2012/2013: 9. April 2012: Laut ILO (International Labour Organization) wächst die Arbeitslosigkeit weltweit - 30 April 2012: ILO warns global employment situation is 'alarming' - 22 May 2012: Youth unemployment rising, ILO report warns - 22 January 2013: World unemployment figures set to rise in 2013, claims UN labour agency

October 2015: 13 October 2015: Global inequality is growing, with half the world’s wealth now in the hands of just 1% of the population, according to a new report

January 2016: 19 January 2016: Unemployment worldwide will rise by about 2.3 million this year to 199.4 million, making existing jobs vulnerable and fuelling potential social unrest as the global economy slows, an International Labour Organization's report warns

January 2018: 22 January 2018: Global unemployment in 2018 is projected to remain at a similar high level to last year’s and vulnerable employment is on the rise, according to ILO - Unemployment rate in 2018 by country

Wage labour - Wage slavery refers to a social relation where a person's livelihood depends on wages or a salary, especially when the dependence is total and immediate

2014/2015: 27 May 2014: Half of developing world's workers trapped in vulnerable jobs, says ILO - 24 July 2014: More than 2.2 billion people are 'poor or near-poor', amid financial crises, natural disasters, soaring food prices and violent conflicts, UNDP's report says - 19 mai 2015: Une étude de l'Organisation internationale du travail indique que seulement un quart des travailleurs à travers le monde a un emploi stable - 13 October 2015: Global inequality is growing, with half the world’s wealth now in the hands of just 1% of the population, according to a new report

January 2016: 18 January 2016: The vast and growing gap between rich and poor has been laid bare in a new report showing that the 62 richest billionaires own as much wealth as the poorer half of the world’s population, as a global network of tax havens further enables the richest individuals to hide $7.6 trillion, according to Oxfam - 19 January 2016: Unemployment worldwide will rise by about 2.3 million this year to 199.4 million, making existing jobs vulnerable and fuelling potential social unrest as the global economy slows, an International Labour Organization's report warns

April 2017: 6 April 2017: The risk of human rights tainted tungsten, tin, tantalum and gold (3TG) entering the supply chains of tech firms is extending well beyond the traditional home of 'conflict minerals', DR Congo and the Great Lakes Region of Africa, according to new research from risk analysis firm Verisk Maplecroft - 7 April 2017: Tech companies must do more to avoid using minerals tainted by rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Colombia, Peru, Myanmar and elsewhere, according to Verisk Maplecroft

November 2018: 26 novembre 2018: La croissance des salaires au plus bas en 2017 depuis 2008 et les salaires sont insuffisants pour honorer les besoins de nombreuses personnes dans de nombreuses régions du monde, selon OIT

April 2019 debt repayments: 3 April 2019: Debt repayments by the world’s poorest countries have doubled since 2010 to reach their highest level since just before the internationally organised write-off in 2005, campaigners have warned

September 2019 mining companies' human rights abuses: 5 September 2019: Most of the world’s top companies extracting key minerals for electric vehicles, solar panels and wind turbines have been linked with human rights abuses in their mines, according to tne international corporate watchdog BHRRC, revealing that 87% of the 23 largest companies mining cobalt, copper, lithium, manganese, nickel and zinc – the six minerals essential to the renewable energy industry – have faced allegations of abuse including land rights infringements, corruption, violence or death over the past 10 years

January 2015 fast growing gap between rich and poor: 19 January 2015: The gap between the richest people and the majority of the world's population is widening fast as wealth accumulated by the richest one percent will exceed that of the other 99 percent in 2016, British Oxfam charity says

2016: 18 January 2016: The vast and growing gap between rich and poor has been laid bare in a new Oxfam report showing that the 62 richest billionaires own as much wealth as the poorer half of the world’s population, as the wealth of the poorest 50% dropped by 41% between 2010 and 2015, despite an increase in the global population of 400m - April 2016 'Panama Papers', period of release 1970s–2016

2017 rising inequality: 16 January 2017: The world’s eight richest billionaires control the same wealth between them as the poorest half of the globe’s population, Oxfam says blaming rising inequality on aggressive wage restraint, tax dodging and the squeezing of producers by companies, adding that businesses were too focused on delivering ever-higher returns to wealthy owners and top executives - 28 septembre 2017: Les grosses fortunes ont proliféré dans le monde en 2016, selon Capgemini - 14 décembre 2017: Europe, Afrique, Asie ou continent américain, 'les inégalités ont augmenté dans presque toutes les régions du monde', assure un 'rapport sur les inégalités mondiales', qui compare de façon inédite la répartition des richesses au niveau mondial et son évolution depuis près de quatre décennies

January-June 2018 rising inequality: 22 January 2018: The world’s richest one percent raked in 82% of the wealth created last year while the poorest half of the population received none, according to Oxfam report, calling for action to tackle the growing gap between rich and poor, as report shows that 42 people hold as much wealth as the 3.7 billion who make up the poorest half of the world’s population - 7 April 2018: The world’s richest 1% are on course to control as much as two-thirds of the world’s wealth by 2030, according to an alarming projection produced by the House of Commons library that has lead to a cross-party call for action - 2 June 2018: Citizenship for sale, how tycoons can go shopping for a new passport

October 2018: 26 October 2018: World's billionaires became 20% richer in 2017, making more money in 2017 than in any year in recorded history and increasing their wealth to $8.9tn, according to a report by Swiss bank UBS

January 2019: 21 January 2019: The growing concentration of the world’s wealth has been highlighted by a British report, showing that the 26 richest billionaires own as many assets as the 3.8 billion people who make up the poorest half of the planet’s population, and that the 'growing gap between the rich and poor is undermining the fight against poverty, damaging economies and fueling public anger across the globe'

September 2019 ranks of super-rich continue to grow: 25 September 2019: Ranks of super-rich continue to grow despite global turmoil, as economic woes fail to stop further 2,124 people becoming ultra-high net worth people

2015-2017: 2015 Global Hunger Index map and scores by country - 2017 Global Hunger Index - global, regional and national trends

2016: 5 June 2016: Drought drives global rise in hunger, as millions of people are suffering the impact of severe drought across three continents

2017 world hunger rising: 11 March 2017: The world faces the largest humanitarian crisis since 1945 with more than 20 million people in countries in Africa and the Middle East facing starvation and famine, UN official says - 15 September 2017: World hunger rising for first time this century, sparking concern that conflict and climate change could be reversing years of progress, according to the state of food insecurity and nutrition in 2017, a report produced by five UN agencies

2018 world hunger rising: 22 mars 2018: L'intensification des conflits et la sécheresse persistante dans plusieurs régions du monde ont fait grimper à 124 millions le nombre de personnes jugées à la merci d'une famine à la fin 2017, une augmentation de 15% comparé à l'année précédente, selon UE, FAO et PAM

July 2019 world hunger rising: 15 juillet 2019: La faim dans le monde affectait 821,6 millions de personnes dans le monde en 2018, contre 811 l'année précédente, selon un rapport annuel publié par plusieurs organisations de l'ONU qui déplorent une troisième année consécutive de hausse

October 2013: 30 October 2013: Assad regime's 'starvation until submission campaign', blocking food and medicine from entering and people from leaving besieged areas of Syria, causing starvation and death, according to residents and medical staff

March 2014: 10 March 2014: Assad's army has been using starvation as a 'weapon of war' in its siege of the Yarmuk Palestinian refugee camp on the outskirts of Damascus, according rights group, saying nearly 200 people have died since an army siege was tightened in July 2013 and access to food and medicine cut

Since 2015: Use of starvation as weapon during Assad's war against the Syrian people, since 2015 in Madaya

January 2016: 7/8 January 2016: Siege and starvation in Madaya, immediate medical evacuations and medical resupply essential to save lives

November 2017: 24 November 2017: Children starve in siege of Syria's former breadbasket Rif Damashq province, as the siege by Assad forces of eastern Ghouta, which also suffered in the deadly 2013 sarin gas attack, has continued for years with conditions getting steadily worse

Since 2016 in Yemen: Since 2016 Famine in Yemen

October 2016: 4 October 2016: Yemen famine feared as starving children fight for lives in hospital

November 2017: 16 November 2017: International aid group 'Save the Children' says an estimated 130 children or more die every day in war-torn Yemen from extreme hunger and disease

September 2018: 19 September 2018: More than five million children are at risk of famine in Yemen as the ongoing war causes food and fuel prices to soar across the country, according to charity 'Save the Children'

October 2018: 15 October 2018: Yemen on brink of 'world's worst famine in 100 years' if war triggered by Iranian-backed Houthis continues, as UN warns that famine could overwhelm country in next three months, with 13 million people at risk of starvation - 23 octobre 2018: Jusqu'à 14 millions de personnes pourraient souffrir de la famine au Yémen si les conditions de vie restent les mêmes, selon l'ONU

February 2019: 15 February 2019: Starving girl shows devastating impact of Yemeni war

October 2017 D.R of Congo: 29 October 2017: Millions face starvation in the D.R. of Congo, UN warns

September 2018: 10 September 2018: Starvation being used as a weapon of war has become the new normal, according to Save the Children, saying that more than half a million infants in conflict zones could die of malnutrition by the end of the year if they do not receive treatment

2015: 5 June 2015: Women worldwide are the backbone of healthcare with few rewards for $3tn contribution, report says - 9 September 2015: Women’s economic opportunities and working rights still widely subject to restrictive legislation in 155 countries, having at least one law that limits women’s economic opportunities, while 100 states put restrictions on the types of jobs women can do and 18 allow husbands to dictate whether their wives can work at all, World Bank report says

March 2018: 9 March 2018: International Women's Day was celebrated across the world on Wednesday at a time when the women of the Eastern Ghouta are hiding in the cellars with their children to escape a brutal campaign waged by the Russian and Iranian-backed Syrian regime on the area

Violence against women - Causes of sexual violence - Violence against women by country - International rape statistics - Domestic violence - Honor killing - Refugee women and children

2013/2014: 20 june 2013: More than one woman in three around the globe is a victim of domestic violence, the WHO says - 10 June 2014: A four-day summit on sexual violence in war is to begin in London - 30 October: UN's Ban Ki-moon backs Guardian’s global media campaign against FGM

2016: 5 February 2016: On the eve of the international day of zero tolerance for FGM, UN says that at least 200 million girls and women alive today have undergone some form of FGM, as the countries with the highest prevalence are Somalia 98%, Guinea 97% and Djibouti 93%

2016: 8 March 2016: Syrian Coalition's Suheir al-Atassi says Syrian women have been going through unspeakable suffering, whether due to displacement, loss of loved ones, detention, sexual violence, and death by starvation or under torture or in bombardment by the Assad regime

2018: 28 June 2018: India is the world’s most dangerous country for women due to the high risk of sexual violence and being forced into slave labour, according to a Thomson Reuters Foundation survey of 548 experts, ranking Afghanistan and Syria second and third, followed by Somalia and Saudi Arabia and the the USA the only western nation in the top 10 - 26 November 2018: Of a total of 87,000 women murdered globally in 2017 about 50,000 or 58% were killed by the partner or family members, according to UN

Infant mortality - List of countries by infant mortality rate - Child mortality

October 2019: 15 octobre 2019: Un jeune enfant sur trois est mal nourri, selon un rapport de l’UNICEF

Child labour and poverty: Child labour - Child labour by country - - List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor - Child labour law

Child poverty

2014: 28 October 2014: Child poverty has increased in 23 countries in the developed world since the start of the global recession in 2008, Unicef says

2017: 19 September 2017: The ILO have released a companion estimate of child labour, which confirms that about 152 million children, aged between 5 and 17, were subject to child labour in 2016

June 2019: 14 June 2019: Progress on ending child labour stalls in countries supplying goods to west, as China, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Cambodia among otherwise thriving countries failing to make headway on issue affecting 152 million minors, a study has found

Child slavery: Child slavery

Child abduction, laundering and trafficking of children: International child abduction - Child laundering - Trafficking of children

Crimes and violence against children and military use: Crimes and violence against children - Military use of children

2014: 5 September 2014: No country immune from violence against children that is tolerated and even accepted as normal in many parts of the world, Unicef report says - 21 October 2014: One child dies every five minutes as a result of violence, but only a minority die in war zones, Unicef report says

2016: 28 juillet 2016: En Syrie, en Irak et au Nigéria, des milliers d'enfants sont torturés et détenus sous couvert de lutte contre le terrorisme, selon Human Rights Watch - 8 September 2016: As chemical weapons watchdog chief says Aleppo gas attack disturbing, the UN Security Council is due to discuss a report by the UN and the watchdog group OPCW, blaming Assad regime forces for previous toxic gas attacks

March 2017: 6 March 2017: Children in Syria are suffering from 'toxic stress', a severe form of psychological trauma that can cause life-long damage, as 5.8 million of the country’s children are in need of aid in Assad's war against the Syrian people since 2011, according to a study of 'Save the Children' and its partner agencies in Syria

October 2017: 5 October 2017: Millions of children caught in conflict, victims and targets of despicable harm, as children from countries such as Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria and Yemen, suffer an unacceptable level of violations by parties to conflict, according to UN's 2016 Annual Report on Children and Armed Conflict - 1 novembre 2017: Trois quarts des enfants âgés entre 2 et 4 ans, environ 300 millions de filles et de garçons dans le monde sont victimes de violences domestiques, selon Unicef

December 2017: 28 December 2017: Children caught in war zones are increasingly being used as weapons of war, recruited to fight, forced to act as suicide bombers, and used as human shields, according to Unicef, summarising 2017 as a brutal year for children caught in conflict and stating that parties to conflicts were blatantly disregarding international humanitarian law

August 2018: 8 August 2018: SNHR said in a report that there were 4,360 incidents of attacks hitting 1,356 schools in Syria since 2011, which caused about half of them to go out of service, documenting the deaths of 528 civilians as a result of attacks on schools and educational institutions, as the Assad regime attacked 996 schools, the Russian forces are responsible for attacking 169 schools and the international coalition forces are responsible for attaching 87 schools

December 2018: 19 December 2018: Iranian backed Houthis in Yemen have inducted 18,000 child soldiers into their army since the beginning of their war in 2014, a senior Houthi military official acknowledged to the AP, as former child soldiers describe Houthis’ 'efficiency' when it comes to recruitment, deployment and battlefield deaths of young boys and children as young as 10 fight, kill and die

Child abuse: Child abuse

School corporal punishment and corporal punishment in the home: School corporal punishment - Corporal punishment in the home

Street children and orphanages: Street children is a term for children experiencing homelessness who are living on the streets of a city, town, or village - Orphanage, a residential institution devoted to the care of children whose biological parents are deceased or otherwise unable or unwilling to care for them

Child marriage: Child marriage - Child marriage by region and country

2017: 11 October 2017: Early marriage not only deprives girls of education and opportunities, but also increases the risk of death or serious childbirth injuries, as at least 20,000 girls around the world are married off illegally each day, with child marriage often deeply rooted in tradition despite being outlawed in a growing number of countries, according to new analysis

2016: 14 March 2016: No place for children - the impact of five years of war on Syria's children and their childhoods, Unicef report - 7 September 2016: Child refugee figures have jumped by 75% in five years and children now make up more than half of the world’s refugees, Unicef says calling for urgent action to protect the 50 million child migrants worldwide

September 2018: 2 September 2018: 'Home – Drawings by Syrian Children' is a book filled with the truest international language that we big people need to listen to closely and seriously, documenting journeys of escape, fleeing unimaginable horror, murderous men and the end of their homeland

January 2019: 15 January 2019: Winter weather kills 15 displaced children in Syria, according to UN, saying that freezing temperatures and lack of medical care claimed victims, most aged under a year and one just an hour old, thousands continue to flee fighting

Since 1914-1918: First World War 1914-1918, caused by the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, uprooted millions of European civilians who were made refugees either by enemy occupation or by the state’s forcible deportation, the resulting crisis had profound consequences, not only for the individuals directly affected but also for officials and relief workers who attempted to relieve their suffering and for communities that hosted refugees and not ending in 1918

1933-1945: Between Germany's NSDAP rise to power in 1933 and Germany's surrender in 1945, more than 340,000 Jews emigrated from their country, but after Germany annexed Austria in March 1938 and particularly after the German November pogroms 1938 nations in western Europe and the Americas feared an influx of refugees, placing limits on immigration and often turning back desperate people - MS St. Louis German ocean liner trying to find homes for 908 Jewish refugees from Germany in 1939, but after denied entry to Cuba, Canada, and the USA, the refugees were finally accepted in various European countries, and historians have estimated that approximately a quarter of them died in German death camps during World War II - 'Exodus 1947' was a ship that carried 4,515 Jewish emigrants from France to British Mandatory Palestine in July 1947, mostly Holocaust survivors, but the British Royal Navy seized the ship in a battle and deported all its passengers back to Europe and Germany detaining refugees in camps likened to German concentration camps

1942: 18 April 2017: Allies of World War II Soviet Union, United Kingdom and USA, that together opposed the Axis powers' aggression and war crimes, knew of Holocaust in 1942, 2 years before previously assumed, UN documents prove, shedding damning light on refusal to take in refugees - The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by its collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and 1945, and in which Jews were targeted for extermination as part of a larger event involving the persecution and murder of other groups, including in particular the Roma, ethnic Poles, Soviet prisoners of war, as well as political opponents, 'incurably sick', homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses

Since 1945: During World War II, NSDAP ruled Germany deported between seven and nine million Europeans, mostly to Germany and after Germany's surrender in May 1945, the Allies repatriated to their home countries more than six million displaced persons, but most Jewish survivors, who had survived concentration camps or had been in hiding, were unable or unwilling to return to eastern Europe because of postwar antisemitism and the destruction of their communities during the Holocaust

Following World War II and since 1950s: Since 1950s refugee crises in Africa, in the Americas, in Asia, in Europe, in the Near and Middle East - List of UNHCR registered refugees by country/territory of origin between 2006 and 2014

2016/2017: 22 May 2017: Extent of the hidden crises, that forced 31 million people to flee within their countries in 2016, revealed by Norwegian Refugee Council report

June 2018: 19 June 2018: Record 68.5 million people fleeing war or persecution worldwide, including 25.4 million refugees, 40 million internally displaced and 3.1 million asylum seekers, as UNHCR sees five countries accounting for two-thirds of all refugees including Syria (6.3 million), Afghanistan (2.6 million), South Sudan (2.4 million), Myanmar (1.2 million) and Somalia (986,400)

November 2018: 1 November 2018: As migration rises worldwide, so has its toll according to an AP tally, saying tens of thousands of people die or simply disappear during their journeys, barely counted in life, these migrants rarely register in death, almost as if they never lived at all

May 2019: 10 May 2019: Record numbers of people have been forced from their homes by conflict in a crisis that has received 'pitiful' international attention, according to the Norwegian Refugee Council, finding that a total of 41.3 million people were living in a state of internal displacement by the end of 2018 due to violence

June 2019: 19 June 2019: The number of people fleeing conflict and oppression worldwide and forced to flee their homes has exceeded 70 million for the first time since records began, according to the UN’s refugee agency, saying that the figure is a conservative estimate, because the impact of the crisis in Venezuela is still not known, also adding 'year on year the international community is proving unable to make peace'

November 2019 UN accused of trying to starve out refugees: 28 November 2019: The UN has been accused of trying to starve out refugees and asylum seekers who are sheltering for safety inside a centre run by the UN refugee agency in the Libyan capital of Tripoli

Since 1948: Since 1948 Palestinian refugees - Palestinian diaspora - Palestinian refugee camps were established after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War to accommodate the Palestinian refugees who fled or were expelled during the 1948 Palestinian exodus

Causes of refugee crises include war and civil war, human rights violations, environment and climate crises, economic hardship - 2008-2016 list of refugees and total population of concern by UN region, including 21,288,728 people in Africa in 2016, 31,168,078 people in Asia in 2016, 8,061,269 people in Latin America in 2016, and 6,210,994 people in Europe in 2016 - Migrant motives in the European refugee and migrant crisis since 2014/2015 - primarily credited to the inundation of refugees due to political and social conflicts in regions such as Syria, the greatest number of refugees fleeing to Europe originate from Syria - 5,645,518 total registered Syrian refugees on 7 June 2018

Outline of war - List of ongoing armed conflicts - Causes of war - War, history of war and types of war - Lists of wars by date - time is the same for all, but not lifetime

Dictatorship, an authoritarian form of government, characterized by a single leader or group of leaders - Military dictatorship, a dictatorship wherein the military exerts complete or substantial control over political authority, and a dictator is often a high ranked military officer - Caesarism and the rule of military warlords following the dictatorship of Julius Caesar and the rise of the Roman Empire since 60 BC - Emperor - Emperors by country - Bonapartism, Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte's coup d'état in December 1851 in France and his rule as Napoleon III 1852-1870 - Fascism, a form of authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and strong regimentation of society and of the economy - National Socialism, is the ideology and practices associated with the Nazi Party, a form of fascism, but also incorporating antisemitism, anti-communism, scientific racism, and eugenics - Military dictatorships in the 20th and 21st century - Neo-fascism since World War II - Neo-Nazism consists of post-World War II militant social or political movements seeking to revive and implement the ideology of Nazism

History of weapons, as humans have developped and used weapons in warfare, hunting, self-defense, law enforcement, and criminal activity for thousands of years, using different materials from stone and wood to different metals, chemicals and modern synthetic materials such as plastics

Arms industry - Weapons by country - Since 19th/20th century development of modern physics and chemistry linked with industrial revolution and history of technology - History of military technology and world wars - Modern military technology

Weapon of mass destruction - Chemical weapon, chemical agents and poison gas - Chemical warfare - Biological warfare - Weapons of mass destruction by country

Nuclear weapon and Nuclear warfare - Nuclear weapon design - List of nuclear weapons - List of states with nuclear weapons - Nuclear weapons debate

Since early 20th century timeline of nuclear weapons development: Timeline of nuclear weapons development since early 20th century

Nuclear proliferation

Since the 1970s Nuclear proliferation to Pakistan and North Korea: Nuclear proliferation to Pakistan and North Korea since the 1970s

Since 1980: Since 1980 Swiss engineer Friedrich Tinner connected with the Khan network trafficking in the proliferation of nuclear materials and know-how to Pakistan, Iran, Libya, and North Korea and later cover-up to hide the involvement of Urs Tinner with the CIA - 31 May 2008: Nuclear bomb blueprints and manuals on how to manufacture weapons-grade uranium for warheads are feared to be circulating on the international black market, according to investigators tracking the world's most infamous nuclear smuggling racket

2004 Khan's confession and 2011 Tinner nuclear smuggling trial: 4 February 2004: Abdul Qadeer Khan, the father of Pakistan's nuclear programme, today asked the country's president to forgive him for selling its secrets abroad - 13 December 2011: Switzerland has charged three members of the Swiss Friedrich Tinner family for their role in the Abdul Qadeer Khan nuclear smuggling network, involving Switzerland's defence ministry destroying vital evidence in the case, and blocking the prosecution of the Tinners and the CIA for espionage, after a plea deal which will mean that their claims of collaboration with the CIA will not be examined in court

2015: 28 May 2015: Myth of a peaceful nuclear technology and tactics to trivialize the proliferation risks, as the use of civil facilities and materials in nuclear weapons research or systematic weapons programs has been commonplace and has occurred in at least the following countries Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Egypt, France, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Libya, North Korea, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, UK, USA, and Yugoslavia

2017: 18 October 2017: Experts and former senior officials from around the world met in Paris to discuss the threat of nuclear proliferation, something they believe is ignored despite the dire situation and, according to some, worse than it was during the Cold War - October 2017 Conference of the International Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe 'Topical Issues of Nuclear Non-Proliferation'

April 2014 Russia leads new robotic arms race: 23 April 2014: Russia is taking the lead in a new robotic arms race, announcing that mobile robots, standing guard over five ballistic missile installations, can detect and destroy targets, without human involvement

April 2018 only 22 countries want global treaty to ban killer robots: 11 April 2018: Only 22 countries of the signatories to the UN's Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons support an outright ban of lethal autonomous weapons systems or killer robots - 11 April 2018: 5 years since the launch of the 'Campaign to Stop Killer Robots', a global coalition of non-governmental groups calling for a ban on fully autonomous weapons, says we’re running out of time to stop killer robot weapons

October 2018 states opposing restrictions on so-called killer robots: October 2018: The latest effort toward imposing binding international restrictions on so-called killer robots was thwarted by Russia and the USA, as a group of states led by France and Germany are opposing a legally binding measure, as another group of two dozen countries and a number of civil society organizations advocate for a legally binding prohibition on use of such weapons

January 2019 61% of people worldwide oppose killer robots: 22 January 2019: Global poll shows 61% of respondents oppose the use of lethal autonomous weapons systems, also known as fully autonomous weapons or killer robots, but their voices are ignored by nationalist and aggressive regimes such as Russian and Chinese and appertaining companies, as opposition was at 59% in Russia, recently frustrating diplomatic talks also at the CCW in November 2018 by using consensus rules to hinder meaningful progress against the wishes of the majority of states

March 2019 Russia, United Kingdom and USA oppose killer robot ban: 29 March 2019: Russia, United Kingdom and USA among those opposing killer robot ban, as UN delegates discussed restrictions to lethal autonomous weapons systems that use AI

August 2019 survey of the tech sector’s stance on lethal autonomous weapons: 19 August 2019: Synesis (Belarus), AerialX (Canada), SenseTime and Yitu (China), EarthCube (France), Roboteam (Israel), BlueBearSystems and Montvieux (United Kingdom), Amazon, Anduril, Intel, Microsoft, Oracle and more (all USA), are named among the world's 'highest risk' tech companies that might be putting the world at risk through killer robot development, according to new global report from PAX, grading 50 companies from 12 countries, all working on big tech, hardware, AI software and system integration, pattern recognition, autonomous and swarming aerial systems, ground robots, as 'anything that's currently a weapon, people are working on autonomous versions, whether it's tanks, fighter aircraft, or submarines' (August 2019 survey of the tech sector’s stance on lethal autonomous weapons)

September 2019 former software engineer supports ban on killer robots: 15 September 2019: Former top Google software engineer Laura Nolan, who quit over military drone project and joined the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, fears AI and 'killer robots', having the potential to do 'calamitous things that they were not originally programmed for', could cause mass atrocities, warning they might accidentally start a war, and saying that killer robots not guided by human remote control should be outlawed by the same type of international treaty that bans chemical weapons

Weapons trade - Arms trafficking, the trafficking of contraband weapons and ammunition - what constitutes legal trade in firearms varies widely, depending on local and national laws - Small arms trade or the small arms market refer to both authorized and illicit markets for small arms and light weapons and their parts, accessories, and ammunition - Companies by arms sales - List of countries by military expenditures - Weapons by country - List of countries by level of military equipment

2001/2005 Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, as of November 2015 it has 114 parties, including 113 states and the European Union, Australia, Canada, China, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Luxembourg, Monaco, Seychelles, United Kingdom have signed the protocol but have not yet ratified it, three of the top four arms manufacturers in the world — the USA, Russia, and France — did not sign the protocol - 2013/2014 Arms Trade Treaty, a multilateral treaty that regulates the international trade in conventional weapons, 92 states have ratified the treaty, and a further 41 states have signed but not ratified it

2011 rising landmine use: 23 November 2011: Landmine use 'highest since 2004' despite record clearances

2012 rising arms production and trade: 30. Januar 2012: Friedensforschungsinstitut Sipri prangert fehlende Kontrollen von Waffenschmuggel und Transportverboten an - 27. Februar 2012: Waffenindustrien wachsen trotz Wirtschaftskrise - USA und EU Konzerne größte Waffenproduzenten - 19. März 2012: Das Volumen der weltweiten Rüstungsgeschäfte hat in den vergangenen fünf Jahren um 24 Prozent zugenommen - auf die beiden grössten Rüstungsexporteure USA 30% und Russland 24% entfällt mehr als die Hälfte der weltweiten Waffenlieferungen - auf Platz drei folgt Deutschland mit neun Prozent - 29. August 2012: Jährliches Volumen des legalen internationalen Handels mit Kleinwaffen von mindestens 8,5 Milliarden Dollar

2013 arms trade treaty blocked by Iran, North Korea, Syria and not signed by China, Russia, USA: 29 March 2013: Iran, North Korea and Syria block UN arms trade treaty - 2 April 2013: By a vote of 154 in favor, 3 against (Iran, North Korea and Syria) and 23 abstentions (Russia, China, India, Indonesia etc.), UN adopts landmark treaty to regulate multibillion-dollar global arms trade - 3 June 2013: More than 60 countries sign arms trade treaty on first day, but not China, Russia and the USA

2014 SIPRI and AFP reports: 14 April 2014: Military spending continues to fall in the West but rises in China, Russia and Saudi Arabia and everywhere else, SIPRI says - 1 May 2014: European countries have approved billions in transfers of weapons and military-ready technology to China, AFP investigation shows

15 December 2014 Russian arms sales rise: 15 December 2014: Arms sales by Russian firms continue to expand despite a global downturn in defence spending, according to SIPRI

24 December 2014 Global arms trade deal without USA: 24 December 2014: Global arms trade deal takes effect, ratified by 60 nations, but not by the USA, the world's top arms exporter

2015 new killing technologies: 5 January 2015: 3D printing will revolutionize war and foreign policy not only by making possible incredible new designs but by turning the defense industry, IHS Technology, New America Foundation and BAE experts say - 6 October 2015: United Kingdom and USA are seeking to water down agreement over 'killer robots' (lethal autonomous weapons), so that any autonomous weapons deployed before United Nations's talks conclude will be beyond reach of ban, experts say

2015 arms spending rises: 16 March 2015: After Chinese arms sales surged 143% in 5 years, China now the world’s third-largest arms trader, the USA remains the first exporting 31% of global arms in 2010-2014 and Russia exported 27%, SIPRI says - 13 April 2015: Arms spending up globally, except in USA and western Europe, as Russia’s neighbors, like Iran’s, boost defense budgets, SIPRI says - 18 décembre 2015: Pour 2015, les budgets de défense en hausse dans le monde, les dépenses globales atteignent quelque 1650 milliards de dollars, selon un rapport

December 2015 arms for 'Islamic State' terrorists: 8 décembre 2015: Les transferts irresponsables d'armes effectués vers l'Irak depuis des décennies sont à l'origine du redoutable arsenal utilisé par le groupe Etat islamique, provenant d'au moins 25 pays dont une bonne partie de Russie, selon un ONG rapport

2016 arms imports and world military increase: 22 February 2016: Asia (India 14% of global arms imports, China 4.7%) and the Middle East (arms imports rose by 61% between 2006–10 and 2011–15) lead rise in arms imports, the USA (33%) and Russia (25%) remain largest arms exporters, says SIPRI - 3 avril 2016: L'utilisation d'armes interdites a atteint un niveau record depuis 2010 avec un pic entre 2014 et 2015, selon 'Handicap International' - 5 April 2016: World military expenditure totaled almost $ 7 trillion in 2015, according to SIPRI, an increase of 1% in real terms from 2014 also fueled by Mideast conflicts - 26 December 2016: USA and Obama administration increased weapons sales in 2015, maintaining its position as the world’s dominant supplier, as the sale of global arms dropped slightly to $80bn from 2014’s $89bn, according to a new USA congressional study

February 2016 equipment for 'Islamic State' terrorists: 25 février 2016: 51 sociétés de 20 pays (turques, indiennes, chinoises, brésiliennes, russes ou encore américaines) sont impliquées dans la fourniture des composants qui servent à fabriquer les bombes de l'Etat islamique, selon une étude commandée par l'UE

2017 global arms trade rises: 20 February 2017: Global arms trade reaches highest point since cold war era, as Middle East almost doubles weapons imports, as USA and Europe remain the main suppliers, as China joins top-tier exporters, as India was the world’s largest importer of major arms, and as arms imports by states in Asia and Oceania accounted for 43% of global imports in 2012–2016, according to SIPRI - 24 avril 2017: La Russie avec 69,2 milliards de dollars a repris en 2016 à l'Arabie saoudite, malgré la crise économique qu'elle traverse, la troisième place mondiale en matière de dépenses militaires, derrière les Etats-Unis et la Chine, selon SIPRI - 13 September 2017: North Korea singled out alongside Saudi Arabia and Iran as one of the world’s most secretive major exporters of small arms, including Kalashnikovs, rockets and machine guns, according to the Small Arms Survey Trade Update 2017 - 11 December 2017: Sales of arms and military services by the world’s largest arms-producing and military services companies totalled $374.8 billion in 2016, 1.9% higher compared with 2015 and representing an increase of 38% since 2002, according to SIPRI

2018 global transfer of major weapons systems SIPRI report: 12 March 2018: Global transfer of major weapons systems between 2013 and 2017 rose by 10% compared with the precedent period, as the USA, Russia, France, Germany, China and the UK remain the world's biggest weapons exporter, as India, which receives most of its arms from Russia, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, UAE and China were the world’s top five importers, and as 'based on deals signed during the Obama administration, USA arms deliveries in 2013–17 reached their highest level since the late 1990s', according to SIPRI

March 2019 SIPRI report on 2014–2018 period: 11 March 2019: The volume of international transfers of major arms in 2014–2018 was 7.8% higher than in 2009–2013 and 23% higher than in 2004–2008, according to SIPRI, also saying arms flows to the Middle East surge and that the 5 largest exporters in 2014–2018 were the USA, Russia, France, Germany and China

April 2019 military expenditure increase SIPRI report: 29 April 2019: Total world military expenditure rose to $1822 billion in 2018, representing an increase of 2.6% from 2017, according to SIPRI, saying that the five biggest spenders in 2018 were the USA, China, Saudi Arabia, India and France, which together accounted for 60% of global military spending, as military spending by the USA increased for the first time since 2010

December 2019 arms sales rise 4,6%: 9 December 2019: Sales of arms and military services by the sector’s largest 100 companies, excluding those in China, totalled $420 billion in 2018, marking an increase of 4.6% compared with the previous year, according to SIPRI

2019 military drone crashes: 9 June 2019: Military drone crashes raise fears for civilians, as two military drones are crashing every month on average, according to research that raises questions about the safety of the technology, both in conflict zones and civilian environments

World War I by country - World War II by country - The Holocaust by country - Aftermath of World War II by country

Since August 1914 German terror, called 'Schrecklichkeit': Since August 1914 German terror, called 'Schrecklichkeit' or 'frightfulness' by English speakers to describe a perceived military policy of the German Army towards civilians in World War I, that was the basis of German actions during their march through Belgium in 1914, later in France, the Russian-held area of Poland, and in Russia

24/25 August 1914 first civilian target to be bombed from the air Belgian city of Antwerp, bombed by Germany: 24/25 August 1914 Belgian city of Antwerp the first civilian target to be bombed from the air, when Antwerp - at that moment the National Redoubt of Belgium - was bombed by German empire forces, but instead of targeting the surrounding fortresses, the Zeppelin LZ 25's intention was to bomb the clearly distinguishable historical centre of the city, and after dropping approximately ten bombs, ten people were killed and forty injured

Since August 1914 German bombing of cities during World War I and later: Since August 1914 German bombing of cities during World War I - April 1937 bombing of Guernica, an aerial bombing of the Basque town of Guernica carried out by Franco's allies, the Nazi German Luftwaffe's Condor Legion and the Fascist Italian Aviazione Legionaria, causing hundreds of civilian victims - World War II bombing of cities conducted by Germany - 1940-1941 German bombing campaign against British industrial targets, towns, and cities including Birmingham, Belfast, Bristol, Cardiff, Coventry, Glasgow, Hull, Liverpool, Manchester, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Sheffield, Southampton, killing more than 40,000 civilians beginning with raids on London during the Second World War

Since the the 1910s terrorist incidents by decade: Since the the 1910s terrorist incidents by decade - Terrorist incidents in the 1910s - Terrorist incidents in the 1920s

Terrorist incidents in the 1930s, in the 1940s and 1939-1945 World War II: Terrorist incidents in the 1930s - Terrorist incidents in the 1940s - 1939-1945 Axis powers' World War II (German, Italian and Japanese empires) - Genocide, the intentional action to destroy a people (usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group) in whole or in part - Mass murder, the act of murdering a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity and the desire to kill - September 1939 bombing of Frampol occurred during the German invasion of Poland in 1939, when the town of Frampol, without military value, but with a population of 4,000 people was bombed by German bombers under General von Richthofen on 13 September as a practice run for future missions and as German fighter pilots trained strafing techniques on refugees who were trying to flee from the city

Since 1942 (1970) terrorist incidents by year and country and lists: Since 1942 terrorist incidents by year - Since 1970 lists of terrorist incidents by year - Terrorist incidents by country - Lists of terrorist incidents by country

Since 2011 terrorist incidents by year: List of terrorist incidents 2011/I 2011/II - List of terrorist incidents 2012/I 2012/II - List of terrorist incidents 2013/I - List of terrorist incidents 2013/II - List of terrorist incidents 2014 - List of terrorist incidents 2015 - List of terrorist incidents in 2016 - Terrorist incidents in 2016 by country - List of terrorist incidents in 2017 - List of terrorist incidents in 2018 - List of terrorist incidents in 2019

Since 1982 terrorist group 'Hezbollah': Since 1982 terrorist group Hezbollah's suicide and terror attacks in the Middle East and worldwide

1982-1983 Tyre truck bombings: 1982-1983 Tyre truck bombings, suicide bombings against the Israel Defense Forces' headquarters building in Tyre, killing 103 Israelis and 46–59 Lebanese, wounding 95 people, believed to be the responsibility of Hezbollah

1989 Hezbollah targeted Israeli diplomats in Brazil: 6 February 2017: Hezbollah targeted Israeli diplomats in Brazil in 1989, declassified files show

March 1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires: 17 March 1992 attack on Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires

July 1994 attack on the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina in Buenos Aires: 18 July 1994 attack on the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina in Buenos Aires, killing 85 people and injuring hundreds, claimed by Hezbollah front, in 2006 Argentine prosecutors including Alberto Nisman accused the Iranian regime of directing the bombing and the Hezbollah militia of carrying it out

June 1996 Khobar Towers bombing: 25 June 1996 Khobar Towers bombing, killing 19 USA Air Force personnel, a Saudi local and woundign 498 people of many nationalities, in 2006 a USA court found Iran and Hezbollah guilty of orchestrating the attack - 12 September 2018: USA court orders Iran to pay $104.7m for 1996 truck bomb attack that killed 19 military personnel, as 15 military personnel who survived Khobar Towers bombing and 24 family members are entitled to payout

February 2005 assassination of Rafic Hariri: 14 February 2005 assassination of Rafic Hariri, the former PM of Lebanon, killed along with 21 others in an explosion in Beirut, suspected perpetrators Hezbollah terrorists

September 2018: 21 September 2018: Brazil arrests Hezbollah financier Assad Ahmad Barakat, a key figure for the Lebanese terror group, operating in an area where three South American nations meet, considered a haven for smugglers, traffickers and counterfeiters

February 2019: 25 February 2019: The United Kingdom announced that it plans to blacklist Lebanon’s Hezbollah as a terrorist organization in its entirety, including its political wing, saying that it could no longer distinguish between the two branches

Since 1981/1987 terrorist group 'Islamic Jihad': Since 1981/1987 Islamic Jihad in Palestine, an Islamist terrorist organization whose objective is the destruction of the State of Israel, labelled a terrorist organisation by the USA, the EU, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Israel, as the Iranian regime is a major financial supporter of the terrorist group - Palestinian domestic weapons production

March 2018 Iran transfers millions to Hamas and Islamic Jihad: 8 March 2018: Iran transfers $100 million every year to Hamas and Islamic Jihad in the Gaza Strip, as $70 million is transferred to Hamas, while Islamic Jihad gets $30 million, and the vast majority of this money is used by the two organizations to further bolster their military wings, instead of aiding the civilian population in the Gaza Strip

January 2019 Islamic Jihad's and Hamas' threats: 6 January 2019: Senior Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Hamas figures praise Iran’s military support and threaten that in the next war the rocket fire from the Gaza Strip will reach all the cities in Israel

25 February 2019 Iran supported missiles: 25 February 2019: In documentary on Iranian TV, Gaza-based Palestinian terror group 'Islamic Jihad' says Iranian regime helped it make new projectile that can hit Tel Aviv and beyond, as well as precision missiles

Since 1990s terrorist group 'al-Qaeda': Since 1990s timeline of al-Qaeda attacks in the Middle East and worldwide - 18 September 2001: To fight against the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, the Afghan jihad and Osama Bin Laden, who founded the Maktab al-Khidimat, was supported by the USA dollars, pouring $3 billion into the Afghan Islamist movement via the CIA and Bin Laden received security training from the CIA itself

2001 September 11 al-Qaeda attacks against the USA: 2001 September 11 attacks, a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the USA, killing 2,996 people and injuring over 6,000 others

2011 CIA helped to create Osama Bin Laden's terrorist network: July 2011: How the CIA helped to create Osama Bin Laden's terrorist network - 9 December 2014: In USA's and CIA's efforts to support the Mujahideen against the Soviets in a proxy war, the USA's support of the Mujahideen included wealthy Saudi individuals who had the ability to channel money, and tens of thousands of Islamic fighters flooded into the various fighting factions of Afghanistan from around the world, from Libya, Somalia, even the Philippines and never before such an organization has been created, an international military organization unlike any other

Since 1994 Taliban: Since 1994 Taliban, a Sunni Islamic fundamentalist political movement and military organization in Afghanistan currently waging war within that country

Since 1996 Taliban massacre campaigns: Since 1996 Taliban massacre campaigns

Since 1996 Taliban violence against Afghan civilians: Since 1996 Taliban violence against Afghan civilians

March 2011 rising death toll of Afghan civilians: 9 March 2011: Over the past 4 years, 8,832 civilians have been killed in the Afghanistan conflict with civilian deaths increasing each year, according to UN, saying anti-government elements were linked to 75% of all civilian deaths as Taliban suicide attacks and improvised explosive devices killed the most Afghan civilians in 2010, taking 1,141 lives

2019 rising terrorist incidents in Afghanistan, targeting democracy, education and civilians: 2019 terrorist incidents in Afghanistan

14 September 2019 Taliban terrorists in Moscow for talks with Putin regime: 14 September 2019: Looking to bolster regional support, with visits also planned for China and Iran, Taliban terrorists have sent a delegation to Russia's Putin regime to discuss prospects for a withdrawal of USA troops from Afghanistan following the collapse of talks with the USA caused by series of terror attacks in the country, mass murder of civilians and killing of USA soldier

15/16 September 2019 Farah, Ghazni and Logar attacks: 16 September 2019: At least five civilians, including women and children, were killed when their vehicle struck a roadside bomb in western Farah province on Sunday, where the Taliban are active, as on Monday a sticky bomb attached to a mini bus belonging to Ghazni University exploded and killed the bus driver, wounding five Ghazni University students

17 September 2019 Taliban envoys in Tehran for talks with Iranian regime: 17 September 2019: Taliban envoys visit Iran

17 September 2019 Taliban attacks, encouraged by Iran and Russia, kill many civilians: 17 September 2019: At least 30 people were killed and dozens wounded in two Taliban attacks on 17 September in Afghanistan, as at least 24 people were killed and 30 more were wounded in a blast near an election rally in Charikar, the capital of Parwan Province - 17 September 2019 Taliban bombings

18 September 2019 Taliban death threats against students and education workers: 18 September 2019: Afghanistan's Taliban terrorist group on Wednesday warned teachers, students and other education workers to avoid the upcoming presidential vote or risk dying in attacks on election centres

19/20 September 2019 Taliban truck bomb kills dozens in Qalat: 19 September 2019: Taliban truck bomb has killed at least 30 people and wounded 95 others including several women, children, health workers and patients in Qalat's hospital when it exploded near hospital in southern Afghanistan's city of Qalat, the capital of Zabul province - 19 September 2019 Qalat Taliban suicide bombing - 20 septembre 2019: Le bilan d'un attentat des talibans ayant touché jeudi un hôpital dans le sud de l'Afghanistan est passé à au moins 39 morts et 140 blessés, selon les autorités de la province de Zaboul

20/21 September 2019 two confirmed Taliban attacks: 21 September 2019: A roadside bomb has killed at least two civilians and wounded five other people when the blast struck a vehicle Friday afternoon in Spin Boldak district in southern Kandahar province where the Taliban are active, and as two more blasts in Kabul on Friday night were claimed by the terrorist group

28 September 2019 Taliban terror attacks during election: 28 September 2019: Afghans head to the polls amid fears that voter turnout would be badly hit by disorganized balloting and threats of violence by Taliban militants, who targeted polling stations in the country's north and south, causing dozens of casualties

October 2019 Taliban election attacks destroying any future: 15 October 2019: 85 civilians were killed by the Taliban in attacks targeting September's Afghan election, according to UN report, saying attacks aiming to disrupt the electoral process also wounded 373 others, including 277 civilian casualties, a third of whom were children

18 October 2019 Haska Meyna mosque bombing: 18 October 2019 Haska Meyna mosque bombing - 19 October 2019: State blames Taliban for blasts targeting worshippers during Friday prayers, killing at least 69 people including children and elders

Since 2000 Abu Sayyaf: Since 2000 timeline of Abu Sayyaf attacks in the southwestern part of the Philippines and some neighbouring countries

Since 2001 rise of terrorist attacks: 4 December 2012: The number of terrorist attacks each year has more than quadrupled in the decade since September 11, 2001, with Iraq, Pakistan and Afghanistan the most affected, a study of the Institute for Economics and Peace says

Since 2006 Al-Shabaab: Since 2006 timeline of Al-Shabaab related events in East Africa

Since 2007 Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan: 'Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan' claimed and alleged attacks since 2007

Since 2009 Boko Haram: Since 2009 timeline of Boko Haram terror attacks in Nigeria and some neighbouring countries (28 January 2016)

Since 2011 Hezbollah's involvement in Assad's war against the Syrian people: Since 2011 Iranian-backed terrorist group Hezbollah's involvement in Assad's war against the Syrian people and timeline of Hezbollah's deployment in Syria - 23 December 2016: Lebanon’s terror group Hezbollah's Nasrallah says that Syrian dictator Assad's army’s recapture of east Aleppo, in fact attacked and destroyed by Hezbollah, Iran and Russia, has put an end to hopes that his regime could be ousted, adding that it is 'present, strong, effective, and no one in the world can ignore it'

Since 2013 Islamic State terrorists: Since 2013 list of terrorist incidents linked to Islamic State terrorists in the Middle East and worldwide - 10 December 2015: The international terrorist organization 'Islamic State' is the direct result of the USA-led George W. Bush-era invasion of Iraq since 2003, a rights group's report concludes

2015: 20 June 2015: Terrorism-related death toll soared in 2014 with 13,463 attacks in 95 countries, Country Reports on Terrorism report says - 17 November 2015: Terrorist killings up by 80% in 2014 with 78% of all deaths and 57% of all attacks in Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan and Syria, with civilians increasingly targeted and fuelling flow of refugees, 2015 Global Terrorism Index says

2016: 1 January 2016: Welcoming in the new year 2016 amid global terror fears - 11 February 2016: Multiple sources reveal that the Russian construction company 'Stroytransgaz' had resumed work in the Tuweinan gas facility in the Syrian Deir Ezzor province after it was captured by 'Islamic State' terrorists in early 2014, that the Russian company sent employees to the facility after it fell to IS terrorists, adding that 'Stroytransgaz' utilized a Syrian subcontractor 'Hesco', owned by Russian-Syrian dual national George Haswani - 25 février 2016: 51 sociétés de 20 pays (turques, indiennes, chinoises, brésiliennes, russes et américaines) sont impliquées dans la fourniture des composants qui servent à fabriquer les bombes de l'Etat islamique, selon une étude commandée par l'UE - 3 March 2016: Islamic State terrorist group is making millions of dollars for its war chest by playing foreign currency markets under the noses of bank chiefs - 12 June 2016: On eve of Tel Aviv terror attack, Hamas called Ramadan 'month of jihad' - In 2016 several terrorist attacks occurred during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan 6 June to 5 July - 4 July 2016 Prophet's Mosque bombing in Medina

5 September 2016: 5 September 2016: Lebanon court indicted two Syrian Assad regime's intelligence officers in connection with twin bombings at mosques in Tripoli in 2013, which killed more than 40 people

8 September 2016: 8 September 2016: Russia is one of the biggest supporters of terrorism and the USA has repeatedly reneged on the promises it made to the Syrian people and to the Free Syrian Army, Syrian Coalition's Abdul Ilah Alfahd says

November 2016: 16 novembre 2016: Selon une étude de l'Institute for Economics and Peace, le terrorisme a fait 10% de morts en moins l'an dernier avec les reculs du groupe Etat islamique et de Boko Haram en Irak et au Nigeria, après l'année 2015 aura été la deuxième année la plus meurtrière jamais vue

September 2017: 7 September 2017: Hundreds of violent extremists in Africa have told researchers that government action aimed at countering terrorism and insurgency across the continent was the 'tipping point' for their decision to join an extremist group

March 2019 SDF liberated final area held by Islamic State terrorists: 23 March 2019: Syrian Democratic Forces announces it has liberated final area held by Islamic State terrorist group in village of Baghouz, saying caliphate is gone but pledging to fight remnants and commemorating 'thousands of martyrs whose efforts made the victory possible'

27 October 2019 Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi killed with Kurdish help: 27 October 2019: Syria’s Kurdish commander Mazloum Abdi, head of the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces, hailed a 'historic operation' and joint intelligence work following USA media reports that Islamic State chief Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi had been killed during a USA raid

November 2019 IS terrorist group has exploited Turkey's incursion into Syria and Trump's drawdown of USA troops: 20 November 2019: Islamic State terrorist group has exploited Turkey's incursion into northeastern Syria and Trump's drawdown of USA troops from the region, according to a report by the Pentagon's Inspector General, adding that the group will now likely have the 'time and space' to target the West

War crimes by type: War crimes - War crimes by type

War crimes since the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907: List of war crimes since the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 in the age of modern industry and technology

War crimes committed by country: War crimes committed by country

Since 1914 German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman war crimes: Since 1914 German war crimes, as the government of the German Empire and its military in the age of modern industry and technology ordered, organized and committed war crimes in World War I - Ottoman war crimes and Ottoman World War I crimes - War crimes of World War I 1914-1918

Since August 1914 German 'strategic' bombing during World War I and later: Since August 1914 German 'strategic' bombing during World War I

Since January 1915 German large-scale use of chemical weapons: 31 January 1915 first instance of large-scale use of gas as a weapon, when Germany fired 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas on Russian positions on the Rawka River, west of Warsaw during the Battle of Bolimov

Since 1923 Italian war crimes: Italian war crimes have mainly been associated with Fascist Italy in the Pacification of Libya, the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, and World War II - 1923-1932 Second Italo-Senussi War by Italian military forces to crush local resistance in Tripolitania and Cyrenaica

Since early 20th century Japanese war crimes: Japanese war crimes, as war crimes were committed by the Empire of Japan in many Asia-Pacific countries during the period of Japanese imperialism, primarily during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II

Since April 1937 German and Italian bombing in Spain and 'strategic' bombing during World War II: April 1937 bombing of Guernica, an aerial bombing of the Basque town of Guernica carried out by Franco's allies, the Nazi German Luftwaffe's Condor Legion and the Fascist Italian Aviazione Legionaria, causing hundreds of civilian victims - World War II 'strategic' bombing conducted by Germany

Since 1939 war crimes of Germany, Italy, and Japan (and allies) in their World War II 1939-1945: German war crimes in World War II 1939-1945 - War crimes of 'Axis Powers' World War II 1939-1945, as Germany, Italy, and Japan (the Axis Powers) were the most systematic perpetrators of war crimes in history, now in the age of modern industry and technology

Since 1945 war crimes in and committed by country: War crimes in country - War crimes committed by country

1946-1954 French war crimes during France's Indochina War: French war crimes during 1946–1954 Indochina War, France's struggle against the independence movement claiming 500,000 to 1.5 million Vietnamese lives from 1945 to 1954, French concentration camps, torture, and massacres

1945–1949 Dutch war crimes during Indonesian War of Independence: Dutch war crimes during 1945–1949 Indonesian War of Independence

1950-1953 Korean War and war crimes: 1950-1953 Korean War and war crimes, including USA, North Korean and South Korean perpetrated crimes - Bombing of North Korea 1950-1953

1952-1960 British war crimes in Kenya: 1952–1960 Mau Mau uprising in Kenya and British attempt to suppress the insurgency, as British colonial authorities suspended civil liberties within the country. moved 320,000–450,000 Kenyans into concentration camps and created 'enclosed villages' - British war crimes in Kenya

1954–1962 Algerian War and French war crimes: 1954–1962 Algerian War and French war crimes - Algerian war's casualties, as the FLN estimated in 1964 that nearly eight years of revolution effected 1.5 million deaths from war-related causes - French use of torture in Algeria

1955–1975 USA's Vietnam War, war crimes and massacres: 1955–1975 USA's Vietnam War, USA's war crimes and massacres - Vietnam War crimes

1971 Bangladesh Liberation War and war crimes: 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War and war crimes

1975 Indonesian Invasion of East Timor: 1975 Indonesian invasion of East Timor

1975–1990 Lebanese 'Civil War' and war crimes: 1975–1990 Lebanese 'Civil War', involving the Iranian regime, the Syrian dictatorship, Hezbollah terrorists, Lebanese militias, the PLO, and war crimes

1978–present war in Afghanistan and war crimes: 1978–present civil war and war in Afghanistan, involving many countries, the UN and the Nato, and war crimes

1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War and war crimes: 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War and war crimes

1990 Iraq's Invasion of Kuwait: 1990 Iraq's invasion of Kuwait

1994–2009 Russia-Chechnya Wars: 1994–1996/1999–2009 Russia-Chechnya Wars and Russian war crimes

2003–2011 USA's and United Kingdom's Iraq War: 2003–2011 USA's and United Kingdom's Iraq War and war crimes

2011–present Assad's war against the Syrian people: 2011–present Assad's war against the Syrian people - Syrian Civil War crimes

Since 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine and war crimes: Since 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine and war crimes

March 2016 wars are being fought as in 'barbarian times': 7 March 2016: Wars are being fought as in 'barbarian times', warns Médecins Sans Frontières' Joanne Liu, as attacks against civilians in war zones across the world have grown more indiscriminate due to a focus by the major global powers on fighting terrorism and failure in their duty to uphold the rules of conflict

April 2019: 26 April 2019: The Syrian National Coalition has said that the mounting evidence of war crimes committed by Assad and his inner circle is enough to mount a successful prosecution

September 2015: 30 September 2015: France opens probe into Assad regime for crimes against humanity

2016: 4 February 2016: Drone footage of Homs in western Syria, the country's third largest city, shows the devastation of four years of Assad's, Russian and Iranian war against Syrians - 11 February 2016: Fatalities caused by dictator Assad's, Russian and Iranian war against Syrians, directly and indirectly, amount to 470,000, according to the Syrian Centre for Policy Research, a far higher total than the figure of 250,000 used by the United Nations until it stopped collecting statistics 18 months ago

2017: 29 September 2017: Syrian doctors decry fresh wave of hospital attacks, accusing the international community of ignoring attacks on medical facilities

2018: In the February 2018 Rif Dimashq offensive eastern Ghouta is coming under a ferocious bombing campaign by regime forces who are backed by Russian air force - Daily updated timeline of war crimes in Syria committed by Assad, Iranian, Hezbollah and Russian forces since 2011

List of barrel bomb attacks in Assad's war against the Syrian people - List of massacres during Assad's war against the Syrian people - Use of chemical weapons in Assad's war against the Syrian people

2012: 1 September 2012: Syrian Assad regime forces filmed dropping 'barrel bomb' on Homs

2016: 12 July 2016: Assad regime surrounds Aleppo, opposition groups resist despite intensified airstrikes using cluster, vacuum and barrel bombs, also targeting and killing civilians - 20 July 2016: Assad regime forces pounded the district of Daraya west of Damascus with at least 748 barrel bombs during June, killing at least 28 civilians and causing massive destruction in the rebel-held district - 21 July 2016: Assad's air strikes hit Al-Mashtal Park, Al-Jamaa and Al-Kastana neighborhoods in Idlib, killing at least 15 people

September 2018: 12 September 2018: Assad's forces fired chlorine, a banned chemical weapon, on a rebel-held Damascus suburb and on Idlib province this year, in attacks that constitute war crimes, bringing to 39 the number of chemical attacks which the Commission of Inquiry on Syria has documented since 2013, UN human rights investigators said on Wednesday

October 2018: 15 October 2018: A BBC investigation shows for the first time the extent to which chemical weapons have been crucial to Assad's war-winning strategy, saying there is enough evidence to be confident that at least 106 chemical attacks have taken place in Syria since September 2013, when Assad signed the international Chemical Weapons Convention and agreed to destroy the country's chemical weapons stockpile following the Ghouta chemical attack

December 2015: 20 December 2015: Russian air strikes kill at least 73 people in rebel-held Idlib - 23 Decembert 2015: Amnesty International says Russian air strikes in Syria may amount to war crimes after gathering reports on, hundreds of civilians killed in their homes, medical facilities and other public spaces

2016: 24 January 2016: Intense Russian and Syrian bombing raids reportedly killed scores of children and civilians in recent days - 30 June 2016: Thanks in no small part to Russia, Hezbollah is now a full-fledged army, learning Russian methods of war, becoming familiar with advanced Russian weaponry, coming to understand the latest Russian technologies, and in some cases actually fighting alongside Russian special forces - 29 September 2016: Syria hospital attacks are 'war crimes', UN's Ban Ki-moon says - Daily updated timeline of war crimes in Syria committed by Assad, Iranian, Hezbollah and Russian forces since 2011

March 2018: 26 March 2018: The 'United Nations' has come under fire for sharing the coordinates of hospitals in the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta with Russia, only for one of them to be bombed days later, according to 'The Telegraph' - 26 March 2018: Syrian Coalition's Mohammed Yahya Maktabi said that the mass forced displacement taking place in the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta is a 'war crime' as he condemned Russian’s major role in these crimes, adding that regime forces, the Iranian militias, and Russian air force are killing civilians, targeting popular markets, residential areas and public facilities and bombing hospitals, medical centers, and rescue workers - 27 March 2018: As more than half million people killed in seven years of brutal ground and aerial bombing by the Assad regime and its allies, and as Syrian children have taken the biggest share in the horrible death toll, the unstoppable roar of Russia's warplanes has caused a heart attack for Lojain Said, taking the life of the schoolgirl who lived in the northwestern town of Jisr al-Shughour, the Civil Defense rescue group says

August 2018: 22 August 2018: Russian regime's military have been key to propping up Syrian Assad regime and helping him reclaim key ground, as Russian ministry said Wednesday that over 63,000 Russian troops, including 434 generals, have fought in Syria and about 90% of Russian combat pilots have flown in Syria, using the operation to test some of its most advanced weapons, including the latest jets and cruise missiles, helping turn the tide of war in Assad’s favor and the Assad regime in August 2018 five years after the Ghouta chemical attack controls nearly two thirds of the country, compared to just one third back in 2014

September 2018: 30 September 2018: More than 18,000 people, nearly half of them civilians, have been killed in Russian air strikes on Syria since Putin regime began its assault three years ago, according to SOHR

November 2018: 1 November 2018: 'Syrian Archive' said that it had documented more than 1,400 attacks by Russian forces on civilians and civilian infrastructure since the start of the Russian direct military intervention on the side of the Assad regime in September 2015, as verified videos show that the Russian forces targeted at least 35 hospitals, 27 mosques, 23 schools and 27 public markets

2018/2019: 5 January 2019: The Assad regime and Russia are responsible for the majority of the recorded 223 massacres that took place across Syria in 2018, according to SNHR

January 2019: 5 January 2019: The Russian warplanes carry out a new round of aerial bombardment and of their first targeting to the western countryside of Aleppo leaving 16 citizens dead and wounded including children - 30 January 2019: Russian warplanes return to kill Syrians and raise to more than 18,100 the number of casualties of the Russian bombardment in 40 continuous months

February 2019: 9 February 2019: Russian regime’s ambassador in Lebanon Zasypkin hails country’s Iranian-backed Hezbollah terror group for fighting alongside Russia in Syria, also saying USA policies toward Iran could set off a fresh war between Israel and Lebanon - 9 February 2019: 4 civilians, including a woman, were wounded in rocket and artillery shelling by the Assad regime on the villages of Tal Minnis and Ma'arshammarin south of Idlib, and 8 civilians were killed and many others reportedly wounded in explosions of previously dropped cluster bombs by the Assad regime and Russian air forces in eastern rural Hama

March 2019: 1 March 2019: As a part of the aerial escalation, warplanes return to bomb Idlib and target major cities and towns along with ground shelling on several areas in the countryside of the province and Sahl Al-Ghab - 4 March 2019: Assad regime and Russia’s relentless bombing campaign on towns and villages in Hama and Idlib provinces forces tens of thousands to flee - 23 March 2019: Russian airstrikes killed at least 15 people, including four children and two women, and injured 27 others in at least 11 attacks on residential areas in rural Idlib including the town of Kfariya

April 2019: 8/9 April 2019: Suspected Russian long-range missiles hit the town of Jisr al-Shughour in rural Idlib, according to Syrian Civil Defense, as local observatory reported that the source of the missiles is the Russian warships stationed in the Mediterranean, wounding 12 civilians, including 10 children and a woman, and destroying a large amount of civilian property and infrastructure - 9 April 2019: The ongoing bombing campaign by the Assad regime and Russia has so far killed no fewer than 244 civilians since February 2, according to aid group - 17 April 2019: SNHR said that it had documented nearly 457 attacks in Syria by the Assad and Russian forces using cluster munitions, 24 of which occurred following the Sochi Agreement in September 2018 - 23 April 2019: Continuing Russian and Iranian-backed terror attacks, Assad regime and allied forces shell places and carry out raids on areas in Hama and Idlib province, amid aerial bombardments by Russian warplanes - 26 April 2019: Russian warplanes renew their airstrikes today evening on Sahl Al-Ghab and Jabal Shashabo leaving wounded and people stuck under the rubble in Al-Amqiyyah village - 27 April 2019: Warplanes and helicopters carried out a new round of shelling, as Russian warplanes reportedly killed 15 civilians in the countryside of Idlib and Hama - 27 April 2019: After killing 15 civilians, the Russian warplanes continue their escalation within 'Putin-Erdogan' areas and carry out more raids, as Assad regime forces continue shelling targeting southern countryside of Idlib, southern countryside of Aleppo and Hama province

July 2019: 7 July 2019: At least 544 civilians have been killed and over 2,000 people injured since a Russian-led assault on the last rebel bastion in northwestern Syria began two months ago, according to rights groups and rescuers - 12 July 2019: Assad and Russian forces have escalated their airstrikes in northwestern Syria, especially in Idlib and its countryside, killing and injuring dozens of civilians including children as well as knocking out six vital civilian centers since Thursday morning - 13 July 2019: After they killed 2 families, the Russian warplanes renew their bombardment on the countryside of Hama and Idlib, and bombardment by the regime’s warplanes on a village east of Idlib leaves about 11 casualties and wounded - 13 July 2019: It rose to 14, the number of casualties documented by SOHR following a massacre carried out by Russian warplanes targeting agricultural lands in the vicinity of Khan Shaykhun, as aerial and ground bombardment by regime’s forces south of Aleppo continues - 13 July 2019: Two months of intensive airstrikes by Syrian government forces and their Russian allies, coupled with a fierce ground assault on rebel-controlled Idlib province, have killed hundreds of people and caused massive displacement while achieving little to no gain for Assad's and Putin's murderous regime - 14 July 2019: Russian warplanes renewed their airstrikes on the Hama countryside, where they carried out more raids also targeting Maarrat al-Nu’man water pumping station and water reservoir as part of the systematic policy by the Russians and Assad regime to target vital and public facilities - 22 July 2019: Assad/Russian air strikes on a popular market and residential neighbourhoods killed at least 20 people and wounded dozens on Monday in an attack on Maarat al-Numan, a densely populated opposition-held city in southern Idlib province, rescuers and residents said - 22 July 2019: It rose to 23 (19 citizens including 2 children, a woman and a member of the Civil Defense, and 4 unidentified people), the number of casualties who were killed as a result of airstrikes carried out by Russian warplanes on a local market in Maarrat Al-Nu’man city

August 2019 crimes by the Assad regime and Russian air forces: 2 August 2019: Three million civilians in the province of Idlib are being subjected to daily violations and crimes by the Assad regime and Russian air forces, Syrian Civil Defense Corps said - 6 August 2019: Russian warplanes renew the airstrikes on the northern countryside of Hama - 17 August 2019: A suspected Russian airstrike hit a displaced people's gathering in the town of Hass south of Idlib province on Friday, killing at least 13 people, including at least four children, activists and war monitor SOHR said

September 2019 Russian airstrikes continue: 12 September 2019: UN Commission of Inquiry on Syria said that the Assad regime forces backed by Russian warplanes may have committed war crimes in a report issued on Wednesday - 13 September 2019: Warplanes of the Russian 'guarantor of the truce' continue raids in Idlib once again, bombarding areas in its western countryside

26 September 2019 Russia expanding air base in Syria: 26 September 2019: Russian regime is expanding its Hmeimim air base in Syria and rebuilding a second landing strip to allow the facility to serve more aircraft, expanding the Russian/Iranian version of dialogue during UN general assembly meeting in New York, saying 'give us friendly words, a propaganda stage and markets, we will give you bombs and poison gas'

13 October 2019: 13 October 2019: Russian regime's warplanes target Idlib countryside once again amid renewed rocket shelling by Assad regime forces on the area - 13 October 2019: Extensive evidence gathered and analyzed over months by USA newspaper proves that Russian warplanes bombed four Syrian hospitals in the span of 12 hours in May as part of Putin regime’s effort to keep Syria's Bashar Assad in power, saying 'recklessly or intentionally bombing hospitals is a war crime, but proving culpability amid a complex civil war is extremely difficult'

15 October 2019: 15 October 2019: The Russian air force used cluster bombs to hit the village of al-Bara south of Idleb city, killing a mother and her child, reports Zaman Al Wasl, after two civilians were killed and four others injured when Assad regime forces carried out surface-to-surface missiles attack on Birnas village

16 October 2019: 16 October 2019: Russian warplanes target Latakia Mountains and south Idlib

19 October 2019: 19 October 2019: Russian warplanes carry out raids on positions in Jabal al-Akrad and the southern countryside of Idlib, and dozens of raids on the countrysides of Hama, Idlib, and Latakia

23 October 2019: 23 October 2019: Assad's barrel bombs and air raids by Russian warplanes target Latakia countryside in conjunction with ground shelling on the southern countryside of Aleppo and Russian aerial bombardments of Idlib countryside

25 October 2019: 25 October 2019: Assad regime and Russian forces resumed their deadly attacks in rural Idlib as regime airstrikes hit a vegetable market in al-Janoudiya in northwestern rural Idlib, killing six civilians and wounding 16 others, and as two other people, one of them a child, were injured in Russian airstrikes that hit the Kafranbel in southern rural Idlib

6 November 2019: 6 November 2019: Russian regime's airstrikes on Idlib countryside kill 3 children of the same family, who displaced from Al-Lataminah city in Hama countryside a month ago, due to bombardment by the Russian warplanes on the residential neighborhoods in Al-Dar al-Kabirah village in the southern countryside of Idlib - 6 November 2019: Russian warplanes bombard Idlib countryside along with tens of ground strikes that targeted the eastern countryside of Idlib - 6 November 2019: As airstrikes return to escalate in 'Putin-Erdogan' area, the murderous Russian warplanes target children’s hospital in Jabal al-Zawiyah and leave casualties of the medical staff

20 November 2019 Russian and Assad's bombing has killed 1,300 people since April: 20 November 2019: Bombing by Assad and Russian regime forces of the last opposition-held pockets of Syria has killed 1,300 people and displaced almost 1 million more since April, according to monitors

21 November 2019 Russian torture and killing of a prisoner in Syria in 2017 documented: 21 November 2019: Russian-speaking man who filmed the torture and killing of a prisoner in Syria has been identified as a member of Wagner, a Russian private military company with ties to Putin's regime that has aggressively expanded into the Middle East and Africa in recent years

25 November 2019 Idlib offensive as Russian warplanes bombard hospital: 25 November 2019: Russian warplanes bombard a hospital in Jabal Al-Zawiya, as more than 80 raids and barrel bombs target Idlib countryside - 25 November 2019: With intensive support from Russian warplanes, Assad regime forces continue to advance southeast of Idlib and control new villages and locations in the area

Since 2013 timeline of increasing Iranian involvement in Assad's war and expansionism: With increasing Iranian involvement in Assad's war against the Syrian people from 2011 onwards, the Iranian regime's struggle against Israel, its declared aim to dissolve the Jewish state and the resulting Iran–Israel conflict shifted from a proxy war into a direct confrontation by early 2018 - Iranian regime's expansionism and Iran–Israel proxy conflict

November 2015 Iran recruiting Afghan refugees to fight and support Assad's regime: 5 November 2015: Iran is recruiting Afghan refugees to fight in the foreign military contingent supporting Assad's regime in Syria, promising a monthly salary and residence permits

January 2016 increased Iranian intervention: 27 January 2016: Syrian children protest against Iranian intervention, increased since Rouhani came to office

June 2016: 30 June 2016: Iranian regime covertly recruits Afghan soldiers to fight in Syria and to support the Assad regime

August 2018 war critic jailed: 27 August 2018: Ex-mayor of Tehran Karbaschi sentenced to year in jail for panning Iran’s actions in Syria, telling rally in Isfahan in 2017 there must be better way to help Syrians than by 'killing and pounding'

January 2019 Iran says 'fully ready and impatient' to eliminate Israel 'from the Earth': 21 January 2019: As Iranian regime's general Aziz Nasirzadeh, saying 'fully ready and impatient to confront the Zionist regime and eliminate it from the Earth', uses Syrian territory for Iranian crimes, Israeli military strikes Iranian targets inside Syria

July 2019 Iranian expansionism: 1 July 2019: Iranian militias are continuing to expand their influence in the southern and eastern Aleppo countrysides, and are purchasing land and property around their bases after blocking their owners from accessing them

7/8 September 2019 Iranian oil supplies to Assad: 7 September 2019: Iranian regime's oil tanker Adrian Darya 1 appears near Tartus naval base in Syria - 8 September 2019: Iran says tanker last seen off coast of Syria has reached its destination, and oil has been sold

9 September 2019 Iran-backed rockets at Israel: 9 September 2019: Iran-backed militia in Syria, operating under the command of Iran’s Quds Force, fired several rockets toward northern Israel in the predawn hours of Monday morning

10 September 2019 Iranian regime breaches assurances: 10 September 2019: UK's Foreign Office accuses Iranian regime of selling oil from seized tanker to Syria's Assad, saying regime breaching assurances with sale to 'Assad’s murderous regime’

3 October 2019 Adrian Darya 1: 3 October 2019: Satellite images show that once-detained Iranian-flagged oil tanker Adrian Darya 1 sitting off the coast of Syria has been approached by a smaller Iranian tanker, with mooring lines between them and a crane deployed on the larger vessel

Since 2011 terrorist group Hezbollah's involvement in Assad's war: Since 2011 terrorist group Hezbollah's involvement in the Syrian Civil War has been substantial, and turned into active support and troops deployment since 2012 in support of the Assad regime forces across Syria

Since 2011 timeline of war crimes in Syria committed by Assad, Iranian, Hezbollah and Russian forces: Daily updated timeline of war crimes in Syria committed by Assad, Iranian, Hezbollah and Russian forces since 2011

February 2019: 9 February 2019: Russian regime’s ambassador in Lebanon Zasypkin hails country’s Iranian-backed Hezbollah terror group for fighting alongside Russia in Syria, also saying USA policies toward Iran could set off a fresh war between Israel and Lebanon

January 2018 Turkish aerial bombardment targeting Afrin: 21 January 2018: SOHR documented the death of 6 citizens including a child under the age of 8, because of the aerial bombardment by the Turkish warplanes, which targeted today areas in Afrin city and its countryside, as Turkey bring more military reinforcements amid continued aerial and missile shelling on the area, and as UN officials underscore the obligation on all parties to the conflict in Syria and the international community, to protect civilians from atrocity crimes, as dozens of people in eastern Ghouta and Idlib province have been killed in recent airstrikes, and schools and hospitals are being deliberately destroyed by the Assad regime and its allies

Since 9 October 2019 Turkey's Rojava offensive, an ongoing military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces against areas under the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, commonly called Rojava - Turkish military action against the Syrian Democratic Forces and 2019 military intervention - International reactions to the 2019 Rojava offensive and reactions in Syria and Turkey

Since 9 October 2019 Turkish regime attacks Kurds in Syria: 9 October 2019: Turkey vows to press ahead with attack on Kurdish-led forces in Syria, as Kurds claim border is already being shelled, and Turkish regime says it will not be 'controlled by threats’ by the USA - 9 October 2019: Turkish troops advance into Syria as Trump washes his hands of the Kurds, as video footage shows civilians fleeing towns and as observers said at least seven civilians had been killed so far

10 October 2019: 10 October 2019: Turkish offensive triggers exodus of aid workers from Syria - 10 October 2019: Despite the intense ground shelling, Turkish forces fail to achieve any advancement east Euphrates and continue their shelling on Tal Abyad and Ras Al-Ayn

11 October 2019 civilian casualties of Turkey’s aggression: 11 October 2019: At least 11 civilians have died and dozens of fighters from the Kurdish-led SDF and Turkish invaders have been killed, reports say, as tens of thousands of people have fled their homes, amid growing international criticism of the offensive

11/12 October 2019 Erdogan's war crimes: 11 October 2019: Erdogan's bloodied clothes, body bags and corpse parts of innocent civilians in Syria - 12 October 2019: Kurdish civilians flee as Turkish forces bomb Syria for third day

13 October 2019 execution of Syrian civilians: 13 October 2019: Turkish proxies leading Erdogan's ground offensive on Kurdish towns in north-eastern Syria have executed nine civilians, including Kurdish politician Hevrin Khalaf and her driver, SOHR reported, as SDF said in a statement 'this is a clear evidence that the Turkish state is continuing its criminal policy towards unarmed civilians'

16 October 2019: 16 October 2019: Turkish military operation east Euphrates kills more than 70 civilians including many children so far and forces nearly 300 thousand people to displace from their areas - 16 October 2019: Video shows the moment the Turkish warplanes targeted a humanitarian support convoy in Ras al-Ayn 3 days ago, killing 19 people and injuring tens of others

16/17 October 2019: 16 October 2019: Turkish forces and their loyal factions carryout a new attack in Ras Al-Ayn city under a cover of heavy and violent aerial and ground bombardment - 17 octobre 2019: Les autorités kurdes en Syrie ont accusé jeudi la Turquie d'utiliser des armes non conventionnelles comme le napalm dans le nord de la Syrie - 17 October 2019: Humanitarian groups in northeastern Syria are scrambling to provide aid to hundreds of thousands of people, as rapidly shifting battle lines make it increasingly difficult to reach them, and as Save the Children says 'we have to leave', because Turkish onslaught displaces people, forcing them to flee to makeshift refugee camps

18 October 2019 Turkish war crimes: 18 octobre 2019: Les forces turques et leurs supplétifs ont commis des 'crimes de guerre' lors de leur offensive contre les forces kurdes en Syrie, selon Amnesty International, dénoncant des 'exécutions sommaires' et des attaques meurtrières contre des civils

18 October 2019 Turkish agression continues depite ceasefire agreement: 18 October 2019: Despite an announcement from the USA vice-president Mike Pence, that Turkish regime had agreed to a five-day ceasefire to allow the USA supervision of the withdrawal of Kurdish forces from the area, Turkish agression is continuing on the border between Syria and Turkey - 18 octobre 2019: Au moins cinq civils ont été tués vendredi dans le nord de la Syrie dans un raid aérien de la Turquie visant un village près de la localité frontalière de Ras al-Aïn

20 October 2019: 20 October 2019: Ras al-Ayn (Sari Kani) city under Turkish siege amid catastrophic humanitarian conditions, as 28 civilians lost their lives during the past 5 days in the city, as shelling and attacks by Erdogan-loyal factions continue, and as a new medical convoy is expected to enter and evacuate victims of Erdogan's agression - 20 October 2019: Turkish border guards kill a Syrian citizen as he tries to cross border from western countryside of Idlib

26 October 2019 Turkish war crimes: 26 October 2019: Calls for war crimes investigations into the conduct of militias used by Turkey in Syria are mounting after a spate of new videos depicting Ankara-linked fighters torturing Kurdish fighters and captives and mutilating dead bodies, after 170,000 Kurds have fled a battle zone along the Turkish border after a weeklong operation to push Kurds further into Syria - 26 October 2019: SOHR reveals medical reports confirming Turkey’s use of internationally prohibited weapons in northern Syria, calling on the international community to investigate and hold officials accountable

November 2019 IS terrorist group has exploited Turkey's incursion into Syria and Trump's drawdown of USA troops: 20 November 2019: Islamic State terrorist group has exploited Turkey's incursion into northeastern Syria and Trump's drawdown of USA troops from the region, according to a report by the Pentagon's Inspector General, adding that the group will now likely have the 'time and space' to target the West

2014/2016 flight MH17 shootdown: 28 September 2016: Dutch-led joint investigation team including representatives from Australia, Malaysia, Ukraine, and Belgium states that there is 'irrefutable evidence' that a Russian Buk 9M38 missile downed the Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777 in 2014, killing all 298 people on board, also concluding that the Buk missile system was brought across the border from Russia and later transported back escorted by several other vehicles and by 'armed men in uniform', according to witnesses, photographs, video, damning intercepted telephone calls, radar data, forensic examinations, tests and reconstructions - Cause of MH17 crash

2016 Ukrainian casualties: 31 May 2016: 10,000 Ukrainians killed by Russian-terrorist forces, more than 20,000 have been wounded and 1.8 million forced to flee their homes over the past two years, according to Ukrainian Defence Council - Casualties of the Ukrainian crisis and the Russian military intervention

2014-2018 MH17 shot down by Russian army: 24 May 2018: Joint Investigation Team, comprising the authorities from Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, the Netherlands and Ukraine announces that the missile launcher used to shoot down flight MH17 in July 2014, killing 298 passengers and crew from 17 countries, was Russian army, specifically Russia's 53rd anti-Aircraft Brigade

May 2018 MH17 victims families' open letter to the Russian people: 22 May 2018: In an open letter to the Russian people families of the victims in downing of MH17 hold the Russian regime as ultimately responsible for the deaths of their family members, expressing confidence in the thoroughness and impartiality of the work conducted by the Joint Investigation Team, and condemning reports on MH17 coming out of the Russian regime and state media, asking 'do Russian people really want to live in a country where the truth has ceased to exist'

November 2018 Kerch Strait incident and Russian violations of international law: November 2018 Kerch Strait incident - 26 November 2018: Countries across the world and various politicians have reacted to Russia's attack on Ukrainian vessels in the Sea of Azov and called on Russia to stop violating international law - 28 November 2018: Following Russian regime’s seizure of three Ukrainian navy ships and crew, regime to deploy new missiles to annexed Crimea, as Ukraine president warns regime, saying 'I don’t want anyone to think this is fun and games. Ukraine is under threat of full-scale war with Russia' - 29 novembre 2018: La Russie bloque deux ports ukrainiens de la mer d'Azov

December 2018: 1 December 2018: Shooting of Ukraine's 'Berdyansk' boat by Russian regime most likely took place in international waters, as Ukrainian tug 'Yani Kapu' was intentionally rammed at least four times over a period of at least an hour, Bellingcat said - 1 December 2018: Russia must return Ukraine's sailors, vessels before administration consider rescheduled Trump-Putin summit, USA's Pompeo says - 2 décembre 2018: Poutine a affirmé que 'la guerre va continuer' dans l'est rebelle de l'Ukraine tant que les autorités ukrainiennes actuelles 'resteront au pouvoir'

19 June 2019 first trial of three Russian nationals and a Ukrainian suspect announced: 19 June 2019: Marking the beginning of the Dutch criminal proceedings, Dutch prosecutors say three Russian nationals and a Ukrainian will be tried on murder charges for their role in the 2014 downing of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 over eastern Ukraine, saying that evidence showed a direct line of military command between Ukrainian separatists and Russia's Putin regime, as suspects will be tried for murder in the case set to start in March 2020, according to Silene Fredriksz-Hoogzand, the mother of one of the 298 victims - 19 June 2019: Identifying the separatists linked to the downing of MH17 by Bellingcat Investigation Team

16 October 2019 Putin's victims in the sixth year: 16 October 2019: Russia's hybrid military forces on October 15 mounted 26 attacks on Ukrainian Army positions in Donbas, killing two Ukrainian soldiers and wounding another four, as one of the Ukrainian troops shot dead by a sniper was a young woman who joined army ranks after her father, also a Ukrainian military, was killed in Donbas hostilities back in 2015

17 October 2019: 17 October 2019: On October 16, Russian occupation forces violated the ceasefire 30 times in the Donbas war zone, killing one Ukrainian soldier and wounding another one

14 November 2019 MH17 investigators say phone calls show Ukraine rebels' ties to Russia: 14 November 2019: MH17 investigators say phone calls show Ukraine rebels' ties to Russian Putin regime, as intercepts suggest separatists sought guidance from Russia before jet was shot down

September 2019 ECHR Russian Crimea annexation case: 11 September 2019: The Russian state directed and ran the 2014 military coup in Crimea, its subsequent annexation and is complicit in human rights abuses since 2014, Ukraine has told the European court of human rights

October 2019 UN report on the situation of human rights in Crimea: 15 October 2019: UN report on the situation of human rights in Crimea and the city of Sevastopol in Ukraine notes that Russian regime violates Geneva conventions by deliberately resettling people from mainland Russia to the Ukrainian Crimea in attempts to alter demographics in the area

Since 2009 Iranian regime's and Hezbollah's support for 'Houthis': Since 2009 Iranian regime's, Hezbollah's and North Korean financial and military support for 'Houthis'

Since February 2015 timeline of the Yemeni Civil War, human rights violations, cholera outbreak and famine: Since February 2015 timeline of the Yemeni Civil War and human rights violations - Since 2016 Yemen cholera outbreak - Since 2016 Famine in Yemen

January 2019: 19 January 2019: Illegally shipped Iranian fuel financing Yemen Houthi rebels' war, UN report finds

June 2019: 20 June 2019: Human cost of Yemen war laid bare as the death toll nears 100,000, according to a report outlining the war’s impact on civilians as well as fighters as the researchers call for resolution to conflict

August 2019: 1 August 2019: Iran-aligned Houthis rebels launch missile strike on military parade in Aden and coordinated suicide bombings target a police station in another part of the city, killing at least 51 people and wounding dozens

September 2019 war crimes in Yemen: 3 September 2019: As panel lists 160 key actors in Yemen war who could face charges, UN report says Britain, France and the USA may be complicit in war crimes in Yemen by arming and providing support to a Saudi-led coalition that starves civilians as a war tactic

October 2019 Houthi's Yemen war caused 100,000 victims til today: 31 October 2019: The death toll in Yemen’s war started by Iranian backed Houthis since 2015 has reached 100,000, according to a highly regarded database project that tracks the conflict, saying 20,000 people killed this year and 12,000 civilians among total since 2015

16-25 April 2019: 16 avril 2019: Au moins 174 personnes ont été tuées et 758 blessées, dont des civils, depuis le lancement d'une offensive de Khalifa Haftar pour conquérir Tripoli, selon OMS - 17 April 2019: Nearly 180 people have died as a result of warlord Haftar’s assault on Tripoli, with at least four civilians killed in aerial bombardment on the Libyan capital overnight, as residents protest and government denounces attacks as barbaric, saying evidence will be passed to ICC - 25 April 2019: Young refugees held in the Qasr bin Ghashir detention centre in Libya have described being shot at indiscriminately by warlord Haftar's militias advancing on Tripoli, in an attack that reportedly left at least two people dead and up to 20 injured

3 July 2019 airstrike on migrant detention centre: 3 July 2019: An airstrike hit a detention center for migrants early Wednesday in the Libyan capital, killing at least 40 people, according to a health official in Libya's UN-supported government, blaming warlord Haftar for the airstrike, which destroyed centre holding mainly African migrants, as thousands of migrants from African countries are locked in dozens of facilities in Libya - 3 July 2019: Tripoli attack, apparently carried out by forces loyal to the warlord Khalifa Haftar, 'clearly could constitute a war crime, as it killed by surprise innocent people whose dire conditions forced them to be in that shelter', according to UN envoy Ghassan Salamé

10 July 2019 France admits Haftar military support: 10 July 2019: France admits it is owner of missiles found on Libyan rebel base used for Haftar's assault on Tripoli

13 July 2019: 13 July 2019: ICC Prosecutor initiates legal procedures in the airstrike of the immigration centre in Tajoura

5/7 August 2019 another murderous airstrike by French-backed Haftar: 5 août 2019: Au moins 42 civils ont été tués dans une frappe aérienne contre une ville du sud de la Libye, selon Ibrahim Omar, membre du conseil municipal de Morzouk, en accusant les forces de Khalifa Haftar, en ajoutant qu'un bâtiment gouvernemental où étaient réunies plus de 200 personnes, des notables et doyens de la ville pour régler des différends sociaux, a été visé par trois frappes, et en affirmant que les bombardements ont aussi fait plus de 60 blessés dont 30 dans un état grave - 7 August 2019: Libya’s FM demands ICC investigate Murzuq massacre

16 August 2019 UNSMIL deplores attacks on airports: 16 August 2019: UNSMIL deplores the ever-increasing and systemic attacks on airports in western Libya, including Zuwara and Mitiga, endangering the lives of thousands of civilian travelers, including UN staff and humanitarian workers, as Mitiga airport is the only functioning airport near Tripoli available for use by hundreds of thousands of civilians and for the delivery of humanitarian assistance

17 August 2019 Haftar's torture and executions: 17 August 2019: 12 prisoners of war, showing signs of torture and abuses, have been executed by Khalifa Haftar’s infamous Al-Kaniyat militia group after their detention in different frontlines in southern Tripoli, as two other civilians abducted by the same group in Qarabulli town east of Tripoli had the same fate, according to ministry

7 September 2019 billion dollar fund financing Libyan warlord Haftar: 7 September 2019: Inside the billion dollar fund financing Libyan warlord Haftar, who has the military backing of the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Egypt, and the political and military support of Russia and France in his five-year quest to conquer the vast oil-rich country of Libya

13 September 2019 Russian technicians support Haftar: 13 September 2019: Russian technicians are supporting Khalifa Haftar's forces by repairing its Soviet-supplied armoured fighting vehicles and artillery

6 November 2019 airstrikes and Russian mercenaries: 6 November 2019: 2 Libyan policemen were killed in an air strike on a police station in the suburbs of Tripoli, the Government of National Accord said - 6 November 2019: 3 people were killed Tuesday in Libya in an airstrike carried out by forces loyal to Khalifa Haftar - 6 November 2019: After Ukraine and Syria, Russian regime turns its attention to Libya's proxy war - 6 November 2019: In the last six weeks, about 200 Russian fighters, including experienced snipers, have arrived in Libya as part of a broad campaign by the Putin regime to reassert its influence across the Middle East and Africa, the New York Times reports

18 November 2019 workers in Libyan capital killed in airstrike by Haftar’s forces: 18 November 2019: At least ten workers were killed and 35 wounded in an airstrike by Khalifa Haftar’s forces on Monday that hit a biscuit factory in Libya's Wadi Rabea, 21 km from the centre of Tripoli, called a possible war crime by the UN, as Egypt, France and the UAE are among the countries accused of sending weapons to Haftar, and as the majority of those killed in the strike were apparently migrants while two were Libyans

November 2019 'Libya is ground zero for drone wars': 27 November 2019: 'Libya is ground zero for drone wars', according to Drone Wars research group's Chris Cole, saying 'a complex network of countries are involved and nobody is precisely sure who is doing what', after warlord Haftar launched his bloody offensive in April - 30 November 2019: UAE-backed drone strike kills entire family in south Libya, as Media Centre has confirmed the killing of a whole family including children, in addition to two migrant workers in an air raid conducted by an UAE-backed drone of Haftar

9/10 December 2019 Libya arms embargo systematically violated by UN states: 9 December 2019: Libya arms embargo being systematically violated by UN states, as Jordan, Turkey and UAE singled out for 'routinely and blatantly’ supplying weapons, and as report will not identify the country responsible for a particularly egregious air assault on the Tajoura refugee detention centre in July but will make it clear the attack used weapons available only to a foreign power - 10 December 2019: Libya GNA warns from Haftar’s possible entry to Tripoli with Russian support

Civilian casualty ratio is the ratio of civilian casualties to combatant casualties or total casualties in armed conflicts, list of war since World War I, statistics and estimations - The so-called collateral damage is a term for deaths, injuries, or other damage inflicted on an unintended target

War casualties by war - War casualties by nationality

August 1914 German destruction and sacking of Kalisz: August 1914 destruction and sacking of the city of Kalisz by German Empire troops at the beginning of World War I, also known as the Pogrom of Kalisz or Poland’s Louvain, a part of German 'Schrecklichkeit' atrocities

Since August 1914 German troops executed civilians in Europe: Since August 1914 German troops burned homes and executed civilians throughout eastern and central Belgium, including Aarschot (156 dead), Andenne (211 dead), Tamines (383 dead), and Dinant (674 dead), as the victims included men, women, and children - German terrorism called 'Schrecklichkeit', the basis of German actions during their march through Belgium in 1914, followed later in France, the Russian-held area of Poland, and in Russia

Since 1914/1915 German bombing and invasion of Warsaw: After aerial bombing of the city of Warsaw in 1914 with airships, German army's invasion of Warsaw since 1 August 1915

April 1937 bombing of Guernica: 26 April 1937 bombing of Guernica, an aerial bombing of the Basque town of Guernica by Nazi German Luftwaffe's Condor Legion and the Fascist Italian Aviazione Legionaria, causing hundreds of civilian casualties

1 September 1939 bombing of Wielun: 1 September 1939 bombing of Wielun comprised air raids on the Polish town of Wielun by Germany's Luftwaffe, that destroyed at least 70% of the town's buildings (as much as 90%, in the city center), causing hundreds of civilian casualties according to historian Norman Davies, described as the first war crime committed by Germany in World War II

September 1939 German bombing of Frampol, practicing skills to kill: September 1939 bombing of Frampol occurred during the German invasion of Poland in 1939, when the town of Frampol, without military value, but with a population of 4,000 people was bombed by German bombers under General von Richthofen on 13 September as a practice run for future missions and as German fighter pilots trained strafing techniques on refugees who were trying to flee from the city

Since 2015 Russian bombing campaign in Syria: Since 2015 Russian bombing campaign in Syria, civilian casualties and war crimes - Since September 2015 Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign - Russian war crimes in Syria

February 2016 Russia committing war crimes by deliberately bombing civilians and aid workers: 21 February 2016: Russia committing war crimes by deliberately bombing civilians and aid workers, rights group says

2017 - January 2018 civilian casualties global survey: 8 January 2018: In a jump of 42% in a year, more than 15,000 civilians were killed by explosive weapons in 2017, a rise driven by airstrikes, which killed almost double the number of civilians in 2017 compared with the previous year, according to a global survey seen by the Guardian, also saying that the worst impacted countries were Syria, where civilian deaths increased by 55% to 8,051, Iraq, where there was a 50% increase, to 3,271, and Afghanistan, where 994 non-combatants died

30 August 2018 about 8,000 civilians killed by the Russian strikes in 35 months: 30 August 2018: About 8,000 civilians including 3,123 children and woman are among more than 18,000 people killed by the Russian strikes in 35 months of military operations in Syria, according to SOHR, as in seven years, the casualties of Russian and Iranian backed war have grown from the first handful of protesters shot by Assad's forces to hundreds of thousands of dead

31 August 2018 Poland lost more than 5 million citizens, including 90% of Poland's Jewish population in WWII: 31 August 2018: Poland says it lost more than 5 million citizens, including 90% of Poland's Jewish population, and over $54 billion dollars worth of assets under the Nazi German occupation of the country during World War II

July 2019 Russia and Assad regime step up murderous airstrikes against civilians: 22 July 2019: Russia and Assad regime step up murderous airstrikes against civilians in Idlib province, as Syrian Coalition urges international community to stop bombing of civilians amounting to war crimes and international crimes

August 2019 433 civilians killed across Syria in July: 5 August 2019: SNHR said that it registered the names of 433 civilians who were killed across Syria in July, mostly in the ongoing onslaught the Assad regime and Russia launched against Idlib and rural Hama

30 August 2019 Syrian towns and villages have been razed to the ground: 30 August 2019: 'Entire towns and villages have been razed to the ground' in northwestern Syria, according to satellite imagery presented by UN's Mark Lowcock in his briefing to the UN Security Council, saying that 'there can be no reason, rationale, excuse or justification for the destruction of civilian areas on the scale seen in Idleb today'

Since 2011 PHR documenting assaults on Syrian health care: Since 2011 Physicians for Human Rights researchers begin documenting assaults on Syrian health care workers and infrastructure, creating an interactive map of attacks and revealing Assad regime’s systemic targeting of hospitals and health workers - Physicians for Human Rights website and interactive map of illegal attacks on Syrian health care

March 2015: 11 March 2015: More than 600 medical workers have been killed in Syria’s civil war in deliberate and indiscriminate attacks, most of them by Assad's forces, international rights group Physicians for Human Rights announced, saying it had documented 233 attacks on 183 medical facilities across Syria since March 2011

Since September/October 2015 Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign: Since September/October 2015 Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign - 29 September 2016: Syria hospital attacks are 'war crimes', UN's Ban Ki-moon says

Since September/October 2015: 29 October 2015: The escalation of attacks by Russia’s air forces, which began in late September, had targeted 12 hospitals in Idlib, Aleppo and Hama provinces, including six supported by Médecins Sans Frontières, a MSF statement says - 2 November 2015: 'Doctors Without Borders' is urging the permanent member states of the UN Security Council to comply with the responsibility to protect mandate to stop the escalating aerial massacres in Syria as quickly as possible

1 December 2015: A hospital supported by Médecins Sans Frontières in Homs partially destroyed in a 'double-tap' barrel bombing, killing seven people including a young girl and wounding many, latest in apparent escalation of strikes on medical facilities by Russian and Assad terror warplanes - 2 December 2015: Doctors Without Borders reported two barrel bombing attacks against one of their hospitals in Zafarana in Syria’s Homs Province, which left at least 7 people dead and 47 others wounded, including 23 women and children under the age of 15

2016: 9 February 2016: An airstrike hit Tafas field hospital, some 12 km from the Jordanian border in southern Syria, that is supported by Médecins Sans Frontières, killing three people including a nurse and wounding six - 15 février 2016: Un hôpital à Hadiyé dans la région de Maaret al-Noomane, lié à MSF, a été bombardé, neuf personnes, dont un enfant, ont été tuées lors de frappes de l'aviation, vraisemblablement russe - 18 February 2016: Hospitals in opposition-held parts of Syria are refusing to share GPS coordinates with Russian and Syrian authorities because of repeated attacks on medical facilities and workers, Médecins Sans Frontières and humanitarian workers on the ground say - 23 February: Survivors of MSF Hospital targeted by warplanes in Maarat al-Nouman recount their stories - 9 May 2016: Attacks on hospitals and medical facilities by the regime and Russian forces continue unabated, as Assad’s jets on Sunday bombed a hospital in Kafrnaha in rural Aleppo which is supported by Doctors Without Borders destroying three ambulances and causing damage to the hospital building

June 2016: 1 June 2016: Hospitals are now normal targets of war, Médecins Sans Frontières' Michiel Hofman says, describing permanent members of the UN security council as complicit in killings, after Russia blamed for new strikes which targeted two hospitals and other parts of Idlib city, killing scores

July 2016: 24 juillet 2016: Des bombardements aériens, menés par la Syrie et la Russie, ont touchés les établissements dans les quartiers est de la ville, assiégés depuis le 17 juillet par le régime - 24 July 2016: Four makeshift hospitals and a local blood bank in Syria's battered Aleppo city have been hit by regime air raids in the past 24 hours, including the children's hospital in a besieged eastern neighbourhood, where the bombardment killed a two-day-old baby, according to a group of doctors - 26 July 2016: Russian warplanes fired vacuum missiles and cluster bombs at residential neighborhoods, hitting Atareb's main hospital and medicine stores and wounding 45 more people - 29 July 2016: An airstrike has hit a maternity hospital in a rebel-held area of Idlib province supported by Save the Children, killing two people and injuring several others including a woman, who was six months pregnant and who lost her leg, and several babies, when their incubators crashed to the floor in the attack - 31 July 2016: Four new-born babies reportedly killed after a recent triple airstrike, which aid workers said came from Syrian government warplanes, hit besieged Aleppo’s last children’s hospital run by a group of Syrian doctors, the Independent Doctors’ Association, and backed by the charity Unicef - 31 July 2016: It rose to 9 (including 3 citizens, a child, a pharmaceutical and the deputy director of Jassem hospital) the number of people who were killed when the warplanes bombed areas of Jassem in the countryside of Daraa, where one of the raids targeted the town’s hospital area, as the Syrian Center for Policy Research puts the death toll from the six-year Assad war against Syrians at more than 470,000 people

August 2016: 8 August 2016: Hospital supported by Doctors Without Borders in rebel-held northern province of Idlib that specialized in pediatrics hit by series of airstrikes in broad daylight, leaving four staff and five children dead and injuring six other hospital staff members - 11 August 2016: Facing an attack on a medical facility every 17 hours, 15 of the last 35 doctors in rebel-held eastern Aleppo have written a letter to USA's Obama with an urgent plea for intervention to stop the bombardment of hospitals in the besieged city by the Russian-backed Syrian air force, saying 'we do not need tears or sympathy or even prayers, we desperately need a zone free from bombing over eastern Aleppo to stop the attacks', as some doctors refused to sign the letter because they had no wish to make any more appeals to the west - 13 August 2016: Russian jets destroy pediatric and maternity hospital in Kafar Hamra in Aleppo province - 17 August 2016: Russian fighter jets destroy hospital in Daret Izza, rural Aleppo

2017: 16 February 2017: The Assad regime and Russian forces were behind airstrikes that hit two hospitals in northeastern Syria in February 2016, according to an investigation initiated by Doctors Without Borders, also saying that 25 people, including an MSF staff member, were killed and 11 others wounded in the attack - 1 April 2017: Airstrikes hit a hospital supported by medical aid group in Latamnah in Hama province last week, killing two people, with evidence chemical weapons were used, Medecins Sans Frontieres said - 22 September 2017: At least four hospitals were targeted by Assad regime and Russian strikes as warplanes conducted more than 105 raids within a 24-hour period, deliberately attacking medical facilities in northern Hama and southern Idleb province

January 2018: 4 January 2018: Russian jets on Tuesday bombed Hasan al-A'araj Hospital in the town of Ma'arat al-Nu'man in rural Idlib, destroying large parts of the hospital and putting the facility out of service - 8 January 2018: SNHR says that as many as 112 medical personnel and civil defense workers were killed in Syria in 2017, 51 of whom were killed in attacks by the Assad regime and 23 others in Russian airstrikes

March 2018: 26 March 2018: The United Nations has come under fire for sharing the coordinates of hospitals in the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta with Russia, only for one of them to be bombed days later, according to 'The Telegraph' - 26 March 2018: Syrian Coalition's Mohammed Yahya Maktabi said that the mass forced displacement taking place in the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta is a 'war crime' as he condemned Russian’s major role in these crimes, adding that regime forces, the Iranian militias, and Russian air force are killing civilians, targeting popular markets, residential areas and public facilities and bombing hospitals, medical centers, and rescue workers - 27 March 2018: As more than half million people killed in seven years of brutal ground and aerial bombing by the Assad regime and its allies, and as Syrian children have taken the biggest share in the horrible death toll, the unstoppable roar of Russia's warplanes has caused a heart attack for Lojain Said, taking the life of the schoolgirl who lived in the northwestern town of Jisr al-Shughour, the Civil Defense rescue group says

April 2018: 2 April 2018: Russian forces have targeted a medical center in rural Idlib province as the province has become home to about two million people, half of whom were forcibly displaced by the Assad regime and its Russian and Iranian allies

May 2018: 2 May 2018: Strikes of warplanes destroy the building of Kafr Zita Hospital in the northern countryside of Hama and leave casualties

August 2018: 20 août 2018: L'humanitaire, activité de plus en plus risquée, selon le centre de recherches indépendant Humanitarian Outcomes

October 2018: 16 October 2018: Boko Haram terrorists in Nigeria have killed medical aid worker Hauwa Mohammed Liman, who worked in Red Cross-supported hospital and was held hostage since March

April 2019: 30 April 2019: The intensifying airstrikes by the Russian air force knocked out two hospitals in the town of Latamina in northern rural Hama in the past 24 hours, local activists said

May 2019: 6 May 2019: Aerial bombardment by the Assad regime and Russian forces targeting large areas of the provinces of Idlib and Hama knocked out four hospitals on Sunday, killing a nurse and a civilian in one of these hospitals - 7 May 2019: Assad regime forces and Russia bombarding 12 medical sites over 10 days in the Hama and Idlib provinces in central and northern Syria, according to SNHR

June 2019: 2 June 2019: Dozens of prominent doctors have called for urgent action to halt the bombing campaign by Syrian and Russian planes that has targeted more than 20 hospitals in Syria’s north-west, putting many out of action and leaving millions of people without proper healthcare, after coordinates for many of those hit had been shared with the regime and its Russian backers by the UN

1 July 2019: 1 July 2019: Russian Donbas invaders opened fire at a medical evacuation vehicle of the Joint Forces which was transporting a wounded soldier in Ukraine, killing one serviceman and injuring two

12 July 2019: 12 July 2019: After UN had shared the coordinates of the hospital in Maarat al Numan with the warring parties, airstrikes against hospitals in northwest Syria, including an ambulance center, a clinic and two hospitals in Maarat al Numan, were strongly condemned by UN Secretary-General, who supported Assad's regime

August 2019: 15 August 2019: Russian double tap airstrike kills Civil Defense volunteer while trying to rescue a civilian near the village of Basika on Wednesday, after the Assad regime and Russian air forces bombed at least 29 healthcare facilities in the provinces of Idlib and Hama, causing dozens of civilian casualties - 16 August 2019: Russian airstrikes targeted an ambulance center in the town of Ma’aret Hurmeh in Idlib province, killing 3 medical workers 'as they were trying to rescue civilians wounded in the ongoing aerial bombardment', according to the Syrian American Medical Society, as at least seven people were killed in attacks on Idlib, according to SOHR

13 October 2019 proof that Russian warplanes bombed four Syrian hospitals in May: 13 October 2019: Extensive evidence gathered and analyzed over months by USA newspaper proves that Russian warplanes bombed four Syrian hospitals in the span of 12 hours in May as part of Putin regime’s effort to keep Syria's Bashar Assad in power, saying 'recklessly or intentionally bombing hospitals is a war crime, but proving culpability amid a complex civil war is extremely difficult'

10 November 2019 Turkish airstrike on Kurdish medics: 10 November 2019: Kurdish medics hit by shrapnel and injured in an attack on ambulance on its way to rescue people wounded in a Turkish airstrike, in the latest of what Kurdish groups say is a pattern of attacks against medical staff in north-eastern Syria, as ambulance with red markings indicating it was a medical vehicle was heading to villages north of the town of Tal Tamr

25 November 2019 Russian warplanes bombard a hospital in Jabal Al-Zawiya: 25 November 2019: Russian warplanes bombard a hospital in Jabal Al-Zawiya, as more than 80 raids and barrel bombs target Idlib countryside

5 December 2019 UN report predicts 'bleak outlook' for the world due to armed conflicts and climate emergency: 5 December 2019: Attacks on healthcare workers have reached a record high according to UN’s global humanitarian overview 2020 report, that predicts a 'bleak outlook' for the world’s poorest people due to intense armed conflict and the climate emergency, as the number of highly violent conflicts has risen to 41, from 36 in 2018, causing deaths, injuries, significant displacement and hunger, and as compliance with international law is declining, while attacks against aid and health workers in areas hit by conflict are putting 'millions of people at risk' by denying them care and aid

May 2019 Gulf of Oman attacks on commercial ships: 12 May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident resulted in damage to 4 commercial ships near the port of Fujairah in the Gulf of Oman - 13 May 2019: The hull of a Norwegian-registered product tanker was damaged by an unknown object off the cost of the UAE port of Fujairah on Sunday - 13 May 2019: Saudi Arabia said that two of its oil tankers had been damaged in mysterious 'sabotage attacks' in the Gulf, as USA's Pompeo rushed to Brussels to hold emergency talks with his European partners about the mounting tensions in the region including the alleged attacks on the oil tankers and the status of the threat posed by Iran

14 May 2019 East–West Pipeline attack claimed by Houthis: 14 May 2019 East–West Pipeline attack was a Houthi drone attack that targeted the Saudi East–West Crude Oil Pipeline

15-17 May 2019: 15 May 2019: Saudi Arabia, the world’s top crude exporter, said that attacks on two of its tankers and a major pipeline targeted the security of global oil supplies - 17 mai 2019: Les attaques de drones en Arabie Saoudite ont mis en lumière une arme redoutable qui préoccupe tous les pays

June 2019 oil tanker attacks near Hormuz attributed to Iran: 13 June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident, in which two oil tankers were attacked near the Strait of Hormuz - 13 June 2019: Two oil tankers were hit in suspected attacks in the Gulf of Oman, shipping firms and industry sources said, sending oil prices as much as 4% higher a month after four other tankers were damaged by limpet mines in the region - 14 June 2019: After USA military issues video showing Iranian forces interfering with vessel and removing an unexploded limpet mine from one of the ships, Iranian regime’s foreign minister accused the USA, Israel and Saudi Arabia of a plot to 'sabotage diplomacy' and appeared to insinuate that those countries were behind the assaults - 14 June 2019: UK joins USA in accusing Iranian regime of tanker attacks as crew of the Norwegian-owned 'Front Altair' held by regime - 15 June 2019: USA's unmanned aircraft spotted Iranian regime's boats approaching ships hours before they were hit in alleged attack, USA official says - 17 June 2019: New images link Iran to oil tanker attacks, USA military says

20 June 2019 Iranian shoot-down of USA drone: 20 June 2019 Iranian shoot-down of USA Global Hawk surveillance drone with a 3rd-of-Khordad surface-to-air missile near the Strait of Hormuz - 21 June 2019: Major airlines from around the world avoid strait of Hormuz after Iranian strike on USA drone

June/July 2019 strikes and attacks attributed to Iran: 1 July 2019: Yossi Cohen, the head of the Mossad intelligence service, declared unequivocally that Iran was responsible for a series of strikes on oil facilities and ships in the Persian Gulf in recent months, as well as an attack on the Bahraini embassy in Baghdad last week

10/11 July 2019 Iran unsuccessfully tried to seize UK tanker: 11 July 2019: Britain confirms Iran unsuccessfully tried to seize UK tanker in the strait of Hormuz

21 July 2019 Iranian regime captured Swedish/British 'Stena Impero': 21 July 2019: A recording has emerged of Iranian coastguards telling a British Royal Navy frigate they want to inspect the captured Swedish/British Stena Impero for security reasons, as radio exchanges make no reference to a previous Iranian suggestion that the British-flagged oil tanker had been stopped due to an accident with a fishing vessel, a previous explanation given by Tehran regime for the capture of the ship

4 August 2019 Iran captured 'foreign vessel': 4 August 2019: In the regime’s third such seizure in a month, Iranian naval forces have captured a 'foreign vessel' in the Gulf, arresting 7 crew members and saying vessel was bringing 'smuggled fuel' to Arab Gulf states

17 August 2019 Shaybah attack: 17 August 2019 Shaybah attack was a suicide drone attack by the Houthis against Saudi Arabian oil and gas fields in the remote town of Shaybah

7 September 2019 Iranian regime captured foreign vessel: 7 September 2019: Iranian regime has seized a vessel for allegedly smuggling fuel in the Gulf and detained its 12 crew members from the Philippines

Since 14 September 2019 Iranian Abqaiq-Khurais attack on Saudi oil facilities, claimed by Houthis: 14 September 2019 Abqaiq-Khurais attack, a drone attack that targeted the Saudi Aramco oil factories in eastern Saudi Arabia - 14 September 2019: After previous attacks by Yemen’s Houthis and amid tensions between Iranian regime and USA, Iranian-backed Houthis claim attack on oil processing facility in Saudi Arabia and a major oilfield operated by Saudi Aramco, causing major fire at world's largest oil refinery crucial to global energy supplies

15 September 2019: 15 September 2019: USA secretary of state Pompeo accuses Iran of 'unprecedented attack’ on Saudi oil facilities, saying there is no evidence the attacks came from Yemen, as global supplies of oil are likely to suffer a 'major jolt' following Saturday’s attack by a swarm of explosive drones on the world’s biggest oil processing plant

16 September 2019 Iran seizes UAE vessel: 16 September 2019: Iran 'seizes UAE vessel' in Gulf amid Saudi oil attack standoff

16 September 2019 Iran reportedly fired cruise missiles and drones: 16 September 2019: Iran fired dozens of cruise missiles and drones in the Saturday attack on Saudi oil facilities, according to senior USA officials, saying that satellite imagery and other intelligence showed the strike was inconsistent with one launched from Yemen, where Iranian-backed Houthi rebels had claimed responsibility

18-23 September 2019 attacks on oil plants originated in Iran: 18 September 2019: USA points at Iranian regime for unprecedented strike on Saudi oil plants, saying the strikes originated in southwestern Iran and involved cruise missiles and drones, as Saudi too says will show evidence, Iranian weapons - 23 September 2019: Britain has concluded that Iran was responsible for attacks on oil facilities in Saudi Arabia, as government considers taking part in a USA-led military effort to bolster the Gulf kingdom’s defenses - 23 September 2019: Captured UK tanker Stena Impero believed to be still in Iranian waters

July 2019 Assad's war since 2011 and family's business: 12 July 2019: Who gains the most out of Syria's civil war, Israeli newspaper 'Haaretz' asks, saying that cousin of Bashar Assad, Rami Makhlouf, despite the sanctions imposed by the USA and some European nations and now thought to be the wealthiest man in Syria, manages the Assad family's business and is making his fortune in construction franchises, imports, newspapers and media, as well as Syriatel, a mobile service provider company, which he heads, also representing state-owned as well as private Iranian companies that received permission to invest in Syria, as circle of winners from the war encompasses not only Syrian businessmen but Iranian and Russian ones as well

1994: United Nations accepted failing their responsibility to prevent the Rwandan genocide in 1994

1995/2002: 10 April 2002: UN and the Netherlands blamed over 1995 Srebrenica massacre, for failing to give the troops the support they needed to defend the local population and for handing over Bosnian Muslim civilians to Serb forces, according to the Netherlands Institute for War Documentation

2009: UN admits Sri Lanka civil war failure during the final months in 2009

October 2015 UN unable to protect living people in Syria: 18 October 2015: Unable to protect living people in Syria, UN peacekeepers to guard heritage sites from Islamic State, as Unesco okays Italian plan to charge Blue Helmets with protecting sites in danger zones

Since August 2016: 29 August 2016: UN paid and pays tens of millions to Assad regime, paying more than $13m to the Syrian murderous regime to boost farming and agriculture, despite the EU has banned trade with the departments in question for fear of how the money will be used, also paying at least $4m to the state-owned fuel supplier, which is also on the EU sanctions list, also partnering with the Syria Trust charity under both USA and EU sanctions, spending a total of $8.5m etc. - 30 August 2016: UN under pressure to set up inquiry into Syria aid programme, as human rights groups say UN needs to restore trust after the British newspaper 'Guardian' revealed contracts had been awarded to agencies linked to dictator Bashar al-Assad

October 2016: 28 October 2016: UN hires Assad's friends and relatives for Syria relief operation, as almost two-thirds of the emergency health supplies needed in Syria have gone to regime-held areas and 64% of the kits and medicines provided by the WHO since January have been delivered to areas held by or supporting Assad regime, only 13% of WHO supplies have reached Syria’s 'besieged' areas, according to documents seen by the Guardian newspaper

2016/2017 UN payments to Assad regime's companies: 1 August 2017: The United Nations paid at least $18 million in 2016 to companies with close ties to Bashar Al Assad, some of them run by cronies of the Syrian dictator who are on USA and EU blacklists

September 2017 Putin threatens to veto UNIFIL mandate: 5 September 2017: Russian Putin regime threatens to veto UNIFIL mandate and renewal of UN peacekeeper force if Lebanon-based terror organization Hezbollah, its ally in Assad's war against the Syrian people, mentioned

February 2018 UN's Guterres supports Assad regime: 23 February 2018: With support of UN head Guterres Assad regime’s Bashar Ja’afari elected to the UN’s Special Committee on Decolonization, as Hillel Neuer, executive director of the Geneva-based human rights group UN Watch, says that 'it is incomprehensible for the UN on one day to lament the Syrian regime’s killing and wounding of hundreds of thousands of Syrians - to declare the regime guilty of a 'monstrous campaign of annihilation’ of its own people - and to then hand this gift of false legitimacy to the mass murderer Bashar al-Assad'

March 2018 UN supports Russian attacks on hospitals: 26 March 2018: The 'United Nations' has come under fire for sharing the coordinates of hospitals in the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta with Russia, only for one of them to be bombed days later, according to 'The Telegraph'

June 2018 UN's Guterres meets Putin and attends propaganda soccer match: 12 June 2018: UN Secretary-General Guterres will travel to Russia, where he is scheduled to meet with murderous Russian regime's Vladimir Putin on 20 June and attend a World Cup soccer match at Moscow’s Luzhniki Stadium

July/August 2018 'Inner City Press' banned from the UN by Guterres for 361 days: 20 August 2018: Independent journalist Matt Lee forcibly removed from UN, stripped of press credentials, and 'Inner City Press' banned from the UN by Guterres for 361 days, reporting on Guterres' world of double-speak, harassment and hypocrisy

November 2018 'Les droits de l'homme ne s'appliquent plus': 18 November 2018: L'ex-procureure générale de la Confédération suisse et de l'ONU au TPIY et au TPI pour le Rwanda, Carla Del Ponte dresse un tableau sans concession de l'organisation des Nations unies et même de la justice internationale, déclarant 'Nous sommes tombés très bas. Les droits de l'homme ne s'appliquent plus', et appelant à réformer l'ONU

March 2011-2019 Syrian crisis and mass murder: 31 March 2019: As the Syrian crisis enters its ninth year, Assad's 'new' Syria is a police state more aggressive than ever with rampant poverty, a playground for superpowers, and the misery and grievances that caused the initial outbreak of mass protests - corruption, political repression and inequality - have only gotten worse, after hundreds of thousands of Syrians killed

30 May 2019: 30 May 2019: After 'over the past few hours, the Assad regime forces, the Russian occupation jets, and the Iranian militia have carried out four deadly attacks in Idlib and Aleppo provinces, bombing more than 35 towns and villages in the two provinces', the Syrian Coalition says 'these crimes have cast serious doubt about the very mission around which the United Nations was established, mainly to maintain international peace and security. These crimes have also shown how this institution, since it has been unable to intervene to resolve the most serious international conflicts, has become wholly irrelevant'

27 June 2019 UN's ability to write a letter: 27 June 2019: Following 8 years of a brutal war by Assad's, the Iranian and Russian regime against the Syrian people, facing daily war crimes such as killings of civilians, children and women, use of banned weapons including weapons of mass destruction, attacks on hospitals, schools, market places, torture and other atrocities, the United Nations are reacting ..., UN under-secretary-general for humanitarian affairs Mark Lowcock, who told the Security Council he was 'not sure' hospitals that share coordinates of their location under a UN deconfliction system will be protected, has 'written to the Russian Federation to request information as to how the details provided through the deconfliction mechanism are used'

August 2019 Syrians feel left alone: 21 August 2019: Reporting inside the country since 2011 with stories of Syrian men and women paying such a high price in asking for freedom in their own country, journalist Sara Firth says evidence of war crimes undertaken by the regime and Russia given to the UN is answered with words and promises of investigation, but 'people tell us they feel left alone', indeed left alone, with an international community that cannot or will not act to prevent daily war crimes

September 2019 Hezbollah missile attack on Israel: 6 September 2019: UN peacekeepers conducted an independent investigation of Sunday’s Hezbollah missile attack on Israel at IDF’s request, visiting the areas hit in the strikes, will present findings to UN, as UNIFIL's head called the Hezbollah missile attack a 'serious incident in violation of UN Security Council resolution 1701', referring to the decision that ended the 2006 Second Lebanon War and required all armed terror groups remain north of the country’s Litani River

23 October 2019 civilians abandoned by the UN in Libya: 23 October 2019: Survivors of a deadly air strike on a migrant detention centre in Tripoli in July have told the BBC they feel abandoned by the UN, and are desperate to escape Libya - 23 October 2019: Mitiga Airport attacked by F-16 with USA-made bombs, according to Major General Joueili, saying 'this attack is clear evidence of the direct intervention of the parties supporting Haftar in his aggression on Tripoli' - 23 October 2019: The opposing sides in Libya’s war, backed by their foreign state sponsors, are carrying out indiscriminate attacks on civilians, using high-explosive weapons in heavily populated areas, in what is likely to be war crimes, rights group says

23 October 2019 Syrian Kurdish man set himself on fire outside the UN: 23 October 2019: Syrian Kurdish man, who resides in Germany, set himself on fire outside the UN refugee agency headquarters in Geneva, then tried to enter the UNHCR building, and was flown by helicopter to the specialised burns unit at the university hospital in Lausanne - 23 October 2019: Russian regime says oil sites in northeastern Syria should be controlled by Damascus, accusing the USA of betraying Kurds in Syria, but telling them to withdraw or be mauled, after Russian-Turkish agreement to continue Turkish illegal invasion of Syria - 23 October 2019: Syrian Assad regime inflicts 72 forms of torture on prisoners, report finds - 23 October 2019: Turkish forces target positions of the Kurdish forces in Maraanaz front in the northern countryside of Aleppo by artillery shells - 24 October 2019: Russian warplanes bomb the 'de-escalation' areas in conjunction with ground shelling and violent clashes in Latakia and Hama countryside - 24 October 2019: Assad regime’s helicopters and Russian warplanes target Kabani hills by barrel bombs and air raids - 24 October 2019: A Turkish bomb that struck a Kurdish community in northern Syria, left eight-year-old Sara with serious injuries, and her right leg was so badly damaged that it had to be amputated, as Sara's older brother, Hammoudi, was killed in the bombardment - 24 October 2019: The northern sector of Aleppo countryside witnesses renewed clashes between the Turkey-loyal factions and the Kurdish Forces, according to SOHR

November 2019 UN accused of trying to starve out refugees: 28 November 2019: The UN has been accused of trying to starve out refugees and asylum seekers who are sheltering for safety inside a centre run by the UN refugee agency in the Libyan capital of Tripoli

2014 torture in states worldwide: 13 May 2014: Nearly half of people around the world fear becoming a victim of torture if taken into custody, a poll for human rights group says showing that many states are carrying out torture or facilitating it in practice

Since 1932 Saudi-Arabian human rights abuses and torture: Since 1932 Islamic theocratic absolute monarchy in Saudi-Arabia, human rights abuses and torture

2015: 23 January 2015: Five worst human rights abuses in the reign of King Abdullah, torture, denied freedom of expression, persecution of minorities, non-Muslims and Shias, beheadings, violations of women's rights

June 2018: 6 June 2018: Saudi Arabia is systematically using anti-terror laws to justify torture, suppress all dissent and imprison human rights defenders, the UN has concluded following a five-day official inspection of the country at the invitation of the government

November 2018: 21 November 2018: Rights groups accused Saudi Arabia on Tuesday of subjecting several activists including some female human rights defenders detained since May to torture and sexual harassment - 21 November 2018: Saudi Arabia tortured female right-to-drive activists, says Amnesty

Since 20th century and 1979 torture in Iran: Since 1979 torture in Iran - Torture and mistreatment of prisoners in Iran - Since 1980s return of torture to Iran

1988: 1988 executions of political prisoners in Iran refers to the state-sponsored execution of political prisoners across Iran, starting on 19 July 1988 and enduring for approximately five months, 4,482 disappeared prisoners during this time, but as many as 30,000 dissidents may have been executed

2003: 10 January 2003: The Guardian Council rejected for a third time a bill approved by the reformist Parliament that would ban torture of prisoners

Since 20th century torture in North Korea: Prison camps and torture in North Korea

2013/2014: 17 September 2013: 'Unspeakable atrocities' reported by UN-mandated human rights inquiry on DPR Korea - 14 February 2014: UN rights inquiry to conclude North Korea should face international court over alleged starvation, extermination and abduction

Since 20th century torture in Russia: Since 20th century torture in Russia

May 2016 pro-Russian separatists tortured 4,000 people: 20 May 2016: Terrifying newspaper's report tells how pro-Russian separatists tortured 4,000 people in eastern Ukraine

September 2019 Ukrainian prisoner tortured by Putin regime: 16 September 2019: Ukrainian political prisoner Volodymyr Balukh, who has recently been freed from Russian captivity in a prisoner swap, has said he was tortured immediately after arriving in the Russian colony

Since 20th century torture in Syria: Torture in - Syria

2015: 14 March 2015: Nearly 13,000 Syrians, including 108 children, have been tortured to death in Syrian Assad regime prisons since March 2011, not including more than 20,000 detainees who have 'disappeared' in regime's prisons and whose fate remains unknown, and an estimated 200,000 people have been arrested over the past four years, according to Syrian Observatory for Human Rights - 1 October 2015: Inside Syrian Assad regime’s death machine - 'They were torturing to kill'

2016: 21 mai 2016: Au moins 60'000 personnes sont mortes en cinq ans sous la torture ou à cause des terribles conditions de détention dans les prisons du régime syrien, selon l'Observatoire syrien des droits de l'homme - 7 June 2016: Assad regime forces tortured Palestinian boy Mohamed Diab, who was detained three years ago at the age of 13 following protests in Hama city, to death for participating in demonstrations against the Assad regime, as the number of Palestinians tortured to death in Assad's prisons has reached 444 victims, according to the Action Group for Palestinians in Syria

2017: 7 February 2017: Syrian Assad regime killed at least 13,000 people since the start of the 2011 uprising in mass hangings at Saydnaya prison north of Damascus known to detainees as 'the slaughterhouse', according to Amnesty International, saying in a report that 20-50 people killed each week in 2011-2015 under authorization of senior Syrian officials as part of an extermination policy - 15 May 2017: Assad’s victims given voice in haunting new film by former BBC producers Sara Afshar and Nicola Cutcher, methodically documenting the brutality of the Assad government, its crackdown on democratic protests sinc 2011 and its jailing of activists including gripping firsthand testimony from some of the victims

Since 20th century worldwide terrorism by the KGB and FSB: Terrorism and support of terrorism worldwide by the KGB and FSB

2006 Russian regime's poisoning of British citizen Alexander Litvinenko: Russian regime's poisoning of British citizen Alexander Litvinenko and case of state-sponsored nuclear terrorism in London

March 2018 Salisbury 'novichok' poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal: 4 March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in Salisbury using 'Novichok' nerve agent developed by the Soviet Union and Russia between 1971 and 1993

June/July 2018 Amesbury 'novichok' poisonings of two British nationals: 30 June 2018 Amesbury 'novichok' poisonings of two British nationals

14/15 September 2018: 14/15 September 2018: 'Bellingcat' investigation confirms that Russian nationals identified by UK authorities as obeying suspects in the Novichok poisonings on British soil in March and June are linked to Russian security services and military, directly contradicting claims by Russian regime's Putin on 12 September 2018, after one of the keys to identifying the insidious and coward murderous gang was the discovery of traces of novichok in their hotel room in London

26/27 September 2018: 26/27 September 2018: Anatoliy Chepiga, a Colonel in the GRU, who served in Chechyna and has received the highest honour usually awarded personally by Russian regime's Putin, is one of the suspects in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal and the killing of Dawn Sturgess, having travelled to the UK under the name Ruslan Boshirov, according to British investigative website Bellingcat and its partner The Insider

22 November 2018: 22 November 2018: DS Nick Bailey, who was left critically ill after being exposed to novichok at Skripal’s home on the night of the Russian attack in March, said that while he had made a physical recovery, the psychological impact had been serious

December 2018 FSB gang member confesses to string of murders in Siberia: 14 December 2018: A former FSB officer has confessed to being part of a criminal group of security agents accused of contract killings, armed robberies and kidnappings, Znak news reported from court in Yekaterinburg

January 2019 Russian regime's use of criminals: 18 January 2019: Russian regime's use of criminals as assets abroad

June 2019 Denis Sergeyev commanded Russian military team in the UK: 29 June 2019: Denis Sergeyev, believed to hold the rank of major general in the GRU, the 'third man' involved in the Salisbury poisoning commanded the Russian military team which carried out the attack, phone records suggest, as Bellingcat Investigation Team uncovered more details on Sergeyev’s role in several international GRU operations, including 'Mission London'

August 2019 Salisbury attack in 2018 'likely' approved by Putin, Scotland Yard says: 7 August 2019: Scotland Yard has examined the role of the Russian president Vladimir Putin in the 2018 novichok nerve agent attack in Salisbury, saying Putin is assessed as 'likely’ to have approved of nerve agent attack on Skripals

2019 Kadyrov regime's oppression and death squads: 21 September 2019: Ramzan Kadyrov rules the Caucasus republic through fear and oppression, amid reports of torture, but those seeking asylum in Europe are not safe, as assassins hunt them down

August/September 2019 assassination of Khangoshvili: 23 August 2019 assassination of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili - 2 September 2019: The murder of Chechen Khangoshvili in Berlin looks like a Russian operation, but the CDU/SPD Merkel government is not making a public fuss about that - 27 September 2019: New evidence links Russian state to Berlin assassination of Chechen Khangoshvili by suspected 'Vadim Andreevich Sokolov', Bellingcat reports

September 2013: 17 September 2013: 'Unspeakable atrocities' reported by UN-mandated human rights inquiry on DPR Korea

February 2017 assassination of Kim Jong-nam: 13 February 2017 assassination of Kim Jong-nam, attacked with VX nerve agent at Kuala Lumpur International Airport

April 2019: 1 April 2019: North Korea got away with the assassination of Kim Jong-nam, as no one from the regime will stand trial over the death of Kim Jong-un’s half-brother, leading to fears it will act again

Since 2014 Xinjiang extralegal detention centers: Since 2014 'Reeducation camps' operated secretly and outside of the legal system by the Xinjiang local government, people can be locked up without any trial and local authorities are reportedly holding hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs and Muslims from other ethnic minorities in these camps

October 2018: 21 October 2018: As international condemnation grows over the 2 October 2018 disappearance of Saudi Arabian journalist Jamal Khashoggi in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul and later admitted assassination, EU's foreign policy chief calls it a 'shocking violation' of international conventions - 23 October 2018: Khashoggi murder 'planned days in advance', Turkey's president says - 23 October 2018: Saudi sees $50 billion in deals at investment conference despite some boycotts over Khashoggi killing

December 2018: 1 décembre 2018: Des messages interceptés par la CIA renforcent les soupçons sur le rôle du prince héritier saoudien dans la mort du journaliste Khashoggi en Turquie

February 2019: 7 February 2019: UN-led inquiry into the murder of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi said that evidence pointed to a brutal crime 'planned and perpetrated' by Saudi officials

June 2019 Khashoggi murder 'an international crime': 19 June 2019: The crown prince of Saudi Arabia should be investigated over the murder of the dissident journalist Jamal Khashoggi because there is 'credible evidence' that he and other senior officials are liable for the killing, according to a damning and forensic UN report, as UN’s special rapporteur Agnes Callamard said the death of the journalist was 'an international crime'

USA's 'Disposition Matrix' developed by the Obama Administration since 2010, going beyond existing kill lists, and creates a blueprint for tracking, capturing, rendering, or killing suspected enemies of the USA government - USA drone strikes in Pakistan 2004-present - List of drone strikes in Pakistan since 2004 - 'Unmanned: America's Drone Wars' documentary film released in October 2013

2014: 24 November 2014: Attempts to kill 41 men resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1,147 people as of 24 November, one of the facts of the Obama administration's drone strikes, revealed by new analysis of data in Yemen and Pakistan and study by legal charity 'Reprieve'

2015: 16 October 2015: Snowden and Ellsberg hail leak of drone documents from new whistleblower, as classified documents on USA assassination program confirm, that the administration firmly prefers kill over capture despite claiming the opposite, that the USA does not know who it's killing, and that the military labels unidentified people it kills in targeted strikes as 'enemies killed in action', although victims may be family members or associates of actual targets or may just have been nearby, or mistakenly targeted

2016: 20 July 2016: 2004 to present CIA and USA military drone strikes just in Pakistan resulting in 172-207 killed children, 424-966 killed civilians, 2,499-4,001 total killed people, 1,161-1,744 injured people

July 2016: 18 July 2016: To July 18th 2016, an overall total of between 3,181 and 4,267 civilian non-combatant fatalities had been alleged from 493 separate reported incidents in Iraq and Syria, of these Airwars presently estimates that a minimum of 1,422 civilians are likely to have died in USA-led coalition actions

2016; 19 juillet 2016: Près de 60 civils, dont 11 enfants, morts et des dizaines de blessés mardi dans des raids de la coalition menée par les Etats-Unis près du village d'al-Toukhar tenu par Daech dans la province d'Alep, selon l'OSDH - 20 July 2016: USA airstrikes on a Syrian village have killed at least 73 civilians, a majority of them women and children, activists say

November 2018: 28 November 2018: The report by Civicus Monitor, an alliance of civil society groups, found that fundamental rights – such as freedom of expression and peaceful assembly – were under attack in 111 of 196 countries, as countries use censorship, harassment or violence to repress public debate

October 2018: 5 October 2018: String of own goals by Russian spies exposes a strange sloppiness, as GRU seems to have lost its way in the age of internet search and as bungling agents leave Putin exposed in the global spotlight, after hatefully saying 'traitors will kick the bucket'

2007/2008 cyberattacks on Estonia and during the Russo-Georgian War: 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia - 2008 Cyberattacks during the Russo-Georgian War

Since 2013 'Trolls from Olgino' and Russian–Ukrainian cyberwarfare: Since 2013 'Trolls from Olgino' and 'Olgino's trolls' have become general terms denoting trolls who spread pro-Russian propaganda - Since 2013 Russian–Ukrainian cyberwarfare

2016 Russian interference in the USA elections: Russian interference in the 2016 USA elections

2017 suspected Russian interference in the French elections: 7 May 2017: Russian effort suspected in French election hacking attack, as Paris’ cybersecurity agency begins to probe leak of Macron campaign documents and as expert notes ‘Cyrillic script in the metadata’ of hacked files - 7 May 2017: WikiLeaks finds Russian trace in hacker attack on Macron's headquarters

June 2017 Russian hacker attacks: 23 June 2017: To stop Russia and other hackers, we need to overhaul the internet, says Israeli cyber expert Prof. Isaac Ben-Israel says ahead of next week’s Tel Aviv University 'Cyber Week 2017', calling for a radical overhaul of the internet in order to counter cyber warfare

June 2019 Russian 'spoofing': 27 June 2019: Russian regime blamed for disruption of GPS systems at Ben Gurion Airport, appearing to stem from electronic warfare known as 'spoofing' and to originate in Syria, where Russian troops and aircraft are fighting on behalf of the country’s dictator Bashar Assad - 28 June 2019: Signals disrupting satellite navigation for planes flying through Israeli airspace in recent weeks originate inside a Russian air base inside Syria, according to USA researcher, saying signals are detectable from space, appearing to come from new deployment of Russian regime’s electronic warfare systems

Cyberwarfare by Iran

Computer crime - Computer security - Outline of computer security - Computer systems at risk - Computer vulnerability

List and timeline of cyberattacks: List of cyberattacks - List of data breaches - Timeline of computer security hacker history

2013: 10 May 2013: Hackers steal $45 million in global plot involving bank databases, debit cards and cash machines

2017: May 2017 WannaCry malware cyber attack, infecting over 75,000 computers in 99 countries, demanding ransom payments - 12 May 2017: Computers in thousands of locations have apparently been locked by a program that reportedly demands $300 in Bitcoin - 15 May 2017: Microsoft warns governments against storing computer vulnerabilities like the leaked one at the heart of the global cyberattack that has crippled computers in more than 150 countries, partly laying blame with the USA government and its agencies for the weekend assault - June 2017 global Petya cyberattacks, primarily targeting Ukraine - 27 June 2017: 'Petya' ransomware attack strikes companies across Europe and USA - 23 August 2017: Researchers who warned robot manufacturers in January about vulnerabilities in their home, business and industrial robots, say only a few of the problems have been addressed

19 December 2017: North Korea is 'directly responsible' for the so-called WannaCry cyber attack that crippled hospitals, banks and other companies across the globe earlier this year, according to USA official

Organized crime - Organized crime by country - Transnational organized crime

September 2012: 27 September 2012: Organised crime is a big player in illegal logging, which accounts for up to 30% of all wood traded globally, the UN and Interpol are warning

July 2013: 24 juillet 2013: Le crime organisé international rapporte 870 milliards de dollars par an grâce aux trafics de drogue et d'êtres humains et à la cybercriminalité, selon une estimation de l'ONU

March 2017: March 2017: The fight against transnational crime needs to be redirected to combatting the money the crimes generate and shutting down the global shadow financial system that facilitates the moving and secreting of illicitly generated funds

December 2017: 7 December 2017: The global homicide rate rose last year for the first time in more than a decade, according to 'Small Arms Survey’s report', estimating that 385,000 people were killed in homicides across the world in 2016

October 2018: 16 October 2018: USA designates terrorist organization Hezbollah a transnational crime threat, having a sprawling network involved in money-laundering, drug trafficking, and organized crime as well as terrorism, whose reach extends across Africa and into Central and South America, and also well-documented links with drug cartels

2011/2012: 3 novembre 2011: 'Marchand de mort' Viktor Bout reconnu coupable de trafic d'armes - 6 April 2012: Russian arms dealer Viktor Bout sentenced to 25 years in prison by a New York judge after being convicted on terrorism charges

2012: 30. Januar 2012: Friedensforschungsinstitut Sipri prangert fehlende Kontrollen von Waffenschmuggel und Transportverboten an

2015: 8 décembre 2015: Les transferts irresponsables d'armes effectués vers l'Irak depuis des décennies sont à l'origine du redoutable arsenal utilisé par le groupe Etat islamique, provenant d'au moins 25 pays dont une bonne partie de Russie, selon un ONG rapport

2012-2016: 44% of all homicides globally involve gun violence and there were 1.4 million firearm-related deaths globally between 2012 and 2016, according to Amnesty International

Homicide statistics by country and gender according to data given by the UN Office on Drugs and Crime - Statistics of sex differences in crime

Human trafficking - Human trafficking by country

2012: 25 September 2012: USA President Obama has decried human trafficking as 'modern slavery'

Contemporary slavery refers to the institutions of slavery that continue to exist in the present day - Contemporary slavery by continent and country

2013: 17 octobre 2013: 30 millions de personnes réduites en esclavage dans le monde

2016: 31 May 2016: More than 45 million men, women and children globally are trapped in modern slavery, far more than previously thought, with two-thirds in the Asia-Pacific, a 'Walk Free Foundation' study shows

2017: 19 September 2017: An estimated 40.3 million people were victims of modern slavery in 2016, a quarter of them children, according to new global slavery statistics released by UN’s International Labour Organisation and the Walk Free Foundation

2018: 19 July 2018: The Global Slavery Index, that describes modern slavery as a complex and often hidden crime that crosses borders, sectors and jurisdictions, reports an estimated 40.3 million global total number of enslaved people with most victims in Asia, published by the 'Walk Free Foundation'

Illegal drug trade - Illegal drug trade by country - Drug cartels, criminal organizations with the intention of supplying drug trafficking operations, ranging from loosely managed agreements among various drug traffickers to formalized commercial enterprises

Since 1990s Afghan and Taliban opium smuggling into Iran: Since 1990s Afghan and Taliban opium smuggling into Iran

Since 2009, 2017 Obama administration covertly derailed DEA Hezbollah/Iran investigation: 18 December 2017: The Obama administration covertly derailed a campaign by the USA Drug Enforcement Administration that targeted the Iranian-backed Hezbollah terrorist group and its weapons and drug trafficking practices in order to help solidify the 2015 Iran nuclear accord, according to an investigative report by Politico

May 2015 rising opium production, the cash crop of the Taliban: 5 May 2015: Afghan poppy farmers say new seeds will boost opium output, the cash crop of the Taliban and the scourge of Afghanistan

December 2017 review of DEA Hezbollah/Iran investigation: 23 December 2017: USA attorney general orders review of DEA Hezbollah investigation, vowing to pursue terror groups, drug traffickers in wake of report asserting Obama administration derailed DEA campaign in order to clinch Iran nuke deal

June 2019 deaths from drug-related crimes and abuse on the rise: 29 June 2019: Deaths from drug-related crimes and abuse are on the rise according to a new UN report, as about 271 million people aged 15–64 used drugs in 2016

Tax evasion - Tax avoidance - Tax haven - List of offshore financial centres - OECD's List of Unco-operative Tax Havens

Since 2002 tax haven Monaco: Tax haven Monaco's absence of a personal income tax has attracted to it a considerable number of wealthy 'tax refugee' residents who derive the majority of their income from activity outside Monaco - 24 October 2002 Franco-Monégasque treaty greatly increases Monaco’s ability to conduct it own foreign relations, alleging that the Principality is an independent and sovereign State - Franco-Monégasque economic and political ties, including an agreement that French citizens with less than five years of residence in Monaco and companies doing more than 25% of their business outside the country would be taxed at French rates

In 2012/2013 up to $32 trillion of hidden financial assets in offshore tax havens: 23 July 2012: Rich individuals have at least $20 trillion - perhaps up to $32 trillion - of hidden financial assets in offshore tax havens, a study says - private 'elites' of 139 developing countries also putting wealth beyond the reach of local tax authorities - 3 April 2013: ICIJ investigating a cache of 2.5 million files cracks open the secrets of more than 120,000 offshore companies and trusts, exposing hidden dealings of politicians, con men and the mega-rich

Since April 2013 Offshore Leaks: April 2013 Offshore Leaks, the name of a report originating from the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, disclosing details of 130,000 offshore accounts in and called the biggest hit against international tax fraud of all times

Since November 2014 'Luxembourg Leaks': November 2014 'Luxembourg Leaks' financial scandal based on confidential information from 2002 to 2010, making available to the public tax rulings for over three hundred multinational companies based in Luxembourg

Since February 2015 'Swiss Leaks': February 2015 'Swiss Leaks' journalistic investigation of a giant tax evasion scheme allegedly operated with the knowledge and encouragement of the British multinational bank HSBC via its Swiss subsidiary HSBC Private Bank Suisse

June 2015 Profit-shifting and tax abuse deprive countries of resources needed to combat poverty: 2 June 2015: Profit-shifting and tax abuse by multinational corporations deprives developing countries of resources needed to combat poverty, says report by NGOs

Since April/May 2016 'Panama Papers': April 2016 'Panama Papers' set of 11.5 million leaked documents detailing financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,000 offshore companies associated with the Panamanian firm Mossack Fonseca - 3 May 2016: The Netherlands, Luxembourg along with the USA, Britain, Switzerland and Ireland were among the top destinations for funds from corporations seeking to avoid tax last year, as the British Virgin Islands and Cayman Islands received $72bn of investment becoming a focus for businesses in Russia, China, the USA and Hong Kong, according to the UN - 10 May 2016: 'International Consortium of Investigative Journalists', that has published the names of thousands of offshore companies at the heart of the Panama Papers, makes data on 200,000 entities available on its website - List of people named in the 'Panama Papers'

July-September 2017: 25 July 2017: Almost 40% of corporate investments channelled away from authorities and into tax havens travel through the UK or the Netherlands, according to a study of researchers at the University of Amsterdam, showing the importance of developed countries cleaning up their financial sectors - 12 September 2017: Slow UK aid for hurricane-hit islands linked to tax haven ties, as Anguilla’s ex-attorney general Rupert Jones says UK government may fear exposing its role in Caribbean territories’ tax arrangements

Since November 2017 'Paradise Papers': November 2017 'Paradise Papers', a set of 13.4 million leaked documents relating to offshore investment, among those whose financial affairs are mentioned are Queen Elizabeth II and USA Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross - List of people named in the November 2017 'Paradise Papers' - 5 November 2017: The world’s biggest businesses, heads of state and global figures in politics, entertainment and sport who have sheltered their wealth in secretive tax havens are being revealed in a major new investigation 'Paradise Papers' into Britain’s offshore empires - 6 November 2017: Reaction around the world to release of 'Paradise Papers'

December 2017 EU's tax haven lists name 17 and 47 countries: 5 December 2017: EU named and shamed 17 countries in its first ever tax haven blacklist and put a further 47 on notice, including British overseas territories and the crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man

January 2018 offshore services, terrorist financing and transnational organised crime including Assad regime: 23 January 2018: The firm 'Appleby' at the heart of the Paradise Papers leak provided offshore services to FBME bank accused of facilitating terrorist financing, transnational organised crime and the Syrian government’s chemical weapons programme

October 2018 list of 21 countries with 'golden passport' schemes: 16 October 2018: A blacklist of 21 countries, including the 3 European countries Malta, Monaco and Cyprus, whose so-called 'golden passport' schemes, fast-expanding $3bn citizenships turning nationality into a marketable commodity, threaten international efforts to combat tax evasion, has been published by the OECD

April 2019 'Panama Papers' aftermath: 3 avril 2019: 3 ans après le scandale des 'Panama Papers', les 22 Etats concernés par ce tentaculaire scandale d'évasion fiscale ont à ce jour réussi à recouvrer 1,2 milliard de dollars, selon le consortium d'enquête à l'origine des révélations

September 2019 bankers called 'the men who plundered Europe' on trial: 21 September 2019: Bankers called 'the men who plundered Europe' on trial for siphoning €60bn, as Shields and Diable are accused of tax fraud in ‘cum-ex’ scandal that exposes London City’s pursuit of profit

Money laundering - Offshore financial centre

Since 1989 FATF: Since 1989 'Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering' FATF

Since 2000/2008: Since 2000 Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes - OECD 'gray list' - 2 April 2009: A progress report on the jurisdictions surveyed by the OECD global forum in implementing the international agreed tax standard

September 2018 Russian oligarch Abramovich case: 26 September 2018: Abramovich, one of the closest businessmen to Russian regime's Novichok/Polonium/Sarin-Putin, who once referred to him in an interview as 'our oligarch', known for 'suspicion of money laundering and presumed contacts with criminal organisations', seen as 'a danger to public security' by Swiss police, as Russian regime since 1990s has become a 'mafia state'

Terrorism financing - State-sponsored terrorism - countries - State Sponsors of Terrorism - USA list - List of charities accused of ties to terrorism

Since 1979 Iranian regime's state-sponsored terrorism: Since 1979 the Iranian regime has been accused by members of the international community of funding, providing equipment, weapons, training and giving sanctuary to terrorists

Since 1982 Iranian regime's support of Hezbollah: Since 1982 Iranian regime's support of Hezbollah terrorist group and its terror attacks

Since 2000/2001 global fight against terrorist financing: Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering FATF blacklist issued since 2000 of 'Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories', perceived to be non-cooperative in the global fight against money laundering and terrorist financing

June 2017: 23 June 2017: In its on-going review of compliance with the AML/CFT standards, the FATF identifies jurisdictions that have strategic AML/CFT deficiencies - 23 June 2017: The FATF remains concerned by the D.P.R. of Korea’s failure to address the significant deficiencies in its anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regime and the serious threat this poses to the integrity of the international financial system

March 2018 Iran transfers millions to Hamas and Islamic Jihad: 8 March 2018: Iran transfers $100 million every year to Hamas and Islamic Jihad in the Gaza Strip, as $70 million is transferred to Hamas, while Islamic Jihad gets $30 million, and the vast majority of this money is used by the two organizations to further bolster their military wings, instead of aiding the civilian population in the Gaza Strip

Since September 2018 EU and Iranian regime: 25 September 2018: European Union EU said its members would set up a payment system to allow oil companies and businesses to continue trading with the Iranian regime in a bid to evade sanctions, siding with its state-sponsored terrorism and war once again, as Iran video threatens missile strikes on UAE and Saudi Arabia, also threatening Israel

January 2019 Islamic Jihad's and Hamas' threats: 6 January 2019: Senior Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Hamas figures praise Iran’s military support and threaten that in the next war the rocket fire from the Gaza Strip will reach all the cities in Israel

January 2019: 19 January 2019: Illegally shipped Iranian fuel financing Yemen Houthi rebels' war, UN report finds

25 February 2019 Iran supports missiles to attack Israel: 25 February 2019: In documentary on Iranian TV, Gaza-based Palestinian terror group 'Islamic Jihad' says Iranian regime helped it make new projectile that can hit Tel Aviv and beyond, as well as precision missiles

Financial crimes - Securities fraud - Insider trading - Binary option operations, fraud and regulations

Illicit financial flows - Capital flight

Since 1995 Corruption Perceptions Index: Corruption Perceptions Index since 1995, annually ranking countries 'by their perceived levels of corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys' - The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, promoting public awareness about how countries manage their oil, gas and mineral resources

2011 Russia and China come bottom of bribe-paying: 2 November 2011: Russia and China come bottom of bribe-paying Transparency-International survey

2013 dirty money leaving developing world jumped: 12 December 2013: Amount of dirty money leaving developing world jumped 14% in 2011, Global Financial Integrity report says - 2013 Corruption Perceptions Index

2014: 2014 Corruption Perceptions Index - Eritrea, Libya, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Iraq, South Sudan, Afghanistan, Sudan, North Korea, and Somalia highest rankings

2015: 2015 Corruption Perceptions Index - 68% of countries worldwide have a serious corruption problem, half of the G20 are among them, not one single country is corruption-free

2016 tax havens: 9 May 2016: More than 300 leading economists from 30 countries have today written to world leaders warning that there is no economic justification for allowing tax havens to continue, and urging them to bring an end to offshore financial secrecy - 12 May 2016: To end corruption, start with the USA and UK, allowing it in broad daylight, British newspaper says - 12 May 2016: British PM Cameron casts doubt at the close of 2016 'corruption summit' in London on whether the USA could be truly considered part of a coalition committed to the fight against corruption, saying some USA states fall far short on tax transparency and are less open than the United Kingdom’s crown dependencies

2016/2017 UN payments to Assad regime's companies: 1 August 2017: The UN paid at least $18 million in 2016 to companies with close ties to Bashar Al Assad, some of them run by cronies of the Syrian dictator who are on USA and EU blacklists

2017 Transparency-International's Corruption Perceptions Index: 25 January 2017: Transparency-International's Corruption Perceptions Index 2016, shows growing levels of public sector corruption and more countries declining than improving compared with figures for last year - 17 février 2017: Les procureurs généraux de 11 pays se sont engagés jeudi à créer des équipes de travail communes pour coordonner leurs enquêtes sur le scandale de corruption d'Odebrecht, le groupe de BTP brésilien

Political corruption - Forms of political corruption include Bribery, Cronyism, Crony capitalism, Electoral fraud or vote rigging, Extortion, Graft (politics) Influence peddling, Kleptocracy, Lobbying, Nepotism, Patronage, Plutocracy, and Slush funds - Repression of political opponents and political repression, Police corruption and general police brutality also considered political corruption

3/4 August 1914 SPD members of parliament voted 96-14 to support Central powers' war: After the SPD leadership on 25 July 1914 appealed to its membership to demonstrate for peace and large numbers turned out in orderly demonstrations, SPD members of parliament voted 96-14 on 3 August 1914 to support Central powers' war (Germany, Austria-Hungary), the next day voting the money for the war in the parliament, sending the working people and people around the world to war and death

Since August 1914 pro-war socialist parties of the Central Powers: April 1915 'Vienna Socialist Conference of 1915' gathered representatives from the Socialist parties of Germany, Austria and Hungary to the only meeting of the pro-war socialist parties of the Central Powers during World War I

Since summer 1914 efforts to save peace and the international social democracy destroyed by Germany: Since 1900 International Socialist Bureau, the permanent organization of the Second International, established at the Paris congress of 1900 - September 1915 'Zimmerwald Conference' in Switzerland, the first of three international socialist conferences convened by anti-militarist socialist parties from countries that were originally neutral during World War I and subsequent conferences held at Kienthal and Stockholm, known jointly as the Zimmerwald movement, began the unraveling of the coalition between revolutionary socialists (the so-called Zimmerwald Left) and reformist socialists - Since February 1915 Inter-Allied Socialist Conferences of World War I

15 January 1919 assassination of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht: On 15 January 1919 Rosa Luxemburg, who had seen and saw the behaviour of the 'Social Democratic Party of Germany' as a complete betrayal, sending the working people in war and death, killed in SPD-linked ordered assassination in Berlin

Since 2002 Worldwide Governance Indicators: Worldwide Governance Indicators annually updated since 2002

2012: 18 February 2012: Germany's president quits over corruption charges

Since 2014 Crony-capitalism index: Crony-capitalism index since 2014

2016 UN payments to Assad's regime: 29 August 2016: Saying that it is perverse that UN and its agencies committed to human rights are throwing a lifeline to a regime that has no qualms about burning the entire country just to stay in power, expert in war studies Leenders reveals that UN agencies had paid 'lucrative procurement contracts to Syrian regime cronies who are known to bankroll the very repression and brutality that caused much of the country’s humanitarian needs', as the UN calls Assad's war against the Syrian people the 'world’s largest humanitarian crisis' but as brave and principled UN aid workers who were kicked out by the regime for refusing to comply with illegal restrictions on humanitarian access receive no support from their headquarters, as UNHCR is the biggest customer of the 'Four Seasons' in Damascus spending $6,822,445 at the hotel since the start of Assad's war crimes, as UN paid and pays tens of millions to Assad regime, as UN's $4bn aid effort in Syria, called morally bankrupt, and UN operations have quietly secured deals with individuals and companies under both Europe and USA sanctions - 8 September 2016: More than 70 aid groups have suspended cooperation with the UN in Syria and have demanded an immediate and transparent investigation into its operations because of concerns Syrian dictator al-Assad has gained 'significant and substantial' influence over the relief effort

2016/2017 UN payments to Assad regime's companies: 1 August 2017: The UN paid at least $18 million in 2016 to companies with close ties to Bashar Al Assad, some of them run by cronies of the Syrian dictator who are on USA and EU blacklists

2017 USA payments against Paris climate accord: 1 June 2017: Twenty-two senators and Republicans who urged Trump to pull out of Paris climate accord writing a letter to the president when he was said to be on the fence about backing out, are big oil darlings and received more than $10m from oil, gas and coal companies the past three election cycles

May 2018 Spanish PP's Bárcenas jailed: 24 May 2018: Spain’s ruling party PP has suffered a major blow after its former treasurer Bárcenas was jailed for 33 years for fraud and money laundering, and the party itself was found to have profited from an illegal kickbacks-for-contracts scheme, in a case that has become emblematic of political corruption in Spain

June 2018 UN's Guterres meets Putin and attends propaganda soccer match: 12 June 2018: UN Secretary-General Guterres will travel to Russia, where he is scheduled to meet with murderous Russian regime's Vladimir Putin on 20 June and attend a World Cup soccer match at Moscow’s Luzhniki Stadium

October 2018 Trump won't halt Saudi arms sales despite assassination of Khashoggi: 11 October 2018: Trump announces investigation concerning Jamal Khashoggi, who vanished at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, but says he won't halt Saudi arms sales, triggering questions and troubling memories of governments' recent decisions not to punish 'ruthless' regimes in China, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Russia, Syria etc. for fear of jeopardising lucrative deals and due to obsequiousness

March 2019 oil firms lobbying to block climate change policies: 22 March 2019: Top oil firms, including BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell and Total, spending millions lobbying to block climate change policies, 'InfluenceMap' report says

March 1914: March 1914: German newspapers beat the war drums

August 1914 German massacres of hundreds of unarmed Belgian civilians in Dinant: On 21/22 August 1914 German infantry and pioneers advanced into Dinant, killing seven civilians and burning 15–20 houses, on 23 August 1914 the Germans massacred 674 unarmed Belgian civilians in Dinant, civilians were lined up against a wall and shot, including men over 70, women or girls, children under 14 and even babies, 1,200 houses were burned down and 400 people were deported to Germany as an area of Dinant was systematically looted and burned down by the Germans, also destroying public and historic buildings, including the collegial church and the town hall - 1914/1915 official report of massacres of peaceable citizens, women and children by the German army and testimony of eye-witnesses - 1915/1917 'Le sac de Dinant et le légendes du livre blanc allemand du 10 mai 1915', par M. Tschoffen, procureur du roi de l'arrondissement de Dinant - 12 May 1915 Bryce Report into German Atrocities in Belgium

1914 Western Front German massacres: Atrocités allemandes en 1914 en Wallonie, en Flandre et en France

1914 Unterstützung der Massaker von Dinant durch die SPD und ihre Presse: 1914 verfassen Adolf Köster, Redakteur des SPD-Zentralorgans Vorwärts sowie des Hamburger Echos, und Gustav Noske, SPD-Abgeordneter im Reichstag, Chefredakteur der Chemnitzer Volksstimme und Wehrexperte der Partei, eine Schrift, die die Massaker von Dinant unterstützt und den Standpunkt des deutschen Heeres teilt

1918-1945: The propaganda used by the German NSDAP in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's dictatorship of Germany 1933–1945 was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of NSDAP, SS and Gestapo policies

1933-1945 and since 1945: Peter Köpf, 1995: Schreiben nach jeder Richtung - Goebbels-Propagandisten in der westdeutschen Nachkriegspresse

2015: 16 March 2015: Corruption in the media is killing ethical journalism, European Federation of Journalists EJN says - 17 March 2015: The conflict of interest between advertiser power and journalism revealed by Peter Oborne, who walked out of Britain's Daily Telegraph accusing the management of censoring stories about HSBC bank and tax evasion, is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to corruption inside media

2016: 18 July 2016: In 'a message to an obsessed world' Syrian artist Mohamed Youssef has taken advantage of the global preoccupation with the Pokemon game, featuring Pokemon in his designs alongside the tragic life Syrians are living, amid military operations and continuous bombardment, in an attempt to draw attention to a country where 9 million people have been forced to flee their homes and where cities have been obliterated by Assad’s regime, Russia, and allied militias, especially those backed by Iran

April 2018: 13 April 2018: Hungarian journalists admit role in forging anti-migrant 'atmosphere of fear' ahead of Victor Orbán’s election victory this week, as the 'Guardian' spoke to several employees of the taxpayer-funded MTVA network to hear the inside story of how its channels pumped out government messaging, and at times false stories, with the goal of winning support for Orban's anti-immigration message

2015: 17 December 2015: Echoes of famous films, including Nazi propaganda, in USA's 2015 'Star Wars' movie

2002: 2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal

2015/2016: 2015/2016 FIFA corruption case - 19 April: USA judge released transcripts of guilty pleas from three prominent defendants in the Fifa corruption investigation in which they expressed regret and suggested that bribes in the organization were standard practice

2016: 11 May 2016: 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games corruption claims bring scandal back to the IOC - 18 July 2016: Wada's devastating and damning report into Russian sport has found that the country’s government, security services and sporting authorities colluded to hide widespread doping across 'a vast majority' of winter and summer sports - 25 July 2016: IOC’s decision against imposing a ban on the Russian Olympic contingent is a declaration of bankruptcy in the fight against doping, the winners are those who cheat, journalist says, who exposed the systematic doping in Russian athletics, adding that in the end the IOC kowtowed to the Russian regime - 31 July 2016: 13 national anti-doping organisations, including those from the USA, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands and Japan have given a damning verdict on the IOC’s 'hasty and ill-conceived' response to state-sponsored doping in Russia and accused its leaders of being open to political and commercial influence at the expense of clean sport - 1 August 2016: Rio Olympic boxing tournament hit by corruption allegations - 4 August 2016: Wada-commissioned lawyer Richard McLaren accuses IOC of misrepresenting his doping report and findings, which were never designed to prove individual doping cases, but is about state-sponsored systemic doping over a period of four years across the majority of Olympic sports, manipulation of results, swapping of samples, preparation of wash-up schemes

2017: 5 December 2017: Russia’s Olympic Committee banned from the Winter Olympics in 2018 for doping and 'unprecedented attack on the integrity of the Olympic Games and sport' - 22 December 2017: Two ex-soccer officials found guilty in New York on multiple charges of corruption - 26 December 2017: Russian deputy PM Vitaly Mutko, who was banned for life from the Olympics this month, quits football role before 2018 World Cup

April 2018: 18 April 2018: After Fifa’s Gianni Infantino favoured Crimean Shampanskoye over Millennium Hotel's tea, fantastical diversions emerge to stop fretting about Russia and to start meddling with Qatar

June 2018: 9 June 2018: Fifa’s World Cup is toxic, British Guardian/Observer columnist Nick Cohen explains, after Zurich’s masters of corruption Fifa handed the World Cup first to kleptomaniac murderers who run Russia and then to the overseers of a serf economy in Qatar - Der Kick des Geldes, Frankfurt/M. 2015, von Jens Berger

January 2019 assassination of journalist Ahmed Hussein-Suale: 17 January 2019: Assassinated investigative journalist Ahmed Hussein-Suale had told CPJ in September 2018 that people had attempted to attack him and that he feared for his life following comments about him and the publication of his image on the national television channel Net 2 TV, which Agyapong owns, by Assin Central's MP Kennedy Agyapong - 17 January 2019: Speaking without showing his face, journalist Anas Aremeyaw Anas says that his team, which had investigated corruption in Ghana's football leagues, face daily death threats

Nationalism and sport are often intertwined, as sports provide a venue for symbolic competition between nations and sports competition often reflects national conflict - Racism in sports has been a prevalent issue throughout the world, and in particular racism towards African-Americans has been especially bad over the course of the history of sports in the USA and around the world - Racism in association football - Antisemitism in the Olympic Games

'Fake news' is a type of hoax or deliberate spread of misinformation in social media or traditional news media with the intent to mislead in order to gain financially or politically - Fake news by country, said to have influenced political discourse in multiple countries - Fake news websites deliberately publish hoaxes, propaganda, and disinformation purporting to be real news — often using social media to drive web traffic and amplify their effect

Disinformation, intentionally false or misleading information that is spread in a calculated way to deceive target audiences - Propaganda - Propaganda techniques

November 2017: 14 November 2017: Governments of 30 countries around the globe are using armies of so-called opinion shapers to meddle in elections, advance anti-democratic agendas and repress their citizens, a new Freedom House report shows

December 2017: 31 December 2017: Syria Campaign’s report 'Killing the Truth: How Russia is fuelling a disinformation campaign to cover up war crimes in Syria' found, that co-ordinated groups of 'bots' and trolls linked to Russian Putin regime have reached millions during key moments of 2016 and 2017

April 2018: 19 April 2018: Russian regime's leaks have revealed its use of disinformation over the shooting down of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 in 2014, as hacked emails linked to senior Russian officials contained a briefing document that set out eight separate messaging 'lines to take' over the crash which killed 298 people, sought to blame Ukraine for the crime although the Boeing airliner was shot down by a Russian BUK surface-to-air missile

December 2018: 10 December 2018: The Russian regime launched a year-long disinformation campaign to soften up public opinion before its recent seizure of three Ukrainian ships and their crews in the Sea of Azov, according to the EU’s security commissioner Julian King, saying false claims included that Ukraine had infected the sea with cholera and that its secret services had been trying to transport a nuclear bomb to occupied Crimea

Internet censorship: Internet censorship, the control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet enacted by regulators, or on their own initiative - Internet censorship by continent

Internet censorship and surveillance by country: Internet censorship by country - Internet censorship and surveillance by country

Censorship of Wikipedia: Censorship of Wikipedia has occurred in several countries, including China, France, Iran, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, and Venezuela, as some instances are examples of widespread internet censorship in general that includes Wikipedia content, and others are indicative of measures to prevent the viewing of specific content deemed offensive

December 2014: December 2014: A Review on Social Media Use or Abuse

May 2019: 15 May 2019: A 16 year-old girl has reportedly killed herself in Malaysia, after posting a poll on her Instagram account asking followers if she should die or not, and 69% of responders voting that she should

1490-1914 genocides in Africa: 1490-1914 genocides in Africa, including 1885-1908 Atrocities in the Congo Free State under the rule of King Leopold II of Belgium, 1827-1857 French conquest of Algeria, 1904-1908 Herero and Nama genocide, a campaign of extermination and collective punishment by the German Empire in South West Africa (now Namibia) and considered the first genocide of the 20th century, 1815-1840 Mfecane, a period of widespread chaos and warfare among indigenous ethnic communities in southern Africa, following the Portuguese introduction of maize, a ten-year drought and a resulting competition for land and water resources among the peoples of the area

1490-1914 genocides in Americas: 1490-1914 genocides in Americas, including since the early 1500s colonialism and genocide in the Americas by England, France, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain, later Great Britain and the USA, also responsible for the, California Genocide, the violence, relocation, and starvation that led to a decrease in the indigenous population of California as a result of the USA occupation of California

Since 16th century Brazil: Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil since 16th century

Since 16th century colonialism and genocides by the British Empire: Since 16th century Colonialism and genocides by the British Empire - in places like North Americas, Australia, New Zealand, settler colonialism caused the indigenous population to decrease by over half after becoming a British colony, foreign land viewed as attractive for settlement was declared as terra nullius or 'nobody's land', the indigenous inhabitants were therefore denied any sovereignty or property rights in the eyes of the British, justifying invasion and the violent seizure of native land to create colonies populated by British settlers causing a large decrease in the indigenous population from war, newly introduced diseases, massacre by colonists and attempts at forced assimilation, the gradual violent expansion of colonies into indigenous land could last for centuries

Since the 1640s Russian conquest of Siberia: Since the 1640s Russian conquest of Siberia, accompanied by massacres due to indigenous resistance to colonization by the Russian Cossacks, who savagely crushed the natives

Since 1869 Japanese colonization of Hokkaido: Since 1869 Japanese colonization of Hokkaido

Since 1500 until today genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil: Since 1500 genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil, that began with the Portuguese colonization of the Americas, starting the process that led to the depopulation of the indigenous peoples in Brazil, because of disease and violent treatment by European settlers, their gradual replacement with colonists from Europe and Africa, described as a genocide, and continuing into the modern era with the ongoing destruction of indigenous peoples of the Amazonian region - In modern Brazil over 80 indigenous tribes disappeared between 1900 and 1957, and of a population of over one million during this period 80% had been killed through repression, disease, or murder

1914-1923 Armenian Genocide by the Ottoman empire in World War I and later: 1914-1923 Armenian Genocide, the Ottoman government's systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians, mostly citizens within the Ottoman Empire

Since 1915 Armenian Genocide recognition by country: 1915-1923 Armenian Genocide recognition by country

April 2019 recognition by 30 states: As of April 2019, 30 states had officially recognized the historical events of the 1915-1923 Armenian Genocide as genocide, as well as many other states of unions or federations, regions, provinces, municipalities and parliamentary committees

1914-1924 Assyrian or Syriac genocide by the Ottoman empire in World War I and later: 1914-1924 Assyrian or Syriac genocide, referring to the mass slaughter of the Syriac Christian population of the Ottoman Empire and those in neighbouring Persia by Ottoman troops during the First World War, in conjunction with the Armenian and Greek genocides - Timeline of recognition of the Assyrian or Syriac genocide

1913-1922 Greek genocide by the Ottoman empire in World War I and later: 1913-1922 Greek genocide, the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population carried out in Anatolia during World War I and its aftermath on the basis of their religion and ethnicity

1937/1938 Nanjing Massacre and Japanese war crimes since late 19th century until 1945: 1937/1938 Nanjing Massacre, an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing during the Second Sino-Japanese War - Since late 19th century war crimes committed by the Empire of Japan in many Asia-Pacific countries during the period of Japanese imperialism, primarily during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II, as most Japanese war crimes were committed during the first part of the Showa Era, the name given to the reign of Emperor Hirohito, until the surrender of the Empire of Japan in 1945

1933-1945 genocides and war crimes by Germany and in Nazi-occupied Europe: 1933-1945 genocides and war crimes by Germany and in Nazi-occupied Europe, including The Holocaust, Romani genocide, racial policy of Nazi Germany, Nazi crimes against the Polish nation, Generalplan Ost, World War II casualties of the Soviet Union, World War II persecution of Serbs, Nazi eugenics, Action T4, Child euthanasia in Nazi Germany, persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany, and persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany

1935-1945 Romani genocide: 1935-1945 Romani genocide, also known as the Porajmos, the effort by Nazi Germany and its World War II allies to commit genocide against Europe's Romani people

1939-1945 Nazi crimes against the Polish nation: 1939-1945 Nazi crimes against the Polish nation

Since 1939 'life unworthy of life' policy: Since 1933 'life unworthy of life', a Nazi designation for the segments of the populace which, according to the Nazi regime of the time, had no right to live including people with serious medical problems and those considered grossly inferior according to the racial policy of Nazi Germany and were targeted to be euthanized by the state, usually through the compulsion or deception of their caretakers

1941-1945 The Holocaust, a genocide during World War II: 1941-1945 The Holocaust, a genocide during World War II in which Nazi Germany, aided by local collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews, around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe in the period

1939/1941-1945 World War II casualties and losses of the Soviet Union: 1939/1941-1945 World War II casualties and losses of the Soviet Union from all related causes were about 27,000,000, both civilian and military, as the post-Soviet government puts the 'losses' at 26.6 million on the basis of the 1993 study by the Russian Academy of Sciences, including people dying as a result of battle and war related exposure

1941-1945 persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, also known as the Genocide of the Serbs: 1941-1945 persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, also known as the Genocide of the Serbs, including the extermination, expulsion and forced religious conversion of hundreds of thousands ethnic Serbs by the genocidal policies of the Ustashe regime in the Independent State of Croatia during World War II, as the Ustashe regime systematically murdered approximately 300,000 to 500,000 Serbs out of whom up to 52,000 died at the Jasenovac concentration camp

1975-1979 Cambodian genocide: 1975-1979 Cambodian genocide, carried out by the Khmer Rouge regime under the leadership of Pol Pot, resulting in the deaths of between 1.671 and 1.871 million people or 21-24% of Cambodia’s 1975 population

1981-1983 Guatemalan genocide: 1981-1983 Guatemalan genocide refers to the massacre of Maya civilians during the Guatemalan military government's counterinsurgency operations, including massacres, forced disappearances, torture and summary executions at the hands of USA-backed security forces

April-July 1994 Rwandan genocide: April-July 1994 Rwandan genocide, a mass slaughter of Tutsi in Rwanda during the Rwandan Civil War, directed by members of the Hutu majority government

July 1995 Bosnian genocide and Srebrenica massacre: July 1995 Bosnian genocide refers to either genocide at Srebrenica and Žepa committed by Bosnian Serb forces in 1995 or the wider ethnic cleansing campaign throughout areas controlled by the Army of Republika Srpska, that took place during the 1992–1995 Bosnian War - July 1995 Srebrenica massacre of more than 8,000 Bosniaks, mainly men and boys, in and around the town of Srebrenica during the Bosnian War

History of slavery from ancient times to the present day: History of slavery from ancient times to the present day, when slavery is no longer legal anywhere in the world (with the exception of penal labour), but when human trafficking remains an international problem and an estimated 25-40 million people are enslaved today, the majority in Asia - Slavery in antiquity - Slavery in Northern Africa, where chattel slavery had been legal and widespread when the region was controlled by the Roman Empire 145 BC – ca. 430 AD and by the Eastern Romans from 533 to 695

Since 7th century history of slavery in the Muslim world: Since 7th century history of slavery in the Muslim world - Arab slave trade mainly in Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Southeast Africa and Europe, occurring chiefly between the medieval era and the early 20th century - Slavery in the Ottoman Empire

From the 15th through to the 19th centuries Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch and French Atlantic slave trade and slavery in their empires: From the 15th through to the 19th centuries Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch and French slavery in their empires and Atlantic slave trade across the Atlantic Ocean bringing millions of enslaved Africans from the central and western parts of Africa to the Americas to be sold at markets, following practises of slavery in antiquity and slavery in ancient Rome

Since 1618 English/British 'headright' system to populate the colonies and to import slaves: Since 1618 English/British 'headright' system in colonies, as most headrights were for 1 to 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of land, and were given to anyone willing to cross the Atlantic Ocean and help populate the colonies, headrights were granted to anyone who would pay for the transportation costs of a laborer or slaves

1802-1804 resistance to slavery, repression and French atrocities in Haiti: In 1802, when it became apparent that the French under Napoleonic rule intended to re-establish slavery in Haiti black cultivators revolted in the summer of 1802, Leclerc's successor Vicomte de Rochambeau fought an even more brutal campaign, waged a near-genocidal campaign against the Haitians, killing everyone who was black, importing about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica, who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes, also drowning blacks - In 2005 French historian Claude Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, saying Napoleon was racist, instituted slavery, and was the first man in history that 'asked himself rationally the question how to eliminate, in as short a time as possible, and with a minimum of cost and personnel, a maximum of people described as scientifically inferior'

Since the early 1900s German crimes against humanity in Africa: Decades before Nazi Germany tried to annihilate the Jews, German colonialists in Southwest Africa dehumanized, built death camps for, and slaughtered tens of thousands of tribespeople in a systematic genocide, 'subhumans', 'cattle car transports', even the 'Final Solution' have their sinister antecedents in Africa in the early 1900s

1914-1918 War goals of the German empire and crimes: 1914-1918 War goals of the German empire included making the French economy dependent on Germany, ending trade between France and the British Empire, annexation of Belgium or making it a 'vassal state', annexation of Luxembourg, making the Netherlands dependent on Germany, creation of buffer states carved out of the western Russian Empire, such as Poland, which would remain under German sovereignty 'for all time', creation of a 'Mitteleuropa economic association' dominated by Germany, expansion of the German colonial empire first in central Africa ('Mittelafrika') at the expense of the French and Belgian colonies - World War I crimes by Imperial Germany

Since 1933 Nazi Germany and 'Aryanization': Since 1933 Nazi Germany and 'Aryanization', the term coined during Nazism referring to the forced expulsion of so-called 'non-Aryans', resulting in mass murders and genocide - Racial policy of Nazi Germany, targeting Jews, Sinti and Roma, Afro-Germans, Poles, Russians, other Slavs, and other groups

1939-1945 War goals of the German empire: 'New Order of Europe' ('Neuordnung Europas'), the political order which Nazi Germany wanted to impose on the conquered areas under its dominion, publicly proclaimed by Adolf Hitler in 1941 - 'Generalplan Ost' was the Nazi German government's plan for the genocide and ethnic cleansing on a vast scale, and colonization of Central and Eastern Europe by Germans - Hunger Plan ('Hungerplan'), a plan developed by Nazi Germany during World War II to seize food from the Soviet Union and give it to German soldiers and civilians, entailing the death by starvation of millions of so-called 'racially inferior' Slavs following Operation Barbarossa, the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union

1939-1945 German war crimes: 27. Juli 2009: Die 'Wehrmacht' des nationalsozialistischen Deutschlands verletzte systematisch - in Deutschland jahrzehntelang geleugnet und verdrängt - die Genfer Kriegskonvention und verübte z.B. 1940 aus rassistischen Motiven Kriegsverbrechen, die der Historiker Raffael Scheck anhand von Dokumenten beschreibt, die belegen wie Wehrmachtseinheiten innerhalb nur eines Monats, zwischen dem 24. Mai und dem 24. Juni 1940 mindestens 3.000 schwarze Soldaten Frankreichs ermordeten, obwohl die sich bereits ergeben hatten oder verwundet waren und nicht mehr im Kampf standen - War crimes of the Wehrmacht

August 2019 global rise in white nationalist violence: 5 August 2019: More than 175 people have been killed in at least 16 high-profile attacks linked to white nationalism around the world since 2011

Wars by continent - Wars involving the states and peoples of Europe - Wars involving the states and peoples of Asia - Wars involving the states and peoples of North America - Wars involving the states and peoples of Africa

Since 1945 neo-Nazism in Germany: Neo-Nazism in Germany

1 September 2019 neo-Nazi linked German AfD party make big gains: 4 September 2019: Anti-immigration and neo-Nazi linked AfD, the third-biggest party in the 2017 German general election, main opposition, and able to mobilise several hundred thousand people who had never voted before, overtakes German Left, Greens and SPD in Saxony and German CDU, Greens and Left in Brandenburg in state elections

7/8 September 2019 CDU, SPD and FDP elected neo-Nazi to head local authority: 8 September 2019: All representatives, including representatives of the CDU, SPD and FDP, of the Ortsbeirat of Altenstadt-Waldsiedlung had voted neo-Nazi Deputy NPD state chairman Stefan Jagsch as their head

Since Antiquity antisemitism in Europe and Germany: European antisemitism - prejudice, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews for reasons connected to their Jewish heritage - has experienced a long history since the days of ancient societies, with most of it having originated in the Christian and pre-Christian societies of Europe - Since the middle ages antisemitism in Germany and the Holocaust in Germany and German occupied Europe 1938-1945

Since the middle ages Europe's fine art's anti-Semitism until today: 23 February 2015: From Notre Dame to Wittenberg, in Europe the fine art of anti-Semitism is on public display at many of the continent’s most visited landmarks

Since 7th century Islam and antisemitism: Islam and antisemitism, with the origin of Islam in the 7th century and its spread in the Arabian peninsula and beyond by military conquests, Jews (and many other people) came to be subject to the rule of Muslim rulers - Islam and war - from the time of the Muhammad many Muslim states and empires have been involved in warfare

Antisemitism in Iran: Antisemitism in Iran

Since 1979 Iranian regime's antisemitism: Since the 1979 establishment of the 'Islamic Republic' Iranian regime's antisemitism, terrorism and support of terrorism

Since 1989 increased Iranian regime's antisemitism: Since 1989 increased Iranian regime's antisemitism

Since 1982 Hezbollah's antisemitism: Since 1982 Hezbollah's antisemitism

Since 1988 Hamas antisemitism: Since 1988 Palestinian Hamas Charter containing both antisemitic passages and irredentist claims - Since the 1980s Islamism in the Gaza Strip

July 2019 Hamas leader calls to murder all Jews: 14 July 2019: Fathi Hammad, a member of the Hamas political bureau, calls for the slaughter of Jews in the world

December 2000 Iran's Ali Khamenei calls for the destruction of Israel: 15 December 2000: Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei calls for the destruction of Israel, describing it as a 'cancerous tumor' in the Middle East

March 2015 Iran's Mohammad Reza Naqdi threatens 'erasing Israel off the map': 31 March 2015: Iran’s Revolutionary Guards Basij commander Mohammad Reza Naqdi said that 'erasing Israel off the map' is 'nonnegotiable', according to an Israel Radio report

November 2018 Iran's Rouhani calls Israel a 'cancerous tumor’: 24 November 2018: Iran’s Rouhani calls Israel a 'cancerous tumor’ established by West

28 January 2019: 28 January 2019: Iran general Hossein Salami says Tehran aims to wipe Israel off the 'global political map', one day after the, International Holocaust Remembrance Day, as Iranian regime's Ali Shamkhani says our missiles are ready to launch from Gaza and Lebanon, and regime reportedly carries out daily cyberattacks against Israel

Since 2006 Hezbollah's antisemitism, wars and Iranian regime's military expansionism: Since 2000 Hezbollah's antisemitism, terrorist attacks, wars, involvement in Syrian Assad regime's war against the Syrian people and Iranian regime's military expansionism

August 2019 Iran delivered special propellants mixer: 28 August 2019: Iran delivered special propellants mixer - used in Hezbollah's manufacturing ballistic missiles - to Lebanon in violation of international treaties

1 September 2019 Hezbollah missiles narrowly missed 5 Israeli soldiers: 3 September 2019: Hezbollah missiles narrowly missed Israeli armored car with 5 soldiers inside, as Nasrallah vows 'no more red lines against Israel' after missile attack, praised by the Iranian regime and by Syria's Assad regime, expressing 'pride', as Hamas chief praises Iranian support, including by supplying weapons, in a letter to Iranian regime's Khamenei, as Iranian and French delegations hold talks for over ten hours in Paris to shield Iranian regime's economy from USA sanctions, and as Iran’s Rouhani says no intention of holding bilateral talks with USA

6 September 2019 UN investigation of Hezbollah missile attack on Israel: 6 September 2019: UN peacekeepers conducted an independent investigation of Sunday’s Hezbollah missile attack on Israel at IDF’s request, visiting the areas hit in the strikes, will present findings to UN, as UNIFIL's head called the Hezbollah missile attack a 'serious incident in violation of UN Security Council resolution 1701', referring to the decision that ended the 2006 Second Lebanon War and required all armed terror groups remain north of the country’s Litani River

Since 2001 Hamas rocket and terrorist attacks: Since 2001 Hamas terrorist attacks - 2001 List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel - Since 2001 Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel

January 2002 some Arab states still want to destroy Israel: 18 January 2002: Some Arab states still want to destroy Israel

January 2019 Assad regime's threats against Tel Aviv: 24 January 2019: After Syrian Assad regime’s envoy to the UN threatened that the regime could attack Ben Gurion International Airport outside Tel Aviv, Israeli defense forces take precautionary measure of setting up additional air defenses in central and southern Israel, as shots fired at IDF troops on Syrian border overnight

21th century antisemitism in Europe and Germany: Antisemitism in Europe in the 21st century - antisemitism has increased significantly since 2000, with significant increases in verbal attacks against Jews and vandalism such as graffiti, fire bombings of Jewish schools, desecration of synagogues and cemeteries, taking place not only in Germany and France, where antisemitic incidents are the highest in Europe but also in countries like Belgium, Austria, and the United Kingdom, as physical assaults against Jews including beatings, stabbings and other violence increased markedly, in a number of cases resulting in serious injury and even death

9 October 2019 Halle synagogue attack: 9 October 2019 Halle synagogue attack - 10 October 2019: Jews demand action from Germany to protect the community after at least two people were shot dead in the eastern German city of Halle in an anti-Semitic gun attack on the holy day of Yom Kippur

21th century antisemitism in Asia: Antisemitism in Asia

21th century antisemitism in USA: Antisemitism in the USA

27 October 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting: 27 October 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, as eleven people were killed and seven (including the perpetrator) were injured, while Shabbat morning services were being held

21th century antisemitism in Australia: Antisemitism in Australia

11 October 2019 threats against Jewish boy forced to kiss Muslim classmate’s shoes: 11 October 2019: Australian Jewish boy forced to kiss Muslim classmate’s shoes gets threats, as reports say 12-year-old boy warned he’ll be slaughtered and asked if he wants to 'talk about suicide’

April 2014 Kansas Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting: 13 April 2014 Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting committed by neo-Nazi terrorist, klansman and former political candidate Glenn Miller

August 2014 surge in anti-Semitic incidents worldwide: 14 August 2014: The USA-based Anti-Defamation League recorded a 'dramatic surge' in anti-Semitic incidents worldwide since the beginning of Israel's Operation Protective Edge in July against Hamas rocket and tunnel attacks

February 2015 Tehran competition on Shoah denial: 21 February 2015: As upcoming Tehran competition to offer first place prize of $12,000 for best drawing on Shoah denial, Israel asks UN to condemn Iran Holocaust cartoon contest

2016 Simon Wiesenthal Center's list of worst anti-Semitic/anti-Israel incidents: Simon Wiesenthal Center's list of anti-Semitic/anti-Israel incidents in 2016

2017: 4 January 2018: Wiesenthal Center releases 2017 top ten list of worst global anti-Semitic/anti-Israel incidents

April 2018: 11 April 2018: Feelings of insecurity are widespread among European Jews as a result of the resurgence of the extreme right, a heated anti-Zionist discourse on the left and radical Islam, according to a global study of antisemitism, examining the prevalence of antisemitism in Europe, the post-Soviet region, the USA, Canada, Australia, South America and South Africa

1 May 2018 Mahmoud Abbas' anti-Semitism: 1 May 2018: Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas said that the Holocaust was not caused by anti-Semitsm, but by the 'social behavior' of the Jews, including money-lending - 2 May 2018: Leading scholars and activists came down on Abbas after he appeared to attribute the Nazi genocide of European Jewry to Jewish behavior and money-lending

14 May 2018: 14 May 2018: After the German Nazis adopted the phrase 'The Jews are our misfortune', in 2018 a banner with the colors of the Israeli flag that said 'The state Israel is our misfortune' was held by neo-Nazis in Dortmund, expressing their alleged solidarity with Palestinians by waving PLO flags against both the opening of the USA embassy in Jerusalem and the founding of the State of Israel

October 2018: 27 October 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting - 27 October 2018: Eleven people were killed and six wounded in a shooting at a synagogue in USA's Pittsburgh by gunman Robert Bowers, who reportedly walked in yelling 'all Jews must die'

Boycotts of Israel - Antisemitic boycotts - Boycotts of Israel by organizations

State ideologies - List of political ideologies

Religion-based wars - State religion - Confessional state - Freedom of religion by country - Religion and politics

Religious violence and Sectarian violence - Forced conversion is adoption of a different religion or irreligion under duress

So-called 'ethnic cleansing', the systematic forced removal of ethnic or racial groups from a given territory by a more powerful ethnic group, often with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous, involving various forms of forced migration (deportation, population transfer), intimidation, as well as genocide - List of ethnic cleansing campaigns since ancient and medieval periods - Ethnic cleansing by continent

Progroms, ascribed most often to the deliberate persecution of an ethnic or religious group either approved or condoned by the local authorities

Impunity refers in the international law to the failure to bring perpetrators of human rights violations to justice - Command responsibility

1942 - April 2017 archive of the UN war crimes commission: 1943-1949 United Nations War Crimes Commission, a commission of the UN that investigated allegations of war crimes committed by Nazi Germany and the other Axis powers in World War II, beginning its work at the behest of the British government and the other Allied nations prior to the formal establishment of the United Nations itself in October 1945

Since 2006 Russian regime's poisoning of British citizen Alexander Litvinenko in London, remaining unpunished, international relations and foreign relations of many countries characterized by malice aforethought and insidiousness, cowardice and denial

Since 2004 'Impunity Watch', a project of the Dutch development organisation 'Solidaridad' - 'Impunity Watch' is an international non-profit human rights organisation, seeking to promote accountability for past atrocities, notably in countries emerging from a violent past - Since 2007 'Impunity Watch', online publication and interactive website by the Syracuse University College of Law, dedicated to inform the world about state violations of citizens' and human rights, operating as a law review, message board, and blog to of give a voice to people who are silenced

Violation of human rights in Russia

Violation of human rights in Iran

'Syria Watch' website of Impunity Watch online publication

Since 2009 International Day to End Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists is marked annually on 23 November by advocates for free expression, following the 2009 Ampatuan massacre in the Philippines, when 57 individuals were murdered, including 32 journalists and media workers - 'International Day to End Impunity' website

2015: 8 October 2015: Getting Away With Murder - CPJ's 2015 Global Impunity Index spotlights countries where journalists are slain and the killers go free

2016: 27 October 2016: CPJ’s 2016 Global Impunity Index spotlights countries where journalists are slain and the killers go free

2017: April 2017: List of 20 deadliest countries for journalists

December 2016 absence of political will to act against war crimes: 7 December 2016: 'People ... have lost trust in everyone - in world leaders, in the international organisations that are watching them being killed, they lost faith in the United Nations, and they just count the days to their death' says Syria Relief's Dr Mounir Hakimi, the chairman of one of the last NGOs on the ground in Aleppo, as a joint statement by Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK and USA contains no commitments to new action and the USA ambassador to the UN Samantha Power tells AP that diplomatic efforts appeared to have failed, saying 'diplomacy has not delivered for the people of Aleppo, it is not us that walked away from diplomacy' - 8 December 2016: Western diplomats have conceded that there are no technical obstacles to a plan to deliver airdrops of food and medicine to Aleppo using a GPS-guided parachute system, but the scheme has been stalled in the face of reluctance among military commanders and an absence of political will

October 2018: 21 October 2018: Sudan's Omar al-Bashir has been travelling freely around the world despite an eight-year-old international warrant for his arrest on charges of war crimes and genocide, according to human rights lawyers, saying at least 33 countries ignored International Criminal Court’s warrants

December 2018: 10 December 2018: Nobel Peace winners Dr. Denis Mukwege of Congo and Nadia Murad of Iraq urge global action against sexual violence, as Mukwege criticized the international community for allowing Congolese to be 'humiliated, abused and massacred for more than two decades in plain sight', and as Murad told the ceremony that she wants world leaders to translate sympathy for victims into action against the abusers, saying 'the fact remains that the only prize in the world that can restore our dignity is justice and the prosecution of criminals'

Since 1914-1918 cover-ups of German World War I crimes: Since 1914-1918 cover-ups of World War I crimes by Imperial Germany

Since 1936-1939 cover-up of Franco's war crimes: Since 1936-1939 cover-up of war crimes of Franco's war against the Spanish Republic

Since 1939-1945 cover-ups of Nazi crimes and World War II crimes: Since 1939-1945 German efforts to destroy all evidence of mass extermination and cover-ups of Nazi crimes and war crimes - Holocaust denial - 9 May 2018: Germany's AfD decides not to expel critic of Holocaust memorial - 12 June 2018: AfD party ended a drive for the expulsion of member Bjoern Hoecke who suggested the country end its tradition of acknowledging and atoning for its Nazi past

Since 1945 cover-up of Japanese war crimes: Since 1945 cover-up of Japanese war crimes after the end of World War II - Nanjing Massacre denial - Japanese history textbook controversies concern government-approved history textbooks and nationalist efforts to whitewash the actions of the Empire of Japan during World War II

1955-1975 cover-ups of crimes in USA's Vietnam War: 1955-1975 cover-ups of crimes in USA's Vietnam War - Cover-up of the March 1968 My Lai Massacre, the mass murder of unarmed South Vietnamese civilians by USA troops in South Vietnam

Since the 1990s cover-ups of killings of journalists in Russia: Since the 1990s cover-ups of killings of journalists in Russia

Since 2006 Russian cover-up of the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko: Since 2006 Russian cover-up of the poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko

2011-2018 Russian cover-up of doping: From 2011 to 2018, more than hundreds of Russian competitors in various sports, including summer, winter, and Paralympic sports, benefited from cover-ups, following systemic nature of doping in Russian sports

Since 2011 cover-ups of Assad's, Iranian and Russian war crimes: Since 2011 cover-ups of war crimes in Assad's war against the Syrian people

Since March 2018 Russian cover-up of the Salisbury poisoning: Since March 2018 Russian cover-up of the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, Dawn Sturgess and Charlie Rowley

Since October 2018 Saudi-Arabian cover-up of the murder of Jamal Khashoggi: Since October 2018 Saudi-Arabian cover-up of the murder of Jamal Khashoggi - 10 November 2018: France, Germany, Saudi Arabia, UK and USA 'have Khashoggi tapes', after Turkey has shared audio recording of Saudi journalist’s killing - 12 November 2018: Amid international demands of satisfactory explanations of the murder, Simon McDonald, who serves as British PM May’s special envoy, is in Saudi Arabia and has met crown prince Mohammed bin Salman, the first such visit since the international outrage over the Saudi Arabian regime's killing of Jamal Khashoggi in its consulate in Istanbul, as journalist's disturbing last words revealed and Jamal Khashoggi's fiance warns not to 'cover up' death - 21 November 2018: USA's Trump administration accused of trying to turn a blind eye to the murder of the Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi in Istanbul

July 2003: 14 July 2003: The Chinese Foreign Ministry criticized senior Japanese politician Takami Eto from PM Koizumi's Liberal Democratic Party for trying to whitewash history by denying the Nanjing Massacre

September 2917: 14 September 2017: AfD's Gauland says Germans 'have the right to be proud of the achievements of the German soldiers in two world wars'

April 1944 - 24 July 2019 former SS soldier Karl Muenter charged: 24 July 2019: German prosecutors said they have filed charges against Karl Muenter for incitement and disparaging the memory of Nazi victims, after the former SS soldier Karl Muenter, who has a previous conviction in France for killing 86 people in the northern French village of Ascq on the night of 1 April 1944 during World War II, but was never imprisoned much more pardoned in 1955 as part of French-German 'reconciliation' and German whitewashing, has blamed French victims for their own death and denied 6 million Jews killed, making his inflammatory remarks in an interview broadcast by German channel ARD in November 2018

February 1933 German Reichstag fire: 27 February 1933 Reichstag fire, an arson attack on the Reichstag building, home of the German parliament in Berlin, precisely four weeks after Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany

1955 Testimony of SA-member Hans-Martin Lennings: 1955 Testimony of SA-member Hans-Martin Lennings, published in July 2019, more than 80 years after the event

1933/1955/2019: 26/27 July 2019: When witness Hans-Martin Lennings and his colleagues of the Nazis' SA arrived with van der Lubbe at the Reichstag, he noticed 'a strange smell of burning and there were clouds of smoke billowing through the rooms', saying 1955 in an account confirmed by a Hanover court 'we were convinced that van der Lubbe could not possibly have been the arsonist, because according to our observation, the Reichstag had already been burning when we dropped him off there', as Reichstag blaze in Germany was used by Adolf Hitler used to claim a Communist plot and consolidate his influence with a crackdown

Since summer 1939 false flag project by Nazi Germany to create the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany: 1939 operation Himmler, a false flag project planned by Nazi Germany to create the appearance of Polish aggression against Germany, which was subsequently used by the Nazis to justify the invasion of Poland, including staging false attacks on themselves using innocent people or concentration camp prisoners - Gleiwitz incident, a covert Nazi German attack on the German radio station Sender Gleiwitz on the night of 31 August 1939

Since 2014 Russian regime's 'little green men': Since 2014 'little green men', a term that refers to masked soldiers in unmarked green army uniforms and carrying modern Russian military weapons and equipment who appeared during the Ukrainian crisis of 2014 and during the annexation of Crimea by the Russian regime in 2014

Since antiquity persecution of Jews and lies about a Jewish world conspiracy: 2009: After Jews were persecuted since antiquity and the 'Middle Ages', lies about a Jewish world conspiracy, later used in Nazi propaganda, turned up in Germany in 1919 and was seen by anti-Semites as proof of forces that had caused Germany to lose World War I, a defeat to be cancelled in World War II

August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident: 2 August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident

2014/2015 Putin’s Crimea speech and lies: 17 April 2014: Putin asserts right to use force in east Ukraine - 9 May 2014: The brutal, bloody history behind Putin’s Crimea speech - 17 December 2015: After two years of resolute denials, Russia's Putin admits that he sent soldiers into eastern Ukraine after all

April 2018 Russian lies about 'novichok': 2 April 2018: Russian regime claims it could have been in interests of Britain to poison Sergei Skripal, as regime's Sergei Lavrov says UK government would benefit from attack as Brexit approaches

July 2018 Russian lies about war crimes in Syria: 25 July 2018: After 'Syrian Civil Defense has lost 251 volunteers since it was established, most of whom were killed in double-tap airstrikes by the Assad regime and Russian aircraft which target the same area twice in order to kill the first responders', smear campaign, murderous threats and persecution led by Russian regime against civil defense is due to its possession of evidence indicting Russian and Assad regime, revealing 'how Russia sees this organization as a real threat to the criminals and their supporters, especially with regard to the legal aspect', Syrian Coalition says

Judicial misconduct - Malicious prosecution - Abuse of process - Perverting the course of justice - False accusation - False confession - Miscarriage of justice

2017: 27 April 2017: Using procedures to persuade defendants to plead guilty has reached ‘epidemic proportions’ and increases risk of miscarriage of justice, as more and more countries persuade defendants to plead guilty and renounce traditional trial rights, according to 'Fair Trials', also saying that 'abbreviated trials and cooperating witness procedures have increased about 300% since 1990, ... happening in more places than ever before

2009: Capital punishment in China - 2009 the Dui Hua Foundation estimates that 5,000 people were executed in China, far more than all other nations combined

2014/2015: 27 March 2014: Global executions up 15 percent in 2013, due in part to more executions in Iran and Iraq, followed by Saudi Arabia - 24 September 2015: UN issues urgent call for Saudi Arabia to stay execution of juvenile Ali Mohammed al-Nimr and his crucifixion after taking part in demonstrations three years ago for democracy and equal rights

2016: 6 April 2016: Iran and Pakistan fuel surge in executions worldwide to 25-year high, as Iran executed almost 1,000 people last year and as the world’s top five executioners in 2015 were China, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi-Arabia and the USA

2018: 12 avril 2018: Au total 993 exécutions ont été enregistrées dans 23 pays en 2017, soit un recul de 4% par rapport à 2016, mais ces statistiques excluent la Chine, pays qui exécute le plus mais garde le chiffre exact secret

Since 1992 killed journalists in Russia: List of journalists killed in Russia since 1992 - Assassinated Russian journalists

1999: 22 December 1999: Journalists ‘first target’ in conflicts, International Federation of Journalists says

2000-2008 killed journalists in Russia under Putin: Journalists killed in Russia since 2000 under Putin

2008-2011 during Medvedev presidency: 2008-2011 Journalists killed in Russia during Medvedev presidency

In July 2013 56 journalists killed in Russia since 1992 (motive confirmed): 9 July 2013: 56 journalists killed in Russia since 1992 (motive confirmed), CPJ says

Since 2012 again under Putin: Since 2012 Journalists killed in Russia again under Putin

2012: 3. Mai 2012: Morde an Journalisten nehmen in vielen Ländern dramatisch zu - 3 May: UN chief Ban Ki-moon expresses anger over a rise in the number of journalists killed in the line of duty - 22 November 2012: More journalists (119) have been killed this year while on assignment than at any time in the last 15 years - in Syria 36 victims - 26 December 2012: The number of deaths of journalists raise to 132 in 2012 as journalist Nanao Singh was shot dead by police amid anti-rape protests in India

2013: 1 November 2013: 1017 journalists Killed since 1992, CPJ says - 2013 World Press Freedom Index, dashed hopes - 18 December: 2013 second worst year for journalists in jail and Syria represented the deadliest country, CPJ says

2014: 19 February 2014: 134 journalists and media support staff killed in 2013 while on reporting assignments, an INSI study says - Biggest rises and falls in the 2014 World Press Freedom Index - 16 December 2014: 66 journalists killed in 2014 as attacks grow more 'barbaric' and kidnappings have soared, Reporters Without Borders say - 23 December: CPJ says at least 60 journalists around the world were killed in 2014 while on the job or because of their work, and 44 percent of them were targeted for murder - 31 December: The number of journalists who died in targeted killings, bomb attacks or shootings around the world rose to 118 in 2014 from 105 in 2013, Pakistan, Syria, Afghanistan, Palestinian territories, Iraq and Ukraine most dangerous, IFJ says

2015: January 2015 Charlie Hebdo terrorist attack in Paris, January 2015 Hypercacher terrorist attack in Paris and worldwide protests against the terror attacks in Paris, 'Je suis Charlie' solidarity movement with the victims and reactions of governments to the terror attacks - 12 January 2015: Tens of thousands of people rallied worldwide in solidarity with Paris terror victims, with marchers across Europe and the Middle East saying 'Je suis Charlie' and 'Je suis Juif' and holding pens in the air - 11 February 2015: Reporters Without Borders 2015 World Press Freedom Index stated there were 3,719 violations of freedom of information in 180 countries in 2014, 8% more than 2013 - Iran, China, Syria and North Korea among the countries with the very worst levels of press freedom, Russia slipped to the 152nd spot - 22 September 2015: Syrian cartoonist Akram Raslan reported killed under torture in Assad prisons - 28 December 2015: Journalist and film maker Naji Jerf shot dead in Gaziantep, who received death threats after he produced a film which documents 'Islamic State' group’s atrocities in Aleppo province - 29 décembre 2015: 110 journalistes tués dans le monde en 2015, particulièrement en Irak, en Syrie, en France, au Yémen, au Soudan du Sud, en Inde, au Mexique, selon 'Reporters sans frontières'

2016: 5 February 2016: UN panel urges UK and Sweden to end WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange's 'deprivation of liberty', arbitrarily detained by the UK and Sweden since he was arrested in London in 2010 after he enraged the USA by publishing hundreds of thousands of secret diplomatic cables - 19/23 February 2016: Syrian freelance journalist Majid Dirani was killed while photographing the shelling and aerial bombardment of Daraya, a suburb of Damascus, that has been besieged by Assad's army since 2012 - 22 February 2016: Syria the most dangerous country for the press in 2015, with at least 14 journalists killed, and at least 93 journalists killed in Syria since 2011, CPJ says condemning the killing of journalist Majid Dirani - 20 avril 2016: La liberté de la presse régresse partout dans le monde, quel que soit le paramètre considéré, selon 'Reporters sans frontières' - 25 June 2016: Syrian Coalition mourned the death of journalist Khaled Alissa, who was pronounced dead at a Turkish hospital of wounds he sustained in an assassination attempt along with fellow journalist Hadi Alabdullah in Aleppo on 17 June, and who sacrificed his life trying to document the crimes of the Assad regime against the Syrian people and to convey the truth to the world - 27 June 2016: Islamic State terrorists killed five journalists in the city of Deir-Ezzor, according to a video recording published on 26 June - 1 November 2016: Media activist and cameraman Abdel Salam Kanaan was covering events in the town of Zafarana in the northern Homs countryside when he was hit by an air raid that killed a number of civilians and wounded others - 7 November 2016: Zaman al-Wasl reporter Ammar Bakour killed along with eight civilians when Assad regime warplanes targeted the town of Al-Dana in Idlib province with four vacuum missiles, also leaving 20 others wounded - 19 December 2016: 'Reporters sans frontières' (Reporters Without Borders) say that at least 74 journalists have been killed around the world in 2016 while doing their job, as many journalists have fled countries that became too dangerous, especially Syria, Iraq, Libya, Yemen, Afghanistan and Burundi

2017: 4 January 2017: At least 86 journalist and media activists were killed and 123 others injured in Syria in 2016, according to SNHR rights group, adding that Assad regime forces were responsible for the overwhelming majority of the deaths, and that 11 journalists were killed and 31 wounded in Russian attacks across Syria in 2016 - 4 February 2017: At least three journalists were killed and one more injured by Assad regime forces and Islamic State terrorists in January, SNHR says adding that nine more journalists and media activists, including two female media activists, were detained in January - 6 March 2017: At least five journalists were killed and nearly 14 more injured in military operations by Assad regime forces in Syria's liberated areas in February, while one was killed by the ISIS extremist group, according to SNHR - 16 March 2017: In Syria, 211 journalists and citizen journalists killed in conflict which began with a wave of protests exactly six years ago, Reporters Without Borders say - 28 avril 2017: Mise à mal par les dirigeants de nombreux pays, la liberté de la presse dans le monde a de nouveau reculé en 2016 et environ 45% de la population mondiale vit dans un pays où la presse n'est pas libre, selon 'Freedom House' - 16 October 2017 assassination of Caruana Galizia - 2 November 2017: Marking the International Day to End Impunity for Crimes against Journalists, SNHR says in a report that at least 634 journalists and media activists have been killed in Syria in the past seven years - 30 November 2017: 'Local media are simply disappearing', as states are using commercial ruses to squeeze out liberal media, according to openMedia Freedom 2017 report and other reviews - 30 November 2017: Journalists living in fear as states crack down, and as new ARTICLE 19 metric measures global threats to freedom of expression and information in 172 countries, showing journalists threatened by government censorship, organised crime and commercial pressures, saying that media freedom around the world has fallen to the lowest level for at least a decade, and that only few countries show improvements including Tunisia - 19 décembre 2017: 2017 aura été l'année la moins meurtrière pour les journalistes professionnels depuis 14 ans, mais la Syrie demeure le pays le plus meurtrier pour les reporters avec 12 journalistes tués recensés, devant le Mexique (11), l'Afghanistan (9), l'Irak (8) et les Philippines (4), et le bilan reste terrible avec 50 professionnels tués dans le monde, 65 journalistes au total, selon RSF

February 2018: February 2018 murder of Slovak investigative journalist Ján Kuciak and Martina Kušnírová - 28 February 2018: Ján Kuciak was investigating political corruption linked to Italian mafia group at the time of his murder

May 2018: 30 May 2018: National newspaper's journalist Hector Gonzalez Antonio has been killed in Mexico, as CPJ demands a swift and credible investigation into his death, saying 'until Mexico takes concrete steps to solve media murders, the cycle of violence and impunity that has made the country one of the most dangerous places in the world for reporters will continue'

1 September 2018: 1 September 2018: Kiev court sentenced Borys German, who had pleaded guilty and agreed to cooperate with the investigation, to four-and-a-half years in prison after he was found guilty of helping to plot an attempt on the life of reporter Arkady Babchenko, who accused Russian regime of killing critics and unleashing wars in Ukraine, Syria and elsewhere

6 September 2018: 6 September 2018: The Assad regime and its Russian ally killed two media activists in August 2018 with the aim of concealing their crimes, as many as 22 media activists have been killed since the beginning of 2018, mostly by the Assad regime and its Russian ally, and the number of killed media activists and journalists in Syria since March 2011 was brought to 669, according to SNHR

2 and 18 October 2018: 2 October 2018 Assassination of Saudi Arabian journalist Jamal Khashoggi - 18 October 2018: Washington Post publishes final Khashoggi column, warning Mideast governments 'have been given free rein to continue silencing the media at an increasing rate’

16 October 2018: 16 October 2018: Maltese journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia reported on government corruption, but no politician has been questioned about her murder, says PEN International's novelist Margaret Atwood, asking where is the justice a year after her murder

19 October 2018: 19 October 2018: USA's Trump praises congressman Gianforte for bodyslamming Guardian journalist Ben Jacobs, who is Jewish, for asking a question about health care policy in May 2017 in Montana, amid international outcry over the disappearance and later admitted assassination of Saudi Arabian journalist Jamal Khashoggi

October/November 2018: 29 October 2018: As Saudi and Turkish prosecutors meet in Istanbul to discuss Khashoggi killing and regimes argue over which country should try the 18 suspects, rights group releases video of journalists around the world reading the Saudi writers’ final column titled 'What the Arab world needs most is free expression' - 30 October 2018: Hatice Cengiz, the Turkish fiancee of slain journalist Jamal Khashoggi, has called on USA's president Trump and other leaders to ensure that his death in Istanbul is not covered up - 17 November 2018: The assassination of journalist and Saudi regime critic Jamal Khashoggi in Istanbul was ordered by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, according to an examination by USA's CIA, complicating efforts to safeguard ties with and support for a suppressing and cruel kingdom - 22 November 2018: USA's CIA is in possession of a recording of Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman giving an order to 'silence Jamal Kashoggi as soon as possible', according to Hurriyet Daily News

November 2018: 24 November 2018: Syrian activists Raed Fares, since 2011 known and persecuted for his criticism of the Assad regime, jihadist groups and Western leaders he believed failed to stop the violence in Syria, and Hamod Jnaid, an advocate for freedom of expression and the rule of law, were 'shot dead by unknown assailants riding in a van in the town of Kafr Nabal' in the northwestern province of Idlib, according to their radio station Fresh FM

December 2018: 5 December 2018: Over 30 journalists, including Jamal Khashoggi, have been murdered so far this year for speaking the truth, 'The Guardian' pays tribute to some of them here - 18 décembre 2018: Les violences contre les journalistes sont reparties à la hausse en 2018, avec 80 journalistes tués à travers le monde, selon le bilan annuel de Reporters sans frontières RSF

9 January 2019: 9 January 2019: Turkish journalist and ICIJ member Pelin Ünker has been sentenced by a Turkish court in Istanbul court to more than a year in jail for her work on the 'Paradise Papers' investigation into offshore tax havens, because it revealed details of the business activities of the country’s former PM and his sons

16 January 2019 assassination of Ahmed Hussein-Suale: 16 January 2019 assassination of Ghanaian journalist Ahmed Hussein-Suale, who helped expose corruption in African and Ghanaian football, after he told CPJ in September 2018 that people had attempted to attack him and that he feared for his life following the publication of his image on the national television channel Net 2 TV, which Agyapong owns - 17 January 2019: Speaking without showing his face, journalist Anas Aremeyaw Anas says that his team, which had investigated corruption in Ghana's football leagues, face daily death threats

19 January 2019 death of photographer Ben Khalifa: 20 January 2019: Freelance photographer Ben Khalifa, a father of a five-month-old baby daughter, who had contributed to the AP among other news organizations was killed in clashes between rival militias in the Libyan capital Tripoli, according to government official and relatives

February 2019: 1 February 2019: Assad’s forces deliberately targeted Homs media center where foreign correspondent for The Sunday Times Marie Colvin, French photographer Remi Ochlik and others were working, as Colvin and Ochlik were assassinated by sustained artillery barrages on 22 February 2012, USA District Court Judge Amy Berman Jackson has ruled - 3 February 2019: USA's court verdict gives meaning to war reporter Marie Colvin’s death in 2012, who was remembered in December 2012 by BBC's Jeremy Bowen who knew his colleague through their work in numerous conflict zones over the past 30 years - 5 February 2019: Lebanese lawyer and expert in international law Tariq told Smart News Network that the USA court, that found the Assad regime liable for Colvin’s death, has the external jurisdiction to prosecute criminals, pointing out that the Interpol has the authority to enforce law against those who have been indicted in case international courts failed to take action

March 2019: 16 mars 2019: Santiago Barroso a été tué par balle à son domicile dans l'Etat de Sonora, devenant le troisième reporter tué au Mexique depuis le début de l'année

March/April 2019 Russian regime kills Syrian media worker: 3 April 2019: No fewer than 16 violations against journalists and media workers in Syria in March recorded by the Syrian Center for Journalistic Freedoms, saying that media worker Mahmoud Abdel-Al was killed in a Russian airstrike on the town of Jisr al-Shughour west of Idlib and two others were injured, bringing to 447 the number of media workers who where killed in Syria since mid-March 2011

May 2019 695 Syrian and foreign journalists killed across Syria since 2011: 4 May 2019: SNHR said that it registered the names of at least 695 Syrian and foreign journalists who have been killed across Syria since the beginning of the Syrian revolution in March 2011

6 May 2019 Libyan journalists kidnapped: 6 May 2019: Following the abduction of two journalists who work for Libya’s Al-Ahrar TV kidnapped by an armed group said to be loyal to warlord Khalifa Haftar, Libyan journalists protested in the capital Tripoli against the crime

23 May 2019: 23 May 2019: Sky News journalist Alex Crawford and her camera crew have been deliberately targeted by the Syrian Assad regime and repeatedly shot at while reporting on the regime’s assault on the province of Idlib

June 2019: 20 June 2019: Media activist Amjad Bakir from Saraqeb in the Idlib countryside, who was well known as a photographer, was killed while covering the ongoing fighting in the northern Hama countryside

20 July 2019 journalists killed across Syria: 20 July 2019: Two journalists were killed across Syria in June while three others were killed in the months of February, March and April, as Assad regime came at the top of the list of those responsible for the death of journalists in 2019, with the Russian forces coming second, according a report by Syrian journalists

22 July 2019 Photographer Anas Diab killed in Russian airstrikes: 22 July 2019: Photographer Anas Diab who works with the Syrian Civil Defense Corps, was killed in Russian airstrikes on the town of Khan Sheikhoun on Sunday, as violations against journalists and media activists across Syria continue

August 2019: 5 August 2019: Two journalists killed by Assad regime and Russia in July

Atmosphere of Earth - Greenhouse gas - Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere - Atmospheric methane

List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions - List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions in 2010

2011-2013: 29 May 2011: Record high 2010 global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement manufacture - 4. November 2011: Größter je gemessener Anstieg von Treibhausgasen in 2010 (China, USA, Indien etc.) - Heal's report 7 March 2013: 'The unpaid health bill' - emissions from coal-fired power plants in the EU contribute to over 18.000 premature deaths a year and cost an annual 42,8 billion euros - 17 April 2013: Progress towards the use of cleaner fuel technology has stalled, with production of the world's energy as dirty now as it was two decades ago, the International Energy Agency says - 11 May 2013: Carbon dioxide level passes a long-feared milestone - 18 October 2013: Air pollution a leading cause of cancer, the WHO says - 6 November 2013: Greenhouse gases in atmosphere hit new record in 2013, UN's WMO says - 19 novembre 2013: Les émissions de CO2 ont encore augmenté dans le monde en 2012, de 2,2%, atteignant le record de 35 milliards de tonnes, tirées par le charbon

March 2019: 5 March 2019: 22 of world's 30 most polluted cities are in India, Greenpeace says, as analysis of air pollution data finds that 64% of cities globally exceed WHO guidelines

Global warming since 20th century - Earth's energy budget - Climate change - Paleoclimatology - Historical climatology - History of climate change science - Climate change denial

2016: 25 January 2016: For the first time on record, temperatures in 2015 were about 1°C above the pre-industrial era, according to a consolidated WMO analysis - 23 May 2016: World could warm by massive 10C if all fossil fuels are burned, Canadian university study says - 21 July 2016: 2016 set to be world's hottest year on record, says UN, as average temperature in the first half of 2016 was 1.3C warmer than in the late 19th century - 6 August 2016: The Earth is perilously close to breaking through a 1.5C upper limit for global warming, only eight months after the target was set in Paris, leading climate scientists have warned

2017: 10 March 2017: Earth's oceans are warming 13% faster than thought, and accelerating, according to new study based on advanced research and measurements - 21 March 2017: The record-breaking heat that made 2016 the hottest year ever recorded has continued into 2017, pushing the world into 'truly uncharted territory', according to the World Meteorological Organisation - 2 August 2017: Deadly heat waves projected in the densely populated agricultural regions of South Asia, according to 'Science Advances' - 3 August 2017: Unless world abolishes carbon emissions a lot faster, temperatures are 90% likely to rise by 2 to 5 degrees Celsius by 2100, new study warns - 30 October 2017: The health of hundreds of millions of people around the world is already being damaged by climate change, a major report of 26 institutions around the world says

2018: 11 janvier 2018: Des millions de personnes supplémentaires à travers le monde risquent d'être sous la menace de rivières en crue ces 20 prochaines années à cause du réchauffement climatique, ont averti des scientifiques - 1 août 2018: L'année écoulée a été marquée par des températures anormalement élevées et des gaz contribuant au réchauffement de la planète ont atteint des niveaux record partout dans le monde en 2017, selon NOAA

6/7 August 2018: 7 August 2018: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state, according to leading scientists, warning that passing such a point would make efforts to reduce emissions increasingly futile

November 2018: 16 November 2018: China, Russia and Canada’s current climate policies would drive the world above a catastrophic 5C of warming, according to a study published in the journal Nature Communications that ranks the climate goals of different countries, saying the USA and Australia are only slightly behind and also showing even EU on course for more than double safe level of warming

January 2019: 16 January 2019: Growing tension between the world’s major powers is the most urgent global risk and makes it harder to mobilise collective action to tackle climate change, according to a WEF report

February 2019: 6 February 2019: Global temperatures in 2018 were the fourth warmest on record, adding to a stretch of five years that are now collectively the hottest period since modern measurements began, according to NASA/NOAA, as lowest Paris agreement target of 1.5C above pre-industrial levels may temporarily be surpassed for first time between now and 2023, according to Met Office

September 2019: 10 September 2019: The world’s readiness for the inevitable effects of the climate crisis is 'gravely insufficient', report says

November 2019 'Brown to Green' report, criticizing Australia, Canada, China, India, Russia, South Korea, the USA and more countries: 11 November 2019: Australia’s response to climate change is one of the worst in the G20 with a lack of policy, reliance on fossil fuels and rising emissions leaving the country exposed 'economically, politically and environmentally', according to the 2019 'Brown to Green' report, taking stock of the performance of G20 countries on climate change adaptation and mitigation across key sectors

Antarctica - Climate of Antarctica - Antarctic ice sheet - Antarctic sea ice - 23 December 2012: West Antarctic Ice Sheet warming twice earlier estimate, US researchers say - 20 May 2014: Antarctica is now losing about 160 billion tonnes of ice a year to the ocean - twice as much as when the continent was last surveyed, scientists say using measurements of CryoSat-2 satellite mission - 18 May 2015: NASA finds Antarctic ice shelf a few years from disintegration

January 2019: 14 January 2019: Global warming melting Antarctic ice faster than ever before, according to a report in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Climate of the Arctic - Climate change in the Arctic - 13 August 2012: Arctic sea ice 'melting faster', UK scientists say - 27 August 2012: Arctic sea ice reaches record low, Nasa says

2016: 28 March 2016: Arctic sea ice extent breaks record low for winter - 16 August 2016: Global surface temperatures and Arctic sea ice extent have broken numerous records through the first half of 2016, according to NASA

Climate of Greenland - Greenland ice sheet - 19. August 2011: Grönlands Gletscher schwinden schneller als erwartet - 25 July 2012: NASA finds that ice cover thawed over larger area than ever detected in more than 30 years of satellite observation - 22 September 2016: Greenland's ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, is part of a long-term trend, and is already a major contributor to rising sea level, according to research taking better account of the gradual rise of the entire Greenland landmass

January 2019: 21 January 2019: Greenland's ice melting faster than scientists previously thought, according to new PNAS study

Himalayas mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau - Glaciers of the Himalayas

February 2019: 4 February 2019: At least a third of the huge ice fields in Asia’s towering mountain chain are doomed to melt due to climate change, according to a landmark new report, with serious consequences for almost 2 billion people, as even radical climate change action won’t save glaciers

October 2011: 2 October 2011: Arctic ozone loss at record level

March 2014: 10 March 2014: New ozone-depleting gases found in atmosphere

Weather events and natural disasters, by continent and by country - International responses to natural disasters

Heat wave - Heat waves by country - Droughts - Droughts by continent - Wildfires - Wildfires by country - Storm - Tropical cyclones - Tropical cyclones by region - Tropical cyclone impact by region

2012: 21 February 2012: Climate change increased likelihood of Russian 2010 heatwave, international study says - Summer 2012 North American heat wave

2015: 2015 Indian heat wave - June 2015 Pakistan heat wave - 26 October 2015: Extreme heatwaves could push Gulf climate including Iran’s coast beyond human endurance if the world fails to cut carbon emissions, USA study shows - 28 October 2015: Rising heat stress could threaten labour capacity across south-east Asia, with Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia worst hit, British study says

July 2018: 13 July 2018: Record high temperatures have been set across much of the world this week as an unusually prolonged and broad heatwave intensifies concerns about climate change in hottest La Niña year to date on record

September 2018: 28 September 2018: The Atlantic’s warmer waters triggered the unusual number of major hurricanes last year, according to a new study that predicts the region could see a couple of extra whopper storms each year by the end of the century

Water scarcity - Water security

Drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given region, resulting in prolonged shortages its waters supply, whether atmospheric, surface or ground water - List of droughts

2015: 16 March 2015: Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the 2007-2010 drought, including the recent Syrian drought, causing widespread crop failure and mass migration - 12 June 2015: A global tour of seven recent water crises in a decade of drought - 29 August 2015: Middle Eastern states constitute 14 of the 33 most water stressed countries in a World Resources Institute study predicting growing competition over and depletion of water resources across the globe in the coming decades

2016: 12 February 2016: At least two-thirds of the global population, over 4 billion people, live with severe water scarcity for at least one month every year, according to a major new analysis published in the journal Science Advances

2018: 19 March 2018: More than 5 billion people could suffer water shortages by 2050 due to climate change, increased demand and polluted supplies, according to a UN report on the state of the world’s water - 21 March 2018: Water inequality is increasing in the world’s most environmentally stressed nations, warn the authors of a report that shows more than 800 million people need to travel and queue for at least 30 minutes to access safe supplies - 60% of the world's population lives in areas of water stress, where the water supply cannot or will not continue to meet demand, 2018 State of the World's Water report says

August 2019 water crises: 6 August 2019: New data from WRI’s Aqueduct tools reveal that 17 countries, home to one-quarter of the world’s population, face 'extremely high' levels of baseline water stress, where irrigated agriculture, industries and municipalities withdraw more than 80% of their available supply on average every year, as 44 countries, home to one-third of the world, face 'high' levels of stress, where on average more than 40% of available supply is withdrawn every year

Desertification - 21. September 2011: UN rufen zu Kampf gegen Wüstenbildung auf - 19 February 2012: Wildfires, peat fires and controlled burns on farming lands kill 339.000 people worldwide each year, says a Tasmanian university study

August 2018: 27 August 2018: Rising levels of carbon dioxide could make crops less nutritious and damage the health of hundreds of millions of people, research has revealed, with those living in some of the world’s poorest regions likely to be hardest hit

August 2019 climate crisis threatening civilisation: 8 August 2019: Climate crisis reducing land’s ability to sustain humanity, according to IPCC, saying global heating is increasing droughts, soil erosion and wildfires while diminishing crop yields in the tropics and thawing permafrost near the poles, threatening civilisation

September 2018: 28 September 2018: The Atlantic’s warmer waters triggered the unusual number of major hurricanes last year, according to a new study that predicts the region could see a couple of extra whopper storms each year by the end of the century

January 2019: 16 January 2019: Our oceans broke heat records in 2018 and the consequences are catastrophic

September 2019: 22 septembre 2019: Dévastés par le dérèglement climatique et les pollutions causés par l'Homme, les océans s'apprêtent à déchaîner leur puissance sur l'humanité qui ne peut vivre sans eux, selon un rapport de l'ONU

December 2019 oceans losing oxygen at unprecedented rate: 7 December 2019: Oceans losing oxygen at unprecedented rate, experts warn, as tuna, marlin and other large fish at risk from spread of 'dead zones’

Sea level rise: Current sea level rise - Future sea level

May 2015: 11 May 2015: Sea level rise accelerated over the past two decades, research finds

September 2019 serious impacts 'already inevitable': 25 September 2019: Extreme sea level events that used to occur once a century will strike every year on many coasts by 2050, no matter whether climate heating emissions are curbed or not, according to a landmark report by the world’s scientists, concluding that many serious impacts are already inevitable, from more intense storms to melting permafrost and dwindling marine life

November 2019 sea level rise to challenge human civilization for centuries: 6 November 2019: Sea level rise is set to challenge human civilization for centuries to come, even if internationally agreed climate goals are met and planet-warming emissions are then immediately eliminated, researchers have found

2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Durban - 17. Juni 2011: Vorbereitungstreffen der UN-Klimakonferenz am 17. Juni 2011 erfolglos beendet - UN official July 2011: Climate change 'threatens peace' - 18 November 2011: IPCC report says that the risk from extreme weather events is likely to increase - 28 novembre: 17e conférence de l'ONU sur le réchauffement climatique - 190 pays réunis à Durban jusqu'au 9 décembre - 1 December 2011: Climate deal pushed by poorest nations - 4 December 2011: Protests at climate change summit in Durban demanding faster action - 5. Dezember 2011: 'Neue Welle der Entwaldung' - das Abholzen der Regenwälder gefährdet Klimaschutz und die Lebensgrundlage z.B. von Millionen von Afrikanern - 5 December 2011: Discovered earth-like planet 'Kepler 22-b' is too far away to go into exile, also for the international tea-party movement - 11 December 2011: UN climate conference in Durban approves deal delaying worldwide obligation to control greenhouse gases to 2020 - 13 December 2011: Canada to withdraw from Kyoto Protocol

2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Doha (Qatar) - 28. März 2012: Der Weltklimarat IPCC warnt vor einer Zunahme von Extremwettern infolge des Klimawandels - extreme Temperaturen und Hitzewellen hätten seit 1950 zugenommen, heisst es im neu veröffentlichten Bericht - 23 June 2012: Rio summit ends with an agreement from world leaders that charities say represents a 'missed chance' - 25 November 2012: As Qatar welcomes world leaders to the 18th UN climate change conference, its own environmental record has come under criticism as a major contributor to greenhouse gases - 6 December: The delegate Naderev Sano from typhoon-hit Philippines demanded that ministers at the Doha conference put aside their differences and take effective steps to combat global warming - 7 December: Standoff between rich and developing countries remains as UN climate talks near end - 8 December: Rich and poor nations disagree on funding as negotiators scramble to reach a global agreement on rising CO2 emissions - 9 December: Delegates in Doha agreed to extend the Kyoto protocol until 2020

History of climate change science - Scientific consensus on climate change - Media coverage of global warming - Climate change coverage by country

Water pollution - Marine pollution - Water pollution by country

Fresh water as a resource - Water pollution by country - Freshwater ecology - Water security, 'the reliable availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods and production'

2017: 19 October 2017: World's deepest lake Baikal in Siberia, which holds one fifth of the world’s unfrozen fresh water, crippled by putrid algae, poaching and pollution

May 2019: 8 May 2019: Only a third of the world’s great rivers remain free flowing, due to the impact of dams that are drastically reducing the benefits healthy rivers provide people and nature, according to a global analysis

Wastewater - Sewage - Acid mine drainage - Blackwater is a form of pollution produced in coal preparation - Industrial wastewater treatment - Agricultural wastewater treatment - Sewage treatment - Thermal pollution - Water cooling

Groundwater pollution - Pesticide drift

Water scarcity - the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet water needs within a region - List of countries by freshwater withdrawal

2015: 12 June 2015: A global tour of seven recent water crises in a decade of drought - 29 August 2015: Middle Eastern states constitute 14 of the 33 most water stressed countries in a World Resources Institute study predicting growing competition over and depletion of water resources across the globe in the coming decades

2016: 12 February 2016: At least two-thirds of the global population, over 4 billion people, live with severe water scarcity for at least one month every year, according to a major new analysis published in the journal Science Advances

December 2019 1.9 billion people at risk from mountain water shortages: 9 December 2019: A quarter of the world’s population are at risk of water supply problems as mountain glaciers, snow-packs and alpine lakes are run down by global heating and rising demand, according to an international study

2016: 1 June 2016: Leaked trade industry figures show a five-fold increase in the use of palm oil for biodiesel in Europe between 2010 and 2014, providing new evidence of links between deforestation in southeast Asia and the EU’s renewable energy mandate

2017: 28 September 2017: The world’s tropical forests are so degraded they have become a source rather than a sink of carbon emissions, according to a new study that highlights the urgent need to protect and restore the Amazon and similar regions

April 2019: 25 April 2019: Millions of hectares of pristine tropical rainforest were destroyed in 2018, according to satellite analysis, with beef, chocolate and palm oil among the main causes, as clearcutting of primary forest by loggers and cattle ranchers in Brazil dominated the destruction

Environmental impact by man-made sources - Environmental impact of war - Environmental impact of nuclear power - List of industrial disasters

Environmental impact of mining - Environmental impact of the coal industry - Environmental impact of the petroleum industry - Environmental impact of the energy industry

March 2017: 7 March 2017: Pollution is responsible for one in four deaths among all children under five, according to new WHO reports, with toxic air, unsafe water, and and lack of sanitation the leading causes

June 2017: 21 June 2017: Some of the world’s top banks are continuing to lend tens of billions for extracting the most carbon-intensive fossil fuels, as finance provided for tar sands, other unconventional oil and gas, as well as coal and liquefied natural gas amounted to $87bn for the top 37 banks in 2016, according to a report of top lenders

October 2017: 19 October 2017: Pollution, including toxic air, water, soils and workplaces, kills at least nine million people and costs trillions of dollars every year, according to the most comprehensive global analysis to date, which warns the crisis 'threatens the continuing survival of human societies', published by the Lancet Commission on pollution and health

October 2018: 12 octobre 2018: Le réchauffement de la planète a multiplié par quatre le nombre des catastrophes liées au climat depuis les années 70, selon une étude du FICR

November 2018: 14 November 2018: G20 nations still led by fossil fuel industry, climate report finds, showing that politicians are paying more heed to the fossil fuel industry than to advice from scientists

November 2019 world’s nations to produce more than twice as much coal, oil and gas as can be burned in 2030: 20 November 2019: The world’s nations are on track to produce more than twice as much coal, oil and gas as can be burned in 2030, according to an analysis based on the published national plans of the eight key producers Australia, Canada, Russia, USA, China, India, Indonesia and Norway, which account for 60% of global fossil fuel production, as plans of other big producers, including Saudi Arabia and Iran, are not publicly available

2015 toxic threats: 20 October 2015: The world’s top six toxic threats - lead, radionuclides, mercury, hexavalent chromium, pesticides and cadmium - affect the health of 95 million people, exposure to these pollutants result in debilitating and life-threatening diseases, especially in children

2016 top ten worst polluting industries: 'The World's Worst Pollution Problems 2016: The Toxics Beneath Our Feet' updates the top ten worst polluting industries

1966 Palomares B-52 crash, when a B-52G bomber of the USA Air Force's Strategic Air Command, carrying four Mk28-type hydrogen bombs, collided with a KC-135 tanker during mid-air refuelling - 19 October 2015: Nearly 50 years after a USA air force B-52 bomber carrying nuclear weapons crashed in Palomares in south-east Spain, USA's government has finally agreed to clean up the radioactive contamination that resulted from the 1966 crash

1986 Chernobyl disaster, catastrophic nuclear accident released large quantities of radioactive particles into the atmosphere, which spread over much of the western USSR and Europe - 20 avril 2016: Des sols du continent européen sont toujours «contaminés» au Cesium 137, 30 ans après la catastrophe nucléaire de Tchernobyl, selon une étude de l'ACRO - 11 July 2019: Ukraine and its European partners formally inaugurated a new metal dome encasing the destroyed reactor at the infamous Chernobyl plant, wrapping up a two-decade effort

Radioactive waste - Radioactive contamination - High-level radioactive waste management - Plutonium in the environment

List of nuclear weapons tests - List of nuclear weapon test locations

2014: 7 January 2014: N-test legacy in stratosphere bigger than thought - 2 March 2014: 60 years after USA's Bikini Atoll nuclear tests islands still unliveable

2016: 28 juillet 2016: L'ancien Premier ministre de Jacques Chirac, Alain Juppé, s’exprimait à Papeete que les expérimentations atomiques menées par la France entre 1966 et 1996 en 'Polynésie française' avaient eu un impact environnemental et sanitaire, même si l'Etat a affirmé le contraire pendant plusieurs décennies

Nuclear weapons debate - Uranium mining debate - Nuclear power debate

Since 2014 diesel emissions scandal: Since 2014 International diesel emissions scandal - raising awareness over the high levels of pollution being emitted by diesel vehicles built by a wide range of carmakers, including BMW, Citroen, Fiat, Ford, Hyundai, Jeep, Mazda, Mercedes, Peugeot, Renault, Volkswagen group and Volvo, scandals relating to the emissions from diesel engines began in 2014 when emissions discrepancies between European and USA models of vehicles were highlighted by the International Council on Clean Transportation

2017 health impact of diesel emissions: 15 May 2017: The global human health impact of the diesel emissions scandal has been revealed by new research showing a minimum of 38,000 people a year die early due to the failure of diesel vehicles to meet official limits in real driving conditions, as most of the deaths are in Europe, where highly polluting cars are the main culprit, and in China and India

May 2018 breaching EU standards for nitrogen dioxide limits: 17 May 2018: The European Commission sent six countries, including Germany, France and the UK, to Europe’s highest court ECJ for breaching EU standards for nitrogen dioxide limits and for failing to meet EU air quality standards, in a long-running process of crimes, denials and shady tricks

April 2019 toxis air and children: 10 April 2019: Four million children develop asthma every year as a result of air pollution from cars and trucks, equivalent to 11,000 new cases a day occuring worldwide due to toxic air from traffic, a landmark study has found

September 2019 diesel car emissions: 10 September 2019: Emissions from diesel cars, even newer and supposedly cleaner models, increase on hot days, a new study has found, raising questions over how cities suffering from air pollution can deal with urban heat islands and the climate crisis

October 2019 super-rich fuelling growing demand for private jets: 27 October 2019: Almost 8,000 new private jets are expected to be bought by multinational companies and the super-rich over the next decade, each of which will burn 40 times as much carbon per passenger as regular commercial flights, according to an aviation report, as growth centred in USA and China, with slowdown in Sweden

April 2016 agriculture's crucial role for planet’s future: 28 April 2016: Agriculture will play a crucial role in addressing the planet’s most pressing challenges, whether on food production, health or the preservation of the environment, special report shows

September 2019 driving the climate crisis by public farm subsidies: 16 September 2019: The public is providing more than $1m per minute in global farm subsidies, much of which is driving the climate crisis and destruction of wildlife, promoting high-emission cattle production, forest destruction and pollution from the overuse of fertiliser, as just 1% of the $700bn a year given to farmers is used to benefit the environment according to a new report

September 2017 a third of the planet’s land severely degraded: 12 September 2017: A third of the planet’s land is severely degraded and fertile soil is being lost at the rate of 24bn tonnes a year, according to a new UN-backed study that calls for a shift away from destructively intensive agriculture

Environmental impact of pesticides - Health effects of pesticides (non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, neurological problems, birth defects, fetal death, neurodevelopmental disorder and more) may be acute or delayed in those who are exposed - Pesticide residue refers to chemicals and pesticides that may remain on or in food, especially derivatives of chlorinated pesticides, exhibit bioaccumulation which could build up to harmful levels in the body as well as in the environment, persistent chemicals can be magnified through the food chain and have been detected in a wide range of products - Insecticides - Chemical herbicides since the early 20th century, a result of research conducted in both the UK and the USA during World War II into the potential use of agents as biological weapons

2013: 20 October 2013: Agrochemicals linked to health problems in Argentina - 10 December 2013: The use of pesticides increased 858% in the last 22 years in Argentina, but as there is a great business for the global poison industry, led by Monsanto and Bayer, and as its products are sprayed over areas of intense monoculture, where more than 12 million people live, the public health is faced with great problems, according to the Network of Physicians working in crop-sprayed towns

2014: 24 June 2014: The world’s most widely used insecticides have contaminated the environment across the planet so pervasively that global food production is at risk, international team of scientists says - 28 October 2014: About 2,000 hectares of fertile land are lost each day due to damage caused by salt in areas of dry irrigated land with little rainfall, according to a UN analysis

2015: 23 March 2015: The UN’s International Agency for Research on Cancer says that three pesticides, the herbicide glyphosate – the active ingredient in USA's Monsanto's Roundup – and the insecticides malathion and diazinon, were 'probably' carcinogenic and two others, which have already been outlawed or restricted, were 'possibly' so - 11 November 2015: Glyphosate has devastating, dramatic effects on the health of people living in very close contact with it, Argentinian photographer Pablo Ernesto Piovano's report on the conditions of people living and working close to GM soy crops, where massive amounts of herbicide are used, reveals

February/March 2017: 21 February 2017: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay farm transgenic seeds glyphosate resistant, but there is an association between cancer and environmental exposure to Glyphosate - 7 March 2017: UN experts denounce 'myth' pesticides are necessary to feed the world, as report warns of catastrophic consequences and blames manufacturers for ‘systematic denial of harms’ and 'unethical marketing tactics’

July/August 2017: July/August 2017 Egg contamination scandal in EU's Netherlands, Belgium and Germany - 3 August 2017: Millions of eggs are being recalled from shops and warehouses in Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium after they were found to contain high levels of a toxic insecticide banned from use in the production of food for human consumption

August 2018 Monsanto’s Roundup verdict: 11 August 2018: Monsanto, now a unit of Bayer AG, suffered a major blow with a San Francisco jury ruling that the company was liable for terminally ill Dewayne Johnson’s cancer, awarding him $289m in damages, after Monsanto’s Roundup weedkiller caused his cancer without warning him of the health hazards from exposure, and after the jury further found that Monsanto 'acted with malice or oppression' and 'fought science' for years, targeting academics who spoke up about possible health risks of the herbicide product - Monsanto legal cases

August 2018: 16 August 2018: Cancer-linked herbicide, sold as Roundup by Monsanto, present in 45 products including granola, snack bars and Cheerios, marketed to USA children, a public health organization's study has found

April 2019: 11 April 2019: French appeals court in Lyon has said USA chemicals giant Monsanto, which was bought by Germany’s Bayer last year, was guilty of poisoning a farmer who said he suffered neurological damage after accidentally inhaling fumes from a weedkiller made by the company

Pollinator decline refers to the reduction in abundance of insect and other animal pollinators in many ecosystems worldwide beginning at the end of the twentieth century - List of crop plants pollinated by bees - Beekeeping - List of diseases of the honey bee - Bees and toxic chemicals - Pesticide toxicity to bees - Imidacloprid effects on bees - 'Imidacloprid' systemic insecticide, belonging to a group of pesticides called neonicotinoids, the primary producer of imidacloprid is the German chemical firm 'Bayer CropScience'

May 2016: 11 May 2016: From April 2015 to March 2016, USA beekeepers lost 44% of their colonies, as 28% of bee colonies were lost over the 2015/16 winter and more than half of surveyed beekeepers said they suffered unsustainable losses

February 2019: 17 février 2019: Près de la moitié des espèces d'insectes, essentiels aux écosystèmes comme aux économies, sont en déclin rapide dans le monde entier, selon une étude

January 2019: 16 January 2019: Science-based diet that tackles both the poor food eaten by billions of people and averts global environmental catastrophe, requiring huge cuts in red meat-eating in western countries and radical changes across the world, has been devised by the 'EAT-Lancet Commission on Food, Planet, Health'

2013: March Against Monsanto 25 May 2013 - 26 May 2013: Worldwide protests against seed giant Monsanto and the genetically modified food it produces

2015/2016: 26 October 2015: Raging forest fires across Indonesia are thought to be responsible for up to half a million cases of respiratory infections, with the resultant haze covering parts of Malaysia and Singapore now being described as a 'crime against humanity' - 19 September 2016: Haze from Indonesian fires last year may have caused over 100,000 premature deaths, according to a new study of Harvard and Columbia universities that triggers calls for action

2016: 13 October 2016: International judges will take evidence in The Hague from witnesses and victims of USA agri-business Monsanto, which manufactured hundreds of thousands of tonnes of Agent Orange for use as a chemical weapon in the Vietnam war, and is now the world’s biggest genetically modified seed corporation also developing toxic polychlorinated biphenyls and glyphosate, in an attempt by hundreds of grassroots groups to hold the company accountable for human rights violations, crimes against humanity, and 'ecocide', or widespread environmental damage

September 2018: 19 September 2018: EU probes German car makers including BMW, Daimler, Volkswagen and Audi for suspected collusion to cheat emission tests

2015: 27 August 2015: Between 2002 and 2013, at least 448 environmentalists were killed in Brazil, according to Global Witness

2016: 4 March 2016: New data of Global Witness on the murder rate of environmental and land activists in Honduras, the highest in the world, for taking a stand against destructive dam, mining, logging and agriculture projects - 20 June 2016: 2015 became deadliest year for environmental activists, as at least 185 activists were killed, anti-mining activities were the most deadly with 42 deaths related to protests, according to 'Global Witness' - 21 October 2016: As last year was the deadliest on record for environmental campaigners and more than three people were killed each week in 2015 by police, private security or hired assassins, states and investors must take steps to tackle this human rights crisis, UN special rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders Michel Forst says in a report for the UN general assembly

2017/2018: 2 February 2018: 197 people killed last year for defending land, wildlife or natural resources, new Global Witness data reveals - 2 March 2018: As the Guardian and Global Witness revealed that almost four environmental defenders were murdered every week in 2017, War on Want learned of two more killings through our Latin American partner organisations - 19 mars 2018: En 2017, près de 200 personnes, activistes, leaders indigènes, scientifiques ou simples villageois, ont été tuées pour avoir voulu protéger l’environnement, première responsable l’industrie agroalimentaire, selon Global Witness

August 2019 environmental activist murders double in 15 years: 5 August 2019: Killings of environmental defenders have doubled over the past 15 years to reach levels usually associated with war zones, according to a study that reveals how murders of activists are concentrated in countries with the worst corruption and weakest laws

Extinction risk from global warming - Habitat destruction is the process in which natural habitat is rendered unable to support the species present, habitat destruction by human activity is mainly for the purpose of harvesting natural resources for industry production and urbanization - Overexploitation refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns

2016: 14/16 September 2016: Humanity is driving an unprecedented extinction of sealife unlike any in the fossil record, hunting and killing larger species in a way that will disrupt ocean ecosystems for millions of years, scientists have found - 27 October 2016: World facing biggest mass extinction since dinosaurs, with two thirds of animals wiped out in 50 years, report by the World Wildlife Fund and the Zoological Society of London says

2018: 30 October 2018: Humanity has wiped out 60% of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles since 1970, leading the world’s foremost experts to warn that the annihilation of wildlife is now an emergency that threatens civilisation

May 2019 biodiversity crisis and UN report: 6 May 2019: UN’s global assessment report paints a dire picture of our effect on the natural world, saying one million species at risk of extinction - 7 May 2019: UN environment warning on biodiversity crisis

Colony collapse disorder causes significant economic losses because many agricultural crops worldwide are pollinated by honey bees - List of crop plants pollinated by bees

2010: 2 May 2010: Fears for crops as shock figures from America show scale of bee catastrophe

2017 global contamination by bee-harming pesticides: 5 October 2017: Honey tests reveal global contamination by bee-harming pesticides, as neonicotinoid insecticides are found in 75% of global honey samples and half contain a cocktail of chemicals - 6 October 2017: Nerve agents in honey

Poaching, the illegal hunting, killing, or capturing of wild animals, usually associated with land use rights - Illegal wildlife trade over the world - Wildlife smuggling

2015: 19 June 2015: The rate of extinction for species in the 20th century was up to 100 times higher than it would have been without man’s impact, scientists say in their study 'Accelerated modern human–induced species losses'

2016: 12 August 2016: Elephants on the path to extinction as the world’s population of elephants is nearing a critical point - 3 October 2016: A bid to give the highest level of international legal protection to all African elephants was defeated at a 'Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species' global wildlife summit of 182 nations in Johannesburg, after the EU played a pivotal role in blocking the proposal, which was fought over by rival groups of African nations - 8 December 2016: Giraffes facing extinction after suffering a devastating decline in numbers resulting from illegal hunting, habitat destruction, changes through expanding agriculture and mining, deforestation, pollution and civil wars, with nearly 40% of giraffes lost in the last 30 years, according to the latest IUCN 'red list' analysis

March 2019: 17 March 2019: Deadly air in our cities, as traffic pollution is putting especially children at risk

Environmental effects of urbanization - Urban heat island is a city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities

Urban ecology, the scientific study of the relation of living organisms with each other and their surroundings in the context of an urban environment - Sustainable urbanism

Urban planning - Urban design

Architecture - Herrschaftsarchitektur (ruling-class architecture) - Skyscraper - Sustainable architecture

Industrial accidents and incidents by country: Industrial accidents and incidents by country

Building collapses by country: Building collapses - Building collapses by country

Urban fires: Urban fires

Aviation accidents and incidents, by country and type: Aviation accidents and incidents - Aviation accidents and incidents by country - Aviation accidents and incidents by type

Bridge disasters by cause: Bridge disasters by cause

Railway accidents, by country and type: Railway accidents and incidents by country - Railway accidents by type

Road accidents and incidents by country: Road accidents and incidents - Road incidents by country

Shipwrecks by location and type: Shipwrecks - Shipwrecks by location - Shipwrecks by type

Since 2011 transport disasters involving refugees: Since 2011 transport disasters involving refugees in the international refugee and migrant crisis

Population on the earth seven billion on 31 October 2011 - UN sets out challenges in 2011 report - UN Global Sustainability Panel (January 2012)

Since 1945/1946 UN Security Council - UN Security Council (Website) - List of members of the UN Security Council and members of Regional Groups

May 2014 193 UN member states and regional groups: As of May 2014 192 of the 193 UN member states are divided into five regional groups including the African Group, with 54 member states, the Asia-Pacific Group, with 53 member states, the Eastern European Group, with 23 member states, the Latin American and Caribbean Group, with 33 member states and the Western European and Others Group WEOG, with 28 member states, plus 1 member state USA as an observer state

UN Security Council subsidiary organs - UN Security Council mandates - UN Military Staff Committee, a Security Council subsidiary body whose role, as defined by the UN Charter, is to plan UN military operations and assist in the regulation of armaments - Since 2005 UN Peacebuilding Commission - Vetoed UN Security Council resolutions

Timeline of the UN Security Council's resolutions - UN Security Council resolutions by year

1960 UN resolution 138 following Argentine complaint: In June 1960, after a complaint that the transfer of Adolf Eichmann to Israel from Argentina constituted a violation of the latter's sovereignty, UN Security Council declared in its resolution 138, approved by eight votes, that such acts could endanger international peace and security and requested that Israel make the appropriate reparation in accordance with the UN Charter, but Israel held the view that the matter was beyond the Council's competence and should instead be settled via direct bilateral negotiations, as the capture of Eichmann caused alarm at the USA's CIA and West German Bundesnachrichtendienst, which had known for at least two years that Eichmann was hiding in Argentina, but did not act, fearing what Eichmann might say in his testimony about West German national security advisor CDU Hans Globke, who had coauthored several antisemitic Nazi laws, according to documents declassified in 2006, also revealing that both agencies had used some of Eichmann's former Nazi colleagues to spy on European countries

2011: 28. April 2011: UN uneins gegen Assad - 4. Juni 2011: Blutbad im syrischen Hama - 9 June 2011: European nations demand UN resolution condemning Syria's violent actions - 3. August 2011: Keine UN-Resolution zu Syrien - China, Indien und Rußland blockieren

Since 2011 vetoed UN Security Council resolutions on Syria, vetoed by Russia and China: List of vetoed UN Security Council resolutions on Syria, vetoed by Russia and China since 2011

September 2015: 3 September 2015: Russia delaying start of Syria chemical weapons probe - 7 September 2015: UN's Ban Ki-moon admits that the UN security council is failing Syria, urging Russia and China to stop blocking proposals to end a conflict that has cost hundreds of thousands of lives and driven the biggest refugee exodus in a generation - 11 September: UN to hold inquiry on Syria chemical attacks, diplomats say, as new evidence of Syria chemical attacks emerges - 18 September: UN Security Council expresses 'grave concern' over Jerusalem violence and is calling for restraint and calm - 23 September: USA has warned that Russia’s continued blanket use of its UN veto will jeopardise the security council’s long-term legitimacy and could lead the USA and like-minded countries to bypass it as a decision-making body

October 2015: 1 October: United Nations veto ban proposal gains support, as some 75 countries in Europe, Africa, Latin America and Asia have already backed the proposal - 2 October: Syrian Coalition's Khoja calls on UNSC for taking immediate action to stop Russia’s brutal air raids on Damascus, Homs, and Hama, where civilian homes, hospitals, and mosques are destroyed by these attacks - 14 October 2015: The head of the UN women’s agency Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka is criticising the low level of women’s inclusion at peace tables, 15 years after a landmark UN resolution that called for women to be included in decision-making positions at every level of peacemaking and peace building - 16 October: Ukraine elected as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council - 16 October: Security Council to hold emergency talks on Jerusalem violence - 16 October: At Security Council meeting, Israel rejects any international intervention at Temple Mount - 16 October: DRC's Julienne Lusenge addressed the security council saying that seven years earlier she described to the council the rapes, murders and massacres ravaging her country, asking for action, and in 2015 almost nothing had changed and neither research on the benefits of female involvement for peace-building nor a UN resolution have ended the routine exclusion of women from negotiations - 21 October: Syrian Coalition calls on the UN Security Council to take 'firm and effective' action to stop the Russian aggression on the Syrian people following the horrible massacre committed by the Russian air force yesterday in rural Latakia where 80 people were killed - 22 October: Britain, France, Germany and the USA asked UN Security Council sanctions committee to investigate Iran’s recent missile test on October 10, branding it a serious violation of UN resolutions - 24 October 2015: France will submit a new draft resolution to the UN Security Council calling on the Assad regime to stop using barrel bombs as well as condemning other 'indiscriminate attacks' against civilians - 27 October: UNSC must condemn Russia’s targeting of civilians and hospitals in Syria, Syrian Coalition says, stating that Russian airstrikes have killed 1,511 civilians, including women and children as of October 26

November 2015: 2 November 2015: Assad regime’s air force is dropping dozens of barrel bombs on areas across Syria, just one day after Russia's ambassador to the UN Vitaly Churkin’s announcement that the Assad regime stopped the use of barrel bombs - 2 November 2015: 'Doctors Without Borders' is urging the permanent member states of the UN Security Council to comply with the responsibility to protect mandate to stop the escalating aerial massacres in Syria as quickly as possible - 10 November: Security Council must condemn Russia’s use of cluster bombs against populated areas in many villages and towns, Syrian Coalition demands - 11 November: Syrian Coalition calls on the UN Security Council to include the militant groups trained and funded by Iran, most notably Hezbollah, Abu al Fadl al Abbas Brigade, Fatimiyoun Brigade and Zainabiyon Brigade on the lists terrorist organizations - 17 November 2015: UN's Ban Ki-moon renews calls that the situation in Syria be referred to the International Criminal Court in the 21st report he submitted to the UN Security Council - 21 novembre 2015: Le Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU a adopté à l'unanimité une résolution française qui permet de 'prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires' pour combattre le groupe Etat islamique, une semaine après les attentats à Paris

December 2015: 5 December: USA to lead UN Security Council meeting on terror financing - 8 December: China and Russia oppose UN council meeting on human rights in North Korea accused by a UN inquiry, which has the backing of the nine council members Chile, France, Jordan, Lithuania, Malaysia, New Zealand, Spain, UK and the USA - 9 December 2015: The Syrian Coalition calls upon the UN Security Council to intervene immediately to stop bombing of civilians and hospitals by both Assad and Russia - 12 December: USA accuses Russian regime of attempting to suppress public discussion of facts about the nearly two-year-old agression against Ukraine - 12 December: Syrian Coalition sends letter to the UNSC condemning Russia’s escalating attacks on FSA and civilians, including public markets, bakeries, and residential buildings - 16 December: Iran violated sanctions with missile test, capable of delivering nuclear weapons, says UN panel - 18 December 2015: UN Security Council adopts resolution to cut off Islamic State terrorists funding with measures such as asset freeze, travel ban and arms embargo, targeting corrupt states, banks and organizations - 18 December 2015 UN Security Council Resolution 2254 concerning the conflict in Syria - 19 December 2015: UN security council adopts resolution on Syrian peace process calling for the UN to present the council with options for monitoring a ceasefire within one month, as Russian warplanes and warplanes believed to be Russian carry out more airstrikes in Lattakia province, killing more children, in Aleppo province, killing civilians, in Idlib province, trargeting the city of Jeser al-Shogour west, killing at least 7 children and 7 women in a massacre, one of them pregnant, and again in Idlib province, targeting the town of al-Najiyyah and as a group of protesters, some holding Syrian revolutionary flags, gather in front of UN headquarters, harbouring Russian regime's Lavrov and Assad regime's Jaafari - 21 December 2015: Russian airstrikes on Idlib, targeting health and public services centers as well as apartment buildings in the city center, killing 50 civilians and wounding 170 others, violates UNSC resolution 2254, Syrian Coalition says - 22 December 2015: After less than 48 hours since the Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 2254, the Assad regime and Russian forces jointly escalated their war on civilians across Syria, killing innocent men, women and children through indiscriminate aerial attacks, the Council was briefed on the humanitarian situation in Syria for the twenty-third time since the adoption of resolution 2139 in February 2014, only leading to an increase in civilian death and a worsening of Syria’s humanitarian situation - 23 Decembert 2015: Amnesty International says Russian air strikes in Syria may amount to war crimes after gathering reports on hundreds of civilians killed in their homes, medical facilities and other public spaces - 23 December 2015: Assad regime forces targeted Moadamiya with sarin-filled shells, killing ten people, including women and children, and injuring over 30 others in another war crime condemned by the Syrian Coalition calling upon the UN Security Council for measures under Chapter VII - 25 December 2015: Amnesty International responds to Russia's denial of committing war crimes in Syria, saying that the organization has compelling evidence that Russian airstrikes targeted civilians in markets, hospitals, mosques and populated areas and evidence of the use of cluster bombs

January 2016: 7 January 2016: UN Security council meets over 'clear threat to international peace', but fails to agree on immediate measures against North Korean regime after it claimed to have tested a hydrogen bomb, which triggered seismic shocks around the region - 8 January 2016: Failure to enforce UN Security Council resolutions encourages Assad to starve civilians, Syrian Coalition says in a letter - 14/15 January 2016: Security Council calls emergency meeting on Syria to lift sieges on towns where hundreds of thousands have been cut off from aid and many are starving amid lack of will to bring about political transition in Syria - 18 January 2016: UN Security Council's inaction emboldens Assad to violate UN resolutions and to use starvation as a weapon of war, Syrian Coalition says, as more civilians including an entire family of 12 members were killed in Russian airstrikes on Syria on Sunday - 22 January: Syrian Coalition says, that 'the Assad regime’s siege and bombardment of civilians violate UN Security Council resolutions...(and that) Assad has been committing these crimes under military and political cover by Russia

February 2016: 7 February 2016: South Korea, USA and Japan are requesting an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council, after North Korea fired long range rocket despite UN ban - 7 February 2016: UN security council condemns North Korea rocket launch, promising to take punitive steps - 9 February 2016: Mass deaths of detainees in Syrian Government jails amounts to crime of 'extermination', UN commission of inquiry on Syria says in its report calling on the UN security council to impose sanctions against Syrian officials in the civilian and military hierarchy responsible for or complicit in deaths, torture and disappearances in custody - 18 February: UN's Ban Ki-moon tells Security Council that states and regimes must choose between implementing ceasefire or continuing to 'pursue the bankrupt logic of a military victory' - 20 February: In a letter to the UN Security Council Syrian Coalition's President Khoja condemns Russia’s latest attacks on Aleppo and its deliberate targeting of Syrian hospitals, medical facilities and schools, demands the immediate withdrawal of Russian forces from Syrian territory and also calls for ensuring accountability for all committed war crimes - 22 February: At least 19,947 barrel bombs have been dropped by the Assad regime on rebel-held areas across Syria since the adoption of UN Security Council resolution 2139 on 22 February 2014, SNHR says - 22 February 2016: War crimes in Syria's five-year-old conflict are widespread and Syrian government forces and Islamic State militants continue to commit crimes against humanity in the face of inaction by the international community, UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry says in its latest report - 25 February: Syrian Coalition urges UN Security Council to condemn the recent escalation of aerial bombardment on Aleppo, to break the sieges across Syria, finitely protect civilians from indiscriminate aerial bombardment, and ensure accountability for war crimes - 27 February: In response to the UN Security Council’s adoption of resolution 2268 on the 'cessation of hostiles' in Syria, the Syrian Coalition supports efforts to protect civilians and to achieve a political solution away from Assad - 27 February: Callng on the UN Security Council to respond to the Assad regime’s violations of the ceasefire agreement, the Syrian Coalition says that the Assad regime bombed 15 rebel-held areas across Syria with heavy machine-guns, artillery and barrel bombs in Damascus, Rural Damascus, Daraa, Aleppo, Homs, Hama and Lattakia province - 29 February: In a letter to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, Syrian opposition is warning attacks by Russian warplanes backing government forces are threatening fragile truce

March 2016: 3 March 2016: After the UN security council approved the toughest sanctions against North Korean regime in two decades over its nuclear and rocket tests, it fires a volley of short-range missiles into the sea off its east coast - 13 March: UN adopts resolution on combating sex crimes by its peacekeepers - 13 March: Israel calls for world powers to take 'immediate punitive steps' against Iran following its ballistic missile tests last week, adding that it would be 'a test for the powers' ability to enforce the 2015 nuclear agreement - 18 March: Russia's illegal annexation of Ukraine's Crimea on the agenda at closed-door UN Security Council meeting, as Crimean Tatar leader Dzhemilev calls for increase in sanctions against Russian regime and as human rights abuses in Crimea under Russian occupation are revealed in seperate meetings - 30 March: By launching nuclear-capable missiles Iran has defied a UN Security Council resolution that endorsed last year's historic nuclear deal, the USA and its European allies say in a joint letter

April 2016: 26 April 2016: Security Council asks UN's Secretary-General to submit a broad plan within 30 days detailing how his Yemen envoy can help the warring Yemeni parties move towards peace - 29 April: Ukraine's Vadym Prystaiko said at a meeting of the UN Security Council that the Russian Federation had concentrated a 34,000-strong hybrid military force in the occupied part of Donbas

28 June 2019 missing persons and detainees in Syria: 28 June 2019: As many as 50 Syrian civil organizations sent a joint letter to the UN Security Council calling for immediate action on the issue of missing persons and detainees in Syria

29 June 2019 peacekeeping in Mali: 29 June 2019: UN Security Council has unanimously adopted a resolution to extend peacekeeping mission in Mali, also discussing and addressing the escalating violence in the centre of the country

3 July 2019 airstrike on migrant detention centre by warlord Haftar's forces: 3 July 2019 Tajoura migrant center airstrike and massacre by warlord Haftar's forces, backed by Egypt, France, Russia and the United Arab Emirates, after UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, on 8 May 2019 called for refugees and migrants in detention centres in conflict areas in Tripoli to be immediately evacuated to safety, after an airstrike hit a target less than 100 metres away from Tajoura detention centre, where over 500 refugees and migrants are being detained

4 July 2019: 4 July 2019: As Britain circulated a statement that condemned the air strike and called for a ceasefire, USA's Trump administration thwarts UN Security Council condemnation of attack on Libya migrant center, after administration earlier criticized the attack as 'abhorrent' but did not call for a ceasefire

5/6 July 2019 Libya crisis: 6 July 2019: Condemning the attack on the Tajoura detention camp east of Tripoli UN Security Council called for a ceasefire in Libya as the death toll from a three-month offensive on Tripoli reached 1 000, including scores killed in an air strike that hit the detention centre for migrants

22 July 2019 Iran’s seizure of 'Stena Impero': 22 July 2019: British representative to the UN Jonathan Allen has declared in a letter to the Security Council that Iran’s seizure of a British-flagged tanker 'Stena Impero' with 23 crew members aboard amounted to 'illegal interference', and he rejected Tehran regime’s version of events

25 July 2019 investigation into Russian weapons in Syria demanded: :25 July 2019: Syrian civil organizations operating in the town of Ma'aret al-Nu'man called on the international community, the UN and the Security Council to conduct an investigation into the weapons the Russian forces used in the deadly attack on the town, stressing that one of the primary tasks of the UN Security Council is to maintain international peace and security, adding that the crimes taking place against civilians in Idlib threaten international peace and security

28 July 2019 UN silence amid war crimes: 28 July 2019: At least 13 civilians including five children have been killed in air strikes in Idlib province, coming just a day after UN's Michelle Bachelet warned that those responsible for the latest wave of killings in Assad's and Russian offensive could be charged with war crimes - 28 July 2019: More casualties raise to about 35, the number of people killed and injured in the air and ground strikes by Assad's and Russian warplanes in Idlib province

29 July 2019 UN silence slammed, UN conventions dead letter: 29 July 2019: Syrian Commission of Legal Experts described the international community as 'a silent spectator of the scenes of the extermination of the Syrian civilians', slamming the international silence about the ongoing shelling of civilians and vital civilian centers in northwestern Syria, describing the human rights conventions as a dead letter

30/31 July 2019 UN council adressed: 30/31 July 2019: As affected Syrians are desperate and angry, as Assad's and Russian forces continue to attack civilians, 10 UN Security Council members have called on the UN chief to set up an inquiry into why its hospitals have been singled out, after Physicians for Human Rights' Susannah Sirkin addressed the Council regarding attacks on health facilities and personnel, and their impact on civilians in Syria, and after UN's Mark Lowcock briefed the Council on the humanitarian situation in Syria

2 August 2019: 2 August 2019: UN to investigate attacks on humanitarian facilities in Idlib province, after human rights organizations have documented dozens of attacks on medical facilities in Syria, including medical centers they support in Idlib province, and after two-thirds of the UNSC called for an inquiry

6 August 2019 UN Council demands return to UN-mediated political process as Haftar's crimes continue: 6 August 2019: The UN Security Council reaffirmed Monday the call on all Libyan parties to commit to a ceasefire and rapidly to return to a UN-mediated political process, as Libyan Ministry of Interior strongly condemns a new brutal air attack on Murzuq town southwest of Libya, calling on the international community and the UN to assume their responsibilities towards the behavior of illegal armed groups and to investigate the war crimes committed by Haftar

16 August 2019 Kashmir crisis caused by India: 16 August 2019: UN Security Council discusses Kashmir for the first time since 1965 following the one-sided August 2019 revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status by India, overriding human rights, imposing a curfew affecting millions of residents, arresting hundreds of citizens, blocking all communications, bringing normal life to a standstill, opening fire over the fortified line of control leaving three Pakistani soldiers and two civilians dead

19 August 2019 delay of meeting on Syria criticized: 19 August 2019: Syrian National Coalition's Dima Moussa lashed out at the international community’s silence about the atrocities taking place in Syria at the hands of the Assad regime and Russia, denouncing the decision by the UN Security Council to postpone its monthly meeting on Syria in these difficult circumstances

21 August 2019 accountability remains absent 6 years after Ghouta attacks: 21 August 2019: Accountability remains absent on the sixth anniversary of the chemical attack on the two Ghoutas, the world’s largest chemical weapons attack since the chemical weapons convention, according to SNHR, saying the Syrian regime, by its repeated use of chemical weapons, is encouraging other regimes in the world to use chemical weapons of mass destruction

21/22 August 2019 civic groups urge UN to prevent dsaster in Idlib: 21 August 2019: Civic, political bodies and trade unions in Idlib province appealed to the UN Security Council and its current president to prevent an imminent humanitarian disaster in Idlib province - 22 August 2019: UN reiterated its warning that the lives of around three million people in northwestern Syria, many of them are women and children, are at dire risk because of the offensive the Assad regime and Russia launched in the region

22 August 2019 USA vowed to hold Assad regime accountable for its use of chemical weapons: 22 August 2019: The USA vowed to hold the Assad regime accountable for its crimes in Syria in a statement marking the sixth anniversary of the Assad regime's biggest chemical attack on the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta that killed nearly 1,500 civilians, including children and women

27 August 2019: 27 August 2019: UN calls for recommitment to ceasefire agreement in Syria's Idlib province

28 August 2019 Israel demands action against Iranian attacks from Syria: 28 August 2019: Israeli Ambassador to the UN Danny Danon filed a formal letter of complaint to the UN Security Council demanding action against the Iranian attempts to attack Israel from Syria

29 August 2019 war crimes without UN response: 29 August 2019: Stressing the need for the world to put an end to the disaster the Assad regime and its allies are inflicting on the Syrian people, the Syrian National Coalition condemned the continued brutal onslaught the Assad regime and its allies have launched against northern rural Hama and various parts of Idlib province for months, saying the United Nations and the international community, most notably the group of major actors, are capable and have an obligation to put an immediate end to these attacks and crimes - 29 August 2019: 3 UN council members have put forward a draft resolution calling for a cease-fire in Syria's Idlib province, which is enduring an intensified Russia-backed offensive

30 August 2019 Syrian towns and villages have been razed to the ground: 30 August 2019: 'Entire towns and villages have been razed to the ground' in northwestern Syria, according to satellite imagery presented by UN's Mark Lowcock in his briefing to the UN Security Council, saying that 'there can be no reason, rationale, excuse or justification for the destruction of civilian areas on the scale seen in Idleb today'

4 September 2019 Syria: 4 September 2019: As the international silence continues concerning the tragedy and humanitarian disaster in the 'death mini-state', about 410 children have died since the beginning of 2019 in al-Hol camp

4/5 September 2019 Libya: 4 September 2019: Chaos and destruction awaits Libya if member states don't act, UN envoy tells Security Council - 5 September 2019: UNSMIL's Salame said that there has now been over 100 civilian deaths, 300 injured and 120,000 displaced as well as fighter deaths 'in the low thousands' as a result of the war launched by Khalifa Hafter - 5 September 2019: Libya's UN ambassador calls for an international panel to investigate war crimes

9 September 2019 humanitarian situation in northwestern Syria: 9 September 2019: Syrian Coalition sends letter to UN and Security Council on humanitarian situation in northwestern Syria

19/20 September 2019 Russian regime's deadly veto: 20 September 2019: UN resolutions on Syria cease-fire shot down as council members unable to handle humanitarian crisis in Idlib, with 400,000 people having fled their homes, caused by Assad regime's, Iranian and Russian war criminals

1 October 2019: 1 October 2019: The USA on Monday demanded the release of nearly 128,000 people who have been arbitrarily detained by the Assad regime, ambassador Kelly Craft told the UN Security Council

2 October 2019: 2 October 2019: SNHR issued a report on the victims it recorded in Syria in September, indicating that violations and crimes by the Assad regime and its backers against civilians continued unabated

12 October 2019 Arab League condemns Turkey's invasion into Syria, calling on the UN Security Council: 12 October 2019: Arab League foreign ministers condemned Turkey's military invasion into northern Syria, calling on the UN Security Council to take action against Turkey

29 October 2019 Israel’s Danny Danon blasts Turkey’s invasion of Syria: 29 October 2019: Calling 'upon the international community to take action and provide aid to the Kurdish people', Israel’s ambassador to the UN Danny Danon blasts Turkey’s invasion of Syria, accusing Erdogan of promoting anti-Semitism and the ethnic cleansing of Kurds, telling Security Council that Erdogan regime is persecuting Kurds in Turkey and sending troops 'to massacre Kurdish people in Syria as well’, 'destabilizing the region through violence and supporting terror organizations'

December 1960 colonial powers didn't vote in favor of UN's 'Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples': 14 December 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, adopted by the UN General Assembly as 89 countries voted in favour, and nine abstained, including colonial powers Belgium, France, Portugal, Spain, Union of South Africa, United Kingdom, and USA

25 October 1971 UN General Assembly and China: On 25 October 1971 UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 passed in response to the UN General Assembly Resolution 1668 that required any change in China's representation in the UN be determined by a two-thirds vote, recognizing the so-called People's Republic of China PRC as 'the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations' and expelled 'the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations' - During the 1950s and 1960s United Kingdom, Switzerland, Sweden, and France shifted their recognition of China from the Republic of China (Taipei) to the China's Beijing regime called PRC, in the 1970s, Canada, Turkey, the USA and more western countries established diplomatic relations with Beijing's PRC, and severed diplomatic relations with the Republic of China

Since 8 July 1998 request to review UN resolution concerning China: 8 July 1998 Need to review UN General Assembly resolution 2758 of 25 October 1971 owing to the fundamental change in the international situation and to the coexistence of two Governments across the Taiwan Strait, letter from the representatives of Burkina Faso, El Salvador, the Gambia, Grenada, Liberia, Nicaragua, Sao Tome and Principe, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Swaziland and Solomon Islands to the UN

2012 UN Assembly remains divided over Syria and human rights: 27 September 2012: UN Assembly remains divided over Syria - ongoing support of Assad's crimes by Russia

2013: General debate of the 68th session of the UN General Assembly 24 September 2013 - 4 October 2013 - 28 September 2013: Making a strong case for the reform of the UN Security Council to reflect current political realities, Indian PM Manmohan Singh says at the General Assembly that global peace and security issues must be handled through multilateral efforts - 1 novembre: Le Brésil et l'Allemagne ont présenté à l'ONU un projet de résolution sur la protection des libertés individuelles, dans le contexte d'espionnage international des Etats-Unis - 27 November: UN General Assembly's Third Committee adopted a weakened draft resolution calling for sn end to excessive electronic spying - 28 November: UN General Assembly committee agrees women's rights resolution despite backlash - 19 December 2013: UN General Assembly calls for end to excessive electronic spying

2014: 27 March: Ukraine is optimistic over UN General Assembly vote today on country's territorial integrity after Russian annexation of Crimea

27 March 2014 UN General Assembly Resolution 68/262 recognizing Crimea within Ukraine’s international borders and underscoring the invalidity of the 2014 Crimean referendum - 27 March: Backing Ukraine’s territorial integrity, UN General Assembly declares Crimea secession vote invalid - 29 March: Russia threatened several Eastern European, Asian and African states with retaliation if they voted in favor of a UN resolution against its annexation of Crimea, UN diplomats say

23 September 2014: More than 140 world leaders are converging in the UN general assembly to discuss urgent matters in this week, timetable - 24 September: At the UN Climate Change Summit Ban Ki-moon says that $2.3bn has been pledged to the Green Climate Fund, China and USA promise their support for a climate deal, without offering specifics, and France, promising $1bn to the Climate Fund for poor countries, calls for the establishment of a new green economy - 24 September: At the UN Climate Summit efforts to slow deforestation got a boost when dozens of countries, indigenous groups and companies pledged to halve destructive deforestation by 2020, and completely end losses by 2030 - 25 September: In his speech at the UN General Assembly session, Ukrainian PM Arseniy Yatseniuk urges Russia's Putin to stop the aggression against Ukraine - 28 September 2014: World leaders demanded Security Council reform during their addresses to the UN General Assembly over the past few days, calling for the addition of more permanent and non-permanent seats on the council and the elimination of the veto - 28 September 2014: Defeating terrorism starts with toppling Assad, Syrian Coalition's Hadi Al Bahra says in his speech at the UN General Assembly

2015: 22 January 2015: UN's first-ever meeting on anti-Semitism organized in response to violence toward Jews worldwide - 23 January: UN issued a joint declaration against anti-Semitism, signed by more than 40 countries - 28 January: At UN Holocaust commemoration, Israel's President Rivlin calls on UN to do more to prevent atrocities - 3 August 2015: UN states agree post-2015 sustainable development agenda now due to be formally adopted in September, aiming to eradicate hunger and extreme poverty, reduce inequality within and between states, achieve gender equality, improve water management and energy, and take urgent action to combat climate change, over the next 15 years - 26 August 2015: Russia's veto power may be restricted at UN General Assembly, Ukraine's FM Klimkin says, as an initiative is already joined by over 40 countries - 11 September: UN approves proposal to raise Palestinian flag with 119 votes in favor and most of EU's nations among the 45 nations that abstained - 15 September: 70th UN General Assembly to start in New York with Russia-Ukraine conflict on agenda, as Ukraine wants UN to recognise Russia a state sponsor of terrorism - 16 September: 67 countries already support depriving Russian regime of veto right in UN - 26 September 2015: UN, Chad, Niger and Cameroon appealed for help for millions of people in the Lake Chad Basin region forced to flee the violence of Boko Haram and hit with repeated droughts and floods that have brought malnutrition and disease, but Nigeria did not attend the event on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly - 26 September 2015: As countries whose nationals lost their lives when the Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 went down gather at the UN general assembly to discuss their options, Russia could face legal action over downing of jet over Ukraine - 28 September - 3 October 2015 general debate of the UN general assembly - 28 September: Russian delegation walks out of Poroshenko UN speech - 28 September: Poroshenko urges West not be fooled by Putin's UN speech - 28 September: Ukrainian delegation walks out of Putin's UN Assembly speech - 29 September: Ukrainians raise blood-soaked flag in a silent protest during Putin's speech at the UNGA - 29 September: Ukraine president Poroshenko accuses Russian regime of using UN veto as 'licence to kill', calling for the UN Security Council veto powers to be reviewed and urging world to unite in fight against terrorism in all its forms - 1 October: At UN Israel's Netanyahu calls on Palestinians to resume peace talks, deplores Iran for annihilation threats - 20 November 2015: The UN General Assembly's human rights committee in a non-binding resolution adopted with 76 votes criticizes Iran for cracking down on activists, journalists and dissidents and its increased use of the death penalty - 20 November 2015: Without explicitly naming Russia the UN General Assembly’s human rights committee adopted a resolution with 115 votes in favor, condemning all attacks against the Syrian moderate opposition, given that such attacks benefit ISIS and other terrorist groups, and the presence in Syria of 'all foreign terrorist fighters ... and foreign forces fighting on behalf of the Assad regime'

September 2016: 20 September 2016: 'Present in this Hall today are representatives of governments that have ignored, facilitated, funded, participated in or even planned and carried out atrocities inflicted by all sides of the Syria conflict against Syrian civilians', 'many groups have killed many innocents – but none more so than the Government of Syria, which continues to barrel bomb neighbourhoods and systematically torture thousands of detainees', 'powerful patrons that keep feeding the war machine also have blood on their hands', Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon says addressing to the UN General Assembly - 22 September: Syrian opposition delegation meets with western politicians on sidelines of UN General Assembly, calling on western officials to provide protection for civilians and put an end to the Assad regime’s mass forced displacement policy - 23 September 2016: Many of the victims are children, 'they lose their limbs and become disabled for life and their only sin is that they are the children of Syria', Russian and Assad criminals 'have burned their childhood and their innocence and made them homeless in their country and all we get in return are words and promises from outside', Bara’a, a nurse in Aleppo, says - 27 September 2016: Syrian photographer code-named Caesar wins 2017 Nuremberg International Human Rights Award for exposing torture in Assad’s prisons

October 2016: 8 October 2016: After Russian regime 'has once again abused its veto privilege and sabotaged the UN security council, this time stonewalling efforts to stop the vicious assault on east Aleppo’s civilians', UN director at Human Rights Watch Louis Charbonneau says, that there is the urgent need for permanent members of the security council to shelve the veto in situations of mass atrocities, an idea supported by a vast majority of countries around the world, and that the UN general assembly should feel compelled to hold an emergency meeting, demanding an end to unlawful attacks on civilians in Aleppo - 11 October 2016: Syrian Coalition's Steifo says that the Coalition, as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people, will be working with friendly countries at the UN General Assembly to press for action under the 'Uniting for Peace' resolution to bypass the Russian veto at the UN Security Council - 11 October 2016: 'Sorry for being late, but there was a massacre', Hamza Khatib, one of the handful of medics still working in opposition-held Aleppo, told British newspaper Guardian on a brief break from tending to victims of Tuesday morning’s Russian terrorists' bombing raids - 13 October 2016: Syrian Coalition presents a detailed proposal to representatives of the Friends of the Syrian People group pushing for the adoption of a draft resolution by the UN General Assembly on Syria - 14 October 2016: Syria is suffering 'a small holocaust’ as 'every day not far from here, as we sit here, men, women and children are murdered in Syria, and particularly in Aleppo', Israeli chief rabbi Yitzhak Yosef says, demanding that Jews must not be silent in the face of genocide across northern border - 20 October: UN General Assembly must step in to fill the void left by the Security Council members’ catastrophic failure to end relentless attacks targeting the civilian population in eastern Aleppo city, Amnesty International says ahead of UNGA meeting - 24 October 2016: At least 70 countries have so far announced support for the initiative led by the Syrian Coalition and friendly countries to stop the bloodshed in Syria and avoid the veto Russia repeatedly used to block any action on Syria in the UN Security Council, Syrian Coalition says

November/December 2016: 16 November 2016: At the meeting of the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly, member states adopt a resolution, supported by 73 countries, on the human rights situation in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol in Ukraine, condemning the massive human rights violations in the occupied Crimea and calling on Russian regime as an occupying power to adhere to its obligations under the international law - 16 November 2016: General Assembly's human rights committee approved a resolution by a vote of 85 in favor, 35 against and 63 countries abstaining, to cease enforced disappearances and the widespread use of arbitrary detention by the Iranian regime and has expressed serious concern about severe limitations on freedom of thought, conscience and religion or belief - 16 November 2016: General Assembly’s human rights committee voted 116-15 with 49 abstentions in favor of the draft resolution strongly condemning the recent escalation of attacks in Aleppo and continuing violence by the Syrian Assad regime against its own people - 20 December: UNGA to vote on draft resolution on accountability of war crimes in Syria, after the UN Security Council on Monday unanimously called for UN officials and others to observe the evacuation of people from eastern Aleppo and monitor the safety of civilians who remain in the rebel-held part of the city - 21 December 2016 'International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism to Assist in the Investigation and Prosecution of Those Responsible for the Most Serious Crimes under International Law Committed in the Syrian Arab Republic since March 2011' resolution adopted by a recorded vote of 105 in favour and 15 against, with 52 abstentions, with Israel’s absence at the UN General Assembly on this resolution A/71/L.48 - 22 décembre 2016: Adoptée par 105 voix contre 15, l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies s'est prononcée pour la création d'une équipe spéciale chargée de 'collecter, regrouper, préserver et analyser les preuves' de crimes de guerre et atteintes aux droits humains commis en Syrie

2017: 20 January 2017: Syrian rights groups documenting violations in Syria and concerned in the issues of accountability and transitional justice expressed regret in a joint memorandum sent to the UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, that they were not consulted about the new mechanism the UN General Assembly has recently established to investigate war crime and ensure accountability in Syria - 22 February 2017: Syrian Coalition urges UNGA to convene under 'Uniting for Peace' resolution to end tragedy in Syria

June 2017: 20 June 2017: After more than five months ago, the UN General Assembly decided to launch an investigation into war crimes in Syria, international and Syrian human rights organizations have launched a fundraiser campaign to fund investigations into war crimes in Syria following the failure of UN member states to secure adequate funding, organizers say - 23 June 2017: The UK suffered a humiliating defeat at the UN general assembly in a vote over decolonisation and its residual hold over disputed territory in the Indian Ocean, as delegates by a margin of 94 to 15 countries supported a Mauritian-backed resolution to seek an advisory opinion from the international court of justice in The Hague on the legal status of the Chagos Islands

August/September 2017: 26 August 2017: As Russia is blocking the deployment of UN peacekeepers in Donbas, Ukraine will present the idea of deploying a mission at the meeting of the UN General Assembly in September

September 2017: September 2017 72th session of the UN General Assembly - Since 19 September General Debate of the 72th session of the UN General Assembly, agenda - 19 September 2017: Trump blasted for threatening to 'totally destroy North Korea' in speech to UN General Assembly, as critics say 'threatening to kill 25 million North Koreans' is 'threatening to commit genocide' - 24 September 2017: North Korean regime's FM Ri Yong Ho tells the UN General Assembly that it is 'inevitable' North Korea would fire rockets at the USA, as war of words escalates and USA bombers, fighters buzz North Korea in show of force

December 2017: 21/22 December 2017: Non-binding General Assembly vote, including Germany's, rejects USA recognition of Jerusalem as Israeli capital, as USA's Nikki Haley notes '65 countries refused to condemn' USA, including some surprise abstentions, as 21 countries did not vote at all, and as Hamas, following the UN vote and fearing that protests are quieting down, calls for 'red bloody day’ in West Bank - 24 December 2017: Russian and Chinese regime oppose UN resolution on Rohingya, calling on Myanmar to allow access for aid workers and the return of refugees, as the resolution was nevertheless adopted by a vote of 122 to 10 with 24 abstentions

June 2018: 14 June 2018: Not dealing with Syria and Assad's, Russian, Iranian and Hizbollah's war crimes, UN General Assembly condemned Israel for 'excessive’ force at Gaza border, as USA amendment censuring Hamas was rejected on procedural grounds, as 120 countries voted in favor (to 8 with 45 abstentions) of resolution calling for an 'international protection mechanism', and as Israel PM says 'UN’s incessant focus on Israel not only brings shame to the organization', 'it also draws attention away from so many other pressing issues' - 14 June 2018: The silver lining in the UN’s almost-condemnation of Hamas

July 2018: 14 July 2018: UN General Assembly's member states agree on an all-encompassing global compact to better manage the international flow of migrants and protect human rights, except the USA, after the USA initially participated in the negotiations, but abruptly withdrew under orders from the Trump administration

September 2018 UN general assembly's seventy-third session: September 2018 Seventy-third session of the United Nations General Assembly

24 September 2018: 24 September 2018: South Africa’s anti-apartheid hero and first democratically elected president Nelson Mandela will be honoured at the UN General Assembly in New York, with a statue erected in the organisation’s headquarters, where over 150 speakers are expected to participate in a peace summit honouring his role in fighting for justice and peace, and where the planet’s pressing problems including war, poverty, disease, migration and climate change, will be addressed

Since 25 September 2018 general debate of the UN General Assembly: Since 25 September General Debate of the seventy-third session of the UN General Assembly - 27 September 2018: Israel had identified a 'secret atomic warehouse' in Tehran, containing nuclear equipment and radioactive material, according to Israeli PM Netanyahu, calling for new sanctions against Iran and accusing European leaders of 'appeasement' for opposing them

November 2018: 16 November 2018: UN General Assembly’s Human Rights Committee adopted a resolution by a vote of 85-30, with 68 abstentions, singling out discrimination against women, the intimidation and persecution of religious minorities by the Iranian regime, urging the regime to stop its widespread use of arbitrary detention and expressing serious concern at its 'alarmingly high' use of the death penalty - 16 November 2018: Israel one of 123 nations voting for resolution hailing the 'possibility of moving away from capital punishment through domestic decision-making’, as Knesset advances controversial legislation calling for the death penalty for convicted terrorists - 16 November 2018: USA to oppose UN motion condemning Israeli control of Golan Heights, arguing against giving back Syrian control of the territory, saying 'the atrocities the Syrian regime continues to commit prove its lack of fitness to govern anyone' - 17 November 2018: A pproved by a recorded vote of 106 in favor to 16 against, with 58 abstentions, the majority of the UN General Assembly Member States adopted a resolution strongly condemning the Assad regime’s violations of human rights in Syria

December 2018: 7 December 2018: Resolution condemning Hamas 'for repeatedly firing rockets into Israel and for inciting violence, thereby putting civilians at risk', fails at UN, despite 87 countries voted in favor, 57 opposed it, 33 abstained, but states voted that it would need a two-thirds majority to pass - 18 December 2018: UN General assembly condemns 'severe’ human rights violations in Iran, passing Canadian-drafted resolution by a vote of 84 to 30 with 67 abstentions - 23 September 2018: UN General Assembly supported a resolution condemning human rights violations in Russian-occupied Crimea, as some 65 states voted for the resolution, 27 (including Russia, Belarus, China, India, Serbia, Syria, South Africa, Nicaragua and Venezuela) voted against, and 70 abstained

26 June 2019: 26/27 June 2019: At UN General Assembly's informal session Wednesday on combating anti-Semitism and other forms of racism with over 90 countries participating, Israeli ambassador calls to name special envoy for countering anti-Semitism, as rabbi injured in Poway synagogue shooting says 'around the world Jews are becoming more vulnerable'

September 2019 74th session of the UN General Assembly: September 2019 74th session of the UN General Assembly - General Debate of the 74th session of the UN General Assembly

25/26 September 2019 war crimes, dictatorship and mass murder ignored by the UN: 25 September 2019: Now in its ninth year, Assad's war against the Syrian people has become a footnote in a long list of world crises, with Iranian, Russian and other war criminals claiming the stage together with obsequious, like Macron and Merkel, and fraudulent and insincere politicians, like Trump and Johnson, and with the so-called international community, including 193 states, people and movements defending and fighting for democracy, forced to resign and to live with dictators like Bashar Assad, responsible for hundreds of thousands of victims, ruling over a ruined country for the foreseeable future - 26 September 2019: USA confirms Syria’s Assad used chemical weapons in May 2019 in Idlib province, as Mike Pompeo says regime used chlorine in offensive, vowing a response

27 September 2019 Israeli FM calls the Iranian regime the world’s greatest sponsor of terrorism: 27 September 2019: During an address at the UN Israeli FM Israel Katz called the Iranian regime the world’s greatest sponsor of terrorism and urged the world to join USA’s sanctions against the regime, also calling on the Palestinians to resume direct negotiations with Israel, and stressing Israel’s desire to normalize relations with Arab states in the Gulf

28 September 2019: 28 September 2019: The foreign ministers of seven Western and Arab states said that they 'deeply regret that the Security Council has failed once again to unite in calling for the protection of civilians', stressing that the use of chemical weapons 'shall not be tolerated' - 28 September 2019: Accountability is only way to stop Assad regime from using chemical weapons, Syrian Coalition says

4 December 2019 more countries vote against pro-Palestine UN resolution: 4 December 2019: In surprise change, countries including Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Lithuania, Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia, Brazil and Colombia, vote against pro-Palestine UN resolution

1991: 9 December 1991: Declaration on Fact-Finding by the United Nations in the Field of the Maintenance of International Peace and Security

Since 1979 Conference on Disarmament: The Conference on Disarmament, established in 1979 by the international community to negotiate multilateral arms control and disarmament agreements, is not formally a UN organization but is linked to the UN through a personal representative of the UN Secretary-General

July 1944: July 1944 UN Monetary and Financial Conference of 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II

April-June 1945 UN Charter: UN Conference on International Organization was a convention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from 25 April to 26 June 1945 in San Francisco resulting in the creation of the United Nations Charter, which was opened for signature on 26 June

April-September 1949: Lausanne Conference of 1949 was convened by the UN Conciliation Commission for Palestine from 27 April to 12 September 1949 in Switzerland

December 1973: Geneva Conference of December 1973 was an attempt to negotiate a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict following the October 1973 Yom Kippur War

December 1978 and since 1978 UN conferences against racism: UN World Conferences Against Racism organized by UNESCO since 1978 - December 1978 UN's World Conference to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination

June 1992: UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992

September 1995: Fourth UN World Conference on Women - 'Action for Equality, Development and Peace' conference 4–15 September 1995 in China

Since 1995: Since 1995 UN Climate Change conference - UN climate change conferences 1998-2017, COP 24 expected to be held in December 2018 - Since 1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

August/September 2001 World Conference against Racism: World Conference against Racism was held at the Durban International Convention Centre in South Africa under UN auspices from 31 August to 8 September 2001

October 2001 3 October 2001: The August/September 2001 anti-racism conference in Durban says that slave trade and slavery was and is 'a crime against humanity'

January 2005: 18-22 January 2005 UN World Conferences on Disaster Risk Reduction since 2005 bringing together government officials, non-governmental experts and other specialists from around the world to discuss the growing trend of people affected by natural disasters

2005-2018 'Responsibility to Protect': 14–16 September 2005 World Summit follow-up summit meeting to the UN conference of 2000, which led to the declaration of 'Millennium Development Goals' - At the 14–16 September 2005 World Summit 'Responsibility to Protect' global political commitment endorsed by all member states of the UN, called 2005 UN's 'Genocide Prevention And The Responsibility To Protect', seeking to narrow the gap between Member States’ pre-existing obligations under international humanitarian and human rights law and the reality faced by populations at risk of genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity - 3 January 2018: September 2005 UN declaration and solemn promise to prevent, protect and to take 'timely and decisive action, in accordance with the UN charter' broken on a daily basis all over the world

May 2010: Review Conference for the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons at UN Headquarters in New York from 3 to 28 May 2010

March 2015: Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction 14-18 March 2015 in Japan - 13 March 2015: International cooperation being vital in reducing impact of natural disasters, UN conference in Sendai will discuss the creation of a forum to share scientific advances in disaster prediction

April/May 2015: April/May 2015 UN Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons - 24 April 2015: At UN conference in New York on Non-Proliferation Treaty, many non-nuclear nations frustrated by apparent lack of progress - 21 May 2015: Month-long conference of more than 150 countries at the UN to decide on an action plan for nuclear disarmament headed into a final stretch with no agreement in sight, deadlocked over demands by non-nuclear states for concrete steps from nuclear powers to reduce their arsenals and provide annual reports on the state of their stockpiles, an Austrian-led initiative backed by 159 states to ban nuclear weapons altogether has come up against strong resistance by declared nuclear powers Britain, China, France, Russia, USA - 23 May: Amid Iran nuclear talks, 1970 nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty members were unable to overcome disagreements on an atomic weapons ban for the Middle East, which the USA blamed on Egypt

July 2015: UN’s Third Financing for Development conference, in Addis Ababa 13-16 July 2015 - 13 July 2015: Financing the sustainable development goals will rely heavily on the tax factor - 14 July 2015: World’s richest countries, including the USA the UK, accused at Addis Ababa development finance summit of foiling effort to give poorer countries a greater say on UN tax policies - 16 July: Three-day conference on the future of foreign aid concludes without resolving the issue of multinational tax avoidance as richer nations reject call for tough tax provisions

September 2015: 25-27 September 2015 UN Sustainable Development Summit at UN headquarters in New York

May 2016: May 2016 World humanitarian summit held in Istanbul - 5 May 2016: Citing concern over accountability of governments 'Médecins Sans Frontières' pulls out of this month’s world humanitarian summit, describing it as a 'fig-leaf of good intentions' that will do little to protect the planet’s most vulnerable people or those trying to help them

'World Humanitarian Summit' 23-24 May 2016 - 23 May: It is necessary to stand up for international humanitarian law being disregarded, UN's Jan Eliasson says at the opening news conference of the first world humanitarian summit, citing attacks on hospitals and sieges on civilians in Syria and Yemen and adding that there are 'many signs' the Geneva convention on human rights is being neglected - 23 May: World humanitarian summit starts amid hope, hype and fear of empty words - 24 May 2016: Syrian Civil Defense Corps have recovered tens of thousands of people from under the rubble caused by aerial bombardment by the Assad regime and Russian forces in liberated areas since 2013, Raed Saleh says at the World Humanitarian Summit in Istanbul - 25 May: Syrian civil society organizations urge international community to improve humanitarian response in a letter signed by more than 80 Syrian non-governmental organizations and sent to the World humanitarian Summit

September 2016: September 2016 UN summit for refugees and migrants - 21 September 2016: As politicians gather in New York to discuss the refugee crisis, dozens of people dy and officials fear hundreds more are lost at sea after a boat carrying 600 refugees and migrants capsizes off the north Egyptian coast

November 2016: 7 au 18 novembre 2016 Conférence de Marrakech sur le réchauffement climatique, la 22e conférence des parties COP22 de la Convention-cadre des Nations unies sur les changements climatiques - 14 novembre 2016: Plusieurs milliers de personnes, membres d'associations marocaines et étrangères, ont défilé dimanche à Marrakech pour réclamer plus de 'justice climatique' aux Etats réunis pour la conférence climat de l'ONU - 18 novembre 2016: Avec un appel à 'augmenter le montant, les versements et l'accès aux financements pour des projets climatiques' fin d'une COP22 bousculée par Trump - 18 November 2016: As 48 nations, including the world’s poorest countries, promise to cut their carbon emissions dramatically and rapidly move to 100% renewable power, COP22 climate summit's Salaheddine Mezouar makes a direct plea to the maybe incoming USA president Trump to join the struggle against global warming for the sake of humanity and the planet

June 2017: 5-9 June 2017 The Ocean Conference

History of Physics

History of Astronomy - History of Mathematics

History of Chemistry - Inorganic Chemistry

History of Geology - Historical geology - Geological history of Earth - Atmospheric sciences - Hydrology - Oceanography - History of Meteorology

History of Organic Chemistry - History of Biochemistry - History of Molecular Biology - Abiogenesis

History of Biology

History of the Social Sciences - History of economic thought - Classical political economy - Marxian economics

Human evolution, criticism of religion, above all of professionalism of religious faith and history of study

Works about human violence - Works about wars - Works about genocide - Works about terrorism

History of Linguistics

Origin of language - Evolutionary linguistics - Linguistic universal

History of writing - List of languages by first written accounts - History of the alphabet

History of Geography

Research by country - Research projects

International scientific organizations: International scientific organizations

EU's scientific cooperation: European Union and science and technology - European Union's scientific cooperation beyond the bloc

Since 2001 Network of African Science Academies: Since 2001 Network of African Science Academies, an independent forum for African science academies to discuss scientific issues of common concern

June 2007: June 2007: The Network of African Science Academies submitted a joint 'statement on sustainability, energy efficiency, and climate change' to the leaders meeting at the G8 Summit in Germany

Since 2004 InterAmerican Network of Academies of Sciences: Since 2004 InterAmerican Network of Academies of Sciences

Since 21st century South-South cooperation: Since 21st century South-South cooperation, cooperation between two or more developing countries in the field of science and technology, also taking inspiration from the European Union model

International observational astronomy: Observational astronomy - Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology since 1600s

Since 2006 The Event Horizon Telescope: Since 2006 The Event Horizon Telescope, a large telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes and combining data from several very-long-baseline interferometry stations around the Earth

April 2019: 10 April 2019: Astronomers using a network of eight radio telescopes around the world have captured the first image of a black hole, heralding a revolution in our understanding of the universe’s most enigmatic objects - 12 April 2019: The black hole, depicted in a landmark experiment, has been named 'Powehi', meaning 'the adorned fathomless dark creation' or 'embellished dark source of unending creation' by a language professor in Hawai, a name welcomed by scientists who captured first image of galactic phenomenon

International environmental and climate change organizations: International environmental organizations - Climate change organizations

List of archives by countries - Libraries by country

Since 2010 'Museum of Memory and Human Rights' located in Chile's Santiago: Since 2010 'Museum of Memory and Human Rights' located in Chile's Santiago, dedicated to commemorate the victims of human rights violations during the 1973-1990 military dictatorship of Chile headed by General Pinochet, inaugurated by former President Michelle Bachelet and forming part of government works celebrating the bicentennial of Chile

Since 1977 'National Museum of Slavery' in Luanda: Since 1977 'National Museum of Slavery' in Luanda with the objective of depicting the history of slavery in Angola, adjoining the Capela da Casa Grande, a 17th-century structure where slaves were baptised before being put on slave ships for transport to the Americas

Since 2007 International Slavery Museum in Liverpool: Since 2007 International Slavery Museum in Liverpool, that focuses on the history and legacy of the transatlantic slave trade by European countries from the 16th to the 19th centuries, consisting of three main galleries which focus on the lives of people in West Africa, their eventual enslavement, and their continued fight for freedom, also discussing slavery in the modern day as well as topics on racism and discrimination

Since 2014 'Whitney Plantation Historic District' museum devoted to slavery in the southern USA: Since 2014 'Whitney Plantation Historic District' museum devoted to slavery in the southern USA, located in Louisiana the plantation was started in 1752 by German immigrants and their descendants owned it until 1867

Following the Roman empire's 63 BC siege of Jerusalem list of Holocaust memorials and museums in 36 countries: List of Holocaust memorials and museums by country (36 countries), also chronicling the persecution of Jews since the 63 BC siege of Jerusalem by the Roman empire making Judea a Roman client state and the Roman empire's following wars and exterminations

Since 1949 The Ghetto Fighters' House in the Western Galilee: Since 1949 The Ghetto Fighters' House in the Western Galilee, founded by members of Kibbutz Lohamei Hagetaot, a community of Holocaust survivors, among them fighters of the ghetto undergrounds and partisan units, and named after Itzhak Katzenelson, a Jewish poet who died at Auschwitz - The Ghetto Fighters' House website

Since 1953 Yad Vashem: Since 1953 Yad Vashem, Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, dedicated to preserving the memory of the dead, honoring Jews who fought against their Nazi oppressors, people who aided Jews in need, and researching the Holocaust in particular and genocide in general, with the aim of avoiding such events in the future

Since 1967 Tsitsernakaberd Armenian Genocide memorial: Since 1967/1995 Armenian Genocide memorial complex, Armenia's official memorial dedicated to the victims of the Armenian Genocide, built on the hill of Tsitsernakaberd - List of Armenian Genocide memorials since 1919

Since 1994 Rwandan genocide museums: Since 1994 Rwandan genocide museums - Since 1994 Bisesero Genocide Memorial, near Karongi-Kibuye, commemorating the Rwandan genocide in 1994 and 40,000 people, who died here - Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre - Since 1995 Murambi Genocide Memorial Centre - Since 1999/2004 Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre - Since 2004 Ntarama Genocide Memorial Centre

Since 2014 Namibia's Independence Memorial Museum's Genocide Statue: Since 2014 Namibia's Independence Memorial Museum's Genocide Statue sits south of the Nujoma memorial, depicting the 'untold hardships and suffering' at the hands of the 'Schutztruppe', the troops of the German colonial empire during the 1904–1907 war

August 2018 Idlib antiquities museum: 14 August 2018: Antiquities museum, damaged by air strikes and housing clay tablets dating back to 2400-2300 BCE showing invention of written alphabet, reopens in Syria’s rebel-held Idlib

2016: 15 December 2016: Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the systematic operation to wipe out the Jews of Eastern Europe began, 75 years after falling into the abyss 'Never Again' has become an empty phrase in Germany and in many countries - 2013-2017 second banning attempt of the neo-Nazi organization 'National Democratic Party of Germany', but on 17 January the German Federal Constitutional Court rejected the attempt to outlaw the party - January 2017: On 20 January 1942 outside of Berlin a gathering of representatives of the Nazi Germany’s bureaucratic offices decided on the 'Final Solution' for genocide, in the language of bureaucracy and as among the 15 representatives not one was from the German army while eight held doctorates

Education by country - Education by method - History of education by country - Language education by country - Music education by country

Schools by country - Elementary and primary schools by country - High schools and secondary schools by country

International schools by continent and country - International schools by country of origin - International School of Aleppo, closed in 2011 due to Assad's war against the Syrian people

Science and technology by country - Science education by country

Knowledge sharing - Knowledge transfer - Technology transfer

Since the 1950s history of the Internet and the World Wide Web (since the 1980s) - 6 May 2014: World to have nearly three billion internet users 2014 with two-thirds of them from the developing world, mobile-cellular subscriptions will reach almost seven billion 2014, UN says

Online social movement - Wikipedia collaboratively edited, multilingual, free Internet encyclopedia

Since 16th century peace movements and civil and human rights protests: Peace movements, expressly since 16th century - List of anti-war organizations - Anti-war protests - Civil and human rights protests

July/August 1914 SPD's appeal to demonstrate against the coming World War I, only to vote on 4 August for the war credits: On 25 July 1914 the executive of the Social Democratic Party of Germany issued an appeal to its membership to demonstrate against the coming war, only to vote on 4 August for the World War I credits the German Empire's government wanted

1917 Putilov strike, demonstrations and revolution in Russia: February 1917 Putilov Strike of 1917, sparking more strikes and demonstrations in Petrograd and sparking the February Revolution - On 8 March 1917, Putilov protesters were joined in uprising by those celebrating International Woman's Day and protesting against the government's implemented food rationing, both men and women flooded the streets of Petrograd, demanding an end to Russian food shortages, the end of World War I and the end of autocracy and tsarist despotism

1920-1946 League of Nations: The League of Nations intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended World War I and was the first international organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace

Since 1938 Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe: Since 1938 Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe

Since 1950s Civil rights movements: Civil rights movements are a worldwide series of political movements for equality before the law, that peaked in the 1960s, in many situations they have been characterized by nonviolent protests, or have taken the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change through nonviolent forms of resistance

1950-1994 Internal resistance to apartheid in South Africa: 1950-1994 Internal resistance to apartheid in South Africa originated from several independent sectors of society and alternatively took the form of social movements, passive resistance, or guerrilla warfare

1954-1968 African-American civil rights movement: 1954-1968 African-American civil rights movement, preceeded by the, 1865-1896 African-American civil rights movement, that aimed at eliminating racial discrimination against African Americans, improving educational and employment opportunities, and establishing electoral power, following the elimination of slavery in the South, and the 1896-1954 African-American civil rights movement

1964-1970s opposition to the USA's Vietnam War: From 1964 to the 1970s opposition to the USA's Vietnam War

Since 1980 Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War: Since 1980 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War IPPNW, a non-partisan federation of national medical groups in 64 countries, representing tens of thousands of doctors, medical students, other health workers, and concerned citizens who share the common goal of creating a more peaceful and secure world freed from the threat of nuclear annihilation

Since 1988 'March of the Living' and 'Holocaust Memorial Day' (April/May): Since 1988 'March of the Living', an annual educational program which brings students from around the world to Poland, where they explore the remnants of the Holocaust, when on 'Holocaust Memorial Day' people march from Auschwitz to Birkenau, the largest Nazi concentration camp complex built during World War II - Since 1949/1951 'Yom Hazikaron laShoah ve-laG'vurah', known colloquially in Israel and abroad as Yom HaShoah and in English as 'Holocaust Remembrance Day', observed as Israel's day of commemoration for the approximately six million Jews who perished in the Holocaust as a result of the actions carried out by Nazi Germany and its collaborators, and for the Jewish resistance in that period, held on the 27th of Nisan (April/May)

15 February 2003 protests against USA/UK led Iraq War: 15 February 2003 coordinated protests across the world in which people in more than 600 cities expressed opposition to the imminent USA/UK led Iraq War, part of a series of protests and political events that had begun in 2002 and continued as the war took place, and described by social movement researchers as 'the largest protest event in human history' - February 2003 anti-war protests by country - February 2003 USA anti-war protests

March 2008 Remembrance of 1968 My Lai Massacre: 16 March 2008: More than a thousand people and My Lai survivors turned out to remember the victims of My Lai Massacre during the USA's Vietnam War on 16 March 1968, when members of USA's Charlie Company killed hundreds of Vietnamese civilians, nearly all of them unarmed children, women and elderly, after My Lai courts-martial failed to uphold the laws of war established in the Nuremberg and Tokyo War Crimes Tribunals, and Telford Taylor, a senior USA prosecutor at Nuremberg, wrote that legal principles established at the war crimes trials could have been used to prosecute senior military commanders for failing to prevent atrocities such as the one at My Lai

Since December 2010 'Arab Spring': Arab Spring revolutionary wave of demonstrations, protests, riots, coups, foreign interventions, and civil wars in North Africa and the Middle East, that began on 17 December 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution

Since 2013 campaigns on banning lethal autonomous weapons: Since 2013 campaigns on banning lethal autonomous weapons LAWs, a type of autonomous military robot that can independently search and engage targets based on programmed constraints and descriptions

2014 anti-war protests in Russia: 2014 anti-war protests in Russia opposing the Russian military intervention in Ukraine since 2014

2015 worldwide demonstrations against Russian aggression on Syria: 17 October 2015: Worldwide demonstrations against Russian aggression on Syria denouncing the Russian air raids that kill civilians - 18 October 2015: Russian anti-war protesters in Moscow slam Putin's wars in Syria and Ukraine

2016: 16 January 2016: Organizers of worldwide protests against starvation of civilians in Syria organize sit-ins in a number of capitals with the aim of helping to break the sieges the Assad regime impose on civilians with the backing of Hezbollah militias, Iran and Russia - 8 February 2016: Hundreds of protestors gathered in Istanbul to protest against the Russian airstrikes on Syria, especially on Latakia and Aleppo provinces, triggering mass displacements and forcing tens of thousands of civilians to flee - 22 February: Hundreds of residents and protesters, mostly women and children, trapped in the district of Darayya in rural Damascus demonstrated on Sunday against the siege Assad regime forces have laid on the district for over three years - 10 March 2016: Protesters around the world gathered near Russian regime's embassies, demanding freedom for Ukrainian patriots, soldiers, journalists and other political prisoners who are currently kept in Russian jails and separatists' captivity - 25 March 2016: For the 4th Friday in a row since the truce has been declared on 27 February, the Syrian people took to the streets today in many cities and towns across Syria chanting for freedom and demanding the fall of the Assad regime

July 2016 Battle of the Somme centenary commemorations: 1 July 2016: Battle of the Somme centenary commemorations in France and in the United Kingdom - 1 juillet 2016: Près de 600 enfants - 300 Britanniques et 300 Français - doivent participer à la célébration à Thiepval pour célébrer le centenaire de la bataille de la Somme, la plus meurtrière de la Grande Guerre

2016 protests against Russian aggression on Syria: 7 October 2016: Protesters opposed to Russian military intervention in Syria gathered outside the Russian Embassy in Canberra, with some carrying placards comparing Russian regime's Vladimir Putin to Adolf Hitler - 11 October 2016: On the eve of Yom Kippur, Israeli groups unite across the country to call for aid for victims of six-year Assad's war against the Syrian people, with the involvement of rabbis and communal leaders under the banner 'The world is silent, we are not'

October 2016 Aleppo protests: 21 October 2016: Hundreds of people in the besieged parts of Aleppo took to the streets to protest against Russia’s planned 'evacuation' of besieged parts of the city, calling for toppling the Assad regime and the ousting of the Russian and Iranian invaders from Syria

November 2016: 4 November 2016: Hundreds of artificial limbs blocked the entrance to the Russian Embassy in London on Thursday as members of the Syria Campaign group protested Russian regime's airstrikes in Syria's largest city of Aleppo - 10 novembre 2016: Des milliers de manifestants se sont rassemblés à travers les Etats-Unis et ont dénoncé les vues racistes, sexistes et xénophobes de Donald Trump

December 2016: 13 December 2016: Thousands of people took to the streets of Istanbul and London on Tuesday to protest the reported massacres of civilians in Aleppo by Russian, Assad regime and allied forces and to show solidarity with the people of Aleppo facing Russian, Iranian and Assad war crimes - 14 December 2016: Protests and vigils were held in cities across the world including Ankara, Beirut, Istanbul and Paris on Tuesday and Wednesday to show solidarity with civilians in eastern Aleppo and to denounce the international community’s inaction over the atrocious crimes being committed against civilians by the Assad regime and its Hezbollah, Iranian and Russian allies - 15 December 2016: Global outcry condemns Russian regime for Aleppo tragedy, as condemnation of the Syrian dictator Assad and his allies Russia and Iran has intensified in capitals across Europe including Berlin, where at least hundreds have demonstrated blaming Russian regime and its support of Assad for the unfolding tragedy - 15 December 2016: Protests are being held in front of the Russian embassy in Kyiv, expressing anger over Russia's war crimes in Aleppo and calling on the USA and the EU to impose fresh sanctions on Russia over the war crimes in Syria, and also ensure safety and decent conditions for civilians in war-torn Syria - 15 December 2016: People continued to hold protests and vigils in many Arab and Western cities, including Copenhagen, Kuwait, Oslo, Paris, Rabat, Sarajevo, Stockholm and Washington, to show solidarity with civilians in eastern Aleppo and to denounce the international community’s inaction over the atrocious crimes being carried out against civilians by the Assad regime - 17 December 2016: Demonstrations and vigils condemning the war crimes being committed by Assad, Russia and the Iranian militias against civilians in Syria, especially in Aleppo, continue to be held in many cities across the world, as most demonstrations were held in front of Russian and Iranian embassies in many European and Arab countries - 18 December: Doctors, nurses and medics have staged a protest outside Parliament in London against Russian, Iranian and Assad's attacks on their professional colleagues trying to save lives in Syria as thousands of people in Germany and in France were protesting against Assad's ongoing war in Syria

30 December 2016: 30 December 2016: Thousands of Syrians took to the streets in several towns and cities in Syria to demonstrate against the Assad regime a few hours after a nationwide ceasefire took effect on Thursday midnight

January 2017 protests against Assad's and allies’ war in Syria: 7 January 2017: Demonstrators take to the streets in various parts of Syria to denounce the Assad regime’s and allies’ violations of the ceasefire agreement and their continued targeting of civilians, particularly in Wadi Barada valley in Rural Damascus, as more civilians are killed and injured in bombardment by regime forces and the Hezbollah militias

January 2017 The Women’s March Global movement: 19 January 2017: The Women’s March Global movement now covers all seven continents after 'Women’s March–Antarctic Peninsula' joined 161 sister marches in 61 countries, standing in solidarity with marches in the USA on 21 January to defend human rights concerning health, economic security, safety, representation and environmental issues

21/22 January 2017 Women's March: 21 January 2017 Women's March, a political rally in cities around the world, initially centered around Washington D.C. to promote women's rights and to address racial inequities, workers' issues, and environmental issues, an estimated 2.9 million people attended the 408 marches across the USA and other marches occurred in 168 countries around the world - Women's March on London 21 January 2017 - 22 January 2017: From Washington to Nairobi women around the world and millions of protesters march in solidarity against the USA's 45th president Trump

March 2017: 6 March 2017: Since Trump’s inauguration, women in the USA and around the world have been organising, protesting and preparing to run for office in a growing wave, British newspaper reports - 8 March 2017: International Women’s Day 2017 events take place around the world to mark the ongoing fight for equality, women's and human rights

April 2017 'March for Science': 22 April 2017 'March for Science' in over 600 other cities across the world - 22 April 2017: Hundreds of thousands of climate researchers, oceanographers, bird watchers and other supporters of science rallied in marches around the world on Saturday, in an attempt to bolster scientists’ increasingly precarious status with politicians

May 2017 'Mères de la Place de Mai': 1 mai 2017: Cela fait 40 ans que les 'Mères de la Place de Mai' se rassemblent pour réclamer la vérité sur la disparition de leurs enfants pendant la dictature argentine

January 2018 Hollywood protest and 2018 Women's March: 8 January 2018: Accepting Golden Globe 2018 award, Oprah Winfrey gave a powerful speech, a searing rebuke of racial injustice, sexual abuse and attacks on the integrity of the press, as more speakers and the images from this year’s ceremony spoke of women in terms of power and solidarity rather than glamour or competition - 2018 Women's March - 20 January 2018: A year after millions of women and men demonstrated in cities around the globe in an extraordinary rebuke of Donald Trump, tens of thousands turned out in Washington, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia and hundreds of other cities across the USA and the world

January 2018 protests against Turkish Afrin campaign: 28 January 2018: A show of solidarity around the world for Syria's Afrin and against the Turkish campaign, as people gathered in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Brussels, Cologne, London, Ottawa, Paris, Stockholm, Washington D.C., and more than 50 places

February 2018 protests against Assad's Rif Dimashq offensive and bombing campaign: 22 February 2018: Demonstrations in towns and villages in Syria to show solidarity with the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta which is under a ferocious bombing campaign by regime forces who are backed by Russian air force - 23 February 2018: Demonstrations were held in European cities and capitals to show solidarity with the people of the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta which has been subjected to ferocious onslaught by Assad regime forces and their allies over the past few days

March 2018 protests against murder of Jan Kuciak: 2 mars 2018: Des milliers de personnes ont manifesté à Bratislava et dans d'autres villes de Slovaquie en mémoire du journaliste d'investigation Jan Kuciak assassiné, qui était spécialisé dans les enquêtes sur des fraudes fiscales et des détournements de subventions - 2 March 2018: Tens of thousands of Slovaks marched in a national rally to honor journalist Jan Kuciak and his girlfriend, who were shot dead as Kuciak was working on a story about the influence of the Italian mafia in Slovakia, as similar marches were being held in some 25 towns and cities across the country and in cities abroad, including London, Paris and Brussels

8 March 2018 International Women’s Day, rural and urban issues and Syria: 8 March 2018: Coinciding with 2018 International Women’s Day under its theme 'Time is Now: Rural and urban activists transforming women’s lives', an all-woman international convoy started a journey to raise awareness of the suffering of women and young girls imprisoned by the Assad regime and to reach the province of Hatay at the Turkish-Syrian border on March 8 - 8 March 2018: Syrian Coalition's Dima Moussa has issued an appeal to all women across the world to participate in the campaigns and sit-ins being held across the world to spotlight the suffering Syrian women are enduring as a result of the criminal practices of the Assad regime against them - 9 March 2018: International Women's Day was celebrated across the world on Wednesday at a time when the women of the Eastern Ghouta are hiding in the cellars with their children to escape a brutal campaign waged by the Syrian regime on the area

16 March 2018: Syrians at home and abroad commemorated the seventh anniversary of the Syrian revolution which began in March 2011, vowing they would carry on with the struggle against the Assad regime until they fully regain their rights to freedom and dignity - 17 March 2018: The Civil Defense corpse in the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta called on all people around the world to hold demonstrations to put pressure on their governments to work on putting an end to the brutal bombing campaign on eastern Ghouta

March 2018 'March for Our Lives' and for gun control legislation: 24 March 2018 'March for Our Lives' student-led demonstration in Washington D.C. with 845 sibling events throughout the USA and around the world for gun control legislation

11 April 2018 5 years since the launch of the 'Campaign to Stop Killer Robots': 11 April 2018: 5 years since the launch of the 'Campaign to Stop Killer Robots', a global coalition of non-governmental groups calling for a ban on fully autonomous weapons, we’re running out of time to stop killer robot weapons

29 April 2018: 29 April 2018: Tens of thousands have protested in Spanish cities in recent days, outraged by the decision of a court in Navarre to clear five men of gang rape and convicting them instead of the lesser offence of sexual abuse, echoing the determination of women globally to force society and the state to give them justice

July 2018 Ukraine: 2 July 2018: Dozens of Ukrainian cities have joined rallies in support of Ukrainian filmmaker Oleh Sentsov, who is - detained by FSB operatives in Crimea in the spring of 2014 - serving a 20-year term in prison in Russia and has been on hunger strike since May 14, as soccer mob roars 'goal' in Russia

15 January 2019 anniversary of the state-sanctioned murders of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht in 1919: 15 January 2019: The anniversary of the state-sanctioned murders of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht in 1919 following their opposition to Germany's and Austria-Hungary's first world war brought an estimated 20,000 people on to the streets of Berlin at the weekend for a march that marked the high point of a series of commemorative events

19/20 January 2019 Women's March: 19/20 January 2019 Women's March - 19 January 2019: Demonstrators gather for 80 events across 31 cities including London, Berlin and New York to protest violence, violence against women and the gendered impact of austerity - 20 January 2019: In marches, part of the Women’s March rallies held around the world in support of women’s rights, several thousand people marched through major Australia cities on Sunday calling for safety for women after an Israeli exchange student was murdered in Melbourne

8/9 February 2019: 9 February 2019: Several thousand supporters of an exiled Iranian opposition group marched through Paris on Friday, calling for an end to Iran’s clerical regime 40 years after the regime's seizure of power and months after European authorities thwarted regime-backed plot to bomb event

March 2019 campaign for an international treaty to end violence against women: 5 March 2019: Women's rights activists from 128 nations are launching a public campaign Tuesday for an international treaty to end violence against women and girls, a global scourge estimated by the UN to affect 35% of females worldwide

May 2019 'March of the Living' and 'Holocaust Memorial Day': 2 May 2019: Numerous groups from more than 40 countries attended the annual (since 1988) three-kilometer 'March of the Living' in Poland from Auschwitz to Birkenau, ranging from Argentine, Canada, Germany, Israel, Morocco, Panama to the USA, as a total of 70 survivors participated in the 2019 march, organizers said

June 2019 D-day commemoration: 6 June 2019: World marks 75 years since D-Day in the Normandy, where thousands of men bled and died 75 years ago, remembering the sacrifices made to dismantle Nazi tyranny, with stories of those who were there on 6 June 1944, today in presence of members of the former Anti-Hitler coalition and associates in solidarity, as Rommel-Germany's public broadcaster calls D-day commemoration 'Militärspektakel'

July 2019 Syrian refugees hunger strike: 5 July 2019: More Syrian refugees in Europe are joining a hunger strike, as activists gathered in Paris on Thursday, holding signs that demonstrated solidarity with the victims of the Assad regime and Russian brutal bombing campaign, and as French government itself is involved in the July 2019 Tajoura migrant center massacre and airstrikes by warlord Haftar's forces, backed by Egypt, France, Russia and the United Arab Emirates

August 2019 descendants of Holocaust survivor gather at the Western Wall: 9 August 2019: Hundreds of descendants of Holocaust survivor Shoshanna Ovitz, who survived Auschwitz separated from her mother, who was killed by Josef Mengele, gather at the Western Wall to mark her 104th birthday on 7 August 2019, after she requested ahead of her birthday that 'all of her children, grandchildren and descendants come together to the Western Wall'

11 October 2019 protests against Turkish invasion of Northern and Eastern Syria: 11 October 2019: Activists all over the world are protesting the Turkish invasion of Northern and Eastern Syria, calling on people to boycott tourism in Turkey

December 2019 Chilean protest song about rape and victim shaming has become a viral anthem for activists around the world: 6 December 2019: A Chilean protest song about rape culture and victim shaming has become a viral anthem for activists around the world

Anti-nuclear movement: Anti-nuclear movement

1961: 1961 Women Strike for Peace and march in 60 cities in the USA to demonstrate against nuclear weapons, pushing the USA and the Soviet Union into signing a nuclear test-ban treaty two years later

Since 1980 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War since 1980

Since 2007 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons since 2007

2015: 26 April 2015: As nuclear powers meet, global activists present 8 million petitions to the UN disarmament chief demanding a world free of nuclear weapons and New York rally demands that the world's nine nuclear-armed countries do far more toward cutting stockpiles - 29 April 2015: A number of protesters were arrested by New York's police on Tuesday as they called for an end to all nuclear weapons

October 2017: 2017 Nobel Peace Prize awarded to International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons - 6 October 2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons wins Nobel peace prize 2017, as Norwegian Nobel Committee says award made in recognition of work to draw attention to catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons

Since 1600 Timeline of labor issues, events and organized labor history: Since 1600 Timeline of labor issues and events - Organized labor history, as the origins of trade unions can be traced back to 18th century Britain, where the rapid expansion of industrial society then taking place, drew women, children, rural workers and immigrants into the work force in large numbers and in new roles - Trade unions by continent - Trade unions by country - List of trade unions by country - Trade unions by industry

National federations of trade unions - List of federations of trade unions by continent - International and regional union federations - Global union federation

Labour relations - Labor rights - Economic, social and cultural rights - Right to work - Industrial democracy - Workplace democracy - Labour relations by year

Since 19th century 'Social Democracy': Social democracy since 19th century

Since summer 1914 efforts to save peace and the international social democracy destroyed by Germany: Since 1900 International Socialist Bureau, the permanent organization of the Second International, established at the Paris congress of 1900 - In December 1914 the Secretary General of the International Socialist Bureau ISB Camille Huysmans moved the ISB from German-occupied Brussels to The Hague and attempted to coordinate socialist parties from the warring states to at least July 1916 - September 1915 'Zimmerwald Conference' in Switzerland, the first of three international socialist conferences convened by anti-militarist socialist parties from countries that were originally neutral during World War I and subsequent conferences held at Kienthal and Stockholm, known jointly as the Zimmerwald movement, began the unraveling of the coalition between revolutionary socialists (the so-called Zimmerwald Left) and reformist socialists - International Socialist Commission, a coordinating committee of socialists parties that adhered to the idea of the Zimmerwald Conference of 1915 - September 1917 third Zimmerwald Conference or the Stockholm Conference of 1917, the third and final of the anti-war socialist conferences that had included Zimmerwald in 1915 and Kienthal in 1916 - Since February 1915 Inter-Allied Socialist Conferences of World War I

2013 May Day rallies: 2 May 2013: Workers around the world united in anger during May Day rallies - from Europe to Asia over relentlessly low pay, the rising cost of living, elimination of jobs and hideous working conditions

2016 May Day rallies: 1 May 2016: On May day workers and activists worldwide, from Brazil, Cambodia, Chile to the USA, rallied in support of workers' rights, demanding higher wages, better conditions and more job security, criticizing the Trans-Pacific Partnership TPP agreement in Malaysia, carrying Mexican flags in Los Angeles, as in Istanbul a man was killed when he was run over by a police water cannon vehicle

Since 19th century environmental movement: Since 19th century environmental movement

Environmental protests: Environmental protests

2014: 30 March 2014: Lights off for Earth Hour's global crowdfunding call for local environmental projects

May 2015: 24 May 2015: Thousands of people hit the streets in cities across the world to protest against the USA biotechnology giant Monsanto and its genetically modified crops and pesticides

November 2015 climate change protests: 28 November 2015: As part of worldwide protests thousands of people rally in cities across Australia, New Zealand and the Philippines calling for action on climate change ahead of 2015 Paris summit - 29 November: Hundreds of thousands march around the world urging action to stop dangerous global warming

December 2015 climate change protests: 7 December 2015: People make the 'Pray for Paris' sign along with the slogan '100 per cent renewable' near the Eiffel Tower in Paris, as more than 10,000 climate activists pushing for an 'ambitious, fair and binding' climate deal marched along the beaches near Ostend in Belgium and as in Paris a coalition of African nations and donors unveiled an ambitious initiative to restore 100 million hectares of degraded and felled forests

October 2016: 14-16 October 2016 'Monsanto Tribunal' international civil society initiative to hold Monsanto accountable for human rights violations, for crimes against humanity, and for ecocide, as judges will hear testimonies from victims, and deliver an advisory opinion following procedures of the International Court of Justice

September 2018 'Rise for Climate' protests: 8 September 2018: Nearly 1,000 events were held in about 100 countries as part of the 'Rise for Climate' protests, calling on governments to end reliance on fossil fuels and move more rapidly toward renewable energy

December 2018 climate change protests: 4 December 2018: Action to fight global warming is coming whether world leaders like it or not, school student Greta Thunberg has told the UN climate change summit, accusing them of behaving like irresponsible children, after her solo climate protest was joint by thousands of students and school strikes have spread to at least 270 towns and cities in countries across the world

Since 15 March 2019 students global climate change protests: 15 March 2019: Students around the world walk out to press politicians to act on climate change - 17 March 2019: It’s shameful that children need to take the lead and calling politicians to account over a man-made global crisis, British newspaper says

August 2019 Brazil fires protest: 23 August 2019: Protesters have laid siege to Brazilian embassies around the world as international outrage over Jair Bolsonaro’s failure to protect the Amazon intensified

20 September 2019 climate change protests: 20 September 2019: Children in Australia and the Pacific Islands kicked off a millions-strong global climate strike, as from Sydney to Seoul to Sao Paolo, children and adults will join for what is expected to be one of the largest-ever collective calls to action in a movement fueled by social media under the hashtag #climatestrike - 20 September 2019: Part of global climate protests Filipinos marched in Manila to honor the memory of activists who were killed for defending the environment as the Philippines had the highest number of killings of environmental defenders of any country in 2018, with at least 30 murdered

20-27 September 2019 series of international climate crisis protests: 20-27 September 2019 series of international strikes and protests to demand action be taken to address climate crisis, the largest climate strikes in world history - September 2019 climate crisis protests by country - 20 September 2019: Afghan protesters risked a march down the centre of Kabul Friday despite nearly daily attacks by Russian and Iranian backed terrorists, in order to participate in the global movement against climate change, as health ministry says as many as 3,000 people die of pollution-induced illnesses in Kabul annually

27 September 2019 wave of global protests continues: 27 September 2019: 6 million people join latest wave of global protests against climate crisis that includes rising sea levels, uniting across timezones, cultures and generations to demand urgent action on the escalating ecological emergency

October 2019 7th World Mayors’ Summit denounces 'failed' UN climate summit: 9 October 2019: Mayors from a group representing more than 90 of the world’s biggest cities have launched a blistering attack on the failure to agree strong measures to fight the climate crisis at last month’s UN Climate Action Summit, blaming 'a small number of powerful governments', namely USA, Brazil, Australia, Russia and Turkey of being 'essentially representatives of the fossil fuel industry’ - C40 'Cities Climate Leadership Group' and 'C40 global initiatives'

29 November 2019 worldwide protests before UN summit: 29 November 2019: Hundreds of thousands of young people have taken to the streets from Manila to Copenhagen as part of the latest student climate strikes before UN summit to demand radical action on the unfolding ecological emergency

List of revolutions and rebellions: List of revolutions and rebellions

Since 2010: 2010/2011 Tunisian Revolution, an intensive campaign of civil resistance, including a series of street demonstrations in Tunisia leading to a democratization of the country and to free and democratic elections - Arab Spring by country

2016: 10 juillet 2016: Habib Essid a félicité les forces sécuritaires après que la Tunisie a connu son premier mois de ramadan sans attaque djihadiste depuis 2012

Women-led protests and uprisings: Women-led protests and uprisings, initiated by women as an act of resistance or rebellion in defiance of an established government, a statement or action taken part to express disapproval of or object an authority, most commonly led in order to influence public opinion or government policy and ranging from village food riots against imposed taxes to protests that initiated the 1917 Russian revolution

1789 Women's March on Versailles: October 1789 Women's March on Versailles, one of the earliest and most significant events of the French Revolution, when women in Paris rallied over the high price and scarcity of bread, quickly becoming intertwined with the activities of revolutionaries, who were seeking liberal political reforms and a constitutional monarchy for France

1929 Women's insurrection in Nigeria: 1929 Women's War, an insurrection in British Nigeria when thousands of Igbo women from the Bende District, Umuahia and other places protested against the Warrant Chiefs, whom they accused of restricting the role of women in the government

1950s African-American women protests: 1950s boycott of segregated buses by African-American women

Since 2001 'World Social Forum': Since 2001 World Social Forum - March 2013 World Social Forum in Tunis - December 2014 World Social Forum on Migrations - March 2015 World Social Forum in Tunisia - 5 août 2016: Après Tunis en 2015 Montréal accueille à partir de mardi le prochain Forum social mondial

Occupy movement protest locations worldwide - Occupy movement

Since 2015 'United Nations Post-2015 Development Agenda': United Nations Post-2015 Development Agenda - 30 January 2012: UN panel aims for 'a future worth choosing' - UN Global Sustainability Panel (January 2012)

2015: 7 June 2015: Climate debate takes global pulse ahead of 2015 Paris summit as thousands of people gathered across 79 countries for what was touted as the world's largest-ever public debate on climate change

Worker cooperatives by country: Worker cooperative, a cooperative that is owned and self-managed by its workers, as the control may be exercised in a number of ways - Worker cooperatives by country

Agricultural cooperatives by country: Agricultural cooperative, where farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity, as a broad typology of agricultural cooperatives distinguishes between 'agricultural service cooperatives', which provide various services to their individually farming members, and 'agricultural production cooperatives', where production resources (land, machinery) are pooled and members farm jointly - Agricultural cooperatives by country

Newspaper, serial publication containing news and other informative articles - Online newspaper, either as a stand-alone publication or as the online version of a printed periodical - Lists of newspapers by continent, by countries, by languages, and by type

News broadcasting of various news events and other information via television, radio or internet - Radio news, Television news and broadcast journalism

Weather forecasting and its broadcasting

News agencies

History: History of journalism

Since 15th century: Spread of the printing press beginning with the invention of movable type by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, printing technology was adopted in all world regions by the end of the 19th century - List of the oldest newspapers since 1605 - 19th-century German newspaper 'Rheinische Zeitung', edited by Karl Marx since 1842 and terminated by Prussian state censorship in March 1843 - 'Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie', German daily newspaper published by Karl Marx 1848/1849, suppressed by Prussian state in May 1849

1948: 1948 United Nations 'Universal Declaration of Human Rights' states that everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, and that this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers

Since the 1950s: History of the Internet beginning with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s

Since the 1970s: Since the 1970s Environmental journalism, the collection, verification, production, distribution and exhibition of information regarding current events, trends, issues and people that are associated with the non-human world with which humans necessarily interact

1971: 1971 'Pentagon Papers'

Since 1985: Since 1985 'Reporters Without Borders' international non-profit, non-governmental organization that promotes and defends freedom of information and freedom of the press - 'Reporters Without Borders' website

1991: 1991 Windhoek Declaration statement of press freedom principles by African newspaper journalists

Since 1997: Since 1997 'International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ICIJ', a Washington-based international network launched by the Center for Public Integrity which includes 165 investigative journalists in over 65 countries who work together on issues such as cross-border crime, corruption, and the accountability of power - Investigative journalism - List of public disclosures of classified information, global and by countries

Since 2006 Wikileaks: Information published by WikiLeaks since 2006

2012: 2012 Syria Files, collection of more than two million emails from Syrian political figures and ministries and from companies including Finmeccanica and Brown Lloyd James dating from August 2006 to March 2012

Since 2014 Investigative journalists' 'Bellingcat': Since 2014 Investigative journalists' 'Bellingcat', using open source and social media investigation to investigate a variety of subjects and conflicts, for example Assad's war against the Syrian people and the Russian regime's aggression against Ukraine

2015: March/April 2015: Hacking the hackers, an interview with the recipient of the ACFE Guardian Award Brian Krebs

2016: April 2016 'Panama Papers' - TTIP Leaks - Greenpeace website

2016: 9 November 2016: Reporters Without Borders awarded its 2016 Press Freedom Prize to Syrian journalist and activist Hadi Abdullah for his efforts covering the nearly six-year conflict in Syria

March 2017: 7 March 2017: After WikiLeaks published what it described as the biggest ever leak of confidential documents from the CIA detailing the tools it uses to break into phones, communication apps and other electronic devices, USA intelligence agencies are facing fresh embarrassment

October 2018: 23 octobre 2018: Avec la volonté d'en finir avec l'impunité, la Fédération internationale des journalistes a lancé à l'ONU une campagne de sensibilisation à la nécessité de créer une 'Convention internationale pour la sécurité et l'indépendance des journalistes et des autres professionnels des médias'

IFEX (formerly the International Freedom of Expression Exchange) global network of over 100 independent non-governmental organisations working at the local, national, regional and international level to defend and promote freedom of expression as a fundamental human right - International Federation of Journalists - Journalism ethics and standards

Since 2012 Bellingcat's investigation of the use of chemical weapons in Assad's war: Since 2012 Bellingcat investigation of the use of weapons, including chemical weapons, in Assad's war against the Syrian people

Since 2014 Bellingcat's investigation of the downing of flight MH17: Since 2014 Bellingcat investigation of the downing of the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 during the still ongoing war in eastern Ukraine

June 2017 evidence of Russian Buk 332 used to down flight MH17: 5 June 2017: Bellingcat publishes new evidence of Buk 332 origin used to down Malaysian Airlines flight MH17 - 17 July 2017: Bellingcat's team of investigative journalists has released report summarizing all major open source evidence surrounding the downing of MH17 in an easy-to-read 73-page survey, naming Buk 332 of the Russian Armed Forces to be the only credible candidate for the missile launcher that downed MH17

April 2018 illegal shipment of Sarin precursor from Belgium to Syria: 19 April 2018: Bellingcat journalists report how they tracked the illegal shipment of Sarin precursor from Belgium to Syria, after Syrian Archive and Knack revealed information that Belgium violated EU sanctions

May 2018 downing MH17: 25 May 2018: Russian GRU officer Ivannikov involved in delivery of Buk to Donbas in July 2014, Bellingcat team, The Insider and other investigators reveal, as Australia and the Netherlands formally accuse Russian Putin regime of being responsible for downing a Malaysia Airlines passenger jet in July 2014, following international Joint Investigation Team's report on, the mass murder of all 298 people on board

14/15 September 2018 Russian regime's 'Novichok' attacks: 14/15 September 2018: An ongoing 'Bellingcat' investigation conducted jointly with 'The Insider Russia' has confirmed through uncovered passport data that the two Russian nationals identified by UK authorities as obeying suspects in the Novichok poisonings on British soil in March and June are linked to Russian security services, directly contradicting claims by Russian regime's Putin on 12 September 2018, after one of the keys to identifying the insidious murderous gang was the discovery of traces of novichok in their hotel room in London

26/27 September 2018: 26/27 September 2018: Anatoliy Chepiga, a Colonel in the GRU, who served in Chechyna and has received the highest honour usually awarded personally by Russian regime's Putin, is one of the suspects in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal and the killing of Dawn Sturgess, having travelled to the UK under the name Ruslan Boshirov, according to British investigative website Bellingcat and its partner The Insider

October 2018: 8 October 2018: The investigative website Bellingcat has identified the second suspect responsible for poisoning Sergei Skripal as Alexander Mishkin, a doctor working for Russia’s GRU military spy agency - 9 octobre 2018: Le second suspect de l'empoisonnement en Angleterre a été décoré pour acte héroïque par Poutine en 2014, selon Bellingcat

April 2018: 16 April 2018: Reporters Without Borders RSF calls for a full and impartial investigation into journalist Maxim Borodin’s death as a result of a fall from the balcony of his apartment in Russia's Yekaterinburg, who was known for reports on private military firm and prison investigations - 16 April 2018: Russian investigative journalist Borodin who confirmed the deaths of Russian mercenaries in Syria has died after falling from his fifth-floor balcony in the city of Yekaterinburg

December 2018: 18 décembre 2018: Quatre-vingt journalistes ont été tués à travers le monde en 2018, déplore Reporters sans frontières

June 2018: 5 June 2018: Non-profit TRACE Foundation, that supports projects that encourage greater commercial transparency, announced the winners of the '2018 TRACE Prize for Investigative Reporting' at an award ceremony at The Newseum in Washington, D.C.

History of law connected to the development of civilisations and economic, social and political history - Contract law - Treaty - International law

Timeline of Emancipation, i.e. years when legal equality was 'granted' to Jews, since 1791 in France - Année d'obtention de l'égalité des droits pour les Juifs en Europe

Monarchy abolishment - Territorial evolution of monarchies in Europe since 1789 French Revolution - Monarchy abolishment since twentieth century and World War I

Democratization, the transition to a more democratic political regime, also referring to substantive changes of society moving in a democratic direction - Democratization in corporations

International human rights law is primarily made up of treaties, agreements between sovereign states intended to have binding legal effect between the parties and designed to promote human rights on social, regional, and domestic levels - Sources of international law - Customary international law - Customary international humanitarian law - Crimes against humanity

Right to work - Right to food - Human right to water and sanitation - Environmental protection

Since 1969/1980 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: Since 1969/1980 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, an international agreement regulating treaties between states, establishing the rules and procedures for how treaties are defined, drafted, enforced, amended, interpreted, and generally operate

Since 1939 resistance during World War II: Resistance movements during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda, to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns

Since 1939 resistance operations against Nazi Germany by country and year: Since 1939 resistance operations against Nazi Germany by country and year

International human rights organizations following World War II: Since 1945 international human rights organizations following World War II

September 2018 Montréal summit: 23 septembre 2018: La quinzaine de femmes ministres des Affaires étrangères d'Afrique du Sud, d'Andorre, de la Bulgarie, de Canada, du Costa Rica, de Croatie, du Ghana, du Guatemala, d'Indonésie, du Kenya, de Namibie, de Norvège, du Panama, de Sainte-Lucie, de Suède et de l'Union européenne réunies vendredi et samedi à Montréal pour un premier sommet ont promis de se retrouver régulièrement pour faire prévaloir une 'perspective féminine' dans la politique internationale - Grassroots women's empowerment movements

October 2018 Nobel Peace Prize: 5 October 2018: The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Congolese doctor Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad, a Yazidi former captive of the Islamic State terrorist group, for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict

Since 1938 Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe: Since 1938 Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe

Ghetto uprisings: Ghetto uprisings - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 19 April 1943 – 16 May 1943 - Ringelblum Archive, a collection of documents from the World War II Warsaw Ghetto, collected and preserved by the group 'Oyneg Shabbos', which included historians, writers, rabbis and social workers, dedicated to chronicling life in the Ghetto during the Nazi occupation and started in September 1939 and ended in January 1943

Since 1939 resistance during World War II: Resistance movements during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda, to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns - World War II resistance movements by country

Since 1939 resistance operations against Nazi Germany by country and year: Since 1939 resistance operations against Nazi Germany by country and year

February 2018: 22 février 2018: Le monde subit les conséquences effroyables de discours de haine qui menacent de normaliser la discrimination contre des groupes marginalisés, souligne l'ONG Amnesty International dans son rapport 2017/18 sur les droits humains dans le monde

April 2018: 19 April 2018: Paying homage to the hundreds of Jewish fighters who took up arms in the 1943 rebellion against the German forces that occupied Poland during World War II in the April-May Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, Polish survivor of the Warsaw ghetto Marian Kalwary says 'I am terrified by the rebirth of fascism and nationalism and I can see nationalism being glorified and put on a pedestal as something noble'

Economic sanctions: Economic sanctions

Current sanctions and arms embargo by targeted regime and country: Current sanctions by targeted regime and country - Arms embargo

1977 UN Security Council Resolution 418: 1977 UN Security Council Resolution 418 and sanctions against apartheid

1999 UN Security Council Resolution 1267: 1999 UN Security Council Resolution 1267 and sanctions against all Al-Qaida-terrorists and Taliban-associated individuals

Economic sanctions against Myanmar (Burma): Economic sanctions against Myanmar's regime (Burma)

Arms embargo on China: Arms embargo on Chinese regime

November 2018: 13 November 2018: After the USA announced reinstatement of sanctions earlier this month to force Iranian regime to curb its nuclear and missile programs as well as its support for proxy forces in Yemen, Syria, Lebanon and others in the Middle East, the USA will step up enforcement of sanctions as Tehran tries to find ways to evade the restrictions in oil trade and in banking

3 August 2019 new sanctions over Skripal poisoning: 3 August 2019: USA imposes new sanctions on Russia over Sergei Skripal Novichok poisoning, as USA banks are banned from providing loans to Russia, and government will oppose any loan extension to Russian Putin regime by international institutions, and as the Putin regime of coward mass murderers, for example in Syria and Ukraine, says the move will hurt already-strained USA-Russia ties

List of environmental organizations: List of environmental organizations, international and by country

Since 1969 Greenpeace: Since 1969 Greenpeace, a non-governmental environmental organization with offices in over 39 countries and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam

Since 1969 Friends of the Earth: Since 1969 Friends of the Earth International, an international network of environmental organizations in 74 countries

Since 1984 Environmental Investigation Agency: Since 1984 Environmental Investigation Agency - EIA is working with civil society collecting information, deeply entrenched in research and data analysis, and at international negotiating platforms poised to propose solutions that work to protect threatened wildlife, forests, and our global climate, according to its website

Since 1993 Global Witness: Since 1993 Global Witness, an international NGO that works to break the links between natural resource exploitation, conflict, poverty, corruption, and human rights abuses worldwide - Global Witness exposes the hidden links between demand for natural resources, corruption, armed conflict and environmental destruction, according to its website

1873-1951 International Meteorological Organization: 1873-1951 International Meteorological Organization

Since 1950/51 World Meteorological Organization: Since 1950/51 World Meteorological Organization WMO, an intergovernmental organization with a membership of 191 Member States and Territories, originating from the International Meteorological Organization it became the specialised agency of the UN for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences

1953-1961 Dag Hammarskjöld: 1953-1961 Dag Hammarskjöld, a Swedish diplomat, economist, and author, served as the second Secretary-General of the United Nations

1961/2018: September 1961 Ndola United Nations DC-6 crash on Dag Hammarskjöld's way to talks aimed at ending civil war in neighbouring Congo - 26 September 2017: A UN report into the death of its secretary general Dag Hammarskjöld in a 1961 plane clash in central Africa has found that there is a 'significant amount of evidence' that his flight was brought down by another aircraft - 12 October 2018: UN investigator Othman looking into new evidence on the death of the UN secretary general Dag Hammarskjöld in a 1961 plane crash has criticised the UK and South Africa for their lack of cooperation - 13 January 2019: Documentary claims UN secretary general Hammarskjöld was assassinated in 1961 plane crash by Belgian mercenary van Risseghem, who was a former British Royal Air Force pilot

1972-1981 Kurt Waldheim: United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim 1972-1981 - The International Committee of Historians and Waldheim's involvement with the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany 1941-1945, his knowledge of Nazi war crimes - 2 May 2001: CIA knew about Waldheim's Nazi past long before he was appointed UN secretary general - 18 October 2018: Ruth Beckermann's film on Nazi-turned-Austrian president Waldheim, who played a key role in the brutal reprisals against the civilian populations of Yugoslavia and Greece, particularly in the deportation of most of Salonika’s large Jewish population to Nazi death camps, sheds light on rise of nationalism and neo-Nazism today

2007-2016 Ban Ki-moon: 2007-2016 Ban Ki-moon, a South Korean politician, diplomat and the eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations

2014: 14 August 2014: After delegation of 11 organizations meets UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, leaders of major Jewish organizations accuse him of being one-sided in his handling of the crisis in Gaza - 1 November 2014: UN's Ban Ki-moon appoints panel to recommend changes to international peacekeeping in the face of increasingly complex and dangerous conflicts

2015: 23 January 2015: UN's Ban Ki-moon paints a worsening picture of Assad's war in Syria, citing indiscriminate government bombing and opposition shelling, high civilian casualties and deteriorating humanitarian conditions - 13 March 2015: Syrians feel 'increasingly abandoned', UN's Ban Ki-moon says - 24 March 2015: The people of Syria feel 'increasingly abandoned by the world' as global attention focuses on Islamic State militants, while violence and government bureaucracy hinder attempts to deliver aid to 12 million people, UN's Ban Ki-moon repeats on Monday 23 March - 3 May 2015: The UN is telling Syria's Assad regime that the use of explosive weapons in the besieged Palestinian refugee community of Yarmouk and other populated areas must stop - 28 May 2015: 'The level of carnage and devastation throughout the Syrian Arab Republic should shock the collective conscience of the world', UN's Ban Ki-moon says in the fifth year of Assad's war in a report - 24 June 2015: UN's Ban Ki-moon again calls for urgent action in Syria - 21 July 2015: Syrian Coalition criticizes UN's Ban Ki-moon’s silence over Iran and Assad crimes - 17 September 2015: Hungary's treatment of refugees is shocking and unacceptable, UN secretary general Ban Ki-moon says - 4 October 2015: UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon warns of a dangerous escalation in Jerusalem and the West Bank and urges leaders to 'condemn violence and incitement' - 31 October 2015: Making reference to the 'brazen and brutal erosion of respect for international humanitarian law', which was characterized by indiscriminate attacks on civilians areas, such as one reported yesterday in a marketplace in Syria and credited to government forces, UN's Ban Ki-moon along with the head of the ICRC calls for action to stop suffering by ending conflict, saying 'Enough is enough'

2016: 15 January 2016: At a press conference in New York UN's Ban Ki-moon warns that the use of starvation as a weapon in Syria amounts to a war crime and a violation of international humanitarian law - 11 March 2016: As Iranian regime insists missiles emblazoned with 'Israel must be wiped out' are 'for legitimate defense', UN's Ban Ki-moon urges Iranian 'moderation' after missile tests, calling on the Iranian regime and its 'moderates' 'not to increase tensions through hasty actions' so soon after nuclear deal 'and so soon after the positive news of the lifting of sanctions against Iran' - 3 May 2016: New Zealand’s former PM Helen Clark started her campaign to become the first woman to lead the UN, saying in Paris that 'peace really matters to women' - 16 June 2016: Ukraine's UN ambassador is 'completely outraged' by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon's speech at St. Petersburg forum, asking how the UN chief 'can say such things which sort of praise the role of Russia in settling the conflict in Ukraine when the Russian Federation is the main player in aggressing Ukraine and in keeping this conflict boiling' - 29 December 2016 (British Guardian): Can 'toothless UN seize last chance to save itself' and its task with António Guterres, a practicing catholic?

Since 2017 Antonio Guterres: 17 February 2017: UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres is due to name a judge or prosecutor as the head of a new UN team aiming to bring Syria war crimes to court - 21 février 2017: Juger les crimes contre l'humanité commis par le régime syrien, c'est la requête faite à la Cour pénale internationale par des intellectuels et des artistes syriens, consignée dans une lettre ouverte au secrétaire général de l'ONU Antonio Guterres - 25 April 2017: Syrian Interim Government sent a letter to the UN Secretary-General Guterres highlighting the systematic bombing of hospitals and medical facilities by the Assad regime and Russia forces - 1 June 2017: UN's Guterres calls for referring Syrian file to the International Criminal Court, accusing the Syrian regime of hampering the access of civilians to humanitarian aid - 8 August 2017: UN's Guterres says a UN commission probing war crimes in Syria should continue its work, despite the resignation of prosecutor Carla Del Ponte - 14 December 2017: UN secretary general Antonio Guterres has warned that Iran may be defying a call to halt ballistic missile development and may have passed ballistic missiles to Yemen's Houthis, also saying that the Simorgh space launch vehicle that Iran launched on 27 July, if configured as a ballistic missile, is 'inherently capable of delivering nuclear weapons'

January 2018: 11 January 2018: António Guterres calls on UN member states to adopt humane approach to refugees and migrants by making more travel routes available and protecting foreign workers - 30 January 2018: UN's Guterres meets with Sudan’s president, who is accused of genocide, on grounds of alleged 'operational necessity'

February 2018 UN's Guterres supports Assad regime's war criminals and mass murderers: 23 February 2018: With support of UN head Guterres Syria’s Bashar Ja’afari elected to the 'UN’s Special Committee on Decolonization', as Hillel Neuer, executive director of the Geneva-based human rights group UN Watch, says that 'it is incomprehensible for the UN on one day to lament the Syrian regime’s killing and wounding of hundreds of thousands of Syrians - to declare the regime guilty of a ‘monstrous campaign of annihilation’ of its own people - and to then hand this gift of false legitimacy to the mass murderer Bashar al-Assad'

UN Special Representatives and Envoys of the Secretary-General - UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General - Special Envoy of the Secretary-General

2016: 20 August 2016: Responding to questions about the heartbreaking photos of five-year-old Omran Daqneesh, rescued from under the rubble of his home in Aleppo that was destroyed in an airstrike and whose brother died, UN's deputy secretary-general Jan Eliasson says that the whole world has failed the Syrian people, as Syrian Coalition's Osama Taljou calls upon the United Nations to hold Assad accountable for killing over 400,000 Syrians and displacing over 13 million more, stressing that the Syrian people will never give up the struggle for freedom and dignity

UN Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict: UN Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict

2012: 11 June 2012: Annual Report of the UN Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict - 12 June 2012: Assads forces using Syrian children as human shields, UN report says

October 2017: 5 October 2017: Millions of children caught in conflict, victims and targets of despicable harm, according to UN 2016 report revealing shocking levels of grave violations against children affected by conflicts - 5 October 2017: Adding to its existing list UN blacklists Iran-allied Houthi rebel group in Yemen, Yemeni government forces, pro-government militia, al Qaeda and Saudi-led coalition for killing children in the Arabian Peninsula

November 2017: 17 November 2017: Criticizing the performance of UN staff covering the conflict in Syria, SNHR says UN Secretary General report on Syria children is ‘not accurately reflecting the atrocious reality in Syria’

July 2018: 28 July 2018: Virginia Gamba, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, told the UN Security Council that the first quarter of 2018 saw a 348% increase in killing and maiming of children in Syria compared to the previous quarter, also saying that over 100 attacks on hospitals and medical facilities or personnel have been verified since the beginning of 2018, as Guterres supports Assad's regime and therefore Assad's, Russian and Iranian war crimes

United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process: United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process - 22 June 2014: UN envoy Robert Serry denies claim he tried to funnel $20m to Hamas behind Israel's back - 5 February 2015: Nikolay Mladenov to replace Robert Serry as UN mideast envoy - 7 June 2015: Israel's PM Netanyahu chides world over silence after new Gaza rocket attacks in 2015, saying 'I have not heard a single international figure condemn the violence, not even at the United Nations' - 16 September 2015: The UN’s Mideast peace envoy Nikolay Mladenov warns that clashes between Israelis and Palestinians in and around Jerusalem’s holy sites have the potential to ignite violence well beyond the walls of its Old City, pointing to 'a vicious tide of terror and extremism' in the region

UN Special Representative and Envoy for Syria: United Nations Special Representative for Syria

2012/2013: 20 August 2012: The Syrian National Council has asked the new UN envoy Lakhdar Brahimi to apologise over his refusal to immediately call for Bashar al-Assad to step down - 17 July 2013: Five thousand people a month are dying in Syria's war, which has now generated the worst refugee crisis since the 1994 Rwandan genocide, UN says

2014: 13 May 2014: UN and Arab League special representative on Syria Brahimi resigns - 11 October 2014: UN Special Envoy for Syria Staffan de Mistura fears massacre after Islamic State terrorists seize Kurdish HQ in Kobane - 30 October 2014: UN warns that some of Syria's neighbors are at their 'breaking point', caught between a sense of duty to keep their borders open to refugees and a responsibility to their own citizens

2015: 14 February 2015: The Syrian Coalition sent a strongly worded letter to the UN Security Council explaining the atrocities and massacres committed by the Assad regime in the district of Douma - 14 February 2015: France repeated its position that Syrian regime's Al-Assad must step down as part of any political transition after UN Special Envoy de Mistura said that Al-Assad 'is part of the solution' - 18 March 2015: The Syrian Coalition sent a letter to the UN Security Council calling for punishing Assad under Chapter VII of UN Charter after regime's latest chlorine gas attack on Sarmin in rural Idlib on Monday - 25 April 2015: UN envoy to Syria to begin talks with groups and regional powers in hopes to end conflict - 4 May 2015: Syrian Coalition's decision to attend Geneva meetings to consider how to get rid of Assad - 8 June 2015: UN Special Envoy to Syria de Mistura, who recently called Assad a 'part of the solution', now says the dictator must go and should be militarily pressured to do so by the USA - 19 June 2015: Over 70 countries demand that Assad regime stops deadly aerial attacks against the Syrian people - 9 July 2015: WikiLeaks Cable details private meeting between Assad and Kofi Annan in 2012 - 30 July 2015: The Palestinian Committee for Human Rights condemns the decision by UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs to stop the provision of aid and support to 18,000 people in Damascus' Yarmouk refugee camp, after removing the camp from its list of besieged Syrian areas - 27 December 2015: UN sets to start Syrian peace talks on 25 January 2016 in Geneva - 30 December 2015: 40,000 civilians in Syria's Madaya city, besieged by Assad regime forces and Hezbollah since months, are starving to death amid silence by the international envoy

2016: 6 January 2016: Residents of the Syrian town of Madaya north of Damascus say they are dying of starvation as a result of a months-long siege by Assad regime's forces, as an aid official, who visited Madaya and Zabadani in October, cites an appeal from the children in those two places - 6 January: Syrian Coalition calls upon the Arab League, the UN, and the UN envoy to Syria to shoulder their responsibilities towards the civilians trapped by Assad gangs and the Hezbollah militia in Madaya, Biqqin and other besieged areas - 7 January 2016: Turkey's Davutoglu says that Russia has become a partner of the Syrian regime, which is brutally bombing civilians in Syria, and the world should not tolerate a situation where Syrians are fleeing the bombing, adding that the UN Security Council and Russia are responsible for the tragedy unfolding in Syria - 18 January 2016: A leaked document from the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the United Nations in Damascus shows that the organization was aware of the existence of famine in Madaya months ago - 22 January 2016: The United Nations reportedly altered a key humanitarian aid plan for Syria after consultation with the Assad regime, including deleting references to besieged areas such as Madaya where thousands of people are starving - 25 January: Sit-in of protestors in Istanbul to denounce Russian, Iranian and Assad's terrorism against the Syrian People, stressing that stopping barrel bombing and Russian airstrikes, lifting the siege and releasing the detainees are non-negotiable humanitarian demands - 25 January: UN talks on Syria due to begin later this week despite disagreement on key issues, Mistura says - 26 January: The Syrian Coalition says that 'the informal talks that De Mistura will host in Geneva assume that the problem is not in the Assad regime, but between Syrians themselves (and that) this approach will not only exempt the Assad regime from responsibility for the crisis, but will a