant une trentaine de blessés - 25 February 2020: The number of people confirmed as injured after a car ploughed into a carnival crowd in western Germany has risen to 52, as 18 of those hurt in Monday's incident are children

History of Lower Saxony: History of Lower Saxony - Elections in Lower Saxony

January 2013 Lower Saxony state election: 20 January 2013 Lower Saxony state election - 21 janvier 2013: Obtenant un siège de plus l'alliance des sociaux-démocrates et des verts renverse la coalition des conservateurs et des libéraux en Basse-Saxe

October 2017 Lower Saxony state election: 15 October 2017 Lower Saxony state election - 16 October 2017: Germany�s Social Democrats score victory in regional election

9 October 2022 Lower Saxony state election: 9 October 2022 Lower Saxony state election to elect the 19th Landtag of Lower Saxony.[1] The incumbent government is a coalition of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and Christian Democratic Union (CDU) led by Minister-President Stephan Weil

Geography of Lower Saxony: Geography of Lower Saxony - Landforms of Lower Saxony - Forests and woodlands of Lower Saxony - Rivers of Lower Saxony - List of rivers of Lower Saxony

Economy and agriculture of Lower Saxony: Ecnomy of Lower Saxony, as the GDP of the state was 229.5 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 8.7% of German economic output, as agriculture, strongly weighted towards the livestock sector, has always been a very important economic factor in the state, as the north and northwest of Lower Saxony are mainly made up of coarse sandy soil that makes crop farming difficult and therefore grassland and cattle farming are more prevalent in those areas, as Lower Saxony is home to one in five of Germany's cattle, one in three of the country's pigs, and 50% of its hens, as wheat, potatoes, rye, and oats are among the state's present-day arable crops, as towards the south and southeast, extensive loess layers in the soil left behind by the last ice age allow high-yield crop farming, as one of the principal crops there is sugar beet, and consequently, the Land has a big food industry, mainly organized in small and medium-sized enterprises

Economy and manufacturing of Lower Saxony: Economy of Lower Saxony, as manufacturing is another large part of the regional economy, as the car maker Volkswagen with its five production plants within the state's borders still remains the single biggest private-sector employer, as due to the Volkswagen Law, which has recently been ruled illegal by the European Union's high court, the state of Lower Saxony is still the second largest shareholder, owning 20.3% of the company, and as thanks to the importance of car manufacturing in Lower Saxony, a thriving supply industry is centred around its regional focal points, as other mainstays of the Lower Saxon industrial sector include aviation, shipbuilding (such as Meyer Werft), biotechnology, and steel, as medicine plays a major role, as Hanover and Göttingen have two large University Medical Schools and hospitals and Otto Bock in Duderstadt is the word leader in prosthetics

List of regions of Lower Saxony: List of regions of Lower Saxony

Cities in Lower Saxony: Cities in Lower Saxony

Since October 1946 results of local elections in Lower Saxony: Seit 13. Oktober 1946 Ergebnisse der Kommunalwahlen in Niedersachsen

2011 local elections in Lower Saxony: 11. September 2011 Kommunalwahlen Niedersachsen

September 2016 local elections in Lower Saxony: 16. September 2016 Kommunalwahlen in Niedersachsen

September 2021 local elections in Lower Saxony: 12. September - 26. September 2021 Kommunalwahlen in Niedersachsen

Hanover city: Hanover city, the capital and largest city of Lower Saxony with 535,061 inhabitants in 2017, as Hanover's urban area comprises the towns of Garbsen, Langenhagen and Laatzen and the Hanover Region has approximately 1.16 million inhabitants in 2019, located at the confluence of the River Leine (progression Aller, Weser, North Sea) and its tributary Ihme in the south of the North German Plain

Economy of Hanover: Economy of Hanover

Since 1333 Timeline of Hanover: Since 1333 Timeline of Hanover

Since 1843/44 Hanover�Brunswick Railway: Since 1843/44 Hanover�Brunswick Railway, a German main line railway in Lower Saxony, the first railway line linking to the city of Hanover and the first operating line of the Royal Hanoverian State Railways, until today one of the main routes for east-west traffic

Since 1847 Wunstorf�Bremen railway: Since 1847 Wunstorf�Bremen railway, one of the most important lines in the German state of Lower Saxony, connecting the port city of Bremen via Verden an der Aller and Nienburg to Wunstorf, where it connects with the line to Hanover

Since 1853-1856 Hanoverian Southern Railway: Since 1853-1856 Hanoverian Southern Railway, a German main line railway in Lower Saxony and one of the oldest lines in Germany

Since 1864 Hanover�Hamburg railway: Since 1864 Hanover�Hamburg railway, one of the most important railway lines in Lower Saxony and Germany, linking the Lower Saxon state capital of Hanover with Hamburg, running through Celle, Uelzen and Lüneburg

1866 Hanover becomes part of Prussia: 1866 Hanover becomes part of Prussia

Since early 20th century Hanover aircraft manufacturer of the World War I era: Hannoversche Waggonfabrik AG, a German aircraft manufacturer of the World War I era, known as a railway rolling stock constructor until required by the German government in 1916 to start the construction of aeroplanes, as the aircraft branch of the company was established at Hannover-Linden where other types were first manufactured under licence until 1916 when the Hannover type itself came on stream

Since 1937 NDSAP mayors in Hanover, NSDAP's war since 1939 and the Holocaust in Hanover, Europe and northern Africa: After 1937 the lord mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP, as a large Jewish population then existed in Hanover, as in October 1938 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the Grynszpan family with the Grynszpans' son Herschel in Paris at the time, learning of what was happening and driving to the German embassy in Paris and shootng the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath, as the the Nazis took this act as a pretext to stage a nationwide pogrom known as Kristallnacht, the synagogue of Hanover, designed in 1870 by Edwin Oppler in neo-romantic style, was burnt by the Nazis, and in September 1941 a ghettoisation of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began, and even before the Wannsee Conference Jews from Hanover were deported first to Riga, and fewer than 100 were still in the city when troops of the USA arrived on 10 April 1945 to occupy Hanover at the end of the war, as after the war a large group of Orthodox Jewish survivors of the nearby Bergen-Belsen concentration camp settled in Hanover

Since 1940 following NSDAP's 'Blitzkrieg' raid against Poland allied air raids against Nazi rule and regime's generals: After on 4 September 1939, the day after the British declaration of war against NSDAP-ruled Germany following its 'Blitzkrieg' raid against Poland, a first British raid involved just one RAF Armstrong Whitworth Whitley dropping leaflets, as on 19 May 1940 the RAF bombed the Misburg refineries, killing nineteen people, and the 1 August saw the first raid on Hannover itself, with a raid on the Seilerstraße in the south of the city, as on 30 September 1940 six planes destroyed several buildings in Wülfel and Linden, and as air raids by allied forces continued until 1945 to liberate the country

14 July 2020 in Hanover Turkish business owners received threatening letters: 14 July 2020: In Hanover, Turkish business owners have received letters threatening to set fire, as police are investigating suspected sedition and threats, according to spokesman

Braunschweig city: Braunschweig city in Lower Saxony, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser. In 2016, it had a population of 250,704 citizens. A powerful and influential centre of commerce in medieval Germany, Brunswick was a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th until the 17th century. It was the capital city of three successive states: the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1269�1432, 1754�1807, and 1813�1814), the Duchy of Brunswick (1814�1918), and the Free State of Brunswick (1918�1946). In the 21st century, Brunswick is the second-largest city in Lower Saxony and a major centre of scientific research and development.

Economy of Braunschweig: Braunschweig was one of the centres of the industrialization in Northern Germany. During the 19th and early 20th century the canning and railroad industries and the sugar production were of great importance for Braunschweig's economy, but eventually other branches such as the automotive industry became more important, while especially the canning industry began to vanish from the city after the end of World War II. The defunct truck and bus manufacturer Büssing was headquartered in Braunschweig. Current factories in the city include Volkswagen, Siemens, Bombardier Transportation, and Bosch

History of Brunswick (Braunschweig): History of Brunswick (Braunschweig)

Since 861 timeline of Braunschweig: Timeline of Braunschweig since 861, as according to legend Braunschweig founded by Bruno of Saxony

12th/13th century Braunschweig joins the Hanseatic League: 12th/13th century Braunschweig joins the Hanseatic League, the medieval commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe. Growing from a few North German towns in the late 12th century, the League ultimately encompassed nearly 200 settlements across seven modern-day countries; at its height between the 13th and 15th centuries, it stretched from the Netherlands in the west to Russia in the east, and from Estonia in the north to Kraków, Poland in the south Braunschweig since 861, as according to legend Braunschweig founded by Bruno of Saxony

1509 Braunschweig's printing press in operation: 1509 Braunschweig's printing press in operation amid the spread of the printing presses in Central and Western Europe

1520s protestant reformation in Braunschweig: Timeline of Braunschweig since 861, as according to legend Braunschweig founded by Bruno of Saxony

1528 Braunschweiger Kirchenordnung: 1528 Braunschweiger Kirchenordnung, eine von Johannes Bugenhagen erstellte Schrift, mit der eine einheitliche Ordnung in den Bereichen Kirche, Schule und Armenfürsorge in Braunschweig festgeschrieben werden sollte - Oktober/November 2017: 'Ohne (Johannes) Bugenhagen gäbe es wohl kein evangelisches Norddeutschland und keine lutherische Staatskirche in Skandinavien. Hier zeigt sich beispielhaft, dass die Reformation nicht das Ergebnis eines Einzelkämpfers namens Luther war, sondern dass ein Netzwerk Geschichte schrieb'

1663 trial and death of Anna Roleffe, one of the last witches to be executed in Braunschweig: 1663 trial and death of Anna Roleffe, one of the last witches to be executed in Braunschweig, as the complete account of the trial, located in the city of Brunswick archives, is a rare example of an early modern witchcraft prosecution's documentary record being preserved and surviving in its entirety

August 1809 Battle of Ölper, part of the War of the Fifth Coalition: August 1809 Battle of Ölper, that took place in Ölper, currently a district of the town of Brunswick, as part of the War of the Fifth Coalition. It pitched troops of the Kingdom of Westphalia against the Black Brunswickers under Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, but ended in a tactical draw

1918-1946 Free State of Brunswick: 1918-1946 Free State of Brunswick, a state of the German Reich in the time of the Weimar Republic. It was formed after the abolition of the Duchy of Brunswick in the course of the German Revolution of 1918�19. Its capital was Braunschweig.

1944-1945 four satellite camps in Braunschweig of Neuengamme concentration camp: 1944-1945 four satellite camps in Braunschweig of Neuengamme concentration camp, a network of Nazi concentration camps in Northern Germany that consisted of the main camp Neuengamme and more than 85 satellite camps

21st century timeline of Braunschweig: 21st century timeline of Braunschweig, as on 6 December 2006 a new Synagoge of Braunschweig opens

Osnabrück city: Osnabrück city in Lower Saxony, situated on the river Hase in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest, with a population of 168,145 citizens Osnabrück is one of the four largest cities in Lower Saxony

Economy and transport in Osnabrück: Economy and transport in Osnabrück

Osnabrück University: Since 1974 Osnabrück University, consisting of ten schools (Fachbereiche) and four interdisciplinary institutes, as schools are split up into subjects or institutes or both including school of Cultural Studies and Social Sciences, school of Educational and Cultural Studies, school of Physics, school of Biology/Chemistry, school of Mathematics/Computer Science, school of Language and Literary Studies, school of Human Sciences, school of Business Administration and Economics, school of Law, Institute of Migration Research and Intercultural Studies, Institute of Early Modern Intercultural Studies, Institute of Cognitive Science, Institute of Environmental Systems Research

History and timeline of Osnabrück: History of Osnabrück, as the city initially developed as a marketplace with its name referring to a bridge in the northwestern 'Osning' region, the name of the Teutoburg Forest until the 19th century, as the city later became a member of the 'Hanseatic League', as at the end of the Thirty Years' War 1618�1648, the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster, as the city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and German-Jewish painter Felix Nussbaum, whose work gives a rare glimpse into the essence of one person among the victims of the Holocaust, who was born in Osnabrück in 1904, was arrested in Belgium after German forces including Nazi-general Erwin Rommel attacked in 1940, was subsequently taken to the Saint-Cyprien camp in France, managed to escape, later again arrested in 1944 by German armed forces, sent to the Mechelen transit camp, sent to Auschwitz and was murdered at the age of 39, as in 1998, the 'Felix Nussbaum Haus' designed by architect Daniel Libeskind opened its doors to exhibit the artworks of Felix Nussbaum

Timeline of Osnabrück since 8th century: Timeline of Osnabrück since 8th century

1618/28-1648 catholic Imperial alliance's 'Petersburg' castle against Osnabrück's citizens: Seit 1618/28 'Petersburg', eine Zitadelle im Südosten der Stadt Osnabrück, die in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges 1618-48 bestand und helfen sollte, die Gegenreformation in der Stadt durchzusetzen. Die Bevölkerung von Osnabrück und der evangelische Rat der Stadt empfanden die Petersburg als Bedrohung und nicht als Bauwerk zum eigenen Schutz. Denn trotz des Protests der Bevölkerung wurde ein Teil der Stadtmauer gegenüber der Burg abgerissen, dadurch ließen sich von ihr neben Feinden von außen ebenso die Einwohner unter Kontrolle halten. Am Ende des Dreißigjährigen Krieges ebneten die Osnabrücker die Wälle der ihnen verhassten Petersburg ein. Die letzten Überreste verschwanden, als die Stadt im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert erweitert wurde. An die Festung erinnern heute die Straßennamen 'An der Petersburg' und 'Petersburger Wall'

24 October 1648 'Peace of Westphalia': 24 October 1648 'Peace of Westphalia', the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618�1648) and brought peace to the 'Holy Roman Empire', closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people. The Holy Roman Emperor (Ferdinand III), the kingdoms of France and Sweden, and their respective allies among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire participated in these treaties. Leading English-language historian Joachim Whaley of the Holy Roman Empire mentions that later commentators such as Leibniz, Rousseau, Kant, and Schiller eulogized the Peace of Westphalia as the first step towards a universal peace, but he points out that 'their projections for the future should not be mistaken for descriptions of reality'.

div>November 1938 'Reichsprogromnacht' and deportations of Jews to the concentration camp Buchenwald: Nachdem die jüdische Gemeinde seit Beginn der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus auch in Osnabrück in wachsende Bedrängnis geraten war gab es bereits 1937 im Keller des Osnabrücker Schlosses fünf Haft- und Folterzellen der Geheimen Staatspolizei (Gestapo), und in der Nacht vom 9. auf den 10. November 1938 wurde die Synagoge von SA-Trupps geschändet, geplündert und anschließend in Brand gesetzt, Löscharbeiten wurden verhindert und 90 Gemeindemitglieder wurden am selben Tag zunächst in den Zellen des Gestapokellers inhaftiert und wenige Tage später ins Konzentrationslager Buchenwald deportiert

1976�2000 timeline of Osnabrück: 1976�2000 Chronik der Stadt Osnabrück

April-Mai 1993 'Warschau 1943 Aufstand im Ghetto' Veranstaltungsreihe: Frühjahr 1993 'Warschau 1943 - Aufstand im Ghetto' Veranstaltungsreihe vom 4. April - 18. Mai 1993 in allen Stadtteilen von Osnabrücks Alt- und Neustadt, in deren Hauptkirchen, in der Aula des ehemaligen Schlosses etc., mit Ausnahme des römisch-katholischen St. Peter Doms wegen mangelndem Interesse der katholischen Kirche, im Rathaus der Nachbargemeinde Georgsmarienhütte (mit großem Stahlwerk der Klöckner-Werke bis in 1960er Jahre) und der heute kommunal genutzten 'Villa Stahmer'

17 August 2021 last known surviving fighter of '1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising' Leon Kopelman dies in Israel: 17. August 2021: Leon Kopelman, der letzte bekannte Überlebende des Aufstands im Ghetto von Warschau im Frühjahr 1943, der dann auch im israelischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg 1948/49 kämpfte, starb im Alter von 97 Jahren

Since July 1998 'Felix Nussbaum Haus' by architect Daniel Libeskind to exhibit the artworks of Felix Nussbaum: Seit Juli 1998 Felix-Nussbaum-Haus Osnabrück, ein Museum im niedersächsischen Osnabrück. Es beherbergt mit mehr als 200 Werken die weltweit größte Sammlung seiner Bilder Felix Nussbaum, die in wechselnden Auszügen gezeigt werden. Das Gebäude wurde nach den Plänen des amerikanisch-jüdischen Architekten Daniel Libeskind errichtet, wobei das Felix-Nussbaum-Haus das erste Gebäude war, das von ihm erbaut und eröffnet wurde, gebaut mit wohl überlegter 'Architektursprache' und Nussbaum-Brücke (Nussbaum-Bridge) vom Altbau zum Neubau - 4. Dezember 2017: Die Architektur des Libeskind-Baus erzählt deutsch-jüdische Geschichte - 3. august 2020: Der Museumspreis der Niedersächsischen Sparkassenstiftung geht an das Museumsquartier in Osnabrück mit dem gelungenen Zusammenschluss des Felix-Nussbaum-Hauses, des Kulturgeschichtlichen Museums, der Villa Schlikker und des Akzisehauses unter dem Leitthema Frieden

21st century timeline of Osnabrück: Seit 2001 Chronik der Stadt Osnabrück

Geography of Osnabrück: Geography of Osnabrück

River Hase in Osnabrück: Die Hase, ein 169,6 km langer, östlicher und orographisch rechter Nebenfluss der mittleren Ems im Landkreis Osnabrück, im Landkreis Cloppenburg und im Landkreis Emsland, wobei der Name von einem germanischen *haswa (grau), fortgesetzt zum Beispiel in angelsächsisch hasu oder altisländisch hoss, auch im Völkernamen Chasuarii (Haseanwohner), der unter anderem bei Tacitus (Germania 34,1) belegt ist

Kalkriese village and Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD: Kalkriese village, now administratively part of the city of Bramsche in the district of Osnabrück in Lower Saxony, on the northern slope of the Wiehen Hills, a ridge-like range of hills north of Osnabrück, considered by archaeologists to be the likely site of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, when an alliance of Germanic tribes ambushed and decisively destroyed three Roman legions

Bramsche/Kalkriese archeaological museum: Museum und Park Kalkriese, ein archäologisches Museum mit angeschlossenem Freilichtmuseum im Bramscher Ortsteil Kalkriese am Wiehengebirge im Osnabrücker Land. Die Anlage wurde gegründet, da die Fundregion Kalkriese darauf hinweist, dass hier im Jahr 9 n. Chr. einer der Schauplätze der Varusschlacht zwischen Arminius und Varus gewesen sein könnte - Fundregion Kalkriese, ein Areal in der Kalkrieser-Niewedder Senke in Bramsche im Osnabrücker Land, in dem größere Mengen römischer Funde gemacht wurden. Es handelt sich neben dem Römerlager Hedemünden, dem Fundplatz Bentumersiel, dem Römischen Marschlager von Wilkenburg und dem Harzhorn um eine der wenigen größeren römischen Fundstellen in der Nordhälfte Deutschlands. Die Funde sind im Museum und Park Kalkriese ausgestellt - Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald), described as the Varian Disaster by Roman historians, took place in the 'Teutoburg Forest' in 9 CE, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus, as the alliance was led by Arminius, a Germanic officer of Varus's auxilia, who had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses

Lüneburg city: Lüneburg city, located about 50 km southeast of Hamburg, home to roughly 77,000 people as Lüneburg's urban area, which includes the surrounding communities of Adendorf, Bardowick, Barendorf and Reppenstedt, has a population of around 103,000 citizens, allowed to use the title 'Hansestadt' in recognition of its membership in the former Hanseatic League - Demographics of Lüneburg

Economy of Lüneburg: Economy of Lüneburg

History and timeline of Lüneburg: History and timeline of Lüneburg

Human presence Lüneburg's area dating back to the time of Neanderthal Man: The first signs of human presence in the area of Lüneburg date back to the time of Neanderthal Man, as 56 axes, estimated at 150,000 years old, were uncovered during the construction of a road in the region

Since 956 Lüneburg in the Middle Ages and Hanseatic period: Since 956 Lüneburg in the Middle Ages and Hanseatic period

Lüneburg in the modern period to the end of the Second World War: Lüneburg in the modern period to the end of the Second World War

Since September 1945 'Bergen-Belsen-Prozess' in Lüneburg: Even before the Nuremberg Trials took place, the first war crimes trial, the 'Bergen-Belsen-Prozess' began in Lüneburg in September 1945 conducted against 45 former SS men, women and kapos (prisoner functionaries) from the Bergen-Belsen and Auschwitz concentration camps - 1944 deportation of Anne Frank from Amsterdam, born 1929 ín Frankfurt/M, to the Auschwitz concentration camp, then to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where Anne died in February/March 1945 a day after her elder sister Margot

Since 1946 Leuphana University Lüneburg: Since 1946 Leuphana University Lüneburg, a public university in Lüneburg

Central Building of Leuphana University: Central Building of Leuphana University offers space for research, teaching, student work, and academic and cultural exchange, as the Libeskind auditorium designed by architect Daniel Libeskind with up to 1100 seats is an essential component of the building

Institute of Ecology: Institute of Ecology

Sustainable Use of Natural Resources: Sustainable Use of Natural Resources - Leuphana Institute

Emden city and seaport: Emden city and seaport in Lower Saxony in the northwest of Germany, located on the river Ems and the main city of the region of East Frisia with a population of 51,528 citizens in 2011

Economy of Emden: Economy of Emden as the main industries in the city are automobile production and shipbuilding

History of Emden: History of Emden since the Middle Ages, as at the end of the 16th century, Emden experienced a period of great prosperity. Due to the Spanish blockade of Flemish and Brabant ports at the start of the Dutch Revolt, Emden became the most important transshipment port on the North Sea. Thousands of Protestant refugees came from Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant to the Protestant city Emden to escape persecution by the Spanish rulers of the Low Countries. The Emden Revolution in 1595 resulted in Emden becoming a distinct city-state. With the support of the Dutch Republic, Emden became a free government city under the protection of the Dutch Republic.

Hamelin city: Hamelin city on the river Weser in Lower Saxony, the capital of the district of Hamelin-Pyrmont and with a population of roughly 57,000 citizens in 2021. Hamelin is best known for the tale of the Pied Piper of Hamelin.

Economy and infrastructure of Hamelin: Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur der Stadt Hameln

History and timeline of Hamelin: History and timeline of Hamelin, as the settlement started with a monastery, which was founded as early as 851 AD. A village grew in the neighbourhood and had become a town by the 12th century. In the 15th and 16th centuries Hamelin was a minor member of the Hanseatic League. The era of the town's greatest prosperity began in 1664, when Hamelin became a fortified border town of the Principality of Calenberg. In 1705, it became part of the newly created Electorate of Hanover, when the later King George I of Great Britain Prince of Calenberg inherited the Principality of Lüneburg. 1933-1937 the Nazi regime held the Reich Harvest Thanksgiving Festival at the nearby Bückeberg hill, to celebrate the achievements of Germany's farmers, as during the Second World War until May 1945 Hamelin prison was used for the detention of Communists, Social Democrats and other political prisoners. Around 200 died here, and more died in April 1945, when the Nazis sent the prisoners on long marches, fearing the Allied advance. Just after the war, Hamelin prison was used by British Occupation Forces for the detention of Germans accused of war crimes.

Seit 2. Oktober 1964 Glocken- und Figurenspiel Rattenfängerlied der Rattenfängersage am alten Rathaus in Hamelns Altstadt: Seit 2. Oktober 1964 Glocken- und Figurenspiel Rattenfängerlied der Rattenfängersage am alten Rathaus in Hamelns Altstadt, ein bedeutender Weserrenaissance-Bau in Niedersachsen, der aus Süntelsandstein gebaut wurde

History of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern since 1945/1949/1990: History of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern since 1945/1949/1990 - State elections in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

September 2011: 4 September 2011 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election - 4. September 2011: SPD-Sieg in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

September 2016: September 2016 Landtagswahl in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - 5 September 2016: Germany�s xenophobic and anti-migrant populists AfD beat Merkel�s party in local vote, obtaining around 21% in its first bid for seats in the regional parliament

26 September 2021 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election: 26 September 2021 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election - 2021 Opinion polling ahead of September 2021 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election, showing the female led SPD in a leading position

2 October 2021 how the SPD relied on young rebels to win in north-east Germany: 2 October 2021: How the SPD relied on young rebels to win in north-east Germany, as the left-behind Baltic Sea state - a springboard for Angela Merkel�s career - took revenge on Merkel�s CDU, which had done too little for too long to help the region, 'The Guardian' reports

14 October 2021 Social Democratic Party, 'The Left' party coalition talks to finish mid November: 14 Oktober 2021: Koalitionsverhandlungen zwischen SPD und Linken in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern sollen bis Mitte November abgeschlossen sein, und 'Die Linke' plant ihren Parteitag zur Abstimmung über den Koalitionsvertrag für den 20. November, laut dpa

Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: Geography, regions, districts, location and urban areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Islands of Germany in the Baltic Sea: Islands of Germany in the Baltic Sea - List of European islands in the Baltic Sea listed by size and by population

Rügen island, district of Vorpommern-Rügen and Stralsund city: Rügen island - Germany's largest island located off the Pomeranian coast in the Baltic Sea and belonging to the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - neighboured by the Hanseatic city of Stralsund, where it is linked to the mainland by road and railway via the Rügen Bridge and Causeway, two routes crossing the two-kilometre-wide Strelasund. as Rügen's coast is characterized by numerous sandy beaches, lagoons (Bodden) and open bays (Wieke), as well as projecting peninsulas and headlands, and as the island of Rügen is part of the district of Vorpommern-Rügen, with its county seat in Stralsund

Transport of Rügen: Transport of Rügen - Rügen Airport

Towns, municipalities and villages of Rügen island: Towns, municipalities and villages of Rügen island

Bergen town auf Rügen: Bergen auf Rügen, the capital of the former district of Rügen in the middle of the island

History of Bergen town: History of Bergen town, as its first settlements on the present day territory of Bergen are, however, considerably older. During the Early Middle Ages, Rügen was settled by a Slavic tribe, the Rani who established a pagan worship site on Cape Arkona, defended by a fort, the Jaromarsburg. In the area of present-day Bergen

Economy and education in Bergen: Wirtschaft, Infrastruktur und Schulen in Bergen

Transport of Bergen auf Rügen: Transport of Bergen auf Rügen, as the town's railway station is served by trains to and from Berlin, Cologne, Dresden, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hannover, Prague, Rostock, Stralsund and Stuttgart

Putbus town: Putbus town on the southeastern coast of the island of Rügen. a significant tourist destination with numerous seaside resorts

Agriculture in Putbus: Putbus has an unusually high proportion of agricultural land and forest that covers 89% of the territory in the borough

Media in Putbus: 20. Oktober 2020: Ostsee-Zeitung stellt Menschen von Rügen und Hiddensee vor, heute eine deutsch-spanische Historikerin und Lateinamerikanistin und Mitglied des 'Vocal-Ensembles' Putbus

Sassnitz town: Sassnitz town on the Jasmund peninsula of Rügen Island with a population of 9,498 citizens in 2012, as Sassnitz is a well-known seaside resort and port town

Economy of Sassnitz and Sassnitz Ferry Port: Economy of Sassnitz, dominated by tourism and the port, as chalk quarrying is a traditional industrial activity due to its high quality, Rügen Chalk is also used for curative and preventative medicines, and as fish processing employs around 200 people producing a large range of tinned fish, and as Sassnitz Ferry Port is the easternmost deep water port in Germany with the shortest sea links from Germany to Sweden, Denmark (Bornholm), Finland, Russian and the Baltic states

Cities in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: List of cities in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - Hanseatic League, an influential medieval commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in central and northern Europe, growing from a few north German towns in the late 12th century, the League ultimately encompassed nearly 200 settlements across seven modern-day countries; at its height, it stretched from the Netherlands in the west to Estonia in the east, and reached as far north as Swedish Gotland and as far south as Kraków, Poland

Rostock city: Rostock city, officially the Hanseatic and University City of Rostock, the largest city in the German state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania located in the Mecklenburgian part of the state, with around 208,000 inhabitants the third largest city on the German coast after Kiel and Lübeck, and was the largest coastal and most important port city in East Germany

Economy of Rostock: Economy of Rostock

Timeline of Rostock: Timeline of Rostock since 1218

Timeline of Rostock in the 20th and 21st century: Timeline of Rostock in the 20th and 21st century

1914/1918-1939/1945 German empire's World War I/II, military and fighter airkcrafts: Arado Flugzeugwerke was a German aircraft manufacturer, originally established as the Warnemünde factory of the Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen firm, that produced land-based military aircraft and seaplanes during the First and Second World Wars, as until their liberation in April 1945 by the Soviet army, 1,012 slave laborers from Freiberg, a sub-camp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp, worked at the Arado factory, beginning with the first trainload of 249 prisoners arriving in August 1944, as the prisoners were mostly Polish Jewish women and girls sent to Freiberg from Auschwitz

Since 1922 Heinkel Flugzeugwerke producing bomber aircraft for NSDAP regime's 'Luftwaffe' in World War II: Since 1922 Heinkel Flugzeugwerke aircraft manufacturing company, noted for producing bomber aircraft for NSDAP rule German empire's 'Luftwaffe' in World War II - Heinkel was a major user of Sachsenhausen concentration camp labour using thousands of prisoners on the He 177 bomber - and for important contributions to high-speed flight, with the pioneering examples of a successful liquid-fueled rocket and a turbojet-powered aircraft in aviation history, with both Heinkel designs' first flights occurring shortly before the outbreak of World War II in Europe

1992 worst mob attacks against migrants in postwar Germany in Rostock: August 1992 violent xenophobic riots took place in the Lichtenhagen district of Rostock, the worst mob attacks against migrants in postwar Germany, stones and petrol bombs were thrown at an apartment block where asylum seekers lived. as at the height of the riots, several hundred militant neo-Nazi extremists were involved, and about 3,000 neighbourhood onlookers stood by, applauding them, as the initial response of authorities and politicians was heavily criticised

Schwerin city: Schwerin city, the capital and second-largest city of the northeastern German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern as well as of the region of Mecklenburg, after Rostock

History and timeline of Schwerin: History and timeline of Schwerin

Stralsund city: Stralsund city, officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund, in the Pomeranian part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern located at the southern coast of the Strelasund sound of the Baltic Sea separating Rügen from the mainland, as the Western Pomeranian city has been the capital of the Vorpommern-Rügen district since the 2011 district reforms, today the fourth-largest city of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and, together with Greifswald, Stralsund forms an Oberzentrum, one of four high-level urban centres of the region, as Stralsund in the Medival ages was granted city rights in 1234 becoming one of the most prosperous members of the Hanseatic League until in 1628, during the 'Thirty Years' War', the city came under Swedish rule and remained so until the upheavals of the Napoleonic Wars, as from 1815 to 1945 Stralsund became part of Prussian kingdom (dutch since 1526, kingdom since 1701, after knocked down 1848/49 revolution violently establishing a second German empire since 1870/71 to wage WW1 and WW2), as Stralsund city's main industries today are shipbuilding, fishing, mechanical engineering, tourism, life sciences, services and high tech industries, especially information technology and biotechnology

Economy of Stralsund: Wirtschaft in Stralsund - Unternehmen in Stralsund

Education and transport in Stralsund: Education and transport in Stralsund

History and timeline of Stralsund: History and timeline of Stralsund

History of North Rhine-Westphalia: History of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia

1848-1849 Rhineland in the German revolutions of 1848�1849: Rhineland in the German revolutions of 1848�1849

After World War II since August 1946 creation of new state of 'North Rhine-Westphalia': On 23 August 1946 state of 'North Rhine-Westphalia' was established by the British military administration's 'Operation Marriage', including 'Westphalia', the northern parts of the 'Rhine Province', both formerly part of Prussia, as an 21 January 1947 the former state of 'Lippe' was merged with North Rhine-Westphalia, and the constitution of North Rhine-Westphalia was then ratified through a referendum, following German empire's World War I and World War II - State elections in North Rhine-Westphalia

Since 1946 politics of North Rhine-Westphalia: Politics of North Rhine-Westphalia, legislation, executive branch, election results and Centre Party's, CDU's and SPD's minister-presidents since 1946

March 2012: 14. März 2012: Selbstauflösung des NRW-Landesparlaments nach Machtpoker der Opposition

May 2012 North Rhine-Westphalia state election: 13 May 2012 North Rhine-Westphalia state election - 14 mai 2012: Avec 26,3% des voix le parti d'Angela Merkel CDU enregistre un sérieux revers électoral (SPD 39,1%, Les Verts 11,3%)

May 2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election: 14 May 2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election - Frühjahr 2017 Landtagswahl in Nordrhein-Westfalen - 15/16 May 2017: Christian Democrats CDU defeat the ruling Social Democrats SPD in North Rhine-Westphalia's state election, convincing 430,000 non-voters to turn up and pinching 310,000 votes from the SPD with its new federal chairman and bearer of hope Martin Schulz, who after that calls politics and parliamentary elections a boxing match (as is generally known with physical injuries), also calling the defeat and his party's failure a liver shot and in the end calling voting citizens and democrats a referee of violent assaults and batteries

September 2020 local elections in North Rhine-Westphalia: 13. September 2020 Kommunalwahlen in Nordrhein-Westfalen

16/17 September 2020 29 German police officers suspended for sharing pictures of Hitler and refugees in gas chambers: 16/17 September 2020: 29 German police officers suspended for sharing pictures of Hitler, as officers also accused of sharing doctored images depicting refugees in gas chambers and using neo-Nazi chatrooms, as investigators searched 34 locations, including police stations and private apartments, and as opposition Green party calls for a nationwide review of extremism in the police force

November 2020 CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia dilettante and hostile to culture: 2. November 2020: NRW-Ministerpräsident Armin Laschet CDU verspricht im Interview zum covid-19 'Lockdown' im November 2020 u.a. auch gegen Musikschulen, den Sachverhalt zu den Musikschulen noch einmal genauer anschauen zu wollen, vor allem im Vergleich mit den Erfahrungen der anderen Bundesländer

25 January 2021 NRW government explains its policy neither speaking Latin nor Kauderwelsch or Gibberish: 25. Januar 2021: Am 19. Januar 2021 haben sich 'Bundeskanzlerin und die Ministerpräsidentinnen und -präsidenten der Länder auf eine Verlängerung der bisherigen Corona-Maßnahmen bis zum 14. Februar 2021 verständigt', und NRW informiert die Menschen des Bundeslandes mit einer 'Verordnung zum Schutz vor Neuinfizierungen mit dem Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaschutzverordnung � CoronaSchVO) vom 7. Januar 2021 in der ab dem 25. Januar 2021 gültigen Fassung: Auf Grund von � 32 in Verbindung mit � 28 Absatz 1, � 28a Absatz 1, 3 bis 6, � 73 Absatz 1a Nummer 6 und 24 des Infektionsschutzgesetzes vom 20. Juli 2000 (BGBl. I S. 1045), von denen � 28 Absatz 1 zuletzt durch Artikel 1 Nummer 16 des Gesetzes vom 18. November 2020 (BGBl. I S. 2397) geändert, � 28a durch Artikel 1 Nummer 17 des Gesetzes vom 18. November 2020 (BGBl. I S. 2397) eingefügt, � 73 Absatz 1a Nummer 6 zuletzt durch Artikel 1 Nummer 26 des Gesetzes vom 19. Mai 2020 (BGBl. I S. 1010) und � 73 Absatz 1a Nummer 24 zuletzt durch Artikel 1 Nummer 23 des Gesetzes vom 18. November 2020 (BGBl. I S. 2397) geändert worden sind, sowie von � 10 des Infektionsschutz- und Befugnisgesetzes vom 14. April 2020 (GV. NRW. S. 218b) verordnet das Ministerium für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales: � 1 Allgemeine Grundsätze (1) Zur Fortsetzung der Bekämpfung der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie und insbesondere zur Gewährleistung ausreichender medizinischer Versorgungskapazitäten werden mit dieser Verordnung Maßnahmen angeordnet, die die Infektionsgefahren wirksam und zielgerichtet begrenzen und Infektionswege nachvollziehbar machen. (2) Jede in die Grundregeln des Infektionsschutzes einsichtsfähige Person ist verpflichtet, sich so zu verhalten, dass sie sich und andere keinen vermeidbaren Infektionsgefahren aussetzt.' (Zitatende)

3. März 2022 'Die Linke' 'solidarisch an der Seite der Menschen in der Ukraine': 3. März 2022 weltweite Protestaktionen gegen den Krieg in der Ukraine. Die Partei 'Die Linke' ruft zur Teilnahme auf und erklärt: 'Selbstverständlich werden viele Linke und ich uns an diesem Protest beteiligen.' Wir stehen solidarisch an der Seite der Menschen in der Ukraine und dem zivilgesellschaftlichen Protest in Russland und Belarus'. 'Putins Angriffskrieg setzt aber auch die Klimawende mit zusätzlichem Nachdruck auf die Agenda. Putins militärische Aufrüstung wird finanziert durch den Export von Kohle, Öl und Gas. Wenn wir Putins militärischer aggressiver Politik etwas entgegensetzen wollen, müssen wir aufhören, Gas, Öl und Kohle aus Russland zu kaufen'.

15 May 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election: 15 May 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election via mixed-member proportional representation. 128 members are elected in single-member constituencies via first-past-the-post voting. 53 members are then allocated using compensatory proportional representation. Voters have two votes, the 'first vote' for candidates in single-member constituencies, and the 'second vote' for party lists, which are used to fill the proportional seats. The minimum size of the Landtag is 181 members. - Opinion polling for the May 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election, as big changes happened since last summer 2021 - 4. Januar 2022: NRW-Grüne begrüßen zweite Amtszeit für Steinmeier, die überfallenen Bürger der Ukraine wollen ihn nicht im Land haben ab Februar 2022 wegen seiner Unterstützung des Putin Regimes

16/19 May 2022 results of NRW May 2022 state election: 16 May 2022: North Rhine-Westphalia - that is home to major cities Cologne, Düsseldorf, Essen, Dortmund, Aachen, Bonn, Münster - state election results show the party of former CDU chancellor Angela Merkel receiving 35.7% of the vote to 27% of the second-place center-left Social Democrats SPD, The Greens 18.2%, the FDP 5.9% - 19 May 2022 polling from across Europe including all EU countries, updated daily - April/July 2010 'How Christian Teachings About Jews Paved the Road to the Holocaust', Gabriel Wilensky explains in his book publlished by Qwerty Publishers in April 2010, as Elizabeth Breau in her review says Gabriel Wilensky's book details the entrenchment of anti-Semitism throughout every era of Europe�s religious history since the birth of Christianity, and 'The Nazis simply had to light the match'

Geography and landforms of North Rhine-Westphalia: Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia - Landforms of North Rhine-Westphalia - Mountain ranges and mountains and hills of North Rhine-Westphalia

The Rhine, a European river flowing in a mostly northerly direction also through German federal states: Le bassin du Rhin, un bassin versant situé en Europe occidentale, qui comprend le système hydrologique de son fleuve principal et s'étend sur les régions naturelles très différentes en Suisse, en Italie, au Liechtenstein, en Autriche, en Allemagne, en France, au Luxembourg, en Belgique, et aux Pays-Bas - The Rhine, one of the major European rivers and the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe after the Danube - Rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia

Economy of North Rhine-Westphalia: Economy of North Rhine-Westphalia

History and timeline of North Rhine-Westphalia: History of North Rhine-Westphalia

History of districts, cities and towns in North Rhine-Westphalia: History of cities in North Rhine-Westphalia - Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia

Aachen district in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, as neighboring districts are Heinsberg, Düren, Euskirchen, and also the Netherlands province of Limburg and the Belgian province of Liège, as its administrative body is the regional parliament called 'Städtregionsparlament'

Aachen city: Aachen city, with around 249,000 inhabitants in 2020, the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, the westernmost city in Germany bordering Belgium and the Netherlands to the west, located between Maastricht in the Netherlands and Liège in Belgium in the west, as the Wurm River flows through the city, and as - together with Mönchengladbach - Aachen is the only larger German city in the drainage basin of the Meuse, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea - History of Aachen, as Flint quarries on the Lousberg, Schneeberg, and Königshügel, first used during Neolithic times 3000�2500 BC, attest to the long occupation of the site of Aachen, as do recent finds under the modern city's Elisengarten pointing to a former settlement from the same period

Economy of Aachen: Economy of Aachen, as products manufactured in Aachen include electrical goods, textiles, foodstuffs (chocolate and candy), glass, machinery, rubber products, furniture, metal products, also chemicals, plastics, cosmetics, and needles and pins, as - once a major part in Aachen's economy - today glassware and textile production make up only 10% of total manufacturing jobs amid a number of spin-offs from the university's IT technology department

Timeline of Aachen: Timeline of Aachen

Heinsberg district: As Heinsberg district is the most westerly of Germany, covering the lowlands of the Lower Rhine Bay, Heinsberg district is located in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia with the town of Heinsberg as its capital, and with neighbouring districts of Viersen, Neuss, Düren and Aachen

Erkelenz town, RWE surface mine, ongoing resettlements: Erkelenz town in the Rhineland southwest of Mönchengladbach on the northern edge of the Cologne Lowland, a medium-sized town with over 44,000 citizens and the largest in the district of Heinsberg in North Rhine-Westphalia. In 2006 the eastern part of the borough was cleared to make way for the Garzweiler II brown coal pit operated by RWE Power. This is planned to be in operation until 2045. Over five thousand people from ten villages have had to be resettled as a result.

Gatzweiler surface mine in NRW: 'Tagebau Garzweiler', a surface mine in NRW, operated by RWE and used for mining lignite. The mine is located west of Grevenbroich and exploitation is progressing towards Erkelenz. Mining was originally limited to the 66�km2 Garzweiler I area located east of the A 44 motorway and will take until around 2045 to fully exploit both sectors. The lignite is used for power generation at nearby power plants such as Neurath and Niederaußem. It is not yet known what effect the plan to phase out all coal-fired power plants in Germany by 2038 will have on the Garzweiler lignite mine system.

Lützerath village: Lützerath hamlet in North Rhine-Westphalia between Aachen and Düsseldorf. After in 2013, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled in favour of the expansion of the Garzweiler surface mine that will destroy Lützerath, climate activists moved to the village, squatting on empty farms and occupying treehouses. A campaign began to save the village called 'Lützerath lebt'. In October 2022, the federal government and NRW state announced that RWE would phase out coal mining in the region by 2030, but Lützerath would still be demolished. Preparations for the eviction began in January 2023.

Since 10 January 2023 evictions from Lützerath and resistance: The Heinsberg court issued an order permitting evictions from Lützerath from 10 January 2023 onwards and banned people from going there. Climate activist Luisa Neubauer and the head of the Earth System Analysis at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research both condemned the eviction. - 2 Januar 2023: Scuffles have broken out outside a village in western Germany that is to be razed to allow the expansion of a coal mine, a plan that is drawing resistance from climate activists

14 January 2023 thousands protesting German coal mine expansion, betrayal of German Greens: 14 January 2023: About 35,000 demonstrators marched in a large-scale protest around Germany's Lützerath village on Saturday against the demolition of the village to make way for an open-cast coal mine extension. There were standoffs with police as some protesters tried to reach the edge of the mine and the village itself. German Greens party � part of Germany's ruling coalition with Chancellor Olaf Scholz's Social Democrats and the liberal FDP � has come under heavy criticism from activists who accuse it of betrayal. Following the energy crisis set off by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the government has brought old coal power plants back online.

Stolberg town: Stolberg town in North Rhine-Westphalia, that has a long industrial history, belonging to the district Aachen and the lower district court of Eschweiler

History, economy and timeline of Stolberg town: Stolberg town, first mentioned in documents from the 12th century, became an important centre of brass production when Protestant brass producers resettled to Stolberg from Aachen around 1600 to escape religious persecution and economic restrictions, as in the 20th century after two German empire's world wars Stolberg hosted the headquarter of German Neo-Nazi organization Wiking-Jugend ('Viking youth') - Im der ersten Zeit des 21. Jahrhunderts ist schließt die Wirtschaft und das produzierende Gewerbe Stolbergs große Industrieunternehmen ein wie die Schwermetall Halbzeugwerk GmbH&Co. KG, die größte Vorwalzbandproduzentin der Welt, weitere metallverbeitende Industrien wie u.a. die Bleihütte BBH, Glas und Pharmaprodukte herstellende Firmen, wobei wegen der beengten Tallage Stolbergs auch viele Unternehmen im Vichttal vor große Probleme gestellt waren und sind - 2021 Hochwasser im Vichttal - Seit Juli 2021 Hochwasser in West- und Mitteleuropa mit schweren Sturzfluten bzw. Überschwemmungen in mehreren Flußgebieten, besonders in Teilen Belgiens, der Niederlande, Österreichs, der Schweiz, in etlichen deutschen Bundesländern wie NRW, und weiterer angrenzender Länder, vor allem der European Union

Cologne governmental district: Cologne, one of the five governmental districts of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia, located in the south-west of that state and covers the hills of the Eifel as well as the Bergisches Land

Cologne city: Cologne city, the largest city of Germany's most populous federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city in Germany with slightly over a million inhabitants, as Cologne is also the largest city on the Rhine and also the most populous city both of the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region, which is Germany's largest and one of Europe's major metropolitan areas and of the Rhineland - History of Cologne since the 1st century

Economy and transport in Cologne: Economy of Cologne - Transport in Cologne, as Cologne Ports is one of the largest operators for inland ports in Germany, and as ports include Deutz, Godorf, Mülheim and Niehl I and II

Timeline of Cologne: Timeline of Cologne

13 CE 'Germanicus Julius Caesar' general of the Roman Empire headquartered in the area of Cologne: 13 CE 'Germanicus Julius Caesar', general of the Roman Empire, headquartered in the area of Cologne, known for his campaigns in Germania, as the agnomen 'Germanicus' was added to his full name in 9 BC when it was posthumously awarded to his father in 'honor' of his victories in Germania

260 'Colonia Agrippina' becomes capital of Gallic Empire: 260 'Colonia Agrippina' becomes capital of Gallic Empire (Imperium Galliarum or the Gallic Roman Empire) from 260 to 274, established by Emperor in the West 'Postumus' (before he was murdered by his own troops), including at its height territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and (for a time) Hispania

About 313 Catholic diocese of Cologne established: About 313 (year of the first known Bishop of the diocese according to the chronology of ecclesial jurisdictions of Germany) Catholic Diocese of Cologne, followed by Mainz, Trier (Moselle), Strasbourg in the Rhine valley - In February 313 Roman emperor Constantine I met with Licinius in Milan to develop the Edict of Milan, which stated that Christians should be allowed to follow their faith without oppression - 285-315 Maternus of Cologne, first known bishop of Cologne, founder of the diocese of Tongeren, active during the period of the Donatist controversy, as in 313 Maternus and other bishops were summoned to Rome by Emperor Constantine to consult regarding the status of Bishop Caecilianus of Carthage, also taking part in the Synod of Arles in 314 while a legend grew in Trier concerning Maternus and a popular cult developed in Cologne - May-August 325 First Council of Nicaea of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea (now Iznik, Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325, as this ecumenical council was the first effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly, and as its main accomplishments were 'settlement' of the divine nature of 'God the Son' and his relationship to 'God the Father'

459 Rhineland Franks grouping of early Frankish people take power in the region: Since 274 Ripuarian or Rhineland Franks, one of the two main groupings of early Frankish people, and specifically it was the name eventually applied to the tribes who settled in the old Roman territory of the Ubii, with its capital at Cologne on the Rhine river in modern Germany, as their western neighbours were the Salii ('Salian Franks'), who settled with imperial permission within the Roman Empire in what is today the southern part of the Netherlands, and Belgium, and later expanded their influence into the northern part of France above the Loire river, creating the Frankish empire of Francia

716 Battle of Cologne during the battles of the Frankish War 715-718: 716 Battle of Cologne during the battles of the Frankish War 715-718

History of the Jews in Cologne since the late Roman Empire: History of the Jews in Cologne since late Roman Empire, as it became necessary for the Cologne Council to use a decree of Emperor Constantine of 321 considered the first evidence of the existence of a Jewish community in Cologne, as it is officially documented from the period of the High Middle Ages, as over its history, the Jewish community of Cologne has suffered persecutions, many expulsions, massacres and destruction, and as the community numbered about 19,500 people before its dispersal, murders and destruction in the 1930s by the Nazis before and during World War II

Since 4th/10th century until 1806 Cologne in the Holy Roman Empire: Cologne in the Holy Roman Empire, as its first Christian bishop was Maternus, responsible for the construction of the first cathedral erected early in the 4th century, while in 794 Hildebald was the first Bishop of Cologne to be appointed archbishop, and Bruno I (925�965), Archbishop of Cologne since 953, since 954 Duke of Lotharingia, was the brother of 'Holy Roman Emperor' Otto I (912-973), the first in a succession of emperors, corresponding to the succession bishops, of the nearly millennial 'Holy Roman Empire' marked by violence, also termed as the First Reich, a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars

1824 unfinished 'Kölner Dom': 1824 der unfertige Kölner Dom zur Zeit Heinrich Heines - 1843/1844 Heinrich Heine reist durch den Teutoburger Wald, spendet in Detmold Geld für den gerade begonnenen Bau des Hermannsdenkmals, und denkt - bei zu der Zeit noch unzulänglicher Quellenlage - auch darüber nach, was wohl geschehen wäre, wenn der Cherusker Arminius das Römische Sklavenhalterreich in einem Verteidigungskampf der Region zu Beginn des 1. Jhs. nicht besiegt hätte, bemerkt allerdings spöttisch 'Sie stelzen noch immer so steif herum, so kerzengrade geschniegelt, als hätten sie verschluckt den Stock, womit man sie einst geprügelt', reist nach einem Besuch des Geburtshauses seines Großvaters - der nicht Willy hieß - in Bückeburg weiter nach Hannover, um am Ziel seiner Reise in Hamburg sich bei seiner Mutter einzuquartieren, die - eine dortige Heinrich-Heine-Buchhandlung, eine 'Lange Reihe' mit manchen Fahrradfahrern glücklicherweise - einen Bahnhof leider noch nicht kennenlernen konnte, leider auch nicht die 'Rounds Mountain' (mit schöner Rundsicht), weil die 'Hamburg-American Line transatlantic shipping enterprise' erst in 1847 in Hamburg gegründet wurde

1848/1849 'Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie' in Cologne: 1848/1849 'Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie', a German daily newspaper, published by Karl Marx in Cologne between 1 June 1848 and 19 May 1849, recognised by historians as one of the most important dailies of the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany, as the paper was regarded by its editors and readers as the successor of an earlier Cologne newspaper, the 'Rheinische Zeitung', also edited for a time by Karl Marx, which had been suppressed by state censorship over five years earlier

Since 1933 Cologne in the 'Third Reich': Since 1933 Cologne in the 'Third Reich', as local elections on 13 March 1933 resulted in the 'Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei NSDAP' winning 39.6% of the vote, followed by the catholic Zentrum Party with 28.3%, the Social Democratic Party of Germany with 13.2%, and the Communist Party of Germany with 11.1%, and as one day later on 14 March, NSDAP followers occupied the city hall and took over government while Communist and Social Democratic members of the city assembly were imprisoned

20th century antisemitism in Cologne and extermination: In spring 1933 15,000 inhabitants declared on the population census that they were Jewish, but so-called NSDAP's 'aryanization' proceeded in two phases starting in April 1933 with the boycott of Jewish businesses, followed by the violence in the Kristallnacht on 9 November 1938, as in May 1941 the Cologne Gestapo started to concentrate all Jewish from Cologne in so-called Jewish houses preparing the transfer to the barracks in Fort V in Müngersdorf, the preparation for the deportation to exterminations camps

1942-1945 German city of Cologne bombed by the Allies during Nazi Germany's World War II: May 1942 - March 1945 German city of Cologne was bombed in 262 separate air raids by the Allies during Nazi Germany's World War II

October 2015 Cologne mayor election Henriette Reker elected as first female mayor: 18 October 2015: German city official Henriette Reker who was stabbed in the neck in an attack over her work with refugees elected the first female mayor of the western city of Cologne

'Rhein-Erft-Kreis' district and Erftstadt town in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia: 'Rhein-Erft-Kreis' district in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, as neighboring districts are Neuss, district-free Cologne, Rhein-Sieg, Euskirchen, Düren - Erftstadt town located about 20 km south-west of Cologne in the Rhein-Erft-Kreis

16 July 2021 residents of Erftstadt struggle to comprehend 'catastrophe' after record rainfall: 16 July 2021: Residents of Erftstadt struggle to comprehend how their familiar landscape became treacherous terrain, as NRW town stunned by flood damage

17 July 2021 devastation and deaths in NRW and EU countries: 17 juillet 2021: 43 décès survenus en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, une autre région allemande frappée par la catastrophe

Düsseldorf governmental district: Düsseldorf governmental district of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the north-west of the country covering the western part of the Ruhr Area, as well as the Niederrheinische Tiefebene, and the most populated of all German administrative areas of the kind

Düsseldorf city: Düsseldorf city, the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, its second-largest city and the seventh-largest city in Germany, with a population of 617,280 citizens in 2019

Economy of Düsseldorf: Economy of Düsseldorf, that has become one of the top telecommunications centres in Germany - Düsseldorf financial center

Government and mayors of Düsseldorf: Government and mayors of Düsseldorf

Timeline of Düsseldorf since 8th century: Timeline of Düsseldorf since 8th/12th century

Since Roman and 'Holy Roman Empire' Jews pushed into roles considered socially inferior such as tax and rent collecting and moneylending: Since the formation of the 'Holy Roman Empire' and Christian territorial states, restrictions upon Jewish occupations were imposed by Christian authorities, as local rulers and church officials closed many professions to Jews, pushing them into marginal roles considered socially inferior, such as tax and rent collecting and moneylending, occupations only tolerated as a 'necessary evil', as catholic doctrine held that lending money for interest was a sin, according to Jesus Christus and the so-called 'New Testament', and it was an occupation forbidden to Christians, amid constantly growing financial needs of the feudal lords, their wars, conquests and then gobal and colonial conquests including Portuguese and Spanish conquests, when catholics developped the 'Holy Inquisition' to detect 'conversos'

Since Roman empire's colonial conquests antisemitic laws in Europe and Germany: Since Roman empire's colonial conquests 'Antisemitisches Recht' (antisemitic laws) in Europe and Germany

Since 8th century St. Petrus and St. Suitbertus: St. Suitbertus, eine flachgedeckte dreischiffige Pfeilerbasilika im Düsseldorfer Stadtteil Kaiserswerth, die Klosterkirche St. Petrus vom Anfang des 8. Jahrhundert ersetzte

Since 904 'Pfarrkirche St. Nikolaus' in the district 'Himmelgeist' of later Düsseldorf: Seit 904 Pfarrkirche St. Nikolaus, die zu den drei ältesten Kirchen in Düsseldorf gehört und sich im Stadtteil Himmelgeist befindet

Since 1144 'Pfarrkirche St. Remigius': Seit 1144 Pfarrkirche St. Remigius in Düsseldorf-Wittlaer, eine romanische Basilika, die aus einer Saalkirche hervorging und dann zur dreischiffigen Basilika ausgebaut wurde, belegt durch die erste schriftliche Quelle aus dem Jahr 1144, die die Pfarrei St. Remigius erwähnt

12th to the 19th centuries Jülich-Berg county/duchy: Since 12th century Berg, originally a county, later a duchy, in the Rhineland of Germany - as its later capital was Düsseldorf -, that existed as a distinct political entity from the early 12th to the 19th centuries

Since 1285 St. Sebastianus 'Bruderschaft Kaiserswerth' militia: 1285 St. Sebastianus 'Bruderschaft Kaiserswerth' militia formed

1438 'Zusicherung' von Jülich-Berg's Herzog über Vertreibung von Juden aus Düsseldorf: Nach Verfolgungswellen während der großen Pest seit 1349 mit zahlreiche Todesopfer und Zerstörungen von rund 80 Gemeinden im Rheinland, erhielt Düsseldorf 1438 eine 'Zusicherung' von Herzog Gerhard von Jülich-Berg, daß in den nächsten zwölf Jahren keine Juden in Düsseldorf geduldet werden sollten

Seit dem Mittelalter Gesetzgebung kirchlichen/weltlicher Herrscher um Juden auszugrenzen: Der Gelbe Ring war im Mittelalter eine für Juden vorgeschriebene Kennzeichnung, Teil einer Gesetzgebung der kirchlichen und weltlichen Herrscher, die darauf zielte, Juden auszugrenzen und zu diskriminieren, ein Vorläufer des Judensterns aus der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus - Der Judenhut entstammt einer freiwillig getragenen, jüdischen Tracht, wurde aber ab dem 13. Jahrhundert Juden aus antijudaistischen Motiven als stigmatisierendes Kennzeichen vorgeschrieben

Oktober 1514 Anordnung für Juden 'einen gelen rink', einen gelben oder güldenen Ring, zu tragen: John III Duke of Cleves and John I Duke of Jülich-Berg and since 1521 sovereign of the 'Vereinigten Herzogtümer Jülich-Kleve-Berg' gab am 3. Oktober 1514 die Anordnung, dass die Juden auf ihrer Kleidung an der Brust 'einen gelen rink', also einen gelben oder güldenen Ring, zu tragen hätten, 'daran man sie vur joeden erkennen mochte', während die 1554 erlassene Polizeiverordnung seines Sohnes und Nachfolgers Herzog Wilhelms V. die Ausweisung der Juden forderte

Im Übergang vom zur Neuzeit Krisen Suche nach Sündenböcken, Hexenverfolgungen und sich verändernder Antisemitismus: Schwere Krisen am Übergang vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit als es in Mitteleuropa insbesonder während und infolge des verheerenden 'Dreißigjährigen Krieges von 1618 bis 1648' vermehrt zu Hexenprozessen kam und diese Bündelung von Krisenerscheinungen für die Menschen mit einer Erschütterung des Weltbildes und dem Verlust sicher geglaubter Wahrheiten einherging, auch gekennzeichnet durch Suche nach Sündenböcken, nach dem Muster der kirchlichen Inquisition auch mündend in Hexenverfolgungen in Verbindung mit weit verbreiteten Ängsten, die sich als Volksbewegungen mit - und mitunter sogar gegen - staatlicher Obrigkeit und Kirchen äußern konnten

1500-1808 expensive protection letters ('Schutzbriefe') for Jews to fill up sovereign's coffers: In den Jahren von 1500�1808 mussten die Düsseldorfer Juden - wie überall in Jülich und Berg - einen so genannten Schutzbrief vorweisen, um sesshaft werden zu können, wobei das Schutzgeld über die Landjudenschaft eingeholt und an die landesherrliche Kasse entrichtet wurde, und die meisten der erstmaligen urkundlichen Beweise kommunaler oder landesherrlicher Provenienz, die jüdische Familien in den bergischen, Düsseldorf benachbarten Städten belegen, fallen überwiegend in die Zeit nach 1500, wie beispielsweise für Mülheim an der Ruhr (1508), Solingen (1568), Ratingen (1592), (Düsseldorf-)Kaiserswerth (1611) oder für die Herrschaft Hardenberg (1678), ein großer Teil dann aber erst ins späte 17. und frühe 18. Jahrhundert

Since 1792 'Alte Synagoge' in Düsseldorf: Die Alte Synagoge in Düsseldorf, erbaut nach dem Vorbild der ältesten Synagoge Englands von 1699/1701, wurde am 24. März 1792 eingeweiht und später durch die Große Synagoge, etwas entfernt, ersetzt - Die Geschichte der Düsseldorfer Juden reicht in ihren Anfängen bis in das späte Mittelalter zurück, doch erst seit dem ausgehenden 17. Jahrhundert war eine dauerhafte Ansiedlung von Juden möglich, deren Gemeinde während der Industrialisierung stark anwuchs mit einen Anteil von rund 1% der Gesamtbevölkerung, in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus zerstört wurde als ein Großteil der Düsseldorfer Juden emigrieren mußte oder ermordet wurde, und ist mit ca. 7087 Personen als Jüdische Gemeinde Düsseldorf zu Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts die größte Gemeinde in NRW sowie nach der Jüdischen Gemeinde zu Berlin und München und Oberbayern die drittgrößte Gemeinde in Deutschland

1797-1856 Jewish born German writer and literary critic Heinrich (Harry) Heine in Düsseldorf and later in Paris and London: 1797-1856 Heinrich Heine, born as Harry Heine in Düsseldorf, who dies on 17 February in Paris, was born into a Jewish family and became known as 'Heinrich' after his conversion to Lutheranism in 1825, as his father Samson Heine (1764�1828) was a textile merchant and his mother Peira was the daughter of a physician

Since Middle Ages dates of Jewish emancipation, worldwide and in Germany 1812-1933: Dates of Jewish emancipation, since 1264 in Poland, since 1790 in the USA and in Prussia and the German empire 1812-1933

19th century Grand Duchy of Berg, confederation and 19th century Düsseldorf: 1806-1813 Grand Duchy of Berg ('Großherzogtum Berg'), a territorial grand duchy established in 1806 by Emperor Napoleon opening the 19th century Düsseldorf - Confederation of the Rhine

Since 1815 Prussians in power, crushed European revolutions and German empire: Kingdom of Prussia until 1918, a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918 - German Confederation ('Deutscher Bund'), an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement of the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806, as the German revolutions of 1848�49, motivated by liberal, democratic, socialist and nationalist sentiments, attempted to transform the Confederation into a unified German federal state with a liberal constitution, but the ruling body of the Confederation, dissolved on 12 July 1848, was re-established in 1850 after the revolution was crushed by Austria, Prussia and other states

Since 1817 chronology of the Lower Rhenish Music Festival and Felix Mendelssohn: 19th century chronology of the Lower Rhenish Music Festival, including 1833 in Düsseldorf German premiere of Symphony No. 4 (The Italian) of Felix Mendelssohn, also the oratorio 'Israel in Egypt' in the German original version of G. F. Handel, and in 1836 world premiere of the oratorio 'St. Paul' of F. Mendelssohn

1853 Robert and Clara Schumann, Brahms and 1860 manifesto against the 'New German' School: 1853 in Düsseldorf world premiere of the Symphony No. 4 d-minor op. 120 and the festival-overture Op. 123 of Robert Schumann with Clara Schumann (piano) and Joseph Joachim (violin), who had an extensive correspondence with both Clara Schumann and Brahms, as Brahms greatly valued Joachim's opinion of his new compositions, and in 1860 Brahms and Joachim jointly wrote a manifesto against the 'progressive' music of the 'New German' School, in reaction to the polemics of Brendel's Neue Zeitschrift für Musik - Since 1834 'Neue Zeitschrift für Musik', a music magazine, co-founded in Leipzig by Robert Schumann

1875 Düsseldorf premiere of the Missa Solemnis of L. v. Beethoven: 1875 Düsseldorf premiere of the Missa Solemnis of L. v. Beethoven

1903-1938 the 'Große Synagoge' in Düsseldorf, Leo Baeck and 'Galileo Galilei und das Ende des Mittelalters': 1903-1938 die Große Synagoge an der Kasernenstraße in Düsseldorf wurde im Jahre 1903 nach den Entwürfen des Architekten Josef Kleesattel im Stil der Neoromanik erbaut, am 10. November 1938 in Brand gesteckt und die Ruine wurde am 29. November desselben Jahres abgebrochen - Von 1907 bis 1912 amtierte Rabbiner Leo Baeck aus Leszno (Lissa) in Polen in Düsseldorf, wurde 1912 Gemeinderabbiner in Berlin, wo er ab 1913 auch als Dozent an der Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums wirkte, war Feldrabbiner im 1. Weltkrieg des Deutschen Reiches, wurde 1943 in das Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt verschleppt, wo er als 'Prominenter mit besonderen Rechten' lebte (während die 'Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland� von der Gestapo geschlossen wurde), hielt, soweit bekannt, im Dezember 1944 im Ghetto seinen letzten Vortrag mit dem Titel 'Galileo Galilei und das Ende des Mittelalters', und starb 1956 in London

1898-1973 career of German lawyer Hans Josef Maria Globke and the Holocaust: Since early 20th century career of German lawyer Hans Josef Maria Globke (1898-1973) from Düsseldorf, who served as a judge in the police court of Aachen, then became vice police-chief of Aachen in 1925, then in December 1929 entered the Higher Civil Service in the Prussian Ministry of the Interior, then in November 1932 wrote a set of rules to make it harder for Germans of Jewish ancestry in Prussia to change their last names to less obviously Jewish names followed by guidelines for their implementation, then helped to formulate the 'Enabling Act' of 1933, which effectively gave Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers, then co-authored the official legal commentary on the new Reich Citizenship Law, one of the Nuremberg Laws introduced at the Nazi Party Congress in September 1935 which revoked the citizenship of German Jews, wrote a legal annotation on the antisemitic Nuremberg Race Laws that placed the NSDAP on a firmer legal ground, setting the path to the Holocaust, Globke designed the 'J' imprinted in the passports of Jews, had a leading role preparing the Law for the Defense of German Blood and Honor in 1938, then in 1940 asked for NSDAP membership, then Globke served as chief legal adviser to the Office for Jewish Affairs since 1941 headed by Adolf Eichmann and that performed the bureaucratic implementation of the Holocaust the Civil Status Act November 1937, Globke also served as chief legal adviser to the Office for Jewish Affairs in the Ministry of Interior, headed by Adolf Eichmann, that performed the bureaucratic implementation of the Holocaust, then since 1949 in West Germany as CDU member second career becoming a high-ranking civil servant and politician as Secretary of State and Chief of Staff of the West German Chancellery from 28 October 1953 to 15 October 1963, responsible for running the Chancellery, recommending the people who were appointed to roles in the government, coordinating the government's work, and for the establishment and oversight of the West German intelligence service and for all matters of national 'security'

Since 1914 from World War I to World War II, North Rhine-Westphalia, Düsseldorf: Since 1914 from World War I to 1920, when Düsseldorf became the centre of the General Strike and 45 delegates of the German Miners Union were murdered by the 'Freikorps', to 1939-1945 World War II, when Düsseldorf was liberated by Allied forces and the local German Resistance group in April 1945 launched 'Aktion Rheinland' to avoid further deaths, and as in 1946 Düsseldorf was made capital of the new federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia in later German Federal Republic

1933�1945 National Socialism and the Holocaust in Düsseldorf: Seit 11. April 1933 in Düsseldorf Verbrennung 'unerwünschter Literatur' durch die Deutsche Studentenschaft, unter anderem von Büchern Heinrich Heines, am 10. November 1938 wurden in der Pogromnacht die Synagogen auf der Kasernenstraße und in Benrath niedergebrannt, die jüdische Bevölkerung der Stadt wurde verfolgt und mindestens 18 Personen wurden ermordet, die Deportation von fast 6000 Juden aus dem gesamten Regierungsbezirk lag in den Händen des 'Judenreferats' der Staatspolizeileitstelle Düsseldorf, am 27. Oktober 1941 fuhr der erste Zug mit insgesamt 1003 Düsseldorfer und niederrheinischen Juden in die deutschen Konzentrationslager im besetzten Polen, über 2200 Düsseldorfer Juden wurden ermordet - 1933�1945 Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust in Düsseldorf, Globkes Heimatort und eine der Wirkungsstätten eines deutschen Juristen, der NSDAP und der SS

May 1961 intervention by CDU chancellor Adenauer to close Globke investigation: After accusations that Globke was heavily responsible for the Holocaust in Greece, that prompted preliminary criminal proceedings to be initiated against Globke by former resistance fighter and jurist Fritz Bauer, the chief public prosecutor of Hesse, the investigation was transferred to the public prosecutor's office in Bonn - located in NSDAP/CDU Globke's homeland - in May 1961 after an intervention by Adenauer, where it was closed due to 'lack of evidence'

21st century Düsseldorf: 21st century Düsseldorf

August 2021 OLG Düsseldorf trial against antisemitic and neonazi criminal association: 6. August 2021: Zwei mutmaßliche Gründer und ein Mitglied der Organisation müssen sich nun wegen Verdachts auf Mitgliedschaft in einer rechtsextremistischen kriminellen Vereinigung vor dem Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf verantworten, wo ihnen vorgeworfen wird nationalsozialistische, antisemitische und volksverhetzende Inhalte verbreitet zu haben

Wuppertal city: Wuppertal city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in and around the Wupper valley, east of Düsseldorf and south of the Ruhr, as - with a population of approximately 350,000 citizens - it is the largest city in the 'Bergisches Land'

Economy and transport in Wuppertal: Economy and transport in Wuppertal

Politics of Wupptertal: Politics, city council and mayor of Wupptertal

History of Wuppertal: History of Wuppertal, as city in its present borders was formed in 1929 by merging the industrial cities of Barmen and Elberfeld with the communities Vohwinkel, Ronsdorf, Cronenberg, Langerfeld and Beyenburg

Solingen city: Solingen city, after Wuppertal the second-largest city in the 'Bergisches Land' located some 25km east of Düsseldorf, and in 2009 with population of 161,366 citizens. It is a member of the regional authority of the Rhineland. Solingen is called the 'City of Blades', since it has long been renowned for the manufacturing of fine swords, knives, scissors and razors.

Since the Middle Ages history of Solingen: Since the Middle Ages history of Solingen, as in the 'modern age' and in German empire's World War number two, the Old Town was completely destroyed by a bombing raid by the RAF in 1944. 1,800 people died and over 1,500 people were injured. As such, there are few pre-war sites in the centre.

May 1993 Germany's Solingen arson attack against citizens of Turkish descent: May 1993 Solingen arson attack, one of the most severe instances of xenophobic violence in modern Germany, as on the night of 28�29 May 1993, four young German men belonging to the skinhead scene with neo-Nazi ties, set fire to the house of a large Turkish family in Solingen in North Rhine-Westphalia, as three girls and two women died, as fourteen other family members, including several children, were injured, some of them severely, as the attack led to violent protests by Germans of Turkish descent in several German cities and to large demonstrations of other Germans (of non-Turkish descent) now in the 1990s expressing solidarity with the Turkish victims

1 August 2013 CDU's Helmut Kohl in 1982 discussed secret plan with UK's Thatcher to reduce number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%: 1 August 2013: Former Chancellor Helmut Kohl (CDU) discussed a secret plan with Margaret Thatcher in 1982 to reduce the number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%

Duisburg city: Duisburg city in the Ruhr metropolitan area of the western North Rhine-Westphalia and the 15th-largest city in Germany, lying on the confluence of the Rhine and the Ruhr rivers, as the city in the Middle Ages was a member of the Hanseatic League and later a major centre of iron, steel, and chemicals industries, heavily bombed in World War II and today hosting the world's largest inland port, with 21 docks and 40 kilometres of wharf

Demographics of Duisburg: Demographics of Duisburg

Education in Duisburg: Bildung und Schulen in Duisburg

Economy and companies based in Duisburg: Economy and companies based in Duisburg - Manufacturing companies based in Duisburg

Harbours in Duisburg: Hafen in Duisburg - Schiffahrt Duisburg

Politics of Duisburg: Politik in Duisburg

Timeline of Duisburg: Timeline of Duisburg since 1290

Since 1845/46 Cologne�Duisburg railway: Since 1845/46 Cologne�Duisburg railway

1941-1945 Bombing of Duisburg in World War II: 1941-1945 Bombing of Duisburg in World War II

Since 1964/1987 Wilhelm Lehmbruck Museum - Center for International Sculpture: Wilhelm Lehmbruck Museum - Center for International Sculpture - in Duisburg with a a substantial number of works by other 20th-century sculptors, including Ernst Barlach, Käthe Kollwitz, Ludwig Kasper, Hermann Blumenthal, Alexander Archipenko, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Henri Laurens, Jacques Lipchitz, Alexander Rodtschenko, Laszlo Péri, Naum Gabo, Antoine Pevsner, Pablo Picasso, Salvador Dalí and Max Ernst, complemented by a considerable number of paintings by 19th- and 20th-century German artists, as the museum circulates its substantial collection by re-installing works on an annual basis, and as its history since 1964/1987 - following World War II - is connected with museum directors Gerhard Händler, Siegfried Salzmann, Christoph Brockhaus, Raimund Stecker, and Söke Dinkla since 2013 - 23. August 2019: Am 24. August wird Christoph Brockhaus, von Lübeck über Bielefeld mit 2 kleineren Brüdern im Herbst 1958 nach Lemgo (und Detmold, Jugendorchester DJO) gekommen, dann zum Studium nach Hamburg, Wien, Austin (Texas) und Heidelberg, Jahre alt, der als langjähriger Direktor das Lehmbruck Museum mit seiner von demokratischen 68-Idealen geprägten Art mitgeprägt hat

Since 1968 University of Duisburg: Since 1968 University of Duisburg, as the university was founded again - Since 16th century history of Duisburg-Essen University - In 2003 Gerhard Mercator University merged with the University of Essen to form the University of Duisburg-Essen, which is today one of the largest universities in Germany

Oberhausen city: Oberhausen city, located on the river Emscher in the Ruhr Area between Duisburg and Essen, as the city hosts the 'Gasometer Oberhausen', an anchor point of the European Route of Industrial Heritage

Education and schools in Oberhausen: Liste der Schulen in Oberhausen

Since 1994 Anne Frank secondary school: Seit 1994 Anne-Frank-Realschule, die bis dahin nach dem Gründer Karl-Broermann-Realschule hieß, dann aber - als die nationalsozialistische Schulliteratur Broermanns durch einen anonymen Artikel in der Zeitung Styrum Intern bekannt wurde - den Namen in Anne-Frank-Realschule erhielt - In 2017 there are 266 schools worldwide that are named after Anne Frank 1929�1945 who was murdered by the National Socialists, as the majority of them are in Germany (96), France (89), Italy (43) and the Netherlands (17)

Economy of Oberhausen: Economy and infrastructure of Oberhausen

Politics of Oberhausen: Politics of Oberhausen, 21st century city council and mayors, called 'Bürgermeister' and since 1903 'Oberbürgermeister' (members of DVP, Zentrum, NSDAP, SPD and CDU)

Timeline of Oberhausen: History and timeline of Oberhausen

19th/20th century Oberhausen's coal mines, steel mills and target during liberation in World War II: In the 19th century Oberhausen was named for its 1847 railway station which had taken its name from the Oberhausen Castle, as the new borough was formed in 1862 following inflow of people for the local coal mines and steel mills, as in the German second empire 1871-1945 Oberhausen absorbed several neighbouring boroughs including Alstaden, parts of Styrum and Dümpten in 1910, becoming a city in 1901, incorporating the towns of Sterkrade and Osterfeld in 1929, as the Ruhrchemie AG synthetic oil plant became a bombing target of the oil campaign of NSDAP-ruled Germany's World War II, and the USA forces reached the plant by 4 April 1945

31 March 2021 Syrian refugee drops out of German parliament election after threats in NRW: 31 March 2021: A Damascus-born Syrian man running to become the first refugee to enter the German parliament has withdrawn his candidacy, citing personal threats and security concerns, as Tareq Alaows, who fled Assad's conscription in Syria and therefore orders to kill fellow citizens, arriving in Germany in 2015, was in January 2021 nominated as a Bundestag candidate for an opposition party in North Rhine-Westphalia, as on Tuesday his party issued a statement saying Alaows had withdrawn his candidacy because of threats against himself and people close to him

Bonn city: Bonn city in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region, a federal city on the banks of the Rhine in 2021 with a population of over 300,000 citizens, and located about 24 km south-southeast of Cologne city in Germany's largest metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants. It is famous as a university city, the birthplace of the musician and composer Beethoven, as well as the capital city of the Electorate of Cologne from 1597 to 1794 and West Germany from 1949 to 1990 following NSDAP ruled German empire's World War II until 8 May 1945

Timeline of Bonn: Since ancient period timeline of the history of the city of Bonn

70 AD Roman-Batavian conflict: 70 AD Roman-Batavian conflict, as Bonn (Bonna or Castra Bonnensia), originally a town of the Ubii, became at an early period the site of a Roman military settlement, and as such is frequently mentioned by Tacitus. It was the scene, in A.D. 70, of a battle in which the Romans were defeated by Claudius Civilis, the valiant leader of the Batavians. Greatly reduced by successive inroads, it was restored about 359 by the Roman emperor Julian. In the centuries that followed the break-up of the Roman empire based on slavery

1543 Bonn's printing press in operation, 1597 Bonn becomes capital of the Electorate of Cologne: 1543 Bonn's printing press in operation, 1597 Bonn becomes capital of the Electorate of Cologne

Since 1818/1822 19th century Bonn as town becomes part of the Rhine Province in 1822:

Since October 1818 'Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn': Since October 1818 'Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn', a public research university located in Bonn, founded in its present form as the Rhein-Universität in 1818, as Bonn becomes part of the Rhine Province in 1822

1841-1843 (1848/1849) mouthpiece of the democratic movement in Germany 'Rhenish Newspaper': 1841-1843 'Rhenish Newspaper', a 19th-century German newspaper edited most famously by Karl Marx. The paper was launched in January 1842 and terminated by Prussian state censorship in March 1843 - Unter Marxens Chefredaktion formulierte die RZ schnell radikale, revolutionäre demokratische Ideen. Sie wurde eines der wichtigsten Sprachrohre der demokratischen Bewegung in Deutschland. - 1848/1849 'New Rhenish Newspaper. Organ of Democracy', but soon suppressed by Prussian state censorship - Am 19. Mai 1849 stellte die Neue Rheinische Zeitung nach 301 Ausgaben ihr Erscheinen ein, nachdem die letzten Aufstände der Märzrevolution von Preußen im Rheinland niedergeschlagen worden waren. Marx ging erneut ins Exil, diesmal nach London

Since 1845 first Beethovenhalle in Bonn: Since 1845 first 'Beethovenhalle' in Bonn built during the inauguration of the Beethoven Monument, located in the Münsterplatz, with a rectangular auditorium. The interior contained galleries along the side walls and could accommodate 1,500 people. During the next several years, the hall not only hosted concerts, but also poetry readings and more, but the hall was destroyed on 18 October 1944, during a World War II bombing raid

1959 beethovenhalle rebuilt, since 1970 UN Volunteers programme in Bonn: 1959 beethovenhalle rebuilt - Since December 1970 United Nations Volunteers UNV programme in Bonn, an organization that contributes to peace and development through volunteerism worldwide, as volunteerism is a powerful means of engaging people in tackling development challenges, and it can transform the pace and nature of development. Volunteerism benefits both society at large and the individual volunteer by strengthening trust, solidarity and reciprocity among citizens, and by purposefully creating opportunities for participation

Since 1981 'Bonn Women's Museum' in Bonn: Since 1981 'Bonn Women's Museum' in Bonn. It was founded in 1981 by an interdisciplinary group of working women, and claims to be the first museum of its kind in the world. It hosts temporary exhibitions (over 500 since its founding) and accompanying events, and is run by the society 'Women's Museum � Art, Culture, Research'

Since 1992/1994 'UN Framework Convention on Climate Change secretariat' headquartered in Bonn: Since 1992/1994 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change - secretariat headquartered in Bonn - established an international environmental treaty to combat 'dangerous human interference with the climate system', in part by stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. It was signed by 154 states at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. It entered into force on 21 March 1994. The treaty called for ongoing scientific research and regular meetings, negotiations, and future policy agreements designed to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner

21st century city of Bonn timeline: 21st century city of Bonn timeline

1994-2009 first female mayor of Bonn: 1994-2009 Bärbel Dieckmann mayor of Bonn, the first woman and Social Democrat to become mayor of Bonn

Since September/November 2020 Katja Dörner Bonn's second-ever female mayor: Since September/November 2020 Katja Dörner Mayor of Bonn, elected in a run-off election in September 2020 with 56.27% of the vote, becoming Bonn's second-ever female mayor

2 June 2022 IPBES announced 9th plenary session 3-9 July 2022 in Bonn: 2 June 2022: IPBES announced its 9th session of its plenary 3 to 9 July 2022 in Bonn, publishing its work programme up to 2030 aiming to advance the achievement of the overall objective of IPBES, which is to strengthen the science-policy interface for biodiversity and ecosystem services for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, long-term human well-being and sustainable development

3 July 2022 IPBES-9 plenary session begins in Bonn: 3 July 2022 IPBES-9 plenary session - the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services - begins in Bonn, ending on 9 July 2022, following IPBES9 'Stakeholder Day' on 2 July 2022, as subjects include the thematic assessment of the sustainable use of wild species, the methodological assessment regarding the diverse conceptualization of multiple values of nature and its benefits

Since 1969 'Rhein-Sieg-Kreis' district surrounding he federal city of Bonn: Since 1969 'Rhein-Sieg-Kreis' district in the south of North Rhine-Westphalia, as neighboring districts are the urban district of Cologne, Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis, Oberbergischer Kreis, Altenkirchen, Neuwied, Ahrweiler, Euskirchen, Rhein-Erft-Kreis. The federal city of Bonn is nearly completely surrounded by the 'Rhein-Sieg-Kreis' district.

Towns and municipalities of 'Rhein-Sieg-Kreis' district: Towns and municipalities of 'Rhein-Sieg-Kreis' district

Hennef (Sieg) town: Hennef (Sieg) town in the Rhein-Sieg district, situated on the river Sieg 15 km east of Bonn. Hennef is the fourth-biggest town in the 'Rhein-Sieg-Kreis' district

1 January 2022 exploding fireworks killed and injured people in Hennef, Leipzig, Hamburg and in Austia: 1 January 2022: Exploding fireworks killed two men on New Year�s Eve in Germany and Austria, as a 37-year-old man died in Hennef near Germany�s city of Bonn, as another 39-year-old was severely injured in the same incident, taken to hospital, as several other people were injured in mishaps involving fireworks in the German cities of Leipzig and Hamburg, and as in Austria a 23-year-old man died south-west of Vienna and 3 other people were injured

Münster governmental district: Münster governmental district, located in the north of the state, and named after the capital city of Münster, including the area which in medieval times was known as the Dreingau

Muenster city: Muenster city, an independent city located in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region, and the site of the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War in 1648 - History of Münster since the Middle Ages, as Münster later was a leading member of the Hanseatic League

Hospitals in Muenster: Krankenhäuser und Kliniken in Münster - University Hospital Muenster

Timeline of Münster since 797, when first school was founded: Timeline of Münster since 797, when first school was founded

18th-20th centuries in Münster, World War II and postwar period: 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries in Münster, World War II and postwar period

April 2018 Muenster car ramming attack: On 7 April 2018, a German man drove a van into people seated outside restaurants in a pedestrianised square in the old part of the German city of Münster, killing two people and injuring about 20 others

Arnsberg governmental district: Arnsberg governmental district, located in the south-east of the country, covering the Sauerland hills as well as the east part of the Ruhr area

Economy of Arnsberg governmental district: Economy of Arnsberg governmental district, as its GDP was 124.8 billion � in 2018, accounting for 3.7% of German economic output

Hagen city: Hagen city located in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia's Arnsberg governmental district on the south eastern edge of the Ruhr area, 15 km south of Dortmund, where the rivers Lenne and Volme (met by the river Ennepe) meet the river Ruhr, with a population of 188,529 citizens in 2010

Economy of Hagen: Economy of Hagen

History and timeline of Hagen: History and timeline of Hagen

Solingen city: Solingen city

2013 CDU's Helmut Kohl discussed secret plan with UK's Thatcher in 1982 to reduce number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%: 1 August 2013: Former Chancellor Helmut Kohl (CDU) discussed a secret plan with Margaret Thatcher in 1982 to reduce the number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%

Schmallenberg city: Schmallenberg city and a climatic health resort in the High Sauerland District, by area the third biggest of all cities and towns of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the second biggest of the region of Westphalia. With small Schmallenberg central town and the rural Bad Fredeburg Kneipp health resort the town has two urban settlements. Additionally, 82 villages and hamlets belong to the town's territory.

Town divisions of Schmallenberg with residence of inhabitants in 83 places: Town divisions of Schmallenberg city, as on 31 December 2019 modern Schmallenberg had 25,146 inhabitants by main residence in 83 places

History, economy, education and culture of Schmallenberg city: History, economy, education and culture of Schmallenberg city - Das Musikbildungszentrum Südwestfalen in Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg ist das Zentrum für Orchester, Ensembles, und Chöre

Detmold governmental district: Detmold governmental district, located in the north-east of the state, congruent with the administratively not existent area of Ostwestfalen-Lippe OWL (East Westphalia-Lippe)and created in 1947 when the former state of Lippe was incorporated into North Rhine-Westphalia - 1918-1947 'Free State of Lippe', a German state formed after the 'Principality of Lippe' was abolished following the German Revolution of 1918

Da agosto 1875 monumento della vergogna: Crimini di guerra della Wehrmacht furono quelli commessi dalle forze armate tedesche durante la seconda guerra mondiale, che tra il settembre 1939 e il maggio 1945 si macchiarono di innumerevoli crimini di guerra, crimini contro le popolazioni civili e violazioni delle norme internazionali che regolavano i conflitti armati, specialmente sul fronte orientale

'Armadio della vergogna', un'espressione del giornalismo relativo a crimini di guerra commessi sul territorio italiano durante la campagna d'Italia (1943-1945) dalle truppe nazifasciste - Depuis 16 août 1875 monument d'Hermann ('Hermannsdenkmal' - 'sapere aude'), un monument situé en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie en Allemagne dans le sud de la forêt de Teutberg, qui se trouve au sud-ouest de Detmold dans le district de Lippe. Il se dresse sur le mont densément boisé de Teutberg qui s'élève à 386 mètres, au centre de la fortification circulaire de Grotenburg, mais c'est vers l'ouest et non vers le sud que la statue - inaugurée en présence de l'empereur Guillaume - est tournée - 9 CE 'Battle of the Teutoburg Forest' in the northern countryside of Osnabrück, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, as the alliance was led by Germanic officer of Varus's auxilia 'Arminius', who had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses. The very cruel battle reportedly (by contemporary historians) for many days is commonly seen as one of the most important defeats in Roman history, bringing the triumphant period of expansion under Augustus to an abrupt end. The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania - List of ancient Germanic peoples

January 1933 Lippe state election bringing NSDAP to power: 15 January 1933 'Free State of Lippe' state election was held to elect the members of the Landtag of Lippe, as the NSDAP won 39,5% of the vote, bringing NSDAP's Adolf Wedderwille to power, ahead of Nazi seizure and Adolf Hitler's rise to power on 30 January 1933 after a series of parliamentary elections and associated backroom intrigues

Since 1937 'Nordlager' in Augustdorf: 'Nordlager' in Augustdorf since 1937, Hitler-General 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne' since 1961

Since 1961 Hitler-General 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne' in Augustdorf: Since 1961 Hitler-General 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne'

16 août 2021:

Detmold town: Detmold town, with a population of about 73,400 in 2013, that was the capital of the county of Lippe since 16th century until 1918 and then of the Free State of Lippe until 1947, and today the administrative center of the district of Lippe and of the Regierungsbezirk Detmold

Bielefeld city: Bielefeld city in the Ostwestfalen-Lippe Region with a population of 341,730 citizens in 2018 and the most populous city in the administrative region

Industry and education in Bielefeld city: Industry and education in Bielefeld city, linked in the 19th century with the establishment of German states' railway system. Formerly a linen-producing town - in the early 1920s the town's savings bank issued money made of linen, silk and velvet - Bielefeld developped quickly. In addition to the manufacture of home appliances and various heavy industries, Bielefeld companies included food manufacturing, leather products and plastics, clothing and textiles and Bethel Institution with 17.000 employees. Bielefeld University was founded in 1969. Other institutions of higher education include the Theological Seminary Bethel and the Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, which offers 21 courses in 8 different departments.

History and timeline of Bielefeld: History and timeline of Bielefeld

April 2009 'Ravensberger Heimstättengesellschaft', USA Goldman Sachs real estate fund, modernization stopped, rents increased: 7. April 2009: Modernisierung gestoppt und Mieten erhöht, nachdem die westfälische Ravensberger Heimstättengesellschaft an den Immobilienfonds 'Whitehall', eine Tochter der USA Bank Goldman Sachs, verkauft wurde - 27. February 2011: Die LEG, zu der auch die frühere Ravensberger Heimstätte gehört, verfügt über 2.322 Wohnungen in Bielefeld. Die einstige Landesentwicklungsgesellschaft wurde 2008 von der damaligen CDU-FDP-Landesregierung an Fonds in der Regie der Großbank Goldman Sachs in New York verkauft. - Goldman Sachs controversies and legal issues - Goldman Sachs Unternehmenskritik, Hedge-Fonds-Verluste, Verschleierungen in der Europäischen Schuldenkrise und Einfluss auf die Politik, Vorwurf des Wertpapierbetrugs, Rolle bei den USA-Präsidentschaftswahlen, Rolle bei malaysischem Staatsfonds und Strafzahlung, Widerstand gegen Europäische Finanztransaktionssteuer, Ungesunde Arbeitsbelastungen

History and timeline of the Natural History Museum in Bielefeld 'namu': Since 1906 Natural History Museum in Bielefeld, a natural history museum, that - since 2003 - was given the additional name namu, which stands for the German words Natur (nature), Mensch (man), and Umwelt (environment). The exhibitions take place in the Spiegelshof, a historical building from the 14th century. History and timeline of the Natural History Museum in Bielefeld 'namu'

21 September 2022 'Into the Wild': 21 September 2022 'Into the Wild' Ausstellung, zu der die Theaterwerkstatt Bethel mit Interessierten eine Inszenierung mit Ausstellungsexponaten entworfen hat. Für die Entwicklung und Ideenfindung finden zwei Tanz- und Theaterworkshops im Naturkundemuseum statt. Musikalisch wird uns die Geigenspielerin Irena Suer unterstützen.

Gütersloh city: Gütersloh city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in the area of Westphalia and the administrative region of Detmold, as Gütersloh is the administrative centre for a district of the same name and has a population of 100,194 people in the 2020s

Demographics of Gütersloh: Demographics of Gütersloh, as there are approximately 10,000 Arameans in the city, having the largest number of Arameans of any other towns in Germany, and in 2010, 100 companies in Gütersloh were run by Arameans

Summer 2023 multiculturalism makes German cities liveable: Gütersloh town and its suburbs, the basis of the town, both place of residence and living centre - 19.08.2023 Dreiecksplatz 'open-air' Veranstaltung mit Folklore- und Musikgruppen aus der Türkei, Griechenland, Spanien, Albanien, Italien, Portugal, Philippinen, Thailand, etc.

Dalke river: Dalke river of North Rhine-Westphalia, flowing into the Ems near Gütersloh

Economy of Gütersloh: Economy of Gütersloh, an industrial city, also containing a variety of shops and department stores, as city is best known for Bertelsmann SE&Co. KGaA (a media company with 11,300 workers in the district) and Miele (an appliance manufacturer with 5,000 workers). There are 5,000 other small and medium enterprises in Gütersloh. Those companies have 46,000 workers

11 November 2022 Bertelsmann Stiftung's Ashbrook about Putin's war, USA midterms,'It's all about democracy': 11 November 2022: Cathryn Clüver Ashbrook, transatlantic expert at the Bertelsmann Stiftung since August 2022, says Europeans should prepare well for the times ahead, actively providing greater military and financial resources to Ukraine, as in the November USA midterm elections youngest and newest voters' turnout looks to be historic, when women, African-Americans and Latinos threw their support behind Democratic candidates over Republicans

Health and healthcare in Gütersloh: Health and healthcare in Gütersloh

Klinikum Gütersloh mit 1.128 Mitarbeitern in 2018: Klinikum Gütersloh mit 1.128 Mitarbeitern in 2018, Geschichte und Fachabteilungen - Kliniken des Sankt-Elisabeth-Hospitals und Geschichte, mit Übernahme des St.-Lucia-Hospitals in Harsewinkel 1981 und Verabschiedung von dessem Chefarzt Dr. Kurt Henrich (60) im Frühjahr 2013

History and politics in Gütersloh: History and politics in Gütersloh, as the city is also the seat of the district administration ('Kreis Gütersloh' including more towns, villages and rural areas)

Lemgo town: Lemgo town in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia situated between the Teutoburg Forest and the Weser Uplands, as the old hanseatic town had a population of 41,000 citizens in 2017 belonging to the OWL cluster region for mechanical engineering and industrial electronics in Germany

Education in Lemgo today including research: Education and research in Lemgo

Timeline and history of Lemgo since 12th century: Timeline and history of Lemgo since 12th century when the city was founded at the crossroad of two merchant routes, as Lemgo then was a member of the medieval trading association 'Hanseatic League' of free or autonomous cities in several northern European countries such as the Netherlands, Germany and Poland, as during the Reformation the city of Lemgo adopted Lutheranism in 1522, whereas otherwise in Lippe, its spread was hampered until 1533 by the opposition of the then Catholic ruling Counts of Lippe, as in 1605 Count of Lippe Simon VI adopted Calvinism and demanded the conversion of Lemgo's citizens too using his monarchic privilege of 'cuius regio, eius religio' leading to a dispute with Lemgo, as the city defied the edict to convert to Calvinism, leading to the Revolt of Lemgo followed by the Peace of Röhrentrup in 1617, granting Lemgo the right to determine its faith independently, but during the 30 Years War on 15 October 1638 Lemgo was put under siege by a powerful combined army of Palatine and Swedish troops followed by the Battle of Vlotho near Lemgo - October 1636 Battle of Vlotho, a victory for the Imperial Army under the command of Field Marshal Melchior von Hatzfeldt, that ended the attempt by Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, to recapture the Electoral Palatinate - Oktober 1638 Schlacht bei Vlotho, Folgen für die europäischen Mächte die den Kieg in Mitteleuropa 30 Jahre lang führten und katastrophale Folgen für die Zivilbevölkerung, die Bauern, Handwerker, Kaufleute, also die Bürger mit ihren Familien - 1618-1648 Dreißigjähriger Krieg, ein Konflikt um die Hegemonie im Heiligen Römischen Reich und in Europa, der als Religionskrieg begann und als Territorialkrieg endete, wobei sich in diesem Krieg auf europäischer Ebene der habsburgisch-französische Gegensatz und auf Reichsebene der Gegensatz zwischen dem Kaiser und der Katholischen Liga einerseits und der Protestantischen Union andererseits entluden, während - gemeinsam mit ihren jeweiligen Verbündeten - die habsburgischen Mächte Österreich und Spanien neben ihren territorialen auch ihre dynastischen Interessenkonflikte mit Frankreich, den Niederlanden, Dänemark und Schweden vorwiegend auf dem Boden des Reiches austrugen, und wobei infolgedessen eine Reihe von weiteren Konflikten mit dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg eng verbunden waren - 1939-1941 'Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder' von Bertolt Brecht im schwedischen Exil verfasst und 1941 in Zürich uraufgeführt, das im Dreißigjährigen Krieg zwischen 1624 und 1636 spielt und die Geschichte der Marketenderin Mutter Courage erzählt, die versucht, ihr Geschäft mit dem Krieg zu machen, und dabei ihre drei Kinder verliert, wobei Brecht Abscheu vor dem Krieg vermitteln will und - im 20. Jahrhundert - vor der kapitalistischen Gesellschaft, die - d.h. deren herrschende Klassen mit einem von ihnen dominierten, beherrschten Staat, Regime und Militär - ihn hervorbringt

20th century Lemgo and January 1933 Lippe state election bringing NSDAP to power: 15 January 1933 'Free State of Lippe' state election was held to elect the members of the Landtag of Lippe, as the NSDAP won 39,5% of the vote, bringing NSDAP's Adolf Wedderwille to power, ahead of Nazi seizure and Adolf Hitler's rise to power on 30 January 1933 after a series of parliamentary elections and associated backroom intrigues

Since WWII history of Lemgo: Since WWII history of Lemgo, as town's historic centre survived the Second World War completely undestroyed, as the overall urban character with the testimonies from the time of the Middle Ages and Renaissance was preserved, as the town hall in the style of the Weser Renaissance, which was included in the UNESCO list of works of European renown, consists of parts built at different times, and also therefore the city is inviting to ponder and to understand its history and the presence and the past of its citizens

Im Juni 1940 - nach dem Überfall des Deutschen Reiches auf Belgien, Luxemburg, die Niederlande und Frankreich von Mai bis Juni - ziehen der spätere Ehrenbürger Lemgos Kantor Walter Schmidt, GenQu Stabsstellenunteroffizier, Bundesverdienstkreuzträger ab 1989, und seine Offizierskollegen von 1940-1944 nach Fontainebleau 55km südlich von Paris um, um dort ihre Stabstelle einzurichten

Since 1970 history of Lemgo: Die heutige Kernstadt Lemgo hat sich gemeinsam mit Brake in den letzten Jahrzehnten bis Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts zu einem Zentrum für Kultur und Wirtschaft entwickelt, und in den ersten beiden Jahrzehnten des 21. Jahrhunderts stieg die Bedeutung Lemgos als Wissenschaftsstandort dank der Technischen Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe

Paderborn district: Paderborn district in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia located at the western slope of the Teutoburg Forest, as neighboring districts are Gütersloh, Lippe, Höxter, Hochsauerland, and Soest

Since 799/1281 'Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn': History of the 'Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn' of the Holy Roman Empire from 1281 to 1802, after the 'Diocese of Paderborn' was founded in 799 by Pope Leo III (in the early years it was subordinated to the bishop of Würzburg), as since 855 the clergy had the right to elect the bishop, as the diocese included the larger part of Lippe, Waldeck, and nearly half of the County of Ravensberg, as in 1180 (when the Duchy of Saxony ceased to exist) the rights which the old dukedom had exercised over Paderborn were transferred to the Archbishopric-Electorate of Cologne, as under Bernhard II Bishop of Paderborn 1188�1203 the bailiwick over the diocese, which since the middle of the 11th century had been held as a fief by the Counts of Arnsberg, returned to the bishops, an important advance in the development of the bishops' position as a secular ruler in his temporalities, forming a Hochstift of imperial immediacy since 1281, 1807-1813 ceded to Kgdm Westphalia, then succeeded by the Kingdom of Prussia and Prussian province of Westphalia, since 1848-49 and 1870/71 establishing the second German empire, dominated by Prussia's military and political tradition, later waging World War I and II

Paderborn city and 'Schloß Neuhaus':Paderborn city, capital of the Paderborn district as the name of the city derives from the river Pader and 'born' (an old German term for the source of a river), as the river Pader originates in more than 200 springs near Paderborn Cathedral - Schloß Neuhaus ist seit seiner Eingemeindung 1975 ein nördlicher Stadtteil von Paderborn

Demographics of Paderborn: Demographics of Paderborn, in 2020 with a population of 151,864 citizens, of which approximately 10% are students at the local university, as 60% of the population are Catholics, 20% Lutherans and 20% members of other faiths or not religious

Economy of Paderborn: Economy of Paderborn, as tday several information technology companies as well as industrial enterprises are located in the city

Since 14th century history of 'Schloß Neuhaus': 1370 verlegte Bischof Heinrich von Spiegel aufgrund von Streitigkeiten mit der Bürgerschaft der Stadt die bischöfliche Residenz endgültig nach 'Neuhaus', d.h. eine nach dem damaligen Stand der Kriegstechnik befestigte Anlage, von wo aus bis zur Annexion durch das Königreich Preußen 1802 das Fürstbistum Paderborn regiert wurde - Château Neuhaus - Legal history, laws by continent and legal history in European territories and countries

Schloß Neuhaus tombs for killed Russian prisoners of war in German empire's World War I: Grabstätte für 172 russische Kriegsgefangene des Ersten Weltkriegs des Deutschen Reiches 1914-1918, Paderborn-Schloß Neuhaus Diebesweg - Truppenübungsplatz Senne

1944/1945 Paderborn defeated by democracies forced into Germany's horrific war and its crimes called 'breach of civilization': 1944/1945 during World War II Paderborn was bombed by Allied aircraft, resulting in 85% destruction, including many of the historic buildings, then seized by the USA 3rd Armored Division after a pitched battle March/April 1945, in which tanks and flamethrowers were used during combined mechanized-infantry assaults against the city's southwestern, southern and southeastern approaches, and as in the late 1940s and 1950s the city was reconstructed

Since 1851 'Sennelager' camp of the Prussian Army: Since 1851 'Sennelager' (camp on the Senne), when the Prussian Army used the area as a training camp for their cavalry, later expanding into a full training facility for the armed forces, most notably during the 1888�1918 reign of emperor Wilhelm II, as during World War I a POW camp here housed British and French soldiers as well as, in a distinct section, various civilians, merchant seamen, including many British trawlermen taken prisoner after German raiders sank their ships in the North Sea, as many of the fishermen came from Boston or from Grimsby in Lincolnshire, and as many were later transferred to Ruhleben internment camp near Berlin, remaining there for the duration of the war, as later during the German empire's World War II the 'Wehrmacht' used the village as a military loading station, and the village's railway station, as nearby

Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock honorary cemetery for killed soviet prisoners of German empire's World War II 1939/1941-1945: Ehrenfriedhof für die etwa 65.000 sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, die im Stalag 326/VI K Senne umgekommen sind, Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock Senner Straße - Grabstätte für vier sowjetische Opfer des Zweiten Weltkriegs, darunter zwei Zwangsarbeiterkinder, Gütersloh-Verl Friedhofsweg

Since 19th century Sennelager Training Area, 'Truppenübungsplatz Senne': Sennelager Training Area and 'Truppenübungsplatz Senne' - also a military training area in Germany under the control of British Forces based in Paderborn Garrison - north of Paderborn, on the western edge of the Teutoburg Forest in the middle of the Senne, as the Stapel Exercise Area in Lage, north of Augustdorf, also belongs to the Sennelager Training Area within the boundaries of the following towns and villages Augustdorf, Detmold, Schlangen (Lippe), Bad Lippspringe, Paderborn, Hövelhof (Paderborn district) and Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock (Gütersloh district) and belonging to the German Government which discharges its responsibility through the Institute for Federal Real Estate, as the area was first used for military purposes at the end of the 19th century, and as Germany's 'Field Marshal Rommel Barracks' Augustdorf is located nearby - Ab 1936 entstand nördlich von Augustdorf zusätzlich der Übungsplatz Stapel, und 1941 entstand am Nordwestrand des Truppenübungsplatzes in Stukenbrock-Senne das Kriegsgefangenenlager Stalag 326, in dem bis zur Befreiung 1945 etwa 65.000 überwiegend sowjetische Kriegsgefangene ums Leben kamen, während auch im dazugehörenden 'Lager Staumühle' ab 1941 vorwiegend sowjetische Kriegsgefangene untergebracht waren - Ehrenfriedhof für die etwa 65.000 sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, die im Stalag 326/VI K Senne umgekommen sind, Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock Senner Straße

1941-1945 über 5 Millionen sowjetische Soldaten in deutsche Kriegsgefangenschaft und Massenmord: Zwischen 1941 und 1945 gerieten weit über 5 Millionen sowjetische Soldaten in deutsche Kriegsgefangenschaft, 3,3 Millionen sowjetische Kriegsgefangene kamen dabei um, annähernd 80.000 jüdische kriegsgefangene Angehörige der Roten Armee wurden ermordet, wobei Arbeitseinsätze sowjetischer Gefangener schon vor dem Führerbefehl vom 31. Oktober 1941 stattfanden, und - obwohl das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht OKW schon im März 1941 für die Wochen nach dem Überfall, den Sommer und Herbst 1941, mit zwei bis drei Millionen sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen gerechnet hatte - keine wenigstens einigermaßen ausreichenden Vorbereitungen für deren existenzsichernde Unterkunft und Versorgung getroffen worden waren, d.h. die Gefangenen kampierten überwiegend unter desaströsesten Bedingungen im Freien, mit absolut unzureichender Ernährung, schlechter Hygiene und kaum medizinischer Versorgung, so dass viele an Krankheiten wie Ruhr- und Fleckfieberepidemien umkamen, und wobei der Aggressor schon vor Kriegsbeginn im sogenannten Hungerplan den Hungertod so vieler sowjetischer Soldaten einkalkuliert hatte (Sterbelager), wobei Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene wurden auch in deutschen Konzentrationslagern inhaftiert wurden, etwa im KZ Sachsenhausen, und auf zahlreiche Arten ermordet wurden, wie z. B. mittels Genickschussanlage, Hängen, tödlicher Injektionen verschiedener Substanzen und Massenerschießungen (KZ Dachau, KZ Buchenwald), und wobei Menschenversuche mit sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen für das KZ Neuengamme (Tuberkulose) und für das KZ Auschwitz (Vergiftungsversuch an 600 Gefangenen mit Zyklon B) belegt sind, und wobei hunderttausende von ihnen heute � ebenso wie gefallene Soldaten der Roten Armee und sowjetische Zwangsarbeiter der NS-Zeit � auf sowjetischen Kriegsgräberstätten in Deutschland liegen z.B. in Schloß-Holte Stukenbrock, unzählige in Massengräbern verscharrt wurden und ihre Leichname teilweise nach und nach zum Vorschein kamen - 1941-1945 les crimes nazis contre les prisonniers de guerre soviétiques furent perpétrés par le 'Troisième Reich' pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en raison d'une véritable politique d'extermination, et ces exactions se situent à la suite de l'opération 'Barbarossa' sur le front de l'Est

21st century Sennegemeinde (Senne municipality) Hövelhof on the border with the 'Sennelager' military training area: Sennegemeinde (Senne municipality) Hövelhof 10km northwest of Paderborn on the border with the 'Sennelager' military training area, with 16,222 citizens in 2020, five schools and a library

Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region: Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, the largest metropolitan region with over 11 million inhabitants and the only megacity in Germany

September 2020 local elections in North Rhine-Westphalia: 13. September 2020 Kommunalwahlen in Nordrhein-Westfalen

History of Rhineland-Palatinate: History of Rhineland-Palatinate - Elections in Rhineland-Palatinate

1848-1849 German revolutions: Palatinate in the German revolutions of 1848�1849

2011 Rhineland-Palatinate state election: March 2011 Rhineland-Palatinate state election

March 2016: 13. März 2016 Landtagswahl in Rheinland-Pfalz

14 March 2021: 2021 Rhineland-Palatinate state election: 14 March 2021: 2021 Rhineland-Palatinate state election

May 2021 medial soldiers of fortune: Mai 2021: Abgeschaut von Lerche und Kuckuck versucht die 17. Januar Bande von deutschen und europäischen Glücksrittern, in der 2001-2021 Fortführung der Verbrechen dieser Bande zurückreichend bis 1914 und 1848/1871, und unter Täuschung des Publikums neues Unheil zu stiften, in dem sie nun am 8. May 2021 den Verbrechen der Hitlergeneräle Keitel, Guderian, Rommel etc. und ihres dazugehörigen Personals huldigen

Cities and municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate: Cities in Rhineland-Palatinate - Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate

Mainz city: Mainz city, the capital and largest city of Rhineland-Palatinate as most of the city is upstream of the Rhine before it flows west. The north of the city faces Wiesbaden, the capital of the neighbouring state Hesse, and the east the confluence of the Main. Mainz is an independent city with a population of 218,578 citizens in 2019 and today forms part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region. Mainz was founded by the Romans in the 1st century BC as a military fortress on the northernmost frontier of the empire and provincial capital of 'Germania Superior'. Mainz became an important city in the 8th century AD as part of the 'Holy Roman Empire', capital of the Electorate of Mainz and seat of the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, the Primate of Germany. Mainz is famous as the birthplace of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the movable-type printing press, who in the early 1450s manufactured his first books in the city, including the Gutenberg Bible. Mainz was heavily damaged in NSDAP ruled German empire's World War II 1939-1945, as more than 30 air raids by earlier attacked and ambushed democracies, now in defense destroying also important cities to protect their citizens. Mainz is notable as a transport hub, for wine production, and for its many rebuilt historic buildings

Timeline of Mainz since 13/12 BC, when Roman fort Mogontiacum built: Timeline of Mainz since 13/12 BC, when Roman fort Mogontiacum built

Au Moyen Âge les sites SchUM de Spire, Worms et Mayence à l'origine de la culture ashkénaze en Europe centrale: Seit dem 10. Jahrhundert bildeten sich am Rhein jüdische Gemeinden, in Mainz Mitte des 10. Jahrhunderts, in Worms um 1000 und in Speyer spätestens 1084, vermutlich durch die Ansiedlung jüdischer Fernhändler aus Italien und Frankreich entstanden die enge Verbindungen zueinander unterhielten. Anfang des 11. Jahrhunderts stand der aus Metz stammende Gelehrte Gerschom ben Jehuda einer Talmudakademie vor, die als religiöses und geistliches Zentrum in Aschkenas galt. Als Die Weisen von Speyer wird eine Gruppe der zehn berühmtesten Gelehrten der Talmudschule in Speyer bezeichnet, in einem Verbund SchUM, Schin für Schpira (Speyer), Waw für Warmaisa (Worms) und Mem für Magenza (Mainz), der seine herausragende Stellung in Aschkenas (d. h. Deutschland) betonte. Der Verbund beeinflusste die Architektur von Synagogen und Mikwaot (Mikwen), prägte zutiefst Kultur, religiöse Strömungen und die halachische Rechtsprechung der mittel- und osteuropäischen jüdischen Diaspora - Les sites SchUM de Spire, Worms et Mayence regroupent trois villes de la vallée du Rhin qui possédaient d'importantes communautés juives coopérant entre elles au Moyen Âge, et reconnues comme étant à l'origine de la culture ashkénaze en Europe centrale. La grande époque des SchUM se termine après quatre siècles vers 1350, puisque ces grandes communautés sont effacées par la grande peste noire et les massacres. Par la suite, d'autres petites communautés s'y sont établies mais elles n'ont jamais regagné l'importance de leurs prédécesseurs

20th century timeline of Mainz: Timeline of Mainz in the 20th century

In 1946 19th century closed university refounded in 1946 by the French military government after World Wars I and II: In 18th/19th century and since the 1790s after capture and recaptured by the Prussians, Mainz university activity came to a gradual standstill. Lectures in the department of medicine took place until 1823. Only the faculty of theology continued teaching during the 19th century, albeit as a theological Seminary (since 1877 'College of Philosophy and Theology'. The current Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz was founded in 1946 by the French occupying power. In a decree on 1 March the French military government implied that the University of Mainz would continue to exist: the University shall be 'enabled to resume its function'. The remains of warfare barracks erected in 1938 after the remilitarization of the Rhineland during the NSDAP ruled German empire served as the university's first buildings and are still in use today

21st century timeline of Mainz: Timeline of Mainz in the 21st century

March 2010 Cyclone Xynthia: 1 March 2010: Storms swept through western Europe at the weekend, killing three people in Spain, three in Germany and one each in Portugal and Belgium - 26 February 2010 - 7 March 2010 Cyclone Xynthia, an exceptionally violent European windstorm which crossed Western Europe

September 2010 inauguration of the new Synagogue of Mainz: 3 September 2010 inauguration of the new Synagogue of Mainz, the date of the anniversary of the inauguration of the old main synagogue of 1912 located in Mainz Neustadt. Due to controversial discussions regarding the street name, the location in the Hindenburgstraße was renamed as Synagogenplatz

27. Juli 2021, 31. Januar 2023 UNESCO zeichnet jüdisches Schum-Kulturstätten in Deutschland als Welterbe aus: 27. Juli 2021: Zum ersten Mal zeichnete die Unesco jüdisches Kulturgut in Deutschland aus, indem die begehrte Auszeichnung an die sogenannten Schum-Stätten Speyer, Worms und Mainz als eine Wiege des europäischen Judentums ging - 31. Januar 2023: Weltkulturerbe SchUM-Städtebund zwischen den jüdischen Gemeinden von Speyer, Worms und Mainz als bedeutendstes mittelalterliches Zentrum jüdischer Lehre in Europa durch die UNESCO offiziell in der Liste des Weltkulturerbes

Trier city: Trier city, located on the banks of the Moselle in Germany in a valley between low vine-covered hills of red sandstone in the west of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, near the border with Luxembourg and within the important Moselle wine region, founded by the Celts in the late 4th century BC as Treuorum and conquered 300 years later by the Roman empire, who renamed it 'Augusta Treverorum'

Education in Trier: Education in Trier

Economy and transportation in Trier: Economy and transportation in Trier

History and timeline of Trier: Timeline and history of Trier

Since ancient times Treveri Celtic tribe of the Belgae group: Treveri or Treviri, a Celtic tribe of the Belgae group who inhabited the lower valley of the Moselle from around 150 BCE, until their displacement by the Franks, as their domain lay within the southern fringes of the Ardennes Forest, a part of the vast Silva Carbonaria, in what are now Luxembourg, southeastern Belgium and western Germany, and as its centre was the city of Trier ( called Augusta Treverorum by the Roman empire), and as Celtic in language, according to Tacitus they claimed Germanic descent

898-1801 Electorate of Trier: 898-1801 Electorate of Trier, traditionally known in English by its French name of Trèves, was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed to the early 19th century, consisting of the temporal possessions of the prince-archbishop of Trier, also a prince-elector of the empire, along with the Elector of Cologne and the Elector of Mainz, among which the latter ranked first

16th century 'Witch Trials of Trier' in the diocese: 16th century 'Witch Trials of Trier', from 1581 to 1593 perhaps the biggest witch trials in European history, part of witch trials in Germany alongside the Fulda witch trials, the Würzburg witch trial, the Bamberg witch trials, and elsewhere, when in the diocese of Trier the 'trials' meant the death of at least 368 people, perhaps the biggest mass execution in Europe in peace time

Trier in the modern age, 1848 revolution, repression and 1871 second German Empire: Trier in the modern age, as during the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, Trier's city council sent a letter to the king of Prussia, demanding more civic liberties, as the lawyer Ludwig Simon was elected to represent Trier in the first German parliament in Frankfurt, as Prussian soldiers killed one citizen and wounded others escalating the situation, as the people of Trier hoisted black-red-gold flags as democratic symbols, rang the church bells, organized a militia and took away the signs of Prussian rule, as a second melée between demonstrators and soldiers, which left two citizens dead, led to a collective outburst of fury with people building barricades and waving the red flag, as there were even reports that a statue of the Prussian king was smashed into pieces and Trier was on the eve of a civil war, when the commander of the VIII Prussian army corps arrived and threatened to shell Trier, as - after being confronted with superior Prussian military power - the citizens gave up and removed the barricades, as some citizens were jailed for their democratic intentins, as Ludwig Simon emigrated like many others and died in Switzerland, and as Trier became part of the German Empire during the Prussian-led unification of Germany in 1871

May 2018 Karl Marx exposition: 5 mai 2018: Une exposition permanente a été inaugurée dans la matinée dans la maison natale de l'auteur du 'Capital' Karl Marx à Trèves, ville proche de la France et du Luxembourg où Marx a vu le jour le 5 mai 1818

1843 Karl Marx' frühe Texte: 1843 in Karl Marx' Kritik der 'Deutschen Ideogie' - in der 'Vormärz' Periode der deutscher Länder zwischen der Julirevolution 1830 und der Märzrevolution von 1848 (und andere im Europa der Jahre 1848-1851) - schreibt er in seiner Kritik zu Bruno Bauers Schrift 'Die Judenfrage' von 1843 - in der es heißt, daß die deutschen Juden 'die staatsbürgerliche, die politische Emanzipation' begehren -, daß 'erst in den nordamerikanischen Freistaaten - wenigstens in einem Teil derselben - die Judenfrage ihre theologische Bedeutung verliert und zu einer wirklich weltlichen Frage' wird. 'Mit der lebensfrische(n ... Existenz der Religion (sei) der Beweis geführt, daß das Dasein der Religion der Vollendung des Staats nicht widerspricht.' 'Die Religion gilt uns nicht mehr als der Grund, sondern nur noch als das Phänomen der weltlichen Beschränktheit'. Marx arbeitet sich gleichermaßen in seiner Kriik an der fast 2000-jährigen Geschichte und Tradition der Juden in Europa ab, die ihn als Sohn einer angesehenen jüdischen Rechtsanwaltsfamilie in Trier, der in der Folge der großen französichen Revolution 1789-1792 und der Judenemanzipation zum Christentum konvertiert war. Wie anderswo in Europa zuvor und insbesondere auf der iberischen Halbinsel, während und in Folge der 'Reconquista' der spanischen 'conquistadores'. Mit von ihnen besonders konsequent, brutal und bis ins 19./20. Jahrhundert praktizierter 'Inquisition', die vor allem auf konvertierte Juden zielte (und diese zu einem sehr kleinen Teil auch wohlhabend, weil sie ab Etablierung der christlichen Religion nach der Zerstörung Israels in 2 Jahrhunderten etwas später als Doktrin, als Staatsreligion des römischen und dann des Heiligen Römischen Reiches deutscher Nation' von 'ehrbaren' Berufen ausgeschlossen wurden, daher u.a. von Jesus als Christus nach seiner Kreuzigung durch das 'Imperium Romanum' verächtlich gemachte Tätigkeiten in Verbindung mit der Geldzirkulation ausübten und wohl gut verstanden hatten. Dieser Kontext wird in der August-Dezember 1843 Schrift von Marx, der im Juni 1843 Jenny von Westphalen in Bad Kreuznach standesamtlich heiratete, nur bruchstückhaft sichtbar, u.a. wegen der damaligen Quellenlage, wegen anderer Schwerpunkte der publizistischen Arbeit des jungen Wissenschaftlers, der bedeutend später in Bemerkungen über anstehende Arbeiten ausdrücklich den individuellen Reproduktionsprozeß der gesellschaftlichen Individuen anspricht (im Unterschied zum gesellschaftlichen Reproduktionspozeß und den er wegen des enormen Aufwands für die Formulierung seines Hauptwerks vernachlässigen mußte), wie auch ethnologische Studien auflistet

1845/1846 'Kommunismus' die wirkliche Bewegung, welche den jetzigen Zustand aufhebt: Der Kommunismus ist für uns nicht ein Zustand, der hergestellt werden soll, ein Ideal, wonach die Wirklichkeit sich zu richten haben [wird]. Wir - Marx, Engels and colleagues - nennen Kommunismus die wirkliche Bewegung, welche den jetzigen Zustand aufhebt, 'Die deutsche Ideologie' 1845/46 unveröffentlicht - According to some scientiests in the 20th and 21st centuries programmatic terms of a classless society first emerged in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome has also been discussed, among them thinkers such as Aristotele, Cicero, Demosthenes, Plato, Tacitus, as the 5th-century Mazdak movement in Persia has been described as communistic for challenging the enormous privileges of the noble classes and the clergy, criticizing the institution of private property, and striving to create an egalitarian society, as in the Medieval Christian Church communities shared their land and their other property, and as an economic system 'communism' was attractive to many of the peasants who supported social revolution in 16th century central Europe (among others highlighted in one of Karl Marx's early writing), as in the early 19th century, various social reformers founded communities based on common ownership (including Robert Owen, who founded New Harmony, Indiana in 1825, and Charles Fourier, whose followers organized other settlements in the USA), in its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe, and as the 'Industrial Revolution' advanced socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions (including Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, working at the mill owned by his father in Manchester as an office clerk, working his way up to become a partner of the firm in 1864, tied together with Mary Burns, a fierce young Irish woman who worked in the Engels factory, while Engels regarded stable monogamy as a virtue, and Burns guided Engels through Manchester and Salford, showing him the worst districts for his research)

1849-1883 Karl and Jenny Marx' family in London: 1849-1883 Karl and Jenny Marx' family in London

London 1867 Karl Marx - Ware und Geld und der Produktionsprozeß des Kapitals: 1867 Karl Marx: Der Produktionsprozeß des Kapitals, Erster Abschnitt Ware und Geld, Dietz Verlag 1968 - 'Die Bourgeoisie hatte in Frankreich und England politische Macht erobert. Von da an gewann der Klassenkampf, praktisch und theoretisch, mehr und mehr ausgesprochne und drohende Formen. Er läutete die Totenglocke der wissenschaftlichen bürgerlichen Ökonomie. Es handelte sich jetzt nicht mehr darum, ob dies oder jenes Theorem wahr sei, sondern ob es dem Kapital nützlich oder schädlich, bequem oder unbequem, ob polizeiwidrig oder nicht. An die Stelle uneigennütziger Forschung trat bezahlte Klopffechterei, an die Stelle unbefangner wissenschaftlicher Untersuchung das böse Gewissen und die schlechte Absicht der Apologetik'

Ab 1875 studierte Marx weitere, darunter neuere, Literatur zur Entwicklung der Menschheit und von Elementen der Produktivkraft ihrer Arbeit im umfassenderen Sinne. Dieser große Themenkreis einer wissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung entsprach auch Engels� Plan, ein Werk über die Dialektik der Natur schreiben zu wollen. Probleme zum Zusammenhang des Physischen und des Psychischen, der physischen, chemischen und biotischen Hauptformen der Materie, der Existenz, Umwandlung und Nutzung von Stoffen und Energien sowie der Herausbildung und Entwicklung der Menschheit fanden Marx� wissenschaftliches Interesse. Es ging dabei auch um die von Thomas Malthus 1815 wiederholt in die öffentliche Diskussion gebrachte wichtige Frage, wie viel Menschen auf der Erde ernährt werden können. So studierte Marx zwischen Januar 1875 und Februar 1876 die sozialökonomische und politische Entwicklung Russlands nach den Reformen der 1860er und Anfang der 1870er Jahre, von März bis Juni 1876 Probleme der Physiologie und der Geschichte der Technik und von Mai bis Dezember 1876 die Geschichte des Grundeigentums sowie Probleme der europäischen und außereuropäischen Rechts- und Verfassungsgeschichte

Die gedankliche Fassung und Darstellung der Probleme des Zirkulationsprozesses des Kapitals im zweiten Buch des �Kapitals� hingegen scheint Marx sehr schwer gefallen zu sein, wie die 8 Manuskripte bezeugen, die er dazu bis Anfang 1880 erarbeitet hat (Manuskripte V-VIII davon seit April 1877 entstanden) � und zwar noch keineswegs druckreif. Es ging darum, welche inneren, wesentlichen und allgemeinen Zusammenhänge entstehen, wenn der nach Abschluss des unmittelbaren Produktionsprozesses der in den hergestellten Waren verkörperte Wert (einschließlich Mehrwert) in möglichst kurzer Zeit erfolgreich realisiert, d.h. die Warenform des Kapitals in die Geldform verwandelt werden soll, um reproduzieren, also ununterbrochen produzieren zu können. Die Orte des wirtschaftlichen Geschehens sind in diesem Zusammenhang vor allem das Kontor (Büro, Buchhaltung, Verwaltung, Management bzw. Werkleitung) des Unternehmens und die Märkte.

June 1870 until May 1871 in London 'Adresse(n) des Generalrats der IAA', and first 'an das Romanische Föderalkomitee in Genf': 29. Juni 1870 in London Adresse des Generalrats der Internationalen Arbeiterassoziation IAA an das Romanische Föderalkomitee in Genf, und 1870 weitere Adresss der IAA die Schweiz betreffend, einschließlich 5. Juli 1870 'Die Aussperrung der Bauarbeiter in Genf' (also cocerning UK/Switzerland relations and achievements of the english labor movement) avant la guerre juillet 1870 - janvier 1871 guerre franco-allemande, la défaite de Napoléon III, la chute du Second Empire, 1871 siège de Paris, l'achèvement de l'unité italienne après la prise de Rome en septembre 1870, 'l'unité' allemande et 'Second Empire', l'insurrection de la Commune de Paris combattue puis écrasée avec l'accord des Prussiens lors de la 'Semaine sanglante' (21-28 mai) par le gouvernement investi par l'Assemblée nationale, qui était replié à Versailles depuis le 18 mars

Von Januar 1875 bis Februar 1876 studierte Marx die sozialökonomische und politische Entwicklung Russlands nach den Reformen der 1860er und Anfang der 1870er Jahre, von März bis Juni 1876 Probleme der Physiologie und der Geschichte der Technik und von Mai bis Dezember 1876 die Geschichte des Grundeigentums sowie Probleme der europäischen und außereuropäischen Rechts- und Verfassungsgeschichte

10. April 1979 Karl Marx' Brief an Nikolai F. Danielson, der die 3 Bände des Kapital ins Russische übersetzte: Marx-Engels-Werke Band 34: Briefe Januar 1875 - Dezember 1880, mit 10. April 1979 Karl Marx' Brief an Nikolai F. Danielson, der die 3 Bände des Kapital ins Russische übersetzte: 'Ich hätte unter keinen Umständen den zweiten Band (MEW 24 Der Zirkulationsprozeß des Kapital) veröffentlicht, ehe die augenblickliche industrielle Krise in England ihren Höhepunkt erreicht hat. Die Phänomene sind diesmal ganz eigenartig, sie unterscheiden sich in vieler Beziehung von den früheren, und dies - ganz abgesehen von anderen modifizierenden Umständen - erklärt sich leicht durch die Tatsache, daß niemals zuvor der englischen Krise ungeheuere und jetzt fast schon fünf Jahre andauernde Krisen in den Vereinigten Staaten, Südamerika, Deutschland, Osterreich usw. vorausgingen. Man muß also den gegenwärtigen Verlauf beobachten, bis die Dinge ausgereift sind, dann erst kann man sie 'produktiv konsumieren', das heißt 'theoretisch'. Eine der Besonderheiten des augenblicklichen Zustandes ist diese: Es fanden, wie Sie wissen, Bankkrachs in Schottland und in einigen englischen Grafschaften, hauptsächlich in den westlichen (Cornwall und Wales) statt. Doch das wirkliche Zentrum des Geldmarkts - nicht nur des Vereinigten Königreiches, sondern der Welt -, London, ist bis jetzt nur wenig berührt worden. Im Gegenteil, von wenigen Ausnahmen abgesehen, haben die großen Aktienbanken, wie die Bank von England, bisher von der allgemeinen Flaute nur profitiert. Und was diese Flaute edeutet, können Sie schließen aus der völligen Hoffnungslosigkeit des englischen kommerziellen und industriellen Philisters, jemals wieder bessere Zeiten zu sehen. Ich habe so etwas noch nicht erlebt, bin noch nie Zeuge einer ähnlichen Kopflosigkeit gewesen, obwohl ich 1857 und 1866 in London war.'

Novewmber 1887 'Bloody Sunday' in London and brutal treatment of women activists: 13 Novewmber 1887 'Bloody Sunday' in London and brutal treatment of women activists, when marchers protesting about unemployment and coercion in Ireland, as well as demanding the release of MP William O'Brien, clashed with the Metropolitan Police and the British Army, as the period from 1885 to 1906 was one of Tory dominance and 'coercion Acts' against rural unrest in Ireland, involving various degrees of suspension of civil rights in the wider context of 'Long Depression', starting in 1873 and lasting almost to the end of the century, a worldwide price and economic recession and the most severe in Europe and the USA, which had been experiencing strong economic growth fueled by the Second Industrial Revolution in the decade following USA's abolishment of slavery by A. Lincoln, southern states rebellion and war, as the episode was labeled the 'Great Depression' at the time - Along with many other leading Socialists, Karl Marx's daughter Eleanor Marx took an active role in organizing the London demonstration of 13 November 1887, as several other demonstrations followed in the aftermath, and Eleanor Marx wrote a report on the brutal treatment of women activists and protestors at the hands of police, decrying their actions of targeting women

1893 Independent Labour Party ILP and Marx/Aveling's goal of shifting the ILP's positions towards 'system of criticism of political economy': In 1893 the Independent Labour Party ILP was founded. Eleanor Marx attended the conference as an observer, while her husband Aveling was a delegate, but their goal of shifting the ILP's positions towards 'system of criticism of political economy' failed, with the party remaining under a strong Christian socialist influence, as in 1897, Marx and Aveling re-joined the Social Democratic Federation, like most former members of the Socialist League - Wie der amerikanische Unabhängigkeitskrieg des 18. Jahrhunderts die Sturmglocke für die europäische Mittelklasse läutete, so der amerikanische Bürgerkrieg des 19. Jahrhunderts für die europäische Arbeiterklasse. In England ist der Umwälzungsprozeß mit Händen greifbar. Auf einem gewissen Höhepunkt muß er auf den Kontinent rückschlagen. Dort wird er sich in brutaleren oder humaneren Formen bewegen, je nach dem Entwicklungsgrad der Arbeiterklasse selbst. Von höheren Motiven abgesehn, gebietet also den jetzt herrschenden Klassen ihr eigenstes Interesse die Wegräumung aller gesetzlich kontrollierbaren Hindernisse, welche die Entwicklung der Arbeiterklasse hemmen. Ich habe deswegen u.a. der Geschichte, dem Inhalt und den Resultaten der englischen Fabrikgesetzgebung einen so ausführlichen Platz in diesem Bande eingeräumt. Eine Nation soll und kann von der andern lernen. Auch wenn eine Gesellschaft dem Naturgesetz ihrer Bewegung auf die Spur gekommen ist - und es ist der letzte Endzweck dieses Werks, das ökonomische Bewegungsgesetz der modernen Gesellschaft zu enthüllen -, kann sie naturgemäße Entwicklungsphasen weder überspringen noch wegdekretieren. Aber sie kann die Geburtswehen abkürzen und mildern. - Seit 1830 und den gescheiterten europäischen Revolutionen 1848-51 hatte die 'Bourgeoisie ... in Frankreich und England politische Macht erobert. Von da an gewann der Klassenkampf, praktisch und theoretisch, mehr und mehr ausgesprochne und drohende Formen. Er läutete die Totenglocke der wissenschaftlichen bürgerlichen Ökonomie. Es handelte sich jetzt nicht mehr darum, ob dies oder jenes Theorem wahr sei, sondern ob es dem Kapital nützlich oder schädlich, bequem oder unbequem, ob polizeiwidrig oder nicht. An die Stelle uneigennütziger Forschung trat bezahlte Klopffechterei, an die Stelle unbefangner wissenschaftlicher Untersuchung das böse Gewissen und die schlechte Absicht der Apologetik. Indes selbst die zudringlichen Traktätchen, welche die Anti-Corn-Law League, mit den Fabrikanten Cobden und Bright an der Spitze, in die Welt schleuderte, boten, wenn kein wissenschaftliches, doch ein historisches Interesse durch ihre Polemik gegen die grundeigentümliche Aristokratie. Auch diesen letzten Stachel zog die Freihandelsgesetzgebung seit Sir Robert Peel der Vulgärökonomie aus

District ('Landkreis') of Ahrweiler and Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler city: Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler ist eine verbandsfreie Stadt und Sitz der Kreisverwaltung des Landkreises (district) Ahrweiler im nördlichen Rheinland-Pfalz. Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler ist ein staatlich anerkanntes Heilbad - Landkreis Ahrweiler, Gebietskörperschaft mit 130.479 Einwohnern in 2020 im Norden von Rheinland-Pfalz. Sitz der Kreisverwaltung und zugleich bevölkerungsreichste Kommune ist die verbandsfreie Stadt Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler

Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler city: Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler und Geschichte im 20. und 21. jahrhundert. Beim schweren Hochwasser im Juli 2021 kam es zu erheblichen Schäden an der Infrastruktur. So wurden mit einer Ausnahme alle Ahr-Brücken der Stadt � darunter die Casinobrücke und die Kurgartenbrücke � zerstört. Uferbereiche wurden mitgerissen, so dass auch angrenzende Straßen beschädigt wurden. Zu schweren Beschädigungen kam es an der Spielbank, dem Thermalbadehaus, dem Saunagarten der Ahr-Thermen, dem Kurgarten, dem Dahliengarten und mehreren Hotels. Der Friedhof am Ahrtor wurde teilweise zerstört

Ahr river and Ahr valley (Ahrtal): Ahr river and a left tributary of the Rhine. Its source is at an elevation of approximately 470 metres above sea level in Blankenheim in the Eifel, in the cellar of a timber-frame house near the castle of Blankenheim. After 18km it crosses from North Rhine-Westphalia into Rhineland-Palatinate, and then the Ahr flows through Ahr valley or Ahrtal, passing through the towns of Schuld, Altenahr and Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler. Between Remagen and Sinzig (south of Bonn), at about 50m above sea level, it flows into the Rhine. The length is roughly 89 kilometres, of which 68 kilometres is within Rhineland-Palatinate

History of Ahrweiler district since ancient times and in the 21st century: History of Ahrweiler district, as the region was conquered by the Romans under military leader Julius Caesar about 50 BC. Some hundred years later the Roman fort of Rigomagus (Gaulish for 'king's field') was founded, later to become the city of Remagen. The Vinxtbach, a narrow brook and an affluent of the Rhine, was defined as the borderline between the Roman provinces of 'Germania superior' and 'Germania inferior', as later during the middle ages towns were first mentioned in the 9th century, among them Sinzig and the eponymous village of Ahrweiler, first noted in the Land Register of the Abbey of Prüm in the 9th century - Jewish history in Ahrweiler town, as from the 13th century and on, there was a considerable Jewish community in Ahrweiler. In the 14th century, the Jews of the town traded in salt and wine, but the Jewish community - after the NSDAP came to power - were all taken away and relocated, some to concentration camps after 1933. No member of this community ever returned to Ahrweiler, and today, the town's old synagogue that was desecrated during 1938 Kristallnacht, is used for art displays - 21. Jahrhundert Geschichte des Landkreises Ahrweiler (history of Ahrweiler district in the 21st century)

Since 1844 history and operations of the Ahr Valley Railway: History and operations of the Ahr Valley Railway, that began as a branch line of the West Rhine Railway (Linke Rheinstrecke), built up the Rhine from Cologne to Rolandseck via Bonn between 1844 and 1856, and later extended to Bingerbrück via Remagen and Koblenz

Remagen town in the district of Ahrweiler: Remagen town in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in the district of Ahrweiler. It is about a one-hour drive from Cologne, just south of Bonn, the former West German capital. It is situated on the left (western) bank of the river Rhine. There is a ferry across the Rhine from Remagen every 10�15 minutes in the summer. Remagen has many notable and well-maintained buildings, churches, castles and monuments - Remagen, eine verbandsfreie Stadt im Landkreis Ahrweiler in Rheinland-Pfalz, am linken Ufer des Mittelrheins gelegen. Sie grenzt im Norden an den Stadtbezirk Bad Godesberg der Bundesstadt Bonn. Remagen ist Standort des RheinAhrCampus. Bekannt wurde Remagen durch die am 7. März 1945 von der US-Army eingenommene Ludendorff-Brücke (Brücke von Remagen)

History of Remagen since ancient times and the rise of the Roman Empire: History of Remagen since ancient times and the rise of the Roman Empire, also invading European regions northern of the alps to establish colonies, also ever hunting for slaves to expand empire's and Rome's economy, wealth and power

7-25 March 1945 Battle of Remagen during the Allied invasion and liberation of Germany: 7-25 March 1945 Battle of Remagen during the Allied invasion of Germany, resulting in the unexpected capture of the 'Ludendorff Bridge' since German empire's WWI 1914-1918 - constructed between 1916 and 1919, using Russian prisoners of war as labour and built to help deliver reinforcements and supplies to the German troops on the Western Front - over the Rhine

Altenahr town: Altenahr town. a municipality in the district of Ahrweiler in Rhineland-Palatinate and the administrative centre for the eponymous collective municipality, to which it belongs. Altenahr is a state-recognised tourist resort and is ranked as a Grundzentrum for state planning purposes

Altenahr Verbandsgemeinde ('collective municipality') in the district of Ahrweiler: Altenahr Verbandsgemeinde ('collective municipality') in the district of Ahrweiler, consisting of 12 Ortsgemeinden, as the seat of the municipality is in Altenahr

Since March 2019 new mayor of Altenahr collective municipality: 10.03.2019 Wahl der Bürgermeisterin der Verbandsgemeinde Altenahr, bei der BM Cornelia Weigand (SPD/Grüne') mit 60,9% der Stimmen gewählt wurde - 16.07.2021: Appell der Bürgermeisterin von Altenahr Cornelia Weigand zu dringlich notwendiger Soforthilfe und Ende September 2021 zu den neuen Richtlinien zum Wiederaufbau im Ahrtal

Neighbouring municipalities, climate of Altenahr and 2021 floods: Neighbouring municipalities of Altenahr, as the town borders on the following neighbouring municipalities, listed clockwise from the north including Kalenborn, Grafschaft, Mayschoß, Ahrbrück, Lind and Berg. The climate, precipitations and weather timeline of Ahr Valley towns includes February as the driest month, the greatest amount of rain falls in July. However, in general the level of precipitation varies little and is evenly distributed over the year. Altenahr town was almost entirely submerged during the 2021 European floods

Summer and July 2021 European and German flooding: 17 July 2021: During the summer 2021 European and German flooding, images before and after the precipitation show a never seen extent of flood damage from the Ahr and Eifel regions, as quaint villages of half-timbered houses scattered across narrow valleys have now been destroyed. - 17 July 2021: DW's Kate Martyr reports from the region and from Sinzig town, as residents say there was little warning - 22 September 2021: Heavy rains swept across western Germany in the summer 2021, as the states of Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westphalia were particularly hard hit, as were the neighboring countries of the Netherlands and Belgium in one of the region's worst natural catastrophes in recent generations, as many people died and many more lost their homes and belongings

Koblenz city: Koblenz city on the banks of the Rhine and of the Moselle, a multi-nation tributary. as Koblenz was established as a Roman military post by Drusus around 8 B.C. Its name originates from the Latin word confluentes. Today it ranks in population behind Mainz and Ludwigshafen am Rhein to be the third-largest city in Rhineland-Palatinate. Its usual-residents' population is 112,000 citizens in 2015. Koblenz lies in a narrow flood plain between high hill ranges, some reaching mountainous height, and is served by an express rail and autobahn network.

Economy of Koblenz: Economy of Koblenz

Since 1990 University of Koblenz and Landau: Since 1990 University of Koblenz and Landau, a public university

Politics of Koblenz: Politics of Koblenz

Prior to 19th century timeline of Koblenz: Timeline of Koblenz since 9 BCE

20th century timeline of Koblenz and German empire's world wars: After World War I, France occupied the area once again. The city was the center of USA's occupation force from 1919 - 1923. In defiance of the French, the German populace of the city insisted on using the more German spelling of Koblenz after 1926. During 1939-45 World War II it hosted the command of German Army Group B and, like many counterparts, was heavily bombed and rebuilt afterwards. From 16�19 March 1945, it was the scene of heavy fighting by the USA 87th Infantry Division in support of Operation Lumberjack. Between 1947 and 1950, it served as the seat of government of Rhineland-Palatinate.

21st century timeline of Koblenz: 21st century timeline of Koblenz

13 January 2022 court jails former Syrian Assad regime's intelligence officer A. Raslan for life: 13 January 2022 after his arrest in 2014, former Syrian Assad regime's colonel Anwar Raslan - who led a unit of regimes's General Intelligence Directorate -, is sentenced by a German court to life in prison, after prosecutors had accused Anwar Raslan of 58 murders in a Damascus prison where they say at least 4,000 opposition activists were tortured in 2011 and 2012 - Das Oberlandesgericht in Koblenz hat am Donnerstag den früheren syrischen Geheimdienstoffizier Anwar Raslan der Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit schuldig befunden, und verurteilte ihn zu lebenslanger Haft. Der Prozess wurde unter dem Weltrechtsprinzip geführt, das es ermöglicht, in Deutschland auch schwere Straftaten in Drittstaaten zur Anklage zu bringen. - Ende Januar 2014 veröffentlichten der britische 'The Guardian' und der Sender 'CNN' Informationen über einen Bericht von HRW, der sich auf Aussagen eines nach eigenen Angaben übergelaufenen syrischen Polizei-Fotografen stützt. Er habe alleine Bilder von 11.000 toten Häftlingen, die er selbst fotografiert habe, auf Datenträgern aus dem Land geschmuggelt. Einige der toten Häftlinge auf den Bildern hatten keine Augen mehr, andere seien augenscheinlich stranguliert oder mit Elektroschocks getötet worden. Viele Gefangene seien ausgemergelt gewesen, andere zeigten Spuren von Schlägen mit Stangen oder anderen Gegenständen.

'Neustadt an der Weinstraße': 'Neustadt an der Weinstraße' town in Rhineland-Palatinate with 53,300 inhabitants as of 2020, it is the largest German town called 'Neustadt'. The town lies in the western park of the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region between the Haardt mountains, the eastern edge of the Palatinate Forest, and the western edge of the Upper Rhine Plain in the middle of the Palatinate wine region, an area that is around 10km wide and 85km long. The Speyerbach river flows through the town from west to east as does the Rehbach, which separates from the Speyerbach within the town at the Winzinger 'Wassergescheid' before emptying into the River Rhine several kilometres further north than the Speyerbach.

History, culture, structures of 'Neustadt an der Weinstraße': History, culture, and structures of 'Neustadt an der Weinstraße', as Neustadt's main attraction is its historic Altstadt or Old Town. Outside the residential areas there are palaces and castles including the Hambach Castle, considered a symbol of the German democracy movement because of the 'Hambacher Fest' which occurred here in 1832. On 6 December 2002 Gunter Demnig has laid 41 so-called Stolpersteine, metal paving stones, in memory of the Jewish victims of Nazism, on 10 March 2013 the memorial site to Nazi victims was opened.

History of Saarland: History of Saarland - Elections in Saarland

March 2012 Saarland state election: 25 March 2012 Saarland state election - 25 March 2012: Provisional official results of the 25 March state poll - CDU 35,2%, SPD 30,6%, Linke 16,1%, Piraten 7,4%, Grüne 5% and the FDP is now the 1,2% party and is kicked out - 9. Mai 2012: Ministerpräsidentin Kramp-Karrenbauer an der Spitze einer CDU/SPD-Koalition im Amt bestätigt

March 2017 Saarland state election: 26 March 2017 Saarland state election - 26. März 2017 Landtagswahl im Saarland

Saarbrücken city: Saarbrücken city, the capital and largest city of the state of Saarland, and its administrative, commercial and cultural centre, next to the French border

History and timeline of Saarbrücken: History and timeline of Saarbrücken

History of Saxony: History of Saxony - Elections in Saxony

1848-1849 Saxony in the German revolutions: Saxony in the German revolutions of 1848�1849

August 2014 Saxony state election: 31 August 2014 Saxony state election - 31 August 2014: Christian Democrats win nearly 40% of the vote, breakthrough of eurosceptics and right-leaning rival AfD

June 2019 local election in Goerlitz: 17 June 2019: CDU's Octavian Ursu, who came to Germany from Romania in 1990, received 55.1% of the vote in Sunday�s election in Goerlitz, as opponent AfD's Sebastian Wippel received 44.9% according to preliminary results

September 2019 Saxony state election: 1 September 2019 Saxony state election

Dresden city: Dresden city, the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig - Education in Dresden

Economy of Dresden: Economy of Dresden

Timeline of Dresden: Timeline of Dresden

1206 first documentation of Dresden: 1206 first documentation of Dresden

July 1760 siege of Dresden by Prussian army: July 1760 Siege of Dresden during the Third Silesian War, part of the Seven Years' War, when a Prussian force led by Frederick unsuccessfully besieged the city of Dresden in Saxony

July 1807 Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw: July 1807 Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw promulgated by Napoleon in Dresden

August 1813 Battle of Dresden part of Napoleonic Wars: August 1813 Battle of Dresden, a major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, but the Sixth Coalition felt emboldened in their quest to expel the French from Central Europe, as Napoleon's victory did not lead to the collapse of the coalition, and the lack of effective French cavalry units, caused by a very heavy loss of French soldiers and horses during 1812 French invasion of Russia, precluded a major pursuit, and days after the battle, the Allies surrounded and captured a French corps at the Battle of Kulm

May 1849 Dresden uprising and failure: May 1849 Uprising took place in Dresden, one of the last of the series of events known as the Revolutions of 1848, as from 1849 the German states saw a sharp rise in emigration as thousands deserted their homeland for political reasons, fearing for their lives, many of them artists, writers and other well-educated, prominent members of society, after the revolution had only a slight effect on the political system, in that the nobility lost some of its power in the lower house, but otherwise was a complete failure

1842-1849 composer, theatre director, polemicist Richard Wagner in Dresden: 1842-1849 German composer, theatre director, polemicist Richard Wagner in Dresden, as unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works

Since 1840s composer and writer Richard Wagner's anti-Semitism: Since 1840s composer and writer Richard Wagner notoriously believed that music could be 'Jewish', and indeed he used the title Jewishness in Music (Das Judentum in der Musik) for the most influential of all his anti-Semitic essays. Wagner�s (social background was) the world of the nineteenth-century bourgeois and liberal. 'It is not legitimate historically to read him with hindsight - that cardinal historical sin � in the appalling light of the unimaginable world that emerged after the First World War - a world of violent social revolution and political murder, a world brutalized and barbarized by the experience of the war and defeat of 1918, a world in which mass industrial death had become conceivable and which opened the way to the Holocaust. Wagner died in 1883, a full six years before Hitler was even born. How could Wagner have possibly imagined that his nationalism could lead to the 'Third Reich', and his anti-Semitism to the Holocaust?' - Paul Lawrence Rose in 'Anti-Semitism in Music: Wagner and the Origins of the Holocaust', 2007. Studies in European Culture and History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York - after Rose in his earlier book 'Wagner. Race and Revolution' exlained how Wagner experienced an epiphany in 1847�1850. 2 During these years, he converted to revolutionism; he embraced political, social, and human revolution and liberation; he revolutionized his art; and he adopted a new kind of fanatical 'revolutionary' anti-Semitism

February 1945 bombing of Dresden in Nazi Germany's World War II: February 1945 bombing of Dresden in Nazi Germany's World War II - 27 March 1945 last day of German V-2 rocket attacks on London, as one hits Hughes Mansions, Stepney, killing 134 citizens, as the last falls in Orpington with one fatality, and as more than 2,700 people died across London and more than 6,500 people were injured as a result of German rockets in their second World War in the 20th century - March 1945 end of the German V-1 attacks against England and assessment of German Blitz and V-1 attacks

Since April 1946 Sächsische Zeitung: Since April 1946 'Sächsische Zeitung', a regional German daily newspaper published in Dresden

Since 1961 Technical University of Dresden: Since 1961 Technical University of Dresden, as of the 20,620 students from Saxony, 12,351 or 59.9% were from Dresden, and as there were 3,442 international students enrolled at the TU Dresden in 2005/2006, with most of the foreign students coming from Europe 1,527, followed by Asia 1,404, and America 170

1989-1991 Monday demonstrations in Leipzig and East Germany: 1989-1991 Monday demonstrations in East Germany, a series of peaceful political protests against the government of the German Democratic Republic that took place in towns and cities all around the country on various days of the week

1992 Soviet forces withdrawn including KGB's Vladimir Putin: In 1992 Soviet forces withdrawn from Saxony and Dresden, including later Russian war criminal Vladimir Putin, who was stationed in Dresden by the KGB 1985-1990, and is admired and supported by German neo-Nazi linked AfD party since its foundations in 2013

Since 1999/2001 'Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics' in Dresden: Since 1999/2001 'Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics', a biology research institute located in Dresden founded in 1998 and fully operational in 2001 with more than twenty research groups work in molecular biology, cell biology, developmental biology, biophysics, and systems biology supported by various facilities - 2 September 2022: British cell biologist Anthony Hyman discovered a completely new state of biological matter that will help prevent diseases

August 2002 Dresden received significant damage amid European floods: August 2002 European floods, as Dresden received significant damage when the Elbe River reached an all-time high of 9.4 meters and Germany was the hardest hit, with over two-thirds of the flood's total losses

Since 2010 Dresden anti-fascist protests: Since 2010 Dresden anti-fascist protests against 'Pegida' movenment and AfD

February 2020 refugee Mozon al-Mleihan fleeing bombing and shelling to Jordan and the UK wins Dresden Peace Prize: 12 February 2020: Mozon al-Mleihan, who fled from the city of Daraa in Syria�s southwest because of the bombing and shelling, arrived with her family arrived in 2013 to the Zaatari camp in Jordan and now lives in the UK, has been awarded the Dresden Peace Prize for her work with children and education, reports Arab-Europe

10 December 2022 a hostage situation is under way in the eastern city of Dresden: 10 December 2022: A hostage situation is under way in the eastern city of Dresden following reports of shots being fired on Saturday morning, as police urged people to avoid an area in the city centre and ordered the Christmas market to remain closed. Radio Dresden earlier reported that shots had been fired at a building near the main train station. - 10 December 2022: German authorities said they had ended a suspected hostage-taking in the eastern city of Dresden on Saturday, as the suspected hostage taker died of the injuries he sustained during the police operation to free the two hostages, who were unharmed

Leipzig city: Leipzig, the most populous city in the German state of Saxony, with a population of 600,000 inhabitants in 2019 Germany's eighth most populous city - Education in Leipzig

Economy of Leipzig: Economy of Leipzig

Since 1082 timeline of Leipzig: Timeline of Leipzig since 1082

Since the 12th century (at least) Thomaskirche: At the current site of the 'Thomaskirche' (from the Aramaic ta'am, from Hebrew t'óm, meaning 'twin') there has been a church at least since the 12th century, as foundations of a Romanesque building have been discovered in the choir and crossing of the current church - 1st century 'Didache' ('Teaching'), also known as 'The Lord's Teaching Through the Twelve Apostles' to the Nations, a brief anonymous early Christian treatise written in Koine Greek, dated by modern scholars to the first century - Likely prior to the Diocletian reform in AD 293, Roman Gaul Gallican Rite, a historical version of Christian liturgy and other ritual practices in Western Christianity, as rites first developed in the early centuries as the Syriac-Greek rites of Jerusalem and Antioch and were first translated into Latin in various parts of the Western Roman Empire Praetorian prefecture of Gaul - Ambrosian chant (also known as Milanese chant), the liturgical plainchant repertory of the Ambrosian rite (Ambrosius c. 340 � 397) of the Roman Catholic Church, introducing hymnody from the Eastern Church to the West, distinct from Gregorian chant - Mozarabic Rite developed before and during the Visigothic period 418-721, officially called the Hispano-Mozarabic Rite, a liturgical rite of the Latin Church once used generally in the Iberian Peninsula, in what is now Spain and Portugal - Dissemination and hegemony of Gregorian chant, that appeared in a remarkably uniform state across Europe within a short time, after Charlemagne, once elevated to Holy Roman Emperor, aggressively spread Gregorian chant throughout his empire to consolidate religious and secular power, requiring the clergy to use the new repertory on pain of death - Augustinians, Christian religious orders following the Rule of Saint Augustine, who developped a conception of 'original sin', emerging in the 3rd century and fully formed with the writings of Augustine of Hippo, becoming the first author to use the phrase 'original sin', as there are two distinct types of Augustinians in Catholic religious orders in the Middle Ages - Since 592 Benedictines, a monastic religious order of the Catholic Church following the Rule of Saint Benedict - Seit der Mitte des 9. Jahrhunderts entwickelte sich in europäischen Klöstern eine neue Art der Musikschrift für den gregorianischen Choral mit Neumen, welche man über den Text notierte zur Verbildlichung der Winkbewegungen des Chorleiters oder des Sängers (griechisch 'neuma'), wobei die älteste Quelle dieser Notation sich in der Musica disciplina von Aurelian von Réôme um 850 findet, unter Verweis auf die 'Musica Albini' (vor 800), diese unter Berufung auf die alten griechischen Autoren (graeca lingua auctorem) mit Darstellung von acht Tonarten, vier Grundtonarten ('authenticum'), und aus den vorherigen abgeleitet ('Plagi'), identisch mit der später zunächst aus acht Kirchentonarten bestehenden Tonordnung mit I. Dorisch, II. Hypodorisch, III. Phrygisch etc. - Der linienlosen adiastematischen Neumennotation wurden allmählich Linien hinzugefügt, zunächst zwei farbige Notenlinien für die Töne f und c, um die Halbtonschritte e�f und h�c zu markieren, dann, um auch die Tonschritte zwischen den Linien genau zu erfassen, fügte der Benediktinermönch, Musiktheoretiker und Lehrer Guido von Arezzo (992 in der Gegend von Paris - Mai 1050 in Avellana) zu Beginn des 11. Jahrhunderts zwischen die f- und die c-Linie eine dritte Linie ein, und das Terzliniensystem, mit dem sich jeder diatonische Schritt genau bezeichnen lässt, war erfunden, ergänzt durch den Rat über oder unter die drei Linien eine vierte Linie zu setzen, dann verwendete Guido statt der Farben Buchstaben (c oder f) am Beginn eines Systems, um eine der Halbtonpositionen zu markieren, der Notenschlüssel war erfunden, und im praktischen Unterricht erfand Guido ergänzend die relative Solmisation, in der sowohl der Halbtonschritt mi-fa (oder e�f) als auch der Halbtonschritt si-do (h�c) mit den immer gleichen Tonsilben 'mi�fa' gesungen wird - Since 1123 celibacy was first required of some clerics of the Catholic Church at the First Lateran Council, as - because clerics resisted it - the celibacy mandate was restated at the Second Lateran Council in 1139 and the Council of Trent 1545�64, as Judaism - the religion of Jesus from Nazareth and reportedly the son of Maria and Joseph - strongly opposes celibacy - Seit dem 11. Jahrhundert und seit 1170 eröffnet die Notation komponierter Musik den Weg zur 'Ars antiqua', franko-flämischen Schule etc., indem es nun gelingt, diese Kunst, welche keine Gegenständlichkeit kennt und in der die Menschen sich und ihre sozialen Beziehungen - in der Herausbildung der christlichen Religion zum Abstraktum einer Trinität entwickelt - wiederfinden können gerade weil diese Kunst in ihrer lebendigen Gestalt keine Ware werden und wie die gesprochene(n) Sprache(n) nur in Gegenwart lebendiger Menschen (auch Nonnen und Mönche) existieren kann

Since 1212 Thomas School in Leipzig: Since 1212 Thomas School in Leipzig, a co-educational and public boarding school founded by the Augustinians in 1212 and one of the oldest schools in the world - Notable alumni of Thomas School in Leipzig

Since 1409 Leipzig University and alumni: Since 1409 Leipzig University - List of Leipzig University people, including scientists, poets, musicians, and politicians - Since 1990 South African politician Jeffrey Thamsanqa 'Jeff' Radebe, born in August 1953, who studied at the University of Zululand and finished in International Law at the Karl Marx University in Leipzig in 1981, and was arrested in 1986 after returning to South Africa, and sentenced to a 10-year imprisonment on Robben Island, but released from prison in 1990 after a successful hunger strike and served as minister first under Nelson Mandela after the 1994 democratic elections and later - CDU's Angela Merkel, born 1954 and Chancellor of Germany since 2005, was educated at Karl Marx University in Leipzig, where she studied physics from 1973 to 1978, and then studied and worked at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin-Adlershof from 1978 to 1990 - Student finance of Leipzig University people

Since 1543 Leipzig University Library: Since 1543 Leipzig University Library, the central library of the university and one of the oldest German university libraries

1546-47 Schmalkaldic War: 1546-47 Schmalkaldic War between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire - simultaneously King Charles I of Spain -, commanded by the Duke of Alba and the Duke of Saxony, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire

Since July 1650 'Einkommende Zeitungen', the first daily newspaper in the world: Seit 1. Juli 1650 die 'Einkommenden Zeitungen' erschienen ab dem 1. Juli 1650 regelmäßig sechsmal in der Woche und gelten damit als die derzeit älteste bekannte Tageszeitung der Welt, mit direkten Nachfolgern bis in das 20. Jahrhundert

Since 1688/1702 Leipzig collegia musica: Since 1688/1702 Leipzig collegia musica, consisting mostly of university students, enjoying a succession of known directors including Johann Kuhnau (1688), refounded by Telemann (1702), Bach (1729�1737), who composed several concertos and dramme per musica for weekly performances at Café Zimmermann and for 'extraordinary' concerts, as Telemann went on to promote professional concerts by Frankfurt and Hamburg collegia in the late 1720s, thus fostering the emergence of public subscription concerts in Germany, and with the Moravian emigration, later USA's collegia sprang up beginning in 1744 in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, and the Carolinas - Examples of modern ensembles 'Collegium Musicam' worldwide

1723-1750 Johann Sebastian Bach in Leipzig: Johann Sebastian Bach (1685�1750) - a German composer and musician known for instrumental compositions such as concertos, for instance for violin, for harpsichord including 'The Well-Tempered Clavier', suites, chamber music as well as for orchestra, as many of his works employ the genres of canon and fugue, extensively for organ, for vocal music, such as the St John Passion, cantatas, the Mass in B minor, as since the 19th-century (Mendelssohn) Bach Revival regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time - since 1723 employed as Thomaskantor at St. Thomas) in Leipzig, now composing music for the principal Lutheran churches of the city, for festivities (e.g. Peasant Cantata, Coffee Cantata) in Leipzig and the region, for invitations by territorial lords, and for its university's student ensemble Collegium Musicum, including 'The Art of the Fugue' (which he continued to prepare for publication until shortly before his death) and 'The Musical Offering'

Since 1781 'Gewandhaus' concert hall in Leipzig: Since 1781 'Gewandhaus' concert hall in Leipzig, the home of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, as today's hall is the third to bear this name since 1981, two hundred years after the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra moved into the original hall, and like the second it is noted for its fine acoustic

12 May 1789 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart played the organ in Leipzig's Thomaskirche: On 12 May 1789, 39 years after the death of J.S. Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart played the organ in Leipzig's Thomaskirche, as in 1806 the church served as a munitions depot for Napoleon Bonaparte's imperial army during the Napoleonic Wars following the foreign interventions against the French revolution July 1789 - November 1799 (the coup of '18 Brumaire' by General Napoleon on 9 November 1799), as during the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, the Thomaskirche was used as a military hospital

October 1813 Battle of Leipzig, the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I: October 1813 Battle of Leipzig, when coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia decisively defeated French Emperor Napoleon I's army, also containing Polish and Italian troops, as well as Germans from the Confederation of the Rhine, involving 500,000 soldiers, 2,200 artillery pieces, the expenditure of hundreds of thousands rounds of artillery ammunition, and causing 127,000 casualties, making it the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I

Since 1837-1839 Leipzig�Dresden railway: Since 1837-1839 Leipzig�Dresden railway

Since 1843 University of Music and Theatre 'Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Leipzig', 1850 anti-Semitism promoted by Wagner following failed revolutions: Since 1843 University of Music and Theatre 'Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Leipzig', a public university in Leipzig, founded in 1843 by Felix Mendelssohn as Conservatory of Music, the oldest university school of music in Germany - 1835-1847 Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy in Leipzig, concentrated on developing the town's musical life by working with the orchestra, the opera house, the Thomanerchor, the city's other choral and musical institutions, and founded the Leipzig Conservatory in 1843 - 1850 anti-Semitic composer Richard Wagner, who fled from Dresden, holds that Jews are unable to speak European languages properly and that Jewish speech took the character of an 'intolerably jumbled blabber', a 'creaking, squeaking, buzzing snuffle', incapable of expressing true passion, that debars them from any possibility of creating song or music, stating that Mendelssohn, whom Wagner damns with faint praise, is 'sweet and tinkling without depth', citing 'the redemption of Ahasuerus � Going under'

1855 Leipzig Synagogue built: 1855 Leipzig Synagogue was built by German Jewish architect Otto Simonson who had studied under Gottfried Semper, architect of the Semper Synagogue in Dresden

Since 1863 General German Workers' Association: Since 1863 General German Workers' Association, a German political party founded on 23 May in Leipzig, the first organized mass working-class party in European history

Since 1869 Leipzig Museum of Ethnography: Since 1869 Leipzig Museum of Ethnography, today part of the Grassi Museum, an institution which also includes the Museum of Applied Arts and the Museum of Musical Instruments

1879-1945 Reichsgericht: 1879-1945 Reichsgericht, the supreme criminal and civil court in the German empire founded in Versailles in 1871, as the court was established when the 'Reichsjustizgesetze' ('Imperial Justice Laws') came into effect and it built a widely regarded body of jurisprudence during the period of the German Empire, Weimar Republic, and during the rise and expansion of the 'Third Reich', when the Reichsgericht became deeply embroiled in the National Socialist agenda

Since 1926 and the 1950s 'Museum of Musical Instruments of Leipzig University': Since the 1950s 'Museum of Musical Instruments of Leipzig University', one of the largest music instrument museums in Europe alongside those of Brussels and of Paris including instruments from Europe and beyond, as well as music-related items from the Renaissance, the Baroque, and Bach's Leipzig period - Worldwide list of music museums encompasses past and present museums that focus on musicians, musical instruments or other musical subjects

Since 1933 history of Leipzig during Nazi regime: Since 1933 history of Leipzig during Nazi regime

9/10 November 1938 Jews and Jewish institutions suffered in 'Kristallnacht' in Leipzig: 9/10 November 1938 Jews and Jewish institutions suffered from attacks in Leipzig during the events called 'Kristallnacht' as in other German cities, taking its name because of all of the shattered glass from destroyed synagogues, Jewish-owned stores, Jewish-owned homes, schools, and Jewish-owned artifacts, as violence and destruction was carried out by members of the Sturmabteilung SA, Schutzstaffel SS, Gestapo, as well as German civilians, German and Nazi officials, as Jewish property in Leipzig turned to ash, affecting Jewish men, women, and children in Leipzig and other parts of Germany - Torture of Jews, violence against women and children during 'Kristallnacht' and aftermath

1938-1945 The Holocaust in Leipzig: Since 1938, following the 'pogromnacht' when 553 Jewish men were arrested and centers of Jewish communal life were destroyed, Nazi rule in Leipzig led to 'final deportations' until February 1945, when the last 220 Jews were deported to Theresienstadt, and by 1945 there were only 15 Jews remaining in the city

April 1945 Allied ground advance arrives, July 1945 Leipzig city under Soviet control: April 1945 Allied ground advance arrives, July 1945 Leipzig city under Soviet control

Since 1982 congregation at St. Nicholas in Leipzig and prayers for peace: Despite the policy of the so-called 'DDR', Leipzig's Nicholas Church pastor Christian Führer regularly met with his congregation at St. Nicholas in Leipzig for prayer since 1982, leading to later weekly Friedensgebet (prayer for peace) in Leipzig's church, also in western Germany since 1982 and in North Rhine-Westphalia - 1975�1989 decline and fall of the GDR, developing international debt crisis as much of the debt originated from attempts by the GDR to export its way out of its international debt problems, which required imports of components, technologies and raw materials, as well as attempts to maintain living standards through imports of consumer goods

1989-1991 Monday demonstrations in Leipzig: 1989-1991 Monday demonstrations in East Germany and Leipzig, as demonstrations in Leipzig are the most well known and important - Cycles of the Monday Demonstrations in Leipzig - Revolutions of 1989 formed part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s that resulted in the end of one party dictatorships in Central and Eastern Europe and beyond

Since 1990s Jewish immigration from the former Soviet Union: In 1989 the Jewish community numbered 30 members in Leipzig, but as a result of the immigration from the former Soviet Union, it began to grow and in 2012 the Jewish community numbered 1,300 members

2020 Archiv Bürgerbewegung Leipzig e.V. Chronik zu den Friedensgebeten und zu den politisch-alternativen Gruppen in Leipzig: Chronik zu den Friedensgebeten und zu den politisch-alternativen Gruppen in Leipzig, Archiv Bürgerbewegung Leipzig e.V.

Chemnitz city: Chemnitz city, from 1953 to 1990 Karl-Marx-Stadt, the third largest city in Saxony after Leipzig and Dresden, and part of the Central German Metropolitan Region, located in the middle of a string of cities

Economy of Chemnitz: Economy of Chemnitz area, the largest in the Chemnitz-Zwickau urban area and one of the most important economic areas of Germany's new federal states

Since 1136 timeline of Chemnitz: Timeline of Chemnitz since 1136

Since 1836 Königliche Gewerbeschule (later Chemnitz University of Technology): Since 1836 Königliche Gewerbeschule and later Chemnitz University of Technology

Since 1852 Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof: Since 1852 Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof

Since 1918/19 Chemnitz during Weimar Republic: After World War I Chemnitz during Weimar Republic, as the working-class industrial city remained a powerful center of socialist political organization after the criminal war with 1,000 votes to three to break from the SPD and join the Communist Party behind their local leaders, and as in March 1919 the German Communist Party had over 10,000 members in Chemnitz

9 November 1938 'Kristallnacht' antisemitic Nazi violence: 9 November 1938 'Kristallnacht' antisemitic Nazi violence and Chemnitz synagogue destroyed

1939-1945 Chemnitz during World War II: 1939-1945 Chemnitz during World War II, as 41% of the built-up area of Chemnitz were destroyed because the city contained factories that produced military hardware and auto manufacturer Auto Union, relocated after war in Ingolstadt in Bavaria, and when city also had a Flossenbürg forced labor subcamp for Astra-Werke AG, until city was occupied by Soviet troops on 8 May 1945

August/September 2018 neo-Nazi violence targeting immigrants in Chemnitz: 28 August 2018: Neo-Nazi linked mob violence targeting immigrants in the German city of Chemnitz has again cast an ugly spotlight on the country� ex-communist east as a hotbed of xenophobia, since German-Cuban carpenter Daniel Hillig was stabbed to death in the early hours of Sunday, allegedly by an Iraqi and a Syrian who were arrested Monday - August/September 2018 Chemnitz riots and counter protests

August/September 2018 neo-Nazi attack on Jewish restaurant in Chemnitz: 8 September 2018: The Jewish restaurant 'Shalom' in the German town of Chemnitz was attacked by neo-Nazis on 27 August 2018

August/September 2019 Chemnitz violence on trial in Dresden: 22 août 2019: Un tribunal de Dresden a condamné jeudi à neuf ans et demi de prison un Syrien de 24 ans accusé d'avoir poignardé à mort un homme l'an dernier à Chemnitz, un meurtre qui avait déclenché des violences anti-étrangers - 30 September 2019: 8 alleged neo-Nazis have gone on trial in Dresden accused of plotting terror attacks, as federal prosecutors say the group planned to target immigrants, political opponents and the 'economic establishment'

Freiberg city: Freiberg city, a university and former mining town in Saxony, the administrative centre of Mittelsachsen district. Its historic town centre has been placed under heritage conservation and is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the Ore Mountain Mining Region, due to its exceptional testimony to the development of mining techniques across many centuries. Until 1969, the town was dominated for around 800 years by the mining and smelting industries. In recent decades it has restructured into a high technology site in the fields of semiconductor manufacture and solar technology, part of Silicon Saxony. It is home of the oldest university of mining and metallurgy in the world, the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology.

Economy and education in Freiberg city: Economy and education in Freiberg city

History of Freiberg city: History of Freiberg city

Since 12th century Ore Mountain folk art: Ore Mountain folk art ('Erzgebirgische Volkskunst'), a well-known form of highly artistic wood carving from East Germany. It encompasses the diverse forms of expression of the creative work beyond the classical or the modern arts, and in particular the production of figures, sculptures and paintings. In a broader sense, the people's poetry, literature, and the Ore Mountain songs are in itself the folk art. The Ore Mountains claim to be the largest, enclosed folk art area in Germany. One of the more important aspects of the Ore Mountain folk art is the production of material products. The art's historical origin is closely linked to mining, which has been significant in shaping the development of the Ore Mountains since the 12th century.

Further towns in the Ore Mountains: Towns in the Ore Mountains, including Altenberg, Glashütte (known as the birthplace of the German watchmaking industry), Karlovy Vary city in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic on the confluence of the rivers Ohre and Teplá - 'Erzgebirgskreis' district in the Free State of Saxony, named after the mountain range in the southern part of the district which forms part of the Germany�Czech Republic border. Its cities and towns include Annaberg-Buchholz - the capital of the district of Erzgebirgskreis -, Zschopau town (famous for its motorcycle industry), Schneeberg town belonging to the Town League of Silberberg, Seiffen town, famous for many Christmas traditions after the silver and tin deposits declined, and former miners turned to wood carving, and Seiffen became a centre of the wooden toy industry

Saxony-Anhalt: Saxony-Anhalt state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Lower Saxony. Covering an area of 20,447.7 square kilometres it has a population of 2.19 million inhabitants in 2018, making it the 8th-largest state in Germany by area and the 11th-largest by population. Its capital is Magdeburg and its largest city is Halle (Saale). The state of Saxony-Anhalt was formed in July 1945 after World War II, when the Soviet army administration in Allied-occupied Germany formed it from the former Prussian Province of Saxony and the Free State of Anhalt. Saxony-Anhalt became part of the German Democratic Republic in 1949, but was dissolved in 1952 during administrative reforms and its territory divided into the districts of Halle and Magdeburg, with the city of Torgau joining the district of Leipzig. Following German reunification the state of Saxony-Anhalt was re-established in 1990 and became one of the new states of the Federal Republic of Germany.

List of rivers of Saxony-Anhalt and Saale river; Saale river, also known as the Saxon Saale and Thuringian Saale, is a river in Germany and a left-bank tributary of the Elbe - List of rivers of Saxony-Anhalt, listed alphabetically

Economy of Saxony-Anhalt: Economy of Saxony-Anhalt, as the gross domestic product GDP of the state was 62.7 billion euros in 2018, which accounts for 1.9% of Germany's total economic output and ranks 13th among the 16 German states. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 26,000 euros or 86% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 88% of the EU average. The GDP per capita was the second lowest of all German states.

History of Saxony-Anhalt and elections: History of Saxony-Anhalt - Elections in Saxony-Anhalt

2011 Saxony-Anhalt state election: March 2011 Saxony-Anhalt state election

March 2016 Saxony-Anhalt state election: 13. März 2016 Landtagswahl in Sachsen-Anhalt

September 2018: 10 September 2018: Germany's Merkel has expressed anger after neo-Nazi linked demonstrators chanted Nazi slogans as they marched over the death of a German man following a fight with two Afghans

September 2018 neo-Nazi linked demonstrations: 10 September 2018: Germany's Merkel has expressed anger after neo-Nazi linked demonstrators chanted Nazi slogans as they marched over the death of a German man following a fight with two Afghans

October 2019 Halle synagogue neo-Nazi shooting: 9 October 2019 Halle synagogue shooting in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt

15 June 2020 neo-Nazi Stephan Balliet on trial in July: 15 June 2020: German man charged with a deadly anti-Semitic shooting in the eastern city of Halle last year will go on trial on July 21, regional court in Naumburg said Monday, as Stephan Balliet is accused of shooting dead two people in October after he tried and failed to storm the synagogue

21 July 2020 Stephan Balliet on trial for deadly Halle synagogue shooting: 21 July 2020: German Stephan Balliet goes on trial at the eastern German state court in Magdeburg for the Yom Kippur attack and deadly shooting targeting Jews in the city of Halle last year, accused of shooting dead two people after failing to storm Halle synagogue and after publishing documents online that called for the killing of all Jews

27 September 2020 a year after Halle terror attack disturbing systemic shortcomings: 27 September 2020: A year after Halle terror attack, Jews who were there still looking for answers, as shooting that killed two on Yom Kippur last year has underscored rising anti-Semitism in Germany, but investigations in its wake reveal even more disturbing systemic shortcomings

June 2021 Saxony-Anhalt state election: 6 June 2021 Saxony-Anhalt state election - 2021 Saxony-Anhalt state election parties and opinion polling (since 2017), amid covid-19 crisis and impacts (since 2020)

3 julliet 2023 l'extrême droite parvient à faire élire son premier maire à Raguhn-Jessnitz: 3 julliet 2023: Une semaine après avoir remporté son premier canton, le parti Alternative pour l'Allemagne AfD a franchi dimanche soir une nouvelle étape dans sa progression électorale en faisant élire un premier maire à plein temps d'une commune de 9 000 habitants, à Raguhn-Jessnitz

Magdeburg city: Magdeburg city, the capital and second-largest city of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt, after Halle (Saale). It is situated on the Elbe River. Otto I, the first Holy Roman Emperor and founder of the archbishopric of Magdeburg, was buried in the city's cathedral after his death. Magdeburg's version of German town law, known as Magdeburg rights, spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Until 1631, Magdeburg was one of the largest and most prosperous German cities and a notable member of the Hanseatic League.

Economy of Magdeburg: Economy of Magdeburg

Since 937 documented history and timeline of Magdeburg: Since 937 documented history and timeline of Magdeburg - Chronik der Stadt Magdeburg - Ab 2002 Magdeburger Biographisches Lexikon der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität

Since 937 documented history and timeline of Magdeburg: Magdeburg rights ('Magdeburger Recht', also called 'Magdeburg Law'), a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I and based on the Flemish Law, which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by the local ruler. Named after the German city of Magdeburg, these town charters were perhaps the most important set of medieval laws in Central Europe.[2] They became the basis for the German town laws developed during many centuries in the Holy Roman Empire.[2] The Magdeburg rights were adopted and adapted by numerous monarchs, including the rulers of Bohemia, Hungary, Poland and Lithuania, a milestone in the urbanization of the region which prompted the development of thousands of villages and cities

Since 13th/14th centuries spread of Magdeburg rights and implementation across Europe: Spread of Magdeburg rights and implementation across Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries, Magdeburg rights were granted to more than a hundred cities, in Central Europe apart from Germany, including Schleswig, Bohemia, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, in Pomerania, Prussia, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - following the Christianization of Lithuania -, and probably Moldavia. Notable Polish, Lithuanian, and today's Belarus and Ukraine towns governed on the basis of the location privilege known as the 'settlement with German law' issued by Polish and Grand Duchy of Lithuania landlords - since the 16th to 18th centuries by Polish�Lithuanian Commonwealth landlords -, included Biecz, Frysztak, Sandomierz, Kraków, Kurów, Minsk, Polotsk, Poznan, Ropczyce, Lódz, Wroclaw, Szczecin (which was not a part of Poland when granted town rights, they were given by a Pomeranian landlord), Zlotoryja, Vilnius, Trakai, Kaunas, Hrodna, Kyiv, Lviv, Chernivtsi, Brody, Lutsk, Volodymyr, Sanok, Sniatyn, Nizhyn among many hundreds of others. The advantages were not only economic, but also political.

1550 Magdeburg Confession against the imposition of Roman Catholicism: 1550 Magdeburg Confession, written by nine pastors of the city of Magdeburg in response to the Augsburg Interim and the imposition of Roman Catholicism. The Confession explains why the leaders of the city refused to obey the imperial law, and were prepared to resist its implementation with force if necessary. The Magdeburg Confession calls for resistance to political tyranny, and argues that the 'subordinate powers' in a state, faced with the situation where the 'supreme power' is working to destroy true religion, may go further than non-cooperation with the supreme power and assist the faithful to resist.

20th century history and timeline of Magdeburg, World War II and the Holocaust: 20th century history and timeline of Magdeburg

History of Magdeburg since reunification in 1990: Since 1990 history and timeline of Magdeburg after reunification of German 2 states following World War II

21st century timeline of Magdeburg: 21st century timeline of Magdeburg

Halle (Saale) city: Halle (Saale) city, the largest city of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt, the fifth most populous city in the area of former East Germany after (East) Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz, as well as the 31st largest city of Germany, and with around 239,000 inhabitants in 2020. Together with Leipzig, the largest city of Saxony, Halle forms the polycentric Leipzig-Halle conurbation. Halle lies in the south of Saxony-Anhalt, in the Leipzig Bay, the southernmost part of the North German Plain, on the River Saale - a tributary of the Elbe -, which is the third longest river flowing entirely in Germany after the Weser and the Main. The White Elster flows into the Saale in the southern borough of Silberhöhe. Halle - the fourth largest city in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz - is an economic and educational center in central Germany. The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, with campuses in Halle and Wittenberg, is the largest university in Saxony-Anhalt, one of the oldest universities in Germany, and a nurturing ground for the local startup ecosystem.

Since Middle ages documented history of Halle (Saale): Since 937 documented history of Halle (Saale), as the earliest documented mention of Halle dates from AD 806

Since 991 timeline of Halle (Saale): Since 981 documented history and timeline of Halle (Saale)

History of Schleswig-Holstein: History of Schleswig-Holstein

Economy of Schleswig-Holstein: Economy of Schleswig-Holstein

Elections in Schleswig-Holstein: Elections in Schleswig-Holstein

August 2011 CDU von Boetticher affair: 14. August 2011: Affäre des CDU-Landesvorsitzenden von Boetticher, Rücktritt von Parteivorsitz in Schleswig-Holstein und von Spitzenkandidatur für Landtagswahl in Neunmonatsfrist am 6. Mai 2012

May 2012 Schleswig-Holstein state election: 6 May 2012 Schleswig-Holstein state election - 6. Mai 2012: Grüne, Liberale und Piraten über den Erwartungen, diverse Koalitionsmöglichkeiten - 24 July 2013: Former HSH executive board all on trial over bank's near failure

May 2017 Schleswig-Holstein state election: 7 May 2017 Schleswig-Holstein state election - Frühjahr 2017 Landtagswahl in Schleswig-Holstein

8 May 2022 Schleswig-Holstein state election: 8 May 2022 Schleswig-Holstein state election, as all 69 seats in the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein will be elected - 2022 election opinion polling

Geography of Schleswig-Holstein: Geography and list of places in Schleswig-Holstein - Demographics of Schleswig-Holstein

North Frisian Islands: North Frisian Islands, the Frisian Islands off the coast of North Frisia

Amrum island: Amrum island, one of the North Frisian Islands on the German North Sea coast, south of Sylt and west of Föhr, part of the Nordfriesland district in the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein with approximately 2,300 inhabitants, as the island is made up of a sandy core of geestland and features an extended beach all along its west coast, facing the open North Sea

History of Amrum: History of Amrum

Economy of Amrum: Amrum's main branch of economy is tourism, as in 2008 approximately 135,000 tourists and 1.3 million lodgings were registered, also because its 'Kniepsand' strands provide ideal swimming opportunities and facilities for children, very small children and therefore for families - Kniepsand, ein scheinbar zu Amrum gehörender, 15 Kilometer langer und bis zu 1,5 Kilometer breiter Sandstrand, der der gesamten Westküste der Insel vorgelagert ist und unmittelbar in die tatsächlich zur Insel gehörenden Sanddünen übergeht

Heligoland: Heligoland, a small archipelago in the North Sea, as islands were historically possessions of Denmark, then became the possessions of the United Kingdom from 1807 to 1890, then part of the German second empire since 1871 as part of Schleswig-Holstein since 1890 and briefly managed as a war prize from 1945 to 1952

20th century Heligoland, naval base during World War I and II: 20th century Heligoland and and German empire's naval base during World War I and II

Cities in Schleswig-Holstein and by population: List of cities in Schleswig-Holstein by population - Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein

Kiel city: Kiel city, the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 249,023 citizens in 2016

Economy of Kiel: Economy and infrastructure of Kiel

History and timeline of Kiel: History and timeline of Kiel

Lübeck hanseatic city: Lübeck city, officially the Hanseatic City of Lübeck in Northern Germany with around 217,000 inhabitants, the second-largest city on the German Baltic coast and in the state of Schleswig-Holstein, located in Holstein on the mouth of the River Trave, which flows into the Bay of Lübeck in the borough of Travemünde, and on the Trave's tributary Wakenitz

Economy of Lübeck: Economy of Lübeck (Wirtschaft von Lübeck) - Unternehmen in Lübeck

Education and schools in Lübeck: Education and schools in Lübeck - Seit 1298 Archiv der Hansestadt Lübeck

Demographics of Lübeck: Demographics of Lübeck as in 2015, the city had a population of 218,523 citizens, with the largest ethnic minority groups including Turks, Central Europeans (Poles), Southern Europeans (mostly Greeks and Italians), Eastern Europeans (e.g. Russians), Arabs, and several smaller groups

Seit 1656 erste jüdischen Familien außerhalb der Lübecker Landwehr: Seit 1656 erste jüdischen Familien außerhalb der Lübecker Landwehr, die sich 1656 im Dorf Moisling niederließen, und vor den Pogromen des ukrainischen Kosakenaufstandes 1648�1657 aus dem multinationalen Großreich Polen-Litauen geflohen waren. Lübecks Bürgermeister von Höveln 1603�1671, der die aschkenasischen Juden aus ökonomischen Erwägungen ansiedelte, stieß damit auf starken Widerstand bei Rat und Bürgerschaft, die bis dahin eine jüdische Ansiedlung sowohl im Lübecker Stadt- als auch Landgebiet verhindert hatten

Jüdische Gemeinde und Synagoge in Lübeck: Jüdische Gemeinde und Synagoge in Lübeck

12 August 2021 Carlebach-synagoge reopens: 12. August 2021: Carlebach-Synagoge wird feierlich wiedereröffnet

History and timeline of Lübeck: History and timeline of Lübeck

12th century timeline of Lübeck: Timeline of Lübeck the 12th century

1250-1350 St. Mary's Church in Lübeck built: 1250-1350 St. Mary's Church in Lübeck built, becoming a symbol of the cultural life, music and prosperity of the old Hanseatic city, situated at the highest point of the island that forms the old town of Lübeck and today part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, as St. Mary's epitomizes north German Brick Gothic and set the standard for about 70 other churches in the Baltic region, making it a building of enormous architectural significance

Spring 1942 bombing of Lübeck and 'Baedeker Blitz' series of attacks by German empire's Luftwaffe on English cities: March 1942 during German empire's World War II, the city of Lübeck was the first German city to be attacked in substantial numbers by the Royal Air Force, as the attack of 28 March 1942 created a firestorm that caused severe damage to the historic centre, with bombs destroying three of the main churches and large parts of the built-up area, and led to the retaliatory 'Baedeker' raids on historic British cities - April�May 1942 'Baedeker Blitz' series of attacks by German empire's Luftwaffe on English cities including Bath, Canterbury, Exeter. Norwich, and York, as the name derives from Baedeker, a series of German tourist guidebooks, including detailed maps, which were used to generate targets for bombing, as the raids were planned in response to a devastating increase in the effectiveness of the Royal Air Force's bombing offensive, and - to increase the effect on civilian life - targets were chosen for their cultural and historical significance, rather than for any military value, following the lost battle against Soviet Union's Moscow, the 20 January 1942 Wannsee conference deciding and organizing the Holocaust, as German empire forces and allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia, marked by fierce close-quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in air raids, and one of the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare, with an estimated 2 million total casualties, as by 1942 the authority of the German military's Army High Command OKH was limited to the Eastern Front, and as some military personal having insight decided to marry

Flensburg town: Flensburg town (kreisfreie Stadt) in the north of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, as Flensburg is the centre of the region of Southern Schleswig, and after Kiel and Lübeck the third largest town in Schleswig-Holstein

Economy of Flensburg: Economy of Flensburg

History of Flensburg: History of Flensburg founded at the latest by 1200 at the innermost end of the Flensburg Firth by Danish settlers, who were soon joined by German merchants, as in 1284, its town rights were confirmed and the town quickly rose to become one of the most important in the Duchy of Schleswig, not belonging to the German Holy Roman Empire and therefore not a member of the Hanseatic League, but it did maintain contacts with this important trading network

Schleswig town: Schleswig town in the northeastern part of Schleswig-Holstein, the capital of the district Schleswig-Flensburg, with a population of about 27,000 citizens, as the main industries being leather and food processing, and as it takes its name from the Schlei, an inlet of the Baltic sea at the end of which it sits

Heide town: Heide town in Schleswig-Holstein, the capital of the 'Kreis' Dithmarschen and with a population of 21,000 citizens

History of Heide: Geschichte der Stadt Heide seit dem späten Mittelalter

Sankt Peter-Ording: Sankt Peter-Ording, a popular German seaside spa ('sanus per aquam') and a municipality in the district of Nordfriesland in Schleswig-Holstein, the only German seaside resort that has a sulphur spring and thus terms itself 'North Sea spa and sulphur spring', as by overnight stays, St. Peter-Ording is the largest seaside resort and has the most overnight stays in the state of Schleswig-Holstein

History and economy of St. Peter-Ording: History and economy of St. Peter-Ording, as its importance as a beach resort dates from 1877, when the first hotel was built, then 1913 the first sanatorium was built, as in 1953 a strong iodine spring was found and more curative facilities were built, also for children, and as in 1958 the state recognized St.Peter-Ording as a North Sea spa and sulphur spring - Wirtschaft und Gesundheitswesen von St. Peter Ording: Die Gemeinde war im Jahr 2017 eines der wichtigsten Zentren für den Tourismus in Schleswig-Holstein wobei die Gemeinde 2017 mit einer Übernachtungszahl von 1,361 Mio. auf Platz 2 der Orte an der Nordseeküste Schleswig-Holsteins lag, sowie Platz 3 bezogen auf ganz Schleswig-Holstein, und wobei zahlreiche Erkrankungen ambulant oder stationär behandelt werden können, auch in Rehabilitationskliniken

History of Thuringia: History of Thuringia state of Germany, with a population of about 2.15 million inhabitants, as Erfurt is the state capital and largest city, and as other cities are Jena, Gera and Weimar and more

Geography of Thuringia: Geography of Thuringia, bordering on the German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Bavaria and Hesse, as the landscapes of Thuringia are quite diverse, as the far north is occupied by the Harz mountains, followed by the Goldene Aue, and as south of the Thuringian Basin the Land's largest mountain range is marked by the Thuringian Forest in the north-west, the Thuringian Highland in the middle and the Franconian Forest in the south-east

List of rivers of Thuringia and Saale river: Saale river, also known as the Saxon Saale and Thuringian Saale, is a river in Germany and a left-bank tributary of the Elbe - List of rivers of Thuringia, listed alphabetically

Economy of Thuringia: Economy of Thuringia

List of cities, towns and municipalities in Thuringia: Cities, towns and municipalities in Thuringia

Erfurt city: Erfurt city, the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia located in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin, within the wide valley of the Gera river, and together with a string of neighbouring cities Gotha, Weimar, Jena and others, Erfurt forms the central metropolitan corridor of Thuringia called Thüringer Städtekette with over 500,000 inhabitants, as Erfurt's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany, while the city's economy is based on agriculture, horticulture and microelectronics, and as its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe

Timeline of Erfurt since the 8th century: Timeline of Erfurt since the 8th century

Since 742 Erfurt in the Middle Age: Since 742 Erfurt in the Middle Age

Since 1497 Erfurt Bell, the world's largest medieval free-swinging bell: Since 1497 Erfurt Bell, a well-known bell of Erfurt Cathedral, cast by Geert van Wou is the world's largest medieval free-swinging bell, as its hum tone is near an octave below the strike tone, and all other notes are in tune including the minor third, fifth, octave, and major third and fifth in the second octave that may be heard in large bells - Geläut der Glocke 'Gloriosa' von Gerhardus van Wou 1497 gegossen

Early modern age and for nearly two hundred years Thuringia's Bach family: Thuringia's Bach family for nearly two hundred years, with over 50 known musicians and several notable composers, as a family genealogy was drawn up by Johann Sebastian Bach himself in 1735 and completed by his son Carl Philipp Emanuel. after the Bach family never left Thuringia until the sons of J.S. Bach went in some European towns and counties, after all the misery of the peasantry and citizens in towns at the period of the Thirty Years' War - 1615-1692 Heinrich Bach, a German organist, composer and a member of the great Bach family. was Ratsmusikant in the Erfurt Ratsmusikanten-Compagnie, as from 1641 he became organist in Arnstadt's St. Mary's Church and the Upper Church. as also three of his sons, Johann Christoph Bach, Johann Michael Bach and Johann Günther Bach, were musicians

1807-1814 Principality of Erfurt followed by Erfurt's remaining a part of the Prussian Province of Saxony: 1807-1814 Principality of Erfurt, a small state in modern Thuringia, comprising the modern city of Erfurt and the surrounding land, subordinate directly to Napoleon rather than being a part of the Confederation of the Rhine, and in 1914 after nearly 3 months of siege, the city fell to Prussian, Austrian and Russian forces, and - having mainly been Prussian territory before the Napoleonic Wars - most of the lands were restored to Prussia by the 1814/1815 Congress of Vienna, and - although enclosed by Thuringian territory in the west, south and east, the city of Erfurt remained part of the Prussian Province of Saxony until 1944

September 1808 French/Russian 'Congress of Erfurt': September 1808 Congress of Erfurt, the meeting between French emperor Napoleon and Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia, intending to reaffirm the alliance concluded the previous year with the Treaties of Tilsit which followed the end of the War of the Fourth Coalition

19th century second half Erfurt until World War I: Since 1815 history of Erfurt as in and after the 1848 Revolution - in Europa and German territories still ruled by the nobility since Middle Ages, also Germans having different and opposite interests in their evolving and developping class society desired to have a united national state in a very different shape, as an attempt in this direction was the failed 'Erfurt Union of German states in 1850', as during the Industrial Revolution reached Erfurt in the 1840s, including the Thuringian Railway connection with Berlin and Frankfurt, with many factories in different sectors, as one of the biggest was the 'Royal Gun Factory of Prussia' in 1862

Since 1878 J.A. Topf and Sons engineering company later building crematoria ovens for concentration and extermination camps: Since 1878 J.A. Topf and Sons, an engineering company in Erfurt, originally making heating systems and brewing and malting equipment, as the company later diversified into silos, chimneys, incinerators for burning municipal waste, and crematoria, as during World War I it made weapons shells, limbers (carts for carrying artillery) and other military vehicles, and as in and before World War II it made weapons shells and aircraft parts for the Luftwaffe, and as it is now infamous as the largest of 12 companies that designed and built crematoria ovens for concentration and extermination camps during the Holocaust, planned and carried out by the NSDAP regime from 1935 to 1945. as the company 1939 with 1,150 employees - and at least 620 foreigners were forced to work for the company - not only made crematoria ovens, even also made ventilation systems for the gas chambers at Auschwitz II�Birkenau - WWII Use of forced labour by J.A. Topf and Sons

1891 'Erfurt Program' adopted by SPD party: 1891 'Erfurt Program' adopted by the Social Democratic Party of Germany during the SPD Congress at Erfurt in 1891, and formulated under the political guidance of Eduard Bernstein, August Bebel, and Karl Kautsky, as it superseded the earlier Gotha Program - 1891 Friedrich Engels: A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic Program of 1891

20th century timeline of Erfurt: Timeline of Erfurt in the 20th century

1919 city of Erfurt with s population of 129.646 citizens: 1919 city of Erfurt with s population of 129.646 citizens, as the capital Berlin - scene of the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht on 15 January in post-WWI Germany during the revolution that had finished the German empire since 1871 and its world war - counted 1.902.511 inhabitants, 1.902.509 without the two assassinated war opponents

1933-1945 NSDAP ruled Erfurt: 1933-1945 NSDAP ruled Erfurt and timeline 'im Zeichen des Hakenkreuzes'

17 August 1940 bombing of Erfurt in World War II begins: 17 August 1940 bombing of Erfurt in World War II begins (wobei die Schwerpunkte der Zerstörung zunächst im Bereich Großgarage Radowitzstraße (Iderhoffstraße), Baumerstraße, Gneisenaukaserne und Johannesring (Juri-Gagarin-Ring) liegen)

1990 Erfurt city became capital of the state of Thuringia, economic crisis: With the re-formation of the state of Thuringia in 1990, the city became the state capital. After reunification, a deep economic crisis occurred in Eastern Germany. Many factories closed and many people lost their jobs and moved to the former West Germany.

Since the 1990s organized crime has gained a foothold in Erfurt: Since the 1990s, organized crime has gained a foothold in Erfurt, with several mafia groups, including the Armenian mafia present in the city, as among other events, there has been a robbery and an arson attack targeting the gastronomy sector and in 2014 there was a shoot-out in an open street, the rocker group Hells Angels was also active in the city

21st century timeline of Erfurt: Timeline of Erfurt in the 21st century

April 2002 Erfurt massacre and aftermath: April 2002 Erfurt massacre, a school shooting that occurred on 26 April 2002 at the Gutenberg-Gymnasium in Erfurt, as 19-year-old expelled student Robert Steinhäuser shot and killed 16 people, including 13 staff members, two students, and one police officer, before committing suicide - 'Post-traumatic stress disorder', a mental and behavioral disorder that can develop because of exposure to a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse, domestic violence or other threats on a person's life - 20. April 2017: Der 26. April 2002 war nicht nur der Tag, an dem Robert Steinhäuser 16 Menschen tötete, er löste auch eine politische Debatte aus, incl. Debatte um Killerspiele und Waffenbesitz, wie auch in anderen Staaten

15 February 2020 demonstration in Erfurt against neo-Nazism and racism: Nachdem am 5. Februar 2020 FDP Thomas Kemmerich mit den Stimmen von AfD, CDU und FDP zum thüringischen Ministerpräsidenten gewählt wurde, organisierte das Bündnis 'Unteilbar' (#nichtmituns � Kein Pakt mit Faschist*innen � niemals und nirgendwo!) eine bundesweite Großdemonstration am 15. Februar 2020 in Erfurt Die Demonstration richtete sich gegen Rassismus sowie eine Zusammenarbeit mit der AfD

23 Febuary 2023 Germany's largest Crystal-Meth-Labor in Erfurt excavated: 23. Februar 2023: Anfang 2022 entdeckte das Thüringer Landeskriminalamt ein Crystal-Meth-Labor auf einem Industriegelände in Erfurt, das bis heute deutschlandweit größte Crystal-Meth-Labor. Interne Akten zeigen: Die Bande in Thüringen hatte offenbar Hilfe aus den Niederlanden. Doch der Start des Drogenprozesses vor dem Landgericht Erfurt ist unklar.

Mühlhausen city: Mühlhausen city in the north-west of Thuringia, first mentioned in 967 and becoming one of the most important cities in central Germany in the late Middle Ages. In the mid-13th century, it became a Freie Reichsstadt, an independent and republican self-ruled member of the 'Holy Roman Empire' - Mühlhausen Kreisstadt des Unstrut-Hainich-Kreises an der Unstrut, einem Nebenfluss der Saale und 55 km nordwestlich der Landeshauptstadt Erfurt. Im Mittelalter waren die Reichsstädte Mühlhausen und Nordhausen nach Erfurt die zweitmächtigsten Städte im Thüringer Raum. Bekannt ist Mühlhausen auch für sein reichhaltiges historisches Erbe, so war es Wirkungsstätte von Johann Sebastian Bach und Thomas Müntzer sowie bis 1802 Reichsstadt. Von der einstigen Bedeutung zeugen heute noch zahlreiche historische Bauwerke wie die Stadtmauer oder die Marienkirche.

Economy and infrastructure of Mühlhausen city: Economy and infrastructure of Mühlhausen city, as during recent years, the economic situation of the city has improved. The unemployment rate in the Unstrut-Hainich district declined from 21% in 2005 to 10% in 2013 with higher rates in the city than in the bordering rural municipalities. Still, Mühlhausen itself has one of the highest unemployment rates in Thuringia.

Since 14th century history and timeline of Mühlhausen: Mühlhausens Geschichte seit dem 14. Jahrhundert

Since 14th century St. Mary's Church: Since 14th century St. Mary's Church (Marienkirche) in the town of Mühlhausen, the second-largest church building in Thuringia after Erfurt Cathedral, considered to be a masterpiece of the Gothic style - Die Marienkirche in der thüringischen Stadt Mühlhausen war ein Ereignisort des Bauernkriegs um 1525, da der Revolutionsführer Thomas Müntzer hier als Pfarrer wirkte

Since 1914 history and timeline of Mühlhausen: Seit 1914 Geschichte Mühlhausens, einschließlch der Periode seit 1991

Politics and elections in Thuringia: Elections in Thuringia

September 2014 Thuringian state election: 14 September 2014 Thuringian state election - 14. September: Vorläufiges amtliches Ergebnis der Landtagswahl 2014 im Land Thüringen - Die amtierende Landesregierung ist eine rot-rot-grüne Koalition aus den Parteien Die Linke, SPD und Bündnis 90/Die Grünen seit dem 5. Dezember 2014

October 2019 Thuringian state election: 27 October 2019 Thuringian state election - 28 October 2019: Thuringia's 'Die Linke' party won about 31%, Merkel�s Christian Democrats won 21,8%, but far ahead of her coalition partner, the once powerful Social Democrats SPD, who scored only 8,2%, the xenophobic and neo-Nazi linked AfD party scored about 23,4%, more than doubling its 2014 result, after an 9 October attack in Halle, where a suspected neo-Nazi gunman tried and failed to storm a synagogue and then shot dead two people outside

5 February 2020 President of the Central Council of Jews in Germany Josef Schuster condemns alliance of FDP, AfD and CDU to elect FDP's Thomas Kemmerich: 5. Februar 2020: Der Präsident des Zentralrats der Juden, Josef Schuster verurteilt das Bündnis von FDP, AfD und CDU bei der Wahl Thomas Kemmerichs zum thüringischen Ministerpräsidenten und erklärt 'damit verlässt die FDP den Konsens der demokratischen Parteien, nicht mit der AfD zusammenzuarbeiten oder auf die Unterstützung der Rechtspopulisten zu zählen' - Josef Schuster was born in Haifa in 1954, after his paternal family had lived in Franconia since at least the middle of the 16th century, and as his father David Schuster was a merchant who was forced to emigrate to Palestine in 1938, as both parents of his mother died at the Auschwitz concentration camp, as his family returned to Germany in 1956 where Schuster later studied medicine becoming a specialist in internal medicine, today also a volunteer as an emergency physician for the Bavarian section of the Red Cross

Since February 2020 Thuringia political crisis caused by AfD, FDP and CDU: Since February 2020 Thuringia political crisis, triggered by the election of FDP's Thomas Kemmerich as Thuringian Minister President with votes from the AfD, CDU and FDP on 5 February 2020, as the election attracted national and international attention because, for the first time in the history of federal Germany a Minister President was elected with votes from a neo-Nazi linked party, in this case the AfD

July 2021 continuation of Thuringia political crisis caused by AfD, FDP and CDU: July 2021 continuation of Thuringia political crisis caused by AfD, FDP and CDU

28 June 2023 Thuringia became first German state to elect a mayor from neo-Nazi AfD party: 28 June 2023: Thuringia became first German state to elect a mayor from far-right AfD party, as video of apparent neo-Nazi handing out balloons at German nursery in Föritztal in the district of Sonneberg, where the election took place, sparks outrage

Parteienstaat mit alten Seilschaften: Politics of Germany

German state elections: Elections in subdivisions of Germany - German state elections

Since April 1933 Nazi 'Gestapo' in Berlin: 26 April 1933 Nazi 'Gestapo' (secret police) headquartered in Berlin on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße, preceded by the 'Prussian Secret Police' since 1851

Since 30 January 1935 Nazi SS-Hauptamt in Berlin: Since 30 January 1935 Nazi SS-Hauptamt headquartered in Berlin, on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße

August 1949 West German federal election: 14 August 1949 West German federal election

September 1953 West German federal election: 6 September 1953 West German federal election

September 1957 West German federal election: 15 September 1957 West German federal election

September 1961 West German federal election: 17 September 1961 West German federal election, as the Social Democratic Party narrowly became the largest individual party in the Bundestag, winning 203 of the 521 seats

September 1965 West German federal election: 19 September 1965 West German federal election, as the Social Democratic Party remained the largest single party in the Bundestag, winning 251 of the 518 seats

1 December 1966 former NSDAP member chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger CDU: On 1 December 1966 upon the resignation of Chancellor Ludwig Erhard a grand coalition of Christian Democrats and Social Democrats had governed West Germany under former NSDAP member chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger CDU with SPD chairman Willy Brandt as vice-chancellor and foreign minister

In and since the 1960s social and new political movements: In and since the 1960s social and new political movements, grewing as younger people became disillusioned with the political 'establishment', worrying it was reminiscent of German empire's NSDAP rule past, as West Berlin became a center for these movements since many pensive and critical, 'left' leaning people would take residence in West Berlin to avoid the military draft that was in effect in the rest of West Germany - 1960s-1970s 'Außerparlamentarische Opposition' (German for extra-parliamentary opposition, commonly known as the APO), a political protest movement in West Germany forming a central part of the German student movement, as its membership consisted mostly of young people disillusioned with the grand coalition (Große Koalition) of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), and as - since the coalition controlled 95% of the Bundestag, the APO provided a more effective outlet for student (and more) dissent

April 1968 assassination attempt against Rudi Dutschke: 11 April 1968 assassination attempt against the spokesperson of the German student movement of the 1960s Rudi Dutschke, who later died, by Josef Bachmann, who had contact with an active cell of Neonazis in Peine since 1961, participating in shooting practice with them

1977/78 Krise und Auflösung der 'Projektgruppe Entwicklung des Marxschen Systems' (Das Kapitel vom Geld 1973, Theorien über den Mehrwert 1975, Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie 1978) infolge politischer Intrige seitens des Projektleiters nach verletzter Eitelkeit, außerdem zu der Zeit unzureichender Quellenlage zur Geschichte Israels, des Militärstaats 'Imperium Romanum', dann - nach dessen Selbstauflösung trotz von seinen Ideologen ausgedachter christlicher Staatsreligion, ausgehend von nicht verstandener jüdischer Geschichte und Kultur - des 'Sacrum Imperium Romanum' bis 1806 und der Nationalstaaten bis 2021, und damit vor allem zur Geschichte der Privateigentumsformen, die heute den globalen Kapitalismus, den Weltmarkt und das Verhältnis reicher Länder zu Ländern mit Gemeinwesen, die die europäische Entwicklung mit seinen Privateigentumsformen (und entsprechenden Kriegen) nicht mitgemacht sondern nur darunter gelitten haben und leiden

September 1969 West German federal election: 28 September 1969 West German federal election

21 October 1969 Willy Brandt SPD elected Chancellor of Germany: On 21 October 1969 Willy Brandt was elected Chancellor of Germany, the first SPD chancellor in the postwar period, after the last Social Democrat holding this position had been Hermann Müller from 1928 to 1930, with FDP chairman Walter Scheel succeeding Brandt as vice-chancellor and foreign minister, as several party switches in protest against Brandt's Ostpolitik of FDP and SPD members resulted in the snap election of 1972

November 1972 West German federal election and SPD with 242 of 518 seats: 19 November 1972 West German federal election, as voter turnout was 91.1%, and as in the first snap elections since 1949, the Social Democratic Party SPD for the first time in the history of the second German republic became the largest party in the Bundestag, winning 242 of the 518 seats, and the coalition with the Free Democratic Party FDP was resumed

December/May 1972/73 Cabinet Brandt II and defeated Rainer Barzel resigned as CDU chairman: Cabinet Brandt II returned to government the next day, again with FDP chairman Walter Scheel as vice-chancellor and foreign minister, as defeated Rainer Barzel resigned as CDU chairman on 9 May 1973, he was succeeded by Helmut Kohl

Since 1972 non-governmental environmental organization 'Greenpeace' and 'Greens' in West Germany: After in 1972 non-governmental environmental organization 'Greenpeace', then in over 55 countries and and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, in the 1970s and 1980s in West Germany a 'Green Party' was formed to organize and accommodate the anti-nuclear movement in Germany, and after peace movement activists and other new social movements had previously been active in the 'APO', as later in 1983, the 'German Green Party' was elected into the Bundestag still in Bonn, where it stood for the concept of movement and change - until today seen in new social movements - and as within only a few years, the 'Greens' gained political influence amid growing knowledge of natural foundations and the unity of man and nature

April/May 1974 a chancellor's personal assistant exposed as Stasi spy and Brandt's resignation: In 1973 West German security organizations received information that one of Brandt's personal assistants, Günter Guillaume, was a spy for the East German state, Guillaume was arrested on 24 April 1974 and had indeed been a spy for East Germany, supervised by Markus Wolf, head of the Main Intelligence Administration of the East German Ministry for State Security 'Stasi', followed by Brandt's resignation as Chancellor on 6 May 1974 (although he remained the Chairman of the Social Democrats and led the party until 1987 - May 1974 Brandt was succeeded as Chancellor by Helmut Schmidt, who unlike Brandt belonged to an opposite wing of the SPD party, as pioneer Guillaume was eventually released and sent to East Germany in 1981 in exchange for Western intelligence agents caught by the Eastern Bloc, as back in East Germany, Guillaume was celebrated as a hero, worked in the training of spies - 22. Oktober 2012: Der bundesdeutsche Strafverteidiger des Kanzleramtsspions Guillaume, der seit den 70er Jahren enttarnten KGB- oder Stasi-Agenten (beispielsweise den womöglich dienstältesten KGB-Agenten in Westdeutschland Manfred Rotsch, der fast 30 Jahre lang für Putins KGB-Mannschaft als Ingenieur beim Münchner Rüstungskonzern Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm MBB, auch über das Nato-Kampfflugzeug Tornado und den Jäger 90 berichtete) juristischen Beistand anbot, dann gelobt von seinen Schützlingen wie dem Stasi-Offizier Guillaume, der seinen Anwalt in höchsten Tönen pries, er sei ihm 'nicht nur rechtlich, sondern auch moralisch zu einer Stütze' geworden, eine Ansicht die von vielen Menschen z.B. in Syrien, in der Ukraine, auch in Sachsen, Thüringen etc. mit Sicherheit nicht geteilt wird

In 1974 former resistance fighter Willy Brandt replaced by former NSDAP army officer Helmut Schmidt: In 1974 Willy Brandt, who supported the Spanish Republic against Spanish, NSDAP-German and Italian fascist forces during Franco's war as a journalist, who applied in 1940 for Norwegian citizenship, was arrested by occupying NSDAP-German forces (later including Hans Filbinger known for his death sentences in Norway), but was not identified as he wore a Norwegian uniform, replaced by NSDAP army officer Helmut Schmidt, who was involved in war crimes since 1941 against millions of Soviet people, receiving the 'Iron Cross' documented by at least two pictures in 1942

October 1976 West German federal election: 3 October 1976 West German federal election, as the CDU/CSU alliance became the largest faction in parliament, but SPD's Helmut Schmidt remained Chancellor, and later CSU's Franz Josef Strauß became candidate for chancellor for the 1980 elections

October 1980 West German federal election: 5 October 1980 West German federal election, as CDU/CSU tried to make their candidate CSU leader Franz Josef Strauß the elected Chancellor (the first time that their candidate was from the CSU), but Strauß, popular in Bavaria, found it difficult to appeal to people in other parts of Germany

February-October 1982 economic policies, peace movement and CDU/FDP government: February-October 1982, after the SPD/FDP coalition under Chancellor Helmut Schmidt was returned to power in 1980, the coalition parties grew more and more apart over economic policies, chancellor Schmidt asked for and won a motion of no confidence in February 1982, but the FDP cabinet ministers resigned in September 1982, the SPD formed a minority government, and in October Schmidt and the SPD government were dismissed from office by a constructive vote of no confidence by the votes of the CDU/CSU Union parties and a majority of the FDP deputies in the Bundestag

1979-1983 protests against NATO Double-Track Decision and nuclear upgrade in Western Europe: 1979 bis 1983 gab es starke Proteste gegen den NATO-Doppelbeschluss und die atomare Hochrüstung in Westeuropa und den USA, über vier Millionen Menschen unterzeichneten 1980�1983 den Krefelder Appell gegen die Stationierung amerikanischer Mittelstrecken-Atomwaffen in Europa - 10. Oktober 1981 Friedensdemonstration im Bonner Hofgarten unter dem Motto 'Gegen die atomare Bedrohung gemeinsam vorgehen', als bei der Abschlusskundgebung etwa 300.000 Menschen teilnahmen um unter anderem gegen den NATO-Doppelbeschluss zu protestieren

March 1983 Federal elections in West Germany, green party in parliament: 6 March 1983 Federal elections in West Germany as the CDU/CSU alliance led by Helmut Kohl remained the largest faction in parliament, with Kohl remaining Chancellor, while the elections were the first in which the Greens secured representation in the Bundestag, and the first which saw a fourth (fifth) party in the parliament since 1960

January 1987 West German federal election: 25 January 1987 West German federal election, the last federal election held in West Germany prior to German reunification, as Greens for the second time came strengthened into parliament, established on federal level

Since October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital: 3 October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital of the 'Federal Republic of Germany'

December 1990 German federal election: 2 December 1990 German federal election, the first all-German election since the NSDAP show election in April 1938, the first multi-party all-German election since that of March 1933, which was held after the NSDAP seizure of power and was subject to widespread suppression, and the first free and fair all-German election since November 1932, as the 1990 result was a comprehensive victory - following the Monday demonstrations since 1982/1989 in East Germany, the 1989 Alexanderplatz demonstration for political reforms, events in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the November 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall - for the governing coalition of the CDU/CSU and the FDP, which was reelected to a third term - Revolutions of 1989 formed part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s that resulted in the end of one party ruled regimes in several countries, ongoing in the 21st century and then also including Islamic countries

2009-2014: German federal election 2009 - 25. Juli 2012: Von der CDU/FDP-Regierung durchgesetzte Reform des Bundestagswahlrechts wegen Verletzung der Grundsätze der Gleichheit und Unmittelbarkeit der Wahl verfassungswidrig - 10. August 2012: Koalition gegen die Ratifizierung der Uno-Anti-Korruptions-Konvention - German federal election 22 September 2013 - 22 septembre 2013: Les Allemands ont voté en masse dimanche matin pour les élections législatives qui devraient confirmer Angela Merkel - 23 September: Germany's CDU/CSU wins by a landslide but faces tough coalition choices - 23/24 September: 'This morning I stood in front of my wardrobe and I thought red is no good, bright green is no good, blue was yesterday, what are you going to do?' CDU chancellor Merkel said - 17 octobre 2013: Merkel tente un rapprochement avec les sociaux-démocrates - 27 November: CDU/CSU and SPD reach deal on forming a coalition - 14 décembre 2013: Feu vert des sociaux-démocrates à la 'grande coalition' dans un référendum interne - 18 December: Angela Merkel elected to a third term as chancellor in a vote in the German lower house of parliament - 14 February 2014: German minister Friedrich quits over Edathy's suspected involvement in child pornography - 17 February 2014: German grand coalition dispute over SPD lawmaker's child porn probe as commentators are asking whether Merkel's third government can rule in its current state

2015: 7 May 2015: German defense ministry official tried to get MAD intelligence service on the urging of the manufacturer of assault rifles G36 Heckler&Koch to cover up negative reports about this rifles used by the Bundeswehr - 13 October 2015: Anti-refugee protesters create a gallows for Angela Merkel over her open-door refugee policies as housing for those who have fled the Middle East are daubed in racist graffiti - 17 October 2015: Henriette Reker, running for the office of the Mayor of Cologne, was seriously wounded by an assailant with a knife while shouting against refugees - 19 October 2015: Henriette Reker who was stabbed in the neck in an attack over her work with refugees elected the first female mayor of the western city of Cologne - 7 November 2015: Just two days after resolving a coalition row over how to handle the record influx of refugees, row over their status reopened by the CDU/CSU interior minister saying Syrian refugees would receive a modified status and be barred from having family members join them

2016: 13 March 2016: Legislatures in the prosperous southwestern state of Baden-Wuerttemberg, neighboring Rhineland-Palatinate and relatively poor Saxony-Anhalt in the east entered by right-wing AfD with strong gains, that took around a quarter of the vote in Saxony-Anhalt - Since 2015 German automobile industry emissions scandal - 27 August 2016: Viele Autokonzerne haben manipuliert, die Politik hat in der Abgas-Affäre versagt - 1 December 2016: The first time German government admits that Ramstein military base in Rhineland-Palatinate plays a central role in the USA�s illegal drone war missions around the world, killing almost 5,000 people in Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia as well as more than 13,000 in the war in Afghanistan, as the large majority of the victims are innocents such as women, children, and old people according to Ramstein campaign - 2 December 2016: Opposition parties accuse the coalition government of overstepping its authority in order to block USA whistleblower Edward Snowden's trip to Germany after the Federal Court of Justice ruled in November that the government must allow a parliamentary committee in Berlin to question Snowden, who in 2013 leaked details of the USA National Security Agency's global surveillance practises

June 2017: 18 June 2017: NSU victims' families sue German government over investigation errors, as families of two men murdered by a neo-Nazi group are suing for damages due to mistakes made in the probe argueing that authorities could have arrested the trio earlier, preventing further murders - 23 June 2017: German lawmakers voted Thursday to cut off public financing for extremist parties, a measure targeting the neo-Nazi NPD party after two failed attempts by parliament to ban it

August 2017: 21 August 2017: German Chancellor Angela Merkel said Monday she doesn't intend to seek a business post after life in politics and criticised her predecessor S P D-Schröder for joining the board of Russian oil giant Rosneft

September 2017 German federal election: 24 September 2017 German federal election - 24 September 2017: Angela Merkel wins fourth term but neo-Nazi linked AfD surges to third, announcing to 'hunt' Merkel and saying 'we will take our people and our country back'

October 2017: 15 October 2017 Lower Saxony state election - 16 October 2017: Germany�s Social Democrats score victory in regional election

November 2017: 20 November 2017: Raising prospect of new election German coalition talks break down, after the FDP withdrew

January 2018: 23 janvier 2018: L'extrême droite préside la commission sur le budget - 24 January 2018: Newly released figures show Germany's CDU/SPD coalition approved more weapons exports over the past four years, also showing exports to countries outside the EU and NATO rose even more steeply, by 47% to almost 15 billion euros, as photos emerged in recent days allegedly showing Turkey using German-made tanks against Kurds in northern Syria

February 2018: 7 février 2018: Le parti de la chancelière allemande et les sociaux-démocrates sont enfin tombés d'accord pour gouverner, mais quelque 460'000 militants du SPD devront se prononcer lors d'une consultation interne

March 2018: 4. März 2018 Mitgliedervotum der SPD zum Koalitionsvertrag 2018 - 4 March 2018: Social democrats� vote for 'grand coalition' with conservatives ends months of uncertainty - 9 mars 2018: Le nouveau gouvernement d'Angela Merkel finalisé - 14 March 2018: Angela Merkel voted in for fourth term as German chancellor

April 2018: 22 April 2018: Germany�s Social Democrats have elected Andrea Nahles, a combative and outspoken former labour minister, as the first female leader of the 155-year-old party

July 2018: 12 July 2018: As German neo-Nazi jailed for NSU's killings, relatives of the victims want to know why their father, brother or son had to die, expressing 'hope all other supporters of the NSU are found and convicted', and spotlight falls on treatment of migrants in Germany

August 2018 Neo-Nazism in Russia, Berlin and Vienna: 19 August 2018: Neo-Nazis marched through Berlin on Saturday to commemorate the anniversary of the death of Hitler's aide Rudolf Hess, carrying a banner reading 'I don't regret anything', as Putin and his poodle Merkel had a quiet drink outside Berlin, showing memory and admiration for Russian, Iranian and Assad's assaults on the Syrian people, murdering hundreds of thousands, for the effects of Sarin, BUK-missiles, Polonium-tea and Novichok-perfume, after Putin's dancing arm-in-arm with Austria's neo-Nazi linked FM Karin Kneissl at her wedding on Saturday

8 September 2018: 8 September 2018: Pressure grows on BfV domestic intelligence agency's Maassen, who told the mass-selling daily 'Bild', that he was skeptical about 'media reports on right-wing extremists hunting down people in Chemnitz', adding that a video circulating shows that the happening could have been faked, promoting the neo-Nazi linked AfD party with his untenable and false assertions and aggravating tensions about whether politicians and the authorities are being too complacent in the face of rising xenophobia in Germany, where many thought the lessons of its Nazi history had long been learned

18 September 2018: 18. September 2018: Bundesregierung befördert den Nazis und Neonazis schützenden Präsidenten des Bundesamtes für Verfassungsschutz Maaßen zum Staatssekretär in das Bundesinnenministerium, als der er in die Besoldungsgruppe B 11 (Grundgehalt 14.157,33 �) statt bisher B 9 (Grundgehalt 11.577,13 �) auf Kosten der Steuerzahler vorrückt, auch ein Bonus dafür, daß Maaßen die juristisch geforderte Offenlegung der beim 'Verfassungsschutz' vorhandenen Akten zu dem NS-Kriegsverbrecher Alois Brunner 'erfolgreich' verweigert hat

November 2018: 5 November 2018: German spy chief Maaßen loses out on government role after firebrand speech

May 2019 European Parliament election in Germany: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Germany

June 2019 neo-Nazi death threats: 20 June 2019: Several German politicians who have publicly stood up for refugees have received death threats since what police are treating as the politically motivated murder of Walter Lübcke, including death threats against Mayor of Cologne Henriette Reker, the victim of an assassination attempt in 2015

August/September 2019: 30 August 2019: Now 80 years after Germany started off World War II, Germany and some nations grapple with their past, mixing victims in with perpetrators, turning Nazis and collaborators into national heroes, as Germany today honours Nazi general Erwin Rommel and sides with belligerent Iran and Russia, committing war crimes year after year

1 September 2019 neo-Nazi linked German AfD party make big gains: 4 September 2019: Anti-immigration and neo-Nazi linked AfD, the third-biggest party in the 2017 German general election, main opposition, and able to mobilise several hundred thousand people who had never voted before, overtakes German Left, Greens and SPD in Saxony and German CDU, Greens and Left in Brandenburg in state elections

7/8 September 2019 CDU, SPD and FDP elected neo-Nazi to head local authority: 8 September 2019: All representatives, including representatives of the CDU, SPD and FDP, of the Ortsbeirat of Altenstadt-Waldsiedlung had voted neo-Nazi Deputy NPD state chairman Stefan Jagsch as their head

20 September 2019: 21. September 2019: Umwelt- und Wirtschaftswissenschaftler haben die Klimaschutz-Vereinbarungen der großen Koalition kritisiert, die sie für zu kleinteilig und in der Wirkungskraft zu begrenzt halten, während am Freitag 1,4 Millionen Menschen laut Fridays For Future in verschiedenen Städten für den Klimaschutz demonstrierten

3 October 2019: 3 October 2019: On 'German Unity Day' animal rescue services in Germany have been criticised for shooting dead a zebra after it escaped from a circus and ran on to a motorway, fired from a distance of about 10 metres and as 'there was no danger', according to a resident

30 October 2019: 30 octobre 2019: Quelques semaines après l'attentat antisémite à Halle, l'Allemagne a annoncé mercredi prendre des mesures pour combattre la violences antisémite et raciste

November 2019 commemorating 1938 'Kristallnacht': 8 November 2019: A resolution commemorating 1938 'Kristallnacht', that notes the synagogue shootings in Pittsburgh and Poway, will be introduced by USA democrats, recalling the pogroms that erupted in Germany and Austria and marked the first wide-scale use of violence by the Nazis against Jews, as CDU could 'tear itself apart' after call for AfD coalition in Thuringia, beaten into third place by the openly xenophobic and neo-Nazi linked party - 9 novembre 2019: L'Allemagne et l'Europe célèbrent le 30e anniversaire de la chute du Mur de Berlin qui avait mis fin à la division du continent

15 November 2019 AfD party's Brandner removed from parliament�s Legal Affairs Committee chairmanship: 15 November 2019: AfD party's Brandner removed from parliament�s Legal Affairs Committee's chairmanship by German lawmakers, after he made comments that have been widely condemned as anti-Semitic and racist, and after he was choosen by the same lawmakers

November/December 2019 leadership vote of Social Democrats: 1 December 2019: After Walter-Borjans and Saskia Esken, who are demanding a shift in policies, won a vote for leadership of Social Democrats, several senior conservatives on Sunday ruled out talks to renegotiate a governing agreement

December 2019 parliament urges to ban all activities by Iran-backed Hezbollah in Germany, citing its 'terrorist activities', especially in Syria: 19 December 2019: German parliament on Thursday approved a motion urging Chancellor Angela Merkel's government to ban all activities by the Iran-backed Hezbollah group on German soil, citing its 'terrorist activities', especially in Syria

15 January 1919 - 15 January 2020: 15 January 2020: Russian Jew David Dushman, one of the last surviving soldiers to have taken part in the liberation of the Auschwitz camp in January 1945, since 1996 living in southern Germany and still struggling to explain how such a catastrophe could happen, joined the Red Army in 1941 after Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, today saying 'they were standing there, all of them in (prisoner) uniforms, only eyes, only eyes, very narrow - that was very terrible, very terrible'

6 February 2020 anti-Semitic AFD party's backing for Thuringia's new elected state premier Kemmerich shocks Germany: 6 February 2020: Anti-Semitic AFD party's backing for Thuringia's FDP politician and new elected state premier Kemmerich shocks Germany, also enjoying support from lawmakers of Chancellor Merkel�s CDU as well as his FDP stablemates, as tacit cooperation between CDU, FDP and AfD condemned by Josef Schuster, saying he was 'horrified' by Wednesday�s vote

10 February 2020 Kramp-Karrenbauer to quit as CDU leader and chancellor's candidacy: 10 février 2020: Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, la dauphine désignée d'Angela Merkel, a annoncé lundi renoncer à lui succéder et vouloir abandonner la présidence du parti conservateur, tirant les le�ons de la crise politique ouverte par une alliance avec néonazis en Thuringe

14 February 2020 Germany's political crisis and deep divisions in CDU party: 14 February 2020: Germany's political crisis and shock resignation of Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, that has laid bare deep divides in CDU party

13 April 2020 Germany will gradually facilitate covid-19 restrictions: 13 avril 2020: L'Allemagne envisage de lever progressivement des mesures de restriction liées à l'épidémie de nouveau coronavirus, profitant d'une situation moins dramatique que dans d'autres pays européens, avec notamment une mortalité encore inférieure

30 April 2020 Germany bans all Hezbollah activity on its soil: 30 April 2020: After USA and Israeli pressure, Germany bans all Hezbollah activity on its soil, designating the Iran-backed group a terrorist organizations, as Israel welcomes move as a 'valuable and significant step in the global fight against terrorism', urging more European states to follow

6 June 2020 loneliest of D-Day remembrances amid covid-19 as 'Bundeswehr' continues to praise Nazigeneral Rommel: 6 June 2020: The loneliest of D-Day remembrances is marked amid covid-19 pandemic, as small ceremony held a year after tens of thousands came to Normandy beaches to cheer the dwindling number of veterans and celebrate liberation from Nazi oppression, as German 'Bundeswehr' continues to praise and honour the Nazigeneral Rommel

24/25 June 2020 Germans back in lockdown demand accountability: 24 June 2020: Germans back in lockdown demand accountability, as residents and local businesses forced back into strict lockdown following a covid-19 outbreak at a local abattoir are demanding that those responsible are held to account and North Rhine-Westphalia�s Gütersloh district had its first full day under a reimposed covid-19 lockdown after more than 1,700 employees at the Tönnies abattoir and meat processing plant tested positive - 25 June 2020: Abattoir air cooling systems could pose covid-19 risks, expert warns, as analysis of Tönnies meat plant system in Gütersloh shows it contributed to spread of aerosol droplets laden with coronavirus

July 2020 SPD leader (2009-2017) Sigmar Gabriel paid as a consultant for the meat producer Toennies: 2 July 2020: 2009-2017 SPD leader and former Federal Minister of Economics Sigmar Gabriel paid as a consultant for the meat producer Toennies in Rheda since March 2020, as Gabriel reportedly received a flat fee of � 10,000 per month and an additional four-digit fee for each day of travel for his activity that should last two years

15 July 2020 German CDU Merkel supports 'Wirecard' China deal, CSU-Guttenbergs 'Spitzberg Partners': Am 15. Juli 2020 wurde bekannt, dass CSU-Guttenbergs 'Spitzberg Partners' 2019 dem Zahlungsdienstleister Wirecard, der 2020 Insolvenz angemeldet hat, beim Eintritt in das China-Geschäft unterstützt hat, und zugleich bei der Bundesregierung Lobbyarbeit für Wirecard leistete - 15. Juli 2020: Guttenberg warb bei der Bundesregierung für Wirecard und die Beratungsfirma des Ex-Ministers begleitete 2019 den China-Deal des Zahlungsdienstleisters, und suchte und fand bei CDU-Merkel Regierung Unterstützung für das Vorhaben

29 July 2020 draft bill against use of subcontractors in meat industry approved: a29 July 2020: CDU-Merkel's cabinet has approved a draft bill that would ban the use of subcontractors and agency workers in the meat industry, and that could mean working and housing conditions get better, as NGG, which represents workers in the food industry, welcomed the new regulations

August 2020 anniversary of 'SPD Arbeiterjugendtag in Hamburg' 28-30 August 1920: August 2020 hundredth anniversary of 'SPD Arbeiterjugendtag in Hamburg' 28-30 August 1920 - 1933 'Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft' ('promise of most loyal obedience'), a declaration by 88 German writers and poets of their loyalty to Adolf Hitler printed in the 'Vossische Zeitung' on 26 October 1933, publicised by the 'Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin' and in German media, such as the 'Frankfurter Zeitung', to widen public awareness of the confidence of the signed poets and writers in Hitler as the Chancellor of Germany

7 September 2020: German Greens well placed for share of power despite covid-19 setback: 7 September 2020: German Greens well placed for share of power despite covid-19 setback

16/17 September 2020 29 Green party calls for review of extremism in the police force sharing pictures of Hitler and refugees in gas chambers: 16/17 September 2020: Green party calls for a nationwide review of extremism in the police force, after investigators searched 34 locations, including police stations and private apartments, as 29 German police officers suspended for sharing pictures of Hitler, also accused of sharing doctored images depicting refugees in gas chambers and using neo-Nazi chatrooms

18 September 2020 German states push for police racism probe: 18 September 2020: Several Social Democrat-led regional governments in Germany are insisting their own studies into racism among police forces if Interior Minister Horst Seehofer does not initiate a nationwide study

20 September 2020 Seehofer plans Germany's racism probe: 20. September 2020: Seehofer plant breit angelegte Rassismus-Studie, stemmt sich aber weiterhin gegen eine Studie zu rassistischen Tendenzen bei der Polizei

24 September 2020 German CDU/CSU party's and Europe's memory: , 24 September 2020: Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen continues to promote war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the 'Führerbegleitbatallion' during the invasion of Poland, since 1940 a military commander in Nazi Germany's conquest of western Europe, describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military - 24 September 2020: As site in Amsterdam�s Jewish Quarter will feature names of more than 102,000 Jews, Roma and Sinti who were murdered in or on their way to Nazi concentration camps, a school friend of World War II Jewish diarist Anne Frank laid the first stone Wednesday at a new memorial under construction in Amsterdam to honor all Dutch victims of the Holocaust, after Dutch court cleared the way last year for the memorial to be constructed

8 October 2020 AfD's Gottschalk chairman of Wirecard committee of inquiry with CDU and SPD support: ^8. Oktober 2020: AfD's Kay Gottschalk mit den Stimmen von CDU und SPD zun Ausschussvorsitzenden des Wirecard-Untersuchungsausschusses gewählt - 8 October 2020: Survivors relive terror in German trial of Halle synagogue attack

29 October 2020 German chancellor decries populists who say coronavirus is harmless: 29 October 2020: Populists who argue the coronavirus is harmless are dangerous and irresponsible, German chancellor Angela Merkel said on Thursday, defending a circuit break lockdown aimed at slowing the spread of the virus

19/20 November 2020 AfD-linked demonstrators penetrated the Bundestag as 75 years marked since Nuremberg trials: 20 November 2020: 75 years marked since Nuremberg trials that established concept of war criminals, as aggressive demonstrators supported by neo-Nazi linked AfD-party penetrated the Bundestag while parliamentarians were discussing a new Infection Protection Law, after party's Gauland in May described the 8 May 1945 a 'day of absolute defeat', also repeatly praising German war criminals, allied with other German politicians in the AfD, CDU, SPD and FDP

16 January 2021 CDU party chooses Armin Laschet as leader: 16 January 2021: Angela Merkel's CDU party chooses Armin Laschet as leader, beating the conservative hardliner F. Merz by 521 to 466 votes in a run-off vote

4 February 2021 Germany governed by Merkel CDU records new jump in neo-Nazi linked crime in 2020: 4 February 2021: Germany records new jump in neo-Nazi linked crime in 2020, as number jumped to its highest level for many years, according to provisional official figures, as police recorded 23,080 crimes of a far-right nature last year, around 700 more than the previous year

15 March 2021 CDU defeats in Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate: 15 March 2021: Christian Democrats face questions over their new leader and the impact of a corruption scandal involving face mask production following historic defeats in German regional elections on Sunday in the states of Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate, after the CDU had previously ruled Baden-Württemberg from 1953 for almost 58 years, shaped by NSDAP and CDU careerists Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Hans Filbinger and also Hitler-general Erwin Rommel, and as the CDU has had to face up to the fact that a corruption scandal involving alleged kickbacks over face mask procurement, which led to the resignation of three MPs within a week, in the run-up to the votes, has seriously damaged its image

9 April 2021 federal plan to take control of Germany�s covid response: 9 April 2021: The German chancellor Angela Merkel plans to take control over the covid-19 response from federal states to impose restrictions on regions with high numbers of new infections, as the head of the country�s disease control agency said Germany needed a two- to four-week lockdown to prevent hospitals from being overwhelmed

26 May 2021 German voters� view of personal wealth causes problems for the 'left': 26 May 2021: German voters� view of personal wealth causes problems for the left, as survey and analysis show left-of-centre parties struggling to cut through as �everyone thinks they are middle class�

3 July 2021 Biden to nominate daughter of Holocaust survivor as USA Ambassador to Germany: 3 July 2021: USA's president Joe Biden will nominate University of Pennsylvania president Amy Gutmann, the daughter of a Holocaust survivor, as USA Ambassador to Germany, as Gutmann will be the first woman to ever hold the post, and will be counted on to use her academic expertise in political and democratic philosophy to stabilize USA-German relations following the Trump years

18 July 2021 CDU, chancellor Merkel and German election campaign involving parties and media: July 2021 CDU and chancellor Merkel and election campaign - 23. Mai 2021: Die Opfer des Krieges des Hamas-Regimes in Gaza im Mai 2021 gegen Israel

20 July 2021 before the German September elections: Since 1950s Western German state's yearly commemoration of German empire's army officers' 20 July 1944 attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler to ensure their own survival, now facing the inevitable defeat of the earlier promoted empire and its crimes, made powerful by them in the inhuman war - Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg beim deutschen Überfall auf Polen, 'Westfeldzug', im Oberkommando des Heeres

Since 1932 22 assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler ending with the failed 20 July 1944 plot following successful Normandy landing by Allied forces: Since 1932 list of 22 assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler ending with the failed 20 July 1944 plot following successful Normandy landing by Allied forces - 20 July 1944 NSDAP ruled German empire's army officers attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler inside his 'Wolf's Lair' field headquarters near Rastenburg in east Prussia, an action called 'Operation Valkyrie', following NSDAP empire's offensives since 1939, including invasion and occupation of Poland, battle of the Atlantic, invasions of Denmark, of Norway, of Iceland, battle of the Netherlands, invasion of Luxembourg, Battle of Belgium, Battle of France 'Case Yellow', Battle of Britain, invasion of Yugoslavia (NSDAP rulw Germany and Axis allies via Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Albania), Battle of the Mediterranean, Battle of Greece, Battle of Crete, and 'Operation Barbarossa', including several barbaric sieges of large cities until the military initiative was won by the Soviet Union in summer 1943 - June - August/September 1944 'Battle of Normandy', the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II, launched on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings

Since ancient times Torah's sixth commandment 'Thou shalt not murder': 9. November 2006: Die Formulierung des sechsten Gebotes in der Tora ist eine ganz andre als in den Formulierungen beruhend auf der lateinischen Bibelübersetzung, wie sie die römisch-katholische Kirche seit Mittelalter verwendete, nämlich 'ratsah', das mit 'morden' übersetzt werden sollte. Diese Wurzel bezieht sich nur auf verbrecherische Tötungshandlungen - The fifth book of the Jewish Torah, the ten commandments, and the sixth commandment 'Thou shalt not murder'

1935-1945 Oberkommando des Heeres, Generalquartiermeister und Qu Gruppen: 1935-1945 Oberkommando des Heeres, 6. Abteilung Generalquartiermeister und nachgeordneter Bereich, bei Mobilmachung 1939 gebildet aus der Quartiermeisterabteilung des Generalstabes des Heeres (der 6. Abteilung), nach dem Frankreichfeldzug 1940 umgebildet mit 1. Chefgruppe, 2. Abteilung Heeresversorgung mit Gruppe Qu 1 für Aufmarschbearbeitung hinsichtlich Heeresversorgung, Studien und Erfahrungen, Gruppe Qu 2 für die rückwärtigen Dienste, Gruppe Qu 3 für Munition, Kraftfahrzeugwesen, Betriebsstoff, Waffen und Gerät, Gruppe Technik, Gruppe 'Feldgendarmerie', 3. Abteilung 'Kriegsverwaltung' mit Gruppe Qu 4 für Organisation der Militärverwaltung, 'vollziehende Gewalt' und Operationsgebiet, Gruppe Qu 5 für 'Abwehr' im Rahmen der vollziehenden Gewalt, Grenzübertritt und Grenzkontrolle sowie 'Sonderkommandos', Gruppe 'Geheime Feldpolizei', Gruppe Verwaltung, Gruppe Wirtschaft - wobei dem Generalquartiermeister als selbstständige Fachgebiete direkt unterstellt waren Heeresnachschubführer, Heeresfeldpostmeister, Außenstellen des Generalquartiermeisters für die einzelnen Versorgungsbezirke der Ostfront, und - nachdem der Chef der 6. Abteilung Eduard Wagner des Generalstabs des Heeres auch zuständig geworden war alle rückwärtigen Dienste des Feldheeres - in Verbindung mit der Operationsabteilung des Generalstabs auch zuständig für die Befehle und Weisungen für die Versorgungsführung, Leitung der militärische Verwaltung in den besetzten Gebieten in Kooperation mit den Oberquartiermeistern der Armeen (später auch der Heeresgruppen) in allen der Versorgungsangelegenheiten, d.h. dann absichtlich herbeigeführte Hungerkrisen und -katastrophen - Wehrmacht und Besatzungsherrschaft im Russischen Nordwesten 1941-1944, Jürgen Kilian, Januar 2012

23 July 1944 quartermaster-general in World War II Eduard Wagner committed suicide: 23 July 1944 after the failure of the 20 July coup attempt, quartermaster-general in World War II Eduard Wagner - who had the overall responsibility for security in the Army Group Rear Areas, and thus bore responsibility for the war crimes committed by the rear-security units in the occupied areas under the army's jurisdiction - feared that his arrest by the Gestapo was imminent and that he might be forced to implicate other plotters, Eduard Wagner committed suicide by shooting himself in the head at noon

21 July 2021 Germany�s cabinet has approved an approximately 400 million euro package of immediate aid: 21 July 2021: Germany�s cabinet has approved an approximately 400 million euro package of immediate aid for the victims of last week�s floods to deliver urgently needed aid, promises billions-strong reconstruction programme following deadly flooding, after at least 170 people were killed by floods causing extensive damage to local infrastructure

September 2021 German federal election for the 20th Bundestag: 26 September 2021 German federal election for the 20th Bundestag - Opinion polling for the 2021 German federal election - 26 September 2021: Social Democrats and Merkel�s CDU neck-and-neck in chancellor race, exit poll says in the early evening, as 'The Guardian' reports live

27 September 2021 SPD wins narrow victory with 25.7% of the vote: 27 September 2021: SPD wins narrow victory with 25.7%, CDU/CSU with 24.1%, Greens with 14.8% and FDP with 11.5% of the vote, according to preliminary results

27 September 2021 constituency held by A. Merkel for the last 30 years flipped to a 27-year-old politician from the SPD: 27 September 2021: German constituency held by Angela Merkel for the last 30 years has flipped to a 27-year-old politician from the SPD, in the starkest expression yet of a generational change of guard underlying Sunday�s national vote, after Angela Merkel had continuously won a direct mandate in the electoral district of Vorpommern-Rügen/Vorpommern-Greifswald I since it was created after reunification in 1990 - 27 September 2021: German election 2021 full results and analysis, reported by 'The Guardian'

27 September 2021 Olaf Scholz seeks three-way coalition after SPD's narrow German election win: 27 September 2021: Olaf Scholz seeks three-way coalition after SPD's narrow German election win - 27 September 2021: Germany takes a plunge into the unknown after 16 years under Merkel, France24 reports

Since 27 September talks to form another governing coalition watched by 'Wikipedia': Since 27 September talks to form another governing coalition as meetings and negotiations of formation watched by 'Wikipedia'

8 December 2021 Olaf Scholz elected to succeed Angela Merkel as Germany�s new chancellor: 8 December 2021: Olaf Scholz elected to succeed Angela Merkel as Germany�s new chancellor after securing a majority of 395 of 736 delegates� ballots in a parliamentary vote, as Scholz will oversee a liberal-left coalition government between his Social Democratic party, the Greens and the liberal Free Democratic party, the first power-sharing agreement of such a kind in Germany

7 March 2022 Olaf Scholz pushes back against calls to ban Russian oil and gas imports: 7 March 2022: German chancellor Scholz pushes back against calls to ban Russian oil and gas imports, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates

17 March 2022 Ukrainian president addresses German parliament urging for help against Russia's new 'Wall': 17 March 2022: Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky virtually addressed the Germany parliament and urged for a help to destroy the new 'Wall' Russia was erecting in Europe, as ahead of his address, German MPs gave Zelensky a standing ovation

7 December 2022 members of German far-right terrorist group arrested for allegedly planning a coup d'état: On 7 December 2022, 25 members of a far-right terrorist group were arrested for allegedly planning a coup d'état in Germany. The group, called 'Patriotic Union' which was led by a 'Council', is connected with Germany's far-right extremist Reichsbürger movement. The groups aim to reestablish a monarchist government in Germany in the tradition of the German Reich, with the government being similar to the German Empire. The 'Patriotic Union' reportedly wanted to provoke chaos and a civil war in Germany in order for it to take power. Over 3,000 police and special forces searched 130 locations throughout Germany and made several arrests, including Heinrich Prinz Reuss, a descendant of the House of Reuß, as well as former Alternative for Germany AfD MP Birgit Malsack-Winkemann. The group also included active military and police personnel. The operation against the group is considered to be the largest in Germany's history, and the Public Prosecutor General Peter Frank declared the group to be a terrorist organization. - Reichsbürgerbewegung, a label for several anticonstitutional/revisionist groups and individuals in Germany and elsewhere who reject the legitimacy of the Federal Republic of Germany in favour of the second German Empire (1871�1918) and the 'German Reich' (1919�1933/45). 21st century's authorities estimate that 21,000 people belong to the movement in Germany, as of July 2021.

7 December 2022: German police raids target group accused of far-right plot to overthrow state, as a minor aristocrat, an ex-paratrooper and a former AfD MP among those detained in operation, 'The Guardian' Berlin correspondent Kate Connolly reports, as German special forces stormed a house in the Berlin lakeside villa quarter of Wannsee and arrested a former MP of the far-right Alternative für Deutschland AfD, Birgit Malsack-Winkemann. Three minutes later, they entered the Waidmannsheil hunting lodge in Bad Lobenstein in Thuringia. Simultaneous raids took place in 30 other locations, including a car repair shop and a carpenters� studio, as well as in the Austrian ski resort of Kitzbühel and the Italian city of Perugia.

7 December 2022 as fear of local extremism grows, Germany approves first-ever government plan to combat antisemitism: 7 December 2022: Just days before news of a planned neo-Nazi linked terrorist plot to overthrow Germany� government has stoked fears about the rise of extremism here, government officials approved Germany�s first-ever program specifically designed to fight antisemitism and promote Jewish life. Approved last Thursday by the entire German Cabinet and presented in Berlin by Felix Klein, Germany�s commissioner on antisemitism, the National Strategy against Anti-Semitism and for Jewish Life highlights best practices and recommends new actions to be taken on political and societal levels.

Political parties in Germany - Political corruption - List of political scandals in Germany

Since the early 1980s Flick Affair: Since the early 1980s Flick Affair, German political scandal relating to donations by the Flick company, a major German conglomerate, to various political parties, Otto Graf Lambsdorff, then federal minister for economic affairs, was forced to resign in 1984 after being accused of accepting bribes from CEO Friedrich Karl Flick

Since 1990s: CDU/CSU-Korruptions-, Spenden- und Schwarzgeldaffäre seit den 90iger Jahren, nicht abgeschlossen - Vgl. 'Das "wunderbare Land" und die K-Frage 2009: Kläffende Köter, Carstensens Kieler Karren und nicht nur ein hervorragender "Kopp"' - CDU/CSU Korruptionsaffäre: Ludwig-Holger Pfahls (nicht abgeschlossen) - 9 November 2011: Former junior defence minister Pfahls (CDU/CSU-Kohl government) once more sentenced to 4 1/2 years for fraud - CDU/CSU Korruptionsaffäre: Karlheinz Schreiber (nicht abgeschlossen) - 14 November 2013: Arms lobbyist Karlheinz Schreiber convicted of tax evasion and sentenced to six-and-a-half years in prison

Since 1990: Leuna-Affäre (seit 1990, nicht abgeschlossen)

Since 1990: Überwachungsaffäre der Deutschen Telekom (seit 1999)

2010/2011: 'Staatstrojaner'-Affäre seit 2010 - 10. Oktober 2011: Chaos-Computerclub erhebt schwere Vorwürfe wegen illegaler staatlicher Überwachungsprogramme mit sog. 'Trojanern' - 10. Oktober 2011: Affäre um 'Staatstrojaner' weitet sich aus - Einsatz in Bayern

2013: 9 October 2013: After the federal 'Verfassungsschutz' had observed German politician Bodo Ramelow for many years, the German Bundesverfassungsgericht rules: 'Die Beobachtung stellt demnach einen Eingriff in das freie Mandat dar.'

2013: 15 October 2013: Germany blocked the introduction of tougher EU emissions rules for cars shortly after CDU-chancellor Angela Merkel's party received a large donation from three major BMW shareholders

Christian Democratic Union of Germany and Christian Social Union in Bavaria

24 March 1933 'Enabling Act of 1933' and Centre Party: Das 'NS-Ermächtigungsgesetz', welches alle darauf folgenden Maßnahmen zur Festigung der nationalsozialistischen Diktatur ermöglichte, wurde am 24. März 1933 in der Krolloper � neben der NSDAP mit 288 Stimmen � auch von den bürgerlichen Parteien und insbesondere von der Zentrumspartei mit 72 Stimmen angenommen - Background of the Enabling Act of 1933 - Since 1870 Centre Party (Germany)

Since 1949: 2016 'Rosenburg Project' study, covering the period from 1950 to 1973 and conducted by independent experts, highlights how thousands of Germans who committed crimes during Hitler's dictatorship were protected by former NDSAP members holding key positions in the legal system, finding that more than half of all senior officials in Germany's Justice Ministry in the 1950s and 1960s were ex-Nazis who, through inaction or intentional sabotage, systematically protected fellow former members of Hitler's National Socialist party from prosecution and shaped West Germany's legal code for decades

1952 Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem CDU-Adenauerschen BND bekannt: CIA-Akten 2006: Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem CDU-Adenauerschen BND und CIA bereits 1958 bekannt - BND-Akten: Aufenthaltsort Eichmanns sogar schon 1952 bekannt

1953-1963 Nazi-jurist CDU-Globke director of the Federal Chancellory of West Germany: 1953-1963 CDU-member and racist Nazi-jurist Hans Globke director of the Federal Chancellory of West Germany, 1933-1945 high-profile Nazi-jurist in NSDAP-Germany, drafting the law for the 'Protection of the German Blood' and serving as chief legal advisor in the Office for Jewish Affairs in the Ministry of Interior, the section headed by Adolf Eichmann that implemented the Holocaust bureaucratically, knowing 'that the Jews were being put to death en masse' - March 1963: Dr. Hans Maria Globke - facts and documents presented by the association of democratic lawyers Berlin

1958-1962: Wanted Nazi Walter Rauff was German 'Bundesnachrichtendienst' BND spy between 1958-1962

1965: In 1965 'Butcher of Lyon' SS-Hauptsturmführer Klaus Barbie was recruited by the BND, his initial monthly salary of 500 Deutsche Mark was transferred in May 1966 to an account of the Chartered Bank of London in San Francisco in the USA, which recruited him in 1947 as an agent for the USA Army Counter Intelligence Corps CIC, and he made at least 35 reports to the BND headquarters in Pullach

1966-1969 NSDAP/CDU-Kiesinger Kanzler: NSDAP/CDU-Kiesinger Kanzler der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Große Koalition von CDU/CSU und SPD 1966-1969, u.a. mit SA- und NSDAP-Mitglied Karl Schiller als Minister)

1979-1984 SA- und NSDAP-Mitglied Karl Carstens Präsident: SA- und NSDAP-Mitglied Karl Carstens Präsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1979-1984

1945-2007 NSDAP/CDU-Filbinger Affäre (nicht abgeschlossen): NSDAP/CDU-Filbinger-Affäre (1945 bis 2007) - Justizmorde als NS-Richter - 'Furchtbare Juristen' (mit dem Untertitel 'Die unbewältigte Vergangenheit unserer Justiz') behandelt die Verbrechen der deutschen Justiz in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus und die durch Übernahme von NS-vorbelasteten Juristen in den Staatsdienst der Bundesrepublik Deutschland verhinderte gerichtliche Aufarbeitung ebendieser Verbrechen - 1. September 2009: Österreichs Nationalratspräsidentin Prammer fordert eine 'lückenlose Rehabilitation' der Opfer der NS-Militärjustiz - Opfer der NS-Militärjustiz sind Personen, die von Militärgerichten (einschließlich Feldgerichten und Ersatzgerichten) in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus verurteilt wurden, während des Zweiten Weltkrieges haben Militärrichter etwa 30.000 Todesurteile gefällt

14 January 2013: Youngest 'Schindler's List' survivor Leon Leyson dies in Southern California at 83 - millions didn't survive due to the actions of Hitler, Himmler, Göring, von Richthofen, Goebbels, Kiesinger, Filbinger, Gustav Noske, Helmut Schmidt etc.

24. Oktober 2014: Denkmal für die Verfolgten der NS-Militärjustiz als zentrale österreichische Gedenkstätte für Deserteure des NS-Regimes am Wiener Ballhausplatz von Bundespräsident Heinz Fischer der Öffentlichkeit übergeben

Seit 1975 (nicht abgeschlossen) Flick-Parteispenden-Affäre: Flick-Affäre seit 1975 (nicht abgeschlossen)

21. August 2015: CSU-Politiker Franz Josef Strauß hat während seiner Amtszeiten neuen Recherchen zufolge jahrelang von Unternehmen wie BMW, Bertelsmann und Firmen aus dem Flick-Imperium Schmiergeld über eine Wirtschaftsberatungsgesellschaft kassiert

1982 CDU-Kohl wanted half of Turks out of Germany: 2 August 2013: In 1982 CDU-Chancellor Helmut Kohl wanted to send one-half of the country�s Turkish immigrant population back home

Seit 1989 (nicht abgeschlossen) CDU/CSU-Korruptions-, Spenden- und Schwarzgeldaffäre: CDU/CSU-Korruptions-, Spenden- und Schwarzgeldaffäre seit den 90iger Jahren, nicht abgeschlossen

Zum Beispiel seit 1987 (nicht abgeschlossen): Ludwig-Holger Pfahls - Vorteilsannahme, Steuerhinterziehung und Betrug - 9 November 2011: Former junior defence minister Pfahls (CDU/CSU-Kohl government) once more sentenced to 4 1/2 years for fraud

Zum Beispiel seit den 1980er Jahren (nicht abgeschlossen): Karlheinz Schreiber - Steuerhinterziehung, Bestechung - Vgl. den Artikel: Das "wunderbare Land" und die K-Frage 2009: Kläffende Köter, Carstensens Kieler Karren und nicht nur ein hervorragender "Kopp"

1996: 14. Juni 1996: Die deutsche 'Wehrmacht' in der Realisierung der Welteroberungs- und Versklavungspläne des national-sozialistischen Deutschlands katapultierte das NS-Mordsystem mit Waffengewalt über die deutschen Grenzen hinaus bis nach Stalingrad und Narvik, an den Nordrand der Sahara und die Küste des Atlantiks, ihren territorialen Eroberungen übrigens immer hart auf dem Fuße ein Vernichtungsapparat, dessen Radius stets identisch mit dem Radius der Wehrmachtsfront war, die daher an der physischen Auslöschung der Opfer selbst dann mitverantwortlich und mitschuldig gewesen wäre, wenn die Massen-, Serien- und Völkermorde ohne ihre Beteiligung stattgefunden hätten, in die sie aber tief involviert war (Ralph Giordano in einem offenen Brief an den CDU-Minister Volker Rühe mit der Aufforderung, Erwin Rommel aus der Bundeswehr-Tradition zu entfernen)

Since 2003 Merkel's Iraq War support: In the spring of 2003 CDU's Angela Merkel came out in favour of the USA's and United Kingdom's invasion of Iraq, describing supported war as 'unavoidable' - Casualties of the Iraq War since 2003, beginning with the 2003 USA invasion of Iraq, and the ensuing occupation and insurgency - 6 July 2016: Public inquiry`s report into the British role in the Iraq War since 2003, saying the Iraq War case was not justified - 10 juillet 2016: Ministre du gouvernement de Tony Blair en 2003 John Prescott a déploré dimanche une guerre 'illégale' et regrette amèrement sa décision d'entrer en guerre contre l'Irak et ses conséquences

Since November 2005: 18 June 2017: NSU victims' families sue German governments, including the governments of CDU's Angela Merkel, over investigation errors, as families of two men murdered by a neo-Nazi group are suing for damages due to mistakes made in the probe argueing that authorities could have arrested the trio earlier, preventing further murders, and as the case against the NSU, the neo-Nazi terrorist organization National Socialist Underground that committed ten murders, three bomb attacks, and 15 bank robberies in the years between 1998 and 2011, is an unprecedented example of the close connection between the German secret services and the neo-Nazi movement as well as the structural racism within the German law enforcement authorities, according to NSU-Watch

2008-2011 Weißrußlands Polizei- und Milizschulung: 2008-2011: Schulung von Polizei und Miliz des Innenministeriums Weißrußlands in Deutschland für Einsätze gegen Demonstranten, sog. 'Rädelsführer' etc., auf Veranlassung der Regierung Merkel

2010/2011: Abschlußbericht der Kommission 'Selbstkontrolle der Wissenschaft' der Universität Bayreuth: Der am 1. März 2011 zurückgetretene Verteidigungsminister zu Guttenberg hat bei der Herstellung seiner Dissertation absichtlich getäuscht

2010/2015: 5 October 2010: After police deployed water cannon, batons, teargas and pepper spray against thousands of protesters in Stuttgart on 30 September 2010, images of bloodied protesters and reports of police beating schoolchildren have transformed 'Stuttgart 21' from a central station project into a political disaster for Angela Merkel's CDU - 18 November 2015: Stuttgart police found guilty of brutality when they broke up a protest against Stuttgart's planned train station five years ago, injuring 100 people

2011/2013: Am 19. Juni 2011 de Maizières Belehrung der Nato, daß der Libyeneinsatz, d.h. die Rettungsaktion und Hilfe für die libysche Zivilbevölkerung und die Gaddafi-Gegner 'kurzsichtig' sei - 21 May 2013: Defence Minister de Maizière charged over scrapped drone project after investing around USD 835 million

2011 CDU-Kauderwelsch: November 2011: Europe speaks (of) 'Kauderwelsch' now!

2011/2012 Christian Wulff Kredit- und Medienaffäre: Christian Wulff Kredit- und Medienaffäre seit 2011/2012 - 'Wulff-Affäre' 2011/2012 - 18 February: Germany's president quits over corruption charges - 12 avril 2013: L'ancien président Christian Wulff inculpé pour corruption - 27 August: Ex-German president Wulff to be tried on accepting unfair advantages - 14 November: German ex-President Wulff goes on trial over 'favours'

2012 Ermittlung gegen CDU-Mappus wegen Untreue: 11. Juli 2012: Staatsanwaltliches Ermittlungsverfahren gegen früheren CDU-Ministerpräsidenten Mappus wegen Untreue beim Kauf von EnBW-Aktien - 14. Juli: CDU distanziert sich von Stefan Mappus

2013 Tougher EU emissions rules for cars blocked after large BMW donation: 15 October 2013: Germany blocked the introduction of tougher EU emissions rules for cars shortly after Chancellor Angela Merkel's party received a large donation from three major BMW shareholders

2000/2013 CDU-Politik und Naziterror, bevor der erste NSU-Mord in Nürnberg im September 2000 geschah, war dem damaligen sächsischen CDU-Innenminister Klaus Hardraht die Struktur des Naziterror-Netzwerkes NSU bekannt: 21. Mai 2013: Mit Schreiben vom 28.04.2000 des Präsidenten des Landesamts für Verfassungsschutz an den damaligen sächsischen CDU-Innenminister Klaus Hardraht und mehrere Verantwortliche wurden diese darüber unterrichtet, daß es Zweck der Nazi-Terrorgruppe NSU sei, 'schwere Straftaten gegen die freiheitlich demokratische Grundordnung zu begehen' und daß bei der NSU 'eine deutliche Steigerung der Intensität bis hin zu schwersten Straftaten feststellbar' sei

September 2013: 13. September 2013: Zum 100. Jahrestag der von deutschen Kriegsverbrechern verübten Massaker von Dinant in Belgiens Wallonie erhielt die deutsche CDU-Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel am 13. September 2013 vom Bürgermeister Dinants eine Einladung, die sie ausschlug - August 2013 Ghouta chemical attack in Syria on opposition-controlled areas, where 'significant quantities of sarin were used in a well-planned indiscriminate attack targeting civilian-inhabited areas, causing mass casualties', according to UN

Since 20 May 2014: Since 20 May 2014 German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA and BND spying scandal

2014-2018 Erinnerung an den 1. Weltkrieg 1914-1918, hundert Jahre später: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - Commémoration de la Première Guerre mondiale en Belgique - La sélection du Centenaire - Mai 2015 - The Great War Timeline - May 1915 - Erinnerung an die Opfer und den Widerstand in vielen weiteren Ländern und in Deutschland

2014-2020 Erinnerung an den 2. Weltkrieg 1939-1945 75 Jahre später: Aftermath of World War II - 75 years later the British website 'World War II Today' continues to follow the war through to August 1945

2015: 30 April 2015: EU's Jean-Claude Juncker expects that the German CDU/CSU-SPD government gets to the bottom of Brussels spy scandal after Germany reportedly snooped on the EU and France at USA's behest

2015: 7 May 2015: German defense ministry official - ministry led by CDU's Ursula von der Leyen - tried to get MAD intelligence service on the urging of the manufacturer of assault rifles G36 Heckler&Koch to cover up negative reports about this rifles used by the Bundeswehr - Hitler's general Erwin Rommel, commander of Hitler's 'Führerbegleithauptquartier' during the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939, commander during the Nazi invasion of France, Belgium 1940 and North Africa, war crimes in Italy 1943 - since 1961 the biggest West-German military barracks named 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne', ongoing - 1940 Execution of prisoners in France by Nazi Germany and by Rommel's 7th Panzer division alongside troops from 5th Panzer division, committing numerous atrocities against French and especially French-African soldiers, Rommel himself ordered the execution of one French officer, who did not have a gun - En juin 1940 les assassins de la 7e division blindée allemande sous les ordres d'Erwin Rommel, qui séparent alors les Africains des Européens, exécutent sommairement le capitaine N'Tchoréré, qui refuse d�être considéré comme un 'Untermensch', un 'sous-homme' - 27. Juli 2009: Der Historiker Raffael Scheck beschreibt anhand von Dokumenten, wie Wehrmachtseinheiten innerhalb nur eines Monats, zwischen dem 24. Mai und dem 24. Juni 1940, kurz nach der Kapitulation Frankreichs, mindestens 3.000 schwarze Soldaten Frankreichs ermordeten, obwohl die sich bereits ergeben hatten oder verwundet waren und nicht mehr im Kampf standen - The_Holocaust in North Africa's 'Italian Libya', prepared since 1938, in Tunisia under Vichy-France rule etc. - Hitler's general Heinz Guderian, commander during the invasion of Poland 1939, commander during the invasion of France and Belgium 1940, commander during the invasion of the Soviet Union since 1941, Chief of Staff of the Army in 1944, after 1945 Nazi general Heinz Guderian advised on the re-establishment of military forces in West-Germany - 23 May 2015: Polish regulation to compensate 20,000 Holocaust survivors in a new pension program providing monthly payments of $130 to Polish-born Jews and non-Jews who suffered hardships under the German Nazis in World War II

2016: 31 January 2016: Visiting Russian regime's Putin in Moscow, CSU's Horst Seehofer is undermining German governments's refugee policy, as the Russian regime and German Neonazi organizations are trying to stoke popular discontent over a German-Russian teen's fabricated rape claim, and the Russian regime, fighting against the Syrian democracy since 2011 and previously, is murdering hundreds of civilians including children in Syria in daily terror attacks using fighter jets

2016: 8 March 2016: Congo-born priest Ndjimbi-Tshiende in Germany's Bavaria quits over death threats he received since speaking out in defence of refugees and after he was fed up with xenophobic utterances from prominent CSU local politicians Sylvia Boher and Johann Haindi

2016: 29. Oktober 2016: EU-Kommissar CDU-Oettinger nennt Chinesen bei Vortrag in Hamburg 'Schlitzaugen' und spricht von 'Kommunisten'-Blockade der Wallonie bei den CETA Verhandlungen zwischen Canada und der EU

May 2017: 15 May 2017: The head of the Simon Wiesenthal Center�s Israel office Efraim Zuroff told 'Newsweek' in a telephone interview that the announced still insufficient move to remove Nazi-era military names from German army barracks 'should have happened years ago', as it 'has to be clear that the Wehrmacht also played a role in crimes against humanity and waging a war against peace, people who were part of that shouldn't be the heroes of the new Germany'

August 2017: Am 4. August 2017 erklärt die bei der Landtagswahl 2013 in Niedersachsen über die Landesliste in den Landtag gewählte Elke Twesten auf einer gemeinsamen Pressekonferenz mit CDU-Fraktionschef Björn Thümler ihren Austritt aus Partei und Landtagsfraktion von 'Bündnis 90/Die Grünen' und kündigte den Eintritt in die CDU-Landtagsfraktion an, wodurch die rot-grüne Landesregierung ihre parlamentarische Mehrheit von einer Stimme verliert, die nun die Opposition aus CDU und FDP erhält

March 2018 'unacceptable' is 'acceptable', Merkel-Germany's arms sales to Turkey rising: 29 March 2018: On 21 March 2018 German chancellor Merkel called the Turkish Afrin offensive in Syria 'unacceptable', but that has not stopped her government from selling arms to Turkey, according to German public media - 15 March 2018: Germany arms sales to Turkey up since Afrin operation, as parliamentarian Nouripour accuses German ministry of having misled the public over the issue

May 2018: 18 May 2018: German chancellor Merkel in Sochi welcomed by war criminal and mass murderer Novichok/Polonium/Sarin-Putin

August 2018: 23 August 2018: Saxony�s CDU-led interior ministry confirmed that a police employee had attended a march by anti-Islam and neo-Nazi linked group Pegida last Saturday and had reported TV journalists covering the rally to police who detained them for 45 minutes

October 2018 CDU Tauber honours Nazi general Rommel: 17 October 2018: Homage to Nazi general Erwin Rommel by CDU's Peter Tauber, a former close ally of Chancellor Angela Merkel

October 2018 arms sales to Saudi Arabia: 19 October 2018: German CDU led government approved half a billion Euros worth of arms sales to Saudi Arabian regime in 2018 - 2 October 2018 disappearance of Saudi Arabian journalist Jamal Khashoggi in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, later admitted assassination and international reactions - 20 October 2018: After the death of a Syrian prisoner in a cell fire in the prison Kleve, the opposition demands the resignation of North Rhine-Westphalia Minister of Justice Peter Biesenbach (CDU), saying 'he has misinformed Parliament and the public on a very central question'

November 2018 would-be CDU Merkel successor F. Merz (CDU) questions guarantee to asylum: 22 November 2018: Would-be Merkel successor F. Merz (CDU) questions post-Nazi constitutional guarantee to asylum

February 2019: 9 February 2019: Despite opposition from many countries in eastern and central Europe and particularly Ukraine because it risks increasing Europe's dependence on Russian natural gas CDU-Merkel wishes pact with war criminals

June 2019: 20 June 2019: Downing of MH17 rallied the West against Russian regime, now, not so much, as push to drop European sanctions against murderous regime gains momentum also with Saxony's CDU Michael Kretschmer, who met with Putin in St. Petersburg - 24 June 2019: Merkel�s CDU party debates power sharing with the neo-Nazi linked AfD party, as some CDU politicians push for tie-ups with AfD on a regional level

July 2019 von der Leyen, EU, arms exports and parliamentary investigative commission: 3 July 2019: Lawmakers in the European Parliament and from across Germany's political spectrum slammed a proposal to make German Defense Minister CDU Ursula von der Leyen the next European Commission president, saying her nomination failed to meet pre-electoral promises to respect the lead candidate process and the results of the European elections, calling the nomination a 'classic victory of backroom politics over democracy' and a 'farce' - Since April 2018 von der Leyen promoted CDU-led German government's decisions on arms exports to Saudi Arabia and Turkey - In 2019 a parliamentary investigative commission was installed after the Federal Court of Auditors complained that rules of government procurement had been ignored when giving external consultancies in von Leyen's ministry from 2015 to 2016 and it turned out documents were destroyed to cover this up - 3 July 2019: Von der Leyen faces an investigation into suspected wrongdoing surrounding the use of outside consultants, including accusations that von der Leyen�s office circumvented public procurement rules in granting contracts worth millions of euros to the firms, as testimony from key witnesses appear to confirm suspicions of systematic corruption at the ministry

August 2019 taxpayers pay millions for questionable 'extra tuition': 8 August 2019: Between January and June 2019, the German Defense Ministry and its affiliated institutions spent �155 million on external consultants and support services, almost as much as all 13 other ministries put together, as ministry has long faced scrutiny over equipment deficiencies and why it resorts to consultancy despite having a staff of over 20,000 under CDU's Ursula von der Leyen, now designated president of the European Commission

September 2019 von der Leyen's �Protecting the European way of life�: 13 September 2019: CDU von der Leyen's �Protecting the European way of life� from migrants is a gift to the neo-Nazis - 11 September 2019: CDU, AfD find common ground in 18 towns, report says

August/September 2019 assassination of Khangoshvili: 23 August 2019 assassination of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili - 2 September 2019: The murder of Chechen Khangoshvili in Berlin looks like a Russian operation, but the CDU/SPD Merkel government is not making a public fuss about that - 27 September 2019: New evidence links Russian state to Berlin assassination of Chechen Khangoshvili by suspected 'Vadim Andreevich Sokolov', Bellingcat reports

6 January 2020 German CDU-Merkel will visit Russia on 11 January: 6 January 2020: German CDU-Merkel will visit Russia on 11 January at Russian regime's, offering Polonium-tea, Novichok and hundreds of thousands of murdered Syrians and Ukrainians, war criminal Putin's invitation

February 2020 CDU supports neo-Nazi linked AfD and Secretary General denies solution of crisis: 5 February 2020: CDU and FDP politicians 'break taboo' voting with racist AfD and its state leader Björn Höcke, legally termed a fascist, to oust Thuringia premier Bodo Ramelow, defying the national party�s refusal to work with neo-Nazi linked parties - 23 February 2020: After lawmakers in Thuringia agreed on a way to vote in a new state government without the support of neo-Nazi party, avoiding a repeat of a decision earlier this month that caused a political uproar, CDU Secretary General Paul Ziemiak criticized party lawmakers for the way out of the crisis caused by the CDU (the party of NSDAP members Globke, Kiesinger Filbinger etc.), saying 'this is about the credibility of the CDU in general', adding that the party 'rejects all coalitions and similar forms of cooperation'

2 March 2020 CDU and EU von der Leyen's cronyism with Russian, Iranian and Assad regime's war criminals: 2 March 2020: Child drowns at sea off Greece in first fatality of CDU and EU von der Leyen's cronyism with Russian, Iranian and Assad regime's war criminals

15 July 2020 German CDU Merkel supports 'Wirecard' China deal, CSU-Guttenbergs 'Spitzberg Partners': Am 15. Juli 2020 wurde bekannt, dass CSU-Guttenbergs 'Spitzberg Partners' 2019 dem Zahlungsdienstleister Wirecard, der 2020 Insolvenz angemeldet hat, beim Eintritt in das China-Geschäft unterstützt hat, und zugleich bei der Bundesregierung Lobbyarbeit für Wirecard leistete - 15. Juli 2020: Guttenberg warb bei der Bundesregierung für Wirecard und die Beratungsfirma des Ex-Ministers begleitete 2019 den China-Deal des Zahlungsdienstleisters, und suchte und fand bei CDU-Merkel Regierung Unterstützung für das Vorhaben - CDU-Merkel, Richard-Wagner-Festspiele connection, companions and finance providers of anti-Semitic composer in Bayreuth

30 July 2020 Holocaust survivor launches legal claim against German railway: 30 July 2020: Holocaust survivor Salo Muller, whose parents were taken by rail from Amsterdam to their deaths at Auschwitz, has tabled a legal claim against the German state over the wartime role of the Deutsche Reichsbahn, demanding an apology and financial recompense for about 500 Dutch survivors and about 5,500 next of kin, as Muller�s lawyer also writes a letter to the German CDU-chancellor Merkel

May 2021 medial soldiers of fortune: Mai 2021: Abgeschaut von Kuckuck und Adler versucht die 17. Januar Bande von deutschen und europäischen Glücksrittern, in der 2001-2021 Fortführung der Verbrechen dieser Bande zurückreichend bis 1914 (ab August Überfall des 2. Deutschen Reiches auf Europa und die Welt), 1848/1871 nutzend, und unter Täuschung des Publikums neues Unheil zu stiften, indem sie nun am 8. Mai 2021 den Verbrechen der Hitlergeneräle Keitel, Guderian, Rommel etc. und ihres dazugehörigen Personals huldigen

11 May 2021 CDU candidate Armin Laschet for September�s elections has been told that he is legitimising antisemitism: 11 May 2021: CDU candidate Armin Laschet for German chancellor in September�s elections has been told by a leading environmentalist that he is legitimising antisemitism by refusing to oust the former head of domestic intelligence from his party, as the accusation was levelled by Luisa Neubauer, the face of the Fridays for Future movement in Germany

9 June 2021 CDU health minister Spahn faces calls to resign over handling of covid crisis: 9 June 2021: Germany�s CDU health minister Spahn is facing calls to resign over accusations his ministry planned to distribute face masks considered inadequate protection against Covid-19 to socially and physically vulnerable people

From 1990s to 2021 CDU Angela Merkel's friendly relationship with Vladimir Putin: In 2006 - after in November 2005 chairperson of the CDU Merkel assumed the office of Chancellor of Germany following a stalemate election that resulted in a grand coalition with the SPD - CDU chancellor Angela Merkel expressed concern about overreliance on Russian energy, but she received little support from others in Berlin, but in June 2017, Merkel criticized the draft of new USA sanctions against Russia that target Russia-Germany energy projects, including Nord Stream 2 pipeline project to pump Russian natural gas via the Baltic Sea to Germany, which involves Russia's Gazprom and goods buyer customer energy firms including Germany's Wintershall and Austria's ÖMV, as EU'S Baltic states oppose Nord Stream 2 pipeline

21 September 2021 Russia responsible for the 2006 killing of Alexander Litvinenko, ECHR has found: In September 2021, the European Court of Human Rights ECHR found that Russia was responsible for the killing of Alexander Litvinenko (a violation of Article 2). The Court ruled that there was a 'strong' case that Andrey Lugovoy and Dmitry Kovtun had been acting as agents of the Russian State, and that Russia had not carried out an 'effective domestic investigation', nor 'identifi[ed] and punish[ed] ... those responsible for the murder', as following the poisoning Lugovoy - a former KGB employee like Vladimir Putin - became a member of Russia's lower house of parliament Duma for the nationalist party LDPR - 21 September 2021 Judgment Carter v. Russia 'Russia was responsible for assassination of Aleksandr Litvinenko in the UK', ECHR's judgement document in PDF format

4 April 2022 CDU's Merkel believes she made right decision to block Ukraine's NATO membership in 2008: 4 April 2022: CDU's former chancellor Angela Merkel believes she made the right decision to block Ukraine's NATO membership in 2008, as press secretary said that to DPA in response to president Zelensky�s criticism that Russia�s atrocities in Ukraine are the result of Europe�s years-long concessions to Moscow. She did not respond to Zelensky�s 2022 invitation to visit Bucha to see how Ukrainian civilians were tortured and murdered, discovered as Russian criminals now withdrawing from attacked towns near Kyiv in 2022, as Poland today in 2022 blames Germany for failure to impose tougher sanctions on Russia

Social Democratic Party of Germany S P D

Prior to WWI August Bebel's 'secret diplomacy' for years to keep the peace: Prior to WWI SPD's August Bebel saw with great concern that the German-British relationship was deteriorating, warning against an expansion of the German navy, as - in particular - his criticism of the naval armor led him to 'flee into secret diplomacy' and for years he had been in contact with British government circles through Heinrich Angst, the British consul general in Switzerland, warning the British government several times that their armaments efforts would be eased, and until shortly before his death, he delivered political assessments and reports to the British, but the United Kingdom missed to take the friend of deceased Karl Marx seriously

5/6 July 1914: 5/6 July 1914 Hoyos Mission and 'Blank cheque' in Berlin

25 July 1914: Austria-Hungarian and Serbian preparations for war since ultimatum of 23 July

Seite 1 des 'Vorwärts', Zentralorgan der SPD, vom 25. Juli 1914: "Eine ernste Stunde ist gekommen, ernster als irgend eine der letzten Jahrzehnte. Gefahr ist im Verzuge! Der Weltkrieg droht! Die herrschenden Klassen, die Euch im Frieden knebeln, verachten, ausnutzen, wollen Euch als Kanonenfutter mißbrauchen. Ueberall muß den Gewalthabern in die Ohren klingen: Wir wollen keinen Krieg! Nieder mit dem Kriege! Hoch die internationale Völkerverbrüderung! Berlin, den 25. Juli 1914. Der Parteivorstand."

25. Juli 1914: Friedenskundgebungen in den folgenden Tagen in großer Zahl, mit zehntausenden Teilnehmern.

28 July 1914: Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on Serbia

28 July 1914: The International Socialist Bureau (permanent secretariat in Brussels) urges the European working population and its organizations, to continue and intensify the battle for peace, for an arbitrational solution of the Austrian-Serbian crisis

1 August 1914: German declarations of war on Russia on 1st August, on France on August 3, on Belgium on August 4, German troops invaded Luxemburg as early as 7:00 pm of August 1st without declaration, first of all occupying the railway station of Ulflingen

August 1914: August 1914: Bei Beginn des Angriffskrieges des Deutschen Reichs 1914 wird die Hälfte der SPD-Mitglieder, bis 1917 sind 75% der SPD-Mitglieder zum Militär eingezogen

Since 1 August 1914: In August 1914, Friedrich Ebert led the 'Social Democratic Party' to vote almost unanimously in favour of war loans - 'Burgfrieden' of the Social Democratic Party of Germany during World War I (1914-1918) - How the poppy tradition began, worn each year in the period around Armistice Day on 11 Novembe

5�16 August 1914 Battle of Liège: 5�16 August 1914 Battle of Liège, the opening German aggression in its invasion of Belgium and the first battle of World War I, the length of the siege of Liège may have delayed the German invasion of France by 4�5 days, railways needed by the German armies in eastern Belgium were closed for the duration of the siege and German murderous troops did not appear in strength before Namur until 20 August - On 6 August 1914 the German Army Zeppelin Z VI bombed the Belgian city of Liège, killing nine civilians, followed by night raids on Antwerp on 25 August and 2 September - Super-heavy howitzer developed by the German armaments manufacturer Krupp were used to destroy the Belgian forts at Liège, Namur, and Antwerp, and the French fort at Maubeuge, applauded by the German press and declared a 'Wunderwaffe' (wonder weapon)

August 1914 German destruction and sacking of Kalisz: August 1914 destruction and sacking of the city of Kalisz by German Empire troops at the beginning of World War I, also known as the Pogrom of Kalisz or Poland�s Louvain, a part of German 'Schrecklichkeit' atrocities

August 1914 German massacres of hundreds of unarmed Belgian civilians in Dinant: On 21/22 August 1914 German infantry and pioneers advanced into Dinant, killing seven civilians and burning 15�20 houses, on 23 August 1914 the Germans massacred 674 unarmed Belgian civilians in Dinant, civilians were lined up against a wall and shot, including men over 70, women or girls, children under 14 and even babies, 1,200 houses were burned down and 400 people were deported to Germany as an area of Dinant was systematically looted and burned down by the Germans, also destroying public and historic buildings, including the collegial church and the town hall - 1914/1915 official report of massacres of peaceable citizens, women and children by the German army and testimony of eye-witnesses - 1915/1917 'Le sac de Dinant et le légendes du livre blanc allemand du 10 mai 1915', par M. Tschoffen, procureur du roi de l'arrondissement de Dinant - 12 May 1915 Bryce Report into German Atrocities in Belgium

1914 Unterstützung der Massaker von Dinant durch die SPD und ihre Presse: 1914 verfassen Adolf Köster, Redakteur des SPD-Zentralorgans Vorwärts sowie des Hamburger Echos, und Gustav Noske, SPD-Abgeordneter im Reichstag, Chefredakteur der Chemnitzer Volksstimme und Wehrexperte der Partei, eine Schrift, die die Massaker von Dinant unterstützt und den Standpunkt des deutschen Heeres teilt

August/September 1914 'Septemberprogramm' 1914, the plan for the territorial expansion of Imperial Germany: The 'Septemberprogramm' 1914, the plan for the territorial expansion of Imperial Germany at the beginning of World War I 1914�1918, showing the true scope of German plans for territorial expansion in two directions, east and west - Buts de guerre des Empires centraux 1914-1918

2. Dezember 1914: 2. Dezember 1914: Selbst nach der Niederlage in der 'Bataille de la Marne 1914' im September, in deren Folge Oberste Heeresleitung bzw. der Kriegsminister der Reichsregierung mitteilt, daß der Krieg für das deutsche Reich verloren sei, und für einen Verhandlungsfrieden plädiert, stimmt die SPD-Fraktion � außer Karl Liebknecht � erneut den Kriegskrediten für den Angriffskrieg des Deutschen Reiches zu

19. Juni 1915: 19. Juni 1915: Nachdem die 'Leipziger Volkszeitung' einen Aufruf 'Das Gebot der Stunde' veröffentlicht hatte, in welchem sich die Verfasser gegen die von zahlreichen Verbänden, darunter dem Zentralverband deutscher Industrieller, geforderten Annexionen und gegen die weitere Bewilligung der Kriegskredite durch die SPD wenden, verurteilt die Generalkommission der SPD 'mit aller Schärfe' diesen 'organisierten Sprengversuch der Einheit der deutschen Arbeiterorganisationen'

24. März 1916: 24. März 1916: Die Mehrheit der SPD-Fraktion stimmt einem neuen Kriegskredit für den mörderischen Krieg des Deutschen Reiches zu. Für die Fraktionsminderheit erklärt Hugo Haase, da die Regierung auf ihrem alten Wege beharre und von einer Neuorientierung nicht die Rede sei, könne sie diesem Etat nicht zustimmen. Als Hugo Haase von der entstandenen Verzweiflung der Völker durch die entfesselte Kriegsfurie spricht, wird ihm auch mit Zustimmung eines Teils der sozialdemokratischen Fraktion das Wort entzogen

5. April 1916: 5. April 1916: Während im Angriffskrieg gegen Frankreich in der Schlacht um Verdun zum erklärten - une bataille d'attrition pour 'saigner à blanc l'Armée fran�aise' - Zweck der Ausblutung hunderttausende französischer Bürger durch deutsche Militärs ermordet werden und deutsche Kollegen und SPD-Mitglieder zu hunderttausenden für die größenwahnsinnigen Kriegsziele des Kaiserreichs in seine Mordmaschine und den eigenen elenden Tod gezwungen werden, erklärt der Kriegsverbrecher und SPD-Vorsitzende Friedrich Ebert im Reichstag, 'solange die feindlichen Mächte auf ihren Zerschmetterungsplänen beharrten und keinen Frieden schließen wollten, so lange werde die SPD mit unserem Volk zur Verteidigung unseres Landes zusammenstehen'

27. Oktober 1916: 27. Oktober 1916: Bei der Bewilligung von neuen Kriegskrediten sagt SPD-Kriegsverbrecher Friedrich Ebert, dass die vornehmste Aufgabe sei, die Widerstandskraft unseres Volkes, das Gewaltiges leiste, zu stärken

1916/1917: 1916/1917 erster Hungerwinter im deutschen Reich, in mehreren Städten erneut Unruhen, Demonstrationen und Streiks, nachdem bereits vorher vereinzelt gestreikt worden war, so z.B. anlässlich der Verurteilung von Karl Liebknecht

23. Februar 1917: 23. Februar 1917: Die Fraktion der Mehrheitssozialdemokraten stimmt der 8. Vorlage für Kriegskredite zu und Kriegsverbrecher Friedrich Ebert erklärt, 'solange die Eroberungsziele der Feinde bestehen und Deutschland niedergeschmettert werden soll' bekunde die deutsche Sozialdemokratie erneut ihre feste Entschlossenheit auszuhalten bis zur Erreichung eines die Lebensinteressen des deutschen Volkes sichernden Friedens

6./8. April 1917: 6./8. April 1917: Reichskonferenz der sozialdemokratischen Opposition in Gotha, auf der diese als 'Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands' erklärt, sie stehe in grundsätzlicher Opposition zum herrschenden Regierungssystem, zur Kriegspolitik der Reichsregierung und zu der vom SPD-Parteivorstand im Regierungsfahrwasser geführten Politik

12. November 1917: 12. November 1917: Nach der Oktoberrevolution in Rußland ruft die Parteileitung der USPD ruft zu Massenversammlungen auf, bei denen ein allgemeiner Waffenstillstand und ein auf allen Seiten annexionsloser Frieden gefordert werden sollen

1. Dezember 1917: 1. Dezember 1917: Gegen die Stimmen der USPD und mit den Stimmen der SPD nimmt der Reichstag die neue Kriegskreditvorlage der Reichsregierung an

22. März 1918: 22. März 1918: Der Reichstag nimmt gegen die Stimmen der USPD und mit den Stimmen der SPD die neue Kriegskreditvorlage an und der unbelehrbare Kriegsverbrecher Friedrich Ebert erklärt, daß sich Deutschland gegenüber dem Westen immer noch in der Verteidigung befinde - 22. März 1918: '... hat der deutsche Reichstag wie bisher alle Kriegskredite, so auch den neuen von 15 Milliarden in voller Einmütigkeit mit Ausnahme d. Kleinen Gruppe der unabhängigen Sozialdemokraten bewilligt und hat seine Zustimmung zu dem in Brest-Litowsk geschlossenen Frieden mit Rußland und zum Friedensvertrag mit Finland gegeben'

Juni-September 1918: Juni-September 1918: Zahlreiche deutschlandweite Streiks u.a. wegen der schlechten Lebensmittelversorgung

2. Oktober 1918: 2. Oktober 1918: Die SPD-Reichstagsfraktion stimmt dem Eintritt von Sozialdemokraten in die kaiserliche Reichsregierung zu

November 1918: November 1918: Kieler Matrosen- und Arbeiteraufstand, deutschlandweite Streikbewegung

Aftermath of the First World War: Aftermath of the First World War

Dezember 1918: Dezember 1918: In Berlin finden von der USPD, der SPD und dem Spartakusbund einberufene Massenversammlungen und Kundgebungen statt

15 January 1919: 15. Januar 1919 Ermordung der in Zamosc geborenen Nationalökonomin Rosa Luxemburgs und Karl Liebknechts durch die Garde-Kavallerie-Schützen-Division in Berlin, die von der SPD zur Bekämpfung der sozialdemokratischen Opposition - und vor allem für die Auslöschung der für die deutschen Kriegsverbrecher gefährlichen Kriegsgegner seit 1914 - herangezogen worden war, und die bzw. deren Mitglieder zusammen mit anderen militärischen und paramilitärischen Organisationen die spätere deutsche Revanchepolitik ausführten, seit 1933 unter dem NSDAP-Regime

1937-1939 German 'Special Prosecution Book-Poland': 1937-1939 'Special Prosecution Book-Poland', the proscription list prepared by the Germans immediately before the onset of war, that identified more than 61,000 of Polish people including scientists, activists, intelligentsia, scholars, actors, former officers, and prominent others, who were to be interned or shot on the spot upon their identification following the 1939 invasion, compiled by the 'Zentralstelle IIP Polen' unit of the 'Geheime Staatspolizei' with help from some members of the German minority living in pre-war Poland

1939-1945 German invasion of Poland 1939 and World War II: German invasion of Poland 1939, the beginning of World War II - War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II, called 'Schmutzstrecke' by German war criminals as for instance quartermaster-general Eduard Wagner - 'Germanisation' under Nazi Germany

1939-1945 Wehrmachtsoffizier Helmut Schmidt, 1974-1982 bundesdeutscher Kanzler: 1974-1982 Bundeskanzler Helmut Schmidt, Wehrmachtsoffizier im Vernichtungskrieg gegen die UdSSR, bis heute mit humor voller Seilschaft - 'Hunger Plan' developed during the planning phase for the German 'Wehrmacht' invasion of the Soviet Union since 1941, an engineered famine, planned and implemented as a rational act of policy to obtain the food from conquered lands at any cost and causing the deaths of millions of citizens in the German-occupied territories of the Soviet Union - Siege of Leningrad 1941-1944 - World War II casualties of the Soviet Union

1919-1946 SPD Gustav Noske: 1946 sieht SPD Gustav Noske, einer der Wegbereiter des Nationalsozialmus nach 1914-1918, in seinen Memoiren immer noch 'ostjüdischen' Einfluss in der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, und schreibt 'daß die ostjüdischen �Marxisten� eine besondere Veranlagung dafür besaßen, den Sozialismus zu einem Dogma auszubilden [�] Sie brüteten eine Geheimwissenschaft aus, die den deutschen Arbeitern stets unverständlich geblieben ist'

Since 1998�2005: 18 June 2017: NSU victims' families sue German governments, including the governments of SPD's Gerhard Schröder, over investigation errors, as families of two men murdered by a neo-Nazi group are suing for damages due to mistakes made in the probe argueing that authorities could have arrested the trio earlier, preventing further murders, and as the case against the NSU, the neo-Nazi terrorist organization National Socialist Underground that committed ten murders, three bomb attacks, and 15 bank robberies in the years between 1998 and 2011, is an unprecedented example of the close connection between the German secret services and the neo-Nazi movement as well as the structural racism within the German law enforcement authorities, according to NSU-Watch

Since 2002: Since 2002 Murat Kurnaz torture case and Frank-Walter Steinmeier's responsibility - 2007/2008 Untersuchungsausschüsse des Bundestages, Verantwortung des früheren Chefs des Bundeskanzleramtes und Beauftragten für die Nachrichtendienste Frank-Walter Steinmeier und der Fall des Folteropfers Murat Kurnaz 2002-2006 - 23. Juli 2009: Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat entschieden mit einem Beschluß vom 17. Juni, daß die Bundesregierung und große Koalition mit ihrem restriktiven Vorgehen im BND-Untersuchungsausschuß des Bundestages gegen das Grundgesetz verstoßen hat - 19 March 2017: The difficulty to find a solution of the equation 1 + 1 = x

2010: SPD-Rassismus: Sarrazins verhinderter Parteiausschluß trotz 2010 publizierter rassistischer Ansichten (nicht abgeschlossen)

2013 Peitschen- und Kavallerie-Steinbrück will für die SPD als Kanzlerkandidat (an)treten: SPD-Steinbrück aus der Wil helm straße lädt im Mai 2009 nach Berlin ein: "Selbstverständlich werde ich sie zur Nachfolgekonferenz im Juni in Berlin einladen - Luxemburg, Liechtenstein, Schweiz, Österreich, Ouagadougou" - 29. September 2012: Der 2005 gescheiterte nordrhein-westfälische Ministerpräsident Steinbrück will 2013 als Kanzlerkandidat für die SPD (an)treten und verlangt von der SPD 'Beinfreiheit', nach seinen rassistischen Beleidigungen 2009 von Indianern (Beleidigung der Havasupai) und Afrikanern (Burkina Faso und Ouagadougou) - 3. Oktober 2012: Steinbrücks Nebeneinkünfte in der Kritik - z.B. bezahlter Vortrag 2011 bei der Kanzlei Freshfields und deren Finanzmarktstabilisierungsgesetz für das Finanzministerium unter Peer Steinbrück - 11. November 2012: 2010 zahlte der Züricher Medienkonzern Ringier für ein Referat von Steinbrück 1.500 Euro, die dieser nicht als Nebenverdienst deklarierte

2013 SPD-Priorität Kanzlergehalt und Kanzlerin-Bonus: 30 December 2012: Steinbrück calls for higher pay for the German chancellor and explains that 'Angela Merkel is popular because she gets a women�s bonus'

2014: 11 July 2014: SPD member of the Bundestag Michael Hartmann admits using crystal meth saying he wanted to become more efficient

2014/2015: 7 February 2014: SPD Sebastian Edathy's resignation from parliament over allegations of possession of child pornography in the 'Edathy-Affäre' - 15 February 2014: German CSU minister Hans-Peter Friedrich resigns over child pornography 'probe leak' in the Edathy-Affäre - 17 February 2014: German grand coalition dispute over SPD Edathy's child porn probe as commentators are asking whether Merkel's third government can rule in its current state - Crystal-Meth-Hartmanns Rolle in der Edathy-Affäre - 2 March 2015: Child porn trial halted after German ex-MP Edathy pays 5,000 euros - 11. März 2015: Kinderschutzbund lehnt Annahme von Edathys Zahlung von 5.000,-- Euro zwecks Einstellung seines Verfahrens ab

2014-2018 Erinnerung an den 1. Weltkrieg 1914-1918 hundert Jahre später: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - Erinnerung an die Opfer und den Widerstand in vielen Ländern weltweit und in Deutschland

April 2015: 17 April 2015: SPD-Steinmeier avoids to say 'genocide' for genocide of Armenians, because his party supported World War I from German beginning to end and as a result the war crimes - Armenian Genocide 1915-1923 - Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian Genocide - 13 July 1919: Germany confesses in a secret record, printed at Potsdam, her Turkish partner's crimes in Armenia and its attempt to destroy a whole people - 17 February 2007: Germany, Turkey and the Armenian Genocide - a documentary of the Armenian genocide - 21 October 2012: Photograph of 1915 links Germans to 1915 Armenia genocide by the Ottoman Turks during World War I

April 2015: 17 April 2015: SPD-Schulz disassociates himself from European Parliament's resolution recognizing the Armenan Genocide, because his party supported World War I from German beginning to end and hence the war crimes

October 2015: 28 October 2015: Following the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War since 30 September 2015, murdering civilians, women and children, German economy minister Sigmar Gabriel (SPD) visits Moscow, supporting Russia's war criminal Putin

June 2016: 17 June 2016: Germany�s foreign minister SPD-Steinmeier welcomed Iran's Assad ally Javad Zarif for a bilateral meeting in Berlin, seemingly defying Chancellor Angela Merkel�s earlier commitment to not normalize relations with Iranian regime as long as the regime refuses to recognize Israel�s right to exist, as German court jails ex-Auschwitz guard Hanning, found guilty on 170,000 counts of accessory to murder, for five years - 18 June 2016: Over 171,000 civilians have been killed since 2011 at the hands of Assad regime forces and their allied Iranian, Russian and Hezbollah militias in 12 areas they besiege across Syria, killed by bombardment and blockades imposed by regime forces, according to SNHR

September 2016: 13 September 2016: German judge von Renesse, who had been accused of causing 'reputational damage of the social jurisprudence' after it emerged that he had questioned the rejection of ghetto pension applications and intervened to help applicants, interviewing more than 120 Holocaust survivors in Israel, evades prosecution by North Rhine-Westphalia's SPD Minister of Justice Kutschaty, and therefore punishment for helping survivors

September-December 2016 Unterstützung von Massakern russischer, iranischer und Assad-Terroristen durch die SPD: 21. September 2016: In Syrien und in Aleppo fallen teils geächtete russische Bomben, töten wahllos Kinder, Zivilisten und gezielt Krankenhäuser, Rettungsdienste und einen UN-Hilfskonvoi, der SPD-Vorsitzende Gabriel besucht den Terroristen, Massenmörder und Kriegsverbrecher Putin in Moskau, der wie alle seine Vorbilder wie z.B. Lawr G. Kornilow der Illusion erliegt, er könne durch Mordaktionen anderen und sogar anderen Ländern dauerhaft seinen Willen aufzwingen und Gefolgschaften aufbauen - 2 October 2016: Iran rejects German demand that it recognize Israel, as German Vice Chancellor and Economy Minister SPD Sigmar Gabriel is due to visit Tehran on Sunday as part of Germany�s efforts to renew business ties with the Islamic regime following the last year�s nuclear deal, again encouraging Iranian, Russian and Assad regime to commit more war crimes, as Syrian opposition and democracy fights desperately against annihilation - 18/19 October 2016: Syrian opposition states that EU credibility at stake as Russia�s war crimes continue unchallenged, saying that in addition to the imposition of sanctions on the Assad regime, the EU needs to take restrictive measures against Russian regime, and that 'it is unacceptable that some member nations of the European Union continue to defend Russia against credible action and lighten pressure on it despite their ability to immediately stop the disaster occurring in eastern Aleppo' - 14 December 2016: As tens of thousands of desperate civilians trapped without food, water or medicine under a hail of artillery and airstrikes found themselves once again pawns in a geopolitical struggle, with Iranian-backed militia spearheading the ground assault on eastern Aleppo and carrying out execution-style shootings of civilians, residents say 'we will always remember and never forget how the criminals of the world forced Aleppo�s people to choose between two options, collective death or collective forced displacement', while Iranian regime claims military victory, and Iran�s Rouhani phones Bashar Assad to congratulate him

March 2017: 1. März 2017: Daß Frankreich, Großbritannien und die USA im UN-Sicherheitsrat andauernd Resolutionsentwürfe gegen die syrische Regierung einbrächten und Sanktionen forderten, obwohl Russland dagegen sei, sei nicht zielführend, sagt Gernot Erler von der SPD, nachdem ein von Frankreich, Großbritannien und den USA eingebrachter Resolutionsentwurf gegen Assads verbrecherische Kriegsführung gegen die syrische Bevölkerung unter Einsatz von Chemiewaffen, in Antwort auf eine internationale UN und OPCW Untersuchung, von 9 Ratsmitgliedern unterstützt worden aber am Veto der russischen und chinesischen Regime gescheitert war

April 2017: 11/12 April 2017: G7 foreign ministers seek new push to end Syria war, blaming Assad�s military for a deadly chemical attack last week, as UK's Boris Johnson calls for more sanctions against Russian and Syrian regime, claiming that Putin is 'toxifying' Russia�s image and that he has to choose between withdrawing support for Assad or facing penalties, but France's Ayrault, Germany's Gabriel and Italy's Alfano vetoed the idea of targeting Russian and Syrian military leaders, encouraging war criminals

15/16 May 2017: 15/16 May 2017: Christian Democratic Union of Germany CDU defeat the Social Democratic Party of Germany SPD in North Rhine-Westphalia's state election, convincing 430,000 non-voters to turn up and pinching 310,000 votes from the SPD with its new federal chairman and bearer of hope Martin Schulz, who after that calls politics and parliamentary elections a boxing match (as is generally known with physical injuries), also calling the defeat and his party's failure a liver shot and in the end calling voting citizens and democrats a referee of violent assaults and batteries

17 May 2017: 17 May 2017: As the scandal surrounding an attack plot hatched by Neonazi soldiers has again forced Germany to confront its past of National Socialism, the role of the Nazi Wehrmacht and the war crimes of the Wehrmacht, former SPD defence minister Rudolf Scharping deplores a 'witch hunt'

July 2017: 27 July 2017: Germany's SPD economy minister Brigitte Zypries sides with war criminal Putin, saying that new sanctions against Russian regime being proposed by USA lawmakers could harm German companies and add another difficulty to Germany's relationship with the USA, after SPD's candidate for Chancellor Martin Schulz earlier in this year warned against lifting sanctions imposed against Russia over its role in the Ukraine crisis - 31 July 2017: Remembering the third Battle of Ypres 1917 and the German use of Mustard Gas, killing over 275,000 Commonwealth soldiers in 100 days, Germany's SPD foreign minister Gabriel says that 'failure of diplomacy' bears blame for the horrors of war, in no way the German Empire and real persons, its military, politicians, war profiteers and Gabriel's own political party SPD

January 2018: 1 January 2018: Instead of helping fight anti-Semitism, Gabriel fed the flames, a letter from Malca Goldstein-Wolf says, after German foreign minister Gabriel accused Israel of 'apartheid�

February 2018: 11. Februar 2018: Die SPD-nahe Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung erhielt 2017 170,7 Millionen Euro an staatlichen Zuschüssen, finanziert 'in einem rechtsfreien Raum ... mit Steuergeld', sagt der 'Bund der Steuerzahler', der zusammen mit dem Anti-Korruptions-Verein 'Transparency International' zumindest ein Stiftungsgesetzt fordert - Friedrich Ebert, seit 1913 SPD Vorsitzender, seit 1914 mitverantwortlich für den 1. Weltkrieg 1914-1918 mit Millionen von Toten - 17 février 2018: Le ministre allemand des Affaires étrangères Sigmar Gabriel s'est dit favorable à un allègement des sanctions contre la Russie et a jugé qu'il n'était 'pas réaliste' de réclamer la pleine application des accords de paix de Minsk de 2015 comme condition à un début d'assouplissement des sanctions

March 2018: 15 March 2018: Germany arms sales to Turkey up since Afrin operation, as parliamentarian Nouripour accuses German ministry of having misled the public over the issue - 19 March 2018: 'Finance Minister and Vice Chancellor Olaf Scholz imitates Donald Trump and makes the arsonists to the fire department', 'You may as well just let the bankers write the laws', says Left party's Fabio de Masi, following the vocation of Goldman Sachs manager Jörg Kukies in the Federal Ministry of Finance led by SPD-Scholz, also criticized by other MPs

August 2018: 12 August 2018: As Sunday 11 November this year will mark 100 years since the armistice treaty was signed between first world war allies and Germany, bringing to an end four years of war, the British newspaper 'The Guardian' asks to 'share your letters, stories and photographs', as French village of Ors mayor says 'it is important that everyone learns from the mistakes of the past'

September 2018: 10 September 2018: As at the request of the USA Germany�s government is examining possible options for joining USA, British and French forces in any future military action if the Syrian Assad regime again uses chemical weapons, SPD's Nahles rejects any German participation against a renewed rupture of civilisation using chemical weapons, wanting to be friendly with Sarin-Polonium-Novichok Putin, after SPD's Heiko Maas called Russian murderous regime 'an important partner'

August 1914 - November 1918, November 2018: Social Democratic Party of Germany SPD's war opponents against World War I since August 1914 were expelled from the party by its Ebert/Scheidemann (since 1913/1917) leadership - Ab 4. Oktober 1918 Sozialdemokraten in der Regierung des deutschen Kaiserreiches - 11 November 1918/2018: Canadian Pvt. George Price was killed by a German sniper in Belgium's Mons just two minutes before the ceasefire on 11 November 1918, highlighting the folly of a Germam made war, supported by the unteachable SPD from start to finish, claiming some 14 million lives, including 9 million soldiers, sailors and airmen from 28 countries, settling into hellish trench warfare with battles having up to a million casualties, with poison gas coming to epitomize the cruel ruthlessness of a war the likes of which history had never seen - In the November 1918 German revolution, Ebert/Scheidemann SPD leadership sided with the Imperial Army command against war opponents - Since 1925 Friedrich Ebert Foundation, a German political foundation associated with the Social Democratic Party of Germany SPD, the political 'legacy' of Friedrich Ebert, today financed mainly through grants from the federal budget and the budgets of the various Bundesländer - 11 November 2018: As ceremonies in New Zealand, Australia, India, Hong Kong and Myanmar marked the start of the memorial events worldwide for a conflict that involved millions of troops from colonized countries in Asia and Africa, Israeli PM Netanyahu one of around 70 leaders attending French commemoration to mark 100 years since the end of World War I at a time of growing nationalism, diplomatic tensions and brutal wars

January 2019 'ideologischer Giftmüll' in Germany: 100 Jahre nach Rosa Luxemburgs Ermordung am 15. Januar 1919 als einer Folge des von der SPD unterstützten Angriffs- und Weltkriegs, zeigt sich die SPD Parteizeitung unfähig, die Bedeutung der Wissenschaftlerin, Kriegsgegnerin und Demokratin Luxemburg zu erkennen - 'ihr Verhältnis zur SPD war ambivalent', 'Karl Liebknecht war lange vergessen, auch Rosa Luxemburg war nicht deutlich in der historischen Erinnerung verankert', 'Der Romantizismus der 68er Bewegung erweckte den Luxemburg-Kult zu neuem Leben', '... doch wer ist legitimiert, über von Gewalt bestimmte Zeiten zu richten?' - aber die Ermordung der bedeutendsten Sozialdemokratin und die Verantwortung von Noske, Ebert und Scheidemann für diese Ermordung betreffend ist sich die Parteizeitung sicher - 'Die Erklärungen des verantwortlichen Offiziers aus den 1960er Jahren sind jedenfalls keine seriöse Quelle' - und außerdem 'ist nicht anzunehmen, dass Rosa Luxemburg gegen den Anspruch der Leninisten gewonnen und in deren System die �Freiheit der Andersdenkenden� gegolten hätte'

15 January 2019: 15 January 2019: Democrats in Germany remember Rosa Luxemburg 100 years after her murder committed by SPD-linked 'Freikorps' fascists

February/March 2019 SPD congratulations to the Iranian regime: 21 February 2019: Congratulations to the Iranian regime, that seeks the destruction of the Jewish state, by SPD politicians including Germany's social democratic FM Heiko Maas, who appeared in a photograph shaking hands with Iran's FM Javad Zarif at the weekend Munich Security conference, Germany's deputy FM SPD-Annen, who celebrated Iranian regime's seizure of power in its embassy in Berlin, and German president SPD-Steinmeier, who sends 'congratulations to the most dangerous regime in the world', condemned by Simon Wiesenthal Center's Abraham Cooper according to 'The Jerusalem Post' - 26 February 2019: Germany�s Central Council of Jews joins criticism of German president over Iran telegram, as Josef Schuster says that 'routine diplomacy appears to have overtaken critical thinking', also rejected as 'shocking' by Human Rights Watch�s Wenzel Michalski - 2 March 2019: OPCW investigators say 'toxic chemical� used in deadly attack on Syrian rebel town of Douma blamed on Assad regime in long-awaited final report by its fact finding mission that investigated the 7 April 2018 attack, as medical workers said at the time that the attack killed more than 40 people and opposition gave up the town days after the attack

March 2019: 8 March 2019: SPD Niels Annen, a minister of state at the German foreign ministry, told German magazine that terror group Hezbollah, allied with Syria's Assad and Iranian regime, is an important element in Lebanon�s society

26/27 October 2019: 26 October 2019: Turkish regime's Cavusoglu and German foreign minister Heiko Maas shake bloody hands at a joint news conference in Ankara, emphasizing German defense minister's proposal for an international security and safe zone under the UN umbrella on the Turkish-Syrian border, this means a peaceful solution, is 'unrealistic', after Kurds in Germany could speak in German TV, and after journalists on 20 October 2019 discussed Assad's war against the Syrian people and foreign involvements (Hezbollah terrorists, Iran, Russia and Turkey) since 2011 and since 9 October - 27 October 2019: Supporters of Erdogan's offensive 'Peace Spring' against Syrian Kurds in Europe burn the farm of a Kurdish activist, try to assassinate another

24 December 2019 federal president SPD Steinmeier's 'Christmas Message' to residents, refugees and migrants in Germany: 24 December 2019: Federal president SPD Steinmeier demands more vigor, decency and solidarity, as residents of northwest Syria flee new murderous Russian and Assad regime offensive, as troops push toward rebel-held town Maaret al-Numan and strategic road it controls, as civilians escape toward Turkish border and as UN warns, again since 2011, of another looming humanitarian crisis in 2019/2020

15 January 2020 murderous alliance of SPD, German TV and Iranian Mullah regime: 15 January 1919 SPD-supported murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht in Berlin, 13 January 2020 German TV and SPD support for Iranian regime's denial of its brutal shootdown of a Ukrainian jetliner, as Iranian regime's Rohani warned on 15 January that European soldiers in the Mideast 'could be in danger', as regime's FM acknowledged that Iranians 'were lied to' for days following its brutal shootdown of a Ukrainian jetliner that killed 176 people, and as the state of Israel, founded following the Holocaust committed by Germany, is continuously forced to defend itself against terrorists also in Syria, where Assad is allied with the Russian, the Iranian Mullah regime and Hezbollah terrorists - 15 January 2020: Russian Jew David Dushman, one of the last surviving soldiers to have taken part in the liberation of the Auschwitz camp in January 1945, since 1996 living in southern Germany and still struggling to explain how such a catastrophe could happen, joined the Red Army in 1941 after Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, today saying 'they were standing there, all of them in (prisoner) uniforms, only eyes, only eyes, very narrow - that was very terrible, very terrible'

10 October 2020 SPD-Steinmeier said 'everyone must stand up when the human dignity of others is violated': 10 October 2020: German politicians voice shame during commemoration to mark a year since deadly shooting on Yom Kippu, as tribute defaced a year after anti-Semitic attack, and as German president Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD) said 'everyone must stand up when the human dignity of others is violated', as images with the inscription 'Never forget � Kevin and Jana' were smeared with red swastikas on Thursday night

Since 26 September 2021 change in German politics and the Social Democratic Party: 2021 élections fédérales allemandes ont lieu le 26 septembre 2021 afin de renouveler les membres du Bundestag. À l'issue de ces élections fédérales débutera la vingtième législature de la République fédérale d'Allemagne. Le Parti social-démocrate arrive en tête du scrutin, devan�ant les Unions chrétiennes qui réalisent leur plus mauvais résultat historique. Le système politique allemand - dessiné après la Seconde Guerre mondiale autour de deux partis majeurs s'appuyant sur de plus petites formations pour gouverner - repose désormais sur six mouvements politiques, ce qui oblige à envisager un gouvernement regroupant trois partis, une première depuis les années 1950. - Politische Positionen der Bundesvorsitzenden der SPD Saskia Esken - 8. November 2021: Saskia Esken, die aktuelle Parteivorsitzende, und Lars Klingbeil wollen die SPD künftig gemeinsam führen, das Präsidium stimmte einstimmig zu, das Personal wurde dem Parteivorstand vorgeschlagen, und am 10.-12. Dezember wird auf einem Parteitag auch die SPD-Führung gewählt

30 December 2021 hit squad members convicted of murdering Khashoggi living in luxury villas in Riyadh: 30 December 2021: At least 3 members of Saudi hit squad convicted by the kingdom of murdering Jamal Khashoggi are living and working 'in seven-star accommodation' inside a government-run security compound in Riyadh, according to a source connected to senior members of Saudi intelligence, as the assassins are believed to be staying in villas and buildings run by Saudi Arabia�s State Security agency, far from the walls of its infamous prisons. The source has spoken to two witnesses who claim to have seen the men. They said family members frequently visit the men, who are able to use a gym and workspaces on the site. All were sentenced before a Saudi court, in a trial broadly condemned as a sham � though only one of them, Salah al-Tubaigy � was named

4 February 2022 German SPD chancellor Scholz and crisis on the Ukrainian border: 4 February 2022: Germany�s new SPD chancellor Olaf Scholz is waving goodbye to the honeymoon period of his tenure, as his 'inaudible' stance over the brewing crisis on the Ukrainian border is failing to impress not just Russia-hawks abroad but also more ambivalent voters at home

20 March 2022 at Children�s Hospital father reports that his daughter and granddaughter were killed: 20 March 2022: At Zaporizhzhia�s Children�s Hospital, a father whose family had been completely torn apart reports that his daughter Natasha and his 4-year-old granddaughter Dominica, were killed when a Russian shell landed near the shelter where the whole family was seeking refugee from Putin's bombardment of Mariupol, saying 'I looked at the ground and there lay my little granddaughter with her head completely torn to pieces'. Dominica was killed instantly. Her mother died from her injuries the next day. As broken as he is, Vladimir is trying to stay strong for his second daughter, Diana. She was also critically wounded in the blast and was about to undergo emergency surgery. But he could not hide his pain. 'God, why would you bring all this upon me? I was not supposed to bury my children, my lovely girls, I failed to protect you.'

26 August 2022 SPD's 'left wing' will stop arms supplies to Ukraine, start talks with Russia's war criminals: 26 August 2022: So-called 'left wing' of Scholz�s SPD party (and former chancellor Schroeder's) seeks to stop arms supplies to Ukraine, start talks with Russia, Kyiv Independent's daily news reports with live updates on the 184th day of Putin's war crimes

30 September 2022 Germany approves new arms exports to Saudi Arabia, oil lubricates: 30 September 2022: Germany's Economy Minister and Vice Chancellor Robert Habeck from the Green Party confirmed in a letter to the German federal parliament that several deals on arms exports had been approved by SPD-Chancellor Olaf Scholz before his trip to Saudi Arabia, despite the SPD, the Green Party and the FDP recently said they would continue the embargo, imposed as a result of its involvement in the war in Yemen - 23.05.2022: 2021 ist der Anteil von Sport Utility Vehicles SUV an allen Neuzulassungen laut Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt auf 25,4% gestiegen, ein Plus von über 4%. In diesem Zeitraum wurden insgesamt 667.096 Exemplare dieses Auto-Typs erstmals angemeldet.

2 October 2022 four years ago Khashoggi's murder, but finding the truth prevented by Saudis and Turkey: 2 October 2022: On this day four years ago, the world lost a brilliant thought leader, journalist, husband, father and grandfather - Jamal Khashoggi, his widow in 2022 says. Key pieces of evidence that hold these answers rest in Jamal�s personal devices including two mobile telephones, a laptop and a tablet, critical to knowing the full truth and advancing the cause of justice. But those devices are and remain in the possession of the government of Turkey, hiding the truth and ignoring human rights

Left Party of Germany

Since 1963, 2003 and 2007: Stasi informer Lothar Bisky, 'Socialist Unity Party SED' member since 1963, 2003�2007 chairman of the SED successor 'Party of Democratic Socialism PDS', became in June 2007 co-chairman of the 'The Left' party, formed by a merger, and died in 2013

Since 1967-1989, 2005-2015: Gregor Gysi SED member 1967-1989 - 'Socialist Unity Party SED' - 'Ministry for state security' of the 'German Democratic Republic' - Gregor Gysi und Vorwürfe der Mitarbeit bei der Stasi - 2005-2015 Gregor Gysi Parliamentary leader of the 'The Left' party, formed by a merger

Before 1989 and 20th century's leftovers Oskar Lafontaine and his Wagenknecht until 2017: 17 January 2017: Appointed by the Left party, Andrej Holm, an academic who had hidden the fact he served in the notorious East German secret police Stasi before the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, resigned as Berlin's deputy housing minister - 9 June 2017: Russia's Alexei Navalny claims, if he is elected president, he is ready to withdraw Russian troops from the occupied areas of eastern Ukraine and hold a fair referendum in the Russian-annexed Crimea - 10. Juni 2017: 'Die Linke' hat auf ihrem Parteitag russlandkritische Anträge abgelehnt, eine Kritik 'der völkerrechtswidrigen Annexion der Krim durch Russland' und des Krieges in der Ostukraine schaffte es am Samstag ebenso wenig ins Wahlprogramm wie eine ausdrückliche Verurteilung von Menschenverletzungen in Russland und China durch die Partei mit Zuordnungsproblem entsprechend der Kartografie und bei aufrechter Position hiesiger Betrachter - 8 August 2017: Drive to side with Russian war criminal Putin by Germany�s Federal Democratic Party's Christian Lindner was praised by so-called 'The Left' party's candidate for the Chancellor post Sahra Wagenknecht

Since 2007/8 Great Recession also in Europe, Arab spring, ongoing global crises, wars and since 2020 impacts of the covid-19 pandemic: Since 2007/8 Great Recession in Europe - Great Recession worldwide following the financial crisis since 2007 - European debt crisis and causes - Ongoing 'Arab Spring' Middle East and North Africa protests and revolutions since 2010/2011 - Since February 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Europe, as the pandemic caused the largest global recession in history - 30 July 2020: The German economy collapsed at a record pace over the second quarter of this year as covid-19 crisis took hold, as GDP fell by 10.1% from April to June compared to the previous quarter - January-December 2021 in the environment, environmental issues and sciences, listing global environmental disasters in 2021

21st century 'The Left' in the European Parliament: Since 1990s The Left in the European Parliament, since 2019 member parties including Germany's 'Die Linke' in 9th European Parliament and positions, following 1994 constituent declaration opposed to the present EU political structure, but committed to integration, as tat declaration sets out three aims for the construction of another EU, namely the total change of institutions to make them fully democratic, breaking with neo-liberal monetarist policies, and a policy of co-development and equitable cooperation. The group of 'The Left' also wants to strengthen the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE, opposing Putin regime's war against Ukraine since 2014 - a hundred years after WWI - und regime's annexation of Crimea

19./20. Juni 2021 Wahlprogrammparteitag der Partei 'Die Linke' für die Bundestagswahl am 26. September: Reden auf dem Wahlprogrammparteitag der Partei 'Die Linke' am 19./20. Juni für die Bundestagswahl am 26. September 2021 mit der Rede der Parteivorsitzenden Janine Wissler 'Für eine starke Linke und einen Politikwechsel', mit der Rede der Vorsitzenden der Bundestagsfraktion Amira Mohamed Ali 'Wir legen uns jeden Tag mit den Reichen und Mächtigen an'

The Greens (foundation 1980 emerging from the European peace and social movements in the 1980s, leading to the 1990 European revolutions (since 1989 in Poland), following 1960s,1979s APO in Westberlin and Germany), Party on 7 April 1973 - Fun party 'Alliance '90/The Greens' Party of Germany

Befürwortung von Kindesmißbrauch bei den 'Grünen' in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren - 1975/2001: D. Cohn-Bendit's literarisches Geständnis von mehrfachem Mißbrauch an Kindern im Kindergarten der Frankfurter Universität - Cohn-Bendit am 23. April 1982: 'Wissen Sie, wenn ein kleines fünfjähriges Mädchen beginnt, Sie auszuziehen, ist das großartig. Es ist großartig, weil es ein Spiel ist, ein wahnsinnig erotisches Spiel.'

Andauernder Pädophilie-Skandal von 'Bündnis 90/Die Grünen' seit Gründung 1980 - von Cohn-Bendit über Dieter F. Ullmann und Hermann Meer zu Jürgen Trittin - 14 May 2013: 'Green party' in Germany to investigate backing for paedophiles in 80s - 18 May 2013: Paedophile group that called for legalisation of sex with children were given officially recognised position in the 'Green party' - September 2013: Jürgen Trittin 1981 presserechtlich verantwortlich für pädophile Werbung und Initiative

Since August 2018 popularity of the Greens amid climate crisis, natural disasters, global economic crises, escalating concurrence, tensions and wars: 2018�present rising popularity of the Greens, as the party saw a major surge in support during the October 2018 Bavarian and Hessian state elections, becoming the second largest party in both, as they subsequently rose to second place behind the CDU/CSU in national polling, averaging between 17% and 20% over the next six months, and now in August 2021 ahead of German federal election on 26 September, competing with 'Christian democracy' that promised 2005/2006 to 'gestalten' (create something) and now want to leave the land to NRW's party fraction known since the 1950s, the 'Social democracy' that just delivered Scholz' new 'Wumms' economic policy with predictible 'Bums' following the polls amid ongoing covid-19 crisis and impacts, as Green's politic for a long time remained too one-sided centered on ecology, neglecting economics

Since April/Juni 2021 Annalena Baerbock candidate for Chancellor for the 2021 federal election: Im April 2021 schlug der Bundesvorstand der Grünen Annalena Baerbock als Kanzlerkandidatin für die Bundestagswahl 2021 vor. Der Parteitag stimmte dem Vorschlag am 12. Juni 2021 mit 98,6 % der abgegebenen Delegiertenstimmen zu - 8. Juli 2021: Böll-Stiftung finanzierte Grünen-Kanzlerkandidatin Baerbocks Promotionsversuch zum Thema 'Naturkatastrophen und humanitäre Hilfe im Völkerrecht' mit mehr als 40.000 Euro von April 2009 bis Dezember 2012 mit monatlich 1050 Euro, wobei die Regelförderzeit der Böll-Stiftung zwei Jahre sei mit der Option auf eine maximal zweimalige Verlängerung um jeweils ein halbes Jahr, also maximal 36 und nicht 39 Monate, und wobei sich auch die Böll-Stiftung überwiegend aus Bundesmitteln finanziert. Im März 2021 meldete Baerbock der Bundestagsverwaltung Nebeneinkünfte von mehr als 25.000 Euro aus ihrer Funktion als Co-Parteivorsitzende nach. Als dies im Mai 2021 bekannt wurde und auch im Zusammenhang mit der Forderung der Grünen, die Nebeneinkünfte von Abgeordneten 'auf Euro und Cent' offenzulegen, kritisch kommentiert wurde, bezeichnete sie den verspäteten Vorgang als 'Fehler' und 'blödes Versäumnis'. Am 17. Juni 2021 präsentierte Baerbock ihr Buch 'Jetzt. Wie wir unser Land erneuern'. Am 28. Juni 2021 veröffentlichte Stefan Weber eine Liste mit Textstellen, die er als Plagiate bzw. Urheberrechtsverletzungen bezeichnete. Später räumte Baerbock es als Versäumnis und Fehler ein, kein Quellenverzeichnis erstellt zu haben, und kündigte eine entsprechende Überarbeitung an.

August 2021 'Greenpeace international', in Germany: 5 August 2021: Climate crisis fires burning from the Amazon and Turkey to California, 'Greenpeace international' reports in August wanting to reach globally involved people in many different countries and so too involved in global responsibility for the crises - Greenpeace international in Germany

Free Democratic Party of Germany

Seit den 1970er Jahren: Libyen-Affäre - bereits seit den 1970er Jahren Ausbildungshilfe von BND und Spezialeinsatzkommandos für Gaddafis Unterdrückungsapparat

17. März 2011: Deutsche Stimmenthaltung bei UN Libyen-Resolution. "The United Nations Security Council has voted on a resolution authorising a no-fly zone over Libya and 'all necessary measures' to protect citizens. Ten of the council's 15 members voted in favour of the resolution, with Russia, China and Germany the five that abstained. The resolution comes just a few hours after Gaddafi warned residents of Benghazi, that his forces would show 'no mercy' in an impending assault on the city." Zitiert nach: Al Jazeera - Africa News

2011: 31 August 2011: Große Anzahl deutscher Sturmgewehre in Gaddafis Armee

2011 German spies worked with Gaddafi: 4 September 2011: German spies worked with Gaddafi

2013: Die 2% Wachstumspartei mit den drei Buchstaben F.D.P . - kompetent für Wirtschaft (Briefbogenaffäre des früheren Ministers Möllemann) und Finanzen (25. April 2013: Die FDP muss wegen der Verschleierung von Spenden durch ihren früheren Minister Möllemann mindestens 2 Millionen Euro zahlen)

August 2017 question of annexation of the Crimea should temporarily be 'sealed': 5 August 2017: The question of annexation of the Crimea should temporarily be 'sealed' while progress must be made first on other issues of relations with Russian Putin regime, head of the Free Democratic Party of Germany Christian Lindner said in an interview

Media of Germany: German media - German media by state - Media in Germany by city

Freedom of press and censorship in Germany: Freedom of press in Germany - Censorship in Germany

August 2018: 23 August 2018: Saxony�s CDU-led interior ministry confirmed that a police employee had attended a march by anti-Islam and neo-Nazi linked group Pegida last Saturday and had reported TV journalists covering the rally to police who detained them for 45 minutes

August 2019 Monsanto's 'intelligence center' targeted journalists and activists: 8 August 2019: Monsanto operated a 'fusion center' to monitor and discredit journalists and activists, and targeted a reporter who wrote a critical book on the company, documents reveal, as records reviewed by the Guardian show Monsanto adopted a multi-pronged strategy to target Reuters journalist Carey Gillam who investigated the company�s weedkiller and its links to cancer

Newspapers and broadcasting in Germany: Newspapers in Germany - Broadcasting in Germany - Radio in Germany - Television in Germany

March 1914 German newspapers beat the war drums: March 1914: German newspapers beat the war drums

Since March 1935 television history in Germany: Television history in Germany began in Berlin March 1935 - 1936 Nazi Germany's Summer Olympics were the first to have live television coverage, as the German Post Office, using equipment from Telefunken, broadcast over 70 hours of coverage to special viewing rooms

1918-1945 German NSDAP propaganda: The propaganda used by the German NSDAP in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's dictatorship of Germany 1933�1945 was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of NSDAP, SS and Gestapo policies

1933-1945 and since 1945: Peter Köpf, 1995: Schreiben nach jeder Richtung - Goebbels-Propagandisten in der westdeutschen Nachkriegspresse

2010 paraplegic Samuel Koch since TV show: Querschnittsgelähmter Samuel Koch seit TV-Unterhaltungssendung Dezember 2010

21 March 2012 self-disassembly of a ZDF journalist: 21. März 2012 Claus Kleber - Selbstdemontage eines Nachrichtenstars, incl. ZDF/Screenshot, von Stefan Buchen

2013/2014 German broadcaster and Waffen SS past: 2 May 2013: German broadcaster has dropped repeat showings of a popular detective series after it emerged its late star had hidden his Waffen SS past - 25 March 2014: Applications for judicial review filed against the ZDF State Treaty successful for the most part

2015: 11 January: Arson attack against German paper that reprints Charlie Hebdo cartoons - 28 June 2015: Berlin�s philharmonic�s new conductor met by anti-Semitism in German press, as NDR website calls Russian-born Kirill Petrenko, philharmonic�s first Jewish conductor, 'the tiny gnome, the Jewish caricature'

2016: 27 March 2016: Regarding how Putin's aggression in eastern Ukraine is portrayed in the media around the world, German journalist and former Moscow bureau chief of Focus magazine shares his thoughts in Ukrainian TV-interview on the impact of Russian influence in the German media

2017 deprivation of press accreditations by Germany during the G20 summit: Entzug von Presseakkreditierungen und Ausschluß von Journalisten beim G20-Gipfel in Hamburg - 11 July 2017: International and European Federation of Journalists join their German affiliates DJU and DJV in condemning the attacks against the press, after at least 32 journalists have been deprived of their press accreditations by the German government during the G20 protests in Hamburg held on 7 July - 10 August 2017: Nine of the journalists who had their accreditation revoked ahead of last month's Group of 20 summit in Hamburg will take Germany's Federal Press Office to court, complaining that the move was unlawful

May 2018: 16 May 2018: German daily draws outrage with 'anti-Semitic� image of Netanyahu at Eurovision

13 June 2018: 13 June 2018: Olaf Zimmermann, who heads the 'Conseil culturel allemand' ('German cultural council'), has called for the plug to be pulled on the nation�s multitude of political talkshows of public broadcasters for a year, arguing that their populist agenda has helped cement gloom-ridden public attitudes towards refugees and foreign cultures and fuel the rise of neo-Nazi linked parties and politicians

14 June 2018: 14 June 2018: Berlin Museum of Photography prepares an installation about the life of pro-Nazi filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl, called by critics 'an absurd and disgusting obscenity' that will glorify the late director�s 'fascist aesthetics' and advance a rehabilitation that Riefenstahl does not deserve

15 June 2018: 15 June 2018: The founder of Germany�s first Jewish film festival Nicola Galliner, whose 24th annual Jewish Film Festival Berlin-Brandenburg begins later this month, has been awarded the highest honor in the state of Brandenburg

Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany: Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany

Media coverage of 'Ball treten' and broadcast income in football league's 'Bundesliga' business model: Football league 'Bundesliga' business model, as Bundesliga's turnover was �1.7bn one season, broken down into match-day revenue �424m, sponsorship receipts �573m and frontrunner broadcast income �594m - Media coverage of professional 'Ball treten', as Bundesliga TV, radio, internet, and mobile broadcast rights are distributed by DFL Sports Enterprises and broadcast rights are sold along with the broadcast rights to the Bundesliga Relegation Playoffs, 2. Bundesliga and DFL-Supercup

1970/1971 Bundesliga scandal for-profit manipulation of games: 1971 Bundesliga scandal refers to the malicious, for-profit manipulation of games in the 1970�71 German football championship season

2005 match fixing scandal: 2005 German football was overshadowed by the discovery of a �2 million match fixing scandal

2009 European football betting scandal: 2009 European football betting scandal of hundreds of fixtures, including domestic league games, UEFA Europa League and UEFA Champions League games in the nine European countries of Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Croatia, Slovenia, Turkey, Hungary, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Austria

2006/2015 bidding committee of Germany�s 2006 World Cup bought votes: 16 October 2015: The bidding committee of Germany�s 2006 World Cup bought the votes of Asian Fifa executive committee members with a �5m fund made available by former Adidas CEO, according to a German newspaper - 23 October 2015: Former DFB president says slush fund helped Germany win 2006 World Cup - 3 November 2015: German police raid Germany�s football association on suspicion of tax evasion linked to the awarding of the 2006 World Cup

2016 Fifa investigatione: 22 March 2016: The Fifa ethics committee will investigate possible undue payments, contracts to gain an advantage. bribery and corruption of former DFB vice-president Franz Beckenbauer and five other DFB officials including Wolfgang Niersbach and Theo Zwanziger connected with Germany�s 2006 World Cup bid

November 2019 rockets at Berlin derby: 2 November 2019: Rockets were fired onto the pitch at Berlin derby, as German football official blames AfD for rising violence in the sport, claiming that the party has normalized 'social disinhibition� in the society

May 2020 resistance against resuming Bundesliga: 15 May 2020: Most fans don't even want the league to resume - the latest polls from German broadcasters show a growing majority are against it - but soccer authorities were desperate to get back on track with Bundesliga clubs for financial reasons

Internet in Germany: Internet in Germany - Internet censorship in Germany

2015: 31 July 2015: As German government accuses news website of treason over leaks, for the first time in more than 50 years journalists are facing treason charges, which is being denounced as an attack on the freedom of the press

Film industry in Germany: Film industry in Germany can be traced back to the late 19th century

February/March 2020 Berlinale reels from revelations that its founding director Alfred Bauer was a high-ranking Nazi: 29 February 2020: As the Berlinale reels from revelations that its founding director Alfred Bauer was a high-ranking Nazi, the issue of memory politics looms large over the film festival�s 70th anniversary, following a newspaper report last month alleging Bauer had been more involved in the Nazi regime than previously thought, as a number of films on the program set out to challenge dominant narratives about the past, also presenting 'example(s) of how long an accepted Nazi perpetrator could tell his own story as if he and those in his milieu didn�t have so much to do with it'

Sport in Germany: Sport in Germany - Sport in Germany by sport - Sport in Germany by state - Sport in Germany by city

2023 IFAF World Championship for American football postponed to 2023: 2023 IFAF World Championship for American football, originally scheduled to be held in Wollongong in Australia from 29 July 2019 to 5 August 2019, will be postponed to 2023

11 December 2021 at IFAF's annual congress Germany awarded hosting rights for the 2023 World Championship: 11 December 2021: Germany has been awarded hosting rights for the 2023 International Federation of American Football IFAF World Championship at the body's Annual Congress held online today. The World Championship is scheduled to feature the top eight nations in the world, with Germany qualifying as a host nation and an invitation extended to the reigning champions, the USA. Australia will also qualify as representatives of Oceania alongside the top two nations in Europe.

Amateur sport in Germany: Amateur sport, called 'Breitensport' in Germany

'Professional' sports in Germany and 'Bundesliga': 'Professional' sports in Germany and 'Bundesliga'

January 2020 former German soccer president sent hundreds to die in Auschwitz: 25 January 2020: Former German soccer president sent hundreds to die in Auschwitz, as DFB in January 2020 reveals that Felix Linnemann, who led it from 1925 to 1945, �was directly involved� as the head of the Hannover Criminal Police control center in registering Sinti, Roma people before they were sent to the Nazi death camp

Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany: Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany

Broadcast income in football league's 'Bundesliga' business model: Football league 'Bundesliga' business model, as Bundesliga's turnover was �1.7bn one season, broken down into match-day revenue �424m, sponsorship receipts �573m and frontrunner broadcast income �594m

1970/1971 Bundesliga scandal for-profit manipulation of games: 1971 Bundesliga scandal refers to the malicious, for-profit manipulation of games in the 1970�71 German football championship season

2005 match fixing scandal: 2005 German football was overshadowed by the discovery of a �2 million match fixing scandal

Football hooliganism, riots and racism in Germany: Football hooliganism and riots in Germany

March/April 2005: 28 March 2005: A 'friendly' weekend soccer match between Germany and Slovenia quickly turned sour as before, during and after the game, German fans participated in racist violence, prompting fears of a revival of hooliganism - 7 April 2005: German soccer hooligans have made a violent return to the international stage

June 2006: 15 June 2006: Police detained more than 300 people in Dortmund following clashes ahead of the World Cup Group Germany-Poland match

February 2007: 14 February 2007: Germany Cancels Soccer Schedule in Saxony in Response to Riots

June 2010: 27 June 2010: An English flag was burned down amongst a mob of German supporters in Duisburg-Hamborn in Germany

February 2017 threats against visitors, children and women: 6 February 2017: Before a German league match, Dortmund fans attacked terrified RB Leipzig supporters, including children and women

July 2020 Germany�s soccer captain Neuer filmed singing song by pro-Nazi Croatian singer: 13 July 2020: Germany�s soccer captain Neuer filmed singing song by pro-Nazi Croatian singer

Since 1950s doping in sport: Doping in sport in Germany - Drugs in sport in Germany

August 2013: August 2013: Systematisches und staatlich gefördertes Sport-Doping in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland seit 1970 laut Studie der Berliner Humboldt-Universität - 5 August 2013: West German government helped fund a wide-scale doping programme from the 1970s onwards, with evidence of drug use among the country�s athletes stretching back to the 1950s

Boxing in Germany, medical concerns and crimes: Boxing in Germany - Boxing and medical concerns - knocking a person unconscious or even causing concussion may cause permanent brain damage and there is no clear division between the force required to knock a person out and the force likely to kill a person, since 1983 the Australian, British, Canadian and USA's Medical Associations have called for bans on boxing, that 'should not be sanctioned by any civilized society'

Ziel eines Boxkampfes das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma: 28. November 2014: Ziel eines Boxkampfes ist es aus medizinischer Sicht, beim Gegner ein stumpfes Schädel-Hirn-Trauma herbeizuführen, möglichst mit der Folge einer kurzen Bewusstlosigkeit, im Unterschied zu anderen Sportarten ist die Besonderheit beim Boxen, dass es die erklärte und auch von den Zuschauern gewünschte Absicht und d.h. der Vorsatz ist, eine oder mehrere üblicherweise strafrechtlich sanktionierte Körperverletzung(en) herbeizuführen, bei ca. 20% der Profiboxer kommt es zu schweren Folgeerkrankungen des Gehirns wie Parkinson, Sprachstörungen, Gleichgewichtsstörungen, Verlangsamung des Denkens, Gedächtnisstörungen bis hin zu einer Demenz (deutlich erhöhtes Risiko), Depression, Reizbarkeit, Kriminalität, Sucht

2010: 18. Oktober 2010: Eine kommerzialisierte schwere Körperverletzung in Hamburg, die 14.500 Zuschauer in der ausverkauften Halle bejubeln und die den USA-Boxer Shannon Briggs auf die Intensivstation bringt, bringt dem Sender RTL hingegen mit bis zu 14,08 Millionen Zuschauern eine Rekordeinschaltquote und einen Marktanteil von 66,9%

2014: 29. Juli 2014: Ein Boxkampf in der Kaarster International Sport Arena eskalierte als der Unterlegene zurück in die Kabine wollte, dabei aus dem Lager seines Gegners angegriffen wurde und es zu Schlägereien zwischen mehreren Personen mit mehreren krankenhausreif geschlagenen Verletzten kam, darunter zwei Unbeteiligte und zwei Frauen

Crime in Germany: Crime in Germany

Crime in Germany by type and year: Crime in Germany by type - Crime in Germany by year - Crime in Germany by state

Racism in Germany: Racism in Germany

Since 18th century 'Germanisation', 'Aryanization', and later 'Generalplan Ost' for the genocide and ethnic cleansing: Since 18th century 'Germanisation' - Germanisation in the Nazi period - Racial policy of Nazi Germany - 'Aryanization', term coined during Nazism referring to the forced expulsion of so-called 'non-Aryans' - 'Generalplan Ost' was the Nazi German government's plan for the genocide and ethnic cleansing on a vast scale, and colonization of Central and Eastern Europe by Germans

Since 17th century German colonialism in Africa and worldwide since 19th century: Since 1680 German colonization of Africa - Since 1884 German colonial empire -

Since 19th century systematic genocide, 2016: 5 May 2016: Decades before the Nazis tried to annihilate the Jews, German colonialists in Southwest Africa dehumanized, built death camps for, and slaughtered tens of thousands of tribespeople in a systematic genocide, 'subhumans', 'cattle car transports', even the 'Final Solution' have their sinister antecedents in Africa in the early 1900s

Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany: Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany

Antisemitism in Germany: Antisemitism in Germany - History of the Jews in Germany - Timeline of antisemitism - 23 February 2015: From Notre Dame to Wittenberg, in Europe the fine art of anti-Semitism is on public display at many of the continent�s most visited landmarks

Since 1850: Richard Wagner's 'Das Judenthum in der Musik', first published in 1850, attacking Jews in general and some composers in particular - 5 May 2009: In his notorious and poisonous essay 'Jewishness in Music' Wagner said that Mendelssohn 'has shown us that a Jew can possess the richest measure of specific talents, the most refined and varied culture ... without even once through all these advantages being able to bring forth in us that profound, heart-and-soul searching effect we expect from music' - 7 May 2017: Wagner, who had earlier enjoyed support from Giacomo Meyerbeer, denounced him in the anti-Semitic essay 'Judaism in Music' as uncreative and cravenly following popular taste - 1882 premiere of Wagner's 'Parsifal' in Bayreuth - Houston Stewart Chamberlain's best-selling work 'The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century' (1899) is a main work of modern antisemitism - H.St. Chamberlain (1855-1927), seeing his ideas begin to bear fruit particularly in Germany, visited NSDAP's Adolf Hitler several times (1926 together with Joseph Goebbels) at the Wagner family's property in Bayreuth

Since 1882: First Aliyah 1882-1903 (return of Jews to Israel) after May Laws in Russia 1882

Since 1888: Antisemitism of the German Emperor Wilhelm II ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918 - World War I 1914-1918 - Following his abdication in November 1918 Wilhelm II advocated a 'regular international all-worlds pogrom à la Russe' as 'the best cure' against Jews saying that they are a 'nuisance that humanity must get rid of some way or other' and that he believes 'the best thing would be gas' - Since early 20th century 'Kaiser-Wilhelm-II.-Denkmäler' mainly in Germany

1914-1918: 2 August 1914 Ottoman German Alliance in World War I - On 14 November 1914 Ottoman Empire declares an Islamic holy war on behalf of the Ottoman government, urging his Muslim followers to take up arms against Britain, France, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro in World War I - 1914-1918 German military commanders to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War were Otto Liman von Sanders, Goltz, Kress von Kressenstein, and more, compare the 'League of German Asian Warriors' affiliated to the NSDAP after the Nazi takeover of power in 1933 - 1914-1918 World War I Middle East's combatants were on the one hand the Central Powers, the Ottoman Empire (including Kurds, Persians and some Arab tribes), and on the other hand, the British (with the help of Jews, Greeks, Assyrians and the majority of the Arabs), the Russians and the French from the Allies of World War I, main campaigns include, the Sinai and Palestine Campaign 28 January 1915 � 30 October 1918, the Mesopotamian Campaign 6 November 1914 � 14 November 1918, and the Persian Campaign December 1914 � October 1918

1933-1945: Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany - Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were anti-Semitic laws in Nazi Germany - 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion' ordered to be studied in German classrooms by the Nazi Party since 1933 - 'Jewish Bolshevism' is part of the Jewish World Conspiracy theory that Jews control the world - Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany - Fifth Aliyah refers to the fifth wave of the Jewish immigration to Palestine from Europe and Asia between the years 1929 and 1939 - Aliyah Bet

The Holocaust: The Holocaust in Germany - 30 January 2014: In a speech to the Reichstag on 30 January 1939 Hitler makes first call for Jews� annihilation - 30 July 2015: A new online exhibition at Yad Vashem recounts the powerful and personal stories of 100 soldiers in the Soviet Union�s army, as there were between 350,000 to 500,000 Jews in the Red Army during the war, and about 140,000 were killed by the Germans - 20 February 2016: Samuel Willenberg, the last survivor of Nazi death camp Treblinka, who was among a group of Jews who survived a dramatic escape bid from the camp in 1943, then joined the Polish resistance and fighted the Nazis in Warsaw, then working and becoming an artist in Israel, dies aged 93

1933-1945 Jewish resistance under Nazi rule: Jewish resistance under Nazi rule - Ghetto uprising during World War II - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising April-May 1943 - Bialystok Ghetto Uprising - Nazi extermination camp Sobibor uprising 1943 - 2 August 1943 Treblinka prisoner uprising

April 1943 - 2013/2018: 21 April 2013: Speaking at 70th anniversary of historic rebellion in Warsaw, one of last three survivors of Ghetto uprising Simcha Rotem says 'we wanted to choose the kind of death we would die' - 18 April 2018: Krystyna Budnicka, the last remaining member of her family, said this week on the 75th anniversary of the Warsaw ghetto uprising that she 'lost all six brothers, my sister, my parents, as well as four sisters-in-law', making it her mission to recount how she survived the Warsaw ghetto in order to keep her loved ones� memory alive - April 2018: Jews who fought Nazis recall the struggle - 23 December 2018: Simcha Rotem, an Israeli Holocaust survivor who was among the last-known Jewish fighters from the 1943 Warsaw ghetto uprising against the Nazis, has died at 94

1945 liberations of Holocaust survivors: In 1945, when Anglo-American and Soviet troops entered the concentration camps, they discovered piles of corpses, bones, and human ashes�testimony to Nazi mass murder, soldiers also found thousands of Jewish and non-Jewish survivors suffering from starvation and disease, many Jewish survivors feared to return to their former homes because of the antisemitism that persisted in parts of Europe, the trauma they had suffered and their hostile reception by locals that propelled survivors to 'displaced persons' camps in Germany, Austria and Italy

Since 1945 aftermath of the Holocaust, German obstination and obtuseness: Aftermath of the Holocaust in Germany, which largely responded to the enormity of the evidence for and the horror of the Holocaust with an attitude of self-justification and a practice of keeping quiet, as many Germans attempted to rewrite their own history to make it more palatable in the post-war era, and as for decades West Germany and then unified Germany refused to allow access to its Holocaust-related archives in Bad Arolsen, citing privacy concerns - 1945-1949 only 31,651 Nazi war criminals out of the hundreds of thousands active during the war were brought to trial, most of the individuals who carried out the atrocities were never brought to justice

1945-1952 Holocaust survivors, displaced persons and the State of Israel: Holocaust survivors, displaced persons and the State of Israel, as Palestine became the primary destination for many Jewish refugees, but local Arabs opposed their immigration and the United Kingdom refused to allow Jewish refugees into the Mandate territory - 27 September 2017: Rare photographs show Holocaust survivors from SS Exodus sent back to Germany by the British in 1947, after removing resisting passengers in Haifa, injuring dozens, killing three, and loading them on three ships, as between 1945 and 1952 more than 250,000 Jews lived in displaced persons camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria and Italy

27. Juli 2000 Sprengstoffanschlag in Düsseldorf: 27. Juli 2000 Sprengstoffanschlag in Düsseldorf mit einer mit TNT gefüllten Rohrbombe, die zehn Menschen zum Teil lebensgefährlich verletzt und das ungeborenes Kind einer im fünften Monat schwangeren Frau tötet - 7 August 2000: Germany is clamping down on the far right, following a spate of neo-Nazi attacks on asylum seekers, Jews and the homeless over the past few weeks

2. Oktober 2000 Brandanschlag auf die Neue Synagoge in Düsseldorf: 2. Oktober 2000 Brandanschlag auf die Neue Synagoge in Düsseldorf durch zwei arabischstämmige junge Männer

July 2014: 18 July: Anti-Semitic slogans chanted at Berlin protest against Israel's Gaza operation - 21. Juli: Eine anti-israelische Kundgebung in Berlin von palästinensischen und politischen Gruppen wie dem Hochschulverband der Partei 'Die Linke' ist am Samstag mit antisemitischen Parolen und dem versuchten Angriff auf ein Ehepaar aus Jerusalem eskaliert - 21 July: Germany's Jewish community is shocked by an 'explosion of evil and violent hatred of Jews' shown by protesters at anti-Israel demonstrations across the country chanting 'gas the Jews' and other anti-Semitic slogans during some pro-Gaza protests - 21 July: As wave of anti-Semitic rallies hits cities across Germany and anti-Israel protester chanted in Dortmund and Frankfurt 'Hamas Hamas Juden ins gas', Jewish community braces itself ahead of Friday�s Iranian-sponsored Al Quds Day March

2015: 5 January 2015: A 26-year-old Israeli was beaten by a group of seven men on a Berlin subway car after he filmed them singing an anti-Semitic song and refused to delete the video - 27 January 2015: Auschwitz survivors gather for memorial 70 years after liberation - 17 February: Jewish cemetery in the northern German city of Oldenburg vandalized, targeted over the past few years by right-wing extremists - 28 June 2015: Berlin�s philharmonic�s new conductor met by anti-Semitism in German press, as NDR website calls Russian-born Kirill Petrenko, philharmonic�s first Jewish conductor, 'the tiny gnome, the Jewish caricature' - 16 November 2015: Ursula Haverbeck after calling the Holocaust in a statement broadcast on television outside of the trial of former SS guard Oskar Groening 'the biggest and most sustainable lie in history', sentenced to 10 months in jail

2016: 5 February 2016: Several Jewish cemeteries, monuments vandalized in Germany's Berlin, Hannover and elsewhere in past month - 5 May 2016: Tens of thousands of Holocaust survivors are spending the final years of their lives in financial hardship while waiting for governments across Europe to compensate them for property stolen during the Nazi era - 8 June 2016: The USA House of Representatives voted overwhelmingly to pass a resolution calling upon Germany to increase restitution support for Holocaust survivors, as Republican Ros-Lehtinen noted that more than half of all survivors worldwide live at or below the poverty level

September 2016: 13 September 2016: German judge von Renesse, who had been accused of causing 'reputational damage of the social jurisprudence' after it emerged that he had questioned the rejection of ghetto pension applications and intervened to help applicants, interviewing more than 120 Holocaust survivors in Israel, evades prosecution by North Rhine-Westphalia's SPD Minister of Justice Kutschaty, and therefore punishment for helping survivors

2017: 28 February 2017: Berlin-based 'Research and Information Office on Anti-Semitism', founded in 2015, reports that the number of anti-Semitic incidents in Germany�s capital has risen by 16% in 2016 over the previous year, most incidents were non-violent, but nonetheless threatening - 17 May 2017: Bavaria has seen a rise in anti-Semitic criminality with 176 anti-Jewish crimes reported in the state in 2016 - 29 November 2017: The head of Germany�s Central Council of Jews Josef Schuster said that anti-Semitism is growing in the country and that extreme nationalists, Muslims immigrants and leftists often disguise their bigotry as criticism of Israel, causing concern for a community that is otherwise blossoming more than seven decades after the Holocaust

January/February 2018: 27 January 2018: World remembers Holocaust amid signs of rising hatred - 13 February 2018: German police record 1,453 anti-Semitic incidents in 2017, including 32 violent attacks, almost all perpetrators identified as 'right-wing-oriented'

April 2018: 19 avril 2018: Adam Armoush, un jeune Arabe israélien, a voulu prouver qu'il n'était pas dangereux de porter une kippa dans la rue berlinoises et s'est fait agresser par un groupe de trois jeunes parlant arabe

July 2018: 8 July 2018: A group of 10 men and women chased a Syrian Jewish man in a park in Berlin who was wearing a Star of David, knocked him to the ground and beat him, putting him into the hospital for his injuries - 16 July 2018: Jewish professor Yitzhak Melamed, who teaches philosophy at Baltimore's Johns Hopkins University, accuses Bonn authorities of brutality and of falsely blaming him for provoking the assault after being assaulted in a Bonn park first by a Palestinian and then by police who slammed him to the ground and punched him in the face

August 2018: 8 August 2018: In Germany, anti-Semitic crimes up 10% in first half of 2018

September 2018: 8 septembre 2018: Un restaurant juif de Chemnitz a été la cible d'une attaque à caractère antisémite en marge d'une récente manifestation à l'appel des xénophobes et néonazis dans cette ville allemande sous tension depuis deux semaines

February 2019: 13 février 2019: L'Allemagne a enregistré une hausse des actes antisémites en 2018 qui atteignent un sommet depuis une décennie - 13 February 2019: After France and UK, Germany reports increase in anti-Semitic incidents in 2018, as the number of anti-Semitic crimes increased from 1,504 in 2017 to 1,646, with the number of cases considered violent almost doubling

May 2019: 14 May 2019: Last year anti-Semitic incidents rose 19.6% to 1,799, 89.1% of those involving far-right perpetrators, as Xenophobic incidents rose 19.7% to 7,701 amid an overall uptick in hate crimes to 8,113 from 7,913, German officials say

June 2019: 28 June 2019: Witness says 31-year-old suspect Iyad B. wanted to kill real estate investor Michael Reicher in November 2018 he thought was Jewish, saying his people �destroyed my homeland�, as Germany�s BfV agency said in its annual report the number of anti-Semitic acts of violence rose sharply last year alongside a further increase in those identified as neo-Nazi linked extremists

August 2019: 15 August 2019: Rabbi assaulted and pushed to the ground by unidentified suspects in Berlin, two weeks after another rabbi reported being spat upon in a building in the same general neighborhood, and after a week ago in Munich a rabbi and his two sons said they were spit on and verbally attacked as they left a synagogue

9 October 2019 Halle synagogue attack: 9 October 2019 Halle synagogue attack - 10 October 2019: Jews demand action from Germany to protect the community after at least two people were shot dead in the eastern German city of Halle in an anti-Semitic gun attack on the holy day of Yom Kippur

31 December 2019 Jewish cemetery's tombstones vandalized: 31 December 2019: Two men were arrested in Germany on Monday for allegedly knocking over 40 tombstones in a Jewish cemetery near Aachen and spraying some of them with blue paint, police said

4 October 2020 Jewish student attacked with shovel and seriously hurt outside Hamburg synagogue: 4/5 October 2020: Jewish student wearing a kippa attacked with shovel, seriously hurt outside Hamburg synagogue and taken to the hospital with a �significant head injury', as suspect, a German of Kazakh origin, had paper with swastika in his pocket, and as anti-Semitic crimes have increased steadily in Germany in recent years with 2,032 anti-Semitic offenses recorded in 2019, up 13% on the previous year

21 December 2020 German court hands life sentence to Halle Synagogue attacker: 21 December 2020: German court hands life sentence to Halle Synagogue attacker Stephan Balliet, who killed two people in the street after failing to break into synagogue, confessing later to antisemitic motives, and who denied the Holocaust and expressed no remorse for failed 2019 storming of German house of worship

Since 19th century timeline of Nazism and since 1919 NSDAP's rise to power: Since 19th century timeline of Nazism in Germany - Since 1919 Adolf Hitler's rise to power

1914-1918 World War I and German Empire since 1871: World War I 1914-1918 and German Empire since 1871 - German war crimes in World War I

15 January 1919 SPD-linked ordered assassination of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht: 15 January 1919 ordered assassination of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht - German army officer Pabst, who ordered the executions of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg in 1919 as well as summary executions of many other Communist Party of Germany members, was never brought to justice even in the later Federal Republic of Germany, became an industrialist and eventually Director of Rheinmetall Borsig in Berlin, later settled in Switzerland, where he took a post with the arms manufacturer Oerlikon and following World War II, Pabst took some involvement in the activities of the neo-Nazi Bruderschaften, small groups that existed across Europe and which attempted to co-ordinate their political activism, later returned to Germany in 1955, settling in Düsseldorf, and there became involved with neo-Nazis - In 1962 in an interview and in his memoirs, Pabst maintained that he had talked in 1919 on the phone with SPD-Noske in the Chancellery, and that SPD-Noske and SPD-Ebert had approved of his assassination actions, never challenged, especially since neither the Reichstag, the Bundestag nor the courts in Germany until today ever examined the case

1918-1933 Political violence in Germany: 1918-1933 Political violence in Germany

8-9 November 1923 Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch: 8-9 November 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch, a failed coup attempt by the NSDAP leader Adolf Hitler to seize power in Munich, which resulted in the death of four police officers and some Nazis, bringing Hitler to the attention of the German nation and the decision to change NSDAP tactics following Hitler's release after only nine months in Bavarian prison

1933-1945 Nazi Germany and since 1939 World War II: 1933-1945 Nazi Germany, the period in German history since 1933, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party NSDAP - Nazi Germany and World War II

September 1935 Nuremberg Laws: 15 September 1935 Nuremberg Laws, antisemitic and racial laws in Nazi Germany introduced by the Reichstag

9-10 November 1938 'Novemberpogrome' against Jews: 9-10 November 1938 'Novemberpogrome' against Jews throughout Nazi Germany, carried out by SA paramilitary forces and German civilians as German authorities looked on without intervening

Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany: Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany

Germanisation in the Nazi period, 'Aryanization', 'Generalplan Ost' for the genocide and ethnic cleansing: Germanisation in the Nazi period - Racial policy of Nazi Germany - 'Aryanization', term coined during Nazism referring to the forced expulsion of so-called 'non-Aryans' - 'Generalplan Ost' was the Nazi German government's plan for the genocide and ethnic cleansing on a vast scale, and colonization of Central and Eastern Europe by Germans

German war crimes in World War II, crimes of the Wehrmacht and the Holocaust: German war crimes in World War II - War crimes of the Wehrmacht - The Holocaust

Nazi tradition of intelligence agencies and list of intelligence agencies in Germany: List of intelligence agencies of Germany - Bundesnachrichtendienst BND's Nazi tradition

1946: Gehlen Organization established in June 1946 by USA occupation authorities consisted of members of the 12th Department of the former 'Foreign Armies East', numerous former SS, SD and Wehrmacht officers and carried the name of Wehrmacht Major general Reinhard Gehlen, head of the German military intelligence in the Eastern Front during World War II - Agency 114 of the Bundesnachrichtendienst BND was a main entrance for former Nazis - 26 September 2011: Wanted Nazi Walter Rauff was German 'Bundesnachrichtendienst' spy between 1958-1962 - Walter Rauff: Gas van engineering and mass murder - In 1965 'Butcher of Lyon' SS-Hauptsturmführer Klaus Barbie was recruited by the BND, his initial monthly salary of 500 Deutsche Mark was transferred in May 1966 to an account of the Chartered Bank of London in San Francisco in the USA, which recruited him in 1947 as an agent for the USA Army Counter Intelligence Corps CIC, and he made at least 35 reports to the BND headquarters in Pullach - 27. September 2011: Bislang geheimgehaltene Akten des BND belegen, daß Walter Rauff wegen seiner Tätigkeit im Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Entwicklung und Einsatz von Gaswagen) 1958 vom BND eingestellt wurde - CIA-Akten 2006: Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem BND und CIA bereits 1958 bekannt - BND-Akten: Aufenthaltsort Eichmanns sogar schon 1952 bekannt

2011: 30 November 2011: Investigators have found that in 2007 the German Intelligence Service BND destroyed files of 250 employees who had been in the Nazi SS or Gestapo

2015: 24 April 2015: German BND helped NSA spy on EU politicians and companies, lied and withheld information for years - 11 November 2015: Germany�s 'foreign' intelligence service BND spied on targets including the UN Children�s Fund, the World Health Organisation, the international court of justice in The Hague, the French foreign minister Laurent Fabius, the FBI, and German citizen, diplomat and now head of the EU�s mission in Turkey Hansjörg Haber, a media report alleges

2016: 27 April 2016: Speculation is mounting whether the head of the foreign intelligence service BND, Germany�s version of the CIA, has been removed as part of a political struggle over how to deal with the series of scandals since the revelations provided by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden in 2013

March 2017: 8 March 2017: The case against the NSU, the neo-Nazi terrorist organization National Socialist Underground that committed ten murders, three bomb attacks, and 15 bank robberies in the years between 1998 and 2011, is an unprecedented example of the close connection between the German secret services and the neo-Nazi movement as well as the structural racism within the German law enforcement authorities, NSU-Watch says

June 2018 Nazi Heinrich Himmler's daughter employed by BND: 29 June 2018: Germany�s foreign intelligence service BND employed the daughter of top Nazi Heinrich Himmler in the early 1960s, although she never renounced her father or Nazism, remained active in far-right extremism all her life, fought to defend her father�s reputation and aided in the defense of SS members and Nazi war criminals

February 2019 BND headquarter: 8 February 2019: After taking 12 years and �1bn of taxpayers to build, BND's, and world�s biggest, intelligence headquarters reopens in Berlin

Since 1945 neo-Nazism in Germany: Chauvinism, fascism and neo-Nazism in Germany - Neo-Nazism

Nazi terrorism since 1945, Nazi party 'NPD' and neo-Nazi linked AfD in German parliaments: Todesopfer rechtsextremer Gewalt in Deutschland nach 1945

11. April 1968 Attentat auf Rudi Dutschke: 11. April 1968 Attentat auf Rudi Dutschke in West-Berlin

September 1991 Riot of Hoyerswerda: Riot of Hoyerswerda September 1991

August 1992 Riot of Rostock-Lichtenhagen: Riot of Rostock-Lichtenhagen August 1992

1992 Mordanschlag von Mölln: Mordanschlag von Mölln 1992

1993 Solingen arson attack: Solingen arson attack of 1993 - 29 May 2018: As Germany is struggling with a new upsurge of racist attacks and neo-Nazi linked activism, including the entry into parliament of the Alternative for Germany AfD party following an influx of more than one million asylum seekers since 2015, Germany will hold memorial events on Tuesday for five ethnic Turkish victims of a neo-Nazi arson attack 25 years ago

1999 Hetzjagd in Guben: Hetzjagd in Guben 1999

Since 1990th to 2011 'National Socialist Underground' terrorist group: 'National Socialist Underground' terrorist group's serial murders - Neonazi-Mordserie bis 2011

10. Juni 2000 Neonazis ermorden den aus Mosambik stammenden Alberto Adriano: 10. Juni 2000: Der aus Mosambik stammende Alberto Adriano wurde in der Nacht vom 10. auf den 11. Juni 2000 von drei betrunkenen Wolfener Neonazis im Dessauer Stadtpark zusammengeschlagen und starb drei Tage später im Krankenhaus an seinen Verletzungen

9. September 2000 Enver Simsek erstes Opfer der NSU-Mordserie: 9. September 2000: Enver Simsek war das erste Opfer der Mordserie der terroristischen Vereinigung 'Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund' und wurde an seinem mobilen Blumenstand in Nürnberg mit acht Schüssen aus zwei Pistolen niedergeschossen

2. Oktober 2000 Brandanschlag auf die Neue Synagoge in Düsseldorf: 2. Oktober 2000 Brandanschlag auf die Neue Synagoge in Düsseldorf durch zwei arabischstämmige junge Männer

August 2001: 9. August 2001: Dieter Egon Wilfried Manzke wurde in Dahlewitz von fünf jungen Männern im Alter zwischen 17 und 22 Jahren in einem leer stehenden Gartenbungalow zu Tode gefoltert, weil die Täter Obdachlose für 'lebensunwerte Existenzen' hielten

July2002: 12. Juli 2002: Marinus Schöberl wurde Mordopfer rechtsextremer Jugendlicher in Potzlow, nachdem die Täter ihr Opfer vorher lange und grausam quälten