2012/2013: 9. April 2012: Laut ILO (International Labour Organization) wächst die Arbeitslosigkeit weltweit - 30 April 2012: ILO warns global employment situation is 'alarming' - 22 May 2012: Youth unemployment rising, ILO report warns - 22 January 2013: World unemployment figures set to rise in 2013, claims UN labour agency

October 2015: 13 October 2015: Global inequality is growing, with half the world’s wealth now in the hands of just 1% of the population, according to a new report

January 2016: 19 January 2016: Unemployment worldwide will rise by about 2.3 million this year to 199.4 million, making existing jobs vulnerable and fuelling potential social unrest as the global economy slows, an International Labour Organization's report warns

January 2018: 22 January 2018: Global unemployment in 2018 is projected to remain at a similar high level to last year’s and vulnerable employment is on the rise, according to ILO - Unemployment rate in 2018 by country

Since January 2020 worldwide crisis and recession due to 2019 Chinese coronavirus outbreak: Since January 2020 international socio-economic impact of the 2019 Chinese coronavirus pandemic, by continent and country - Since February 2020 global stock market crash that began on in February 2020 - 2020 Chinese coronavirus worldwide recession, which has been claimed to have started affecting the world economy due to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, as many economists agree that the recession is already happening, supported by findings from surveys of purchasing managers in the USA, Europe and China, and as the USA currently has almost five times as many unemployment claims as during the previous peak in 1982 - Impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

Since March 2020 daily increase in death rates and expansion of worldwide crisis: 8 March 2020: Economies struggle due to latest Chinese coronavirus developments worldwide, as death toll has surged above 3,500 worldwide, with 105,000 cases recorded in 95 countries and territories - 9 March 2020: New week of the Chinese coronavirus crisis is beginning with another unexpected consequence, an oil price crash driven by the outbreak of relatively unrestricted economic warfare between Saudi Arabia, Russia and the West, as the green revolution in Western and other countries poses an existential threat to the Russian economy, as nations also are shutting borders, ceasing trade and, particularly damaging in an era of global supply chains, locking down supplies within their borders - 9 March 2020: World markets plunge on back of Chinese coronavirus-driven recession fears. as global stock markets suffering their biggest falls since the 2008 financial crisis while the oil price crashed amid panic selling because of the double threat of a coronavirus-driven global recession and an oil price war - Since March 2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war - 30 March 2020: Asian shares with fresh losses as countries reported surging numbers of infections from the coronavirus in many parts of the world

April 2020 expansion of worldwide crisis: 9 April 2020: Half a billion more people could fall into poverty due to covid-19, as Oxfam also warns 'devastating economic fallout of pandemic’ could set back efforts against poverty in some areas of the world by decades - 14 April 2020: Global economy faces worst recession since the Great Depression, IMF says

29 April 2020 1.6 billion people in 'immediate danger of having their livelihoods destroyed': 29 April 2020: 1.6 billion people, almost half the global workforce, are in 'immediate danger of having their livelihoods destroyed' by the economic impact of covid-19, ILO has warned, as of the total global working population of 3.3 billion, about 2 billion work in the 'informal economy', often on short-term contracts or self-employment, and suffered a 60% collapse in their wages in the first month of the crisis

5 June 2020 mining sites around the world hotspots for spread of covid-19: 5 June 2020: Mining sites in Canada, the USA and around the world have become hotspots for the spread of covid-19, and approximately 4,000 mine workers in 18 countries have tested positive, according to a report by an international coalition of non-profit groups

Wage labour - Wage slavery refers to a social relation where a person's livelihood depends on wages or a salary, especially when the dependence is total and immediate

2014/2015 developing world's workers trapped in vulnerable jobs: 27 May 2014: Half of developing world's workers trapped in vulnerable jobs, says ILO - 24 July 2014: More than 2.2 billion people are 'poor or near-poor', amid financial crises, natural disasters, soaring food prices and violent conflicts, UNDP's report says - 19 mai 2015: Une étude de l'Organisation internationale du travail indique que seulement un quart des travailleurs à travers le monde a un emploi stable - 13 October 2015: Global inequality is growing, with half the world’s wealth now in the hands of just 1% of the population, according to a new report

January 2016 vast and growing gap between rich and poor and unemployment: 18 January 2016: The vast and growing gap between rich and poor has been laid bare in a new report showing that the 62 richest billionaires own as much wealth as the poorer half of the world’s population, as a global network of tax havens further enables the richest individuals to hide $7.6 trillion, according to Oxfam - 19 January 2016: Unemployment worldwide will rise by about 2.3 million this year to 199.4 million, making existing jobs vulnerable and fuelling potential social unrest as the global economy slows, an International Labour Organization's report warns

April 2017: 6 April 2017: The risk of human rights tainted tungsten, tin, tantalum and gold (3TG) entering the supply chains of tech firms is extending well beyond the traditional home of 'conflict minerals', DR Congo and the Great Lakes Region of Africa, according to new research from risk analysis firm Verisk Maplecroft - 7 April 2017: Tech companies must do more to avoid using minerals tainted by rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Colombia, Peru, Myanmar and elsewhere, according to Verisk Maplecroft

November 2018: 26 novembre 2018: La croissance des salaires au plus bas en 2017 depuis 2008 et les salaires sont insuffisants pour honorer les besoins de nombreuses personnes dans de nombreuses régions du monde, selon OIT

April 2020 migrant workers are bearing the brunt of the covid-19 in the Middle East: 19 April 2020: Crammed into work camps, stood down from their jobs, facing high rates of infection and with no way home, hundreds of thousands of migrant workers are bearing the brunt of the covid-19 pandemic in the Middle East, migrant advocates and diplomats say

April 2019 debt repayments: 3 April 2019: Debt repayments by the world’s poorest countries have doubled since 2010 to reach their highest level since just before the internationally organised write-off in 2005, campaigners have warned

September 2019 mining companies' human rights abuses: 5 September 2019: Most of the world’s top companies extracting key minerals for electric vehicles, solar panels and wind turbines have been linked with human rights abuses in their mines, according to tne international corporate watchdog BHRRC, revealing that 87% of the 23 largest companies mining cobalt, copper, lithium, manganese, nickel and zinc – the six minerals essential to the renewable energy industry – have faced allegations of abuse including land rights infringements, corruption, violence or death over the past 10 years

January 2015 fast growing gap between rich and poor: 19 January 2015: The gap between the richest people and the majority of the world's population is widening fast as wealth accumulated by the richest one percent will exceed that of the other 99 percent in 2016, British Oxfam charity says

2016: 18 January 2016: The vast and growing gap between rich and poor has been laid bare in a new Oxfam report showing that the 62 richest billionaires own as much wealth as the poorer half of the world’s population, as the wealth of the poorest 50% dropped by 41% between 2010 and 2015, despite an increase in the global population of 400m - April 2016 'Panama Papers', period of release 1970s–2016

2017 rising inequality: 16 January 2017: The world’s eight richest billionaires control the same wealth between them as the poorest half of the globe’s population, Oxfam says blaming rising inequality on aggressive wage restraint, tax dodging and the squeezing of producers by companies, adding that businesses were too focused on delivering ever-higher returns to wealthy owners and top executives - 28 septembre 2017: Les grosses fortunes ont proliféré dans le monde en 2016, selon Capgemini - 14 décembre 2017: Europe, Afrique, Asie ou continent américain, 'les inégalités ont augmenté dans presque toutes les régions du monde', assure un 'rapport sur les inégalités mondiales', qui compare de façon inédite la répartition des richesses au niveau mondial et son évolution depuis près de quatre décennies

January-June 2018 rising inequality: 22 January 2018: The world’s richest one percent raked in 82% of the wealth created last year while the poorest half of the population received none, according to Oxfam report, calling for action to tackle the growing gap between rich and poor, as report shows that 42 people hold as much wealth as the 3.7 billion who make up the poorest half of the world’s population - 7 April 2018: The world’s richest 1% are on course to control as much as two-thirds of the world’s wealth by 2030, according to an alarming projection produced by the House of Commons library that has lead to a cross-party call for action - 2 June 2018: Citizenship for sale, how tycoons can go shopping for a new passport

October 2018: 26 October 2018: World's billionaires became 20% richer in 2017, making more money in 2017 than in any year in recorded history and increasing their wealth to $8.9tn, according to a report by Swiss bank UBS

January 2019: 21 January 2019: The growing concentration of the world’s wealth has been highlighted by a British report, showing that the 26 richest billionaires own as many assets as the 3.8 billion people who make up the poorest half of the planet’s population, and that the 'growing gap between the rich and poor is undermining the fight against poverty, damaging economies and fueling public anger across the globe'

September 2019 ranks of super-rich continue to grow: 25 September 2019: Ranks of super-rich continue to grow despite global turmoil, as economic woes fail to stop further 2,124 people becoming ultra-high net worth people

February 2020 record $1.43tn in dividends to shareholders around the world in 2019: 17 February 2020: Companies paid out a record $1.43tn in dividends to shareholders around the world in 2019, as record-breaking annual dividend payout from listed companies (3.5% higher than in 2018) was driven by strong performances in stock markets in North America and emerging economies, including by some unusually high special dividends, although global economic uncertainty slowed the annual pace of growth

2015-2017: 2015 Global Hunger Index map and scores by country - 2017 Global Hunger Index - global, regional and national trends

2016: 5 June 2016: Drought drives global rise in hunger, as millions of people are suffering the impact of severe drought across three continents

2017 world hunger rising: 11 March 2017: The world faces the largest humanitarian crisis since 1945 with more than 20 million people in countries in Africa and the Middle East facing starvation and famine, UN official says - 15 September 2017: World hunger rising for first time this century, sparking concern that conflict and climate change could be reversing years of progress, according to the state of food insecurity and nutrition in 2017, a report produced by five UN agencies

2018 world hunger rising: 22 mars 2018: L'intensification des conflits et la sécheresse persistante dans plusieurs régions du monde ont fait grimper à 124 millions le nombre de personnes jugées à la merci d'une famine à la fin 2017, une augmentation de 15% comparé à l'année précédente, selon UE, FAO et PAM

July 2019 world hunger rising: 15 juillet 2019: La faim dans le monde affectait 821,6 millions de personnes dans le monde en 2018, contre 811 l'année précédente, selon un rapport annuel publié par plusieurs organisations de l'ONU qui déplorent une troisième année consécutive de hausse

12 May 2020 malnutrition leading cause of death and ill health worldwide: 12 May 2020: Malnutrition leading cause of death and ill health worldwide, as covid-19 pandemic highlights weakness of food and health systems, and 'Global Nutrition Report' finds one in nine, or 820 million people, of world’s population is hungry

October 2013: 30 October 2013: Assad regime's 'starvation until submission campaign', blocking food and medicine from entering and people from leaving besieged areas of Syria, causing starvation and death, according to residents and medical staff

March 2014: 10 March 2014: Assad's army has been using starvation as a 'weapon of war' in its siege of the Yarmuk Palestinian refugee camp on the outskirts of Damascus, according rights group, saying nearly 200 people have died since an army siege was tightened in July 2013 and access to food and medicine cut

Since 2015: Use of starvation as weapon during Assad's war against the Syrian people, since 2015 in Madaya

January 2016: 7/8 January 2016: Siege and starvation in Madaya, immediate medical evacuations and medical resupply essential to save lives

November 2017: 24 November 2017: Children starve in siege of Syria's former breadbasket Rif Damashq province, as the siege by Assad forces of eastern Ghouta, which also suffered in the deadly 2013 sarin gas attack, has continued for years with conditions getting steadily worse

Since 2016 in Yemen: Since 2016 Famine in Yemen

October 2016: 4 October 2016: Yemen famine feared as starving children fight for lives in hospital

November 2017: 16 November 2017: International aid group 'Save the Children' says an estimated 130 children or more die every day in war-torn Yemen from extreme hunger and disease

September 2018: 19 September 2018: More than five million children are at risk of famine in Yemen as the ongoing war causes food and fuel prices to soar across the country, according to charity 'Save the Children'

October 2018: 15 October 2018: Yemen on brink of 'world's worst famine in 100 years' if war triggered by Iranian-backed Houthis continues, as UN warns that famine could overwhelm country in next three months, with 13 million people at risk of starvation - 23 octobre 2018: Jusqu'à 14 millions de personnes pourraient souffrir de la famine au Yémen si les conditions de vie restent les mêmes, selon l'ONU

February 2019: 15 February 2019: Starving girl shows devastating impact of Yemeni war

October 2017 D.R of Congo: 29 October 2017: Millions face starvation in the D.R. of Congo, UN warns

September 2018: 10 September 2018: Starvation being used as a weapon of war has become the new normal, according to Save the Children, saying that more than half a million infants in conflict zones could die of malnutrition by the end of the year if they do not receive treatment

2015: 5 June 2015: Women worldwide are the backbone of healthcare with few rewards for $3tn contribution, report says - 9 September 2015: Women’s economic opportunities and working rights still widely subject to restrictive legislation in 155 countries, having at least one law that limits women’s economic opportunities, while 100 states put restrictions on the types of jobs women can do and 18 allow husbands to dictate whether their wives can work at all, World Bank report says

March 2018: 9 March 2018: International Women's Day was celebrated across the world on Wednesday at a time when the women of the Eastern Ghouta are hiding in the cellars with their children to escape a brutal campaign waged by the Russian and Iranian-backed Syrian regime on the area

Violence against women - Causes of sexual violence - Violence against women by country - International rape statistics - Domestic violence - Honor killing - Refugee women and children

2013/2014: 20 june 2013: More than one woman in three around the globe is a victim of domestic violence, the WHO says - 10 June 2014: A four-day summit on sexual violence in war is to begin in London - 30 October: UN's Ban Ki-moon backs Guardian’s global media campaign against FGM

2016: 5 February 2016: On the eve of the international day of zero tolerance for FGM, UN says that at least 200 million girls and women alive today have undergone some form of FGM, as the countries with the highest prevalence are Somalia 98%, Guinea 97% and Djibouti 93%

2016: 8 March 2016: Syrian Coalition's Suheir al-Atassi says Syrian women have been going through unspeakable suffering, whether due to displacement, loss of loved ones, detention, sexual violence, and death by starvation or under torture or in bombardment by the Assad regime

2018: 28 June 2018: India is the world’s most dangerous country for women due to the high risk of sexual violence and being forced into slave labour, according to a Thomson Reuters Foundation survey of 548 experts, ranking Afghanistan and Syria second and third, followed by Somalia and Saudi Arabia and the the USA the only western nation in the top 10 - 26 November 2018: Of a total of 87,000 women murdered globally in 2017 about 50,000 or 58% were killed by the partner or family members, according to UN

Infant mortality - List of countries by infant mortality rate - Child mortality

15 October 2019 malnutrition: 15 octobre 2019: Un jeune enfant sur trois est mal nourri, selon un rapport de l’UNICEF

18 October 2019 lack of education: 18 October 2019: 9 out of 10 children in the world’s poorest countries are unable to read a basic book by the age of 10, according to data compiled by the World Bank and the UN

February 2020 every country worldwide failing to shield children’s health and future: 19 February 2020: Every country in the world is failing to shield children’s health and their futures from intensifying ecological degradation, climate change and exploitative marketing practices, says a new report by the WHO, Unicef, and Lancet, calling for radical changes

2 March 2020 CDU and EU von der Leyen's cronyism with Russian, Iranian and Assad regime's war criminals: 2 March 2020: Child drowns at sea off Greece in first fatality of CDU and EU von der Leyen's cronyism with Russian, Iranian and Assad regime's war criminals

Child labour and poverty: Child labour - Child labour by country - - List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor - Child labour law

Child poverty

2014 increase of child poverty: 28 October 2014: Child poverty has increased in 23 countries in the developed world since the start of the global recession in 2008, Unicef says

2017 152 million children subject to child labour: 19 September 2017: The ILO have released a companion estimate of child labour, which confirms that about 152 million children, aged between 5 and 17, were subject to child labour in 2016

June 2019 progress on opposing child labour stalls: 14 June 2019: Progress on ending child labour stalls in countries supplying goods to west, as China, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Cambodia among otherwise thriving countries failing to make headway on issue affecting 152 million minors, a study has found

Child slavery: Child slavery

Child abduction, laundering and trafficking of children: International child abduction - Child laundering - Trafficking of children

Crimes and violence against children and military use: Crimes and violence against children - Military use of children

2014 violence against children tolerated and even accepted as normal in many parts of the world: 5 September 2014: No country immune from violence against children that is tolerated and even accepted as normal in many parts of the world, Unicef report says - 21 October 2014: One child dies every five minutes as a result of violence, but only a minority die in war zones, Unicef report says

2016 torture of children in Syria etc. and chemical attacks: 28 juillet 2016: En Syrie, en Irak et au Nigéria, des milliers d'enfants sont torturés et détenus sous couvert de lutte contre le terrorisme, selon Human Rights Watch - 8 September 2016: As chemical weapons watchdog chief says Aleppo gas attack disturbing, the UN Security Council is due to discuss a report by the UN and the watchdog group OPCW, blaming Assad regime forces for previous toxic gas attacks

March 2017 5.8 million of Syria’s children are in need of aid: 6 March 2017: Children in Syria are suffering from 'toxic stress', a severe form of psychological trauma that can cause life-long damage, as 5.8 million of the country’s children are in need of aid in Assad's war against the Syrian people since 2011, according to a study of 'Save the Children' and its partner agencies in Syria

October 2017 reports on children in armed conflicts: 5 October 2017: Millions of children caught in conflict, victims and targets of despicable harm, as children from countries such as Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria and Yemen, suffer an unacceptable level of violations by parties to conflict, according to UN's 2016 Annual Report on Children and Armed Conflict - 1 novembre 2017: Trois quarts des enfants âgés entre 2 et 4 ans, environ 300 millions de filles et de garçons dans le monde sont victimes de violences domestiques, selon Unicef

December 2017 children in war zones used as weapons of war, recruited to fight, forced to act as suicide bombers, and used as human shields: 28 December 2017: Children caught in war zones are increasingly being used as weapons of war, recruited to fight, forced to act as suicide bombers, and used as human shields, according to Unicef, summarising 2017 as a brutal year for children caught in conflict and stating that parties to conflicts were blatantly disregarding international humanitarian law

August 2018 4,360 incidents of attacks hitting 1,356 schools in Syria since 2011: 8 August 2018: SNHR said in a report that there were 4,360 incidents of attacks hitting 1,356 schools in Syria since 2011, which caused about half of them to go out of service, documenting the deaths of 528 civilians as a result of attacks on schools and educational institutions, as the Assad regime attacked 996 schools, the Russian forces are responsible for attacking 169 schools and the international coalition forces are responsible for attaching 87 schools - According to SNHR 224,948 Syrian civilians including 29,017 children killed since March 2011

December 2018 Iranian backed Houthis' child soldiers in Yemen: 19 December 2018: Iranian backed Houthis in Yemen have inducted 18,000 child soldiers into their army since the beginning of their war in 2014, a senior Houthi military official acknowledged to the AP, as former child soldiers describe Houthis’ 'efficiency' when it comes to recruitment, deployment and battlefield deaths of young boys and children as young as 10 fight, kill and die

2019/2020 only glimmers of hope to prosecute Assad’s, Iranian and Russian war crimes since 2011 including crimes against Syria's children: 9 March 2019: Facing Russian regime's blocking attempts to investigate Assad’s war crimes, there are only glimmers of hope, due to European and American obsequiousness towards perpetrators - UN Security Council has refused to address war crimes in Syria through ICC since 2011 - 24 December 2019: Justice, Syria and the International Criminal Court, as ally of the Assad regime Russia is vetoing all efforts by the UN Security Council to refer the situation in Syria to the ICC - 19 February 2020: Unicef decried the extremely dire conditions children in northwestern Syria, coming under onslaught by Assad's and Putin's regime, are going through, saying that more than 500,000 children have been displaced in northwest Syria since 1 December 2019

March 2020 el-Sissi forces arrested, forcibly disappeared and tortured children: 23 March 2020: Egyptian security forces under president el-Sissi have arbitrarily arrested, forcibly disappeared and tortured children as young as 12 while prosecutors and judges turned a blind eye, international rights group 'Human Rights Watch' said

Child abuse: Child abuse

School corporal punishment and corporal punishment in the home: School corporal punishment - Corporal punishment in the home

Street children and orphanages: Street children is a term for children experiencing homelessness who are living on the streets of a city, town, or village - Orphanage, a residential institution devoted to the care of children whose biological parents are deceased or otherwise unable or unwilling to care for them

Child marriage: Child marriage - Child marriage by region and country

2017: 11 October 2017: Early marriage not only deprives girls of education and opportunities, but also increases the risk of death or serious childbirth injuries, as at least 20,000 girls around the world are married off illegally each day, with child marriage often deeply rooted in tradition despite being outlawed in a growing number of countries, according to new analysis

2016: 14 March 2016: No place for children - the impact of five years of war on Syria's children and their childhoods, Unicef report - 7 September 2016: Child refugee figures have jumped by 75% in five years and children now make up more than half of the world’s refugees, Unicef says calling for urgent action to protect the 50 million child migrants worldwide

September 2018: 2 September 2018: 'Home – Drawings by Syrian Children' is a book filled with the truest international language that we big people need to listen to closely and seriously, documenting journeys of escape, fleeing unimaginable horror, murderous men and the end of their homeland

January 2019: 15 January 2019: Winter weather kills 15 displaced children in Syria, according to UN, saying that freezing temperatures and lack of medical care claimed victims, most aged under a year and one just an hour old, thousands continue to flee fighting

2 March 2020 CDU and EU von der Leyen's cronyism with Russian, Iranian and Assad regime's war criminals: 2 March 2020: Child drowns at sea off Greece in first fatality of CDU and EU von der Leyen's cronyism with Russian, Iranian and Assad regime's war criminals

5 March 2020 over 80% of Syria refugees since December are women and children: 5 March 2020: Over 80% of Syria refugees are women and children, according to UN, telling the Arab League that 'more than 900,000 people have been displaced since 1 December, (and) women and children together comprise 81% of the newly displaced population'

Since 1914-1918: First World War 1914-1918, caused by the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, uprooted millions of European civilians who were made refugees either by enemy occupation or by the state’s forcible deportation, the resulting crisis had profound consequences, not only for the individuals directly affected but also for officials and relief workers who attempted to relieve their suffering and for communities that hosted refugees and not ending in 1918

1933-1945: Between Germany's NSDAP rise to power in 1933 and Germany's surrender in 1945, more than 340,000 Jews emigrated from their country, but after Germany annexed Austria in March 1938 and particularly after the German November pogroms 1938 nations in western Europe and the Americas feared an influx of refugees, placing limits on immigration and often turning back desperate people - MS St. Louis German ocean liner trying to find homes for 908 Jewish refugees from Germany in 1939, but after denied entry to Cuba, Canada, and the USA, the refugees were finally accepted in various European countries, and historians have estimated that approximately a quarter of them died in German death camps during World War II - 'Exodus 1947' was a ship that carried 4,515 Jewish emigrants from France to British Mandatory Palestine in July 1947, mostly Holocaust survivors, but the British Royal Navy seized the ship in a battle and deported all its passengers back to Europe and Germany detaining refugees in camps likened to German concentration camps

1942: 18 April 2017: Allies of World War II Soviet Union, United Kingdom and USA, that together opposed the Axis powers' aggression and war crimes, knew of Holocaust in 1942, 2 years before previously assumed, UN documents prove, shedding damning light on refusal to take in refugees - The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945, and in which Jews were targeted for extermination as part of a larger event involving the persecution and murder of other groups, including in particular the Roma, ethnic Poles, Soviet prisoners of war, as well as political opponents, 'incurably sick', homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses

Since 1945: During World War II, NSDAP ruled Germany deported between seven and nine million Europeans, mostly to Germany and after Germany's surrender in May 1945, the Allies repatriated to their home countries more than six million displaced persons, but most Jewish survivors, who had survived concentration camps or had been in hiding, were unable or unwilling to return to eastern Europe because of postwar antisemitism and the destruction of their communities during the Holocaust

Following World War II and since 1950s: Since 1950s refugee crises in Africa, in the Americas, in Asia, in Europe, in the Near and Middle East - List of UNHCR registered refugees by country/territory of origin between 2006 and 2014

2016/2017: 22 May 2017: Extent of the hidden crises, that forced 31 million people to flee within their countries in 2016, revealed by Norwegian Refugee Council report

June 2018: 19 June 2018: Record 68.5 million people fleeing war or persecution worldwide, including 25.4 million refugees, 40 million internally displaced and 3.1 million asylum seekers, as UNHCR sees five countries accounting for two-thirds of all refugees including Syria (6.3 million), Afghanistan (2.6 million), South Sudan (2.4 million), Myanmar (1.2 million) and Somalia (986,400)

November 2018: 1 November 2018: As migration rises worldwide, so has its toll according to an AP tally, saying tens of thousands of people die or simply disappear during their journeys, barely counted in life, these migrants rarely register in death, almost as if they never lived at all

May 2019: 10 May 2019: Record numbers of people have been forced from their homes by conflict in a crisis that has received 'pitiful' international attention, according to the Norwegian Refugee Council, finding that a total of 41.3 million people were living in a state of internal displacement by the end of 2018 due to violence

June 2019: 19 June 2019: The number of people fleeing conflict and oppression worldwide and forced to flee their homes has exceeded 70 million for the first time since records began, according to the UN’s refugee agency, saying that the figure is a conservative estimate, because the impact of the crisis in Venezuela is still not known, also adding 'year on year the international community is proving unable to make peace'

November 2019 UN accused of trying to starve out refugees: 28 November 2019: The UN has been accused of trying to starve out refugees and asylum seekers who are sheltering for safety inside a centre run by the UN refugee agency in the Libyan capital of Tripoli

18 June 2020 number of refugees worldwide shot up by nearly nine million people last year: 18 June 2020: The UN refugee agency says the number of asylum-seekers, internally displaced people and refugees worldwide shot up by nearly nine million people last year, the biggest rise in its records, as its annual 'Global Trends' report says that the 79.5 million people account for 1% of all humanity amid conflict, repression and upheaval, as 68% of forcibly displaced people come from only 5 countries indluding Myanmar, Afghanistan, Syria, South Sudan and Venezuela

Since 1948: Since 1948 Palestinian refugees - Palestinian diaspora - Palestinian refugee camps were established after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War to accommodate the Palestinian refugees who fled or were expelled during the 1948 Palestinian exodus

Internally displaced persons, peopple forced to flee their home but who remain within their country's borders, often referred to as refugees, although they do not fall within the legal definitions of a refugee, as at the end of 2014, it was estimated there were 38.2 million IDPs worldwide, the highest level since 1989, the first year for which global statistics on IDPs are available

Causes of refugee crises include war and civil war, human rights violations, environment and climate crises, economic hardship

Outline of war - List of ongoing armed conflicts - Causes of war - War, history of war and types of war - Lists of wars by date - time is the same for all, but not lifetime

Ethnic conflict

Nationalism and its history - Nation - Nation state - Types of nationalism

Chauvinism, an exaggerated nationalism and a belligerent belief in national superiority

Imperialism, originating from the Roman 'imperium', a policy of extending a state's power and influence through colonization, use of military force and other means, originating from the Roman 'imperium', which means the conquest and rule over large territories for the purpose of slave hunting and submission

Military history, as essential subjects of military history study are the causes of war, the social and cultural foundations, military doctrine on each side, the logistics, leadership, technology, strategy, and tactics used, and how these changed over time

Dictatorship, an authoritarian form of government, characterized by a single leader or group of leaders - Military dictatorship, a dictatorship wherein the military exerts complete or substantial control over political authority, and a dictator is often a high ranked military officer

Military robots are autonomous robots or remote-controlled mobile robots designed for military applications, from transport to search, rescue and attack - Lethal autonomous weapons, a type of autonomous military robot that can independently search and engage targets based on programmed constraints and descriptions and may operate in the air, on land, on water, under water, or in space - Unmanned combat aerial vehicle

List of countries by past and projected military expenditure - Weapon development - Defence and military equipment companies by country - Firearm manufacturers by country - 3D printed firearms - List of notable 3D printed weapons and parts

Man-made disasters by country - Violence by country - Wars by country - Lists of wars by country - War crimes committed by country - War crimes by country - Massacres by country - Terrorism by country - Terrorism committed by country

History of Terrorism - Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create fear and terror among masses of people to achieve a religious or political aim, and is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in war against non-combatants (mostly civilians and neutral military personnel), while the terms 'terrorist' and 'terrorism' originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century and its 1793-1794 period 'Reign of Terror', called 'La Terreur' in France

List of airliner shootdown incidents in the history of commercial aviation by decade

State crime, Crimes against humanity, War

War crimes of dictator Assad's armed forces in Syria since 2011 - Casualties of Assad's war against the Syrian people -

List of barrel bomb attacks in Assad's war against the Syrian people - List of massacres during Assad's war against the Syrian people - Use of chemical weapons in Assad's war against the Syrian people

Since September 2015 Russian military intervention in Syria perpetuating Assad's dictatorship, turning the tide of war in Assad’s favor - Since September 2015 Russian regime's war crimes and attacks on civilians in Syria - Since September 2015 Russian–Assad regime hospital bombing campaign - Casualties of Assad's war against the Syrian people since 2011

Since 2011 Iranian involvement in Assad's war against the Syrian people perpetuating Assad's dictatorship - Casualties of Assad's war against the Syrian people - List of Iranian assassinations - Torture and mistreatment of prisoners in Iran

8 January 2020 Ukrainian UIA flight 752 passenger plane shot down by Iranian regime's terrorist organization with two Russian-made missiles shortly after takeoff from Tehran Khomeini airport in Iran - 8 January 2020: Ukrainian passenger plane Boeing 737-800 soon after taking off from Tehran crashed, killing all 176 citizens from Afghanistan, Canada, Iran, Sweden, Ukraine and United Kingdom on board - 9 January 2020: Canada's PM Justin Trudeau said that Canadian officials have intelligence from their own sources and Canada's allies that shows Ukraine International Airlines flight 752 was shot down by an Iranian surface to air missile - 9 January 2020: Iran shot down plane with two Russian-made missiles, USA official says

9 January 2020 Bellingcat geolocates footage of apparent Iranian missile strike on UIA flight PS752 to Tehran suburb: 9 January 2020: Bellingcat geolocates footage of apparent missile strike on UIA flight PS752 to Tehran suburb

11 January 2020 Iranian and Russian crimes and 'certainty': 11 January 2020: After the supporting and MH17 experienced Russian Putin regime pushed back against Bellingcat and intelligence assesments that Iran shot down the plane with a Russian made surface-to-air missile, after telling the world 'with certainty' that a missile had not caused the crash, but knowing 'with certainty' all facts of its crime, not closing the country’s main international airport and its airspace, Ukraine president now demands punishment and compensation after Iranian regime admitted downing the plane and killing all 176 people on board, as Iranians protest against regime in Tehran, calling for 'supreme leader' to resign, saying 'down with dictator', as anger mounts over government’s conduct, as angry civilians are using social media to express their outrage, and as police said to use force to quell protests

14 January 2020 Iran arrests person who filmed the footage showing Ukrainian passenger plane being shot down: 14 January 2020: Iranian regime arrested the person who filmed the footage showing a Ukrainian passenger plane being shot down by a missile, said to be detained on charges related to 'national security', and in reality destroyed by the Iranian Khamenei, Rouhani, Zarif Mullah regime

15 January 2020 new video footage showing two Iranian missiles killing all 176 passengers and crew: 15 January 2020: New video footage has emerged showing two Iranian missiles tearing through the night sky and hitting a Ukrainian passenger plane, sending the aircraft down in flames and killing all 176 passengers and crew on board

Since 2011 terrorist group Hezbollah's involvement in Assad's war: Since 2011 terrorist group Hezbollah's involvement in the Syrian Civil War has been substantial, and turned into active support and troops deployment since 2012 in support of the Assad regime forces across Syria

Since 2011 timeline of war crimes in Syria committed by Assad, Iranian, Hezbollah and Russian forces: Daily updated timeline of war crimes in Syria committed by Assad, Iranian, Hezbollah and Russian forces since 2011

February 2019: 9 February 2019: Russian regime’s ambassador in Lebanon Zasypkin hails country’s Iranian-backed Hezbollah terror group for fighting alongside Russia in Syria, also saying USA policies toward Iran could set off a fresh war between Israel and Lebanon

January 2018 Turkish aerial bombardment targeting Afrin: 21 January 2018: SOHR documented the death of 6 citizens including a child under the age of 8, because of the aerial bombardment by the Turkish warplanes, which targeted today areas in Afrin city and its countryside, as Turkey bring more military reinforcements amid continued aerial and missile shelling on the area, and as UN officials underscore the obligation on all parties to the conflict in Syria and the international community, to protect civilians from atrocity crimes, as dozens of people in eastern Ghouta and Idlib province have been killed in recent airstrikes, and schools and hospitals are being deliberately destroyed by the Assad regime and its allies

Since 9 October 2019 Turkey's Rojava offensive, an ongoing military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces against areas under the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, commonly called Rojava - Turkish military action against the Syrian Democratic Forces and 2019 military intervention - International reactions to the 2019 Rojava offensive and reactions in Syria and Turkey

Since 9 October 2019 Turkish regime attacks Kurds in Syria: 9 October 2019: Turkey vows to press ahead with attack on Kurdish-led forces in Syria, as Kurds claim border is already being shelled, and Turkish regime says it will not be 'controlled by threats’ by the USA - 9 October 2019: Turkish troops advance into Syria as Trump washes his hands of the Kurds, as video footage shows civilians fleeing towns and as observers said at least seven civilians had been killed so far

10 October 2019: 10 October 2019: Turkish offensive triggers exodus of aid workers from Syria - 10 October 2019: Despite the intense ground shelling, Turkish forces fail to achieve any advancement east Euphrates and continue their shelling on Tal Abyad and Ras Al-Ayn

11 October 2019 civilian casualties of Turkey’s aggression: 11 October 2019: At least 11 civilians have died and dozens of fighters from the Kurdish-led SDF and Turkish invaders have been killed, reports say, as tens of thousands of people have fled their homes, amid growing international criticism of the offensive

11/12 October 2019 Erdogan's war crimes: 11 October 2019: Erdogan's bloodied clothes, body bags and corpse parts of innocent civilians in Syria - 12 October 2019: Kurdish civilians flee as Turkish forces bomb Syria for third day

13 October 2019 execution of Syrian civilians: 13 October 2019: Turkish proxies leading Erdogan's ground offensive on Kurdish towns in north-eastern Syria have executed nine civilians, including Kurdish politician Hevrin Khalaf and her driver, SOHR reported, as SDF said in a statement 'this is a clear evidence that the Turkish state is continuing its criminal policy towards unarmed civilians'

16 October 2019: 16 October 2019: Turkish military operation east Euphrates kills more than 70 civilians including many children so far and forces nearly 300 thousand people to displace from their areas - 16 October 2019: Video shows the moment the Turkish warplanes targeted a humanitarian support convoy in Ras al-Ayn 3 days ago, killing 19 people and injuring tens of others

16/17 October 2019: 16 October 2019: Turkish forces and their loyal factions carryout a new attack in Ras Al-Ayn city under a cover of heavy and violent aerial and ground bombardment - 17 octobre 2019: Les autorités kurdes en Syrie ont accusé jeudi la Turquie d'utiliser des armes non conventionnelles comme le napalm dans le nord de la Syrie - 17 October 2019: Humanitarian groups in northeastern Syria are scrambling to provide aid to hundreds of thousands of people, as rapidly shifting battle lines make it increasingly difficult to reach them, and as Save the Children says 'we have to leave', because Turkish onslaught displaces people, forcing them to flee to makeshift refugee camps

18 October 2019 Turkish war crimes: 18 octobre 2019: Les forces turques et leurs supplétifs ont commis des 'crimes de guerre' lors de leur offensive contre les forces kurdes en Syrie, selon Amnesty International, dénoncant des 'exécutions sommaires' et des attaques meurtrières contre des civils

18 October 2019 Turkish agression continues depite ceasefire agreement: 18 October 2019: Despite an announcement from the USA vice-president Mike Pence, that Turkish regime had agreed to a five-day ceasefire to allow the USA supervision of the withdrawal of Kurdish forces from the area, Turkish agression is continuing on the border between Syria and Turkey - 18 octobre 2019: Au moins cinq civils ont été tués vendredi dans le nord de la Syrie dans un raid aérien de la Turquie visant un village près de la localité frontalière de Ras al-Aïn

20 October 2019: 20 October 2019: Ras al-Ayn (Sari Kani) city under Turkish siege amid catastrophic humanitarian conditions, as 28 civilians lost their lives during the past 5 days in the city, as shelling and attacks by Erdogan-loyal factions continue, and as a new medical convoy is expected to enter and evacuate victims of Erdogan's agression - 20 October 2019: Turkish border guards kill a Syrian citizen as he tries to cross border from western countryside of Idlib

26 October 2019 Turkish war crimes: 26 October 2019: Calls for war crimes investigations into the conduct of militias used by Turkey in Syria are mounting after a spate of new videos depicting Ankara-linked fighters torturing Kurdish fighters and captives and mutilating dead bodies, after 170,000 Kurds have fled a battle zone along the Turkish border after a weeklong operation to push Kurds further into Syria - 26 October 2019: SOHR reveals medical reports confirming Turkey’s use of internationally prohibited weapons in northern Syria, calling on the international community to investigate and hold officials accountable

November 2019 IS terrorist group has exploited Turkey's incursion into Syria and Trump's drawdown of USA troops: 20 November 2019: Islamic State terrorist group has exploited Turkey's incursion into northeastern Syria and Trump's drawdown of USA troops from the region, according to a report by the Pentagon's Inspector General, adding that the group will now likely have the 'time and space' to target the West

2014/2016 flight MH17 shootdown by Putin regime: 28 September 2016: Dutch-led joint investigation team including representatives from Australia, Malaysia, Ukraine, and Belgium states that there is 'irrefutable evidence' that a Russian Buk 9M38 missile downed the Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777 in 2014, killing all 298 people on board, also concluding that the Buk missile system was brought across the border from Russia and later transported back escorted by several other vehicles and by 'armed men in uniform', according to witnesses, photographs, video, damning intercepted telephone calls, radar data, forensic examinations, tests and reconstructions - Cause of MH17 crash

2016 Ukrainian casualties: 31 May 2016: 10,000 Ukrainians killed by Russian-terrorist forces, more than 20,000 have been wounded and 1.8 million forced to flee their homes over the past two years, according to Ukrainian Defence Council - Casualties of the Ukrainian crisis and the Russian military intervention

2014-2018 MH17 shot down by Russian army: 24 May 2018: Joint Investigation Team, comprising the authorities from Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, the Netherlands and Ukraine announces that the missile launcher used to shoot down flight MH17 in July 2014, killing 298 passengers and crew from 17 countries, was Russian army, specifically Russia's 53rd anti-Aircraft Brigade

May 2018 MH17 victims families' open letter to the Russian people: 22 May 2018: In an open letter to the Russian people families of the victims in downing of MH17 hold the Russian regime as ultimately responsible for the deaths of their family members, expressing confidence in the thoroughness and impartiality of the work conducted by the Joint Investigation Team, and condemning reports on MH17 coming out of the Russian regime and state media, asking 'do Russian people really want to live in a country where the truth has ceased to exist'

November 2018 Kerch Strait incident and Russian violations of international law: November 2018 Kerch Strait incident - 26 November 2018: Countries across the world and various politicians have reacted to Russia's attack on Ukrainian vessels in the Sea of Azov and called on Russia to stop violating international law - 28 November 2018: Following Russian regime’s seizure of three Ukrainian navy ships and crew, regime to deploy new missiles to annexed Crimea, as Ukraine president warns regime, saying 'I don’t want anyone to think this is fun and games. Ukraine is under threat of full-scale war with Russia' - 29 novembre 2018: La Russie bloque deux ports ukrainiens de la mer d'Azov

December 2018: 1 December 2018: Shooting of Ukraine's 'Berdyansk' boat by Russian regime most likely took place in international waters, as Ukrainian tug 'Yani Kapu' was intentionally rammed at least four times over a period of at least an hour, Bellingcat said - 1 December 2018: Russia must return Ukraine's sailors, vessels before administration consider rescheduled Trump-Putin summit, USA's Pompeo says - 2 décembre 2018: Poutine a affirmé que 'la guerre va continuer' dans l'est rebelle de l'Ukraine tant que les autorités ukrainiennes actuelles 'resteront au pouvoir'

19 June 2019 first trial of three Russian nationals and a Ukrainian suspect announced: 19 June 2019: Marking the beginning of the Dutch criminal proceedings, Dutch prosecutors say three Russian nationals and a Ukrainian will be tried on murder charges for their role in the 2014 downing of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 over eastern Ukraine, saying that evidence showed a direct line of military command between Ukrainian separatists and Russia's Putin regime, as suspects will be tried for murder in the case set to start in March 2020, according to Silene Fredriksz-Hoogzand, the mother of one of the 298 victims - 19 June 2019: Identifying the separatists linked to the downing of MH17 by Bellingcat Investigation Team

16 October 2019 Putin's victims in the sixth year: 16 October 2019: Russia's hybrid military forces on October 15 mounted 26 attacks on Ukrainian Army positions in Donbas, killing two Ukrainian soldiers and wounding another four, as one of the Ukrainian troops shot dead by a sniper was a young woman who joined army ranks after her father, also a Ukrainian military, was killed in Donbas hostilities back in 2015

17 October 2019: 17 October 2019: On October 16, Russian occupation forces violated the ceasefire 30 times in the Donbas war zone, killing one Ukrainian soldier and wounding another one

14 November 2019 MH17 investigators say phone calls show Ukraine rebels' ties to Russia: 14 November 2019: MH17 investigators say phone calls show Ukraine rebels' ties to Russian Putin regime, as intercepts suggest separatists sought guidance from Russia before jet was shot down

28 January 2020 at least one of the suspects in the MH17 downing probe ready to stand trial: 28 January 2020: At least one of the suspects in the MH17 downing probe is ready to stand trial, according to the District Court of The Hague, not disclosing the name of the suspect

9 March 2020 trial of Russians and one allied Ukrainian accused of murdering 298 people in MH17 case: 9 March 2020: The trial of three Russians and one Ukrainian accused of murdering 298 people in the shooting down of the MH17 aircraft over eastern Ukraine has begun in the Netherlands, as presiding judge Hendrik Steenhuis said 'the loss of so many lives and the manner in which they so abruptly ended is barely conceivable', and as murderous and coward Russian Putin regime has always denied any involvement in the shooting down of the plane

11 March 2020 several witnesses in MH17 case in ‘fear for their lives’ if their identities are revealed: 11 March 2020: Several witnesses in ‘fear for their lives’ if their identities are revealed, hearing into shooting down of airliner is told, as Dutch prosecutors have accused Russia of trying to sabotage the investigation into the downing of MH17 flight in Ukraine in 2014, saying this has cast 'a dark shadow' over the impending trial of four suspects Russians Sergey Dubinsky, Oleg Pulatov and Igor Girkin and Ukrainian Leonid Kharchenko

28 April 2020 key MH17 figure identified as senior FSB official Burlaka: 28 April 2020: Key 2014 MH17 shoot-down figure identified as senior Russia's FSB official Andrey Ivanovich Burlaka, who was in a crucial role supervising militant activities in Donbas and authorizing the flow of weapons across Ukrainian/Russian border, 'Bellingcat' investigation says

3 May 2020 journalists in Russian-occupied areas must be protected Ukraine says on World Press Freedom Day: 3 May 2020: Journalists in Russian-occupied areas must be protected, MFA Ukraine says on World Press Freedom Day

September 2019 ECHR Russian Crimea annexation case: 11 September 2019: The Russian state directed and ran the 2014 military coup in Crimea, its subsequent annexation and is complicit in human rights abuses since 2014, Ukraine has told the European court of human rights

October 2019 UN report on the situation of human rights in Crimea: 15 October 2019: UN report on the situation of human rights in Crimea and the city of Sevastopol in Ukraine notes that Russian regime violates Geneva conventions by deliberately resettling people from mainland Russia to the Ukrainian Crimea in attempts to alter demographics in the area

Since 2009 Iranian regime's and Hezbollah's support for 'Houthis': Since 2009 Iranian regime's, Hezbollah's and North Korean financial and military support for 'Houthis'

Since February 2015 timeline of the Yemeni Civil War, human rights violations, cholera outbreak and famine: Since February 2015 timeline of the Yemeni Civil War and human rights violations - Since 2016 Yemen cholera outbreak - Since 2016 Famine in Yemen

January 2019 illegally shipped Iranian fuel financing Yemen Houthi rebels' war: 19 January 2019: Illegally shipped Iranian fuel financing Yemen Houthi rebels' war, UN report finds

June 2019 Houthi's war death toll nears 100,000: 20 June 2019: Human cost of Yemen war laid bare as the death toll nears 100,000, according to a report outlining the war’s impact on civilians as well as fighters as the researchers call for resolution to conflict

August 2019 Houthi's missile strike and bombings in Aden: 1 August 2019: Iran-aligned Houthis rebels launch missile strike on military parade in Aden and coordinated suicide bombings target a police station in another part of the city, killing at least 51 people and wounding dozens

September 2019 war crimes in Yemen: 3 September 2019: As panel lists 160 key actors in Yemen war who could face charges, UN report says Britain, France and the USA may be complicit in war crimes in Yemen by arming and providing support to a Saudi-led coalition that starves civilians as a war tactic

October 2019 Houthi's Yemen war caused 100,000 victims til today: 31 October 2019: The death toll in Yemen’s war started by Iranian backed Houthis since 2015 has reached 100,000, according to a highly regarded database project that tracks the conflict, saying 20,000 people killed this year and 12,000 civilians among total since 2015

16 February 2020 Yemen airstrikes kill 31 civilians: 16 February 2020: After Houthis 'have massively expanded their arsenal with the help of Iran and its proxy Hezbollah', today shooting down Saudi Tornado aircraft on Friday in northern Al-Jawf province during an operation to support government forces, Yemen airstrikes kill 31 civilians, proving everything is allowed since 1914 and 2013

19 February 2020 devices found in missiles and Yemen drones link Iran to attacks, Houthis block UN’s aid: 19 February 2020: Devices found in missiles and Yemen drones link Iran to attacks following UN reports, concerning drones that targeted the heart of Saudi Arabia's oil industry and those in the arsenal of Yemen's Houthis, recovered in downed Iranian drones in Afghanistan and Iraq - 19 February 2020: Yemen’s Houthis have blocked half of the UN’s aid delivery programs in the war-torn country, also trying to force the agency to give them greater control over the humanitarian campaign

17 March 2020 explosive-laden Iran-aligned Houthi boats destroyed: 17 March 2020: Saudi-led coalition in Yemen destroyed two explosive-laden boats launched and remotely-controlled by the Iran-aligned Houthi group from the province of Hodeidah

30 March 2020 Iran-aligned Houthis launched ballistic missiles towards Saudi Arabia: 30 March 2020: Yemen’s Iran-aligned Houthis launched ballistic missiles towards the Saudi Arabian capital, Riyadh, and southern areas near the Yemeni border on Saturday night

11 April 2020 Houthis sentenced 4 journalists to death: 11 April 2020: A court run by Yemen's Iran-backed Houthis sentenced 4 journalists to death, as the four were among a group of 10 journalists detained by the warmongering group and accused of 'collaborating with the enemy', and after rights group has called the charges 'trumped-up', saying the detained reporters were beaten, deprived of water and forced to hold cinder blocks for several hours

14 April 2020 fighting in Yemen escalated despite a ceasefire: 14 April 2020: Fighting in Yemen between Iran-backed Houthis and forces loyal to the exiled government has escalated, despite a ceasefire designed to help the war-torn country focus on containing the covid-19 pandemic, as coalition accuses Houthis of breaching unilateral truce 241 times in 48 hours

23 June 2020 Iran-backed Houthis attack deep in Saudi Arabia: 23 June 2020: Yemen's Houthis attack deep in Saudi Arabia, as Saudi-led coalition battling the Iran-backed group says it intercepted ballistic missile fired by the Houthis towards Riyadh

February 2018 French Total and Russian Novatek signed contract with Lebanon for oil and gas disputed by Israel: 9 February 2018: Consortium comprising energy giants French Total, Italy's ENI, and Russian Novatek signed its first contract with Lebanon to drill for oil and gas off its coast, including in a block disputed by Israel, as Israel warns against 'provocative behavior'

4 April 2019 Libyan warlord Haftar orders troops to march on Tripoli: 4 April 2019: Libyan strongman Haftar orders troops to march on Tripoli - 6 April 2019: Threat of Tripoli fighting raises atrocity concerns, according to Human Rights Watch, saying Haftar's LNA has a well-documented record of indiscriminate attacks on civilians, summary executions of captured fighters, and arbitrary detention - 6 April 2019: French FM Le Drian, whose country has been criticized for supporting Libyan eastern warlord Khalifa Haftar, said rival factions in Libya needed to hold back and that Haftar should accept a UN-backed peace effort, amid beginning evacuations of international powers - 15 April 2019: Some foreign states unified by aim of Libyan instability, Libyan government spokesperson says

15/16 April 2019 civilian casualties, displacement to increase due to continued use of air strikes and heavy artillery, UN says: 15 April 2019: Civilian casualties and displacement expected to increase in Libya due to continued use of air strikes and heavy artillery, UN report says - 16 April 2019: Libya’s UN backed government of National Accord has made a call for political dialogue with eastern commander Khalifa Haftar, also calling for an end to the fighting

16-25 April 2019 at least 174 people killed and 758 wounded, including civilians: 16 avril 2019: Au moins 174 personnes ont été tuées et 758 blessées, dont des civils, depuis le lancement d'une offensive de Khalifa Haftar pour conquérir Tripoli, selon OMS - 17 April 2019: Nearly 180 people have died as a result of warlord Haftar’s assault on Tripoli, with at least four civilians killed in aerial bombardment on the Libyan capital overnight, as residents protest and government denounces attacks as barbaric, saying evidence will be passed to ICC - 25 April 2019: Young refugees held in the Qasr bin Ghashir detention centre in Libya have described being shot at indiscriminately by warlord Haftar's militias advancing on Tripoli, in an attack that reportedly left at least two people dead and up to 20 injured

3 July 2019 airstrike on migrant detention centre: 3 July 2019: An airstrike hit a detention center for migrants early Wednesday in the Libyan capital, killing at least 40 people, according to a health official in Libya's UN-supported government, blaming warlord Haftar for the airstrike, which destroyed centre holding mainly African migrants, as thousands of migrants from African countries are locked in dozens of facilities in Libya - 3 July 2019: Tripoli attack, apparently carried out by forces loyal to the warlord Khalifa Haftar, 'clearly could constitute a war crime, as it killed by surprise innocent people whose dire conditions forced them to be in that shelter', according to UN envoy Ghassan Salamé

10 July 2019 France admits Haftar military support: 10 July 2019: France admits it is owner of missiles found on Libyan rebel base used for Haftar's assault on Tripoli

13 July 2019: 13 July 2019: ICC Prosecutor initiates legal procedures in the airstrike of the immigration centre in Tajoura

5/7 August 2019 another murderous airstrike by French-backed Haftar: 5 août 2019: Au moins 42 civils ont été tués dans une frappe aérienne contre une ville du sud de la Libye, selon Ibrahim Omar, membre du conseil municipal de Morzouk, en accusant les forces de Khalifa Haftar, en ajoutant qu'un bâtiment gouvernemental où étaient réunies plus de 200 personnes, des notables et doyens de la ville pour régler des différends sociaux, a été visé par trois frappes, et en affirmant que les bombardements ont aussi fait plus de 60 blessés dont 30 dans un état grave - 7 August 2019: Libya’s FM demands ICC investigate Murzuq massacre

16 August 2019 UNSMIL deplores attacks on airports: 16 August 2019: UNSMIL deplores the ever-increasing and systemic attacks on airports in western Libya, including Zuwara and Mitiga, endangering the lives of thousands of civilian travelers, including UN staff and humanitarian workers, as Mitiga airport is the only functioning airport near Tripoli available for use by hundreds of thousands of civilians and for the delivery of humanitarian assistance

17 August 2019 Haftar's torture and executions: 17 August 2019: 12 prisoners of war, showing signs of torture and abuses, have been executed by Khalifa Haftar’s infamous Al-Kaniyat militia group after their detention in different frontlines in southern Tripoli, as two other civilians abducted by the same group in Qarabulli town east of Tripoli had the same fate, according to ministry

7 September 2019 billion dollar fund financing Libyan warlord Haftar: 7 September 2019: Inside the billion dollar fund financing Libyan warlord Haftar, who has the military backing of the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Egypt, and the political and military support of Russia and France in his five-year quest to conquer the vast oil-rich country of Libya

13 September 2019 Russian technicians support Haftar: 13 September 2019: Russian technicians are supporting Khalifa Haftar's forces by repairing its Soviet-supplied armoured fighting vehicles and artillery

26 September 2019 Khalifa Haftar’s war on Tripoli supported by France, the UAE and Egypt, Al-Sarraj told UN General Assembly: 26 September 2019: Khalifa Haftar’s war on Tripoli was encouraged by France, the UAE and Egypt, Libya's Al-Sarraj told UN General Assembly, saying the three foreign countries are interfering in Libya’s internal affairs and provided military and financial support for war criminal Haftar to launch his offensive, adding 'we condemn the three countries’ support to Haftar which constitute a flagrant violation of Security Council resolutions'

6 November 2019 airstrikes and Russian mercenaries: 6 November 2019: 2 Libyan policemen were killed in an air strike on a police station in the suburbs of Tripoli, the Government of National Accord said - 6 November 2019: 3 people were killed Tuesday in Libya in an airstrike carried out by forces loyal to Khalifa Haftar - 6 November 2019: After Ukraine and Syria, Russian regime turns its attention to Libya's proxy war - 6 November 2019: In the last six weeks, about 200 Russian fighters, including experienced snipers, have arrived in Libya as part of a broad campaign by the Putin regime to reassert its influence across the Middle East and Africa, the New York Times reports

18 November 2019 workers in Libyan capital killed in airstrike by Haftar’s forces: 18 November 2019: At least ten workers were killed and 35 wounded in an airstrike by Khalifa Haftar’s forces on Monday that hit a biscuit factory in Libya's Wadi Rabea, 21 km from the centre of Tripoli, called a possible war crime by the UN, as Egypt, France and the UAE are among the countries accused of sending weapons to Haftar, and as the majority of those killed in the strike were apparently migrants while two were Libyans

November 2019 'Libya is ground zero for drone wars': 27 November 2019: 'Libya is ground zero for drone wars', according to Drone Wars research group's Chris Cole, saying 'a complex network of countries are involved and nobody is precisely sure who is doing what', after warlord Haftar launched his bloody offensive in April - 30 November 2019: UAE-backed drone strike kills entire family in south Libya, as Media Centre has confirmed the killing of a whole family including children, in addition to two migrant workers in an air raid conducted by an UAE-backed drone of Haftar

9/10 December 2019 Libya arms embargo systematically violated by UN states: 9 December 2019: Libya arms embargo being systematically violated by UN states, as Jordan, Turkey and UAE singled out for 'routinely and blatantly’ supplying weapons, and as report will not identify the country responsible for a particularly egregious air assault on the Tajoura refugee detention centre in July but will make it clear the attack used weapons available only to a foreign power - 10 December 2019: Libya GNA warns from Haftar’s possible entry to Tripoli with Russian support

23/24 December 2019 Egypt, Russia, UAE, and France's support for warlord Haftar: 23 December 2019: Detained pro-Haftar pilot reveals new details about Egypt, Russia, UAE, and France's support, saying Russian Wagner Group mercenaries depend on Tarhouna operations room with air-defense and electronic warfare systems, where a group of French experts working on logistical support, surveillance and wiretapping - 24 December 2019: Mercenaries flock to Libya raising fears of prolonged war, as hundreds of fighters from Sudan are joining anti-government Libyan National Army

1 January 2020 Haftar’s forces kill three civilians in airstrikes in Tripoli’s suburbs: 1 January 2020: Haftar’s forces kill three civilians in new airstrikes on a civilian area in Tripoli’s suburbs, the UN-backed government’s forces said in a statement

3 January 2020 Haftar airstrikes: 3 January 2020: Flights were suspended at the only functioning airport in Libya’s capital Tripoli due to rocket fire and shelling, officials said, as Haftar’s forces admitted on Friday they had carried out air strikes in several locations, including south of the city of Sirte

4/5 January 2020 suspected Haftar airstrike kills dozens: 4/5 January 2020: An airstrike, that slammed into a military academy in Tripoli's Hadaba area just south of the city center, killed at least 30 people, most of them students, also wounding at least 33 others, as Libyan government blamed the airstrike on Haftar's armed forces and as France, Russia, Egypt, the UAE and others countries support Haftar

6 January 2020 urging UN to be more active, Turkey sends troops and electronic warfare tools as warlord Haftar enter city of Sirte: 6 January 2020: Turkey sends troops and electronic warfare tools to Libya in challenge to rogue general Haftar and UAE, after the first contingent of armed forces had already arrived in Libya to help the UN brokered-government in the country thwart the 9-month aggression by Haftar - 6 January 2020: Forces loyal to east Libyan warlord Haftar enter city of Sirte - 6 January 2020: Turkey urges UN to be more active in Libya amid Haftar offensive

7 January 2020 steep rise in civilians killed or injured in Libya by explosive weaponry and airstrikes: 7 January 2020: Civilians killed or injured in Libya by explosive weapons rose by 131% last year, with the number of incidents at its highest since 2011, the year of the Benghazi uprising, according to new data seen by the Guardian, as most of the 900 people who died or were hurt in explosions in the country in 2019 were victims of airstrikes - 7 January 2020: Several Libyan political parties have expressed concern about the upcoming visit of European foreign ministers to Tripoli, saying 'it is far too late', voicing their rejection to the 'political hypocrisy' of European countries by not rejecting aggression and military coups

8 January 2020 Haftar's new illegal air strikes: 8 January 2020: Haftar's forces said they carried out air strikes on Wednesday on a coastal road west of Sirte - 8 January 2020: Haftar's forces clash with government forces near Sirte

10 January 2020 3 Turkish soldiers killed in Libya as Haftar’s forces advance on Misrata: 10 January 2020: Three Turkish soldiers killed in Libya as Haftar’s forces advance on Misrata - 10 January 2020: Libya's Haftar rejects Russia-Turkey ceasefire plan after huge advances

26 January 2020 UN decried 'continued blatant violations' of arms embargo on war-torn Libya: 26 January 2020: UN decried 'continued blatant violations' by several countries of an arms embargo on war-torn Libya, flying in the face of recent pledges made last week at an international conference in Berlin, as UN support mission in Libya regrettably didn't name any specific nations, only saying they included 'several who participated in the Berlin Conference', after warlord Khalifa Haftar received support for his aggression since April from Egypt, France, Russia and the UAE

26 January 2020 Haftar’s forces shell civilian areas in Tripoli as UN condemns repeated ceasefire breaches in Libya: 26 January 2020: UN condemns repeated ceasefire breaches in Libya as Haftar’s forces shell civilian areas in Tripoli

28 January 2020 children killed and injured as Haftar targeted a school compound in Tripoli: 28 January 2020: Several children were killed and injured as forces loyal to warlord Khalifa Haftar targeted a school compound in the capital Tripoli, according to the UN-recognized government - 28 January 2020: Libya GNA forces recapture Misrata town from Haftar forces

28 January 2020 world powers will be complicit in the collapse of the rule of law in Libya: 28 January 2020: World powers will be complicit in the collapse of the rule of law in Libya if they do not do more to call out the countries backing those responsible for disrupting the country’s oil exports, according to Libyan national oil corporation's Mustafa Sanalla, saying too many western powers were happy to let the countries meddling in Libya sign non-intervention agreements that they had no intention of honouring, adding 'we need not just words but action from UN security council members, particularly the UK, US and France'

29 January 2020 Haftar’s shelling on Tripoli residential areas kills children: 29 January 2020: Haftar’s shelling on Tripoli residential areas kills three children and injures two others, hit as they were on the way to school, according to local official, amid Haftar's daily violations of the Berlin 'ceasefire'

30 January 2020 Libya’s GNA forces shoot down a Russian surveillance drone over Tripoli: 30 January 2020: Libya’s GNA forces shoot down a Russian surveillance drone over Tripoli

5 February 2020 2 civilians killed and 5 others injurd by Haftar’s forces: 5 February 2020: 2 civilians killed and 5 others injurd in renewed attacks by Haftar’s forces on southern Tripoli - 5 February 2020: Ordinary people continue to suffer the brunt of fighting in and around Libya’s capital Tripoli including the murder of children, despite international commitments, UN's OCHA says, estimating 900,000 people will need humanitarian assistance in Libya, as internal displacement surged by 80% in 2019 due to conflict, with 343,000 people now displaced caused by Haftar

6 February 2020 Haftar militias strike University of Tripoli: 6 February 2020: Haftar militias strike University of Tripoli, threatening the faculties of agriculture and pharmacy, as bomb squad defused projectile

12 February 2020 support for Haftar by Russia etc. continues as his forces block UN flights in and out of Libya: 12 February 2020: Despite promises given in Berlin by many countries including European in January, flow of foreign arms continues to fuel Libya’s war, as there were no sanctions to compel respect for a UN arms embargo nor were the violators, including Russian regime, UAE and France, shamed for their role in the conflict, the Washington Post reports - 12 February 2020: Haftar forces block UN flights in and out of Libya

14 February 2020 Russia conscripting Syrian men to fight on their behalf in Libya: 14 February 2020: Russia has been conscripting Syrian men to fight on their behalf in Libya, tempting them with large salaries writes Baladi News - 14 February 2020: Fierce battles near Tripoli - 14 February 2020: Libya's GNA demands UN call Haftar to account for cease-fire violations

16 February 2020 'arms embargo has become a joke', UN's Stephanie Williams says: 16 February 2020: At Berlin Conference on Libya January 2020 reaffirmed 'arms embargo has become a joke', and the country’s financial position is deteriorating rapidly, UN's Stephanie Williams told a news conference in Munich, monitoring unscrupulous violations by land, sea and air by the main perpetrators since April 2019, including Haftar's militias, Russia, Egypt, France, UAE, and Saudi-Arabia, without any accountability

26 February 2020 Haftar’s criminal militias continue to target Tripoli neighborhoods with artillery and rockets: 26 February 2020: Haftar’s criminal militias continue to target Tripoli neighborhoods with artillery and rockets, as sources on the ground confirm the killing of one person, noting injury to at least two others in the Hadba area - 26 February 2020: Past three months of Russian involvement in Libya suggest that the Putin regime is unable to tip the balance decisively there as it did in Syria, and worse, that Russian regime and allies either don’t know it or don’t want to know

27 February 2020 shelling stops flights at Tripoli's Mitiga airport: 27 February 2020: Shelling on Thursday morning forced a suspension of flights at Mitiga, the only functioning airport in Libya’s capital Tripoli, after airport has come under fire repeatedly during attempts by warlord Haftar to take the capital

29 February 2020 despite so-called truce Haftar's bombardment of Libya’s capital Tripoli: 29 February 2020: Haftar's bombardment of Libya’s capital Tripoli intensified on Friday, residents said, forcing the evacuation of some patients from a hospital near the capital’s only functioning airport, despite truce

2 March 2020 Syrian dictator Assad joins forces with Libya's murderous warlord Haftar, also supported by France and Russian regime: 2 March 2020: Syrian dictator Assad joins forces with Libya's warlord Haftar, also backed by the Russian regime, and his aggession against UN backed government and to seize Tripoli - 2 March 2020: 1 child killed in Haftar militia attack, curbing hopes for peace in war-torn Libya

13 March 2020 UN too scared to stop breaches of arms ban to stop warlord Haftar: 13 March 2020: UN too scared to stop breaches of arms ban, says Libyan minister Fathi Bashagha, vowing to step up fight to end assault by Khalifa Haftar’s forces

19 March 2020 Haftar rockets kill 3 children, 5 women killed and 5 others wounded near Tripoli: 19 March 2020: Haftar rockets kill 3 children in Libya’s Tripoli despite cease-fire deal - 19 March 2020: Five women were killed and five others were wounded, including a child, when their houses were shelled near Libya's capital Tripoli, a health official with the UN-recognized government said

23 March 2020 Haftar’s forces kill 4 civilians in renewed attacks on areas near Tripoli’s airport: 23 March 2020: Haftar’s forces kill 4 civilians in renewed attacks on areas near Tripoli’s Mitiga Airport - 23 March 2020: Renewed bombardments were reported in Libya on Monday after a pause in fighting that followed the main combatants agreeing to a ceasefire because of the coronavirus epidemic

24 March 2020 workers killed in raid by Haftar militias: 24 March 2020: 2 expatriate workers have been killed and a citizen wounded in a raid by Khalifa Haftar militias, on the outskirts of Mitiga International Airport in Tripoli - 24 March 2020: Heavy bombings by warlord Haftar have killed aat least five civilians in the capital of Libya

24 March 2020 EU seems unconcerned by northern African battleground and dictators: 24 March 2020: Europe seems unconcerned by the chaos smouldering on its doorstep in northern Africa, as five-year-old conflict Libya supported by EU countries becomes world’s main theatre of drone combat, and as most recent ally of Khalifa Haftar, the warlord who has been attacking the Libyan capital Tripoli since April last year, is Syrian dictator Bashar al-Assad, now indirectly supported also by France

25 March 2020 intense bombardment shook Tripoli: 25 March 2020: An intense bombardment shook Tripoli through the night and a new battle erupted at airbase, hours after Libya reported its first case of coronavirus and despite UN calls for ceasefires around the world during the epidemic, as residents of the Libyan capital, seat of GNA government, said the shelling was the worst in weeks

2 April 2020 Haftar forces kill 2 civilians in Tripoli: 2 April 2020: Haftar forces kill 2 civilians in Libya’s Tripoli, GNA urges halt of arming militias - 2 April 2020: Libya’s FM protests EU’s softness on arms flow to warlord Haftar

9 April 2020 Haftar's militias target field hospital in Tajoura: 9 April 2020: Haftar's militias target field hospital in Tajoura

10 April 2020 Haftar forces attacked Tripoli hospital for 3rd time: 10 April 2020: Haftar forces attacked Tripoli hospital dedicated to the treatment of covid-19 patients for 3rd time, also killing one civilian and injuring six others in a rocket attack - 10 April 2020: 'Catastrophic situation in Tripoli after Haftar’s forces cut water supplies’, GNA says

16 April 2020 children and woman killed and wounded by Haftar: 16 April 2020: A woman and a child were killed and another five children were wounded by attacks and artillery shelling of several neighborhoods in Tripoli by warlord Haftar's forces seeking to capture the capital, a UN-backed government's spokesman says, despite UN calls for a cease-fire since April 2019

17 April 2020 Haftar' forces killed a doctor during an attack on Tripoli: 17 April 2020: Haftar' forces killed a doctor during an attack on southern Tripoli Friday

18 April 2020 Haftar steps up attack on Tripoli: 18 April 2020: Haftar steps up attack on Tripoli, causing civilian casualties, after suffering losses west of the city - 18 April 2020: Libyan Air Force strikes Hafta'r militias in Al-Wattia Military Base

23 April 2020 shelling and covid-19 create 'perfect storm’ in Libya: 23 April 2020: Intensifying shelling and covid-19 pandemic create 'perfect storm’ in Libya, UN's Stephanie Turco Williams warns

24 April 2020 civilians killed in attack by Haftar's forces, covid-19 cases: 24 April 2020: 3 civilians killed in attack by warlord Haftar’s forces, and 3 also injured in rocket attack on a civilian settlement in the Ain Zara region in southern Tripoli - 24 April 2020: A second death and another positive covid-19 case announced, bringing Libya’s total to two deaths and 60 positive cases

12 May 2020 Haftar attacks Tripoli airport amid ongoing deadly crisis: 12 May 2020: Shelling of Tripoli's airport hit fuel tanks and damaged passenger planes after Haftar forces fired rockets into Tripoli - 12 May 2020: Russia-trained Syrian fighters reportedly to join Haftar forces in Libya, as UN once again calls on the international community to push for a ceasefire in Libya - 12 May 2020: Turkish FM spokesman said Greece, Cyprus, Egypt, France and the UAE were pursuing 'regional chaos and instability' in the eastern Mediterranean and sacrificing Libyans’ 'hope for democracy for the reckless aggression of dictators'

17 May 2020 Haftar attacks shelter for displaced people killing many: 17 May 2020: Bombs hit a shelter for displaced people in Libya’s capital Tripoli, killing at least seven people including a 5-year-old child from Bangladesh, also wounding many others in the latest attack on civilians by Haftar backed by Egypt, France, Russia, UAE and other Arab countries - 17 May 2020: Since hosting a Libya summit four months ago, the German government has approved arms exports worth €331 million to countries accused of supporting warring parties in the country, according a report from the German Economy Ministry

5 June 2020 blow to warlord Haftar, UAE's Khalifa, Egypt's el-Sisi, Russian regime's Putin, and France's Macron: 5 June 2020: In a blow to warlord Haftar, UAE's Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Egypt's el-Sisi, Russian regime's Putin, and France's Macron, UN-backed Libyan forces oust renegade general from Tripoli after his 14-month siege of the south of the city, now ending in failure when his forces retreated from the south of the city toward his heartlands in the south and the east of the country, as UN-recognised government's interior minister Bashagha hailed 'the beginning of the end of the entire dictatorship project', urging cities under Haftar’s control to rise up against him and spare themselves further conflict, amid remaining uncertainty that the extent of Haftar’s retreat may depend on the point at which newly arrived Russian fighter jets intervene to shore up his lines of defence

26 June 2020 end of Tripoli siege raises fears of full-scale proxy war in Libya: 26 June 2020: End of Tripoli siege raises fears of full-scale proxy war in Libya, as diplomatic efforts intensify to avert Cairo’s entry into Libya’s nine-year civil war amid wider tensions and escalate tensions between some of the Middle East’s most implacable foes including Egypt, the UAE, France, Russia, and on the other side Qatar and Turkey

Civilian casualty ratio is the ratio of civilian casualties to combatant casualties or total casualties in armed conflicts, list of war since World War I, statistics and estimations - The so-called collateral damage is a term for deaths, injuries, or other damage inflicted on an unintended target

War casualties by war - War casualties by nationality

August 1914 German destruction and sacking of Kalisz: August 1914 destruction and sacking of the city of Kalisz by German Empire troops at the beginning of World War I, also known as the Pogrom of Kalisz or Poland’s Louvain, a part of German 'Schrecklichkeit' atrocities

Since August 1914 German troops executed civilians in Europe: Since August 1914 German troops burned homes and executed civilians throughout eastern and central Belgium, including Aarschot (156 dead), Andenne (211 dead), Tamines (383 dead), and Dinant (674 dead), as the victims included men, women, and children - German terrorism called 'Schrecklichkeit', the basis of German actions during their march through Belgium in 1914, followed later in France, the Russian-held area of Poland, and in Russia

Since 1914/1915 German bombing and invasion of Warsaw: After aerial bombing of the city of Warsaw in 1914 with airships, German army's invasion of Warsaw since 1 August 1915

April 1937 bombing of Guernica: 26 April 1937 bombing of Guernica, an aerial bombing of the Basque town of Guernica by Nazi German Luftwaffe's Condor Legion and the Fascist Italian Aviazione Legionaria, causing hundreds of civilian casualties

1 September 1939 bombing of Wielun: 1 September 1939 bombing of Wielun comprised air raids on the Polish town of Wielun by Germany's Luftwaffe, that destroyed at least 70% of the town's buildings (as much as 90%, in the city center), causing hundreds of civilian casualties according to historian Norman Davies, described as the first war crime committed by Germany in World War II

September 1939 German bombing of Frampol, practicing skills to kill: September 1939 bombing of Frampol occurred during the German invasion of Poland in 1939, when the town of Frampol, without military value, but with a population of 4,000 people was bombed by German bombers under General von Richthofen on 13 September as a practice run for future missions and as German fighter pilots trained strafing techniques on refugees who were trying to flee from the city

Since 2015 Russian bombing campaign in Syria: Since 2015 Russian bombing campaign in Syria, civilian casualties and war crimes - Since September 2015 Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign - Russian war crimes in Syria

February 2016 Russia committing war crimes by deliberately bombing civilians and aid workers: 21 February 2016: Russia committing war crimes by deliberately bombing civilians and aid workers, rights group says

2017 - January 2018 civilian casualties global survey: 8 January 2018: In a jump of 42% in a year, more than 15,000 civilians were killed by explosive weapons in 2017, a rise driven by airstrikes, which killed almost double the number of civilians in 2017 compared with the previous year, according to a global survey seen by the Guardian, also saying that the worst impacted countries were Syria, where civilian deaths increased by 55% to 8,051, Iraq, where there was a 50% increase, to 3,271, and Afghanistan, where 994 non-combatants died

30 August 2018 about 8,000 civilians killed by the Russian strikes in 35 months: 30 August 2018: About 8,000 civilians including 3,123 children and woman are among more than 18,000 people killed by the Russian strikes in 35 months of military operations in Syria, according to SOHR, as in seven years, the casualties of Russian and Iranian backed war have grown from the first handful of protesters shot by Assad's forces to hundreds of thousands of dead

31 August 2018 Poland lost more than 5 million citizens, including 90% of Poland's Jewish population in WWII: 31 August 2018: Poland says it lost more than 5 million citizens, including 90% of Poland's Jewish population, and over $54 billion dollars worth of assets under the Nazi German occupation of the country during World War II

July 2019 Russia and Assad regime step up murderous airstrikes against civilians: 22 July 2019: Russia and Assad regime step up murderous airstrikes against civilians in Idlib province, as Syrian Coalition urges international community to stop bombing of civilians amounting to war crimes and international crimes

August 2019 433 civilians killed across Syria in July: 5 August 2019: SNHR said that it registered the names of 433 civilians who were killed across Syria in July, mostly in the ongoing onslaught the Assad regime and Russia launched against Idlib and rural Hama

30 August 2019 Syrian towns and villages have been razed to the ground: 30 August 2019: 'Entire towns and villages have been razed to the ground' in northwestern Syria, according to satellite imagery presented by UN's Mark Lowcock in his briefing to the UN Security Council, saying that 'there can be no reason, rationale, excuse or justification for the destruction of civilian areas on the scale seen in Idleb today'

24 December 2019 at least 8 Syrians, including 5 children, killed by Russia's murder gang: 24 December 2019: At least 8 people, including 5 children, were killed Tuesday in Russian air strikes on a school in northwest Syria's Jubas village at the outskirts of Saraqib east of Idlib sheltering displaced civilians, according to SOHR

11 January 2020 at least 18 civilians, including 6 children, murdered in Idlib province, as German chancellor visits Putin: 11 janvier 2020: Parmi les 18 civils tués samedi dans des frappes du régime syrien sur la province d'Idleb, trois enfants ont été tués à Benniche, deux à Al-Nayrab et un à Idleb, selon l'OSDH

Since 2011 PHR documenting assaults on Syrian health care: Since 2011 Physicians for Human Rights researchers begin documenting assaults on Syrian health care workers and infrastructure, creating an interactive map of attacks and revealing Assad regime’s systemic targeting of hospitals and health workers - Physicians for Human Rights website and interactive map of illegal attacks on Syrian health care

March 2015: 11 March 2015: More than 600 medical workers have been killed in Syria’s civil war in deliberate and indiscriminate attacks, most of them by Assad's forces, international rights group Physicians for Human Rights announced, saying it had documented 233 attacks on 183 medical facilities across Syria since March 2011

Since September/October 2015 Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign: Since September/October 2015 Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign - 29 September 2016: Syria hospital attacks are 'war crimes', UN's Ban Ki-moon says

Since September/October 2015: 29 October 2015: The escalation of attacks by Russia’s air forces, which began in late September, had targeted 12 hospitals in Idlib, Aleppo and Hama provinces, including six supported by Médecins Sans Frontières, a MSF statement says - 2 November 2015: 'Doctors Without Borders' is urging the permanent member states of the UN Security Council to comply with the responsibility to protect mandate to stop the escalating aerial massacres in Syria as quickly as possible

1 December 2015: A hospital supported by Médecins Sans Frontières in Homs partially destroyed in a 'double-tap' barrel bombing, killing seven people including a young girl and wounding many, latest in apparent escalation of strikes on medical facilities by Russian and Assad terror warplanes - 2 December 2015: Doctors Without Borders reported two barrel bombing attacks against one of their hospitals in Zafarana in Syria’s Homs Province, which left at least 7 people dead and 47 others wounded, including 23 women and children under the age of 15

2016: 9 February 2016: An airstrike hit Tafas field hospital, some 12 km from the Jordanian border in southern Syria, that is supported by Médecins Sans Frontières, killing three people including a nurse and wounding six - 15 février 2016: Un hôpital à Hadiyé dans la région de Maaret al-Noomane, lié à MSF, a été bombardé, neuf personnes, dont un enfant, ont été tuées lors de frappes de l'aviation, vraisemblablement russe - 18 February 2016: Hospitals in opposition-held parts of Syria are refusing to share GPS coordinates with Russian and Syrian authorities because of repeated attacks on medical facilities and workers, Médecins Sans Frontières and humanitarian workers on the ground say - 23 February: Survivors of MSF Hospital targeted by warplanes in Maarat al-Nouman recount their stories - 9 May 2016: Attacks on hospitals and medical facilities by the regime and Russian forces continue unabated, as Assad’s jets on Sunday bombed a hospital in Kafrnaha in rural Aleppo which is supported by Doctors Without Borders destroying three ambulances and causing damage to the hospital building

June 2016: 1 June 2016: Hospitals are now normal targets of war, Médecins Sans Frontières' Michiel Hofman says, describing permanent members of the UN security council as complicit in killings, after Russia blamed for new strikes which targeted two hospitals and other parts of Idlib city, killing scores

July 2016: 24 juillet 2016: Des bombardements aériens, menés par la Syrie et la Russie, ont touchés les établissements dans les quartiers est de la ville, assiégés depuis le 17 juillet par le régime - 24 July 2016: Four makeshift hospitals and a local blood bank in Syria's battered Aleppo city have been hit by regime air raids in the past 24 hours, including the children's hospital in a besieged eastern neighbourhood, where the bombardment killed a two-day-old baby, according to a group of doctors - 26 July 2016: Russian warplanes fired vacuum missiles and cluster bombs at residential neighborhoods, hitting Atareb's main hospital and medicine stores and wounding 45 more people - 29 July 2016: An airstrike has hit a maternity hospital in a rebel-held area of Idlib province supported by Save the Children, killing two people and injuring several others including a woman, who was six months pregnant and who lost her leg, and several babies, when their incubators crashed to the floor in the attack - 31 July 2016: Four new-born babies reportedly killed after a recent triple airstrike, which aid workers said came from Syrian government warplanes, hit besieged Aleppo’s last children’s hospital run by a group of Syrian doctors, the Independent Doctors’ Association, and backed by the charity Unicef - 31 July 2016: It rose to 9 (including 3 citizens, a child, a pharmaceutical and the deputy director of Jassem hospital) the number of people who were killed when the warplanes bombed areas of Jassem in the countryside of Daraa, where one of the raids targeted the town’s hospital area, as the Syrian Center for Policy Research puts the death toll from the six-year Assad war against Syrians at more than 470,000 people

August 2016: 8 August 2016: Hospital supported by Doctors Without Borders in rebel-held northern province of Idlib that specialized in pediatrics hit by series of airstrikes in broad daylight, leaving four staff and five children dead and injuring six other hospital staff members - 11 August 2016: Facing an attack on a medical facility every 17 hours, 15 of the last 35 doctors in rebel-held eastern Aleppo have written a letter to USA's Obama with an urgent plea for intervention to stop the bombardment of hospitals in the besieged city by the Russian-backed Syrian air force, saying 'we do not need tears or sympathy or even prayers, we desperately need a zone free from bombing over eastern Aleppo to stop the attacks', as some doctors refused to sign the letter because they had no wish to make any more appeals to the west - 13 August 2016: Russian jets destroy pediatric and maternity hospital in Kafar Hamra in Aleppo province - 17 August 2016: Russian fighter jets destroy hospital in Daret Izza, rural Aleppo

2017: 16 February 2017: The Assad regime and Russian forces were behind airstrikes that hit two hospitals in northeastern Syria in February 2016, according to an investigation initiated by Doctors Without Borders, also saying that 25 people, including an MSF staff member, were killed and 11 others wounded in the attack - 1 April 2017: Airstrikes hit a hospital supported by medical aid group in Latamnah in Hama province last week, killing two people, with evidence chemical weapons were used, Medecins Sans Frontieres said - 22 September 2017: At least four hospitals were targeted by Assad regime and Russian strikes as warplanes conducted more than 105 raids within a 24-hour period, deliberately attacking medical facilities in northern Hama and southern Idleb province

January 2018: 4 January 2018: Russian jets on Tuesday bombed Hasan al-A'araj Hospital in the town of Ma'arat al-Nu'man in rural Idlib, destroying large parts of the hospital and putting the facility out of service - 8 January 2018: SNHR says that as many as 112 medical personnel and civil defense workers were killed in Syria in 2017, 51 of whom were killed in attacks by the Assad regime and 23 others in Russian airstrikes

March 2018: 26 March 2018: The United Nations has come under fire for sharing the coordinates of hospitals in the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta with Russia, only for one of them to be bombed days later, according to 'The Telegraph' - 26 March 2018: Syrian Coalition's Mohammed Yahya Maktabi said that the mass forced displacement taking place in the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta is a 'war crime' as he condemned Russian’s major role in these crimes, adding that regime forces, the Iranian militias, and Russian air force are killing civilians, targeting popular markets, residential areas and public facilities and bombing hospitals, medical centers, and rescue workers - 27 March 2018: As more than half million people killed in seven years of brutal ground and aerial bombing by the Assad regime and its allies, and as Syrian children have taken the biggest share in the horrible death toll, the unstoppable roar of Russia's warplanes has caused a heart attack for Lojain Said, taking the life of the schoolgirl who lived in the northwestern town of Jisr al-Shughour, the Civil Defense rescue group says

April 2018: 2 April 2018: Russian forces have targeted a medical center in rural Idlib province as the province has become home to about two million people, half of whom were forcibly displaced by the Assad regime and its Russian and Iranian allies

May 2018: 2 May 2018: Strikes of warplanes destroy the building of Kafr Zita Hospital in the northern countryside of Hama and leave casualties

August 2018: 20 août 2018: L'humanitaire, activité de plus en plus risquée, selon le centre de recherches indépendant Humanitarian Outcomes

October 2018: 16 October 2018: Boko Haram terrorists in Nigeria have killed medical aid worker Hauwa Mohammed Liman, who worked in Red Cross-supported hospital and was held hostage since March

April 2019: 30 April 2019: The intensifying airstrikes by the Russian air force knocked out two hospitals in the town of Latamina in northern rural Hama in the past 24 hours, local activists said

May 2019: 6 May 2019: Aerial bombardment by the Assad regime and Russian forces targeting large areas of the provinces of Idlib and Hama knocked out four hospitals on Sunday, killing a nurse and a civilian in one of these hospitals - 7 May 2019: Assad regime forces and Russia bombarding 12 medical sites over 10 days in the Hama and Idlib provinces in central and northern Syria, according to SNHR

June 2019: 2 June 2019: Dozens of prominent doctors have called for urgent action to halt the bombing campaign by Syrian and Russian planes that has targeted more than 20 hospitals in Syria’s north-west, putting many out of action and leaving millions of people without proper healthcare, after coordinates for many of those hit had been shared with the regime and its Russian backers by the UN

1 July 2019: 1 July 2019: Russian Donbas invaders opened fire at a medical evacuation vehicle of the Joint Forces which was transporting a wounded soldier in Ukraine, killing one serviceman and injuring two

12 July 2019: 12 July 2019: After UN had shared the coordinates of the hospital in Maarat al Numan with the warring parties, airstrikes against hospitals in northwest Syria, including an ambulance center, a clinic and two hospitals in Maarat al Numan, were strongly condemned by UN Secretary-General, who supported Assad's regime

August 2019: 15 August 2019: Russian double tap airstrike kills Civil Defense volunteer while trying to rescue a civilian near the village of Basika on Wednesday, after the Assad regime and Russian air forces bombed at least 29 healthcare facilities in the provinces of Idlib and Hama, causing dozens of civilian casualties - 16 August 2019: Russian airstrikes targeted an ambulance center in the town of Ma’aret Hurmeh in Idlib province, killing 3 medical workers 'as they were trying to rescue civilians wounded in the ongoing aerial bombardment', according to the Syrian American Medical Society, as at least seven people were killed in attacks on Idlib, according to SOHR

13 October 2019 proof that Russian warplanes bombed four Syrian hospitals in May: 13 October 2019: Extensive evidence gathered and analyzed over months by USA newspaper proves that Russian warplanes bombed four Syrian hospitals in the span of 12 hours in May as part of Putin regime’s effort to keep Syria's Bashar Assad in power, saying 'recklessly or intentionally bombing hospitals is a war crime, but proving culpability amid a complex civil war is extremely difficult'

10 November 2019 Turkish airstrike on Kurdish medics: 10 November 2019: Kurdish medics hit by shrapnel and injured in an attack on ambulance on its way to rescue people wounded in a Turkish airstrike, in the latest of what Kurdish groups say is a pattern of attacks against medical staff in north-eastern Syria, as ambulance with red markings indicating it was a medical vehicle was heading to villages north of the town of Tal Tamr

25 November 2019 Russian warplanes bombard a hospital in Jabal Al-Zawiya: 25 November 2019: Russian warplanes bombard a hospital in Jabal Al-Zawiya, as more than 80 raids and barrel bombs target Idlib countryside

5 December 2019 UN report predicts 'bleak outlook' for the world due to armed conflicts and climate emergency: 5 December 2019: Attacks on healthcare workers have reached a record high according to UN’s global humanitarian overview 2020 report, that predicts a 'bleak outlook' for the world’s poorest people due to intense armed conflict and the climate emergency, as the number of highly violent conflicts has risen to 41, from 36 in 2018, causing deaths, injuries, significant displacement and hunger, and as compliance with international law is declining, while attacks against aid and health workers in areas hit by conflict are putting 'millions of people at risk' by denying them care and aid

26 January 2020 Russian jets target Al-Eman Hospital in Serjeh area south of Idlib, Libyan warlord Haftar: 26 January 2020: Russian jets execute raids targeting Al-Eman Hospital in Serjeh area in Jabal Al-Zawiya south of Idlib, also targeting Maarrat Al-Nu’man city and other areas west of Aleppo - 26 January 2020: Libyan warlord Haftar's militias have targeted a cafe near 'Al-Safwa' hospital in Al-Hadaba district, wounding two of the hospital's staff, one of them was reported to be in a critical condition

8 February 2020 Russian jets knock out last two hospitals in western rural Aleppo: 18 February 2020: Russian jets knock out last two hospitals in western rural Aleppo

24 February 2020 Putin inspired Gaza rocket struck playground, kindergarten and health clinic in Sderot: 24 February 2020: Gaza rockets fired at Israel's south, linked to Russian and Iran-backed Assad regime, as violence erupts after morning lull, as rocket struck an empty playground and a kindergarten in the southern town of Sderot, sending rocket fragments smashing through walls, windows and furniture inside, and as more rockets are fired at southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, also targeting a health clinic in Sderot, 'Times of Israel' reports

18 March 2020 hospitals and doctors in Yemen targeted at least 120 times by warring parties: 18 March 2020: Hospitals and doctors in Yemen have been targeted at least 120 times by the conflict’s warring parties, according to a report that gives the most comprehensive analysis to date of the devastating effect of war on the country’s healthcare system

6/7 April 2020 UN accuses Assad regime 'and/or its allies' of attacks on healthcare facilities: 6 April 2020: UN investigation found it 'highly probable' that the Syrian Assad regime or its allies were responsible for attacks on four civilian facilities in the last opposition stronghold in the northwest in 2019 - a school, a health care center, a hospital and a child care facility -, also saying it is 'plausible' that an attack on a second health center was also carried out by the Assad regime or its allies - 7 April 2020: UN inquiry stops short of directly blaming Russia over Idlib attacks, as report says 'government of Syria and/or its allies’ carried out strikes on hospitals and school

11 May 2020 Assad and Russian regime's 2019-2020 attacks on medical facilities and schools: 11 May 2020: December 2019 - March 2020 Syrian Assad regime backed by its ally Russia, subjected civilians in opposition-held areas in north-west Syria to a new wave of horrors attacking from the air and the ground repeatedly residential areas and crucial infrastructure, and the international community, including the UN Security Council, once again remained largely paralysed, according to rights group, documenting many attacks on medical facilities and schools that killed civilians, healthcare workers, teachers and children

May 2019 Gulf of Oman attacks on commercial ships: 12 May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident resulted in damage to 4 commercial ships near the port of Fujairah in the Gulf of Oman - 13 May 2019: The hull of a Norwegian-registered product tanker was damaged by an unknown object off the cost of the UAE port of Fujairah on Sunday - 13 May 2019: Saudi Arabia said that two of its oil tankers had been damaged in mysterious 'sabotage attacks' in the Gulf, as USA's Pompeo rushed to Brussels to hold emergency talks with his European partners about the mounting tensions in the region including the alleged attacks on the oil tankers and the status of the threat posed by Iran

14 May 2019 East–West Pipeline attack claimed by Houthis: 14 May 2019 East–West Pipeline attack was a Houthi drone attack that targeted the Saudi East–West Crude Oil Pipeline

15-17 May 2019: 15 May 2019: Saudi Arabia, the world’s top crude exporter, said that attacks on two of its tankers and a major pipeline targeted the security of global oil supplies - 17 mai 2019: Les attaques de drones en Arabie Saoudite ont mis en lumière une arme redoutable qui préoccupe tous les pays

June 2019 oil tanker attacks near Hormuz attributed to Iran: 13 June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident, in which two oil tankers were attacked near the Strait of Hormuz - 13 June 2019: Two oil tankers were hit in suspected attacks in the Gulf of Oman, shipping firms and industry sources said, sending oil prices as much as 4% higher a month after four other tankers were damaged by limpet mines in the region - 14 June 2019: After USA military issues video showing Iranian forces interfering with vessel and removing an unexploded limpet mine from one of the ships, Iranian regime’s foreign minister accused the USA, Israel and Saudi Arabia of a plot to 'sabotage diplomacy' and appeared to insinuate that those countries were behind the assaults - 14 June 2019: UK joins USA in accusing Iranian regime of tanker attacks as crew of the Norwegian-owned 'Front Altair' held by regime - 15 June 2019: USA's unmanned aircraft spotted Iranian regime's boats approaching ships hours before they were hit in alleged attack, USA official says - 17 June 2019: New images link Iran to oil tanker attacks, USA military says

20 June 2019 Iranian shoot-down of USA drone: 20 June 2019 Iranian shoot-down of USA Global Hawk surveillance drone with a 3rd-of-Khordad surface-to-air missile near the Strait of Hormuz - 21 June 2019: Major airlines from around the world avoid strait of Hormuz after Iranian strike on USA drone

June/July 2019 strikes and attacks attributed to Iran: 1 July 2019: Yossi Cohen, the head of the Mossad intelligence service, declared unequivocally that Iran was responsible for a series of strikes on oil facilities and ships in the Persian Gulf in recent months, as well as an attack on the Bahraini embassy in Baghdad last week

10/11 July 2019 Iran unsuccessfully tried to seize UK tanker: 11 July 2019: Britain confirms Iran unsuccessfully tried to seize UK tanker in the strait of Hormuz

21 July 2019 Iranian regime captured Swedish/British 'Stena Impero': 21 July 2019: A recording has emerged of Iranian coastguards telling a British Royal Navy frigate they want to inspect the captured Swedish/British Stena Impero for security reasons, as radio exchanges make no reference to a previous Iranian suggestion that the British-flagged oil tanker had been stopped due to an accident with a fishing vessel, a previous explanation given by Tehran regime for the capture of the ship

4 August 2019 Iran captured 'foreign vessel': 4 August 2019: In the regime’s third such seizure in a month, Iranian naval forces have captured a 'foreign vessel' in the Gulf, arresting 7 crew members and saying vessel was bringing 'smuggled fuel' to Arab Gulf states

17 August 2019 Shaybah attack: 17 August 2019 Shaybah attack was a suicide drone attack by the Houthis against Saudi Arabian oil and gas fields in the remote town of Shaybah

7 September 2019 Iranian regime captured foreign vessel: 7 September 2019: Iranian regime has seized a vessel for allegedly smuggling fuel in the Gulf and detained its 12 crew members from the Philippines

Since 14 September 2019 Iranian Abqaiq-Khurais attack on Saudi oil facilities, claimed by Houthis: 14 September 2019 Abqaiq-Khurais attack, a drone attack that targeted the Saudi Aramco oil factories in eastern Saudi Arabia - 14 September 2019: After previous attacks by Yemen’s Houthis and amid tensions between Iranian regime and USA, Iranian-backed Houthis claim attack on oil processing facility in Saudi Arabia and a major oilfield operated by Saudi Aramco, causing major fire at world's largest oil refinery crucial to global energy supplies

15 September 2019: 15 September 2019: USA secretary of state Pompeo accuses Iran of 'unprecedented attack’ on Saudi oil facilities, saying there is no evidence the attacks came from Yemen, as global supplies of oil are likely to suffer a 'major jolt' following Saturday’s attack by a swarm of explosive drones on the world’s biggest oil processing plant

16 September 2019 Iran seizes UAE vessel: 16 September 2019: Iran 'seizes UAE vessel' in Gulf amid Saudi oil attack standoff

16 September 2019 Iran reportedly fired cruise missiles and drones: 16 September 2019: Iran fired dozens of cruise missiles and drones in the Saturday attack on Saudi oil facilities, according to senior USA officials, saying that satellite imagery and other intelligence showed the strike was inconsistent with one launched from Yemen, where Iranian-backed Houthi rebels had claimed responsibility

18-23 September 2019 attacks on oil plants originated in Iran: 18 September 2019: USA points at Iranian regime for unprecedented strike on Saudi oil plants, saying the strikes originated in southwestern Iran and involved cruise missiles and drones, as Saudi too says will show evidence, Iranian weapons - 23 September 2019: Britain has concluded that Iran was responsible for attacks on oil facilities in Saudi Arabia, as government considers taking part in a USA-led military effort to bolster the Gulf kingdom’s defenses - 23 September 2019: Captured UK tanker Stena Impero believed to be still in Iranian waters

25 February 2020 Haftar and allies aiming to starve UN-backed government of crucial revenues: 25 February 2020: Financial losses over the blockade of Libya’s vital oil fields and ports have rapidly swelled, surpassing $2 billion on Tuesday, NOC said, as oil supplies have become a major point of conflict between rival governments in the war-torn country, after Libya’s eastern-based warlord Haftar forces seized large export terminals and choked off major pipelines last month, aiming to starve the UN-backed government of crucial revenues

July 2019 Assad's war since 2011 and family's business: 12 July 2019: Who gains the most out of Syria's civil war, Israeli newspaper 'Haaretz' asks, saying that cousin of Bashar Assad, Rami Makhlouf, despite the sanctions imposed by the USA and some European nations and now thought to be the wealthiest man in Syria, manages the Assad family's business and is making his fortune in construction franchises, imports, newspapers and media, as well as Syriatel, a mobile service provider company, which he heads, also representing state-owned as well as private Iranian companies that received permission to invest in Syria, as circle of winners from the war encompasses not only Syrian businessmen but Iranian and Russian ones as well

1994: United Nations accepted failing their responsibility to prevent the Rwandan genocide in 1994

1995/2002: 10 April 2002: UN and the Netherlands blamed over 1995 Srebrenica massacre, for failing to give the troops the support they needed to defend the local population and for handing over Bosnian Muslim civilians to Serb forces, according to the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation

2009: UN admits Sri Lanka civil war failure during the final months in 2009

October 2015 UN unable to protect living people in Syria: 18 October 2015: Unable to protect living people in Syria, UN peacekeepers to guard heritage sites from Islamic State, as Unesco okays Italian plan to charge Blue Helmets with protecting sites in danger zones

Since August 2016: 29 August 2016: UN paid and pays tens of millions to Assad regime, paying more than $13m to the Syrian murderous regime to boost farming and agriculture, despite the EU has banned trade with the departments in question for fear of how the money will be used, also paying at least $4m to the state-owned fuel supplier, which is also on the EU sanctions list, also partnering with the Syria Trust charity under both USA and EU sanctions, spending a total of $8.5m etc. - 30 August 2016: UN under pressure to set up inquiry into Syria aid programme, as human rights groups say UN needs to restore trust after the British newspaper 'Guardian' revealed contracts had been awarded to agencies linked to dictator Bashar al-Assad

October 2016: 28 October 2016: UN hires Assad's friends and relatives for Syria relief operation, as almost two-thirds of the emergency health supplies needed in Syria have gone to regime-held areas and 64% of the kits and medicines provided by the WHO since January have been delivered to areas held by or supporting Assad regime, only 13% of WHO supplies have reached Syria’s 'besieged' areas, according to documents seen by the Guardian newspaper

2016/2017 UN payments to Assad regime's companies: 1 August 2017: The United Nations paid at least $18 million in 2016 to companies with close ties to Bashar Al Assad, some of them run by cronies of the Syrian dictator who are on USA and EU blacklists

September 2017 Putin threatens to veto UNIFIL mandate, supporting Hezbollah terrorists: 5 September 2017: Russian Putin regime threatens to veto UNIFIL mandate and renewal of UN peacekeeper force if Lebanon-based terror organization Hezbollah, its ally in Assad's war against the Syrian people, mentioned

February 2018 UN's Guterres supports Assad regime: 23 February 2018: With support of UN head Guterres Assad regime’s Bashar Ja’afari elected to the UN’s Special Committee on Decolonization, as Hillel Neuer, executive director of the Geneva-based human rights group UN Watch, says that 'it is incomprehensible for the UN on one day to lament the Syrian regime’s killing and wounding of hundreds of thousands of Syrians - to declare the regime guilty of a 'monstrous campaign of annihilation’ of its own people - and to then hand this gift of false legitimacy to the mass murderer Bashar al-Assad'

March 2018 UN supports Russian attacks on hospitals: 26 March 2018: The 'United Nations' has come under fire for sharing the coordinates of hospitals in the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta with Russia, only for one of them to be bombed days later, according to 'The Telegraph'

June 2018 UN's Guterres meets Putin and attends propaganda soccer match: 12 June 2018: UN Secretary-General Guterres will travel to Russia, where he is scheduled to meet with murderous Russian regime's Vladimir Putin on 20 June and attend a World Cup soccer match at Moscow’s Luzhniki Stadium

July/August 2018 'Inner City Press' banned from the UN by Guterres for 361 days: 20 August 2018: Independent journalist Matt Lee forcibly removed from UN, stripped of press credentials, and 'Inner City Press' banned from the UN by Guterres for 361 days, reporting on Guterres' world of double-speak, harassment and hypocrisy

November 2018 'Les droits de l'homme ne s'appliquent plus': 18 November 2018: L'ex-procureure générale de la Confédération suisse et de l'ONU au TPIY et au TPI pour le Rwanda, Carla Del Ponte dresse un tableau sans concession de l'organisation des Nations unies et même de la justice internationale, déclarant 'Nous sommes tombés très bas. Les droits de l'homme ne s'appliquent plus', et appelant à réformer l'ONU

March 2011-2019 Syrian crisis and mass murder: 31 March 2019: As the Syrian crisis enters its ninth year, Assad's 'new' Syria is a police state more aggressive than ever with rampant poverty, a playground for superpowers, and the misery and grievances that caused the initial outbreak of mass protests - corruption, political repression and inequality - have only gotten worse, after hundreds of thousands of Syrians killed

30 May 2019: 30 May 2019: After 'over the past few hours, the Assad regime forces, the Russian occupation jets, and the Iranian militia have carried out four deadly attacks in Idlib and Aleppo provinces, bombing more than 35 towns and villages in the two provinces', the Syrian Coalition says 'these crimes have cast serious doubt about the very mission around which the United Nations was established, mainly to maintain international peace and security. These crimes have also shown how this institution, since it has been unable to intervene to resolve the most serious international conflicts, has become wholly irrelevant'

27 June 2019 UN's ability to write a letter: 27 June 2019: Following 8 years of a brutal war by Assad's, the Iranian and Russian regime against the Syrian people, facing daily war crimes such as killings of civilians, children and women, use of banned weapons including weapons of mass destruction, attacks on hospitals, schools, market places, torture and other atrocities, the United Nations are reacting ..., UN under-secretary-general for humanitarian affairs Mark Lowcock, who told the Security Council he was 'not sure' hospitals that share coordinates of their location under a UN deconfliction system will be protected, has 'written to the Russian Federation to request information as to how the details provided through the deconfliction mechanism are used'

August 2019 Syrians feel left alone: 21 August 2019: Reporting inside the country since 2011 with stories of Syrian men and women paying such a high price in asking for freedom in their own country, journalist Sara Firth says evidence of war crimes undertaken by the regime and Russia given to the UN is answered with words and promises of investigation, but 'people tell us they feel left alone', indeed left alone, with an international community that cannot or will not act to prevent daily war crimes

September 2019 Hezbollah missile attack on Israel: 6 September 2019: UN peacekeepers conducted an independent investigation of Sunday’s Hezbollah missile attack on Israel at IDF’s request, visiting the areas hit in the strikes, will present findings to UN, as UNIFIL's head called the Hezbollah missile attack a 'serious incident in violation of UN Security Council resolution 1701', referring to the decision that ended the 2006 Second Lebanon War and required all armed terror groups remain north of the country’s Litani River

23 October 2019 civilians abandoned by the UN in Libya: 23 October 2019: Survivors of a deadly air strike on a migrant detention centre in Tripoli in July have told the BBC they feel abandoned by the UN, and are desperate to escape Libya - 23 October 2019: Mitiga Airport attacked by F-16 with USA-made bombs, according to Major General Joueili, saying 'this attack is clear evidence of the direct intervention of the parties supporting Haftar in his aggression on Tripoli' - 23 October 2019: The opposing sides in Libya’s war, backed by their foreign state sponsors, are carrying out indiscriminate attacks on civilians, using high-explosive weapons in heavily populated areas, in what is likely to be war crimes, rights group says

23 October 2019 Syrian Kurdish man set himself on fire outside the UN: 23 October 2019: Syrian Kurdish man, who resides in Germany, set himself on fire outside the UN refugee agency headquarters in Geneva, then tried to enter the UNHCR building, and was flown by helicopter to the specialised burns unit at the university hospital in Lausanne - 23 October 2019: Russian regime says oil sites in northeastern Syria should be controlled by Damascus, accusing the USA of betraying Kurds in Syria, but telling them to withdraw or be mauled, after Russian-Turkish agreement to continue Turkish illegal invasion of Syria - 23 October 2019: Syrian Assad regime inflicts 72 forms of torture on prisoners, report finds - 23 October 2019: Turkish forces target positions of the Kurdish forces in Maraanaz front in the northern countryside of Aleppo by artillery shells - 24 October 2019: Russian warplanes bomb the 'de-escalation' areas in conjunction with ground shelling and violent clashes in Latakia and Hama countryside - 24 October 2019: Assad regime’s helicopters and Russian warplanes target Kabani hills by barrel bombs and air raids - 24 October 2019: A Turkish bomb that struck a Kurdish community in northern Syria, left eight-year-old Sara with serious injuries, and her right leg was so badly damaged that it had to be amputated, as Sara's older brother, Hammoudi, was killed in the bombardment - 24 October 2019: The northern sector of Aleppo countryside witnesses renewed clashes between the Turkey-loyal factions and the Kurdish Forces, according to SOHR

November 2019 UN accused of trying to starve out refugees: 28 November 2019: The UN has been accused of trying to starve out refugees and asylum seekers who are sheltering for safety inside a centre run by the UN refugee agency in the Libyan capital of Tripoli

24 December 2019 mendacious UN's ability to warn: 24 December 2019: Residents of northwest Syria flee new murderous Russian and Assad regime offensive, as troops push toward rebel-held town Maaret al-Numan and strategic road it controls, civilians escape toward Turkish border and UN warns, again since 2011, of another looming humanitarian crisis, after mendacious UN's Guterres became an Assad regime supporter in 2018

10 January 2020 miserable 'United Nations' and about 9 years of Assad's, Iranian and Russian regime's war against the Syrian people: 10 January 2020: About 9 years of Assad's, Iranian and Russian regime's war against the Syrian people standing for continuous killing and destruction, while war criminals go unpunished, Russia and Iran are the regime’s winning cards, and geography of influence and control is constantly changing at the expense of millions of civilians, according to SOHR

26 January 2020 Haftar’s forces shell civilian areas in Tripoli as UN 'condemns' repeated ceasefire breaches in Libya: 26 January 2020: Haftar’s forces shell civilian areas in Tripoli, killing and injuring people, including children, as UN 'condemns' repeated ceasefire breaches in Libya following January 2020 ceasefire agreement in Berlin

29 January 2020 on the day of Liberation of Auschwitz in 1945 Russian forces kill civilians from the same family in Sarja village: 29 January 2020: Russian forces kill civilians from the same family in Sarja village in Idlib on 27 January, the day of Liberation of Auschwitz, 75 years on - 29 January 2020: Russian forces reportedly killed a girl in Einjara village in Aleppo on 28 January - 29 January 2020: Syrian Assad regime bombed Ali al Khatib Primary School in al Maghara village in Idlib on 28 January 28, dropping barrel bomb - 29 January 2020: Assad regime forces bomb south and west of Aleppo with hundreds of missiles and rockets as battles continue in the city’s western outskirts, as regime forces tried to advance after midnight in Tall Mostif in east Idlib countryside, repelled by opposition forces - 29 January 2020: Syria's Maaret al-Numan was a protest hub, before increased regime bombardment reduced it - without air defense - to a graffiti-daubed ghost town - 29 January 2020: News agency close to the Iranian military has revealed that its police were involved in the repression of Syrian protesters who went out in 2011 as part of the revolution against the Syrian regime, in a report coming days after the Syrian Assad regime confirmed that the Iranian terrorist Qassem Soleimani was involved in the first battle against rebels in Homs city

3 February 2020 Russian and Assad regime continue to murder civilians as Turkey retaliates: 3 February 2020: Over 220 regime and Russian airstrikes pound Aleppo and Idlib countryside since early morning, as SOHR documented a spike in the number of civilians who were killed today as a result of aerial bombardment on Aleppo countryside, and as 4 children and 3 females among 9 civilians were killed after targeting by regime jets to a vehicle carrying displaced people in Jam’eyyat Al-Rahal - 3 February 2020: Turkish, Assad regime troops killed as regimne forces face off in Idlib, and as Erdogan says initial information shows some 30 Assad regime soldiers 'neutralized in operation' involving F-16 warplanes on some 40 targets in Hama, Latakia and Idlib province - 3 February 2020: Turkish soldiers killed as battle for control of Idlib escalates, amid Russian airstrikes, which have already driven 700,000 civilians to the Turkish border

11 March 2020 despite UN embargo countries increasing deliveries of military supplies to warlord Haftar: 11 March 2020: International powers are increasing deliveries of suspected military supplies to factions in Libya’s civil war, ignoring a poorly enforced UN embargo as the shattered country braces for a new round of fighting, and as United Arab Emirates UAE, which is backing warlord Haftar is thought to have sent more than 100 deliveries by air since mid-January, according to flight-tracking data

11 February 2020 humanitarian disaster in Syria deteriorates amid ongoing international community’s shameful silence: 11 February 2020: Humanitarian disaster in rural Aleppo deteriorates to unprecedented serious levels as intensive aerial bombardment continues, and regime forces approach overpopulated areas amid ongoing international community’s shameful silence

12 March 2020 Assad's, Russia's and Iran's Syria war enters tenth year: 12 March 2020: Syria war enters tenth year with no hope in sight, as fighting and displacement still at its height, 9 years after demonstrators demanded the end of dictatorship

13 March 2020 UN too scared to stop breaches of arms ban to stop warlord Haftar: 13 March 2020: UN too scared to stop breaches of arms ban, says Libyan minister Fathi Bashagha, vowing to step up fight to end assault by Khalifa Haftar’s forces

14 March 2020 UN degenerated 'Human Rights' Council applauds Iranian criminal regime in periodic review: 14 March 2020: UN 'Human Rights' Council applauds Iranian regime in periodic review, as North Korean, Syria's Assad, Russia's Putin and Chinese Beijing regime praise Tehran's Mullahs for ‘protecting rights of vulnerable groups', ‘openness to dialogue’, after the January 2020 Iranian shooting down of Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752, murdering 176 international passengers and crew members, following the July 2014 Russian shooting down of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in Ukraine, murdering 298 international passengers and crew members, followed in February 2020 by Dutch trial, after prosecution formally charged four suspects amid Russian murderous regime's denials and threats against witnesses

10th year of Assad's war and ongoing brutal violence, followed by refugee crises since 2011: 15 March 2020: After even UN's secretary general supported Assad's dictatorship, Assad's grip on power seems certain, but Syria's future is anything but as his war now rumbling into 10th year gripped by brutal violence, followed by refugee crises concerning millions of desperate people, as Russian, Iranian regime and Hezbollah terrorists continue their violence in Syria - 15 March 2020: Syrian Revolution nine years on, 586,100 persons killed and millions of Syrians displaced and injured, SOHR reports

27 April 2020 a ‘human tragedy of terrible proportions’, according to UN, as Bangladesh 'always asked to take care': 27 April 2020: In a ‘human tragedy of terrible proportions’, according to UN, as Bangladesh urged to open its ports and allow boats carrying hundreds of Rohingya refugees to come ashore so they can be given urgent medical care, food and water, as boats with children recently seen in the Bay of Bengal but have reportedly returned to the high seas, and as last week Bangladesh’s FM said the boats would not be allowed entry, adding 'Bangladesh is always asked to take care of the responsibility of other countries'

23 May 2020 UN accused of squabbling and failing: 23 May 2020: More than 660,000 people have been displaced from their homes in conflict zones around the world since March, despite a UN call for a global ceasefire during covid-19 pandemic, as NRC accuses the UN Security Council of failing to show leadership, and as NRC's Secretary-General Jan Egeland says 'while people are being displaced and killed, powerful members of the UN Security Council squabble like children in a sandbox', but 'now is not the time for kindergarten politics'

31 May 2020 75 years after WWII study shows that 60% of today's wars have lasted for at least a decade: 31 May 2020: After World War II lasted 6 years, 75 years on wars without end and the question why there is no peaceful solution to so much global conflict, as a new study shows that 60% of the world’s wars have lasted for at least a decade, from Afghanistan to Libya, Syria to Congo DRC, and as endless conflicts appear to become normalised, with politicians, generals, governments and international organisations incapable, uninterested or profiteering - Over 60% of armed conflicts ongoing for over ten years, shows 'International Institute for Strategic Studies' May 2020 Armed Conflict Survey

2014 torture in states worldwide: 13 May 2014: Nearly half of people around the world fear becoming a victim of torture if taken into custody, a poll for human rights group says showing that many states are carrying out torture or facilitating it in practice

Since 1932 Saudi-Arabian human rights abuses and torture: Since 1932 Islamic theocratic absolute monarchy in Saudi-Arabia, human rights abuses and torture

2015: 23 January 2015: Five worst human rights abuses in the reign of King Abdullah, torture, denied freedom of expression, persecution of minorities, non-Muslims and Shias, beheadings, violations of women's rights

June 2018: 6 June 2018: Saudi Arabia is systematically using anti-terror laws to justify torture, suppress all dissent and imprison human rights defenders, the UN has concluded following a five-day official inspection of the country at the invitation of the government

November 2018: 21 November 2018: Rights groups accused Saudi Arabia on Tuesday of subjecting several activists including some female human rights defenders detained since May to torture and sexual harassment - 21 November 2018: Saudi Arabia tortured female right-to-drive activists, says Amnesty

Since 20th century and 1979 torture in Iran: Since 1979 torture in Iran - Torture and mistreatment of prisoners in Iran - Since 1980s return of torture to Iran

1988: 1988 executions of political prisoners in Iran refers to the state-sponsored execution of political prisoners across Iran, starting on 19 July 1988 and enduring for approximately five months, 4,482 disappeared prisoners during this time, but as many as 30,000 dissidents may have been executed

2003: 10 January 2003: The Guardian Council rejected for a third time a bill approved by the reformist Parliament that would ban torture of prisoners

Since 20th century torture in North Korea: Prison camps and torture in North Korea

2013/2014: 17 September 2013: 'Unspeakable atrocities' reported by UN-mandated human rights inquiry on DPR Korea - 14 February 2014: UN rights inquiry to conclude North Korea should face international court over alleged starvation, extermination and abduction

Since 20th century torture in Russia: Since 20th century torture in Russia

May 2016 pro-Russian separatists tortured 4,000 people: 20 May 2016: Terrifying newspaper's report tells how pro-Russian separatists tortured 4,000 people in eastern Ukraine

September 2019 Ukrainian prisoner tortured by Putin regime: 16 September 2019: Ukrainian political prisoner Volodymyr Balukh, who has recently been freed from Russian captivity in a prisoner swap, has said he was tortured immediately after arriving in the Russian colony

Since 20th century torture in Syria: Torture in - Syria

2015: 14 March 2015: Nearly 13,000 Syrians, including 108 children, have been tortured to death in Syrian Assad regime prisons since March 2011, not including more than 20,000 detainees who have 'disappeared' in regime's prisons and whose fate remains unknown, and an estimated 200,000 people have been arrested over the past four years, according to Syrian Observatory for Human Rights - 1 October 2015: Inside Syrian Assad regime’s death machine - 'They were torturing to kill'

2016: 21 mai 2016: Au moins 60'000 personnes sont mortes en cinq ans sous la torture ou à cause des terribles conditions de détention dans les prisons du régime syrien, selon l'Observatoire syrien des droits de l'homme - 7 June 2016: Assad regime forces tortured Palestinian boy Mohamed Diab, who was detained three years ago at the age of 13 following protests in Hama city, to death for participating in demonstrations against the Assad regime, as the number of Palestinians tortured to death in Assad's prisons has reached 444 victims, according to the Action Group for Palestinians in Syria

2017: 7 February 2017: Syrian Assad regime killed at least 13,000 people since the start of the 2011 uprising in mass hangings at Saydnaya prison north of Damascus known to detainees as 'the slaughterhouse', according to Amnesty International, saying in a report that 20-50 people killed each week in 2011-2015 under authorization of senior Syrian officials as part of an extermination policy - 15 May 2017: Assad’s victims given voice in haunting new film by former BBC producers Sara Afshar and Nicola Cutcher, methodically documenting the brutality of the Assad government, its crackdown on democratic protests sinc 2011 and its jailing of activists including gripping firsthand testimony from some of the victims

Since 20th century worldwide terrorism by the KGB and FSB: Terrorism and support of terrorism worldwide by the KGB and FSB

2006 Russian regime's poisoning of British citizen Alexander Litvinenko: Russian regime's poisoning of British citizen Alexander Litvinenko and case of state-sponsored nuclear terrorism in London

March 2018 Salisbury 'novichok' poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal: 4 March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in Salisbury using 'Novichok' nerve agent developed by the Soviet Union and Russia between 1971 and 1993

June/July 2018 Amesbury 'novichok' poisonings of two British nationals: 30 June 2018 Amesbury 'novichok' poisonings of two British nationals

14/15 September 2018: 14/15 September 2018: 'Bellingcat' investigation confirms that Russian nationals identified by UK authorities as obeying suspects in the Novichok poisonings on British soil in March and June are linked to Russian security services and military, directly contradicting claims by Russian regime's Putin on 12 September 2018, after one of the keys to identifying the insidious and coward murderous gang was the discovery of traces of novichok in their hotel room in London

26/27 September 2018: 26/27 September 2018: Anatoliy Chepiga, a Colonel in the GRU, who served in Chechyna and has received the highest honour usually awarded personally by Russian regime's Putin, is one of the suspects in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal and the killing of Dawn Sturgess, having travelled to the UK under the name Ruslan Boshirov, according to British investigative website Bellingcat and its partner The Insider

22 November 2018: 22 November 2018: DS Nick Bailey, who was left critically ill after being exposed to novichok at Skripal’s home on the night of the Russian attack in March, said that while he had made a physical recovery, the psychological impact had been serious

December 2018 FSB gang member confesses to string of murders in Siberia: 14 December 2018: A former FSB officer has confessed to being part of a criminal group of security agents accused of contract killings, armed robberies and kidnappings, Znak news reported from court in Yekaterinburg

January 2019 Russian regime's use of criminals: 18 January 2019: Russian regime's use of criminals as assets abroad

June 2019 Denis Sergeyev commanded Russian military team in the UK: 29 June 2019: Denis Sergeyev, believed to hold the rank of major general in the GRU, the 'third man' involved in the Salisbury poisoning commanded the Russian military team which carried out the attack, phone records suggest, as Bellingcat Investigation Team uncovered more details on Sergeyev’s role in several international GRU operations, including 'Mission London'

August 2019 Salisbury attack in 2018 'likely' approved by Putin, Scotland Yard says: 7 August 2019: Scotland Yard has examined the role of the Russian president Vladimir Putin in the 2018 novichok nerve agent attack in Salisbury, saying Putin is assessed as 'likely’ to have approved of nerve agent attack on Skripals

2019 Kadyrov regime's oppression and death squads: 21 September 2019: Ramzan Kadyrov rules the Caucasus republic through fear and oppression, amid reports of torture, but those seeking asylum in Europe are not safe, as assassins hunt them down

August/September 2019 assassination of Khangoshvili: 23 August 2019 assassination of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili - 2 September 2019: The murder of Chechen Khangoshvili in Berlin looks like a Russian operation, but the CDU/SPD Merkel government is not making a public fuss about that - 27 September 2019: New evidence links Russian state to Berlin assassination of Chechen Khangoshvili by suspected 'Vadim Andreevich Sokolov', Bellingcat reports

September 2013: 17 September 2013: 'Unspeakable atrocities' reported by UN-mandated human rights inquiry on DPR Korea

February 2017 assassination of Kim Jong-nam: 13 February 2017 assassination of Kim Jong-nam, attacked with VX nerve agent at Kuala Lumpur International Airport

April 2019: 1 April 2019: North Korea got away with the assassination of Kim Jong-nam, as no one from the regime will stand trial over the death of Kim Jong-un’s half-brother, leading to fears it will act again

Since 2014 Xinjiang extralegal detention centers: Since 2014 'Reeducation camps' operated secretly and outside of the legal system by the Xinjiang local government, people can be locked up without any trial and local authorities are reportedly holding hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs and Muslims from other ethnic minorities in these camps

October 2018: 21 October 2018: As international condemnation grows over the 2 October 2018 disappearance of Saudi Arabian journalist Jamal Khashoggi in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul and later admitted assassination, EU's foreign policy chief calls it a 'shocking violation' of international conventions - 23 October 2018: Khashoggi murder 'planned days in advance', Turkey's president says - 23 October 2018: Saudi sees $50 billion in deals at investment conference despite some boycotts over Khashoggi killing

December 2018: 1 décembre 2018: Des messages interceptés par la CIA renforcent les soupçons sur le rôle du prince héritier saoudien dans la mort du journaliste Khashoggi en Turquie

February 2019: 7 February 2019: UN-led inquiry into the murder of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi said that evidence pointed to a brutal crime 'planned and perpetrated' by Saudi officials

June 2019 Khashoggi murder 'an international crime': 19 June 2019: The crown prince of Saudi Arabia should be investigated over the murder of the dissident journalist Jamal Khashoggi because there is 'credible evidence' that he and other senior officials are liable for the killing, according to a damning and forensic UN report, as UN’s special rapporteur Agnes Callamard said the death of the journalist was 'an international crime'

4 February 2020 world has failed to punish Saudi Arabia, 'encouraged to do whatever it wants': 4 February 2020: Turkish scholar Hatice Cengiz, activist and fiancee of Jamal Khashoggi, has said the world has failed to hold Saudi Arabia to account over the journalist’s murder and the kingdom is being 'encouraged to do whatever it wants'

USA's 'Disposition Matrix' developed by the Obama Administration since 2010, going beyond existing kill lists, and creates a blueprint for tracking, capturing, rendering, or killing suspected enemies of the USA government - USA drone strikes in Pakistan 2004-present - List of drone strikes in Pakistan since 2004 - 'Unmanned: America's Drone Wars' documentary film released in October 2013

2014: 24 November 2014: Attempts to kill 41 men resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1,147 people as of 24 November, one of the facts of the Obama administration's drone strikes, revealed by new analysis of data in Yemen and Pakistan and study by legal charity 'Reprieve'

2015: 16 October 2015: Snowden and Ellsberg hail leak of drone documents from new whistleblower, as classified documents on USA assassination program confirm, that the administration firmly prefers kill over capture despite claiming the opposite, that the USA does not know who it's killing, and that the military labels unidentified people it kills in targeted strikes as 'enemies killed in action', although victims may be family members or associates of actual targets or may just have been nearby, or mistakenly targeted

2016: 20 July 2016: 2004 to present CIA and USA military drone strikes just in Pakistan resulting in 172-207 killed children, 424-966 killed civilians, 2,499-4,001 total killed people, 1,161-1,744 injured people

July 2016: 18 July 2016: To July 18th 2016, an overall total of between 3,181 and 4,267 civilian non-combatant fatalities had been alleged from 493 separate reported incidents in Iraq and Syria, of these Airwars presently estimates that a minimum of 1,422 civilians are likely to have died in USA-led coalition actions

2016; 19 juillet 2016: Près de 60 civils, dont 11 enfants, morts et des dizaines de blessés mardi dans des raids de la coalition menée par les Etats-Unis près du village d'al-Toukhar tenu par Daech dans la province d'Alep, selon l'OSDH - 20 July 2016: USA airstrikes on a Syrian village have killed at least 73 civilians, a majority of them women and children, activists say

November 2018: 28 November 2018: The report by Civicus Monitor, an alliance of civil society groups, found that fundamental rights – such as freedom of expression and peaceful assembly – were under attack in 111 of 196 countries, as countries use censorship, harassment or violence to repress public debate

October 2018: 5 October 2018: String of own goals by Russian spies exposes a strange sloppiness, as GRU seems to have lost its way in the age of internet search and as bungling agents leave Putin exposed in the global spotlight, after hatefully saying 'traitors will kick the bucket'

2007/2008 cyberattacks on Estonia and during the Russo-Georgian War: 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia - 2008 Cyberattacks during the Russo-Georgian War

Since 2013 'Trolls from Olgino' and Russian–Ukrainian cyberwarfare: Since 2013 'Trolls from Olgino' and 'Olgino's trolls' have become general terms denoting trolls who spread pro-Russian propaganda - Since 2013 Russian–Ukrainian cyberwarfare

2016 Russian interference in the USA elections: Russian interference in the 2016 USA elections

2017 suspected Russian interference in the French elections: 7 May 2017: Russian effort suspected in French election hacking attack, as Paris’ cybersecurity agency begins to probe leak of Macron campaign documents and as expert notes ‘Cyrillic script in the metadata’ of hacked files - 7 May 2017: WikiLeaks finds Russian trace in hacker attack on Macron's headquarters

June 2017 Russian hacker attacks: 23 June 2017: To stop Russia and other hackers, we need to overhaul the internet, says Israeli cyber expert Prof. Isaac Ben-Israel says ahead of next week’s Tel Aviv University 'Cyber Week 2017', calling for a radical overhaul of the internet in order to counter cyber warfare

June 2019 Russian 'spoofing': 27 June 2019: Russian regime blamed for disruption of GPS systems at Ben Gurion Airport, appearing to stem from electronic warfare known as 'spoofing' and to originate in Syria, where Russian troops and aircraft are fighting on behalf of the country’s dictator Bashar Assad - 28 June 2019: Signals disrupting satellite navigation for planes flying through Israeli airspace in recent weeks originate inside a Russian air base inside Syria, according to USA researcher, saying signals are detectable from space, appearing to come from new deployment of Russian regime’s electronic warfare systems

Cyberwarfare by Iran

Computer crime - Computer security - Outline of computer security - Computer systems at risk - Computer vulnerability

List and timeline of cyberattacks: List of cyberattacks - List of data breaches - Timeline of computer security hacker history

2013: 10 May 2013: Hackers steal $45 million in global plot involving bank databases, debit cards and cash machines

2017: May 2017 WannaCry malware cyber attack, infecting over 75,000 computers in 99 countries, demanding ransom payments - 12 May 2017: Computers in thousands of locations have apparently been locked by a program that reportedly demands $300 in Bitcoin - 15 May 2017: Microsoft warns governments against storing computer vulnerabilities like the leaked one at the heart of the global cyberattack that has crippled computers in more than 150 countries, partly laying blame with the USA government and its agencies for the weekend assault - June 2017 global Petya cyberattacks, primarily targeting Ukraine - 27 June 2017: 'Petya' ransomware attack strikes companies across Europe and USA - 23 August 2017: Researchers who warned robot manufacturers in January about vulnerabilities in their home, business and industrial robots, say only a few of the problems have been addressed

19 December 2017: North Korea is 'directly responsible' for the so-called WannaCry cyber attack that crippled hospitals, banks and other companies across the globe earlier this year, according to USA official

Organized crime - Organized crime by country - Transnational organized crime

September 2012: 27 September 2012: Organised crime is a big player in illegal logging, which accounts for up to 30% of all wood traded globally, the UN and Interpol are warning

July 2013: 24 juillet 2013: Le crime organisé international rapporte 870 milliards de dollars par an grâce aux trafics de drogue et d'êtres humains et à la cybercriminalité, selon une estimation de l'ONU

March 2017: March 2017: The fight against transnational crime needs to be redirected to combatting the money the crimes generate and shutting down the global shadow financial system that facilitates the moving and secreting of illicitly generated funds

December 2017: 7 December 2017: The global homicide rate rose last year for the first time in more than a decade, according to 'Small Arms Survey’s report', estimating that 385,000 people were killed in homicides across the world in 2016

October 2018: 16 October 2018: USA designates terrorist organization Hezbollah a transnational crime threat, having a sprawling network involved in money-laundering, drug trafficking, and organized crime as well as terrorism, whose reach extends across Africa and into Central and South America, and also well-documented links with drug cartels

2011/2012: 3 novembre 2011: 'Marchand de mort' Viktor Bout reconnu coupable de trafic d'armes - 6 April 2012: Russian arms dealer Viktor Bout sentenced to 25 years in prison by a New York judge after being convicted on terrorism charges

2012: 30. Januar 2012: Friedensforschungsinstitut Sipri prangert fehlende Kontrollen von Waffenschmuggel und Transportverboten an

2015: 8 décembre 2015: Les transferts irresponsables d'armes effectués vers l'Irak depuis des décennies sont à l'origine du redoutable arsenal utilisé par le groupe Etat islamique, provenant d'au moins 25 pays dont une bonne partie de Russie, selon un ONG rapport

2012-2016: 44% of all homicides globally involve gun violence and there were 1.4 million firearm-related deaths globally between 2012 and 2016, according to Amnesty International

Homicide statistics by country and gender according to data given by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime - Statistics of sex differences in crime

Human trafficking - Human trafficking by country

2012: 25 September 2012: USA President Obama has decried human trafficking as 'modern slavery'

Contemporary slavery refers to the institutions of slavery that continue to exist in the present day - Contemporary slavery by continent and country

2013: 17 octobre 2013: 30 millions de personnes réduites en esclavage dans le monde

2016: 31 May 2016: More than 45 million men, women and children globally are trapped in modern slavery, far more than previously thought, with two-thirds in the Asia-Pacific, a 'Walk Free Foundation' study shows

2017: 19 September 2017: An estimated 40.3 million people were victims of modern slavery in 2016, a quarter of them children, according to new global slavery statistics released by UN’s International Labour Organisation and the Walk Free Foundation

2018: 19 July 2018: The Global Slavery Index, that describes modern slavery as a complex and often hidden crime that crosses borders, sectors and jurisdictions, reports an estimated 40.3 million global total number of enslaved people with most victims in Asia, published by the 'Walk Free Foundation'

Illegal drug trade - Illegal drug trade by country - Drug cartels, criminal organizations with the intention of supplying drug trafficking operations, ranging from loosely managed agreements among various drug traffickers to formalized commercial enterprises

Since 1990s Afghan and Taliban opium smuggling into Iran: Since 1990s Afghan and Taliban opium smuggling into Iran

Since 2009, 2017 Obama administration covertly derailed DEA Hezbollah/Iran investigation: 18 December 2017: The Obama administration covertly derailed a campaign by the USA Drug Enforcement Administration that targeted the Iranian-backed Hezbollah terrorist group and its weapons and drug trafficking practices in order to help solidify the 2015 Iran nuclear accord, according to an investigative report by Politico

May 2015 rising opium production, the cash crop of the Taliban: 5 May 2015: Afghan poppy farmers say new seeds will boost opium output, the cash crop of the Taliban and the scourge of Afghanistan

December 2017 review of DEA Hezbollah/Iran investigation: 23 December 2017: USA attorney general orders review of DEA Hezbollah investigation, vowing to pursue terror groups, drug traffickers in wake of report asserting Obama administration derailed DEA campaign in order to clinch Iran nuke deal

June 2019 deaths from drug-related crimes and abuse on the rise: 29 June 2019: Deaths from drug-related crimes and abuse are on the rise according to a new UN report, as about 271 million people aged 15–64 used drugs in 2016

Tax evasion - Tax avoidance - Tax haven - List of offshore financial centres - Lists of identified offshore financial centres - OECD's List of Unco-operative Tax Havens

Since 2002 tax haven Monaco: Tax haven Monaco's absence of a personal income tax has attracted to it a considerable number of wealthy 'tax refugee' residents who derive the majority of their income from activity outside Monaco - 24 October 2002 Franco-Monégasque treaty greatly increases Monaco’s ability to conduct it own foreign relations, alleging that the Principality is an independent and sovereign State - Franco-Monégasque economic and political ties, including an agreement that French citizens with less than five years of residence in Monaco and companies doing more than 25% of their business outside the country would be taxed at French rates

In 2012/2013 up to $32 trillion of hidden financial assets in offshore tax havens: 23 July 2012: Rich individuals have at least $20 trillion - perhaps up to $32 trillion - of hidden financial assets in offshore tax havens, a study says - private 'elites' of 139 developing countries also putting wealth beyond the reach of local tax authorities - 3 April 2013: ICIJ investigating a cache of 2.5 million files cracks open the secrets of more than 120,000 offshore companies and trusts, exposing hidden dealings of politicians, con men and the mega-rich

Since April 2013 Offshore Leaks: April 2013 Offshore Leaks, the name of a report originating from the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, disclosing details of 130,000 offshore accounts in and called the biggest hit against international tax fraud of all times

Since November 2014 'Luxembourg Leaks': November 2014 'Luxembourg Leaks' financial scandal based on confidential information from 2002 to 2010, making available to the public tax rulings for over three hundred multinational companies based in Luxembourg

Since February 2015 'Swiss Leaks': February 2015 'Swiss Leaks' journalistic investigation of a giant tax evasion scheme allegedly operated with the knowledge and encouragement of the British multinational bank HSBC via its Swiss subsidiary HSBC Private Bank Suisse

June 2015 Profit-shifting and tax abuse deprive countries of resources needed to combat poverty: 2 June 2015: Profit-shifting and tax abuse by multinational corporations deprives developing countries of resources needed to combat poverty, says report by NGOs

Since April/May 2016 'Panama Papers': April 2016 'Panama Papers' set of 11.5 million leaked documents detailing financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,000 offshore companies associated with the Panamanian firm Mossack Fonseca - 3 May 2016: The Netherlands, Luxembourg along with the USA, Britain, Switzerland and Ireland were among the top destinations for funds from corporations seeking to avoid tax last year, as the British Virgin Islands and Cayman Islands received $72bn of investment becoming a focus for businesses in Russia, China, the USA and Hong Kong, according to the UN - 10 May 2016: 'International Consortium of Investigative Journalists', that has published the names of thousands of offshore companies at the heart of the Panama Papers, makes data on 200,000 entities available on its website - List of people named in the 'Panama Papers'

July-September 2017: 25 July 2017: Almost 40% of corporate investments channelled away from authorities and into tax havens travel through the UK or the Netherlands, according to a study of researchers at the University of Amsterdam, showing the importance of developed countries cleaning up their financial sectors - 12 September 2017: Slow UK aid for hurricane-hit islands linked to tax haven ties, as Anguilla’s ex-attorney general Rupert Jones says UK government may fear exposing its role in Caribbean territories’ tax arrangements

Since November 2017 'Paradise Papers': November 2017 'Paradise Papers', a set of 13.4 million leaked documents relating to offshore investment, among those whose financial affairs are mentioned are Queen Elizabeth II and USA Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross - List of people named in the November 2017 'Paradise Papers' - 5 November 2017: The world’s biggest businesses, heads of state and global figures in politics, entertainment and sport who have sheltered their wealth in secretive tax havens are being revealed in a major new investigation 'Paradise Papers' into Britain’s offshore empires - 6 November 2017: Reaction around the world to release of 'Paradise Papers'

December 2017 EU's tax haven lists name 17 and 47 countries: 5 December 2017: EU named and shamed 17 countries in its first ever tax haven blacklist and put a further 47 on notice, including British overseas territories and the crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man

January 2018 offshore services, terrorist financing and transnational organised crime including Assad regime: 23 January 2018: The firm 'Appleby' at the heart of the Paradise Papers leak provided offshore services to FBME bank accused of facilitating terrorist financing, transnational organised crime and the Syrian government’s chemical weapons programme

October 2018 list of 21 countries with 'golden passport' schemes: 16 October 2018: A blacklist of 21 countries, including the 3 European countries Malta, Monaco and Cyprus, whose so-called 'golden passport' schemes, fast-expanding $3bn citizenships turning nationality into a marketable commodity, threaten international efforts to combat tax evasion, has been published by the OECD

April 2019 'Panama Papers' aftermath: 3 avril 2019: 3 ans après le scandale des 'Panama Papers', les 22 Etats concernés par ce tentaculaire scandale d'évasion fiscale ont à ce jour réussi à recouvrer 1,2 milliard de dollars, selon le consortium d'enquête à l'origine des révélations

September 2019 bankers called 'the men who plundered Europe' on trial: 21 September 2019: Bankers called 'the men who plundered Europe' on trial for siphoning €60bn, as Shields and Diable are accused of tax fraud in ‘cum-ex’ scandal that exposes London City’s pursuit of profit

Money laundering - Offshore financial centre

Since 1989 FATF: Since 1989 'Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering' FATF

Since 2000/2008: Since 2000 Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes - OECD 'gray list' - 2 April 2009: A progress report on the jurisdictions surveyed by the OECD global forum in implementing the international agreed tax standard

September 2018 Russian oligarch Abramovich case: 26 September 2018: Abramovich, one of the closest businessmen to Russian regime's Novichok/Polonium/Sarin-Putin, who once referred to him in an interview as 'our oligarch', known for 'suspicion of money laundering and presumed contacts with criminal organisations', seen as 'a danger to public security' by Swiss police, as Russian regime since 1990s has become a 'mafia state'

Terrorism financing - State-sponsored terrorism - countries - State Sponsors of Terrorism - USA list - List of charities accused of ties to terrorism

Since 1979 Iranian regime's state-sponsored terrorism: Since 1979 the Iranian regime has been accused by members of the international community of funding, providing equipment, weapons, training and giving sanctuary to terrorists

Since 1982 Iranian regime's support of Hezbollah: Since 1982 Iranian regime's support of Hezbollah terrorist group and its terror attacks

Since 2000/2001 global fight against terrorist financing: Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering FATF blacklist issued since 2000 of 'Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories', perceived to be non-cooperative in the global fight against money laundering and terrorist financing

June 2017: 23 June 2017: In its on-going review of compliance with the AML/CFT standards, the FATF identifies jurisdictions that have strategic AML/CFT deficiencies - 23 June 2017: The FATF remains concerned by the D.P.R. of Korea’s failure to address the significant deficiencies in its anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regime and the serious threat this poses to the integrity of the international financial system

March 2018 Iran transfers millions to Hamas and Islamic Jihad: 8 March 2018: Iran transfers $100 million every year to Hamas and Islamic Jihad in the Gaza Strip, as $70 million is transferred to Hamas, while Islamic Jihad gets $30 million, and the vast majority of this money is used by the two organizations to further bolster their military wings, instead of aiding the civilian population in the Gaza Strip

Since September 2018 EU and Iranian regime: 25 September 2018: European Union EU said its members would set up a payment system to allow oil companies and businesses to continue trading with the Iranian regime in a bid to evade sanctions, siding with its state-sponsored terrorism and war once again, as Iran video threatens missile strikes on UAE and Saudi Arabia, also threatening Israel

January 2019 Islamic Jihad's and Hamas' threats: 6 January 2019: Senior Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Hamas figures praise Iran’s military support and threaten that in the next war the rocket fire from the Gaza Strip will reach all the cities in Israel

January 2019: 19 January 2019: Illegally shipped Iranian fuel financing Yemen Houthi rebels' war, UN report finds

25 February 2019 Iran supports missiles to attack Israel: 25 February 2019: In documentary on Iranian TV, Gaza-based Palestinian terror group 'Islamic Jihad' says Iranian regime helped it make new projectile that can hit Tel Aviv and beyond, as well as precision missiles

Financial crimes - Securities fraud - Insider trading - Binary option operations, fraud and regulations

Illicit financial flows - Capital flight

Since 1995 Corruption Perceptions Index: Corruption Perceptions Index since 1995, annually ranking countries 'by their perceived levels of corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys' - The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, promoting public awareness about how countries manage their oil, gas and mineral resources

2011 Russia and China come bottom of bribe-paying: 2 November 2011: Russia and China come bottom of bribe-paying Transparency-International survey

2013 dirty money leaving developing world jumped: 12 December 2013: Amount of dirty money leaving developing world jumped 14% in 2011, Global Financial Integrity report says - 2013 Corruption Perceptions Index

2014: 2014 Corruption Perceptions Index - Eritrea, Libya, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Iraq, South Sudan, Afghanistan, Sudan, North Korea, and Somalia highest rankings

2015: 2015 Corruption Perceptions Index - 68% of countries worldwide have a serious corruption problem, half of the G20 are among them, not one single country is corruption-free

2016 tax havens: 9 May 2016: More than 300 leading economists from 30 countries have today written to world leaders warning that there is no economic justification for allowing tax havens to continue, and urging them to bring an end to offshore financial secrecy - 12 May 2016: To end corruption, start with the USA and UK, allowing it in broad daylight, British newspaper says - 12 May 2016: British PM Cameron casts doubt at the close of 2016 'corruption summit' in London on whether the USA could be truly considered part of a coalition committed to the fight against corruption, saying some USA states fall far short on tax transparency and are less open than the United Kingdom’s crown dependencies

2016/2017 UN payments to Assad regime's companies: 1 August 2017: The UN paid at least $18 million in 2016 to companies with close ties to Bashar Al Assad, some of them run by cronies of the Syrian dictator who are on USA and EU blacklists

2016/2017 Transparency-International's Corruption Perceptions Index: 25 January 2017: Transparency-International's Corruption Perceptions Index 2016, shows growing levels of public sector corruption and more countries declining than improving compared with figures for last year - 17 février 2017: Les procureurs généraux de 11 pays se sont engagés jeudi à créer des équipes de travail communes pour coordonner leurs enquêtes sur le scandale de corruption d'Odebrecht, le groupe de BTP brésilien

January 2020 Airbus to pay record £3bn in fines for 'endemic' corruption: 31 January 2020: Europe’s largest aerospace multinational Airbus is to pay a record £3bn in penalties after admitting it had paid huge bribes on an 'endemic' basis to land contracts in 20 countries, including including China, Russia, Japan, Kuwait, Brazil, Turkey, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Taiwan, Ghana etc., and after judges declared that the corruption was 'grave, pervasive and pernicious, as planemaker agreed to pay the penalties on Friday after reaching settlements with investigators in the UK, France and the USA to end inquiries that started four years ago

Political corruption - Forms of political corruption include Bribery, Cronyism, Crony capitalism, Electoral fraud or vote rigging, Extortion, Graft (politics) Influence peddling, Kleptocracy, Lobbying, Nepotism, Patronage, Plutocracy, and Slush funds - Repression of political opponents and political repression, Police corruption and general police brutality also considered political corruption

3/4 August 1914 SPD members of parliament voted 96-14 to support Central powers' war: After the SPD leadership on 25 July 1914 appealed to its membership to demonstrate for peace and large numbers turned out in orderly demonstrations, SPD members of parliament voted 96-14 on 3 August 1914 to support Central powers' war (Germany, Austria-Hungary), the next day voting the money for the war in the parliament, sending the working people and people around the world to war and death

Since August 1914 pro-war socialist parties of the Central Powers: April 1915 'Vienna Socialist Conference of 1915' gathered representatives from the Socialist parties of Germany, Austria and Hungary to the only meeting of the pro-war socialist parties of the Central Powers during World War I

Since summer 1914 efforts to save peace and the international social democracy destroyed by Germany: Since 1900 International Socialist Bureau, the permanent organization of the Second International, established at the Paris congress of 1900 - September 1915 'Zimmerwald Conference' in Switzerland, the first of three international socialist conferences convened by anti-militarist socialist parties from countries that were originally neutral during World War I and subsequent conferences held at Kienthal and Stockholm, known jointly as the Zimmerwald movement, began the unraveling of the coalition between revolutionary socialists (the so-called Zimmerwald Left) and reformist socialists - Since February 1915 Inter-Allied Socialist Conferences of World War I

15 January 1919 assassination of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht: On 15 January 1919 Rosa Luxemburg, who had seen and saw the behaviour of the 'Social Democratic Party of Germany' as a complete betrayal, sending the working people in war and death, killed in SPD-linked ordered assassination in Berlin

Since 2002 Worldwide Governance Indicators: Worldwide Governance Indicators annually updated since 2002

2012: 18 February 2012: Germany's president quits over corruption charges

Since 2014 Crony-capitalism index: Crony-capitalism index since 2014

2016 UN payments to Assad's regime: 29 August 2016: Saying that it is perverse that UN and its agencies committed to human rights are throwing a lifeline to a regime that has no qualms about burning the entire country just to stay in power, expert in war studies Leenders reveals that UN agencies had paid 'lucrative procurement contracts to Syrian regime cronies who are known to bankroll the very repression and brutality that caused much of the country’s humanitarian needs', as the UN calls Assad's war against the Syrian people the 'world’s largest humanitarian crisis' but as brave and principled UN aid workers who were kicked out by the regime for refusing to comply with illegal restrictions on humanitarian access receive no support from their headquarters, as UNHCR is the biggest customer of the 'Four Seasons' in Damascus spending $6,822,445 at the hotel since the start of Assad's war crimes, as UN paid and pays tens of millions to Assad regime, as UN's $4bn aid effort in Syria, called morally bankrupt, and UN operations have quietly secured deals with individuals and companies under both Europe and USA sanctions - 8 September 2016: More than 70 aid groups have suspended cooperation with the UN in Syria and have demanded an immediate and transparent investigation into its operations because of concerns Syrian dictator al-Assad has gained 'significant and substantial' influence over the relief effort

2016/2017 UN payments to Assad regime's companies: 1 August 2017: The UN paid at least $18 million in 2016 to companies with close ties to Bashar Al Assad, some of them run by cronies of the Syrian dictator who are on USA and EU blacklists

2017 USA payments against Paris climate accord: 1 June 2017: Twenty-two senators and Republicans who urged Trump to pull out of Paris climate accord writing a letter to the president when he was said to be on the fence about backing out, are big oil darlings and received more than $10m from oil, gas and coal companies the past three election cycles

May 2018 Spanish PP's Bárcenas jailed: 24 May 2018: Spain’s ruling party PP has suffered a major blow after its former treasurer Bárcenas was jailed for 33 years for fraud and money laundering, and the party itself was found to have profited from an illegal kickbacks-for-contracts scheme, in a case that has become emblematic of political corruption in Spain

June 2018 UN's Guterres meets Putin and attends propaganda soccer match: 12 June 2018: UN Secretary-General Guterres will travel to Russia, where he is scheduled to meet with murderous Russian regime's Vladimir Putin on 20 June and attend a World Cup soccer match at Moscow’s Luzhniki Stadium

October 2018 Trump won't halt Saudi arms sales despite assassination of Khashoggi: 11 October 2018: Trump announces investigation concerning Jamal Khashoggi, who vanished at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, but says he won't halt Saudi arms sales, triggering questions and troubling memories of governments' recent decisions not to punish 'ruthless' regimes in China, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Russia, Syria etc. for fear of jeopardising lucrative deals and due to obsequiousness

March 2019 oil firms lobbying to block climate change policies: 22 March 2019: Top oil firms, including BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell and Total, spending millions lobbying to block climate change policies, 'InfluenceMap' report says

March 1914: March 1914: German newspapers beat the war drums

August 1914 German massacres of hundreds of unarmed Belgian civilians in Dinant: On 21/22 August 1914 German infantry and pioneers advanced into Dinant, killing seven civilians and burning 15–20 houses, on 23 August 1914 the Germans massacred 674 unarmed Belgian civilians in Dinant, civilians were lined up against a wall and shot, including men over 70, women or girls, children under 14 and even babies, 1,200 houses were burned down and 400 people were deported to Germany as an area of Dinant was systematically looted and burned down by the Germans, also destroying public and historic buildings, including the collegial church and the town hall - 1914/1915 official report of massacres of peaceable citizens, women and children by the German army and testimony of eye-witnesses - 1915/1917 'Le sac de Dinant et le légendes du livre blanc allemand du 10 mai 1915', par M. Tschoffen, procureur du roi de l'arrondissement de Dinant - 12 May 1915 Bryce Report into German Atrocities in Belgium

1914 Western Front German massacres: Atrocités allemandes en 1914 en Wallonie, en Flandre et en France

1914 Unterstützung der Massaker von Dinant durch die SPD und ihre Presse: 1914 verfassen Adolf Köster, Redakteur des SPD-Zentralorgans Vorwärts sowie des Hamburger Echos, und Gustav Noske, SPD-Abgeordneter im Reichstag, Chefredakteur der Chemnitzer Volksstimme und Wehrexperte der Partei, eine Schrift, die die Massaker von Dinant unterstützt und den Standpunkt des deutschen Heeres teilt

1918-1945: The propaganda used by the German NSDAP in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's dictatorship of Germany 1933–1945 was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of NSDAP, SS and Gestapo policies

1933-1945 and since 1945: Peter Köpf, 1995: Schreiben nach jeder Richtung - Goebbels-Propagandisten in der westdeutschen Nachkriegspresse

2015: 16 March 2015: Corruption in the media is killing ethical journalism, European Federation of Journalists EJN says - 17 March 2015: The conflict of interest between advertiser power and journalism revealed by Peter Oborne, who walked out of Britain's Daily Telegraph accusing the management of censoring stories about HSBC bank and tax evasion, is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to corruption inside media

2016: 18 July 2016: In 'a message to an obsessed world' Syrian artist Mohamed Youssef has taken advantage of the global preoccupation with the Pokemon game, featuring Pokemon in his designs alongside the tragic life Syrians are living, amid military operations and continuous bombardment, in an attempt to draw attention to a country where 9 million people have been forced to flee their homes and where cities have been obliterated by Assad’s regime, Russia, and allied militias, especially those backed by Iran

April 2018: 13 April 2018: Hungarian journalists admit role in forging anti-migrant 'atmosphere of fear' ahead of Victor Orbán’s election victory this week, as the 'Guardian' spoke to several employees of the taxpayer-funded MTVA network to hear the inside story of how its channels pumped out government messaging, and at times false stories, with the goal of winning support for Orban's anti-immigration message

Concentration of media ownership, also known as media convergence, is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media, contemporary research demonstrates increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already highly concentrated and dominated by a very small number of firms, companies or organisations - Concentration of media ownership by continent and in particular nations

2015: 17 December 2015: Echoes of famous films, including Nazi propaganda, in USA's 2015 'Star Wars' movie

Censorship by country - overview collecting information on censorship, Internet censorship, Freedom of the Press, Freedom of speech, and Human Rights by country and presents it in a sortable table, together with links to articles with more information, as in addition to countries, the table includes information on former countries, disputed countries, political sub-units within countries, and regional organizations - Censorship by types, by media - Censorship by country

Commercialization of social media, interactive computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks - Trustworthiness and reliability of social networks - Social network - Timeline of social media

Dans le domaine des sciences sociales, la brutalité se réfère à la rudesse et à la violence qui peuvent s'exprimer dans un caractère ou un comportement

Crimes against humanity, acts that are deliberately committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack or individual attack directed against any civilian or an identifiable part of a civilian population, the first prosecution for crimes against humanity took place at the Nuremberg trials, and have since been prosecuted by other international courts - Genocide, the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, cultural, religious or national group, defined in Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948 as 'any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the groups conditions of life, calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group'

Genocides in the 20th and 21th century (from 1914-1918 World War I)

Racism - Racism by country - 'White supremacy' racist ideology centered upon the sight, that 'white' people are superior in certain characteristics, traits, and attributes (in fact the means of violence mainly developed in Europe since many centuries and now worldwide) to people constituting the majority of the world's population - 'White supremacy' by continent

History of slavery from ancient times to the present day: History of slavery from ancient times to the present day, when slavery is no longer legal anywhere in the world (with the exception of penal labour), but when human trafficking remains an international problem and an estimated 25-40 million people are enslaved today, the majority in Asia - Slavery in antiquity - Slavery in Northern Africa, where chattel slavery had been legal and widespread when the region was controlled by the Roman Empire 145 BC – ca. 430 AD and by the Eastern Romans from 533 to 695

Since 7th century history of slavery in the Muslim world: Since 7th century history of slavery in the Muslim world - Arab slave trade mainly in Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Southeast Africa and Europe, occurring chiefly between the medieval era and the early 20th century - Slavery in the Ottoman Empire

From the 15th through to the 19th centuries Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch and French Atlantic slave trade and slavery in their empires: From the 15th through to the 19th centuries Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch and French slavery in their empires and Atlantic slave trade across the Atlantic Ocean bringing millions of enslaved Africans from the central and western parts of Africa to the Americas to be sold at markets, following practises of slavery in antiquity and slavery in ancient Rome

Since 1618 English/British 'headright' system to populate the colonies and to import slaves: Since 1618 English/British 'headright' system in colonies, as most headrights were for 1 to 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of land, and were given to anyone willing to cross the Atlantic Ocean and help populate the colonies, headrights were granted to anyone who would pay for the transportation costs of a laborer or slaves

1802-1804 resistance to slavery, repression and French atrocities in Haiti: In 1802, when it became apparent that the French under Napoleonic rule intended to re-establish slavery in Haiti black cultivators revolted in the summer of 1802, Leclerc's successor Vicomte de Rochambeau fought an even more brutal campaign, waged a near-genocidal campaign against the Haitians, killing everyone who was black, importing about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica, who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes, also drowning blacks - In 2005 French historian Claude Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, saying Napoleon was racist, instituted slavery, and was the first man in history that 'asked himself rationally the question how to eliminate, in as short a time as possible, and with a minimum of cost and personnel, a maximum of people described as scientifically inferior'

Since the early 1900s German crimes against humanity in Africa: Decades before Nazi Germany tried to annihilate the Jews, German colonialists in Southwest Africa dehumanized, built death camps for, and slaughtered tens of thousands of tribespeople in a systematic genocide, 'subhumans', 'cattle car transports', even the 'Final Solution' have their sinister antecedents in Africa in the early 1900s

1914-1918 War goals of the German empire and crimes: 1914-1918 War goals of the German empire included making the French economy dependent on Germany, ending trade between France and the British Empire, annexation of Belgium or making it a 'vassal state', annexation of Luxembourg, making the Netherlands dependent on Germany, creation of buffer states carved out of the western Russian Empire, such as Poland, which would remain under German sovereignty 'for all time', creation of a 'Mitteleuropa economic association' dominated by Germany, expansion of the German colonial empire first in central Africa ('Mittelafrika') at the expense of the French and Belgian colonies - World War I crimes by Imperial Germany

Since 1933 Nazi Germany and 'Aryanization': Since 1933 Nazi Germany and 'Aryanization', the term coined during Nazism referring to the forced expulsion of so-called 'non-Aryans', resulting in mass murders and genocide - Racial policy of Nazi Germany, targeting Jews, Sinti and Roma, Afro-Germans, Poles, Russians, other Slavs, and other groups

1939-1945 War goals of the German empire: 'New Order of Europe' ('Neuordnung Europas'), the political order which Nazi Germany wanted to impose on the conquered areas under its dominion, publicly proclaimed by Adolf Hitler in 1941 - 'Generalplan Ost' was the Nazi German government's plan for the genocide and ethnic cleansing on a vast scale, and colonization of Central and Eastern Europe by Germans - Hunger Plan ('Hungerplan'), a plan developed by Nazi Germany during World War II to seize food from the Soviet Union and give it to German soldiers and civilians, entailing the death by starvation of millions of so-called 'racially inferior' Slavs following Operation Barbarossa, the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union

1939-1945 German war crimes: 27. Juli 2009: Die 'Wehrmacht' des nationalsozialistischen Deutschlands verletzte systematisch - in Deutschland jahrzehntelang geleugnet und verdrängt - die Genfer Kriegskonvention und verübte z.B. 1940 aus rassistischen Motiven Kriegsverbrechen, die der Historiker Raffael Scheck anhand von Dokumenten beschreibt, die belegen wie Wehrmachtseinheiten innerhalb nur eines Monats, zwischen dem 24. Mai und dem 24. Juni 1940 mindestens 3.000 schwarze Soldaten Frankreichs ermordeten, obwohl die sich bereits ergeben hatten oder verwundet waren und nicht mehr im Kampf standen - War crimes of the Wehrmacht

White supremacy by country - List of white nationalist organizations by continent and country - White supremacy and nationalism in the media

August 2019 global rise in white nationalist violence: 5 August 2019: More than 175 people have been killed in at least 16 high-profile attacks linked to white nationalism around the world since 2011

February 2020 white supremacists increasingly collaborating across borders inspired by attacks and Putin's wars: 21 February 2020: White supremacists increasingly collaborating across borders, according to 'Global Project Against Hate and Extremism' and other, saying extremists forming alliances, working together, inspiring each other in growing international movement similar to jihadism, as the long-running wars by Russia's Putin regime - and involving it in other regions - in Syria and eastern Ukraine have created a fertile training ground for white supremacists, in recent years holding conferences in different countries including Russia - 20 February 2020: German terrorist Rathjen published online manifesto in January calling for eliminating entire countries, including Israel, Egypt, Morocco, Turkey, Iran, Indian, Pakistan, Vietnam and the Philippines, before killing 10 citizens, including 5 Kurds, in the city of Hanau in Germany - 21 February 2020: Hanau attack part of pattern of white supremacist violence flowing from USA, according to 'The Guardian'

5 June 2020 calls to act against racism following USA turmoil: 5 June 2020: As protests against the death of unarmed black man George Floyd at the hands of USA police sweep also other nations and spark wider debates, major brands taking to social media to condemn racial inequalities are challenged to back up their words with action to tackle problems in many firms and entrenched racial pay gaps, and campaigners, skeptical over what they fear are empty platitudes, call for business leaders to put their money where their mouth is and tackle economic exclusion, in short 'we need action', according to NAACP's Marc Banks, after dozens of major firms have shared online posts condemning racism and calling for change across society in the USA, today in the grip of Donald Trump's administration

February 2020 USA's violent ultranationalists finding ideological common ground, aid and shelter in Putin’s Russia: 2 February 2020: USA's violent ultranationalists (like the paramilitary race war inciters 'The Base') dedicated to destabilizing America are finding ideological common ground, aid and shelter in Putin’s Russia, Israel's 'Haaretz' says, as neo-Nazi Rinaldo Nazzaro, running 'The Base' from Russia, also lives in Russia

Wars by continent - Wars involving the states and peoples of Europe - Wars involving the states and peoples of Asia - Wars involving the states and peoples of North America - Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa

April 2018 Warsaw ghetto Marian Kalwary says 'I am terrified by the rebirth of fascism and nationalism': 19 April 2018: Paying homage to the hundreds of Jewish fighters who took up arms in the 1943 rebellion against the German forces that occupied Poland during World War II in the April-May Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, Polish survivor of the Warsaw ghetto Marian Kalwary says 'I am terrified by the rebirth of fascism and nationalism and I can see nationalism being glorified and put on a pedestal as something noble'

Since 1945 neo-Nazism in Germany: Neo-Nazism in Germany

1 September 2019 neo-Nazi linked German AfD party make big gains: 4 September 2019: Anti-immigration and neo-Nazi linked AfD, the third-biggest party in the 2017 German general election, main opposition, and able to mobilise several hundred thousand people who had never voted before, overtakes German Left, Greens and SPD in Saxony and German CDU, Greens and Left in Brandenburg in state elections

7/8 September 2019 CDU, SPD and FDP elected neo-Nazi to head local authority: 8 September 2019: All representatives, including representatives of the CDU, SPD and FDP, of the Ortsbeirat of Altenstadt-Waldsiedlung had voted neo-Nazi Deputy NPD state chairman Stefan Jagsch as their head

Since Antiquity antisemitism in Europe and Germany: European antisemitism - prejudice, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews for reasons connected to their Jewish heritage - has experienced a long history since the days of ancient societies, with most of it having originated in the Christian and pre-Christian societies of Europe - Since the middle ages antisemitism in Germany and the Holocaust in Germany and German occupied Europe 1938-1945

Since the middle ages Europe's fine art's anti-Semitism until today: 23 February 2015: From Notre Dame to Wittenberg, in Europe the fine art of anti-Semitism is on public display at many of the continent’s most visited landmarks

Since 7th century Islam and antisemitism: Islam and antisemitism, with the origin of Islam in the 7th century and its spread in the Arabian peninsula and beyond by military conquests, Jews (and many other people) came to be subject to the rule of Muslim rulers - Islam and war - from the time of the Muhammad many Muslim states and empires have been involved in warfare

Antisemitism in Iran: Antisemitism in Iran

Since 1979 Iranian regime's antisemitism: Since the 1979 establishment of the 'Islamic Republic' Iranian regime's antisemitism, terrorism and support of terrorism

Since 1989 increased Iranian regime's antisemitism: Since 1989 increased Iranian regime's antisemitism

Since 1982 Hezbollah's antisemitism: Since 1982 Hezbollah's antisemitism

Since 1988 Hamas antisemitism: Since 1988 Palestinian Hamas Charter containing both antisemitic passages and irredentist claims - Since the 1980s Islamism in the Gaza Strip

July 2019 Hamas leader calls to murder all Jews: 14 July 2019: Fathi Hammad, a member of the Hamas political bureau, calls for the slaughter of Jews in the world

17/18 January 2020 leaving Al-Aqsa Mosque following prayers Muslims chanted about killing Jews: 17 January 2020: Beginning as worshipers were leaving the mosque following prayers, hundreds of Muslims chanted about killing Jews outside the Al-Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem on Friday morning, prompting police to disperse the crowd - 18 January 2020: Woman pulls knife on police in Jerusalem’s Old City, saying suspect in her 50s brandished weapon at security forces near Damascus Gate, and one officer lightly injured after falling during arrest of the perpetrator

December 2000 Iran's Ali Khamenei calls for the destruction of Israel: 15 December 2000: Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei calls for the destruction of Israel, describing it as a 'cancerous tumor' in the Middle East

March 2015 Iran's Mohammad Reza Naqdi threatens 'erasing Israel off the map': 31 March 2015: Iran’s Revolutionary Guards Basij commander Mohammad Reza Naqdi said that 'erasing Israel off the map' is 'nonnegotiable', according to an Israel Radio report

November 2018 Iran's Rouhani calls Israel a 'cancerous tumor’: 24 November 2018: Iran’s Rouhani calls Israel a 'cancerous tumor’ established by West

28 January 2019: 28 January 2019: Iran general Hossein Salami says Tehran aims to wipe Israel off the 'global political map', one day after the, International Holocaust Remembrance Day, as Iranian regime's Ali Shamkhani says our missiles are ready to launch from Gaza and Lebanon, and regime reportedly carries out daily cyberattacks against Israel

December 2019 Iranian regime's Khamenei praises French Holocaust denier: 16 December 2019: Iranian regime's Khamenei, who in the past has questioned historicity of Nazi genocide of the Jews, marks 21st anniversary of conviction of French Holocaust denier Roger Garaudy by praising him, criticizing France

3 January 2020 impunity of Iranian war criminal IRGC Qasem Soleimani stopped: 3 January 2020 USA airstrike against Iranian convoy near Baghdad International Airport carrying Iranian IRGC Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani and Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces commander Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, amid escalating crisis in the Middle East since 2011

11 February 2020 Iranian Expediency Council's Mohsen Rezaei threatens to 'raze Tel-Aviv to the ground', looking for pretext: 11 February 2020: Secretary of Iran’s powerful Expediency Council Mohsen Rezaei, speaking to Hezbollah-affiliated al-Mayadeen TV station, has warned that Iran is just looking for an excuse to attack Israel and 'raze Tel-Aviv to the ground'

Since 2006 Hezbollah's antisemitism, wars and Iranian regime's military expansionism: Since 2000 Hezbollah's antisemitism, terrorist attacks, wars, involvement in Syrian Assad regime's war against the Syrian people and Iranian regime's military expansionism

August 2019 Iran delivered special propellants mixer: 28 August 2019: Iran delivered special propellants mixer - used in Hezbollah's manufacturing ballistic missiles - to Lebanon in violation of international treaties

1 September 2019 Hezbollah missiles narrowly missed 5 Israeli soldiers: 3 September 2019: Hezbollah missiles narrowly missed Israeli armored car with 5 soldiers inside, as Nasrallah vows 'no more red lines against Israel' after missile attack, praised by the Iranian regime and by Syria's Assad regime, expressing 'pride', as Hamas chief praises Iranian support, including by supplying weapons, in a letter to Iranian regime's Khamenei, as Iranian and French delegations hold talks for over ten hours in Paris to shield Iranian regime's economy from USA sanctions, and as Iran’s Rouhani says no intention of holding bilateral talks with USA

6 September 2019 UN investigation of Hezbollah missile attack on Israel: 6 September 2019: UN peacekeepers conducted an independent investigation of Sunday’s Hezbollah missile attack on Israel at IDF’s request, visiting the areas hit in the strikes, will present findings to UN, as UNIFIL's head called the Hezbollah missile attack a 'serious incident in violation of UN Security Council resolution 1701', referring to the decision that ended the 2006 Second Lebanon War and required all armed terror groups remain north of the country’s Litani River

Since 2001 Hamas rocket and terrorist attacks: Since 2001 Hamas terrorist attacks - 2001 List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel - Since 2001 Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel

January 2002 some Arab states still want to destroy Israel: 18 January 2002: Some Arab states still want to destroy Israel

January 2019 Assad regime's threats against Tel Aviv: 24 January 2019: After Syrian Assad regime’s envoy to the UN threatened that the regime could attack Ben Gurion International Airport outside Tel Aviv, Israeli defense forces take precautionary measure of setting up additional air defenses in central and southern Israel, as shots fired at IDF troops on Syrian border overnight

21th century antisemitism in Europe and Germany: Antisemitism in Europe in the 21st century - antisemitism has increased significantly since 2000, with significant increases in verbal attacks against Jews and vandalism such as graffiti, fire bombings of Jewish schools, desecration of synagogues and cemeteries, taking place not only in Germany and France, where antisemitic incidents are the highest in Europe but also in countries like Belgium, Austria, and the United Kingdom, as physical assaults against Jews including beatings, stabbings and other violence increased markedly, in a number of cases resulting in serious injury and even death

9 October 2019 Halle synagogue attack: 9 October 2019 Halle synagogue attack - 10 October 2019: Jews demand action from Germany to protect the community after at least two people were shot dead in the eastern German city of Halle in an anti-Semitic gun attack on the holy day of Yom Kippur

20 June 2020 German courts and anti-Semitism: 20 June 2020: German church in Calbe near Berlin covers anti-Semitic ‘Jew pig’ sculpture installed in the 15th century it was forced to keep, as pastor denounces carving as ‘an insult to Jewish citizens’ and didn’t want the relief to be reinstalled at all, and as German Jews and others have campaigned to have the anti-Semitic imagery removed, with limited success, because in February German appeals court in Karlsruhe rejected a motion to remove one Judensau relief from a church in Wittenberg, saying Jewish plaintiff seeking removal of ‘Judensau’ sculpture didn’t prove that it is of ‘slanderous character’ or violates his rights

26 June 2020 German church goes to high court to take down perverse anti-Semitic carvings: 26 June 2020: German church goes to high court to take down perverse anti-Semitic carvings, as landmarks commissions and German courts are protecting ancient 'Judensaus' sculptures, dozens of which are adorning churches that don’t want them in the 21st century, and as Israeli historian Isaiah Shachar in 2017 said there are 'Judensaus' in Portugal, France, Poland and Sweden, but most are in German-speaking countries

21th century antisemitism in Asia: Antisemitism in Asia

21th century antisemitism in North America: Antisemitism in North America

21th century antisemitism in USA: Antisemitism in the USA

27 October 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting: 27 October 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, as eleven people were killed and seven (including the perpetrator) were injured, while Shabbat morning services were being held

21th century antisemitism in South America: Antisemitism in South America

19 June 2020 Brazilian pastor prays for second Holocaust: 19 June 2020: Brazilian pastor prays for second Holocaust to ‘destroy the Jews like vermin’, as in sermon at Rio de Janeiro church Tupirani da Hora Lores is joined by congregants in calling on God to ‘massacre the Jews, and as Jewish groups file police complaint

21th century antisemitism in Australia: Antisemitism in Australia

11 October 2019 threats against Jewish boy forced to kiss Muslim classmate’s shoes: 11 October 2019: Australian Jewish boy forced to kiss Muslim classmate’s shoes gets threats, as reports say 12-year-old boy warned he’ll be slaughtered and asked if he wants to 'talk about suicide’

April 2014 Kansas Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting: 13 April 2014 Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting committed by neo-Nazi terrorist, klansman and former political candidate Glenn Miller

August 2014 surge in anti-Semitic incidents worldwide: 14 August 2014: The USA-based Anti-Defamation League recorded a 'dramatic surge' in anti-Semitic incidents worldwide since the beginning of Israel's Operation Protective Edge in July against Hamas rocket and tunnel attacks

February 2015 Tehran competition on Shoah denial: 21 February 2015: As upcoming Tehran competition to offer first place prize of $12,000 for best drawing on Shoah denial, Israel asks UN to condemn Iran Holocaust cartoon contest

2016 Simon Wiesenthal Center's list of worst anti-Semitic/anti-Israel incidents: Simon Wiesenthal Center's list of anti-Semitic/anti-Israel incidents in 2016

2017: 4 January 2018: Wiesenthal Center releases 2017 top ten list of worst global anti-Semitic/anti-Israel incidents

April 2018 global resurgence of antisemitism: 11 April 2018: Feelings of insecurity are widespread among European Jews as a result of the resurgence of the extreme right, a heated anti-Zionist discourse on the left and radical Islam, according to a global study of antisemitism, examining the prevalence of antisemitism in Europe, the post-Soviet region, the USA, Canada, Australia, South America and South Africa

1 May 2018 Mahmoud Abbas' anti-Semitism: 1 May 2018: Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas said that the Holocaust was not caused by anti-Semitsm, but by the 'social behavior' of the Jews, including money-lending - 2 May 2018: Leading scholars and activists came down on Abbas after he appeared to attribute the Nazi genocide of European Jewry to Jewish behavior and money-lending

14 May 2018: 14 May 2018: After the German Nazis adopted the phrase 'The Jews are our misfortune', in 2018 a banner with the colors of the Israeli flag that said 'The state Israel is our misfortune' was held by neo-Nazis in Dortmund, expressing their alleged solidarity with Palestinians by waving PLO flags against both the opening of the USA embassy in Jerusalem and the founding of the State of Israel

October 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting: 27 October 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting - 27 October 2018: Eleven people were killed and six wounded in a shooting at a synagogue in USA's Pittsburgh by gunman Robert Bowers, who reportedly walked in yelling 'all Jews must die'

Boycotts of Israel - Antisemitic boycotts - Boycotts of Israel by organizations

State ideologies - List of political ideologies

Religion-based wars - State religion - Confessional state - Freedom of religion by country - Religion and politics

Religious violence and Sectarian violence - Forced conversion is adoption of a different religion or irreligion under duress

So-called 'ethnic cleansing', the systematic forced removal of ethnic or racial groups from a given territory by a more powerful ethnic group, often with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous, involving various forms of forced migration (deportation, population transfer), intimidation, as well as genocide - List of ethnic cleansing campaigns since ancient and medieval periods - Ethnic cleansing by continent

Progroms, ascribed most often to the deliberate persecution of an ethnic or religious group either approved or condoned by the local authorities

Impunity refers in the international law to the failure to bring perpetrators of human rights violations to justice - Command responsibility

Since World War II 'Ratlines' system of escape routes for Nazis and other fascists: Since World War II 'Ratlines' system of escape routes for Nazis and other fascists fleeing Europe in the aftermath of their war and crimes, as these escape routes mainly led toward havens in Latin America, particularly Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Colombia, Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico, Peru, Guatemala, Ecuador, and Bolivia, as well as the USA, Spain and Switzerland

Germany's and Austria's responsibility for the Holocaust: German people's responsibility for the Holocaust, religious hatred and racism, implementation by German and Austrian Nazis and obedience - Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany since 1933 - Since 1935 Nuremberg Laws (Nürnberger Gesetze), antisemitic and racist laws in Nazi Germany, enacted by the Reichstag on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party - Since 1933 Hans Globke (later CDU) in the Office for Jewish Affairs in the Ministry of the Interior, wrote a legal annotation on the anti-semitic Nuremberg Race Laws that did not express any objection to the discrimination against Jews, and placed the Nazi Party on a firmer legal ground, setting the path to The Holocaust - Since September 1939 German invasion of Poland, marking the beginning of World War II - January 1942 'Wannseekonferenz' meeting of senior government officials of Nazi Germany and Schutzstaffel SS leaders held in Berlin, as the purpose of the conference, called by the director of the 'Reich Main Security Office' SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, was to ensure the co-operation of administrative leaders of various government departments in the implementation of the 'Final solution to the Jewish question' (Endlösung der Judenfrage) - Allied knowledge of German and Axis powers' war crims, atrocities and the Holocaust

Groups and numbers of Holocaust survivors and issues: Groups and numbers of Holocaust survivors - Immediate aftermath of the Holocaust, displaced persons camps and searching for survivors, hidden children, immigration and absorption, second generation of survivors

1942 - April 2017 archive of the UN war crimes commission: 1943-1949 United Nations War Crimes Commission, a commission of the UN that investigated allegations of war crimes committed by Nazi Germany and the other Axis powers in World War II, beginning its work at the behest of the British government and the other Allied nations prior to the formal establishment of the United Nations itself in October 1945

Duty of preventing and prosecuting war crimes in accordance with the Nuremberg Trials international law, developping the concept of command responsibility and saying that military commanders are imposed with individual responsibility for war crimes, committed by forces under their effective command and control - Duty to rescue and regulations by country - Omission (law), a failure to act, which generally attracts different legal consequences

Since 2006 Russian regime's poisoning of British citizen Alexander Litvinenko in London, remaining unpunished, international relations and foreign relations of many countries characterized by malice aforethought and insidiousness, cowardice and denial

Since 2004 'Impunity Watch', a project of the Dutch development organisation 'Solidaridad' - 'Impunity Watch' is an international non-profit human rights organisation, seeking to promote accountability for past atrocities, notably in countries emerging from a violent past - Since 2007 'Impunity Watch', online publication and interactive website by the Syracuse University College of Law, dedicated to inform the world about state violations of citizens' and human rights, operating as a law review, message board, and blog to of give a voice to people who are silenced

Violation of human rights in Russia

Violation of human rights in Iran

'Syria Watch' website of Impunity Watch online publication

Since 2009 International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists is marked annually on 23 November by advocates for free expression, following the 2009 Ampatuan massacre in the Philippines, when 57 individuals were murdered, including 32 journalists and media workers - 'International Day to End Impunity' website

2015: 8 October 2015: Getting Away With Murder - CPJ's 2015 Global Impunity Index spotlights countries where journalists are slain and the killers go free

2016: 27 October 2016: CPJ’s 2016 Global Impunity Index spotlights countries where journalists are slain and the killers go free

2017: April 2017: List of 20 deadliest countries for journalists

December 2016 absence of political will to act against war crimes: 7 December 2016: 'People ... have lost trust in everyone - in world leaders, in the international organisations that are watching them being killed, they lost faith in the United Nations, and they just count the days to their death' says Syria Relief's Dr Mounir Hakimi, the chairman of one of the last NGOs on the ground in Aleppo, as a joint statement by Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK and USA contains no commitments to new action and the USA ambassador to the UN Samantha Power tells AP that diplomatic efforts appeared to have failed, saying 'diplomacy has not delivered for the people of Aleppo, it is not us that walked away from diplomacy' - 8 December 2016: Western diplomats have conceded that there are no technical obstacles to a plan to deliver airdrops of food and medicine to Aleppo using a GPS-guided parachute system, but the scheme has been stalled in the face of reluctance among military commanders and an absence of political will

October 2018: 21 October 2018: Sudan's Omar al-Bashir has been travelling freely around the world despite an eight-year-old international warrant for his arrest on charges of war crimes and genocide, according to human rights lawyers, saying at least 33 countries ignored International Criminal Court’s warrants

December 2018: 10 December 2018: Nobel Peace winners Dr. Denis Mukwege of Congo and Nadia Murad of Iraq urge global action against sexual violence, as Mukwege criticized the international community for allowing Congolese to be 'humiliated, abused and massacred for more than two decades in plain sight', and as Murad told the ceremony that she wants world leaders to translate sympathy for victims into action against the abusers, saying 'the fact remains that the only prize in the world that can restore our dignity is justice and the prosecution of criminals'

Since 1914-1918 cover-ups of German World War I crimes: Since 1914-1918 cover-ups of World War I crimes by Imperial Germany

Since 1936-1939 cover-up of Franco's war crimes: Since 1936-1939 cover-up of war crimes of Franco's war against the Spanish Republic

Since 1939-1945 cover-ups of Nazi crimes and World War II crimes: Since 1939-1945 German efforts to destroy all evidence of mass extermination and cover-ups of Nazi crimes and war crimes - Holocaust denial - 9 May 2018: Germany's AfD decides not to expel critic of Holocaust memorial - 12 June 2018: AfD party ended a drive for the expulsion of member Bjoern Hoecke who suggested the country end its tradition of acknowledging and atoning for its Nazi past

Since 1945 cover-up of Japanese war crimes: Since 1945 cover-up of Japanese war crimes after the end of World War II - Nanjing Massacre denial - Japanese history textbook controversies concern government-approved history textbooks and nationalist efforts to whitewash the actions of the Empire of Japan during World War II

1955-1975 cover-ups of crimes in USA's Vietnam War: 1955-1975 cover-ups of crimes in USA's Vietnam War - Cover-up of the March 1968 My Lai Massacre, the mass murder of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians by USA troops in South Vietnam

Since the 1990s cover-ups of killings of journalists in Russia: Since the 1990s cover-ups of killings of journalists in Russia

Since 2006 Russian cover-up of the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko: Since 2006 Russian cover-up of the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko

2011-2018 Russian cover-up of doping: From 2011 to 2018, more than hundreds of Russian competitors in various sports, including summer, winter, and Paralympic sports, benefited from cover-ups, following systemic nature of doping in Russian sports

Since 2011 cover-ups of Assad's, Iranian and Russian war crimes: Since 2011 cover-ups of war crimes in Assad's war against the Syrian people

Since March 2018 Russian cover-up of the Salisbury poisoning: Since March 2018 Russian cover-up of the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, Dawn Sturgess and Charlie Rowley

Since October 2018 Saudi-Arabian cover-up of the murder of Jamal Khashoggi: Since October 2018 Saudi-Arabian cover-up of the murder of Jamal Khashoggi - 10 November 2018: France, Germany, Saudi Arabia, UK and USA 'have Khashoggi tapes', after Turkey has shared audio recording of Saudi journalist’s killing - 12 November 2018: Amid international demands of satisfactory explanations of the murder, Simon McDonald, who serves as British PM May’s special envoy, is in Saudi Arabia and has met crown prince Mohammed bin Salman, the first such visit since the international outrage over the Saudi Arabian regime's killing of Jamal Khashoggi in its consulate in Istanbul, as journalist's disturbing last words revealed and Jamal Khashoggi's fiance warns not to 'cover up' death - 21 November 2018: USA's Trump administration accused of trying to turn a blind eye to the murder of the Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi in Istanbul

7 February 2020 puniahed by regime, whistleblower Li Wenliang died from Wuhan coronavirus: On 7 February 2020 Li Wenliang, a Chinese ophthalmologist at Wuhan Central Hospital and a whistleblower who warned about the 2019–2020 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak on 30 December 2019, but was summoned and admonished by Wuhan police on 3 January 2020 for 'making false comments on the Internet', died from the infection after later returning to work and contracting the virus from an infected patient - 3/4 January 2020: Li Wenliang's punishment for 'rumor mongering' was aired on CCTV, signalling central government endorsement for the reprimand - 7 February 2020: Demands for freedom of speech in the wake of Li Wenliang’s death have been censored by the Beijing regime

16 February 2020 Chinese regime's Xi aware of danger of coronavirus weeks before sounding alarm: 16 February 2020: Beijing regime's Xi aware of potential danger of coronavirus weeks before sounding alarm

11 April 2020 China is cracking down on academic research about covid-19: 11 April 2020: Chinese regime is cracking down on publication of academic research about the origins of the novel coronavirus and covid-19, in what is likely to be part of a wider attempt to control the narrative surrounding the pandemic, according to documents published online by Chinese universities

July 2003: 14 July 2003: The Chinese Foreign Ministry criticized senior Japanese politician Takami Eto from PM Koizumi's Liberal Democratic Party for trying to whitewash history by denying the Nanjing Massacre

September 2917: 14 September 2017: AfD's Gauland says Germans 'have the right to be proud of the achievements of the German soldiers in two world wars'

April 1944 - 24 July 2019 former SS soldier Karl Muenter charged: 24 July 2019: German prosecutors said they have filed charges against Karl Muenter for incitement and disparaging the memory of Nazi victims, after the former SS soldier Karl Muenter, who has a previous conviction in France for killing 86 people in the northern French village of Ascq on the night of 1 April 1944 during World War II, but was never imprisoned much more pardoned in 1955 as part of French-German 'reconciliation' and German whitewashing, has blamed French victims for their own death and denied 6 million Jews killed, making his inflammatory remarks in an interview broadcast by German channel ARD in November 2018

February 1933 German Reichstag fire: 27 February 1933 Reichstag fire, an arson attack on the Reichstag building, home of the German parliament in Berlin, precisely four weeks after Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany

1955 Testimony of SA-member Hans-Martin Lennings: 1955 Testimony of SA-member Hans-Martin Lennings, published in July 2019, more than 80 years after the event

1933/1955/2019: 26/27 July 2019: When witness Hans-Martin Lennings and his colleagues of the Nazis' SA arrived with van der Lubbe at the Reichstag, he noticed 'a strange smell of burning and there were clouds of smoke billowing through the rooms', saying 1955 in an account confirmed by a Hanover court 'we were convinced that van der Lubbe could not possibly have been the arsonist, because according to our observation, the Reichstag had already been burning when we dropped him off there', as Reichstag blaze in Germany was used by Adolf Hitler used to claim a Communist plot and consolidate his influence with a crackdown

Since summer 1939 false flag project by Nazi Germany to create the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany: 1939 operation Himmler, a false flag project planned by Nazi Germany to create the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany, which was subsequently used by the Nazis to justify the invasion of Poland, including staging false attacks on themselves using innocent people or concentration camp prisoners - Gleiwitz incident, a covert Nazi German attack on the German radio station Sender Gleiwitz on the night of 31 August 1939

Since 2014 Russian Putin regime's 'little green men': Since 2014 'little green men', a term that refers to masked soldiers in unmarked green army uniforms and carrying modern Russian military weapons and equipment who appeared during the Ukrainian crisis of 2014 and during the illegal annexation of Crimea by Russia's Putin regime in 2014

26 January 2020 'we need to teach our children what words, what racism, what lies mean': 26 January 2020: 'We need to teach our children what words, what racism, what lies mean…', Bronia Brandman, born in Poland's town of Jaworzno in 1931, says during an interview at Manhattan’s Museum of Jewish Heritage, showing the blue tattoo inked on her forearm that is a mute testimony to the pain she suffered under the Nazis at Auschwitz, also saying for 50 years she couldn’t speak about it, for 25 years, she couldn’t laugh, but 75 years after the liberation of Auschwitz telling her story is the driving force of her life

Since antiquity persecution of Jews and lies about a Jewish world conspiracy: 2009: After Jews were persecuted since antiquity and the 'Middle Ages', lies about a Jewish world conspiracy, later used in Nazi propaganda, turned up in Germany in 1919 and was seen by anti-Semites as proof of forces that had caused Germany to lose World War I, a defeat to be cancelled in World War II

August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident: 2 August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident

2014/2015 Putin’s Crimea speech and lies: 17 April 2014: Putin asserts right to use force in east Ukraine - 9 May 2014: The brutal, bloody history behind Putin’s Crimea speech - 17 December 2015: After two years of resolute denials, Russia's Putin admits that he sent soldiers into eastern Ukraine after all

April 2018 Russian lies about 'novichok': 2 April 2018: Russian regime claims it could have been in interests of Britain to poison Sergei Skripal, as regime's Sergei Lavrov says UK government would benefit from attack as Brexit approaches

July 2018 Russian lies about war crimes in Syria: 25 July 2018: After 'Syrian Civil Defense has lost 251 volunteers since it was established, most of whom were killed in double-tap airstrikes by the Assad regime and Russian aircraft which target the same area twice in order to kill the first responders', smear campaign, murderous threats and persecution led by Russian regime against civil defense is due to its possession of evidence indicting Russian and Assad regime, revealing 'how Russia sees this organization as a real threat to the criminals and their supporters, especially with regard to the legal aspect', Syrian Coalition says

History of the legal profession: Legal profession - Legal education in different countries - History of the legal profession, having its origins in ancient Greece and Rome - 1758-1794 French lawyer Maximilien Robespierre and the reign of terror

Judicial misconduct - Malicious prosecution - Abuse of process - Perverting the course of justice - False accusation - False confession - Miscarriage of justice

2017: 27 April 2017: Using procedures to persuade defendants to plead guilty has reached ‘epidemic proportions’ and increases risk of miscarriage of justice, as more and more countries persuade defendants to plead guilty and renounce traditional trial rights, according to 'Fair Trials', also saying that 'abbreviated trials and cooperating witness procedures have increased about 300% since 1990, ... happening in more places than ever before

2009: Capital punishment in China - 2009 the Dui Hua Foundation estimates that 5,000 people were executed in China, far more than all other nations combined

2014/2015: 27 March 2014: Global executions up 15 percent in 2013, due in part to more executions in Iran and Iraq, followed by Saudi Arabia - 24 September 2015: UN issues urgent call for Saudi Arabia to stay execution of juvenile Ali Mohammed al-Nimr and his crucifixion after taking part in demonstrations three years ago for democracy and equal rights

2016: 6 April 2016: Iran and Pakistan fuel surge in executions worldwide to 25-year high, as Iran executed almost 1,000 people last year and as the world’s top five executioners in 2015 were China, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi-Arabia and the USA

2018: 12 avril 2018: Au total 993 exécutions ont été enregistrées dans 23 pays en 2017, soit un recul de 4% par rapport à 2016, mais ces statistiques excluent la Chine, pays qui exécute le plus mais garde le chiffre exact secret

Since 1992 killed journalists in Russia: List of journalists killed in Russia since 1992 - Assassinated Russian journalists

1999: 22 December 1999: Journalists ‘first target’ in conflicts, International Federation of Journalists says

2000-2008 killed journalists in Russia under Putin: Journalists killed in Russia since 2000 under Putin

2008-2011 during Medvedev presidency: 2008-2011 Journalists killed in Russia during Medvedev presidency

In July 2013 56 journalists killed in Russia since 1992 (motive confirmed): 9 July 2013: 56 journalists killed in Russia since 1992 (motive confirmed), CPJ says

Since 2012 again under Putin: Since 2012 Journalists killed in Russia again under Putin

2012: 3. Mai 2012: Morde an Journalisten nehmen in vielen Ländern dramatisch zu - 3 May: UN chief Ban Ki-moon expresses anger over a rise in the number of journalists killed in the line of duty - 22 November 2012: More journalists (119) have been killed this year while on assignment than at any time in the last 15 years - in Syria 36 victims - 26 December 2012: The number of deaths of journalists raise to 132 in 2012 as journalist Nanao Singh was shot dead by police amid anti-rape protests in India

2013: 1 November 2013: 1017 journalists Killed since 1992, CPJ says - 2013 World Press Freedom Index, dashed hopes - 18 December: 2013 second worst year for journalists in jail and Syria represented the deadliest country, CPJ says

2014: 19 February 2014: 134 journalists and media support staff killed in 2013 while on reporting assignments, an INSI study says - Biggest rises and falls in the 2014 World Press Freedom Index - 16 December 2014: 66 journalists killed in 2014 as attacks grow more 'barbaric' and kidnappings have soared, Reporters Without Borders say - 23 December: CPJ says at least 60 journalists around the world were killed in 2014 while on the job or because of their work, and 44 percent of them were targeted for murder - 31 December: The number of journalists who died in targeted killings, bomb attacks or shootings around the world rose to 118 in 2014 from 105 in 2013, Pakistan, Syria, Afghanistan, Palestinian territories, Iraq and Ukraine most dangerous, IFJ says

2015: January 2015 Charlie Hebdo terrorist attack in Paris, January 2015 Hypercacher terrorist attack in Paris and worldwide protests against the terror attacks in Paris, 'Je suis Charlie' solidarity movement with the victims and reactions of governments to the terror attacks - 12 January 2015: Tens of thousands of people rallied worldwide in solidarity with Paris terror victims, with marchers across Europe and the Middle East saying 'Je suis Charlie' and 'Je suis Juif' and holding pens in the air - 11 February 2015: Reporters Without Borders 2015 World Press Freedom Index stated there were 3,719 violations of freedom of information in 180 countries in 2014, 8% more than 2013 - Iran, China, Syria and North Korea among the countries with the very worst levels of press freedom, Russia slipped to the 152nd spot - 22 September 2015: Syrian cartoonist Akram Raslan reported killed under torture in Assad prisons - 28 December 2015: Journalist and film maker Naji Jerf shot dead in Gaziantep, who received death threats after he produced a film which documents 'Islamic State' group’s atrocities in Aleppo province - 29 décembre 2015: 110 journalistes tués dans le monde en 2015, particulièrement en Irak, en Syrie, en France, au Yémen, au Soudan du Sud, en Inde, au Mexique, selon 'Reporters sans frontières'

2016: 5 February 2016: UN panel urges UK and Sweden to end WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange's 'deprivation of liberty', arbitrarily detained by the UK and Sweden since he was arrested in London in 2010 after he enraged the USA by publishing hundreds of thousands of secret diplomatic cables - 19/23 February 2016: Syrian freelance journalist Majid Dirani was killed while photographing the shelling and aerial bombardment of Daraya, a suburb of Damascus, that has been besieged by Assad's army since 2012 - 22 February 2016: Syria the most dangerous country for the press in 2015, with at least 14 journalists killed, and at least 93 journalists killed in Syria since 2011, CPJ says condemning the killing of journalist Majid Dirani - 20 avril 2016: La liberté de la presse régresse partout dans le monde, quel que soit le paramètre considéré, selon 'Reporters sans frontières' - 25 June 2016: Syrian Coalition mourned the death of journalist Khaled Alissa, who was pronounced dead at a Turkish hospital of wounds he sustained in an assassination attempt along with fellow journalist Hadi Alabdullah in Aleppo on 17 June, and who sacrificed his life trying to document the crimes of the Assad regime against the Syrian people and to convey the truth to the world - 27 June 2016: Islamic State terrorists killed five journalists in the city of Deir-Ezzor, according to a video recording published on 26 June - 1 November 2016: Media activist and cameraman Abdel Salam Kanaan was covering events in the town of Zafarana in the northern Homs countryside when he was hit by an air raid that killed a number of civilians and wounded others - 7 November 2016: Zaman al-Wasl reporter Ammar Bakour killed along with eight civilians when Assad regime warplanes targeted the town of Al-Dana in Idlib province with four vacuum missiles, also leaving 20 others wounded - 19 December 2016: 'Reporters sans frontières' (Reporters Without Borders) say that at least 74 journalists have been killed around the world in 2016 while doing their job, as many journalists have fled countries that became too dangerous, especially Syria, Iraq, Libya, Yemen, Afghanistan and Burundi

2017: 4 January 2017: At least 86 journalist and media activists were killed and 123 others injured in Syria in 2016, according to SNHR rights group, adding that Assad regime forces were responsible for the overwhelming majority of the deaths, and that 11 journalists were killed and 31 wounded in Russian attacks across Syria in 2016 - 4 February 2017: At least three journalists were killed and one more injured by Assad regime forces and Islamic State terrorists in January, SNHR says adding that nine more journalists and media activists, including two female media activists, were detained in January - 6 March 2017: At least five journalists were killed and nearly 14 more injured in military operations by Assad regime forces in Syria's liberated areas in February, while one was killed by the ISIS extremist group, according to SNHR - 16 March 2017: In Syria, 211 journalists and citizen journalists killed in conflict which began with a wave of protests exactly six years ago, Reporters Without Borders say - 28 avril 2017: Mise à mal par les dirigeants de nombreux pays, la liberté de la presse dans le monde a de nouveau reculé en 2016 et environ 45% de la population mondiale vit dans un pays où la presse n'est pas libre, selon 'Freedom House' - 16 October 2017 assassination of Caruana Galizia - 2 November 2017: Marking the International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists, SNHR says in a report that at least 634 journalists and media activists have been killed in Syria in the past seven years - 30 November 2017: 'Local media are simply disappearing', as states are using commercial ruses to squeeze out liberal media, according to openMedia Freedom 2017 report and other reviews - 30 November 2017: Journalists living in fear as states crack down, and as new ARTICLE 19 metric measures global threats to freedom of expression and information in 172 countries, showing journalists threatened by government censorship, organised crime and commercial pressures, saying that media freedom around the world has fallen to the lowest level for at least a decade, and that only few countries show improvements including Tunisia - 19 décembre 2017: 2017 aura été l'année la moins meurtrière pour les journalistes professionnels depuis 14 ans, mais la Syrie demeure le pays le plus meurtrier pour les reporters avec 12 journalistes tués recensés, devant le Mexique (11), l'Afghanistan (9), l'Irak (8) et les Philippines (4), et le bilan reste terrible avec 50 professionnels tués dans le monde, 65 journalistes au total, selon RSF

February 2018: February 2018 murder of Slovak investigative journalist Ján Kuciak and Martina Kušnírová - 28 February 2018: Ján Kuciak was investigating political corruption linked to Italian mafia group at the time of his murder

May 2018: 30 May 2018: National newspaper's journalist Hector Gonzalez Antonio has been killed in Mexico, as CPJ demands a swift and credible investigation into his death, saying 'until Mexico takes concrete steps to solve media murders, the cycle of violence and impunity that has made the country one of the most dangerous places in the world for reporters will continue'

1 September 2018: 1 September 2018: Kiev court sentenced Borys German, who had pleaded guilty and agreed to cooperate with the investigation, to four-and-a-half years in prison after he was found guilty of helping to plot an attempt on the life of reporter Arkady Babchenko, who accused Russian regime of killing critics and unleashing wars in Ukraine, Syria and elsewhere

6 September 2018: 6 September 2018: The Assad regime and its Russian ally killed two media activists in August 2018 with the aim of concealing their crimes, as many as 22 media activists have been killed since the beginning of 2018, mostly by the Assad regime and its Russian ally, and the number of killed media activists and journalists in Syria since March 2011 was brought to 669, according to SNHR

2 and 18 October 2018: 2 October 2018 Assassination of Saudi Arabian journalist Jamal Khashoggi - 18 October 2018: Washington Post publishes final Khashoggi column, warning Mideast governments 'have been given free rein to continue silencing the media at an increasing rate’

16 October 2018: 16 October 2018: Maltese journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia reported on government corruption, but no politician has been questioned about her murder, says PEN International's novelist Margaret Atwood, asking where is the justice a year after her murder

19 October 2018: 19 October 2018: USA's Trump praises congressman Gianforte for bodyslamming Guardian journalist Ben Jacobs, who is Jewish, for asking a question about health care policy in May 2017 in Montana, amid international outcry over the disappearance and later admitted assassination of Saudi Arabian journalist Jamal Khashoggi

October/November 2018: 29 October 2018: As Saudi and Turkish prosecutors meet in Istanbul to discuss Khashoggi killing and regimes argue over which country should try the 18 suspects, rights group releases video of journalists around the world reading the Saudi writers’ final column titled 'What the Arab world needs most is free expression' - 30 October 2018: Hatice Cengiz, the Turkish fiancee of slain journalist Jamal Khashoggi, has called on USA's president Trump and other leaders to ensure that his death in Istanbul is not covered up - 17 November 2018: The assassination of journalist and Saudi regime critic Jamal Khashoggi in Istanbul was ordered by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, according to an examination by USA's CIA, complicating efforts to safeguard ties with and support for a suppressing and cruel kingdom - 22 November 2018: USA's CIA is in possession of a recording of Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman giving an order to 'silence Jamal Kashoggi as soon as possible', according to Hurriyet Daily News

November 2018: 24 November 2018: Syrian activists Raed Fares, since 2011 known and persecuted for his criticism of the Assad regime, jihadist groups and Western leaders he believed failed to stop the violence in Syria, and Hamod Jnaid, an advocate for freedom of expression and the rule of law, were 'shot dead by unknown assailants riding in a van in the town of Kafr Nabal' in the northwestern province of Idlib, according to their radio station Fresh FM

December 2018: 5 December 2018: Over 30 journalists, including Jamal Khashoggi, have been murdered so far this year for speaking the truth, 'The Guardian' pays tribute to some of them here - 18 décembre 2018: Les violences contre les journalistes sont reparties à la hausse en 2018, avec 80 journalistes tués à travers le monde, selon le bilan annuel de Reporters sans frontières RSF

9 January 2019: 9 January 2019: Turkish journalist and ICIJ member Pelin Ünker has been sentenced by a Turkish court in Istanbul court to more than a year in jail for her work on the 'Paradise Papers' investigation into offshore tax havens, because it revealed details of the business activities of the country’s former PM and his sons

16 January 2019 assassination of Ahmed Hussein-Suale: 16 January 2019 assassination of Ghanaian journalist Ahmed Hussein-Suale, who helped expose corruption in African and Ghanaian football, after he told CPJ in September 2018 that people had attempted to attack him and that he feared for his life following the publication of his image on the national television channel Net 2 TV, which Agyapong owns - 17 January 2019: Speaking without showing his face, journalist Anas Aremeyaw Anas says that his team, which had investigated corruption in Ghana's football leagues, face daily death threats

19 January 2019 death of photographer Ben Khalifa: 20 January 2019: Freelance photographer Ben Khalifa, a father of a five-month-old baby daughter, who had contributed to the AP among other news organizations was killed in clashes between rival militias in the Libyan capital Tripoli, according to government official and relatives

February 2019: 1 February 2019: Assad’s forces deliberately targeted Homs media center where foreign correspondent for The Sunday Times Marie Colvin, French photographer Remi Ochlik and others were working, as Colvin and Ochlik were assassinated by sustained artillery barrages on 22 February 2012, USA District Court Judge Amy Berman Jackson has ruled - 3 February 2019: USA's court verdict gives meaning to war reporter Marie Colvin’s death in 2012, who was remembered in December 2012 by BBC's Jeremy Bowen who knew his colleague through their work in numerous conflict zones over the past 30 years - 5 February 2019: Lebanese lawyer and expert in international law Tariq told Smart News Network that the USA court, that found the Assad regime liable for Colvin’s death, has the external jurisdiction to prosecute criminals, pointing out that the Interpol has the authority to enforce law against those who have been indicted in case international courts failed to take action

March 2019: 16 mars 2019: Santiago Barroso a été tué par balle à son domicile dans l'Etat de Sonora, devenant le troisième reporter tué au Mexique depuis le début de l'année

March/April 2019 Russian regime kills Syrian media worker: 3 April 2019: No fewer than 16 violations against journalists and media workers in Syria in March recorded by the Syrian Center for Journalistic Freedoms, saying that media worker Mahmoud Abdel-Al was killed in a Russian airstrike on the town of Jisr al-Shughour west of Idlib and two others were injured, bringing to 447 the number of media workers who where killed in Syria since mid-March 2011

May 2019 695 Syrian and foreign journalists killed across Syria since 2011: 4 May 2019: SNHR said that it registered the names of at least 695 Syrian and foreign journalists who have been killed across Syria since the beginning of the Syrian revolution in March 2011

6 May 2019 Libyan journalists kidnapped: 6 May 2019: Following the abduction of two journalists who work for Libya’s Al-Ahrar TV kidnapped by an armed group said to be loyal to warlord Khalifa Haftar, Libyan journalists protested in the capital Tripoli against the crime

23 May 2019: 23 May 2019: Sky News journalist Alex Crawford and her camera crew have been deliberately targeted by the Syrian Assad regime and repeatedly shot at while reporting on the regime’s assault on the province of Idlib

June 2019: 20 June 2019: Media activist Amjad Bakir from Saraqeb in the Idlib countryside, who was well known as a photographer, was killed while covering the ongoing fighting in the northern Hama countryside

20 July 2019 journalists killed across Syria: 20 July 2019: Two journalists were killed across Syria in June while three others were killed in the months of February, March and April, as Assad regime came at the top of the list of those responsible for the death of journalists in 2019, with the Russian forces coming second, according a report by Syrian journalists

22 July 2019 Photographer Anas Diab killed in Russian airstrikes: 22 July 2019: Photographer Anas Diab who works with the Syrian Civil Defense Corps, was killed in Russian airstrikes on the town of Khan Sheikhoun on Sunday, as violations against journalists and media activists across Syria continue

August 2019: 5 August 2019: Two journalists killed by Assad regime and Russia in July

December 2019 49 journalists killed this year: 17 December 2019: Reporters Without Borders says journalism remains a 'dangerous profession', with 49 journalists killed this year, 389 currently imprisoned, and 57 others being held hostage

Atmosphere of Earth - Greenhouse gas - Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere - Atmospheric methane

List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions - List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions in 2010

2011-2013: 29 May 2011: Record high 2010 global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement manufacture - 4. November 2011: Größter je gemessener Anstieg von Treibhausgasen in 2010 (China, USA, Indien etc.) - Heal's report 7 March 2013: 'The unpaid health bill' - emissions from coal-fired power plants in the EU contribute to over 18.000 premature deaths a year and cost an annual 42,8 billion euros - 17 April 2013: Progress towards the use of cleaner fuel technology has stalled, with production of the world's energy as dirty now as it was two decades ago, the International Energy Agency says - 11 May 2013: Carbon dioxide level passes a long-feared milestone - 18 October 2013: Air pollution a leading cause of cancer, the WHO says - 6 November 2013: Greenhouse gases in atmosphere hit new record in 2013, UN's WMO says - 19 novembre 2013: Les émissions de CO2 ont encore augmenté dans le monde en 2012, de 2,2%, atteignant le record de 35 milliards de tonnes, tirées par le charbon

March 2019 30 most polluted cities are in India: 5 March 2019: 22 of world's 30 most polluted cities are in India, Greenpeace says, as analysis of air pollution data finds that 64% of cities globally exceed WHO guidelines

19 December 2019 India under Modi's rule suffers most pollution-linked deaths in world: 19 December 2019: India under Modi's rule suffers most pollution-linked deaths in world, followed by China and Nigeria, as pollution causes more than 2 million deaths a year in India, while Chad, Central African Republic and North Korea saw highest per capita rates, GAHP study finds

2016: 25 January 2016: For the first time on record, temperatures in 2015 were about 1°C above the pre-industrial era, according to a consolidated WMO analysis - 23 May 2016: World could warm by massive 10C if all fossil fuels are burned, Canadian university study says - 21 July 2016: 2016 set to be world's hottest year on record, says UN, as average temperature in the first half of 2016 was 1.3C warmer than in the late 19th century - 6 August 2016: The Earth is perilously close to breaking through a 1.5C upper limit for global warming, only eight months after the target was set in Paris, leading climate scientists have warned

2017: 10 March 2017: Earth's oceans are warming 13% faster than thought, and accelerating, according to new study based on advanced research and measurements - 21 March 2017: The record-breaking heat that made 2016 the hottest year ever recorded has continued into 2017, pushing the world into 'truly uncharted territory', according to the World Meteorological Organisation - 2 August 2017: Deadly heat waves projected in the densely populated agricultural regions of South Asia, according to 'Science Advances' - 3 August 2017: Unless world abolishes carbon emissions a lot faster, temperatures are 90% likely to rise by 2 to 5 degrees Celsius by 2100, new study warns - 30 October 2017: The health of hundreds of millions of people around the world is already being damaged by climate change, a major report of 26 institutions around the world says

2018: 11 janvier 2018: Des millions de personnes supplémentaires à travers le monde risquent d'être sous la menace de rivières en crue ces 20 prochaines années à cause du réchauffement climatique, ont averti des scientifiques - 1 août 2018: L'année écoulée a été marquée par des températures anormalement élevées et des gaz contribuant au réchauffement de la planète ont atteint des niveaux record partout dans le monde en 2017, selon NOAA

6/7 August 2018: 7 August 2018: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state, according to leading scientists, warning that passing such a point would make efforts to reduce emissions increasingly futile

November 2018: 16 November 2018: China, Russia and Canada’s current climate policies would drive the world above a catastrophic 5C of warming, according to a study published in the journal Nature Communications that ranks the climate goals of different countries, saying the USA and Australia are only slightly behind and also showing even EU on course for more than double safe level of warming

January 2019: 16 January 2019: Growing tension between the world’s major powers is the most urgent global risk and makes it harder to mobilise collective action to tackle climate change, according to a WEF report

February 2019: 6 February 2019: Global temperatures in 2018 were the fourth warmest on record, adding to a stretch of five years that are now collectively the hottest period since modern measurements began, according to NASA/NOAA, as lowest Paris agreement target of 1.5C above pre-industrial levels may temporarily be surpassed for first time between now and 2023, according to Met Office

September 2019: 10 September 2019: The world’s readiness for the inevitable effects of the climate crisis is 'gravely insufficient', report says

November 2019 'Brown to Green' report, criticizing Australia, Canada, China, India, Russia, South Korea, the USA and more countries: 11 November 2019: Australia’s response to climate change is one of the worst in the G20 with a lack of policy, reliance on fossil fuels and rising emissions leaving the country exposed 'economically, politically and environmentally', according to the 2019 'Brown to Green' report, taking stock of the performance of G20 countries on climate change adaptation and mitigation across key sectors

February 2020 biodiversity hotspots under threat from human-driven global heating: 4 February 2020: Biodiversity hotspots that have given species a safe haven from changing climates for millions of years will come under threat from human-driven global heating, a new study has found

March 2020 climate finance not reaching most vulnerable: 5 March 2020: Analysis shows climate finance not reaching most vulnerable

Regional effects of global warming by continent - Climate change by country

Climate change in Africa: Climate change in Africa - Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa

Climate change and effects of global warming in Asia: Effects of global warming on South Asia - Climate change by country including Asian countries - Climate change in Russia

Climate change in North America: Climate change in North America

Climate change in South America: Climate change in South America

Climate change in Australia: Climate change in Australia

Climate change in Europe: Climate change in Europe

Climate and global warming in Antarctica: Global warming in Antarctica - Climate of Antarctica - Antarctic ice sheet - Antarctic sea ice - 23 December 2012: West Antarctic Ice Sheet warming twice earlier estimate, US researchers say - 20 May 2014: Antarctica is now losing about 160 billion tonnes of ice a year to the ocean - twice as much as when the continent was last surveyed, scientists say using measurements of CryoSat-2 satellite mission - 18 May 2015: NASA finds Antarctic ice shelf a few years from disintegration

January 2019 global warming melting Antarctic ice faster than ever before: 14 January 2019: Global warming melting Antarctic ice faster than ever before, according to a report in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Climate of the Arctic: Climate of the Arctic - Climate change in the Arctic - 13 August 2012: Arctic sea ice 'melting faster', UK scientists say - 27 August 2012: Arctic sea ice reaches record low, Nasa says

2016 arctic sea ice extent record low for winter: 28 March 2016: Arctic sea ice extent breaks record low for winter - 16 August 2016: Global surface temperatures and Arctic sea ice extent have broken numerous records through the first half of 2016, according to NASA

Climate of Greenland: Climate of Greenland - Greenland ice sheet

2011/2012 ice cover thawed over larger area than ever detected: 19. August 2011: Grönlands Gletscher schwinden schneller als erwartet - 25 July 2012: NASA finds that ice cover thawed over larger area than ever detected in more than 30 years of satellite observation

September 2016 Greenland's ice cap disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated: 22 September 2016: Greenland's ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, is part of a long-term trend, and is already a major contributor to rising sea level, according to research taking better account of the gradual rise of the entire Greenland landmass

January 2019 Greenland's ice melting: 21 January 2019: Greenland's ice melting faster than scientists previously thought, according to new PNAS study

April 2020 dramatic melting of Greenland ice sheet: 15 April 2020: Scientists confirm dramatic melting of Greenland ice sheet

Himalayas: Himalayas mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau - Glaciers of the Himalayas

February 2019: 4 February 2019: At least a third of the huge ice fields in Asia’s towering mountain chain are doomed to melt due to climate change, according to a landmark new report, with serious consequences for almost 2 billion people, as even radical climate change action won’t save glaciers

October 2011: 2 October 2011: Arctic ozone loss at record level

March 2014: 10 March 2014: New ozone-depleting gases found in atmosphere

Heat wave - Heat waves by country

2010/2012 Russian and North American heat wave: 21 February 2012: Climate change increased likelihood of Russian 2010 heatwave, international study says - Summer 2012 North American heat wave

2015 Indian heat wave: 2015 Indian heat wave - June 2015 Pakistan heat wave - 26 October 2015: Extreme heatwaves could push Gulf climate including Iran’s coast beyond human endurance if the world fails to cut carbon emissions, USA study shows - 28 October 2015: Rising heat stress could threaten labour capacity across south-east Asia, with Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia worst hit, British study says

July 2018 record high temperatures across much of the world: 13 July 2018: Record high temperatures have been set across much of the world this week as an unusually prolonged and broad heatwave intensifies concerns about climate change in hottest La Niña year to date on record

July 2020 heatwaves increased in both length and frequency in most of the world since 1950s: 3 July 2020: Heatwaves have become longer in most of the world since 1950s, as frequency of heatwaves and cumulative intensity has risen through the decades, research finds

Droughts - Droughts by continent

Wildfires - Wildfires by country

Tropical cyclones and climate change - Tropical cyclones - Tropical cyclones by region - Tropical cyclone impact by region

2017/2018 warmer waters triggered unusual number of major hurricanes: 28 September 2018: The Atlantic’s warmer waters triggered the unusual number of major hurricanes last year, according to a new study that predicts the region could see a couple of extra whopper storms each year by the end of the century

Drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged shortages its waters supply, whether atmospheric, surface or ground water - List of droughts

2015 climate change in the Middle East and droughts: 16 March 2015: Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the 2007-2010 drought, including the recent Syrian drought, causing widespread crop failure and mass migration - 12 June 2015: A global tour of seven recent water crises in a decade of drought - 29 August 2015: Middle Eastern states constitute 14 of the 33 most water stressed countries in a World Resources Institute study predicting growing competition over and depletion of water resources across the globe in the coming decades

2016 two-thirds of the global population live with severe water scarcity: 12 February 2016: At least two-thirds of the global population, over 4 billion people, live with severe water scarcity for at least one month every year, according to a major new analysis published in the journal Science Advances

2018: 19 March 2018: More than 5 billion people could suffer water shortages by 2050 due to climate change, increased demand and polluted supplies, according to a UN report on the state of the world’s water - 21 March 2018: Water inequality is increasing in the world’s most environmentally stressed nations, warn the authors of a report that shows more than 800 million people need to travel and queue for at least 30 minutes to access safe supplies - 60% of the world's population lives in areas of water stress, where the water supply cannot or will not continue to meet demand, 2018 State of the World's Water report says

August 2019 water crises: 6 August 2019: New data from WRI’s Aqueduct tools reveal that 17 countries, home to one-quarter of the world’s population, face 'extremely high' levels of baseline water stress, where irrigated agriculture, industries and municipalities withdraw more than 80% of their available supply on average every year, as 44 countries, home to one-third of the world, face 'high' levels of stress, where on average more than 40% of available supply is withdrawn every year

31 December 2019 water-related violence rises globally: 31 December 2019: Water-related violence rises globally in past decade, according to 'The World's Water', also saying that 17 countries, home to a quarter of the world’s population facing 'extremely high' water stress, 12 of them in the Middle East including Syria, Yemen, Iraq, Qatar, Lebanon, Iran and Jordan

Desertification - 21. September 2011: UN rufen zu Kampf gegen Wüstenbildung auf - 19 February 2012: Wildfires, peat fires and controlled burns on farming lands kill 339.000 people worldwide each year, says a Tasmanian university study

September 2018: 28 September 2018: The Atlantic’s warmer waters triggered the unusual number of major hurricanes last year, according to a new study that predicts the region could see a couple of extra whopper storms each year by the end of the century

January 2019: 16 January 2019: Our oceans broke heat records in 2018 and the consequences are catastrophic

September 2019: 22 septembre 2019: Dévastés par le dérèglement climatique et les pollutions causés par l'Homme, les océans s'apprêtent à déchaîner leur puissance sur l'humanité qui ne peut vivre sans eux, selon un rapport de l'ONU

December 2019 oceans losing oxygen at unprecedented rate: 7 December 2019: Oceans losing oxygen at unprecedented rate, experts warn, as tuna, marlin and other large fish at risk from spread of 'dead zones’

Sea level rise: Current sea level rise - Future sea level

May 2015: 11 May 2015: Sea level rise accelerated over the past two decades, research finds

September 2019 serious impacts 'already inevitable': 25 September 2019: Extreme sea level events that used to occur once a century will strike every year on many coasts by 2050, no matter whether climate heating emissions are curbed or not, according to a landmark report by the world’s scientists, concluding that many serious impacts are already inevitable, from more intense storms to melting permafrost and dwindling marine life

November 2019 sea level rise to challenge human civilization for centuries: 6 November 2019: Sea level rise is set to challenge human civilization for centuries to come, even if internationally agreed climate goals are met and planet-warming emissions are then immediately eliminated, researchers have found

Requirements for permanent settlements Sedentism - Human settlement - Origin of behavioral modernity, that distinguishes current 'Homo sapiens' from other anatomically modern humans, hominins, and primates - List of first human settlements - Timeline of agriculture and food technology since the 'Neolithic Revolution' 8,500 BC - 3000 BC and later, an agricultural revolution beginning in different areas - Populated places by type, period and location - Settlement geography

5 May 2020 one billion people will live in insufferable heat within 50 years: 5 May 2020: One billion people will live in insufferable heat within 50 years, as human cost of climate crisis will hit harder and sooner than previously believed, research reveals, saying the human cost of the climate crisis will hit harder, wider and sooner than previously believed, and people will either be displaced or forced to endure insufferable heat for every additional 1C rise in the global temperature

Effects of global warming on human health: Effects of global warming on human health

Climate change and poverty: Climate change and poverty are interrelated events, as global warming, affecting the natural environment, especially agriculture, also affects humans, and as climate change globally increases cycles of poverty, particularly in low-income communities

Climate change and gender: Climate change and gender, as climate change increases gender inequality, reduces their ability to be financially independent, and has an overall negative impact on the social and political rights of women, specially in economies that are heavily based on agriculture - Women in climate change, as contributions of women in climate change have received increasing attention in the early 21st century

Food and food science: Food science, the basic science and applied science of food; its scope starts at overlap with agricultural science and nutrition and leads through the scientific aspects of food safety and food processing, informing the development of food technology - Food chemistry, the study of chemical processes and interactions of all biological and non-biological components of foods - Food microbiology, the study of the microorganisms that inhibit, create, or contaminate food, including the study of microorganisms causing food spoilage, as well as pathogens that may cause disease

Food politics: Food politics, a term which encompasses not only food policy and legislation, but all aspects of the production, control, regulation, inspection, distribution and consumption of commercially grown, and even sometimes home grown, food. The commercial aspects of food production are affected by ethical, cultural, and health concerns, as well as environmental concerns about farming and agricultural practices and retailing methods. The term also encompasses biofuels, GMO crops and pesticide use, the international food market, food aid, food security and food sovereignty, obesity, labor practices and immigrant workers, issues of water usage, animal cruelty, climate change, and more - Food security

Food and drink by country: Food and drink by country - List of countries by food energy intake as estimated by the FAO Food Balance Sheets

Water distribution and resources on Earth: Water distribution on Earth, as most water in the Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from the world ocean's saline seawater, while freshwater accounts for nearly 1% of the total - Water, an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of most living organisms - Water resources, natural resources of water that are potentially useful, as uses of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and environmental activities, and as all living things require water to grow and reproduce - Hydrology, the scientific study of the movement, distribution and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability

Water conservation: Water conservation, including all the policies, strategies and activities to sustainably manage the natural resource of fresh water, to protect the hydrosphere, and to meet the current and future human demand

Seafood: Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans, prominently including fish and shellfish - History of seafood - Fish processing - Fish as food

Food crops: A crop is a plant or animal product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence, as crop may refer either to the harvested parts or to the harvest in a more refined state, and as most crops are cultivated in agriculture or aquaculture - Important food crops

Agriculture by type and country: Agriculture, the profession, science and art of cultivating plants and livestock - Agriculture by type, by continent, and by country - History of agriculture records the domestication of plants and animals and the development and dissemination of techniques for raising them productively, as agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa, as at several separate regions were involved as independent centers of origin - People in agriculture - Domestication of animals

Sustainable agriculture: Sustainable agriculture, farming in sustainable ways, which means meeting society's present food and textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs, and which can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services

Sustainable food system: Sustainable food system, a type of food system that provides healthy food to people while also providing sustainable impacts on both environmental, economic and social systems that surround food, as sustainable food systems start with the development of sustainable agricultural practices, development of more sustainable food distribution systems, creation of sustainable diets and reduction of food waste throughout the system

April 2020 business as usual ‘no longer an option’ for Europe’s food system: April 2020 review conducted for the EU found that up to 37% of global greenhouse gas emissions could be attributed to the food system, including crop and livestock production, transportation, changing land use (including deforestation) and food loss and waste sustainable food system for the EU, as experts say a shift to a more sustainable food system is inevitable - 9 April 2020: Business as usual ‘no longer an option’ for Europe’s food system, experts warn

Animal husbandry: Animal husbandry, the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, eggs, or other products, including day-to-day care, selective breeding and the raising of livestock - Animal feed, food given to domestic animals in the course of animal husbandry, as there are two basic types 'fodder' and 'forage' - Branches of animal husbandry - Livestock transportation

Environmental impact of livestock: Environmental impact of livestock - Environmental impact of pig farming, refers to the threats posed to the natural environment by large-scale intensive pig farming - Environmental impact of cattle farming and meat production

Environmental impact of meat production: Environmental impact of meat production, also including severe health effects on livestock workers - Meat industry - List of countries by meat consumption - List of countries by meat consumption per capita in 2017

October 2017 vast animal-feed crops to satisfy our meat needs are destroying planet: 5 October 2017: Vast animal-feed crops to satisfy our meat needs are destroying planet, as WWF report finds 60% of global biodiversity loss is down to meat-based diets which put huge strain on Earth’s resources, and as vast scale of growing crops such as soy to rear chickens, pigs and other animals puts an enormous strain on natural resources leading to the wide-scale loss of land and species

22 June 2020 'the whole system is built on using low-paid, badly exploited workers': 22 June 2020: Covid-19 outbreaks that have struck workers in meat plants around the world are due to poor working conditions and living quarters in a sector that is in a 'disastrous race to the bottom' in the quest for cheap meat, according to trade union representatives, saying 'the whole system is built on using low-paid, badly exploited workers'

2 July 2020 European Bank EBRD and World Bank's IFC pump billions of dollars into the global livestock sector: 2 July 2020: Two of the world’s leading development banks have pumped billions of dollars into the global livestock sector, despite warnings that reducing meat and dairy consumption is essential for tackling the climate crisis, as the International Finance Corporation IFC – the commercial lending arm of the World Bank – and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EBRD have provided $2.6bn for pig, poultry and beef farming, as well as dairy and meat processing, in the past 10 years

2019 IPCC's 'Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems': August 2019 IPCC's 'Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems', a landmark study by 107 experts from 52 countries - 8 August 2019: As IPCC report finds reduction in global heating requires transformation of food production and land management, also farmers demand change calling for national strategy on climate change and agriculture

2020 events and news in the environment, politics and environmental law: 2020 events and news in the environment, environmental law

2019-2020 locust infestation in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, South Asia and South America: 2019-2020 locust infestation in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, South Asia and South America is an outbreak of desert locusts which is threatening the food supply across the regions, after plague began in June 2019 and has continued through 2020, and as of April 2020, efforts to control the locusts are being hampered by ongoing restrictions in travel and shipping due to the covid-19 pandemic

February 2020 UN warning about locust infestation: 16 February 2020: UN issued a warning about the locust infestation in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, South Asia and South America

Ecosystems, biodiversity, agricultural biodiversity and food biodiversity: Ecosystems - Biodiversity, the variety and variability of life on Earth - Agricultural biodiversity - Food biodiversity, defined as 'the diversity of plants, animals and other organisms used for food, covering the genetic resources within species, between species and provided by ecosystems'

August 2018 rising levels of carbon dioxide could make crops less nutritious: 27 August 2018: Rising levels of carbon dioxide could make crops less nutritious and damage the health of hundreds of millions of people, research has revealed, with those living in some of the world’s poorest regions likely to be hardest hit

August 2019 climate crisis threatening civilisation: 8 August 2019: Climate crisis reducing land’s ability to sustain humanity, according to IPCC, saying global heating is increasing droughts, soil erosion and wildfires while diminishing crop yields in the tropics and thawing permafrost near the poles, threatening civilisation

2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Durban - 17. Juni 2011: Vorbereitungstreffen der UN-Klimakonferenz am 17. Juni 2011 erfolglos beendet - UN official July 2011: Climate change 'threatens peace' - 18 November 2011: IPCC report says that the risk from extreme weather events is likely to increase - 28 novembre: 17e conférence de l'ONU sur le réchauffement climatique - 190 pays réunis à Durban jusqu'au 9 décembre - 1 December 2011: Climate deal pushed by poorest nations - 4 December 2011: Protests at climate change summit in Durban demanding faster action - 5. Dezember 2011: 'Neue Welle der Entwaldung' - das Abholzen der Regenwälder gefährdet Klimaschutz und die Lebensgrundlage z.B. von Millionen von Afrikanern - 5 December 2011: Discovered earth-like planet 'Kepler 22-b' is too far away to go into exile, also for the international tea-party movement - 11 December 2011: UN climate conference in Durban approves deal delaying worldwide obligation to control greenhouse gases to 2020 - 13 December 2011: Canada to withdraw from Kyoto Protocol

2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Doha (Qatar) - 28. März 2012: Der Weltklimarat IPCC warnt vor einer Zunahme von Extremwettern infolge des Klimawandels - extreme Temperaturen und Hitzewellen hätten seit 1950 zugenommen, heisst es im neu veröffentlichten Bericht - 23 June 2012: Rio summit ends with an agreement from world leaders that charities say represents a 'missed chance' - 25 November 2012: As Qatar welcomes world leaders to the 18th UN climate change conference, its own environmental record has come under criticism as a major contributor to greenhouse gases - 6 December: The delegate Naderev Sano from typhoon-hit Philippines demanded that ministers at the Doha conference put aside their differences and take effective steps to combat global warming - 7 December: Standoff between rich and developing countries remains as UN climate talks near end - 8 December: Rich and poor nations disagree on funding as negotiators scramble to reach a global agreement on rising CO2 emissions - 9 December: Delegates in Doha agreed to extend the Kyoto protocol until 2020

History of climate change science - Scientific consensus on climate change - Media coverage of global warming - Climate change coverage by country

Water pollution - Marine pollution - Water pollution by country

Fresh water as a resource - Water pollution by country - Freshwater ecology - Water security, 'the reliable availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods and production'

2017: 19 October 2017: World's deepest lake Baikal in Siberia, which holds one fifth of the world’s unfrozen fresh water, crippled by putrid algae, poaching and pollution

May 2019: 8 May 2019: Only a third of the world’s great rivers remain free flowing, due to the impact of dams that are drastically reducing the benefits healthy rivers provide people and nature, according to a global analysis

Wastewater - Sewage - Acid mine drainage - Blackwater is a form of pollution produced in coal preparation - Industrial wastewater treatment - Agricultural wastewater treatment - Sewage treatment - Thermal pollution - Water cooling

Groundwater pollution - Pesticide drift

Water scarcity - the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet water needs within a region - List of countries by freshwater withdrawal

2015: 12 June 2015: A global tour of seven recent water crises in a decade of drought - 29 August 2015: Middle Eastern states constitute 14 of the 33 most water stressed countries in a World Resources Institute study predicting growing competition over and depletion of water resources across the globe in the coming decades

2016: 12 February 2016: At least two-thirds of the global population, over 4 billion people, live with severe water scarcity for at least one month every year, according to a major new analysis published in the journal Science Advances

December 2019 1.9 billion people at risk from mountain water shortages: 9 December 2019: A quarter of the world’s population are at risk of water supply problems as mountain glaciers, snow-packs and alpine lakes are run down by global heating and rising demand, according to an international study

2016: 1 June 2016: Leaked trade industry figures show a five-fold increase in the use of palm oil for biodiesel in Europe between 2010 and 2014, providing new evidence of links between deforestation in southeast Asia and the EU’s renewable energy mandate

2017: 28 September 2017: The world’s tropical forests are so degraded they have become a source rather than a sink of carbon emissions, according to a new study that highlights the urgent need to protect and restore the Amazon and similar regions

April 2019: 25 April 2019: Millions of hectares of pristine tropical rainforest were destroyed in 2018, according to satellite analysis, with beef, chocolate and palm oil among the main causes, as clearcutting of primary forest by loggers and cattle ranchers in Brazil dominated the destruction

Environmental impact by man-made sources - Environmental impact of war - Environmental impact of nuclear power - List of industrial disasters

Environmental impact of mining - Environmental impact of the coal industry - Environmental impact of the petroleum industry - Environmental impact of the energy industry

March 2017 pollution responsible for one in four deaths among all children under five: 7 March 2017: Pollution is responsible for one in four deaths among all children under five, according to new WHO reports, with toxic air, unsafe water, and and lack of sanitation the leading causes

June 2017 world’s top banks continuing to lend tens of billions for extracting the most carbon-intensive fossil fuels: 21 June 2017: Some of the world’s top banks are continuing to lend tens of billions for extracting the most carbon-intensive fossil fuels, as finance provided for tar sands, other unconventional oil and gas, as well as coal and liquefied natural gas amounted to $87bn for the top 37 banks in 2016, according to a report of top lenders

October 2017 deadly pollution, including toxic air, water, soils and workplaces: 19 October 2017: Pollution, including toxic air, water, soils and workplaces, kills at least nine million people and costs trillions of dollars every year, according to the most comprehensive global analysis to date, which warns the crisis 'threatens the continuing survival of human societies', published by the Lancet Commission on pollution and health

October 2018: 12 octobre 2018: Le réchauffement de la planète a multiplié par quatre le nombre des catastrophes liées au climat depuis les années 70, selon une étude du FICR

November 2018 G20 nations still led by fossil fuel industry: 14 November 2018: G20 nations still led by fossil fuel industry, climate report finds, showing that politicians are paying more heed to the fossil fuel industry than to advice from scientists

November 2019 world’s nations to produce more than twice as much coal, oil and gas as can be burned in 2030: 20 November 2019: The world’s nations are on track to produce more than twice as much coal, oil and gas as can be burned in 2030, according to an analysis based on the published national plans of the eight key producers Australia, Canada, Russia, USA, China, India, Indonesia and Norway, which account for 60% of global fossil fuel production, as plans of other big producers, including Saudi Arabia and Iran, are not publicly available

14 January 2020 Australia fires harbinger of planet’s future: 14 January 2020: Australia fires are harbinger of planet’s future, say scientists

19 February 2020 Madagascar ranged first amongst countries with economies most affected by environmental destruction: 19 February 2020: Madagascar has been placed first amongst countries with economies most affected by environmental destruction, according to WWF, as the country's environmental issues include soil erosion as a result of deforestation and overgrazing, desertification, contamination of surface water with raw sewage and organic waste, endangered species of flora and fauna, regular cyclones causing flooding in low-lying coastal regions

27 February 2020 World Bank criticised for providing $55m to aid fossil fuel extraction in Guyana: 27 February 2020: World Bank has been criticised for providing $55m to aid fossil fuel extraction in Guyana, at the same time that it has pledged to stop direct funding of oil and gas production

March 2020 global banks 'failing miserably' on climate crisis by funneling trillions into fossil fuels: 18 March 2020: The world’s largest investment banks have funnelled more than £2.2tn into fossil fuels since the 2015 Paris agreement, as analysis of the 35 leading global investment banks by an alliance of USA-based environmental groups said that financing for the companies most aggressively expanding in new fossil fuel extraction since the Paris agreement has surged by nearly 40% in the last year, and as USA's JP Morgan Chase bank, whose economists warned that the climate crisis threatens the survival of humanity last month, has been the largest financier of fossil fuels in the four years since the agreement

Exports of coal by country, including Australia, Indonesia, Russia, Colombia, USA etc. - List of countries by coal production, including China, India, USA, European Union, Australia, Indonesia, Russia, South Africa, Germany, Poland, Kazakhstan, Turkey, Colombia, Canada etc. - Imports of coal by country, including China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Germany, Turkey etc.

2015 toxic threats: 20 October 2015: The world’s top six toxic threats - lead, radionuclides, mercury, hexavalent chromium, pesticides and cadmium - affect the health of 95 million people, exposure to these pollutants result in debilitating and life-threatening diseases, especially in children

2016 top ten worst polluting industries: 'The World's Worst Pollution Problems 2016: The Toxics Beneath Our Feet' updates the top ten worst polluting industries

1957 Kyshtym disaster: Kyshtym disaster on 29 September 1957 at Mayak, a plutonium production site for nuclear weapons and nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in the Soviet Union, causing radioactive fallout over the Soviet, many neighboring states and ongoing contamination with radioactivity

1966 Palomares B-52 crash: 1966 Palomares B-52 crash, when a B-52G bomber of the USA Air Force's Strategic Air Command, carrying four Mk28-type hydrogen bombs, collided with a KC-135 tanker during mid-air refuelling - 19 October 2015: Nearly 50 years after a USA air force B-52 bomber carrying nuclear weapons crashed in Palomares in south-east Spain, USA's government has finally agreed to clean up the radioactive contamination that resulted from the 1966 crash

1979 Three Mile Island accident: Three Mile Island accident, partial nuclear meltdown that occurred on 28 March 1979 in reactor number 2 of Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station in USA's Dauphin County in Pennsylvania

1986 Chernobyl disaster: 1986 Chernobyl disaster, catastrophic nuclear accident released large quantities of radioactive particles into the atmosphere, which spread over much of the western USSR and Europe - 20 avril 2016: Des sols du continent européen sont toujours «contaminés» au Cesium 137, 30 ans après la catastrophe nucléaire de Tchernobyl, selon une étude de l'ACRO - 11 July 2019: Ukraine and its European partners formally inaugurated a new metal dome encasing the destroyed reactor at the infamous Chernobyl plant, wrapping up a two-decade effort

2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster: 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster with three nuclear meltdowns and releases of radioactive materials beginning on 12 March 2011

February 2020 'experts' say Fukushima radioactive water should be released into ocean: 1 February 2020: 'Experts' advising Japan’s government on a 'disposal method' for radioactive water from the destroyed Fukushima nuclear plant has recommended releasing it into the ocean, a move likely to alarm neighbouring countries

Radioactive waste - Radioactive contamination - High-level radioactive waste management - Plutonium in the environment

List of nuclear weapons tests - List of nuclear weapon test locations

2014 N-test legacy in stratosphere: 7 January 2014: N-test legacy in stratosphere bigger than thought

2014 60 years after USA's Bikini Atoll nuclear tests islands still unliveable: 2 March 2014: 60 years after USA's Bikini Atoll nuclear tests islands still unliveable

2016 French nuclear tests legacy: 28 juillet 2016: L'ancien Premier ministre de Jacques Chirac, Alain Juppé, s’exprimait à Papeete que les expérimentations atomiques menées par la France entre 1966 et 1996 en 'Polynésie française' avaient eu un impact environnemental et sanitaire, même si l'Etat a affirmé le contraire pendant plusieurs décennies

Nuclear weapons debate - Uranium mining debate - Nuclear power debate

Since 2014 diesel emissions scandal: Since 2014 International diesel emissions scandal - raising awareness over the high levels of pollution being emitted by diesel vehicles built by a wide range of carmakers, including BMW, Citroen, Fiat, Ford, Hyundai, Jeep, Mazda, Mercedes, Peugeot, Renault, Volkswagen group and Volvo, scandals relating to the emissions from diesel engines began in 2014 when emissions discrepancies between European and USA models of vehicles were highlighted by the International Council on Clean Transportation

2017 health impact of diesel emissions: 15 May 2017: The global human health impact of the diesel emissions scandal has been revealed by new research showing a minimum of 38,000 people a year die early due to the failure of diesel vehicles to meet official limits in real driving conditions, as most of the deaths are in Europe, where highly polluting cars are the main culprit, and in China and India

May 2018 breaching EU standards for nitrogen dioxide limits: 17 May 2018: The European Commission sent six countries, including Germany, France and the UK, to Europe’s highest court ECJ for breaching EU standards for nitrogen dioxide limits and for failing to meet EU air quality standards, in a long-running process of crimes, denials and shady tricks

April 2019 toxis air and children: 10 April 2019: Four million children develop asthma every year as a result of air pollution from cars and trucks, equivalent to 11,000 new cases a day occuring worldwide due to toxic air from traffic, a landmark study has found

September 2019 diesel car emissions: 10 September 2019: Emissions from diesel cars, even newer and supposedly cleaner models, increase on hot days, a new study has found, raising questions over how cities suffering from air pollution can deal with urban heat islands and the climate crisis

October 2019 super-rich fuelling growing demand for private jets: 27 October 2019: Almost 8,000 new private jets are expected to be bought by multinational companies and the super-rich over the next decade, each of which will burn 40 times as much carbon per passenger as regular commercial flights, according to an aviation report, as growth centred in USA and China, with slowdown in Sweden

April 2016 agriculture's crucial role for planet’s future: 28 April 2016: Agriculture will play a crucial role in addressing the planet’s most pressing challenges, whether on food production, health or the preservation of the environment, special report shows

September 2019 driving the climate crisis by public farm subsidies: 16 September 2019: The public is providing more than $1m per minute in global farm subsidies, much of which is driving the climate crisis and destruction of wildlife, promoting high-emission cattle production, forest destruction and pollution from the overuse of fertiliser, as just 1% of the $700bn a year given to farmers is used to benefit the environment according to a new report

September 2017 a third of the planet’s land severely degraded: 12 September 2017: A third of the planet’s land is severely degraded and fertile soil is being lost at the rate of 24bn tonnes a year, according to a new UN-backed study that calls for a shift away from destructively intensive agriculture

Environmental impact of pesticides - Health effects of pesticides (non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, neurological problems, birth defects, fetal death, neurodevelopmental disorder and more) may be acute or delayed in those who are exposed - Pesticide residue refers to chemicals and pesticides that may remain on or in food, especially derivatives of chlorinated pesticides, exhibit bioaccumulation which could build up to harmful levels in the body as well as in the environment, persistent chemicals can be magnified through the food chain and have been detected in a wide range of products - Insecticides - Chemical herbicides since the early 20th century, a result of research conducted in both the UK and the USA during World War II into the potential use of agents as biological weapons

2013: 20 October 2013: Agrochemicals linked to health problems in Argentina - 10 December 2013: The use of pesticides increased 858% in the last 22 years in Argentina, but as there is a great business for the global poison industry, led by Monsanto and Bayer, and as its products are sprayed over areas of intense monoculture, where more than 12 million people live, the public health is faced with great problems, according to the Network of Physicians working in crop-sprayed towns

2014: 24 June 2014: The world’s most widely used insecticides have contaminated the environment across the planet so pervasively that global food production is at risk, international team of scientists says - 28 October 2014: About 2,000 hectares of fertile land are lost each day due to damage caused by salt in areas of dry irrigated land with little rainfall, according to a UN analysis

2015: 23 March 2015: The UN’s International Agency for Research on Cancer says that three pesticides, the herbicide glyphosate – the active ingredient in USA's Monsanto's Roundup – and the insecticides malathion and diazinon, were 'probably' carcinogenic and two others, which have already been outlawed or restricted, were 'possibly' so - 11 November 2015: Glyphosate has devastating, dramatic effects on the health of people living in very close contact with it, Argentinian photographer Pablo Ernesto Piovano's report on the conditions of people living and working close to GM soy crops, where massive amounts of herbicide are used, reveals

February/March 2017: 21 February 2017: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay farm transgenic seeds glyphosate resistant, but there is an association between cancer and environmental exposure to Glyphosate - 7 March 2017: UN experts denounce 'myth' pesticides are necessary to feed the world, as report warns of catastrophic consequences and blames manufacturers for ‘systematic denial of harms’ and 'unethical marketing tactics’

July/August 2017: July/August 2017 Egg contamination scandal in EU's Netherlands, Belgium and Germany - 3 August 2017: Millions of eggs are being recalled from shops and warehouses in Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium after they were found to contain high levels of a toxic insecticide banned from use in the production of food for human consumption

August 2018 Monsanto’s Roundup verdict: 11 August 2018: Monsanto, now a unit of Bayer AG, suffered a major blow with a San Francisco jury ruling that the company was liable for terminally ill Dewayne Johnson’s cancer, awarding him $289m in damages, after Monsanto’s Roundup weedkiller caused his cancer without warning him of the health hazards from exposure, and after the jury further found that Monsanto 'acted with malice or oppression' and 'fought science' for years, targeting academics who spoke up about possible health risks of the herbicide product - Monsanto legal cases

August 2018: 16 August 2018: Cancer-linked herbicide, sold as Roundup by Monsanto, present in 45 products including granola, snack bars and Cheerios, marketed to USA children, a public health organization's study has found

April 2019: 11 April 2019: French appeals court in Lyon has said USA chemicals giant Monsanto, which was bought by Germany’s Bayer last year, was guilty of poisoning a farmer who said he suffered neurological damage after accidentally inhaling fumes from a weedkiller made by the company

Pollinator decline refers to the reduction in abundance of insect and other animal pollinators in many ecosystems worldwide beginning at the end of the twentieth century - List of crop plants pollinated by bees - Beekeeping - List of diseases of the honey bee - Bees and toxic chemicals - Pesticide toxicity to bees - Imidacloprid effects on bees - 'Imidacloprid' systemic insecticide, belonging to a group of pesticides called neonicotinoids, the primary producer of imidacloprid is the German chemical firm 'Bayer CropScience'

May 2016 beekeepers suffered severe losses: 11 May 2016: From April 2015 to March 2016, USA beekeepers lost 44% of their colonies, as 28% of bee colonies were lost over the 2015/16 winter and more than half of surveyed beekeepers said they suffered unsustainable losses

February 2019: 17 février 2019: Près de la moitié des espèces d'insectes, essentiels aux écosystèmes comme aux économies, sont en déclin rapide dans le monde entier, selon une étude

January 2019 cuts in red meat-eating in western countries and changes across the world required: 16 January 2019: Science-based diet that tackles both the poor food eaten by billions of people and averts global environmental catastrophe, requiring huge cuts in red meat-eating in western countries and radical changes across the world, has been devised by the 'EAT-Lancet Commission on Food, Planet, Health'

2013: March Against Monsanto 25 May 2013 - 26 May 2013: Worldwide protests against seed giant Monsanto and the genetically modified food it produces

2015/2016: 26 October 2015: Raging forest fires across Indonesia are thought to be responsible for up to half a million cases of respiratory infections, with the resultant haze covering parts of Malaysia and Singapore now being described as a 'crime against humanity' - 19 September 2016: Haze from Indonesian fires last year may have caused over 100,000 premature deaths, according to a new study of Harvard and Columbia universities that triggers calls for action

2016: 13 October 2016: International judges will take evidence in The Hague from witnesses and victims of USA agri-business Monsanto, which manufactured hundreds of thousands of tonnes of Agent Orange for use as a chemical weapon in the Vietnam war, and is now the world’s biggest genetically modified seed corporation also developing toxic polychlorinated biphenyls and glyphosate, in an attempt by hundreds of grassroots groups to hold the company accountable for human rights violations, crimes against humanity, and 'ecocide', or widespread environmental damage

September 2018: 19 September 2018: EU probes German car makers including BMW, Daimler, Volkswagen and Audi for suspected collusion to cheat emission tests

2015: 27 August 2015: Between 2002 and 2013, at least 448 environmentalists were killed in Brazil, according to Global Witness

2016: 4 March 2016: New data of Global Witness on the murder rate of environmental and land activists in Honduras, the highest in the world, for taking a stand against destructive dam, mining, logging and agriculture projects - 20 June 2016: 2015 became deadliest year for environmental activists, as at least 185 activists were killed, anti-mining activities were the most deadly with 42 deaths related to protests, according to 'Global Witness' - 21 October 2016: As last year was the deadliest on record for environmental campaigners and more than three people were killed each week in 2015 by police, private security or hired assassins, states and investors must take steps to tackle this human rights crisis, UN special rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders Michel Forst says in a report for the UN general assembly

2017/2018: 2 February 2018: 197 people killed last year for defending land, wildlife or natural resources, new Global Witness data reveals - 2 March 2018: As the Guardian and Global Witness revealed that almost four environmental defenders were murdered every week in 2017, War on Want learned of two more killings through our Latin American partner organisations - 19 mars 2018: En 2017, près de 200 personnes, activistes, leaders indigènes, scientifiques ou simples villageois, ont été tuées pour avoir voulu protéger l’environnement, première responsable l’industrie agroalimentaire, selon Global Witness

August 2019 environmental activist murders double in 15 years: 5 August 2019: Killings of environmental defenders have doubled over the past 15 years to reach levels usually associated with war zones, according to a study that reveals how murders of activists are concentrated in countries with the worst corruption and weakest laws

Extinction risk from global warming - Habitat destruction is the process in which natural habitat is rendered unable to support the species present, habitat destruction by human activity is mainly for the purpose of harvesting natural resources for industry production and urbanization - Overexploitation refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns

2016: 14/16 September 2016: Humanity is driving an unprecedented extinction of sealife unlike any in the fossil record, hunting and killing larger species in a way that will disrupt ocean ecosystems for millions of years, scientists have found - 27 October 2016: World facing biggest mass extinction since dinosaurs, with two thirds of animals wiped out in 50 years, report by the World Wildlife Fund and the Zoological Society of London says

2018: 30 October 2018: Humanity has wiped out 60% of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles since 1970, leading the world’s foremost experts to warn that the annihilation of wildlife is now an emergency that threatens civilisation

May 2019 biodiversity crisis and UN report: 6 May 2019: UN’s global assessment report paints a dire picture of our effect on the natural world, saying one million species at risk of extinction - 7 May 2019: UN environment warning on biodiversity crisis

Colony collapse disorder causes significant economic losses because many agricultural crops worldwide are pollinated by honey bees - List of crop plants pollinated by bees

2010: 2 May 2010: Fears for crops as shock figures from America show scale of bee catastrophe

2017 global contamination by bee-harming pesticides: 5 October 2017: Honey tests reveal global contamination by bee-harming pesticides, as neonicotinoid insecticides are found in 75% of global honey samples and half contain a cocktail of chemicals - 6 October 2017: Nerve agents in honey

Poaching, the illegal hunting, killing, or capturing of wild animals, usually associated with land use rights - Illegal wildlife trade over the world - Wildlife smuggling

2015: 19 June 2015: The rate of extinction for species in the 20th century was up to 100 times higher than it would have been without man’s impact, scientists say in their study 'Accelerated modern human–induced species losses'

2016: 12 August 2016: Elephants on the path to extinction as the world’s population of elephants is nearing a critical point - 3 October 2016: A bid to give the highest level of international legal protection to all African elephants was defeated at a 'Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species' global wildlife summit of 182 nations in Johannesburg, after the EU played a pivotal role in blocking the proposal, which was fought over by rival groups of African nations - 8 December 2016: Giraffes facing extinction after suffering a devastating decline in numbers resulting from illegal hunting, habitat destruction, changes through expanding agriculture and mining, deforestation, pollution and civil wars, with nearly 40% of giraffes lost in the last 30 years, according to the latest IUCN 'red list' analysis

March 2019: 17 March 2019: Deadly air in our cities, as traffic pollution is putting especially children at risk

Environmental effects of urbanization - Urban heat island is a city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities

Urban ecology, the scientific study of the relation of living organisms with each other and their surroundings in the context of an urban environment - Sustainable urbanism

Urban planning - Urban design

Architecture - Herrschaftsarchitektur (ruling-class architecture) - Skyscraper - Sustainable architecture

Industrial accidents and incidents by country: Industrial accidents and incidents by country

Building collapses by country: Building collapses - Building collapses by country

Urban fires: Urban fires

Aviation accidents and incidents, by country and type: Aviation accidents and incidents - Aviation accidents and incidents by country - Aviation accidents and incidents by type

Bridge disasters by cause: Bridge disasters by cause

Railway accidents, by country and type: Railway accidents and incidents by country - Railway accidents by type

Road accidents and incidents by country: Road accidents and incidents - Road incidents by country

Shipwrecks by location and type: Shipwrecks - Shipwrecks by location - Shipwrecks by type

Since 2011 transport disasters involving refugees: Since 2011 transport disasters involving refugees in the international refugee and migrant crisis

2013: 23 October 2013: Tuberculosis killed 1.3 million last year, WHO says

Infant mortality - List of countries by infant mortality rate - Child mortality

2012: 'The Lancet' 11 May 2012: Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 - 11. Mai 2012: Vermeidbare Infektionskrankheiten haben 2010 fast zwei Drittel aller Todesfälle bei Kindern unter fünf Jahren verursacht - 12 September 2012: Unicef says global mortality rates fall

March 2019 global health and democracy: The relationships between democratic experience, adult health, and cause-specific mortality in 170 countries between 1980 and 2016, an observational analysis published by 'The Lancet' on 13 March 2019 - May 2006 'Health and Democracy', by Timothy Besley and Masayuki Kudamatsu - Pro-democracy resistance grows from 27% in 2009 to 44% in 2019 amidst an autocratization surge, and during 2019 citizens in 29 democracies mobilized against autocratization, such as in Bolivia, Poland, and Malawi, as citizens staged mass protests in 34 autocracies, among them Algeria, Hong Kong, and Sudan, according to University of Gothenburg democracy report 2020

Lists of Diseases: Lists of Diseases - List of causes of death by rate

Epidemic: Epidemic - List of infectious diseases - A pandemic, an epidemic of disease that has spread across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of people - List of epidemics and pandemics since antiquity - List of epidemics in the 21st century - Infectious disease deaths by country

1918 flu pandemic during World War I, mistakenly called 'Spanish flu': 1918 World War I flu pandemic (mistakenly called 'Spanish flu') in the last year of German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman's empires' World War I 1914-1918, lasting from spring 1918 through spring or early summer 1919, and infecting 500 million people – about a third of the world's population at the time - as the death toll is estimated to have been anywhere from 17 million to 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in human history

5 May 2020 covid-19 afflicted 2020 looks very much like 1918: 5 May 2020: Virus-afflicted 2020 looks very much like 1918 despite science’s march, 'Times of Israel' reports

Since 1918 history of swine influenza and transmission from pigs to humans: Since 1918 history of swine influenza and transmission from pigs to humans, an infection caused by any one of several types of swine influenza viruses, as people with regular exposure to pigs are at increased risk of swine flu infection

June 2020 new swine flu strain found in China with pandemic potential: 30 June 2020: New swine flu strain found in China with pandemic potential,as tests indicate G4 strain of pig-carried H1N1 may have already infected 4.4% of general population, but no evidence yet of human-to-human transmission, according to USA science journal PNAS

Diseases of the respiratory system: Diseases of the respiratory system, as ICD-10 is an international statistical classification used in health care and related industries, including diseases of flu, asthma, and respiratory failure

2005 studies identified SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese bats: In 2005, two studies identified a number of SARS-like coronaviruses in Chinese bats, as phylogenetic analysis of these viruses indicated a high probability that SARS coronavirus originated in bats and spread to humans either directly or through animals held in Chinese markets, and as in late 2006, scientists established a genetic link between the SARS coronavirus appearing in civets and humans, confirming claims that the virus had jumped across species

Bat as food in Asia and China: Bat as food in Asia and China, as specific bat species eaten in China include the cave nectar bat, Pomona roundleaf bat, Indian flying fox, and Leschenault's rousette

Since February 2018 'Animals farmed update' by the British 'Guardian': Since February 2018: 'Animals farmed update' by the British newspaper 'The Guardian'

2019–2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic, timeline and criticism: 2019–2020 Chinese coronavirus outbreak and pandemic - Timeline of the 2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak since 30 December 2019 - Socio-economic impact of the 2019–2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic

2019–2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic by country and territory: 2019–2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic by country and territory

2019/2020 Chinese censorship to suppress information about the coronavirus, its dangers and human rights: 2019/2020 early Chinese censorship to suppress information about the coronavirus and the dangers it poses to public health, as the epidemic was allowed to spread for weeks before efforts were undertaken to contain the virus, as the Chinese doctor who alerted his colleagues about coronavirus was detained and censored for 'spreading false rumors', as the 'Supreme People's court of China' dismissed the coronavirus spread as 'rumor', as rights group criticized that China's aggressive lobbying of the World Health Organization involved minimizing of the severity of the outbreak - Human rights issues during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic - Due to the high volume of patient inflow in Italy in February/March 2020, doctors were forced to decide on whether or not to treat the very old, leaving them to die

2020 daily updated coronavirus global cases by Johns Hopkins University: 2020 daily updated Chinese coronavirus global cases and confirmed cases by country and region by the Johns Hopkins University

28 January 2020 mayor of Wuhan admits authorities were too slow in releasing information about virus: 28 January 2020: Mayor of Wuhan admits authorities were too slow in releasing information about virus, as first human transmission in Europe confirmed, and as USA updates travel warning to China to highest level

7 February 2020 ophthalmologist and whistleblower Li Wenliang died from Wuhan coronavirus: On 7 February 2020 Li Wenliang, a Chinese ophthalmologist at Wuhan Central Hospital and a whistleblower who warned about the 2019–2020 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak on 30 December 2019, but was summoned and admonished by Wuhan police on 3 January 2020 for 'making false comments on the Internet', died from the infection after later returning to work and contracting the virus from an infected patient - 7 February 2020: Demands for freedom of speech in the wake of Li Wenliang’s death have been censored by the Beijing regime

9 March 2020 WHO hasn't called covid-19 a pandemic but others do: 9 March 2020: The World Health Organization hasn't called the coronavirus outbreak a pandemic, but CNN is using the term pandemic to describe the current covid-19 outbreak - Zeitpunkt der Pandemie-Erklärung der WHO und Kritik an der WHO

11 March 2020 expanding clusters of the Chinese coronavirus worldwide were eyed warily as the outbreak upended daily life in Italy and elsewhere: 11 March 2020: Expanding clusters of the new coronavirus were eyed warily as the outbreak upended daily life in Italy and reshaped everything from the USA presidential race to Polish schools, Japanese Fukushima disaster anniversary, British interest rate's and politicians' future, Pope Francis’ travel, Putin's and Assad's wars etc.

18 March 2020 Chinese coronavirus can persist in air for hours and on surfaces for days: 18 March 2020: The highly contagious Chinese coronavirus called COVID-19, that has exploded into a global pandemic, can persist in air for hours and on surfaces for days, according to a new NIAID study that should offer guidance to help people avoid contracting the respiratory illness - Coronavirus disease 2019 - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 - COVID-19 testing

19 March 2020 Italian province struggles to bury its coronavirus dead: 19 March 2020: Italian province struggles to bury its coronavirus dead, as coffins pile up and corpses are sealed off in homes as Bergamo’s funeral firms are overwhelmed, as of Wednesday Chinese virus had killed 2,978 across Italy, all buried or cremated without ceremony, and those who die in hospital do so alone, with their belongings left in bags beside coffins before being collected by funeral workers

22 March 2020 more victims of coronavirus pandemic: 22 March 2020: Global coronavirus death toll crossed 13,000, forcing over a billion people to remain at home, stretching governments and health workers to respond to the growing crisis, forcing lockdowns in 35 countries, disrupting lives, travel and businesses as governments scramble to shut borders and unleash hundreds of billions in emergency measures - 22 March 2020: Spain death toll rises by almost 400, as Germany and Iran see cases jump, as Italy warns of worst crisis since WWII, as India launches curfew, as 10 more people die from virus in Indonesia, and as first deaths in Colombia, Guam, Kosovo and Romania reported

23-25 March 2020 1.5 billion people to stay home as global death toll of coronavirus pandemic passes 19,600: 23 March 2020: More than 1.5 billion people — one-fifth of the world's population — were globally asked or ordered to stay home to try to blunt the spread of the Chinese coronavirus - 25 March 2020: Global death toll of coronavirus pandemic passes 19,600 as total of confirmed cases passes 435,000, as death toll in Spain overtakes China, and India locks down, according to the British 'Guardian' and Johns Hopkins experts

26 March 2020 global virus infections near 500,000: 26 March 2020: Global virus infections near 500,000 as health care systems in Europe and New York buckle under the weight of caring for seriously ill victims

27 March 2020 Spain records highest single-day spreading coronavirus death toll: 27 March 2020: Spain records highest single-day death toll and withdraws 'inaccurate' testing kits, as South Africa records first Covid-19 deaths, as China closes borders, and as British PM tests positive

28 March 2020 number of coronavirus infections topped 600,000: 28 March 2020: The number of confirmed coronavirus infections worldwide topped 600,000, as virus already has put health systems in Italy, Spain, France, in New York and New Orleans under extreme strain, as lockdowns of varying severity have been introduced across Europe, in Africa, Asia and in the Americas, and as officials dug in for a long fight against the pandemic

29 March 2020 global deaths pass 30,000 victims: 29 March 2020: Spain records new highest daily death toll with further 838 deaths, as Syria reports first Covid-19 death, as Italy expects peak in a week, and as global deaths pass 30,000 with one-third in Italy, as millions of people in and around Tokyo are urged to stay at home after more confirmed coronavirus cases, and as the mayor of New York says the city will run out of essential medical supplies and personnel on 5 April

30 March 2020 in Zimbabwe, 'You Win Coronavirus or You Win Starvation': 30 March 2020: In Zimbabwe, 'You Win Coronavirus or You Win Starvation', as people in one of the world's most devastated nations are choosing daily survival over measures to protect themselves from a virus that 'might not even kill us', pushed aside in the struggle to obtain food, cash, cheap public transport, even clean water after World Health Organization's recommended virus precautions, and after UN expert called the number of hungry people in Zimbabwe 'shocking' for a country not in conflict and World Food Program has said more than 7 million people, or half the country, needs aid - 30 March 2020: Covid-19 death toll in Spain reaches 7,340, as Moscow and Lagos in lockdown and countries tighten restrictions

31 March 2020 global confirmed infections pass 800,000: 31 March 2020: The number of confirmed cases of coronavirus infection around the world has passed 800,000, with more than 38,000 death, as Spain reports record single-day death toll, Vietnam enters lockdown, as Italy extends lockdown until Easter, as number of confirmed coronavirus cases in the USA at 164,539, and as Russia records biggest daily rise in cases for seventh day running

1 April 2020 reports of cases also in war-torn Syria, Yemen, Libya and record daily fatalities: 1 April 2020: Spain passes 100,000 cases, as USA officials predict up to 240,000 USA coronavirus deaths in country, amid reports of record daily fatalities in UK, France, Spain and Russia in the worst global health, social and economic crisis since the 1855-1960 bubonic plague pandemic that began in Yunnan, spreading to all inhabited continents and ultimately leading to more than 12 million deaths in India and China, considered active until 1960, when worldwide casualties dropped to 200 per year, aside from recently and completely man-made disasters since German, Italian and Japanese empires' World War II, including the 1946-1954 French Indochina War, the 1950-1953 Korean War, the 1954-1962 French Algerian War, the 1955-1975 USA's Vietnam War, the 1967-1970 Nigerian Civil War, the War in Afghanistan since 1978, the 1998-2003 Second Congo War, and ongoing Assad's, Khamenei's and Putin's war against the Syrian people since 2011 - 1 April 2020: After the coronavirus pandemic crippled healthcare services on an unprecedented scale, countries in the Middle East already demolished by war are bracing themselves for disaster, as doctors and health officials tell 'The Independent' in over a dozen interviews across Syria, Yemen and Libya that they cannot halt the spread of the deadly coronavirus, and that healthcare systems are completely 'open and vulnerable' to the impending crisis

2 April 2020 Spain death toll passes 10,000 as Russia and Afghanistan report single-day records: 2 April 2020: Spain death toll passes 10,000 with record single-day rise of 950, as Iran passes 50,000 cases and 3,136 deaths, as Russia and Afghanistan record single-day records, and as Thailand imposes national curfew

3 April 2020 covid-19 pandemic reached new heights across the world: 3 April 2020: Iran’s death toll reaches 3,294, Swiss death toll rises to 484, Australia’s medical chief warns of coronavirus escalation, as Russian police brutally detain Anastasia Vasiliyeva, the head of the opposition-leaning Alliance of Doctors union, with other activists while attempting to deliver medical equipment

4 April 2020 and efforts to tackle the crisis: 4 April 2020: USA sets grim new global record with 1,480 covid-19 deaths in 24 hours, as death toll in Europe passes 40,000, with over 900 fatalities in Spain in past day, as economists predict deep worldwide recession, and as UN warns of coming catastrophe in war-torn countries Syria, Yemen etc. - 4 April 2020: Number of confirmed covid-19 cases worldwide nearing 1,120,000, as 'Wikipedia' is monitoring and documenting the global crisis, also by country and territory, also by socio-economic impact, also by impact on politics, by a variety of more impacts, also by national and international responses to the covid-19 pandemic, more or less effective, more or less backed by scientists, but also including cover-ups and denials e.g. North Korea, and an overview of criticism by country, e.g. practicising suppression of information, and international organisations - 4 April 2020: Internet data shines light on coronavirus lockdowns working worldwide, despite attempts by regimes in Syria, Russia, Iran etc., including their networks e.g. Hezbollah terrorist groups, also some media, TV companies, print media etc., and others, to cause confusion, to undermine freedom of information and efforts to tackle the crisis

5 April 2020 covid-19 pandemic continues to spread around world: 5 April 2020: Spain, recording smaller rate of increase in covid-19 infections, calls for 'European solidarity', as focus turns to USA and Trump tells citizens to expect 'a lot of death', as coronavirus continues to spread around world and global deaths approach 65,000 - 6 April 2020: Spain deaths lower for fourth day in a row, as Germany sees further case drop, as USA experts warn of worst week yet, and as Japan prepares for state of emergency

6 April 2020 UN expert say ban wildlife markets to avert pandemics: 6 April 2020: UN’s biodiversity chief has called for a global ban on wildlife markets – such as the one in China's Wuhan believed to be the starting point of the coronavirus outbreak – to prevent future pandemics.

7 April 2020 worldwide coronavirus cases at 1.32 million: 7 April 2020: Worldwide coronavirus cases nearing 1.35 million, as death toll crosses 74,800, as Russia's daily rise in coronavirus cases tops 1,000 for first time, as Trump reportedly knew pandemic was likely in January, and as Japan declares state of emergency

8 April 2020 number of covid-19 cases in Europe passes 750,000: 8 April 2020: Number of covid-19 cases in Europe passes 750,000, as continent accounts for more than half of the total infections worldwide, with Spain and Italy having the most recorded deaths, as reported covid-19 death toll in Iran nears 4,000, as USA records highest death toll with 1,939 fatalities in single day, and as exhausted medical staff around the world are battling with a stream of patients and 81% of the world’s 3.3 billion-strong workforce is now affected by the global crisis according to ILO - 8 April 2020: Global trade forecast to fall by up to a third as USA sees highest one-day death toll

9 April 2020 confirmed global cases pass 1.5m: 9 April 2020: Confirmed global cases pass 1.5m, as USA sees new record unemployment rising 6.6m in a week, >with 16 million jobs gone in the past 3 weeks after covid-19 brought the USA economy to a standstill

10 April 2020 recovered South Korean covid-19 patients testing positive again: 10 April 2020: South Korean officials on Friday reported 91 patients thought cleared of the new coronavirus had tested positive again

10 April 2020 Easter will begin amid war and under lockdown: 10 April 2020: Easter begins under lockdown, as Spanish death toll continues to slow, as Russia reports new record daily rise of coronavirus cases, as New York makes mass graves to bury the rising number of dead, and as war-ravaged Yemen announces 1st confirmed covid-19 case after conflict instigated by Iran-backed Houthis destroyed or closed more than half its health facilities, aggravating deep poverty, food scarcity and ongoing famine, cholera outbreaks, dire water shortages and a lack of adequate sanitation

11 April 2020: 11 April 2020: Spain in ‘stabilisation phase’, but USA sees over 2,000 deaths in a day, as pandemic lays bare also New York city's shocking inequities, as death toll from covid-19 in the UK rose by 917 to 9,875 people, as China is cracking down on publication of academic research about the origins of the novel coronavirus, as Iran's regime begins lifting restrictions amid rising death toll to 4,357 victims, and as WHO warns that prematurely lifting lockdown restrictions could spark a dangerous resurgence of the disease

12 April 2020 worldwide covid-19 cases pass 1.75m: 12 April 2020: Worldwide covid-19 cases pass 1.75m, with USA, Spain, Italy, Germany, France reporting most cases now, after USA diagnosed its first case on 20 January

13 April 2020 covid-19 cases worldwide pass 1.85m as China reports highest daily cases in over five weeks: 13 April 2020: Covid-19 cases worldwide pass 1.85m, as China reports highest daily cases in over five weeks, as Iran’s death toll rises to 4,585, as Spain relaxes lockdown with daily death toll of 517 victims, as WHO looks at reports of patients testing positive again, as major oil-producing nations agree historic 10% cut in output

14 April 2020 covid-19 cases worldwide near 2 million: 14 April 2020: Covid-19 cases worldwide near 2 million, as Putin regime tells Russian people to prepare for 'extraordinary' crisis, as UK daily deaths likely to rise this week, as France to ease lockdown starting 11 May, as Spain relaxes lockdown with daily death toll of 517 victims, and as evidence in respect of victims is an additional problem

15 April 2020 global rise with 2,000,984 covid-19 cases and with 128.071 deaths: 15 April 2020: Global rise with 2,000,984 covid-19 cases and with 128.071 deaths, as Trump suspends WHO funding, as Russia reported record daily rise with 3,388 new covid-19 cases, bringing its overall nationwide tally to 24,490, as India allows industry and farming in rural areas to resume to reduce the pain for millions of people, as Spain records drop in daily virus death toll, but number of new cases rises, and as EU sets out roadmap for members to ease lockdowns

16 April 2020 economic and other impacts from the covid-19 pandemic deepen: 16 April 2020: 1m tests to be rolled out across Africa, as WHO warns Europe still in the midst of Covid-19 storm, as calls emerge on the European commission and European Council to condemn the Hungarian government’s exploitation of the coronavirus crisis to erode democracy, and as USA reports 639,568 covid-19 cases and 30,988 deaths, data listed also by state - 16 April 2020: Economic and other impacts from the covid-19 pandemic deepen, as health authorities warn that returning to normal is a distant goal despite many politicians' hopes of reopening factories, transport capacities, stores, and schools as well quickly as safely

17 April 2020 covid-19 cases reach at least 2,167,955 as Russia reports record of new cases: 17 April 2020: Global covid-19 cases reached at least 2,167,955, as Russia again reports record of new covid-19 cases, as Indonesia becomes south-east Asian country with most infections, as social and economic impacts of covid-19 become catastrophic for millions of children, as African continent faces recession, as China’s GDP shrinks 6.8% in March quarter, and as people worldwide must re-evaluate support for irresponsible politicians in several countries

18 April 2020 Beijing regime threatens Hong Kong civic society amid covid-19: 18 April 2020: Beijing regime’s top representative office in Hong Kong semi-autonomous city declared it is not bound by Hong Kong’s constitutional restrictions that bar Chinese government from interfering in local affairs, after Hong Kong police amid covid-19 pandemic originating from mainland China arrested 14 high-profile democracy activists on charges of illegal assembly in 2019

Since 2019/2020 impact of the covid-19 pandemic on crime, state crimes, organised crime, terrorism, street crime, hate crimes and racism: Since 2019/2020 impact of the covid-19 pandemic on crime, state crimes, organised crime, terrorism, street crime, online crime, illegal markets and smuggling, on hate crimes, racism, policing, judicial system, and on prisons

Diseases of luxury:

Reproduction: Reproduction

Evolutionary history of life - science resp. scientists trace the processes by which living and fossil organisms have evolved since life appeared on the planet, until the present day - In the 'Evolutionary biology' there are studied the Evolution resp. evolutionary processes, giving rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules, these processes including the descent and reproduction - not production - of humans - Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans and their further development, whose life is a process and not some-thing that can be accessed by a 'Process management'

Assisted reproductive technology - Surrogacy

In vitro fertilisation: In vitro fertilisation

2015 'three-parent' IVF technique: 25 February 2015: Britain will become the first nation to legalize a 'three-parent' IVF technique which critics fear will lead to 'designer babies' - 10 September 2015: Genetically modified human embryos should be allowed, members of 'Hinxton Group' say

2017 risk of 'embryo farming': 11 January 2017: A new lab procedure that can and could allow fertility clinics to make sperm and eggs from animal's and people’s skin may lead to 'embryo farming' on a massive scale, researchers warn

Genetically modified mammals including humans: Genetically modified mammals are mammals that have been genetically engineered - Genetically modified animals, including humans - Genetic engineering techniques

2016: 1 February 2016: Brititsh scientists get the permission by the government to 'gene edit' human embryos, using a technique that could eventually be used to create 'designer babies' - 27 September 2016: World's first baby born from new procedure using DNA of three people, after two of the parents travelled from Jordan to Mexico where they were cared for by USA citizens beyond the reach of any regulatory framework and without publishing details of the treatment

November 2018: 26 November 2018: He Jiankui of Shenzhen claims he created first-ever gene edited babies, saying he altered embryos for seven couples during fertility treatments, with one pregnancy resulting thus far, as some scientists were astounded to hear of the claim and strongly condemned it

Chimera: Genetic chimerism or chimera, a single organism composed of cells with distinct genotypes

July/August 2019 human-monkey chimera: 31 July 2019: Team, made up of members of the Salk Institute in the USA and the Murcia Catholic University in Spain create human-monkey chimera in a Chinese laboratory, on Beijing regime's territory 'to avoid legal issues' - 3 August 2019: Efforts to create human-animal chimeras have rebooted an ethical debate after reports emerged that scientists have produced monkey embryos containing human cells

Population on the earth seven billion on 31 October 2011 - UN sets out challenges in 2011 report - UN Global Sustainability Panel (January 2012)

Since 1945/1946 UN Security Council - UN Security Council (Website) - List of members of the UN Security Council and members of Regional Groups

May 2014 193 UN member states and regional groups: As of May 2014 192 of the 193 UN member states are divided into five regional groups including the African Group, with 54 member states, the Asia-Pacific Group, with 53 member states, the Eastern European Group, with 23 member states, the Latin American and Caribbean Group, with 33 member states and the Western European and Others Group WEOG, with 28 member states, plus 1 member state USA as an observer state

UN Security Council subsidiary organs - UN Security Council mandates - UN Military Staff Committee, a Security Council subsidiary body whose role, as defined by the UN Charter, is to plan UN military operations and assist in the regulation of armaments - Since 2005 UN Peacebuilding Commission - Vetoed UN Security Council resolutions

Timeline of the UN Security Council's resolutions - UN Security Council resolutions by year

1960 UN resolution 138 following Argentine complaint: In June 1960, after a complaint that the transfer of Adolf Eichmann to Israel from Argentina constituted a violation of the latter's sovereignty, UN Security Council declared in its resolution 138, approved by eight votes, that such acts could endanger international peace and security and requested that Israel make the appropriate reparation in accordance with the UN Charter, but Israel held the view that the matter was beyond the Council's competence and should instead be settled via direct bilateral negotiations, as the capture of Eichmann caused alarm at the USA's CIA and West German Bundesnachrichtendienst, which had known for at least two years that Eichmann was hiding in Argentina, but did not act, fearing what Eichmann might say in his testimony about West German national security advisor CDU Hans Globke, who had coauthored several antisemitic Nazi laws, according to documents declassified in 2006, also revealing that both agencies had used some of Eichmann's former Nazi colleagues to spy on European countries

2011: 28. April 2011: UN uneins gegen Assad - 4. Juni 2011: Blutbad im syrischen Hama - 9 June 2011: European nations demand UN resolution condemning Syria's violent actions - 3. August 2011: Keine UN-Resolution zu Syrien - China, Indien und Rußland blockieren

Since 2011 vetoed UN Security Council resolutions on Syria, vetoed by Russia and China: List of vetoed UN Security Council resolutions on Syria, vetoed by Russia and China since 2011

September 2015: 3 September 2015: Russia delaying start of Syria chemical weapons probe - 7 September 2015: UN's Ban Ki-moon admits that the UN security council is failing Syria, urging Russia and China to stop blocking proposals to end a conflict that has cost hundreds of thousands of lives and driven the biggest refugee exodus in a generation - 11 September: UN to hold inquiry on Syria chemical attacks, diplomats say, as new evidence of Syria chemical attacks emerges - 18 September: UN Security Council expresses 'grave concern' over Jerusalem violence and is calling for restraint and calm - 23 September: USA has warned that Russia’s continued blanket use of its UN veto will jeopardise the security council’s long-term legitimacy and could lead the USA and like-minded countries to bypass it as a decision-making body

October 2015: 1 October: United Nations veto ban proposal gains support, as some 75 countries in Europe, Africa, Latin America and Asia have already backed the proposal - 2 October: Syrian Coalition's Khoja calls on UNSC for taking immediate action to stop Russia’s brutal air raids on Damascus, Homs, and Hama, where civilian homes, hospitals, and mosques are destroyed by these attacks - 14 October 2015: The head of the UN women’s agency Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka is criticising the low level of women’s inclusion at peace tables, 15 years after a landmark UN resolution that called for women to be included in decision-making positions at every level of peacemaking and peace building - 16 October: Ukraine elected as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council - 16 October: Security Council to hold emergency talks on Jerusalem violence - 16 October: At Security Council meeting, Israel rejects any international intervention at Temple Mount - 16 October: DRC's Julienne Lusenge addressed the security council saying that seven years earlier she described to the council the rapes, murders and massacres ravaging her country, asking for action, and in 2015 almost nothing had changed and neither research on the benefits of female involvement for peace-building nor a UN resolution have ended the routine exclusion of women from negotiations - 21 October: Syrian Coalition calls on the UN Security Council to take 'firm and effective' action to stop the Russian aggression on the Syrian people following the horrible massacre committed by the Russian air force yesterday in rural Latakia where 80 people were killed - 22 October: Britain, France, Germany and the USA asked UN Security Council sanctions committee to investigate Iran’s recent missile test on October 10, branding it a serious violation of UN resolutions - 24 October 2015: France will submit a new draft resolution to the UN Security Council calling on the Assad regime to stop using barrel bombs as well as condemning other 'indiscriminate attacks' against civilians - 27 October: UNSC must condemn Russia’s targeting of civilians and hospitals in Syria, Syrian Coalition says, stating that Russian airstrikes have killed 1,511 civilians, including women and children as of October 26

November 2015: 2 November 2015: Assad regime’s air force is dropping dozens of barrel bombs on areas across Syria, just one day after Russia's ambassador to the UN Vitaly Churkin’s announcement that the Assad regime stopped the use of barrel bombs - 2 November 2015: 'Doctors Without Borders' is urging the permanent member states of the UN Security Council to comply with the responsibility to protect mandate to stop the escalating aerial massacres in Syria as quickly as possible - 10 November: Security Council must condemn Russia’s use of cluster bombs against populated areas in many villages and towns, Syrian Coalition demands - 11 November: Syrian Coalition calls on the UN Security Council to include the militant groups trained and funded by Iran, most notably Hezbollah, Abu al Fadl al Abbas Brigade, Fatimiyoun Brigade and Zainabiyon Brigade on the lists terrorist organizations - 17 November 2015: UN's Ban Ki-moon renews calls that the situation in Syria be referred to the International Criminal Court in the 21st report he submitted to the UN Security Council - 21 novembre 2015: Le Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU a adopté à l'unanimité une résolution française qui permet de 'prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires' pour combattre le groupe Etat islamique, une semaine après les attentats à Paris

December 2015: 5 December: USA to lead UN Security Council meeting on terror financing - 8 December: China and Russia oppose UN council meeting on human rights in North Korea accused by a UN inquiry, which has the backing of the nine council members Chile, France, Jordan, Lithuania, Malaysia, New Zealand, Spain, UK and the USA - 9 December 2015: The Syrian Coalition calls upon the UN Security Council to intervene immediately to stop bombing of civilians and hospitals by both Assad and Russia - 12 December: USA accuses Russian regime of attempting to suppress public discussion of facts about the nearly two-year-old agression against Ukraine - 12 December: Syrian Coalition sends letter to the UNSC condemning Russia’s escalating attacks on FSA and civilians, including public markets, bakeries, and residential buildings - 16 December: Iran violated sanctions with missile test, capable of delivering nuclear weapons, says UN panel - 18 December 2015: UN Security Council adopts resolution to cut off Islamic State terrorists funding with measures such as asset freeze, travel ban and arms embargo, targeting corrupt states, banks and organizations - 18 December 2015 UN Security Council Resolution 2254 concerning the conflict in Syria - 19 December 2015: UN security council adopts resolution on Syrian peace process calling for the UN to present the council with options for monitoring a ceasefire within one month, as Russian warplanes and warplanes believed to be Russian carry out more airstrikes in Lattakia province, killing more children, in Aleppo province, killing civilians, in Idlib province, trargeting the city of Jeser al-Shogour west, killing at least 7 children and 7 women in a massacre, one of them pregnant, and again in Idlib province, targeting the town of al-Najiyyah and as a group of protesters, some holding Syrian revolutionary flags, gather in front of UN headquarters, harbouring Russian regime's Lavrov and Assad regime's Jaafari - 21 December 2015: Russian airstrikes on Idlib, targeting health and public services centers as well as apartment buildings in the city center, killing 50 civilians and wounding 170 others, violates UNSC resolution 2254, Syrian Coalition says - 22 December 2015: After less than 48 hours since the Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 2254, the Assad regime and Russian forces jointly escalated their war on civilians across Syria, killing innocent men, women and children through indiscriminate aerial attacks, the Council was briefed on the humanitarian situation in Syria for the twenty-third time since the adoption of resolution 2139 in February 2014, only leading to an increase in civilian death and a worsening of Syria’s humanitarian situation - 23 Decembert 2015: Amnesty International says Russian air strikes in Syria may amount to war crimes after gathering reports on hundreds of civilians killed in their homes, medical facilities and other public spaces - 23 December 2015: Assad regime forces targeted Moadamiya with sarin-filled shells, killing ten people, including women and children, and injuring over 30 others in another war crime condemned by the Syrian Coalition calling upon the UN Security Council for measures under Chapter VII - 25 December 2015: Amnesty International responds to Russia's denial of committing war crimes in Syria, saying that the organization has compelling evidence that Russian airstrikes targeted civilians in markets, hospitals, mosques and populated areas and evidence of the use of cluster bombs

January 2016: 7 January 2016: UN Security council meets over 'clear threat to international peace', but fails to agree on immediate measures against North Korean regime after it claimed to have tested a hydrogen bomb, which triggered seismic shocks around the region - 8 January 2016: Failure to enforce UN Security Council resolutions encourages Assad to starve civilians, Syrian Coalition says in a letter - 14/15 January 2016: Security Council calls emergency meeting on Syria to lift sieges on towns where hundreds of thousands have been cut off from aid and many are starving amid lack of will to bring about political transition in Syria - 18 January 2016: UN Security Council's inaction emboldens Assad to violate UN resolutions and to use starvation as a weapon of war, Syrian Coalition says, as more civilians including an entire family of 12 members were killed in Russian airstrikes on Syria on Sunday - 22 January: Syrian Coalition says, that 'the Assad regime’s siege and bombardment of civilians violate UN Security Council resolutions...(and that) Assad has been committing these crimes under military and political cover by Russia

February 2016: 7 February 2016: South Korea, USA and Japan are requesting an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council, after North Korea fired long range rocket despite UN ban - 7 February 2016: UN security council condemns North Korea rocket launch, promising to take punitive steps - 9 February 2016: Mass deaths of detainees in Syrian Government jails amounts to crime of 'extermination', UN commission of inquiry on Syria says in its report calling on the UN security council to impose sanctions against Syrian officials in the civilian and military hierarchy responsible for or complicit in deaths, torture and disappearances in custody - 18 February: UN's Ban Ki-moon tells Security Council that states and regimes must choose between implementing ceasefire or continuing to 'pursue the bankrupt logic of a military victory' - 20 February: In a letter to the UN Security Council Syrian Coalition's President Khoja condemns Russia’s latest attacks on Aleppo and its deliberate targeting of Syrian hospitals, medical facilities and schools, demands the immediate withdrawal of Russian forces from Syrian territory and also calls for ensuring accountability for all committed war crimes - 22 February: At least 19,947 barrel bombs have been dropped by the Assad regime on rebel-held areas across Syria since the adoption of UN Security Council resolution 2139 on 22 February 2014, SNHR says - 22 February 2016: War crimes in Syria's five-year-old conflict are widespread and Syrian government forces and Islamic State militants continue to commit crimes against humanity in the face of inaction by the international community, UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry says in its latest report - 25 February: Syrian Coalition urges UN Security Council to condemn the recent escalation of aerial bombardment on Aleppo, to break the sieges across Syria, finitely protect civilians from indiscriminate aerial bombardment, and ensure accountability for war crimes - 27 February: In response to the UN Security Council’s adoption of resolution 2268 on the 'cessation of hostiles' in Syria, the Syrian Coalition supports efforts to protect civilians and to achieve a political solution away from Assad - 27 February: Callng on the UN Security Council to respond to the Assad regime’s violations of the ceasefire agreement, the Syrian Coalition says that the Assad regime bombed 15 rebel-held areas across Syria with heavy machine-guns, artillery and barrel bombs in Damascus, Rural Damascus, Daraa, Aleppo, Homs, Hama and Lattakia province - 29 February: In a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Syrian opposition is warning attacks by Russian warplanes backing government forces are threatening fragile truce

March 2016: 3 March 2016: After the UN security council approved the toughest sanctions against North Korean regime in two decades over its nuclear and rocket tests, it fires a volley of short-range missiles into the sea off its east coast - 13 March: UN adopts resolution on combating sex crimes by its peacekeepers - 13 March: Israel calls for world powers to take 'immediate punitive steps' against Iran following its ballistic missile tests last week, adding that it would be 'a test for the powers' ability to enforce the 2015 nuclear agreement - 18 March: Russia's illegal annexation of Ukraine's Crimea on the agenda at closed-door UN Security Council meeting, as Crimean Tatar leader Dzhemilev calls for increase in sanctions against Russian regime and as human rights abuses in Crimea under Russian occupation are revealed in seperate meetings - 30 March: By launching nuclear-capable missiles Iran has defied a UN Security Council resolution that endorsed last year's historic nuclear deal, the USA and its European allies say in a joint letter

April 2016: 26 April 2016: Security Council asks UN's Secretary-General to submit a broad plan within 30 days detailing how his Yemen envoy can help the warring Yemeni parties move towards peace - 29 April: Ukraine's Vadym Prystaiko said at a meeting of the UN Security Council that the Russian Federation had concentrated a 34,000-strong hybrid military force in the occupied part of Donbas