Europe and European Union
Geology of Europe is varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary, as Europe's most significant feature is the dichotomy between highland and mountainous Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from England in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east, and as these two halves are separated by the Pyrenees and the Alps-Carpathians mountain chain - Geography of 'Europe', a large landmass and northwestern peninsula of Eurasia (or even the larger Afro-Eurasia), as Europe's eastern frontier is delineated by the Ural Mountains in Russia, as the southeast boundary with Asia in the modern definition is generally the Ural River (Emba River), as the boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains (river Kura in the Caucasus), and on to the Black Sea, as the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary, and as the Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa
'Prehistoric' Europe is Europe with human presence but before the start of recorded history, beginning in the Lower Paleolithic, as considerable regional irregularities of cultural development were emerging and increasing, as the region of the eastern Mediterranean is, due to its geographic proximity, greatly influenced and inspired by the classical 'Middle Eastern' civilizations, and adopts and develops the earliest systems of communal organization and writing - Paleolithic Europe, the Lower or Old Stone Age in Europe, encompasses the era from the arrival of the first archaic humans, about 1.4 million years ago until the beginning of the Mesolithic (also Epipaleolithic) around 10,000 years ago, as this period thus covers over 99% of the total human presence on the European continent
Social and economic history of Europe: Social history of Europe listed by today's countries -
Economic history of Europe since Middle Ages following the decline and downfall of the Roman empire -
Slavery in Europe
European seas and countries: European seas, as Europe's boundaries are primarily maritime. The continent is bound by the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the Atlantic Ocean including the North Sea, and the Arctic Ocean. The Baltic is entirely within Europe. Each of these is subdivided into smaller seas and straits,
as the Caspian Sea between Europe and Asia is situated east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central Asia, south of the fertile plains of Southern Russia in Eastern Europe, and north of the mountainous Iranian Plateau of Western Asia -
List of European countries by the number - from 0 to 14 - of other countries they border, putting France in 2nd place in the 21st century - still including overseas departments and territories - and Spain on 5th place still including Ceuta and Melilla in northern Africa, as Great Britain (the later United Kingdom) and the Netherlands found other ways to benefit from former colonies
Alpine countries, the territory of eight European countries in the Alpine region, and more groups clockwise: Alpine countries, the territory of eight countries in the Alpine region in the 21st century including Switzerland, France, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia, and in another group Germany, Italy and Austria
Landforms, regions and regional groups of Alpine countries: Landesflächen und Alpenfläche der acht europäischen Alpenländer, aufgelistet und betrachtet in alphabischer Reihenfolge -
Regionale Staatengruppen in Europa, zusammenfaßt in Alpenländer, Balkanhalbinsel, Westbalkan, EU-Südstaaten, Mittelmeeranrainerstaat, Iberische Halbinsel, Britische Inseln, Benelux Länder, Skandinavische Halbinsel und nordische Länder, Lublin-Dreieck (dreigliedrige Plattform für die politische, wirtschaftliche, kulturelle und soziale Zusammenarbeit zwischen Litauen, Polen und der Ukraine zur Unterstützung der Integration der Ukraine in die EU)
Mountain passes and tunnels in Alpine countries, connecting northern and southern Europe: List of mountain passes in Switzerland including 'Forclaz', 'Grosser St. Bernhard', 'Maloja', 'Morgins', 'Simplon', 'St. Gotthard', 'Umbrail' -
Brenner Pass through the Alps between Italy and Austria and one of the principal passes of the Alpine range -
Brenner Base Tunnel, a 55-kilometre-long railway tunnel under construction 2007-2032 -
Little St Bernard Pass in the Alps on the France–Italy border, south of the Mont Blanc Massif, exactly on the main alpine watershed -
Mont Blanc Tunnel, a highway tunnel between France and Italy under the Mont Blanc mountain in the Alps
Carpathian Mountains and countries since ancient times: The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians, a range of mountains forming an arc across Central and Eastern Europe. Roughly 1,500km long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Urals at 2,500km and the Scandinavian Mountains at 1,700km. The range stretches from the far eastern Czech Republic and Austria in the northwest through Slovakia (17%), Poland (10%), Hungary (4%), Ukraine (10%), Romania (50%) to Serbia (5%) in the south. The highest range within the Carpathians is known as the Tatra mountains in Slovakia and Poland, where the highest peaks exceed 2,600m. The second-highest range is the Southern Carpathians in Romania, where the highest peaks range between 2,500m and 2,550m. The divisions of the Carpathians are usually in three major sections, including the Western Carpathians (today Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary), Eastern Carpathians (including today southeastern Poland, eastern Slovakia, Ukraine, and Romania), and Southern Carpathians (including today Romania and eastern Serbia). -
The Carpathians are a 'subsystem' of the Alps-Himalaya System that stretches from western Europe all the way to southern Asia
14th century Lithuania, 16th century Poland, Lithuania, Kijòw, 1569–1795 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: 16th century Poland and Lithuania including Kijòw in the early modern age, before the Union of Lublin -
1569–1795 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th to 17th-century Europe. At its largest territorial extent, in the early 17th century, the Commonwealth covered almost a million sq km and as of 1618 sustained a multi-ethnic population of almost 12 million inhabitants. Polish and Latin were the two co-official languages. -
The 'Lublin Triangle', a regional alliance of three European countries – Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine – for the purposes of strengthening mutual military, cultural, economic and political cooperation and supporting Ukraine's integration into the EU and NATO. The Lublin Triangle initiative invokes the integrative heritage of the 1569 Union of Lublin.
1219-1806 Europe's free imperial city states, prosperity, becoming targets of more or less brutal wars, first completed by Napoleon's wars: 1219-1806 Free Imperial City of Nuremberg - independent city-state - within the Holy Roman Empire, after Nuremberg gained piecemeal independence from the Burgraviate in the High Middle Ages, leading to the economic and cultural flowering of the city and surrounding areas in the 15th and 16th centuries, making it the center of the German Renaissance also with increased trade routes and therefore becoming a target for in the coming periods of war, as the ravages of the major European wars of the 17th and 18th centuries caused the city to decline and incur sizeable debts, resulting in the city's absorption into the new Kingdom of Bavaria on the signing of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, becoming one of the many territorial casualties of the Napoleonic Wars
Since 15th century development of medieval 'Free imperial city' states in central Europe including later Switzerland: 16th and 17th century, a number of Imperial Cities separated from the Empire, including cities connected to the 'Old Swiss Confederacy', gaining its formal independence from the Empire in 1648 after de facto independence since 1499, as also tthe independence of the Imperial Cities of Basel, Bern, Lucerne, St. Gallen, Schaffhausen, Solothurn, and Zürich was formally recognized by the empire -
Territorial growth of Bern, the largest free imperial city until 1798
1799-1804 from French Consulate to 'First French Empire': From 9 November 1799 Coup of 18 Brumaire, that brought General Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France, ending the French Revolution since 1789,
as Napoleon now established a political system of 'dictatorship by plebiscite', as Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French people on his road to imperial power, drafting the Constitution of the Year VIII securing his own election as First Consul, taking up residence at the Tuileries, and as the constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January with 99.94% officially listed as voting 'yes', and as in 1800, Napoleon and his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt imitating Roman empire's Caesar,
followed by Napoleon's invasion of Haiti to knock down the revolution of former slaves,
followed by 'First French Empire' since 2 December 1804, when Napoleon used assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model, 18 centuries earlier, as at Napoleon's coronation with Pope Pius VII in Notre Dame de Paris on 2 December two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony, a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown
Since 18th/19th century collapse of independent Swiss Confederacy amid European wars, opposition against every war and new Swiss Confederation: Switzerland January-May 1798 French invasion of Switzerland as part of the 'French Revolutionary Wars', as the independent Old Swiss Confederacy collapsed from the invasion, and as before 1798, the modern region of Vaud belonged to the Canton of Bern, to which it had a dependent status, and as the majority of Francophone catholic Vaudois felt oppressed by the German-speaking protestant majority of Bern -
in the Napoleonic era, as in 1798 Switzerland was completely overrun by the French, renamed the Helvetic Republic now encountering severe economic and political problems becaming a battlefield of French Revolutionary Wars, culminating in the Battles of Zürich in 1799 involving Habsburg Monarchy, Russian Empire, and France on its way to the 'First French empire' -
1799-1800 Italian and Swiss expeditions undertaken by a combined Austro-Russian army against French forces in Piedmont, Lombardy and Switzerland as part of the Italian campaigns of French first consul Napoleon, after Battle of Winterthur and followed by 1802/03 civil war, the end of the Republic and more battles,
followed by restoration and regeneration in Switzerland 1814 (Congress of Vienn), 1847 civil war, then opposition against every war,
and therefore leading to a new 'Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848' and the 'Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation' in April 1999, the third and current federal constitution of Switzerland, establishing the Swiss Confederation as a federal republic of 26 cantons and containing a catalogue of individual and popular rights (including the right to call for popular referenda on federal laws and constitutional amendments), delineating the responsibilities of the cantons and the Confederation and establishing the federal authorities of government, adopted by a referendum
Economy of Europe -
Economy of the European Union -
Economies of EU member states,
GDP, growth, deficit and unemployment since 2011 -
List of the largest trading partners of the European Union, internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of barriers to trade such as tariffs and border controls, and in the eurozone trade is helped by not having any currency differences to deal with amongst most members
Arms production in Europe since the early modern period -
Since 19th/20th century development of modern physics and chemistry linked with industrial revolution and history of technology -
History of military technology and world wars -
Weapons by country
Energy in Europe -
Energy and energy policy in the European Union -
2009 Renewable Energy Directive, European Union directive requiring that 20% of the energy consumed within the European Union is renewable, target pooled among the member states
20 July 2021 'Royal Dutch Shell' confirmed that it will appeal against the landmark Dutch court ruling: 20 July 2021: 'Royal Dutch Shell' has confirmed that it will appeal against the landmark Dutch court ruling calling for the oil giant to cut its carbon emissions faster, as court in The Hague reached the milestone verdict in May this year after Friends of the Earth and over 17,000 co-plaintiffs successfully argued that Shell had been aware of the dangerous consequences of CO2 emissions for decades, and that its climate targets did not go far enough, as now Shell’s chief executive Ben van Beurden said the company agrees that 'urgent action is needed' to reduce carbon emissions, vowing to accelerate its progress towards becoming a net zero carbon company, but said that Shell would still appeal against the ruling 'because a court judgment, against a single company, is not effective', ignoring that the cancellation of an important step fought for progress - that admittedly first will concern only one fossil fuel giant - is certainly not suitable for further progress against catastrophic consequences of climate change's global warming, in Africa, the Americas, Antarctica, Asia, Australie, Europe and EU countries including the former colonial Dutch empire's country 'The Nethelands', last week hit by unprecedented European floods, killing many citizens Europe e.i. today mourned in Belgium
'Big Oil' name, used for the world's largest oil and gas companies: 'Big Oil', a name used to describe the world's six or seven largest publicly traded oil and gas companies, onsidered to be BP, Chevron, Eni, ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, TotalEnergies, ConocoPhillips, as Sinopec Group and the China National Petroleum Corporation, which are state-owned Chinese oil companies, had greater revenues in 2019 than any of the supermajors, also Saudi-Arabia's Saudi Aramco, Russia's Rosneft and Lukoil with operations and subsidiaries in more than 40 countries around the world, National Iranian Oil Company, and more -
List of largest oil and gas companies by revenue
Transport in Europe -
Transport and the European Union -
Transport infrastructure in Europe
Rivers in Europe and drainage basins: Rivers in Europe,
as European drainage basins and separating catchments correspond to main rivers. The second longest river - after the Volga - and the most extensive drainage basin is linked to the middle-eastern Danube river system, whose rivers pass through or touch the borders of 10 countries including Romania (29.0% of basin area), Hungary (11.6%), Serbia (10.2%), Austria (10.0%), Germany (7.0%), Bulgaria (5.9%), Slovakia (5.9%), Croatia (4.4%), Ukraine (3.8%), and Moldova (1.6%). Its drainage basin extends into nine more (ten if Kosovo is included).
Danube river: Danube river, as the name derived from the Celtic 'danu' or 'don', which itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European 'danu', and that originates in the town of Donaueschingen, in the Black Forest of Germany, at the confluence of the rivers Brigach and Breg. The Danube then flows southeast for about 2,730km, passing through four capital cities (Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest, and Belgrade) before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine. It's Europe's second-longest river and located in Central and Eastern Europe. Since ancient times, the Danube has been a traditional trade route in Europe, via the Black Sea also linking to Asian countries. Today, 2,415km of its total length are navigable. The Danube is linked to the North Sea via the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, connecting the Danube at Kelheim with the Main at Bamberg. The river is also an important source of hydropower and drinking water -
Tributaries of the Danube river, that starts in the Black Forest in Germany as two smaller rivers - the Brigach and the Breg - which join at Donaueschingen. It is from here that it is known as the Danube, flowing generally eastwards for a distance of some 2,850km, passing through several Central and Eastern European capitals, before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania. The Danube drainage basin connects nine more countries, including Poland, Switzerland, Italy, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Albania -
Inn river in Switzerland, Austria and Germany, that is 518km long. It is a right tributary of the Danube and it is the third largest tributary of the Danube by discharge. The source of the Inn River is the 'Lägh dal Lunghin', a lake at an elevation of 2484m, below the peak of Piz Lunghin, in Switzerland's canton of the Grisons. The highest point of its drainage basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at 4,049m. The Engadine, the valley of the En, is the only Swiss valley whose waters end up in the Black Sea (via the Danube river) -
Sava river (called 'Saos' by the ancient Greeks) in Central and Southeast Europe, a right and the longest tributary of the Danube. It flows through Slovenia, Croatia and along its border with Bosnia and Herzegovina, and finally through Serbia, feeding into the Danube in its capital Belgrade. The Sava forms the main northern limit of the Balkan Peninsula, and the southern edge of the Pannonian Plain -
Tisza (Tysa) river, that crosses several national borders, and one of the major rivers of Central and Eastern Europe, beginning in Eastern Carpathians near Rakhiv in Ukraine.
Dnieper river: Dnieper river, one of the major rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk in Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. It is the longest river of Ukraine and Belarus and the fourth-longest river in Europe, after the Volga, Danube, and Ural rivers, as its total length is approximately 2,200km. In antiquity, the river was part of the Amber Road trade routes. During The Ruin, the area was contested between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia, dividing Ukraine into areas described by its right and left banks. During the Soviet period, the river became noted for its major hydroelectric dams and large reservoirs. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster occurred on the Pripyat immediately above that tributary's confluence with the Dnieper. The Dnieper is an important navigable waterway for the economy of Ukraine and is connected by the Dnieper–Bug Canal to other waterways in Europe
Vistula river: Vistula river, the longest river in Poland and the 9th-longest river in Europe at 1,047km in length. The drainage basin, reaching into three other nations, covers 193,960 km2, of which 168,868 km2 is in Poland. The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1,220m above sea level in the Silesian Beskids, the western part of Carpathian Mountains, where it begins with the 'Little White Vistula' and the 'Black Little Vistula'.[4] It flows through Poland's largest cities, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Plock, Wloclawek, Torun, Bydgoszcz, Swiecie, Grudziadz, Tczew and Gdansk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon (Zalew Wislany) or directly into the Gdansk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta of six main branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Smiala Wisla, Martwa Wisla, Nogat and Szkarpawa). The river is often associated with Polish culture, history and national identity. It is the country's most important waterway and natural symbol
Loire river: Loire river, the longest river in France and the 171st longest in the world. With a length of 1,006km it drains more than a fifth of France's land, while its average discharge is only half that of the Rhône. It rises in the southeastern quarter of the French Massif Central in the Cévennes range at 1,350m near Mont Gerbier de Jonc, then flowing north through Nevers to Orléans, then west through Tours and Nantes until it reaches the Bay of Biscay of the Atlantic Ocean at Saint-Nazaire. Its main tributaries include the rivers Nièvre, Maine and the Erdre on its right bank, and the rivers Allier, Cher, Indre, Vienne, and the Sèvre Nantaise on the left bank.
Po river: Po river, the longest river in Italy flowing eastward across northern Italy starting from the Cottian Alps, and flowing through many important Italian cities, including Turin, Piacenza, Cremona and Ferrara. It is connected to Milan through a net of channels called navigli, ending at a delta projecting into the Adriatic Sea near Venice, creating a wide delta at the southern part. The Po valley was the territory of Roman Cisalpine Gaul, divided into Cispadane Gaul (south of the Po) and Transpadane Gaul (north of the Po). -
Tributaries of the Po river,
as drainage basins of Switzerland include the Po basin,
the tributaries of the Dora Baltea,
the Ticino basin,
the tributaries of the Oglio,
the Adige river and its tributaries -
History of the territory of the 'Province of Rovigo', that was first colonized by the Greeks, who founded the colony of Adria in the 12th-11th centuries BC. During the 6th and 5th centuries BC Etruscans and Venetians inhabited the area, followed by the Romans
Hydrology of Switzerland and the Swiss Alps as a 'water tower of Europe': Hydrology of Switzerland, as the country has a varied and complex hydrological system. The climate gives precipitation under the form of snow and rain and is also responsible for the evaporation of water into the atmosphere. The altitude and climate allow the formation and maintenance of many glaciers that feed rivers from five major European river catchments, through which water leaves the country and joins the sea -
The Gotthard Massif, a mountain range in the Alps in Switzerland, located at the border of the four cantons Valais, Ticino, Uri and Graubünden. It is delimited by the Nufenen Pass on the west, by the Furka Pass and the Oberalp Pass on the north and by the Lukmanier Pass on the east. The homonymous Gotthard Pass, lying at the heart of the massif, is a main route from north to south in Europe. The region of the Gotthard lies at the heart of the Swiss Alps. Three major rivers take their source in the Gotthard Massif including the Reuss, Rhine and Ticino. A fourth river, the Rhône, takes its source in very close proximity of the massif, just north of the Furka Pass.
Agriculture in Europe -
Agriculture in Europe by country -
European Union and agriculture
Dairy farming in the EU: Dairy farming by country and in the EU -
Dairy cows - and house cows, kept to provide milk for a home kitchen - are farmed commercially, and can also provide manure, for use as a garden fertiliser, and their offspring can be a source of meat -
Dairy, a business enterprise established for the harvesting or processing (or both) of animal milk, mostly from cows or buffaloes, but also from goats, sheep, horses, or camels, for human consumption, as a dairy is typically located on a dedicated dairy farm or in a section of a multi-purpose farm -
Dairy products or milk products and alphabetical list of dairy products
Fishing in Europe -
Fishing in the European Union -
Fishing in the United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales -
Fishing in Norway -
Fishing in Iceland -
Fishing in Russia -
Fishing in Ukraine -
Fishing in Turkey
Fishing in the North Atlantic -
Celtic Sea, an area of the Atlantic Ocean off the south coast of Ireland bounded to the east by Saint George's Channel, as other limits include the Bristol Channel, the English Channel, and the Bay of Biscay, as well as adjacent portions of Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany. The Isles of Scilly are an archipelago of small islands in the sea. -
Fishing in the North Sea -
Fishing in the Baltic Sea -
Fishing in the Black Sea -
Fishing in the Mediterranean Sea and overfishing
July 2017 - 2020/2021 UK's denunciation and withdrawal of the 'London Fisheries Convention': On 2 July 2017 UK's government announced that it would withdraw from the Fisheries Convention. The New Scientist observed that this was probably the first time a country had withdrawn from an international agreement named after its own capital city, London in the United Kingdom, concerning all coasts, including those of the Isle of Man and of the Channel Islands Jersey and Guernsey (including Alderney and Sark) - 3 July 2017: UK leaves fishing convention amid Brexit talks, pulling out of a fishing convention that allows countries to fish near its coast, in order to fulfil one of its 'Brexit' pledges 26 July 2017: Taking back control must not mean a return to overfishing, but 'no longer will Brits have to rely on cod caught in the Barents Sea by Icelandic and Norwegian vessels', according to Brexit promoter Michael Gove
21st century British-French channel, economy, fishing and political crises: English Channel Economy - Pêche en France - Fishing in the United Kingdom - 21st-century British fishing industry, as British fish processors include a £4.2-billion industry, as Greenpeace found disproportionate concentrations of quota ownership among the English fishing fleet, with foreign-owned, mostly Dutch, Icelandic or Spanish but British-flagged vessels also holding almost half the quota - Britsh and French ports and harbours of the English Channel - France–UK border and since 2016 'Brexit' troubles
List of the largest trading partners of the European Union - the EU is the largest exporter in the world and as of 2008 the largest importer of goods and services, internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of barriers to trade such as tariffs and border controls
Banking and banks in Europe: Banking and list of banks in Europe - Banking in Europe by country - Cooperative banking in Europe
Economic history of Europe and business cycles: Economic history of Europe and business cycles
1893 Independent Labour Party ILP and Marx/Aveling's goal of shifting the ILP's positions towards 'system of criticism of political economy': In 1893 the Independent Labour Party ILP was founded. Eleanor Marx attended the conference as an observer, while her husband Aveling was a delegate, but their goal of shifting the ILP's positions towards 'system of criticism of political economy' failed, with the party remaining under a strong Christian socialist influence, as in 1897, Marx and Aveling re-joined the Social Democratic Federation, like most former members of the Socialist League -
Wie der amerikanische Unabhängigkeitskrieg des 18. Jahrhunderts die Sturmglocke für die europäische Mittelklasse läutete, so der amerikanische Bürgerkrieg des 19. Jahrhunderts für die europäische Arbeiterklasse. In England ist der Umwälzungsprozeß mit Händen greifbar. Auf einem gewissen Höhepunkt muß er auf den Kontinent rückschlagen. Dort wird er sich in brutaleren oder humaneren Formen bewegen, je nach dem Entwicklungsgrad der Arbeiterklasse selbst. Von höheren Motiven abgesehn, gebietet also den jetzt herrschenden Klassen ihr eigenstes Interesse die Wegräumung aller gesetzlich kontrollierbaren Hindernisse, welche die Entwicklung der Arbeiterklasse hemmen. Ich habe deswegen u.a. der Geschichte, dem Inhalt und den Resultaten der englischen Fabrikgesetzgebung einen so ausführlichen Platz in diesem Bande eingeräumt. Eine Nation soll und kann von der andern lernen. Auch wenn eine Gesellschaft dem Naturgesetz ihrer Bewegung auf die Spur gekommen ist - und es ist der letzte Endzweck dieses Werks, das ökonomische Bewegungsgesetz der modernen Gesellschaft zu enthüllen -, kann sie naturgemäße Entwicklungsphasen weder überspringen noch wegdekretieren. Aber sie kann die Geburtswehen abkürzen und mildern. -
Seit 1830 und den gescheiterten europäischen Revolutionen 1848-51 hatte die 'Bourgeoisie ... in Frankreich und England politische Macht erobert. Von da an gewann der Klassenkampf, praktisch und theoretisch, mehr und mehr ausgesprochne und drohende Formen. Er läutete die Totenglocke der wissenschaftlichen bürgerlichen Ökonomie. Es handelte sich jetzt nicht mehr darum, ob dies oder jenes Theorem wahr sei, sondern ob es dem Kapital nützlich oder schädlich, bequem oder unbequem, ob polizeiwidrig oder nicht. An die Stelle uneigennütziger Forschung trat bezahlte Klopffechterei, an die Stelle unbefangner wissenschaftlicher Untersuchung das böse Gewissen und die schlechte Absicht der Apologetik. Indes selbst die zudringlichen Traktätchen, welche die Anti-Corn-Law League, mit den Fabrikanten Cobden und Bright an der Spitze, in die Welt schleuderte, boten, wenn kein wissenschaftliches, doch ein historisches Interesse durch ihre Polemik gegen die grundeigentümliche Aristokratie. Auch diesen letzten Stachel zog die Freihandelsgesetzgebung seit Sir Robert Peel der Vulgärökonomie aus
June 2012: 1 June 2012: Eurozone unemployment at 11%, in the 27-nation EU the jobless rate 10.3%, up from 10.2% -
10 June 2012: Spanish bank bailout request welcomed -
29 June 2012: Eurozone agrees to use its bailout fund to support struggling banks directly
Social class in Europe
Labor in Europe -
Labour in the European Union
European history and society by country: European society by country -
History of Europe -
History of Europe by country -
Rise of the territorial states
73 BC–10th century AD list of conflicts and wars in Europe ordered chronologically, including wars between European states, civil wars within European states, wars between a European state and a non-European state that took place within Europe and neighbouring regions, and global conflicts in which Europe was a 'theatre' of war
Slavery in ancient Rome and uprisings: Slavery in ancient Rome -
Die Sklaverei im Römischen Reich bestand zunächst vor allem aus Schuldsklaverei, während die Versklavung von Kriegsgefangenen während der Eroberungsfeldzüge immer mehr zunahm und Kriegsgefangene als Sklaven - juristisch das Eigentum des pater familias - nach Rom kamen, so daß in der Kaiserzeit der Anteil der Unfreien auf rund ein Viertel der Bevölkerung auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Italiens geschätzt wird -
Sklavenaufstände im Römischen Reich zwischen 120 und 71 v. Chr. - vor allem von ländlichen Sklaven ausgelöst - aufgrund der Erbitterung über menschenunwürdige, grausame Behandlung und verstärkt dadurch, daß viele der Sklaven vorher freie Bürger in den hellenistischen Staaten gewesen waren
Since 71 BC Roman empire's mass murder of slaves and further imperial conquests: Um 71 v. Chr. 'Zweite Schlacht am Silarus' zwischen aufständischen Sklaven, deren Heer von wütenden Sklaven nach Zeitzeugenberichten derzeit schon 200.000 bewaffnete Sklaven umfasste, und römischen Legionären - besser trainiert und vor allem gut bewaffnet auf der Grundlage von durch Sklaven produziertem Reichtum -, in der der Anführer der Widerstandsbewegung Spartacus bald nach Beginn der Schlacht getötet werden konnte ohne daß seine Leiche je gefunden wurde (zur Nachahmung bis 1919 und zur Gegenwart), damit nach dem Tod ihres Generals viele Widerstandskämpfer den Mut verloren wegen der Unklarheit des Geschehens und sie sich den Römern ergaben, um dann von den 'patres familias' und ihrem Befehlshaber Crassus, bekannt insbesondere auch für seinen zusammengeraubten gewaltigen Reichtum, als gefangenene Sklaven zu tausenden entlang der Via Appia ans Kreuz geschlagen zu werden, im geschichtlichen Ablauf später gefolgt von Crassus' Feldzug nach Syrien, der dann von Augustus, seit 30 v. Chr. Alleinherrscher (Römische Kaiserzeit 27 v. Chr. bis 284 n. Chr.), fortgesetzt wurde u.a. bis hin zur Liquidierung Judäas und Israels
Since 73–63 BC Roman expansion and Roman empire's province of Judea: 63 BC during Roman general Pompey's campaigns in the East Siege of Jerusalem -
Since 63 BC during Roman expansion general Pompey made Jerusalem a tributary of Rome, as Judea became a satellite of Syria, a client state of the Roman Republic from 37 BCE,
and the Roman empire's province of Judea since 6 AD, incorporating the regions of Judea, Samaria and Idumea, as the name 'Judea' was derived from the Kingdom of Judah of the 6th century BCE, as after the Bar Kokhba revolt 132–135 the Roman emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina and the name of the city of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina, an attempt to disconnect the Jewish people from their homeland, later -
Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)
718–1492 'Reconquista' in the Iberian Peninsula and military history of Christianity: Spread of Islam -
718–1492 'Reconquista' in the Iberian Peninsula -
Military history of Christianity -
Military theory
Naval history by geographical location and by country, including emerging European countries: Naval history by geographical location, by country and by economic and technological development -
History of naval warfare,
the human combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other battlespace involving a major body of water such as a large lake or wide river, in the Mediterranean Sea, Europe, West Asia and North Africa, East, South and Southeast Asia, and in the Americas after the late Middle Ages saw the development of the cogs, caravels and carracks ships capable of surviving the tough conditions of the open ocean, with enough backup systems and crew expertise to make long voyages routine, and in addition, they grew from 100 tons to 300 tons displacement, enough to carry cannon as armament and still have space for cargo,
told by the peaceful Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer Archimedes of Syracuse 287-212 BC
Since 1492 Spanish colonization of the Americas under the Crown of Castile searching gold and silver: Since 1492 Spanish colonization of the Americas under the Crown of Castile and spearheaded by the Spanish conquistadors searching gold and silver, needed for the circulation sphere of the emerging European capitalism, as the Americas populated by Native Americans were invaded, fought down merciless and incorporated into the Spanish Empire -
Wars involving the arising Spanish empire and Spain
16th/17th century list of conflicts and wars in Europe ordered chronologically, including wars between European states, civil wars within European states, wars between a European state and a non-European state that took place within Europe, and global conflicts in which Europe was a 'theatre' of war
1585–1604 Anglo-Spanish War: 1585–1604 Anglo-Spanish War, an intermittent conflict between the kingdoms of Spain and England, punctuated by widely separated battles, beginning with England's military expedition in 1585 to what was then the Spanish Netherlands in support of the resistance of the States General to Spanish Habsburg rule, as the English enjoyed a victory at Cádiz in 1587, and repelled the Spanish Armada in 1588, but then suffered heavy setbacks despite two further Spanish armadas of 1596 and 1597 failure's for Spain mainly because of adverse weather and poor planning, then becoming deadlocked around the turn of the 17th century during campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland and brought to an end with the Treaty of London, negotiated in 1604 between representatives of the new King of Spain, Philip III, and the new King of England, James I. England and Spain agreed to cease their military interventions in the Spanish Netherlands and Ireland, respectively, and the English ended high seas privateering
1602-1663 Dutch–Portuguese War: 1602-1663 Dutch–Portuguese War involving Dutch forces, in the form of the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company, against the Portuguese Empire, as in its beginning the conflict primarily involved the Dutch companies invading Portuguese colonies in the Americas, Africa, India, and Southeast Asia, and as the war can be thought of as an extension of the 'Eighty Years' War' in Europe, as Portugal was in a dynastic union with the Spanish Crown after the War of the Portuguese Succession for most of the conflict, but in the real world of economics and the 'Wealth of Nations' the conflict had little to do with the war in Europe and served mainly as a way for the Dutch to gain an overseas empire and control trade at the cost of the Portuguese, as English forces also assisted the Dutch at certain points in the war, though in later decades English and Dutch would become fierce rivals, and even later would connect again and even join in British/Dutch 'joint ventures',
like British-Dutch multinational oil and gas company, in the times of economic and global crises, environmental disasters and climate change,
beginning with the panic and stock market crash of 1825 in London, arising in part out of speculative investments in Latin America
Since 1618 European involvement in 'Thirty Years' War' and social impact: Since 1618 involvement in 'Thirty Years' War', social impact and political consequences
18th century list of conflicts and wars in Europe ordered chronologically, including wars between European states, civil wars within European states, wars between a European state and a non-European state that took place within Europe, and global conflicts in which Europe was a 'theatre' of war
1792-1802 French Revolutionary Wars following the French Revolution and Republic: 1792-1802 French Revolutionary Wars, following the French Revolution since 1789 and the establishment of the first French Republic as turning point in human history, and divided in the two periods of the War of the First Coalition (1792–97) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802), as Great Britain, the Holy Roman Empire, Prussia, Russia, and several other monarchies looked with outrage at the revolution and its upheavals, considering whether they should intervene, either in support of King Louis XVI, to prevent the spread of revolution, or to take advantage of the chaos in France
19th century list of conflicts and wars in Europe ordered chronologically, including wars between European states, civil wars within European states, wars between a European state and a non-European state that took place within Europe, and global conflicts in which Europe was a 'theatre' of war
1848-1849 democratic revolutions in Western, Northern, and Central Europe: 1848-1849 revolutions in Europe, also known as the 'Springtime of the Peoples', a series of political upheavals that spread across Europe after an initial revolution began in France in February 1848, remaining the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history to date including people of Ireland, France, the German states, the Austrian Empire, Hungary, the Italian states, Denmark, Moldavia, Wallachia, Poland, and other, as the revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states
February 1848 Chartist petition, suppression in London: In February 1848, following the arrival of news of a revolution in Paris, Chartist activity increased. In March there were protests or bread riots in Manchester, Glasgow, and Dublin, and a new demonstration was announced for 10 April 1848, to be held on Kennington Common, London. UK's authorities knew that the Chartists planned a peaceful demonstration, but still wanted a large-scale display of force to counter the challenge, so 100,000 special constables were recruited to bolster the police force
Revolutions of 1848 in the 'Austrian Empire' against absolute monarchy, for democracy, independence, land reform: Revolutions of 1848 in the 'Austrian Empire', a set of revolutions that took place from March 1848 to November 1849 in the centre of the empire itself, ruled from Vienna, included ethnic Germans, Hungarians, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Ukrainians (Ruthenians), Romanians, Croats, Venetians and Serbs. All of whom attempted in the course of the revolution to either achieve autonomy, independence, or even hegemony over other nationalities, as the nationalist picture was further complicated by the simultaneous events in the German states threatened by the Kingdom of Prussia since 17th/18th century -
Revolución de 1848 en los Estados de los Habsburgo
Da agosto 1875 monumento della vergogna: Crimini di guerra della Wehrmacht furono quelli commessi dalle forze armate tedesche durante la seconda guerra mondiale, che tra il settembre 1939 e il maggio 1945 si macchiarono di innumerevoli crimini di guerra, crimini contro le popolazioni civili e violazioni delle norme internazionali che regolavano i conflitti armati, specialmente sul fronte orientale
'Armadio della vergogna', un'espressione del giornalismo relativo a crimini di guerra commessi sul territorio italiano durante la campagna d'Italia (1943-1945) dalle truppe nazifasciste -
Depuis 16 août 1875 monument d'Hermann ('Hermannsdenkmal' - 'sapere aude'), un monument situé en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie en Allemagne dans le sud de la forêt de Teutberg, qui se trouve au sud-ouest de Detmold dans le district de Lippe. Il se dresse sur le mont densément boisé de Teutberg qui s'élève à 386 mètres, au centre de la fortification circulaire de Grotenburg, mais c'est vers l'ouest et non vers le sud que la statue - inaugurée en présence de l'empereur Guillaume - est tournée -
9 CE 'Battle of the Teutoburg Forest' in the northern countryside of Osnabrück, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, as the alliance was led by Germanic officer of Varus's auxilia 'Arminius', who had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses. The very cruel battle reportedly (by contemporary historians) for many days is commonly seen as one of the most important defeats in Roman history, bringing the triumphant period of expansion under Augustus to an abrupt end. The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania -
List of ancient Germanic peoples
20th century list of conflicts and wars in Europe: 20th century list of conflicts and wars in Europe
1914-1918 World War I by German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman empires: 28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918 World War I by Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria and others, a global war originating in Europe that led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars and one of the deadliest conflicts in history -
24 Februar 2011: 'At what cost?: Spanish neutrality in the First World War', 2009, by Carolyn S. Lowry, University of South Florida, saying 'while one expects adversity in war, the First World War left no nation untouched, and even the neutral powers did not escape unscathed, particularly Spain. The case of Spain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries shows the ultimate demise of one of Europe’s greatest empires. While Spain had dominated the continent in earlier centuries, its great empire fell far behind as the world expanded through industrialization and further imperial conquest', and as now Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare campaign ravaged Spanish shipping, exacerbating economic hardships -
Aftermath of World War I
1939-1945 World War II by Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan: 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 World War II by Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan, a global war involving the vast majority of the world's countries - including all the great powers - forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis, as in a state of total war, directly involving more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources, becoming the deadliest conflict in human history, resulting in 70 to 85 million fatalities, with more civilians than military personnel killed, as tens of millions of people died due to the Holocaust and more genocides, premeditated death from starvation, massacres, and disease, as aircraft played a major role in the conflict, including in strategic bombing of population centres, the development of nuclear weapons forced by German efforts, and the only two uses of such in war
6 June – August 1944 Allied casualties during liberation of Normandy, including civilians: Juin/août 1944 Pertes des Alliés - forces terrestres 209 672 tués, blessés
et disparus, forces aériennes 16 714 tués et disparus - civils 50 000 tués, blessés et disparus (dont tués 33 000) -
Casualties and losses of 6 June – 30 August 1944, as victims during Allied forces 'Operation Overlord' include 226,386 Allied casualties and 25,000–39,000 civilian deaths
Aftermath of World War II, consequences of Nazism and continuation: Aftermath of World War II, consequences of Nazism and continuation -
List of military writers including German Nazigeneral Heinz Guderian, who developed principles of Blitzkrieg 'Achtung – Panzer', and German Nazigeneral Erwin Rommel 'Infantry Attacks'
Combined efforts of the wartime Allies and resistance movements for new answers following and facing European history: Nazism and the acts of the Nazi German state affected many countries, communities, and people before, during and after World War II, as NSDAP-ruled Germany's attempts to exterminate the Jewish people, parts of slavic peoples, ethnic groups, people viewed as subhuman by NSDAP and SS ideology were eventually stopped by the combined efforts of the wartime Allies headed by Britain, the Soviet Union, the USA,
and by World War II resistance movements,
as also Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe and during the Holocaust led to new answers following and facing European history
14 May 1948 Provisional Government of Israel's Declaration of Independence, first saying 'ERETZ-ISRAEL (the Land of Israel, Palestine) was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped. Here they first attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal significance and gave to the world the eternal Book of Books. After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people kept faith with it throughout their Dispersion and never ceased to pray and hope for their return to it and for the restoration in it of their political freedom. ... AND, BY VIRTUE OF OUR NATURAL AND HISTORIC RIGHT AND ON THE STRENGTH OF THE RESOLUTION OF THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY, HEREBY DECLARE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A JEWISH STATE IN ERETZ-ISRAEL, TO BE KNOWN AS THE STATE OF ISRAEL -
1958-2018 list of the Basic Laws of Israel, as Basic Laws were intended to be draft chapters of a future Israeli constitution (which has been postponed since 1950), as they act as a de facto constitution until their future incorporation into a formal, unitary, written constitution, as Israel is one of 6 countries (along with Canada, New Zealand, San Marino, Saudi Arabia and the UK) that functions according to an uncodified constitution consisting of both material constitutional law (based upon cases and precedents), common law, and the provisions of these formal statutes
Timeline of Jerusalem, Israel and Judah social movements of 66 CE and aftermath: Timeline of Jerusalem riots of 66, referring to the massive unrest in the center of Roman Judea, which became the catalyst of the First Jewish–Roman War, after - according to Josephus - the violence of the year 66 initially began at Caesarea, provoked by Greeks of a certain merchant house sacrificing birds in front of a local synagogue, as the Roman garrison did not intervene there and thus the long-standing Hellenistic and Jewish religious tensions took a downward spiral, and as - in reaction - a Jewish Temple clerks ceased prayers and sacrifices for the Roman emperor at the Temple
66–74 AD gospel of Mark: 66–74 AD Gospel of Mark of the four canonical gospels and of the three synoptic Gospels, telling of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death and burial and the discovery of Jesus' empty tomb, as there is no miraculous birth or doctrine of divine pre-existence, nor, in the original ending (Mark 16:1-8), any post-resurrection appearances of Jesus, as it portrays Jesus as a heroic man of action, an exorcist, a healer, and a miracle worker, also the Son of God, but keeping his messianic nature secret
April 2020 researchers say Vatican archives show pope Pius XII knew of WWII killing of Jews: 30 April 2020: Researchers studying the newly opened Vatican archives of pope Pius XII have already found evidence that the World War II-era pope knew about the mass killing of Jews from his own sources but kept it from the USA government, the Washington Post reported Wednesday, saying documents indicate pope was aware of massacre of Jews in Warsaw and Lviv from own sources, but denied it to Americans
From July 1942 German SS and police units carried out mass deportations from the Warsaw ghetto to the Treblinka killing center: As from July 1942 German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries, carried out mass deportations from the Warsaw ghetto to the Treblinka killing center, described as the 'Great Action', as the Germans deported about 265,000 Jews from Warsaw to Treblinka
January 1943 in German ideology not expected Jewish resistance and attack disoriented the Germans: As by the summer of 1942 it was clear to ghetto inhabitants that deportations from the ghetto meant death, and in response to these deportations, several Jewish underground organizations banded together and created an armed self-defense unit known as the Jewish Combat Organization ZOB and also a second force called the Jewish Military Union ZZW, and as in January 1943, German SS and police units returned to the Warsaw ghetto to resume mass deportations, a small group of Jewish fighters, armed with pistols, infiltrated a column of Jews being forced to the transfer point 'Umschlagplatz', and - after this group broke ranks and fought their German escorts - most of the Jewish fighters died in the battle, but the not expected resistance and attack disoriented the Germans, and as a result, the Jews who were arranged in columns at the Umschlagplatz had a chance to disperse,
as in January/February 1943 German empire's army lost the battle of Stalingrad, described as the biggest defeat in the history of the German Army, after NSDAP's Adolf Hitler had declared in a public speech in September 1942 that the German army would never leave the city
Since January 1943 Jewish resistance leaders encouraged fellow ghetto inhabitants to defy deportation orders: Jewish resistance leaders also encouraged fellow ghetto inhabitants to defy deportation orders and hide from German authorities, after - seizing only 5,000-6,500 ghetto residents - the Germans suspended further deportations on January 21, and as - encouraged by the apparent success of the resistance - people in the ghetto began to construct subterranean bunkers and shelters, preparing for an uprising should the Germans - certainly not to be overcome in Warsaw in 1943 with the given means of resistance - attempt a final deportation of the remaining Jews from the ghetto, as the Jews decided against extermination without resistance, that could be told to future generations, therefore documented,
e.g. by the Ringelblum archiv,
because the - also consciously brought about in Jerusalem by the young man himself called upon misunderstood Jewish prophets whose scriptures must be fulfilled - martyr's death of Jesus Christ nearly 2000 years ago, which weakened the Jewish resistance to the brutal Roman empire, almost like the Nazis, wasn't the goal of the Jews in Warsaw, Poland, Europe etc during WWII
Since 19 April 1943 final act of Warsaw's Jewish resistance against the Germans, lasting 27 days: On April 19, 1943, the eve of the Passover holiday, the Jews of the Warsaw ghetto began their final act of resistance against the Germans, lasting twenty-seven days, as this act of resistance came to be known as the Warsaw ghetto uprising, as ZOB fighters were armed with only pistols, grenades (many of which were homemade), and a few automatic weapons and rifles, but they stunned the Germans and their auxiliaries on the first day of fighting, forcing German troops to retreat outside the ghetto wall, as SS leader Stroop reported losing 12 men during the first assault, as about 700 young Jewish fighters clashed with German forces, sometimes in hand-to-hand combat, as in the end the Germans razed the ghetto to the ground, burning and demolishing this part of Warsaw, block by block, and as on 16 May it was announced in a report to Berlin that 'the former Jewish Quarter in Warsaw is no more',
written by Waffen-SS Jürger Stroop, born 1895 in Detmold (Lippe) near Augustdorf and the today's GFM Erwin Rommel barracks
Since June 1945 'Christian Democratic Union of Germany' political party in Germany, the major 'catch-all party' German politics, that since its re-establishment with a little changed religious affiliation included a large number of NSDAP members, in Hitler's party until empire's defeat in 1945, remaining attached to their career -
Since December 1870 'German Centre Party', belonging to the political spectrum of 'Political Catholicism' that, emerging in the early 19th century after the turmoil of the Napoleonic wars, as the many Catholics found themselves in Protestant dominated states, since 1871 primarily influential during the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic, soon winning a quarter of the seats in the Reichstag (Imperial Parliament), and its middle position on most issues allowed it to play a decisive role in the formation of majorities, as for most of the Weimar Republic, the Centre Party was the third-largest party in the Reichstag, and - following NSDAP Adolf Hitler's rise to power in early 1933, the Centre Party was among the parties who voted for the 'Enabling Act', which granted legislative powers to Hitler's government
Demographics of Europe:
Demographics of Europe -
Demographics of Europe, as of 2010 Europe's population within the standard physical geographical boundaries was 740 million according to the United Nations -
Demographics of the European Union, as of 2014 the population of the EU of 28 member states is about 507.4 million people
Human rights in Europe:
Human rights in Europe -
European Network of National Human Rights Institutions -
Human rights by country -
List of Human Rights organisations
2016 international refugee crisis and EU officials: 12 March 2016: As thousands of desperate refugees remain trapped at border camp between Greece and Macedonia and as 'Europe is on the cusp of a largely self-induced humanitarian crisis' according to UN, USA Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Victoria Nuland visits the refugee camp in Idomeni, but there is no European official walking around the muddy fields and talking with aid agency workers, refugees and migrants, because European officials prefer hotels in Moscow, Tehran, Vienna, Brussels and after all Geneva, talking and laughing with war criminals and perpetrators -
15 March 2016: Macedonia forcibly ('they hit everyone – women, children, men') returns thousands of exhausted refugees to Greece, after desperate men, women and children fled Greek camp a day earlier -
15 March 2016: Seeing Macedonian authorities sending people back in trucks to Greece late at night, dropping children off shivering, wet and disoriented, 'Save the Children' criticizes 'the wholly inadequate response of European leaders to this crisis, which treats people like bargaining chips and leaves them stranded with no safe plan for their future' -
14 juillet 2016: Des migrants violentés par des forces hongroises à la frontière hongroise avec la Serbie
November 2019 EU democracy is under threat: 4 November 2019: According to the YouGov poll of 12,500 people in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia, published by George Soros’s Open Societies Foundations, majorities between 51% and 61% in six countries - including Germany - feel democracy is under threat, 30 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, but also demonstrating 'that where the establishment has failed citizens, civil society is perceived as a trustworthy counterpart'
March 2020 ignorant and violent EU amid war crimes against Syrian people: 2 March 2020: Refugees and migrants trying to reach Europe have clashed violently with Greek riot police as Turkey claimed more than 76,000 people were now heading for an ignorant EU amid war crimes,
as a result of the escalating war in Syria where 33 Turkish soldiers, defending civilians, were killed by Russian-backed dictatorship troops, as a million civilians have been displaced since December inside Syria near the Turkish border in desperate winter conditions, and as Turkey, already home to 3.7 million Syrian refugees, decided to open the Turkish side of the border to the EU, now headed by CDU's von der Leyen -
2 March 2020: Child drowns at sea off Greece in first fatality of EU von der Leyen's cronyism with Russian, Iranian and Assad regime's war criminals
European Court of Human Rights -
Cour européenne des droits de l'homme - Site officiel
Since 2007 European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights ECCHR, an independent, nonprofit non-governmental organization focusing on legal issues and the enforcement of human rights by holding state and non-state actors responsible for egregious abuses
Asylum and right of asylum in Europe: Right of asylum in Europe -
Right of asylum in the European Union
July 2019 EU states' progress on plans to redistribute refugees: 23 July 2019: UNHCR and the International Organization for Migration said in a joint statement 'the crucial role played by NGOs must be acknowledged (and) they should not be criminalised nor stigmatised for saving lives at sea', as 14 EU states made progress on plans to redistribute refugees rescued in the Mediterranean, while eight said they would actively take part, including Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, and Portugal
Since early summer 2021 Belarus–EU border crisis: Since early summer 2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis, a refugee and migrant crisis consisting of an influx of several tens of thousands of illegal immigrants, mainly from Iraq and Africa, to Lithuania, Latvia, and Poland via those countries' borders with Belarus. The crisis was triggered by the severe deterioration in Belarus–EU relations, following 2020 Belarusian presidential election, 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, forced repatriation of opposition activists including Ryanair Flight 4978 incident, and sanctions against autocratic Lukashenko -
17 novembre 2021: Bloqués aux portes de l'Europe, des milliers de migrants massés à la frontière polonaise, et France24 se consacre à la crise migratoire dans le nord de l'Europe pour tenter de comprendre la situation qui voit des milliers de migrants, principalement de Syrie, der l'Irak et du Liban -
18 novembre 2021: Les forces de sécurité polonaise ont arrêté une centaine de migrants dans la nuit de mercredi à jeudi alors qu'ils tentaient de franchir la frontière avec la Biélorussie
Causes of refugee crises include war and civil war, human rights violations, environment and climate crises, economic hardship
2016: 2008-2016 List refugees and total population of concern by UN region, includes 21,288,728 people in Africa in 2016, 31,168,078 people in Asia in 2016, 8,061,269 people in Latin America in 2016, and 6,210,994 people in Europe in 2016
Culture in Europe:
Culture in Europe and
Languages in Europe -
Languages in the European Union -
List of endangered languages in Europe
European Schools: Lists of schools in Europe, listed alphabetically by 'Wikipedia',
as word 'school' - since ancient Israel and the prophet Isaiah (Jesaja 740-701 v.u.Z.) - applies to a variety of educational organizations in the Middle Ages, including town, church, and monastery schools. During the late medieval period, students attending town schools were usually between the ages of seven and fourteen. Instruction for boys in such schools ranged from the basics of literacy (alphabet, syllables, simple prayers and proverbs) to more advanced instruction in the Latin language. Occasionally, these schools may also have taught rudimentary arithmetic or letter writing and other skills useful in business -
In the EU education is the responsibility of Member States, nevertheless EU institutions play a supporting role as the union funds educational, vocational and citizenship-building programmes which encourage EU citizens to take advantage of opportunities which the EU offers its citizens to live, study and work in other countries. The best known of these is the Erasmus programme,
as 'Wikipedia' lists more examples of educational policies and ongoing, developping initiatives of the EU -
European Schools, controlled by the Member States to provide a multilingual and multicultural education
List of schools in the Czech Republic: List of schools in the Czech Republic -
Since 1348 Charles University in Prague, the oldest and largest university in the Czech Republic, and also one of the oldest universities in Europe in continuous operation. Today, the university consists of 17 faculties located in Prague, Hradec Králové, and Plzen. The Charles University belongs to top three universities in Central and Eastern Europe and is ranked around 200–300 in the world -
Since 1088 University of Bologna, founded by an organised guild of students - hence studiorum - and the oldest university in continuous operation in the world, also the first university in the sense of a higher-learning and degree-awarding institute, as the word universitas was coined at its foundation -
Since 1257 Sorbonne university, when Sorbonne College was established by Robert de Sorbon as part of the medieval University of Paris, remaining one of the most prestigious universities in Europe and the world.
List of schools in Ukraine List of schools in Ukraine,
including Donetsk oblast and Mariupol city and seaport,
Kharkiv oblast, Lozova Gymnasium among others,
Kyiv oblast and Kyiv capital city including many schools listed by 'Wikipedia',
Lviv city and oblast, bordering Poland,
Odessa oblast's Bolhrad Gymnasium, Fontanka School, Odessa Secondary School No. 121, and more,
Rivne oblast, Ukrainian Gymnasium Rivne and more,
Volyn oblast, Lutsk Gymnasium 21 since 1986, among others,
Zakarpattia oblast, Uzhhorod city and since 1613 Uzhhorod public gymnasium school, in March 2022 with about 800 students, according to gymnasium's homepage
20 March 2022 Mariupol art school sheltering 400 students, citizens bombed by Russia, city council says: 20 March 2022: Mariupol art school sheltering 400 students, citizens bombed by Russian military, city council says, following the bombing of a theatre in Mariupol where hundreds of civilians took shelter last week and were trapped beneath rubble in a basement shelter, as the seaport city of Mariupol has been encircled by the Russian troops, cut from energy, food and medical supplies, and as local authorities said the siege has killed at least 2,300 people and some of them had to be buried in mass graves
Since 1730 Classical era of music: Since 1730 Classical era of music between roughly 1730 and 1820, and later, as best-known composers from this period are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms etc. -
In classical music, musical development is a process by which a musical idea is communicated in the course of a composition, referring to the transformation and restatement of initial material, as development is often contrasted with musical variation, which is a slightly different means to the same end, and carried out upon portions of material treated in many different presentations and combinations at a time, while variation depends upon one type of presentation at a time
1916-1922 French musician (and soldier) Maurice Ravel in 'Lyons-la-Forêt', beginning in Germany's WWI: Séjours connus à Lyons-la-Forêt du compositeur français Maurice Ravel, et des correspondances liées à ses séjours connus à Lyons-la-Forêt en août 1916 durant une courte permission alors qu'il était engagé comme soldat, de juin à septembre 1917, en septembre 1920 et d'août à septembre 1922 -
La Première Guerre mondiale du 28 juillet 1914 au 11 novembre 1918 des Empires centraux l'Allemagne et l'Autriche-Hongrie, surprit Ravel en pleine composition. Dès le début du conflit, le compositeur chercha à s'engager mais, déjà exempté de service militaire en 1895 en raison de sa faible constitution (1,61 m) il fut refusé pour être 'trop léger de deux kilos'. Dès lors, l’inaction devint une torture pour Ravel. À force de démarches pour être incorporé dans l'aviation c'est finalement comme conducteur d'un camion militaire qu'il surnomma 'Adélaïde' qu'il fut envoyé près de Verdun en mars 1916. Depuis le front, tandis que plusieurs musiciens de l'arrière tombaient dans les travers du nationalisme. Plus tard, en 1917, Ravel acheva six pièces pour piano regroupées sous le titre 'Le Tombeau de Couperin' qu’il dédia à des amis tombés au front. Durement touché par ces épreuves accumulées, le musicien resta insensible aux échos de l'armistice et traversa alors une période de silence et de doute que vinrent interrompre en 1919 deux commandes cruciales, l'une de Diaghilev (La Valse) - Ravel y défigura sciemment la valse viennoise en dépeignant un 'tourbillon fantastique et fatal', évocation musicale de l'anéantissement par la guerre de la civilisation européenne qu'incarnaient les valses de Johann Strauss -, l'autre de Rouché (L'Enfant et les Sortilèges). C'était l’orchestration des célèbres 'Tableaux d'une exposition' de Moussorgski, commande de Serge Koussevitzky achevée en 1922 à Lyons-la-Forêt chez son ami Roland-Manuel, qui assit définitivement la réputation internationale de Ravel en la matière. Les Tableaux orchestrés par Ravel font partie, avec le Boléro, des œuvres françaises les plus représentées à l’étranger. -
Villa 'Le Fresne' à 'Lyons-la-Forêt' où Ravel acheva la composition du 'Tombeau de Couperin' en 1917 et l'orchestration des 'Tableaux d'une Exposition' de Moussorgsky en 1922, le compositeur honoré familier de Lyons et sa fôret
20th century Hungarian composers, ethnomusicologists, pedagogues Zoltán Kodály and Béla Bartók, music education: 20th century Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist, pedagogue, linguist Zoltán Kodály -
Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist Béla Bartók, considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century -
Kodály's approach to music education developed in Hungary during the mid-twentieth century by Zoltán Kodály, which was then developed over a number of years by his associates including Bela Bartok, as in 2016, the method was inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Since 2017 'House of European History' in Brussels: Since 2017 House of European History (Maison de l'Histoire européenne, Huis van de Europese geschiedenis), a museum in Belgium's Brussels focusing on the history of Europe, as the permanent exhibition begins with the myth of the goddess Europa, delving into Europe's ancient roots and the continent's heritage of shared traditions and achievements, before continuing through Europe's dramatic journey towards modernity in the 19th century and the rebuilding process following World War II, as the final section challenges visitors to critically assess European history, its potential and its future -
Since 2011 Platform of European Memory and Conscience located in Prague and Brussels, an educational project of the EU bringing together government institutions and NGOs from EU countries active in research, documentation, awareness raising and education about the crimes of totalitarian regimes, as its membership includes 62 government agencies and NGOs from 20 EU member states, non-EU European countries, as well as from the USA, such as the Institute of National Remembrance, the Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial, and the Stasi Records Agency
Iroquois 'People of the Longhouse' historical indigenous confederacy in northeast North America: The Iroquois 'People of the Longhouse', a historical indigenous confederacy in northeast North America, known during the colonial years to the French as the Iroquois League, later as the Iroquois Confederacy and to the English as the Five Nations, comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca, as after 1722 they accepted the Tuscarora people from the southeast into their confederacy, also Iroquoian-speaking, and consequently became known as the Six Nations, and as in 2010 more than 45,000 enrolled Six Nations people lived in Canada, and about 80,000 in the USA
Since October 2007 international nuclear fusion research and engineering project ITER: Since October 2007 ITER, an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject, which will be the world's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment, funded and run by 7 member entities including the EU, India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea, USA, as the EU, as host party for the ITER complex, is contributing 45.46% of the cost and as 35 countries are participating in the project with an experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor built next to the Cadarache facility in Saint-Paul-lès-Durance in southern France
Since 1991 European Youth Olympic Festivals: European Youth Olympic Festival, a biennial multi-sport event for youth (14 to 18 years old) athletes from the 50 member countries of the association of European Olympic Committees. The festival has a summer edition, held for the first time in Brussels in 1991, and a winter edition, which began two years later in Aosta. It was known as the European Youth Olympic Days from 1991 to 1999. The Summer editions include the years 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2022, 2023, and the winter editions the years 1993, 199,5 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2022, and in July 2023 in Slovenia's city of Maribor
Religions in Europe, with a major influence on countries' societies, culture, language, art, and law, as the largest religion in Europe has become 'Christianity', as three countries in Southeastern Europe have Muslim majorities, as ancient European religions included veneration for deities such as 'Zeus', as smaller religions include religions originating in the Asian part of Eurasia, Judaism, and some East Asian religions, which are found in their largest groups in Britain, France, and the former Soviet Union (now Russian federation), as little is known about the prehistoric religion of Neolithic Europe, as Bronze and Iron Age religions in Europe were predominantly polytheistic (Ancient Greek religion, Ancient Roman religion, Basque mythology, Finnish paganism, Celtic polytheism, Germanic paganism, etc.)
Since ancient times the story of the 'Tower of Babel', actual confusion of tongues, and exploration of historical contexts -
Origin of language and human evolution -
Language acquisition
Since 7th century BCE adoption of the 'Torah' in Israel and Judah: History of education (learning specific skills) in ancient Israel and Judah, as 'education' has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of culture from generation to generation, and as formal education in this sense can be traced in Ancient Israel and Judah to some time after the 7th century BCE with adoption of the Torah, which means 'teaching', 'instruction', 'scribe' or 'law' in Hebrew -
Since 950–587 BCE history of ancient Israel and Judah during Iron Age II
Texts and subject areas of ancient Israeli education: Texts and subject areas of ancient Israeli education included texts, the Mishna and later the Talmud and Gemora, all hand-written as emphasis was placed on developing good memory skills in addition to comprehension by practice of oral repetition, as the children (girls were not provided with formal education) would be taught from the six broad subject areas into which the Mishna is divided, including Zeraim ('Seeds'), dealing with agricultural laws and prayers, Moed ('Festival'), pertaining to the laws of the Shabbat and the Festivals, Nashim ('Women'), concerning marriage and divorce, Nezikin ('Damages'), dealing with civil and criminal law, Kodashim ('Holy things'), regarding sacrificial rites, the Temple, and the dietary laws, and Tohorot ('Purities'), pertaining to the laws of purity and impurity
Since 1st century cleansing of the Temple narrative: Since 1st century cleansing of the Temple narrative (occurring in all four canonical gospels of the so-called 'New Testament'), telling of Jesus expelling the merchants and the money changers from the Jewish Second Temple, as the scene has become a common motif in Christian art, because in this account Jesus and his disciples (the later 'apostles' in Christianity) travel to Jerusalem for Passover, where Jesus expels the merchants and consumers from the temple, accusing them of turning it into 'a den of thieves' (in the Synoptic Gospels) and 'a house of trade' (in Gospel of John) through their commercial activities -
Narrative comparison of canonical gospels over the trial of Jesus in praetorium before Pontius Pilate, preceded by the Sanhedrin Trial, as according to the Gospel of Luke Pilate finds that Jesus, being from Galilee, belonged to Herod Antipas' jurisdiction, and so he decides to send Jesus to Herod, but after questioning Jesus and receiving very few replies, Herod sees Jesus as no threat and returns him to Pilate's court, where Jesus answered 'my kingdom is not of this world'
1st/2nd centuries renaming of Israel, Judah, Iudaea to Syria Palaestina by the Roman empire after its war crimes: As Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa, the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age, the Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE, then Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian, Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces, then the successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE, which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE, and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea, then Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction and mass murder, the expulsion of the Jewish population, and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina
Skills and degree of skill: Skills and degree of skill and learning - Die sogenannte ursprüngliche Akkumulation - Einfache und erweiterte Reproduktion - Human, individual reproduction
Human reproduction (individual) and pregnancy
Language development, the process by which human individuals 'acquire' (sich aneignen) the capacity to understand language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate - Phasen des Erstspracherwerbs - 'Prosodie' aus griechisch 'prosodía' - Learning to read (including spoors and tracks since early days) and to write
Since about 105,000 years ago global agriculture and in the Levant: Agriculture and history, as agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa in at least 11 separate centres of origin, as wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago, as from around 11,500 years ago the eight Neolithic founder crops, emmer and einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax were cultivated in the Levant, as rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC, as sheep were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago, as cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan some 10,500 years ago, as pig production emerged in Eurasia, including Europe, East Asia and Southwest Asia, as in the Andes of South America the potato was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, along with beans, coca, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs, as sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 9,000 years ago, as sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 7,000 years ago, as cotton was domesticated in Peru by 5,600 years ago and was independently domesticated in Eurasia, and as in Mesoamerica, wild teosinte was bred into maize by 6,000 years ago
Types of populated places (Siedlungsformen): Types of populated places (Siedlungsformen)
Holy Roman Empire 800/962–1806 'translatio imperii' taken from 'translatio studii': The origin and name of the 'Holy Roman Empire' 800/962–1806 and its history - 'Translatio imperii' (transfer of rule) concept that originated from the Middle Ages, in which history is viewed as a linear succession of transfers of an imperium that invests supreme power in a singular ruler, an 'emperor' (or sometimes even several emperors, e.g., the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Holy Roman Empire), as the concept is linked to 'ecclesiastical translation' (including the transfer of a bishop from one episcopal see to another, 'apostolic succession'), taken from the 'translatio studii', thought to have their origins in the second chapter of the Book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible
Feudalism and manorialism in Medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries: Feudalism, a historiographical term used to describe the combination of the legal, economic, military, and cultural customs that flourished in Medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries, seen as a way of structuring society around relationships that were derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor, and as - although it is derived from the Roman (Latin) word feodum or feudum used during the Medieval period - the term feudalism and the system which it describes were not conceived of as a formal political system by the people who lived during the Middle Ages -
Manorialism, also known as seignorialism or the manorial system, was an organising principle of rural economies which vested legal and economic power in a lord of the manor, as - if the core of feudalism is defined as a set of legal and military relationships among nobles - manorialism extended this system to the legal and economic relationships between nobles and peasants, and as manorialism is sometimes included in the definition of feudalism -
Rise of the territorial state -
Territorialisierung
Taxation of the Jews in Europe: Taxation of the Jews in Europe, in addition to the taxes levied on the general population and imposed on the Jews by the authority or ruler of the territory in which they were living, playing an important part in Jewish history, as the abolition of special taxes on the Jews followed their admission to civil rights in France and elsewhere in Europe at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, and as the 'Leibzoll' or 'Judengeleit' was another special toll which Jews had to pay in most of the European states in the Middle Ages and up to the beginning of the nineteenth century -
Medieval revival of the 'Fiscus Judaicus' (tax imposed on Jews in their land by the Roman Empire after the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple in AD 70), revived in 1342 under the name of 'Opferpfennig' by the 'Holy Roman Emperors, first introduced by Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian, who ordered all Jews above the age of 12 and possessing 20 gulden to pay one gulden annually for protection, justified on the grounds that the emperor, as the legal successor of the Roman emperors, was the rightful recipient of the Temple tax which Jews paid to the Romans after the destruction of the Second Temple, and as the originally Guldenpfennig and then Opferpfennig was collected on Christmas day
Possession and ownership, estate in land, land grab and 'Decimatores': Warenbesitzer (Waren sind Dinge und daher widerstandslos gegen den Menschen) beziehen Dinge als Waren aufeinander indem sie sich zueinander als Personen verhalten, deren Willen in jenen Dingen haust, so daß der eine nur mit dem Willen des andren, also jeder nur vermittelst eines, beiden gemeinsamen Willensakts sich die fremde Ware aneignet, indem er die eigne veräußert, wobei sie sich wechselseitig als Privateigentümer anerkennen in einem Rechtsverhältnis, dessen Form der Vertrag ist (ob nun legal entwickelt oder nicht) - Possession, the control a person intentionally exercises toward a commodity (use value and value) in the 'Exchange Process', but - in order to relate these objects to one another as commodities, their keepers must relate to each other as persons, whose wills reside in these objects, and so - in order to appropriate the commodity of the other and alienate his own - each owner has to consent with the other, i.e., it is an act of will common to both parties, and the keepers must therefore recognize each other as the private owners of their commodities, and this juridical relation, whose form is the contract, whether as part of a developed legal system or not, is a relation between wills, in which the economic relation reflects itself - 'Estate' in land, the soil or bottom of the Earth, neither as a whole nor as a piece, isn't and cannot be in the 'Exchange Process' - Verwandlung von Surplusprofit in Grundrente
Natural tax (Naturalsteuer, Zehnt): Der 'Decimator' (Zehentner) war ein mittelalterlicher Amtsträger oder Beauftragter von Klöstern, Pfarren, Grundherren oder Zehntpächtern, dessen Aufgabe es war, den Zehnt (Natural tax) einzutreiben, während zur Aufbewahrung des Zehnten große Zehntscheunen gebaut wurden, damit die Zehntpflichtigen ihre Abgaben dort oder am Zehnthof selbst ablieferten, wobei der Begriff gelegentlich auch für die Empfänger des Zehnts angewandt wurde, so z. B. die 'Decimatores majores', d. h. die Empfänger des 'Großen Zehnten', und die 'Decimatores minores', die Nutznießer des 'Kleinen Zehnten' -
Zehnthof, der Hof, auf dem der fällige Zehnt abzuliefern war -
Zehntscheunen, Lagerhäuser zur Annahme und Aufbewahrung der Naturalsteuer (Zehnt)
Agriculture in the Middle Ages: Agriculture in the Middle Ages
Medieval fortifications and militarization, including all areas of life: Fortifications by period - Medieval fortifications, defensive against military attacks by other land robbers but offensive against the peasants, serf farmers and the rural population - Medieval military technologies - Siege engine
Town privileges: Town privileges - History of urban centers in the Low Countries - City rights in the Low Countries - Free imperial city - List of towns in Europe with German town law
Medieval concept of ordered practices or skills: Artes mechanicae (mechanical arts), a medieval concept of ordered practices or skills, often juxtaposed to the traditional seven liberal arts (artes liberales), also called 'servile' and 'vulgar' from antiquity, deemed unbecoming for a free man ministering to baser needs, including vestiaria (tailoring, weaving), agricultura (agriculture), architectura (architecture, masonry), militia and venatoria (warfare and hunting, military education, 'martial arts'), mercatura (trade), coquinaria (cooking), metallaria (blacksmithing, metallurgy
Medieval technology amid the rise of towns (and some town privileges): Medieval technology, the technology used in medieval Europe, as since the 12th century the territorial states and rising towns across the whole continent (as part of Eurasia) saw a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth, as the period saw major technological advances, including the adoption of gunpowder, the invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, and greatly improved water mills, building techniques (Gothic architecture, medieval castles), and agriculture in general (three-field crop rotation)
Markets, stone processing, not location-bound builders and further professional traditions, education: Während spezielle Arbeitstechniken, wie Bronzeguss, Malerei und Bildhauerei, im Mittelalter zunächst an Klöster gebunden waren erhielten im Hochmittelalter und mit der Städtebildung urbane Zentren ihre antike Bedeutung zurück, und die hergestellten Waren wurden auf Märkten feilgeboten oder in Werkstätten und Läden ausgestellt und verkauft, wobei Baumeister und Steinhauer eine Ausnahmerolle spielten insofern sie von einer (Kirchen-)Bauhütte zur nächsten ziehend, über territoriale Grenzen hinweg Fertigkeiten, Innovationen und Stilentwicklungen verbreiteten -
Medieval European education -
Around 1433 Johannes Gutenberg of the city of Mainz developed European movable type printing technology with the printing press and in just over a decade, the European age of printing began, as evidence shows a more complex evolutionary process, spread over multiple locations
Medieval development of the merchant capital and trade routes: Das Kaufmannskapital erscheint als historische Form des Kapitals lange bevor das Kapital sich die Produktion selbst unterworfen hat, und seine Existenz und Entwicklung zu einer gewissen Höhe ist selbst historische Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung der kapitalistischen Produktionsweise, 1. als Vorbedingung der Konzentration von Geldvermögen, und 2. weil die kapitalistische Produktionsweise Produktion für den Handel voraussetzt, Absatz im großen und nicht an den einzelnen Kunden, also auch einen Kaufmann, der nicht zur Befriedigung seines persönlichen Bedürfnisses kauft, sondern die Kaufakte vieler in seinem Kaufakt konzentriert, während andrerseits die Entwicklung des Kaufmannskapitals darauf hinwirkt, der Produktion einen mehr und mehr auf den Tauschwert gerichteten Charakter zu geben, die Produkte mehr und mehr in Waren zu verwandeln - Trading posts of the Hanseatic League - Map of medieval trade route networks
Medieval development of money lending and banking since 5th century: Medieval development of money lending and banking and of a banking system since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, and amid religious restrictions on interest - Medieval currencies
Since 1492/93 'The Bulls of Donation', presumption of global jurisdiction: Since 1492/93 presumption of global jurisdiction in order to legitimize land grab, first including 'The Bulls of Donation' (Alexandrine Bulls), three papal bulls of Pope Alexander VI which purported to grant overseas territories to Portugal and the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, as a fourth bull followed later in 1493, and all four bulls were replaced by the 'Treaty of Tordesillas' of 1494
Since 1914 war objectives in world wars of Central and Axis powers and language confusion: Les buts de guerre des Empires centraux sur le plan territorial, politique et économique de la Première Guerre mondiale - 20th century Axis powers' ideology and wars as their primary goal was territorial expansion at the expense of their neighbors
Since 1920 'Völkischer Beobachter' German NSDAP newspaper and Adolf Hitler's ownership: Since 1920 'Völkischer Beobachter', the newspaper of the German NSDAP, as it first appeared weekly, then daily from 8 February 1923 forming part of the official public face of the NSDAP and the German empire until 1945, as the paper had its origin as the 'Münchener Beobachter', an anti-Semitic semi-weekly scandal-oriented paper which in 1918 was acquired by the Thule Society, and as in 1921 Adolf Hitler, who had taken full control of the NSDAP earlier that year, acquired all shares in the company, making him the sole owner of the publication - Other newspapers of NSDAP Germany included 'Der Angriff', 'Berliner Arbeiterzeitung', 'Illustrierter Beobachter', 'Das Reich', 'Panzerbär', 'Das Schwarze Korps', 'Der Stürmer', 'Die Glocke', and more
Aftermath of World War II by country, including corruption and language confusion
16 March 2015 corruption in the media is killing ethical journalism: 16 March 2015: Corruption in the media is killing ethical journalism, European Federation of Journalists EJN says
Health in Europe:
Health in Europe by country -
Health and the European Union -
Health-EU Portal is an official web portal of the Health and Consumers Directorate-General that facilities the access of public-related health information to EU citizens
12 May 2020 UK's covid-19 death toll passes 40,000: 12 May 2020: United Kingdom's covid-19 death toll topped 38,000 as of early May, by far the worst yet reported in Europe, raising questions about PM Johnson's handling of the covid-19 crisis -
12 May 2020: UK covid-19 death toll passes 40,000, official figures say, as almost 10,000 care home residents included in latest update on fatalities from ONS -
12 May 2020: Judge questions covid-19 case against 'homeless' London man Sultan Monsour, charged with being outside residence, ‘namely no fixed address’
29 June 2020 covid-19 confirmed deaths pass half a million and rising poverty e.g. in EU's Italy: 29 June 2020: Covid-19 confirmed deaths pass half a million globally, as more than 10 million infections confirmed in 188 countries and territories, and as pandemic has caused mass unemployment in many countries and lockdowns kept people in their homes, froze economic activity,
and fuels rising poverty e.g. in EU's Italy -
28 June 2020: Recovered covid-19 patients are baffling doctors with complaints of freak pains, lungs that just won’t get back to normal, and a range of incapacitating psychological issues, as Jerusalem’s Shaare Zedek Medical Center's Gabriel Izbicki says 'more than half the patients, weeks after testing negative, are still symptomatic', 'what we are seeing is very frightening'
18 February 2021 mink farms a continuing covid-19 risk to humans and wildlife, warn EU experts: 18 February 2021: All mink farms are at risk of becoming infected with covid-19 and spreading the virus, and staff and animals should be regularly tested, EU disease and food safety experts said, as mink are highly susceptible to coronavirus, which spreads rapidly in intensive farms that often breed thousands of animals in open housing caged systems, and as virus had been found at 400 mink farms in at least eight countries in the EU and European Economic Area, including 290 in Denmark, 69 in the Netherlands, 17 in Greece, 13 in Sweden, three in Spain, two in Lithuania and one each in France and Italy
Pesticides, chemical herbicides in the European Union: Pesticides in the European Union -
Environmental impact of pesticides -
Health effects of pesticides (non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, neurological problems, birth defects, fetal death, neurodevelopmental disorder and more) may be acute or delayed in those who are exposed -
Pesticide residue refers to chemicals and pesticides that may remain on or in food, especially derivatives of chlorinated pesticides, exhibit bioaccumulation which could build up to harmful levels in the body as well as in the environment, persistent chemicals can be magnified through the food chain and have been detected in a wide range of products -
Pesticide toxicity to bees> -
Insecticides
Media and media freedom in Europe and the EU: European media
Since 1993 'Euronews' European TV news network headquartered in Lyon, partnerships: Euronews, a European television news network, headquartered in Lyon, France. The network began broadcasting on 1 January 1993 and covers world news from a European perspective. The majority of Euronews - in 2022 88% - is owned by Portuguese investment management firm Alpac Capital with the rest partly owned by several European and North African public and state-owned broadcasting organizations. Euronews is a provider of livestreamed news, which can be viewed in most of the world - with the exceptions of the USA, Canada, Turkey, Singapore, China, Cuba, and North Korea - via its website, on YouTube, and on various mobile devices and digital media players.
Since 2015 European Investigative Collaborations EIC: Since 2015 European Investigative Collaborations, investigative journalism work from European media Falter (Austria), Mediapart (France), El Mundo (Spain), Politiken (Denmark), Le Soir (Belgium), Der Spiegel (Germany), L'Espresso (Italy), NRC Handelsblad (Netherlands), Dagen Nyheter (Sweden), Nacional (Croatia), Expresso (Portugal), The Black Sea (Romania -
European Investigative Collaborations EIC website
Council of Europe: Council of Europe
May 1949: May 1949 Statute of the Council of Europe creating the council, the original signatories were Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom, as of 2013 it has been ratified or acceded to by 47 European states, nearly all European states with the exception of Belarus and Vatican City
1961: October 1961 European Social Charter, the basic rights set out in the Charter are housing, health, education, labour rights, full employment, reduction of working hours, equal pay for equal work, parental leave, social security, social and legal protection from poverty and social exclusion, free movement of persons and non-discrimination, also the rights of migrant workers and that of the persons with disabilities
Since 1954 European Political Community project: European Political Community project failed in 1954 when it became clear that the European Defence Community would not be ratified by the French national assembly, which feared that the project entailed an unacceptable loss of national sovereignty - amid the longlasting French Indochina war until 1954 and the beginning Algerian War of Independence until 1962
6 October 2022 first meeting of the IPC in Prague: 6 octobre 2022 la première réunion de la Communauté politique européenne rassemblera des dirigeants de tout le continent dans un esprit d'unité à Prague, avant la réunion informelle des chefs d'État ou de gouvernement, visant à favoriser le dialogue politique et la coopération afin de répondre aux questions d'intérêt commun et à renforcer la sécurité, la stabilité et la prospérité du continent européen. Les participants invités à prendre part à cette première réunion de la CPE sont les États membres de l'EU-27 et 17 autres pays y compris l'Arménie, l'Azerbaïdjan, la Bosnie-Herzégovine, la Géorgie, l'Islande, le Kosovo, la Moldavie, le Monténégro, la Macédoine du Nord, la Norvège, la Serbie, la Suisse, la Turquie, l'Ukraine et le Royaume-Uni
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE - Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe - OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media - OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
2014: 21 March 2014: OSCE to send observers to Ukraine as quickly as possible, Russian Putin regime says no Crimea mandate -
18 April: Ukraine OSCE peacemakers say they need more help and another 350 monitors to make Geneva deal work -
22 April: OSCE mission arrives in Sloviansk -
22 April: Antiterrorist center in Ukraine's east ensures work of OSCE mission -
24 April: OSCE chief monitor Apakan concerned about escalating violence in Donetsk region -
24 April: OSCE's Guldimann says Geneva accords helped stop escalation, confirming plans to increase the OSCE mission up to 500 monitors -
25 April: Ponomarev's pro-Russian separatists, who captured Vice journalist Simon Ostrovsky, hold OSCE military observers captive after their bus was seized -
3 May: All OSCE observers captured in Sloviansk released through joint efforts, FM Deshchytsia says adding that terrorists there are listening only to Russia -
7 May: At a meeting with OSCE Chairman Didier Burkhalter in Moscow, Putin calls on Ukrainian separatists to reschedule May 11 'referendum', adding that presidential elections in Ukraine, scheduled for May 25, are a step in the right direction -
27 May: The OSCE SMM loses contact with monitors near the city of Donetsk -
29 May: Pro-Russian separatists in Slovyansk claim to be holding four OSCE observers -
30 May: A second group of 5 OSCE observers went missing a day after pro-Russian separatists announced they were holding a four-member team of OSCE monitors -
12 June: OSCE wants to participate in negotiations with terrorists, as there is still no contact with kidnapped groups of observers in southeastern Ukraine -
13 June: The Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people calls on UN, OSCE to protect civilians in Crimea -
27 June: Release from captivity of OSCE group of four observers confirmed but Luhansk-based team has not yet been released -
29 June: Pro-Russia separatists release second Ukraine OSCE monitor group -
Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine since June 2014
2015 OSCE doubles its mission in Donbas but situation in Donbas gets worse: 5 January 2015: OSCE doubles its mission in Donbas -
13 January: Situation in Donbas gets worse, OSCE says -
31 January: Situation in Donbas deteriorates rapidly impacting civilians, OSCE says -
1 February: OSCE blames pro-Russian separatists for failed Ukraine talks in Minsk -
15 February: Russian-backed militants refuse to allow monitors from the OSCE to reach the encircled town of Debaltseve after a ceasefire took effect on Sunday -
17 February: OSCE reports ceasefire is not holding fully in Donetsk city, Debaltseve and Luhansk -
17 February: OSCE observers not allowed inspecting 19 trucks from the so-called Russian 'humanitarian convoy' in Luhansk -
18 February: OSCE calls on Russian-backed militants to immediately stop offensive -
7 March: OSCE urged to double the number of its observers in Ukraine to 1,000 -
19 March: Poroshenko's peace plan should be used along with Minsk accords, OSCE says -
26 March: OSCE reported continuing clashes near the village of Shyrokyne east from Mariupol -
9 April: OSCE mission ascertains that Ukrainian side withdraws heavy weapons at all visited locations -
30 April: Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine starts video conference,
as Ukraine's Leonid Kuchma wants Minsk subgroups to start work soon -
4 May: Trilateral contact group may meet in Minsk on May 6 -
5 May: OSCE records nearly 700 explosions, using heavy mortars and machine guns, artillery and tanks, near Donetsk airport and Shyrokyne village during the past weekend -
6 May: The leaders of the so-called 'DPR' and the 'LPR' Zakharchenko and Plotnytsky have decided not to take part in the Trilateral Contact Group meeting in Minsk on 6 May -
7 May: In Minsk Trilateral Contact Group agreed to send observers from each subgroup to the contact line in Donbas -
7 May: OSCE observers have no access to checkpoints on border with Russia,
also claiming that use of Grad multiple rocket launcher systems by Russian-backed militants is alarming -
8 May: Tripartite Contact Group agrees on four fundamental issues of further cooperation, Ukraine's Iryna Herashchenko says -
7 August: The Trilateral Contact Group on settlement of the situation in Donbas will meet in Minsk on 26 August, Ukraine's Iryna Herashchenko says -
9 August: Four OSCE cars destroyed in arson attack in militant-occupied Donetsk overnight -
13 August: OSCE at the Russian checkpoints of Gukovo and Donetsk reports that dumper trucks continue transporting coal from Donbas to Russia -
26 August 2015: Ukraine and representatives of Russian-led militant groups have tentatively agreed to abide by the ceasefire agreed in February starting on the beginning of the school year September 1 -
9 September: Trilateral Contact Group's working group on political issues will meet in Minsk on September 15-16, OSCE representative Martin Sajdik says -
24 September: The risk of new escalation in Donbas remains, OSCE says, as too many weapons remain in the territory -
30 September: Ukraine contact group agrees to pullback more weapons from the front line in Donbas, leaving Ukraine still not in control of its territory and border with Russia,
as a 40th Russian truck convoy arrives in east Ukraine -
16 October 2015: British delegation to the OSCE requests the Russian delegation to explain the presence of Russian Buratino Multiple Rocket Launcher in militant-controlled area in Donbas -
19 November: The ceasefire situation in Ukraine's two war-torn regions remains unstable, according to OSCE
2016 OSCE monitors accused of failing to respond to increased number of Russian-backed militant attacks: 2 February 2016: Ukraine's military spokesmen accuse OSCE monitors of failing to respond to the increased number Russian-backed militant attacks -
22 March 2016: OSCE human rights chief raises concerns over Russian regime's Savchenko verdict, calling for release to Ukraine -
7 May 2016: OSCE monitors in Ukraine report the presence of seven T-72 tanks in the militant-occupied city of Luhansk, which is a violation of Minsk agreement -
11 May: Militant 'parades' in occupied territories in eastern Ukraine violate Minsk deal, OSCE says -
20 May: OSCE ready to send an armed police mission to help conduct elections in eastern Ukraine -
28 May: OSCE monitors to Ukraine's Ertugrul Apakan condemns violence against watchdog in east, after monitors came under fire and had a drone shot down -
2 June: Russian-backed separatists block OSCE from occupied Luhansk in eastern Ukraine -
2 June: OSCE's Martin Sajdik expresses concern about the shelling of the Special Monitoring Mission representatives working in Donbas and ceasefire violations which led to the military and civilian casualties -
25 June 2016: Monitors of the OSCE in Donbas are facing systemic obstacles to prevent them from carrying out their duties, which mostly occur in the areas not controlled by the Ukrainian authorities, OSCE says -
4 July 2016: OSCE slams Russia's violations of human rights in Crimea -
4 August 2016: OSCE's Hug says, that Minsk contact group ignores numerous ceasefire violations, promoting unpunishment -
16 September 2016: Minsk Group fails to agree on withdrawal of forces in Donbas as Ukraine categorically opposes the alteration of the demarcation line and changing Mink agreements to satisfy Russian proxies -
19 October 2016: OSCE monitor says most of restrictions are in separatist-held areas of eastern Ukraine, adding that 'impunity for violations and interference in the OSCE mandate is an open invitation to commit more',
ahead of 'Normandy Four' meeting in Berlin to discuss the Minsk agreements -
11 November 2016: The conflict in eastern Ukraine is on the brink of a major escalation as the security situation deteriorated sharply over the past week, the OSCE warns -
18 November 2016: Triliteral contact group in Minsk discusses only modalities of the probable election in Russia-occupied Donbas, not a certain draft bill on it, Verkhovna Rada's Iryna Herashenko says,
as OSCE warns about a possible attack on Mariupol,
also reporting the biggest number of ceasefire violations along the frontline in Donbas in 2016 -
2 December 2016: Russia's deliberate escalation in Donbas makes Minsk ineffective, USA Ambassador Baer says
22 February 2022 Kyiv Post reports OSCE SMM field monitors currently hamstrung by mismanagement: 22 February 2022: After so-called Minsk agreements - engaging the OSCE - and signed by Ukraine, Russia, France and Germany in 2014-15 to provide a roadmap for a ceasefire in the Donbas (comprising Ukraine’s two easternmost regions of Donetsk and Luhansk) through a special monitoring mission SMM, with a mandate to monitor the fragile truce agreements, patrols drawn from the OSCE’s 57 participating States were subsequently sent to the war zone and other areas of Ukraine, including Kyiv in the center of the country and Lviv to the west. The war, now in its eighth year, was started by Russia and has killed 14,000 people and internally displaced more than a million more. In February 2022, Ukraine faces levels of violence in Donbas not seen in years and the threat of a further Russian military invasion of the rest of Ukraine. SMM field monitors are currently hamstrung by a chain of command devoted mainly to collecting salaries and woefully ill equipped to conduct ground patrols in a major war, according to former SMM staffer Steven Bowkett. The war monitoring OSCE mission seems unable to fulfill its principal mandate of documenting and recording violence in the Donbas due to staff shortages and weak leadership, current and former mission monitors have told the 'Kyiv Post'.
Crime in Europe
1802-1804 resistance to slavery, repression and French atrocities in Haiti: In 1802, when it became apparent that the French under Napoleonic rule intended to re-establish slavery in Haiti black cultivators revolted in the summer of 1802, Leclerc's successor Vicomte de Rochambeau fought an even more brutal campaign, waged a near-genocidal campaign against the Haitians, killing everyone who was black, importing about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica, who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes, also drowning blacks -
In 2005 French historian Claude Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, saying Napoleon was racist, instituted slavery, and was the first man in history that 'asked himself rationally the question how to eliminate, in as short a time as possible, and with a minimum of cost and personnel, a maximum of people described as scientifically inferior'
11 July 2020 'the most terrible camp' called Sylt on UK soil constructed by Nazi Germany after June 1940: 11 July 2020: 'The most terrible camp', as after 80 years cruelty of SS site Lager Sylt on UK soil constructed on Alderney after the island was occupied in June 1940 revealed, and as archaeologists publish in-depth survey highlighting the historical importance of the oft-overlooked Lager Sylt, as well as the physical and psychological torture of its inmates, mostly East Europeans and a large contingent of French Jews, as French prisoners dubbed Alderney 'le rocher maudit' underlining the brutality of the wind-swept, sea-beaten and remote island with a prewar civilian population of 1,400 people evacuated by Britain when, deeming them too difficult to defend, it pulled out of the Channel Islands after the fall of France in June 1940 -
Since June 1940 history of Alderney during World War II and German occupation -
Since January 1942 'Lager Sylt' Nazi concentration camp on Alderney on the British Channel Islands, built along with three other labour camps by the Organisation Todt, as the control of Lager Sylt changed since 1943 when it was run by the Schutzstaffel SS-Baubrigade 1 becoming a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp located in Hamburg -
'Lager Norderney' Nazi concentration camp on Alderney, in the Channel Islands, named after the East Frisian island of Norderney, housing European (usually Eastern but including Republican Spaniards) and Russian enforced labourers, as prisoners in Lager Sylt were also slave labourers
Antisemitism in Europe: Antisemitism in Europe - Timeline of antisemitism - Holocaust denial in the European Union
Nationalism, White supremacy, Fascism and National Socialism in Europe: Nationalism in Europe - Nationalist movements in Europe - White supremacy in Europe - White nationalism in Europe - Fascism in Europe
Since 1871 second German empire and ploughshares to swords: 'Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei' or NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party), a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945, that created, supported and executed the ideology and policy of Nazism -
January 1919 - February 1920 German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei DAP), a short-lived political party established after German empire's SPD supported World War I, the precursor of the NSDAP, founded on 5 January in Munich by Anton Drexler etc., developed out of the 'Free Workers' Committee for a Good Peace' (Freier Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden) league founded by Drexler in 1918 -
Adolf Hitler's membership, after in July 1919 Hitler was appointed intelligence agent (Verbindungsmann) of a reconnaissance commando of the German empire's military 'Reichswehr' to influence other soldiers and to investigate the DAP, and while monitoring the activities of the DAP, Hitler became attracted to founder Anton Drexler's anti-Semitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist, and anti-Marxist ideas -
NSDAP's party composition, organisations and command structure -
Mass media of Nazi Germany -
Nazi parties by country
Since 740 BCE Swords to ploughshares: In der Zeit von 740 und 701 v. Chr. reagiert der Schriftprophet der hebräischen Bibel Isaias (Jesaja) in Jerusalem, Juda und Israel auf die damalige Verarmung großer Bevölkerungsteile mit einer scharfen Sozialkritik und verheißt den Israeliten und umgebenden mehr oder weniger aggressiven Reichen der Region universalen Frieden und Gerechtigkeit -
740-701 BCE Isaiah (Tanakh 2:4) says that peoples 'shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks', and 'nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more' -
Beat your plowshares into swords, and your pruning hooks into spears, let the weakling say 'I am a warrior', according to Joel 3:10 or 4:10, as Micah says 4:3 'they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more'
20th-century National Socialism (Nazism) and anti-Semitism in Germany and collaborating states and Fascism: National Socialism, also known as Nazism, is the ideology and set of practices associated with the 20th-century German Nazi Party, Nazi Germany, and collaborating organizations and states - Austrofascism in Austria - Italian Fascism in Italy - Fascism in Spain
Since World War I, during Nazi period including World War II concentration and extermination camps, concentration and internment camps: Since World War I and during Nazi period including World War II concentration camps in Austria-Hungary -
Since 1973 Chile concentration camps during Pinochet's dictatorship in the 1970s and 80s -
Since 1960 concentration camps in China -
During Nazi period including World War II concentration camps in Croatia -
Since 1852-1953, during Bonaparte's regime, during Nazi period including World War II concentration camps in France, and in North and West Africa -
Internment camps and concentration camps in France before, during and after World War II, as beside the camps created during World War I to intern German, Austrian and Ottoman civilian prisoners, the Third Republic 1871–1940 opened various internment camps for the Spanish refugees fleeing the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, and following the prohibition of the French Communist Party by the government of Édouard Daladier, they were used to detain communist political prisoners, as the Third Republic also interned German anti-Nazis, mostly members of the Communist Party of Germany KPD, then, after the 10 July 1940 vote of full powers to Marshal Pétain and the proclamation of the État français or Vichy regime, these camps were used to intern Jews, Gypsies, and various political prisoners, anti-fascists from all countries, and Vichy opened up so many camps that it became a full economic sector -
Since 1904-1908 concentration camps in German empire's South West Africa, 1904–1908, during Germany's World War I, and then in the Nazi period including World War II concentration camps in Germany -
List of Nazi concentration camps, as there were 23 main concentration camps, of which most had a system of satellite camps, and the total number of Nazi concentration camps that existed at one point in time is at least 1,000 -
List of Nazi Germany's extermination camps and euthanasia centers, as Nazis murdered their victims at a wide variety of sites, including vehicles, houses, hospitals, fields, concentration camps and purpose-built extermination camps, with six major extermination camps and eight major euthenasia extermination centers -
During World War II Nazi concentration camps in Yugoslavia, as during the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia 1941–1944 as many as 70 Nazi concentration camps were formed in Yugoslavia, and the main victims in these camps were ethnic Serbs, Jews and Roma -
Since 1942 German Nazi military established concentration camps during its occupation of the Channel Islands -
Since 1940 concentration camps in Italy -
Since the 1910s Italian colonial empire's concentration camps in Libya -
Japanese empire's World War II camps in Asia -
List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II -
After World War II concentration camps in North Korea -
Since World War I concentration camps in the Ottman empire and Turkey -
After World War I concentration camps in the Soviet Union and since 1990 in Russia -
1936-1947 Francoist concentration camps in Spanish empire 1492–1976, as first concentration camp was created by Spanish dictator Franco on 20 July 1936 in the castle of El Hecho in Ceuta, as inmates of concentration camps were republican ex-combatants of the Spanish Republican forces as well as political dissidents, as prisoners who were regarded as 'unrecoverable' were shot, others were used as forced labourers, as in 1938 Francoist concentration camps held more than 170,000 prisoners, after 1939 the imprisoned population fluctuated between 367,000 and 500,000 people -
1936-1945 White Terror and Francoist Repression, including executions and rapes, which were carried out by the Nationalist faction during the Francoist War since 1936 as well as during the first nine years of the regime of Franco, causing 100,000-200,000 deaths -
During World War II internment camps in Switzerland -
Since the Second Boer War 1899-1902 concentration camps in the United Kingdom's 'British empire', in Bermuda, Cyprus, Ireland, Kenya, Malaya, South Africa -
Since 1838 USA's detention centers of Indigenous people, since 1901 concentration camps in the Philippines, since 1950 concentration camps were constructed to detain political dissidents, intended to hold alleged communists, anti-war activists, civil rights activists and other 'dissidents' from the 1950s to the 1960s, but were never used for their intended purpose, since 1961 internment camps in USA's Vietnam War until 1975
'Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945' (published by the USA Holocaust Memorial Museum 2009-2025): Since 2009 'Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945', a seven-part encyclopedia series that explores the history of the concentration camps, ghettos, forced-labor camps, and other sites of detention, persecution, or state-sponsored murder run by Nazi Germany and other Axis powers in Europe and Africa, as the series is produced by the USA Holocaust Memorial Museum after research began in 2000 and the first volume was published in 2009, as the final volume is slated for publication in 2025, also containing along with entries on individual sites scholarly overviews for historical context
21th century Neo-Nazim and anti-Semitism in Europe: Neo-Nazism in Germany and Austria since 1945 and analogous European movements - Neo-Nazism by country - Neo-Nazis by nationality
23/24 February 2020 Aalst’s annual anti-Semitic parade and German neo-Nazism: 23 February 2020: Repeated city of Aalst’s annual anti-Semitic parade near Brussels features costumes of Jews with insect bodies,
called an affront to nation’s ‘values and reputation’, damaging the country, by Belgian PM Sophie Wilmes,
as in Germany during a candlelight vigil for 9 people killed by an immigrant-hating gunman a woman, adressing the president, called out from the crowd, demanding action, not words, in the country of Nazism and not ending neo-Nazism since World War II, the Holocaust, unprecedented crimes against humanity
Nationalist, racist and fascist parties and politics in Europe: List of active nationalist parties in Europe - List of nationalist organizations - List of far-right political parties by country - List of fascist movements by country - Right-wing populism and political parties by country - Far-right politics in different countries
'Mouvance identitaire' en Europe, des groupes qui se proclament également identitaires, tels que l'Identitäre Bewegung en Allemagne, partiellement reliée à 'Pegida', et en Autriche, qui se réclame de la mouvance identitaire, ou 'Nordiska Förbundet' en Scandinavie, 'Causa Identitária' au Portugal, 'l’Union Nationaliste & Identitaire Suisse', Génération Identitaires Flandre et Mouvement Nation en Belgique, en Italie
Since World War I 1914–1918 war crimes in Europe, by German empire and allies: Since World War I 1914–1918 war crimes, crimes against humanity and crimes against peace in Europe and committed by the German empire and allies - Genocides in Europe - Crime in Europe by country
1914-1945 war crimes of the 'Imperial German Army' and later 'Wehrmacht': Since 1871 the 'Imperial German Army' inherited much of the traditions and concepts of the Prussian Army, which was its largest component army -
1871-1919 Imperial German Army, the unified ground and air force of the German Empire (excluding the maritime aviation formations of the Imperial German Navy), command and military role in foreign policy decisions -
'Wehrmacht', the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945 -
During World War II, the Germans' combined armed forces (Heer, Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe) committed systematic war crimes, including massacres, mass rape, looting, the exploitation of forced labor, the murder of three million Soviet prisoners of war, and participated in the extermination of Jews
August 1914-1918 German empire's inhuman 'attrition' warfare: Since August 1914 German imperial troops burned homes and executed civilians throughout eastern and central Belgium, including Aarschot (156 dead), Andenne (211 dead), Seilles, Tamines (383 dead), and Dinant (674 dead), as the victims included men, women, and children -
Since August/September 1914 inhuman 'attrition' warfare - completely inconsiderate, ruthless against ambushed foreign and own victims in large numbers - on the Western Front during German empire's WWI including the 1916 Battle of Verdun and more German war crimes until 1918 empire's defeat because of the superiority of Allied Powers since 1917 including the USA, also opposing empire's unrestricted submarine warfare
World War II 1939–1945 war crimes committed by Germany, Italy, and Japan: World War II 1939–1945 war crimes committed by Germany, Italy, and Japan, the so-called axis powers -
German war crimes in World War II -
German war crimes against enemy combatants and civilians committed by military units of the 'Wehrmacht' since the invasion of Poland September-October 1939 and crimes against humanity including the Holocaust -
Consequences of Nazism, as Nazism and the acts of the Nazi German state profoundly affected many countries, communities, and people before, during and after World War II, and as the regime's attempt to exterminate several groups viewed as subhuman by Nazi ideology was eventually stopped by the combined efforts of the wartime Allies headed by Britain, the Soviet Union, and the USA
Use of chemical weapons in Europe, since 1899 prohibited under the Hague Convention: Use of chemical weapons by country and in Europe, since 1899 prohibited under the Hague Convention
Since 1914 Germany's use of chemical weapons against Belgium, France, Italy, Russia, UK and Erwin Rommel's crimes: Chemical warfare, following Germany's earliest uses of chemical weapons in October 1914, when shells containing the irritant dianisidine chlorosulfonate were fired at British troops near Neuve-Chapelle in France -
The use of poison gas by the Germans played a key role in the collapse of the Italian Second Army in the Battle of Caporetto 1917, Erwin Rommel (later Hitler's favorite general) won the 'Pour le Mérite' for his role in the battle -
In 1917 the 1944 Nobel laureate Otto Hahn was one of three officers, disguised in Austrian uniforms, sent to the Isonzo front in Italy to find a suitable location for an attack, utilising newly developed rifled minenwerfers that simultaneously hurled hundreds of containers of poison gas onto enemy targets, as they selected a site where the Italian trenches were sheltered in a deep valley so that a gas cloud would persist, the 'Battle of Caporetto' broke through the Italian line and the Central Powers overran much of northern Italy, as in 1918 the German offensive in the west smashed through the Allies' lines after a massive release of gas from their mortars
1915-1918 German empire's 'Gastruppe' and Nobel laureate 'Haber's rule': 1915-1918 'Gastruppe' durante la prima guerra mondiale, le truppe tedesche incaricate dell'uso dei gas sotto la supervisione del premio Nobel 1918 Fritz Haber -
'Manifesto of the Ninety-Three', 4 October 1914 proclamation originally titled in English 'To the Civilized World' by 'Professors of Germany', declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions in World War I -
Since 1915 Fritz Haber, who played a major role in the development of the non-ballistic use of chemical warfare in World War I, in spite of the proscription of their use in shells by the Hague Convention of 1907 and to which Germany was a signatory, formulated a simple mathematical relationship between the gas concentration and the necessary exposure time which became known as 'Haber's rule', as during the 1920s his institute developed the cyanide gas formulation Zyklon A -
In 1917 the 1944 Nobel laureate Otto Hahn was one of three officers, disguised in Austrian uniforms, sent to the Isonzo front in Italy to find a suitable location for an attack, utilising newly developed rifled minenwerfers that simultaneously hurled hundreds of containers of poison gas onto enemy targets, as they selected a site where the Italian trenches were sheltered in a deep valley so that a gas cloud would persist, the 'Battle of Caporetto' broke through the Italian line and the Central Powers overran much of northern Italy, as in 1918 the German offensive in the west smashed through the Allies' lines after a massive release of gas from their mortars
Terrorism in Europe and in the EU: Terrorism in Europe - Terrorism in the European Union - Reactions to terrorist attacks
29/30 October 2020 Islamist terror attack in Nice: 29 October 2020 Nice stabbing, as three people were killed in a stabbing attack at Notre-Dame de Nice including a woman beheaded by the attacker, and as several additional victims were injured -
29 October 2020: Citizens killed, including a woman whose throat was slit by the assailant, shouting 'Allahu akbar', several injured in stabbing attack at Nice church, as suspected assailant detained after the apparent terror attack, third victim in life-threatening condition, amid high alert in France following 'protests' over 'prophet' Muhammad cartoons -
29 October 2020: Nice church attacker identified as 21-year-old Tunisian man Aouissaoui, who arrived on the Italian island of Lampedusa in late September, when authorities placed him in covid-19 quarantine before releasing him with an order to leave Italian territory, and he arrived in France in early October -
30 October 2020: Politicians from around the world have offered condolences and expressed their solidarity with the people of France after the nation suffered a second brutal Islamist terror attack on its soil in a fortnight
November 2020 Vienna terror attack and European Islamists: 2 November 2020 Vienna Islamist terror attack, a series of shooting incidents as one or more gunmen opened fire with assault rifles near the street on which the central synagogue is located in Vienna, as deaths of four civilians and one perpetrator were confirmed in the hours after the attack, seven other people were critically and ten other people were injured, as Vienna Police Department said that the attacker who was killed was an Islamic State sympathizer, and that the attack was Islamist terrorism -
3 November 2020: 4 people killed in Vienna Islamist terror attack, as Jewish institutions to remain shut -
15 novembre 2020: Les islamistes en Europe, y compris la Suisse, entretiennent des liens étroits les uns avec les autres, montré à nouveau par deux hommes de Winterthour qui avaient rencontré l’auteur de l’attentat de Vienne et étaient également en contact avec des présumés djihadistes d’Allemagne et du Kosovo, selon un journal suisse
January 2020 Airbus to pay record £3bn in fines for 'endemic' corruption: 31 January 2020: Europe’s largest aerospace multinational Airbus is to pay a record £3bn in penalties after admitting it had paid huge bribes on an 'endemic' basis to land contracts in 20 countries, including including China, Russia, Japan, Kuwait, Brazil, Turkey, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Taiwan, Ghana etc., and after judges declared that the corruption was 'grave, pervasive and pernicious, as planemaker agreed to pay the penalties on Friday after reaching settlements with investigators in the UK, France and the USA to end inquiries that started four years ago
2015 British, Switzerland's, USA's banks, called 'the cartel', manipulated foreign exchange markets 2007-2013: 20 May 2015: Regulators announce penalties against British Barclays, JP Morgan, Citigroup, Royal Bank of Scotland, Switzerland's UBS and USA's Bank of America Merrill Lynch, called 'the cartel', for manipulating the foreign exchange markets 2007-2013
Law in Europe: Law in Europe and by country
1949 Hamburg trial of Nazi Germany's World War II general Erich von Manstein and legend of 'clean Wehrmacht': 1949 trial of Erich von Manstein, a commander of Nazi Germany's World War II army, for war crimes under pressure from the Soviet Union, who was convicted of nine of seventeen charges, sentenced to 18 years in prison, but served only four years before being released, despite charges covering activities such as authorising or permitting the killing, deportation, and maltreatment of Jews and other civilians, maltreating and killing prisoners of war, ordering the execution of Soviet political commissars in compliance with Hitler's Commissar Order and issuing scorched earth orders while in retreat in the Crimea, as his early release on 7 May 1953 was also the result of pressure by Winston Churchill, Konrad Adenauer, B. H. Liddell Hart, and other supporters, and as the conduct of the trial was partly responsible for creating the legend of a 'clean Wehrmacht'
22 July 2020 at Bruno Dey trial in Hamburg witness Marek Dunin-Wasowicz wants to be heard in Germany: 22 July 2020: Still haunted by the pyres of burning bodies, Marek Dunin-Wasowicz, who spent several months at Stutthof camp, initially built to imprison Polish leaders and intelligentsia in September 1939, where war crimes defendant Bruno Dey at trial in Hamburg served, wants to speak out for the more than 60,000 people killed at the camp and for the few survivors who are still alive, also wanting his testimony to be heard in Germany, the country where Nazism originated and at a time of rising neo-Nazism linked rhetoric, politics and crime in Halle, Hanau, Kassel, Frankfurt, Berlin etc. and in Europe, also reporting that Germans came up to his table in the courtroom to meet him, 'to ask forgiveness in the name of their grandfathers, their fathers', 'I was shocked', and also calling Germany’s long delay in bringing Nazi personnel like Dey to justice 'inexcusable'
Europol: Since 1998 Europol, the law enforcement agency of the EU to handle criminal intelligence and combat serious international organised crime and terrorism through cooperation between competent authorities of EU member states -
Since 2002 European Confederation of Police, the umbrella organization of 33 trade unions from 26 European countries, which represent a total of more than 500,000 police officers, as its goals include enhancing the efficiency of police work under democratic control, the creation of norms for the qualifications of police employees, the preservation of the civil status of police officers, and the prevention of the privatization of police duties -
Since 2002 Eurojust, an agency of the EU dealing with judicial co-operation in criminal matters among agencies of the member states, seated in The Hague
Environment and natural history of Europe: Environment of Europe - Environment of the European Union - Environment of Europe by country - Natural history of Europe - Natural history of Europe by country - Biota of Europe by country
July 2021 floods by heavy-violent rains in west- and central Europe: Since 12 July 2021 several European countries affected by catastrophic floods, causing deaths and widespread damage in the UK and across northern and central Europe, including Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Italy -
July 2021 Hochwasser in West- und Mitteleuropa durch das Tiefdruckgebiet 'Bernd', vor allem in Belgien, Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Schweiz, UK
Since 2014 diesel emissions scandal: Since 2014 International diesel emissions scandal, raising awareness over the high levels of pollution being emitted by diesel vehicles built by a wide range of carmakers, including BMW, Citroen, Fiat, Ford, Hyundai, Jeep, Mazda, Mercedes, Peugeot, Renault, Volkswagen group and Volvo -
28 February 2018: 'Dieselgate' - a timeline of Germany's car emissions fraud scandal
16 June 2021 more than half of Europe’s cities still plagued by dirty air EAA report finds: 16 June 2021: More than half of European cities are still plagued by dirty air, despite a reduction in traffic emissions and other pollutants during last year’s lockdowns, as cities in eastern Europe, where coal is still a major source of energy, fared worst of all, with Nowy Sacz in Poland having the most polluted air, followed by Cremona in Italy where industry and geography tend to concentrate air pollution, and Slavonski Brod in Croatia, as the three cleanest cities were Umeå in Sweden, Tampere in Finland and Funchal in Portugal, after the EEA took data from 323 cities in 2019 and 2020
Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic that pollute the environment, as microplastics are not a specific kind of plastic, but rather any type of plastic fragment that is less than 5 mm in length according to NOAA and the ECA, entering natural ecosystems from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, cosmetics, clothing, tyres and city dust which account for over 80% of all microplastic pollution in the environment -
Bioaccumulation, the gradual accumulation of substances, such as pesticides or other chemicals, in an organism, occuring when an organism absorbs a substance at a rate faster than that at which the substance is lost or eliminated by catabolism and excretion, and thus, the longer the biological half-life of a toxic substance, the greater the risk of chronic poisoning -
Persistent organic pollutants, sometimes known as 'forever chemicals' are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes -
Biodegradable plastic
Since 1998 International Pollutants Elimination Network: Since 1998 International Pollutants Elimination Network, a global network of NGOs dedicated to the common aim of eliminating pollutants, such as lead in paint, mercury and lead in the environment, persistent organic pollutants POPs, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and other toxics -
Homepage of IPEN, founded in 1998 and registered in Sweden as a non-profit, public interest organization, as the global network forging a healthier world where people and the environment are no longer harmed by the production, use, and disposal of toxic chemicals
Pesticides, chemical herbicides in the European Union: Pesticides in the European Union -
Environmental impact of pesticides -
Health effects of pesticides (non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, neurological problems, birth defects, fetal death, neurodevelopmental disorder and more) may be acute or delayed in those who are exposed -
Pesticide residue refers to chemicals and pesticides that may remain on or in food, especially derivatives of chlorinated pesticides, exhibit bioaccumulation which could build up to harmful levels in the body as well as in the environment, persistent chemicals can be magnified through the food chain and have been detected in a wide range of products -
Pesticide toxicity to bees> -
Insecticides -
Chemical herbicides since the early 20th century, a result of research conducted in both the UK and the USA during World War II into the potential use of agents as biological weapons
Environment, landforms of Europe and by country: Environment of Europe -
Landforms of Europe -
Landforms of Europe by country
70 ecoregions, forests and rivers of Europe and by country: - List of ecoregions of Europe, including a total of 70 ecoregions, of which 58 are within the European continent. Some of these ecoregions are congruent with the World Wildlife Fund's WWF ecoregions, - Ecoregions of Europe - European countries by forest area - Protected areas of Europe
Pest control, the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest: Pest control, the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, adversely on human activities or environment. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to completely eradicate the pest. Pest control measures may be performed as part of an integrated pest management strategy. -
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases, using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management IPM programs.
Natural disasters in Europe
February 2022 Storm Eunice affecting UK, Ireland, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Poland: February 2022 Storm Eunice (Storm Zeynep in Germany), an extratropical cyclone that is part of the 2021–22 European windstorm season, affecting UK, Ireland, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Poland, making this storm in recorded history the strongest ever to hit England. So far, Eunice caused 5 fatalities in Europe, (in the UK, Netherlands, Ireland), as of 16:35PM on 18 February -
18 February 2022: England sees 122mph winds, as record-breaking gusts bring chaos to millions across UK, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates
Since 12 July 2021 floods by heavy-violent rains in Europe and impact: Since 12 July 2021 several European countries affected by catastrophic floods, causing deaths and widespread damage in the UK and across northern and central Europe, including Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy and more countries -
July 2021 Hochwasser in West- und Mitteleuropa durch das Tiefdruckgebiet 'Bernd', vor allem in Belgien, Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Schweiz, UK
May 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods: May 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods, an ongoing series of floods in and around the cities of Bologna, Cesena, Forlì, Ravenna, and Rimini, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The first floods occurred between 2 and 3 May 2023, killing two people. Heavy secondary floods are currently ongoing since 16 May 2023, killing at least fourteen people and displacing 50,000 others. The same amount of rain which usually falls in seven months fell in two weeks, causing the overflow of twenty-three rivers across the region. While in some areas, almost half the annual average of rain fell in only 36 hours. Moreover, 300 landslides occurred in the area and 43 cities and towns were flooded.
29 October - 4 November 2023 deadly storm Ciarán across Europe: Storm Ciarán was named by the United Kingdom's Met Office on 29 October, with winds of 90 to 120 km/h, widely with >130 km/h on some coasts, with heavy rainfall exacerbating the flooding from Storm Babet a week prior, 'Wikipedia' reports -
2 November 2023: During storm Ciarán deaths reported across Europe, as people have been killed by falling trees in France, Germany, Belgium, Spain and the Netherlands, while UK faces major disruption, 'The Guardian' reported
2018 European heat waves: 2018 European drought and heat wave, a period of unusually hot weather that has led to record-breaking temperatures and wildfires in many parts of Europe during the spring and summer of 2018, part of a larger heat wave affecting the northern hemisphere -
27 July 2018: The heatwave searing northern Europe was made more than twice as likely by climate change,
according to scientists -
3 août 2018: La canicule tue deux personnes en Espagne, un ouvrier d'origine nigériane, qui travaillait sur un chantier d'autoroute près de Murcie, et un senior qui entretenait son jardin potager à Murcie -
6 August 2018: Heat kills thousands of fish in River Rhine, as Europe is in the throes of a heat wave that is impacting life in many different ways -
6 August 2018: Swiss aid drought-hit farmers, pull dead fish from Rhine -
19 octobre 2018: Faute de pluie, le Rhin à son plus bas historique, nombreuses répercussions économiques
Since June 2022 European heat waves, drought, wildfires: Since June 2022 European heat waves in parts of Central, Southern and Western Europe. They have affected Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland,] Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Countries such as France, Portugal and Spain have been affected by drought, and high temperatures caused wildfires.
13 August 2022 Europe’s heatwaves, droughts put focus on climate change risks: 13 August 2022: Europe’s heatwaves, droughts put focus on climate change risks, as Italy, Spain, Germany, Portugal, France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom are enduring severe droughts this summer, as for example northern Italy has not seen significant rainfall for months, and snowfall this year was down 70%, drying up vital waterways such as the Po River, which flows across Italy’s agricultural and industrial heartland, and as EU's Research Centre warned that drought conditions will get worse and potentially affect 47% of the continent
2023 European heat waves and droughts: In 2023 Europe has been affected by heat waves. The most significant of these so far is the ongoing 'Heatwave Cerberus' since June, which is expected to bring the hottest temperatures ever recorded in Europe, and concerning especially Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, Türkiye, and the United Kingdom. In Greece the World Meteorological Organization station in Thiva registered 44.2°C on 14 July 2023, making it the highest temperature in the country for that day. On 15 July 2023, the National Observatory of Athens station in Elafonisi also recorded a maximum temperature of 44.2°C. In Italy a 44-year-old man in Lodi died due to intense heat on 11 July. Most of Italy saw temperatures above 40°C, with temperatures as high as 48°C estimated to hit Sicily and Sardinia by the middle of July. Spain experienced the hottest April on record, with temperatures up to 39°C recorded that month. Agriculture was heavily disrupted. -
In 2023, Europe has experienced drought-like conditions amid heat waves concerning especially France, Italy, Spain and the UK. In France, the Pyrénées-Orientales Department officially declared itself at a drought 'crisis' level on the 10th May. A dry winter limited replenishment of water tables, depleted in the 2022 European drought. Agriculture in France has been impacted. In Italy at Lake Garda the water level is 70cm lower than average, the Alps had 63% less snow than usual. As a result of water shortages, rice production has been cut. Canals in Venice dried up. In Spain's Catalonia, the Sau reservoir has been at 9% of its total capacity. 2023 has been Catalonia's worse drought in decades. The April 2023 heat wave has also exacerbated drought problems. The Fuente de Piedra Lagoon went dry for the first time in 20 years due to the heatwave, and is now a salt flat due to the heat.
19 July 2023 temperatures in Italy near 47C, Greece wildfires spread, WMO says trend shows 'no signs of decreasing': 19 July 2023: 06.26 BST Greek wildfires burn into night, 06.48 BST staff at Athens tourist sites protest against heatwave working conditions, 10.39 BST fossil fuels are largest contributor to climate crisis, says Global Witness, 13.04 BST Italy temperatures near 47°C, 09.28 BST wildfires raged and health warnings were in place in parts of Asia, Europe and North America, some children in Italy’s Sardinia were told to stay away from sports, from California to China, authorities warned of the health dangers brought by searing temperatures, urging people to drink water and shelter from the sun, temperature records tumbled around the world, with new heat streaks set in China and the USA, and fresh highs in France, and UN’s WMO said the trend showed 'no signs of decreasing'
June-July 2022 European and Mediterranean wildfires as bulk of the fires affected Mediterranean Countries: Since June European and Mediterranean wildfires in Albania, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey since 24 June 2022, United Kingdom, with the main areas affected being France, Greece, Portugal and Spain -
20 July 2022: Wildfires rage in Greece, Spain and Italy as heatwave moves across Europe, and as in Greece firefighters were now tackling a blaze on Mount Penteli to the north-east of the capital Athens, where police forced to evacuate people from their homes -
20 July 2022: A major fire started this afternoon in the Greek capital Pendeli area, rapidly moving north of Antusa towards the Penteli mountain range, while the fire has engulfed the forest area above Drafi, Vayati region,
as wildfires in Megara reach people’s yards, after residents at the Papagianeika area were instructed to evacuate early evening, and as a precautionary evacuation of residents at the Zachouli area was carried out earlier
European Union: European Union
Common values of the European Union's member states: Common values of the European Union's member states are human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law, respect for human rights, minority rights, free market, member states support the principles of pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity, equality of the sexes
Human rights in Europe and in the European Union - European Network of National Human Rights Institutions - Human rights by country
2015/2016 HRW EU report examining migration and asylum, discrimination and intolerance, counterterrorism across bloc: 2015/2016 'Human Rights Watch' European Union report examining migration and asylum, discrimination and intolerance, counterterrorism, Croatia, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, UK
Title 'Freedoms': Title 'Freedoms', contain articles 6-19 including 'Right to liberty and security', 'Respect for private and family life' saying everyone has the right to respect for his or her private and family life, home and communications, 'Protection of personal data', 'Right to marry and right to found a family', 'Freedom of thought, conscience and religion', 'Freedom of expression and information' saying everyone has the right to freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers, the freedom and pluralism of the media shall be respected, 'Freedom of assembly and of association', 'Freedom of the arts and sciences', 'Right to education' saying everyone has the right to education and to have access to vocational and continuing training, 'Freedom to choose an occupation and right to engage in work', saying everyone has the right to engage in work and to pursue a freely chosen or accepted occupation, and nationals of third countries who are authorised to work in the territories of the Member States are entitled to working conditions equivalent to those of citizens of the Union, 'Freedom to conduct a business', 'Right to property', 'Right to asylum', 'Protection in the event of removal, expulsion or extradition', saying collective expulsions are prohibited, and no one may be removed, expelled or extradited to a State where there is a serious risk that he or she would be subjected to the death penalty, torture or other inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
Title 'Solidarity': Title 'Solidarity' - title IV of the charter - contains 11 articles including 'Workers' right to information and consultation within the undertaking', 'Right of collective bargaining and action', 'Right of access to placement services', 'Protection in the event of unjustified dismissal', 'Fair and just working conditions', 'Prohibition of child labour and protection of young people at work', 'Family and professional life', 'Social security and social assistance', 'Health care' saying everyone has the right of access to preventive health care and the right to benefit from medical treatment, 'Access to services of general economic interest', 'Environmental protection', 'Consumer protection'
Citizenship of the European Union: Citizenship of the European Union - Citizens’ Rights Directive
Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union: Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union
European Union's internal market: European Union's internal market
The right of asylum in the EU, asylum and immigration: Asylum in the European Union - Right of asylum in the European Union - European Asylum Curriculum EAC is an EU Member State initiative intending to enhance the capacity and quality of the European asylum process as well as to strengthen practical cooperation among the European asylum/immigration systems - European Asylum Support Office, agency to strengthen EU Member States practical cooperation on asylum, enhance the implementation of the Common European Asylum System CEAS, and support Member States under particular pressure - Since 1990 Dublin Regulation, a EU law that determines the EU Member State responsible to examine an application for asylum seekers seeking international protection under the Geneva Convention and the EU Qualification Directive, within the European Union
2015: During the first half of 2015, large numbers of Syrian refugees crosses into Europe, reaching 313 thousands -
UNHCR applications across Europe by early August 2015 -
UNHCR documents 'Syria Regional Refugee Response' November 2015 -
19 September 2015: In the international refugee crisis European neighbours turn ugly in a chaotic series of border confrontations and diplomatic disputes, as thousands fleeing war are blocked and shunted between Croatia, Hungary, Serbia and Slovenia and UN warns European unity at risk -
21 September 2015: As ministers of EU member states, divided over how to distribute the influx of refugees, are meeting for more talks, at least 13 refugees drowned off the coast of Turkey, the latest to perish as they try to escape brutal conflicts, known by Europeans and others since many years -
3 November 2015: Russian airstrikes in Syria send thousands more refugees to Europe, as UNHCR reports 30% in increase in refugees since Russia began bombing Syria -
14 November 2015: Islamic State's terror attacks in Paris have increased fears amongst the refugees, many fleeing from Islamic State terrorists in Iraq and Syria and Assad's, Russia's and Iran's war crimes, that more borders will shut and that they will not be welcomed so readily by European communities -
18 décembre 2015: 2015 marquée par un nombre record de réfugiés et une vague sans précédent de migrants via la mer Méditerranée, dont une grande majorité venait de Syrie
July 2019 EU states' progress on plans to redistribute refugees: 23 July 2019: UNHCR and the International Organization for Migration said in a joint statement 'the crucial role played by NGOs must be acknowledged (and) they should not be criminalised nor stigmatised for saving lives at sea', as 14 EU states made progress on plans to redistribute refugees rescued in the Mediterranean, while eight said they would actively take part, including Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, and Portugal
Causes of refugee crises and EU's failure: Causes of refugee crises include war and civil war, human rights violations, environment and climate crises, economic hardship
2016: 2008-2016 List refugees and total population of concern by UN region, includes 21,288,728 people in Africa in 2016, 31,168,078 people in Asia in 2016, 8,061,269 people in Latin America in 2016, and 6,210,994 people in Europe in 2016
The European Parliament, the directly elected parliamentary institution of the EU, composed of 751 members - Politics and elections of the European Parliament - Political groups of the European Parliament
2015: 9 March 2015: EU chief Juncker plans European army saying that 'with its own army, Europe could react more credibly to the threat to peace in a member state or in a neighbouring state' -
23 April 2015: EU to restore rescue operations after latest Mediterranean migrant boat disasters -
23 April: EU summit to offer resettlement to only 5,000 refugees -
23 April: Rights group condemns proposed EU refugees plan as 'totally inadequate' -
5 May 2015: Britain should get a fair deal in the EU but cannot impose its agenda on the bloc's other 27 members, EU's Jean-Claude Juncker answers after UK's Cameron has said he wants to be able to limit an influx of people from other EU states to Britain -
19 May: EU foreign ministers approve naval force to tackle people smugglers -
17 June: EU plan for refugee crisis in jeopardy as countries struggle to agree -
18 June: Greece's future in EU at stake as ministers gather for talks -
18/19 June: After eurozone finance ministers talks with Greece's Varoufakis failed,
more emergency meetings and an EU emergency summit on Monday announced -
22 June: EU meeting in Brussels as Greece's Tsipras again demands debt relief and markets surge on hopes of last-minute deal -
23 June: Eurozone politicians in Brussels cautiously welcome new reform proposals by Greece as a possible basis for an agreement, saying that there is still a lot of work to be done to reach deal this week -
25 June: No deal reached in Greek debt crisis after another long night of talks,
despite creditors' ultimatum, ahead of another crunch eurogroup meeting and then the EU leaders summit tonight -
26 June: Talks between eurozone finance ministers resume on Saturday as Greece has to make its €1.6bn payment to the International Monetary Fund on Tuesday -
30 June: EU's Juncker makes last-minute offer to Greece but Tsipras unmoved -
30 June: Hopes of last-minute deal on decision day for Greek PM Tsipras, as Greece faces deadline for reaching deal with creditors and making €1.6bn IMF payment, otherwise it will lose €7.2bn bailout funds -
6 July: European politicians will meet for crisis talks and the ECB faces a crucial decison over whether to its funding freeze after Greece's referendum 'no' vote -
7 July: Eurozone finance ministers and leaders meet in new efforts to find a common way out of Greek crisis -
8 July: Unless Greek government presents convincing details entailing more austerity as the basis for its third bailout in five years, all 28 national EU leaders are to gather in Brussels on Sunday in emergency session to discuss how to contain the fallout from Greece’s financial collapse -
8 July: After months of Greek government's second-rate theatre Europe has five days to find a shift -
9 July: Greek government seeks new EU loan to avert 'Grexit' and economic collapse, urged to deliver a detailed economic package -
10 July: After it has submitted a package of tough austerity measures Tsipras' government urges MPs to back bailout plan -
11 July: Eurozone creditors meet to discuss latest Greek proposals and to decide, after PM Tsipras received backing from his MPs -
12 July: Eurozone ministers will resume talks on Sunday after failing to reach agreement tonight on Greece’s request for a third bailout -
13 July: After Eurozone agreed that Greece should receive a new aid programme, several national parliaments must give their approval, including the Greek parliament -
16 July: ECB and Eurogroup consider next steps after Greek parliament's 'Yes' vote -
17 July: Eurozone's national votes on the Greek bailout 2015 -
17 July: German MPs debate Greek bailout -
17 July: EU agrees €7bn loan as Germany backs new Greek bailout talks -
15 August: Eurogroup’s approval of a third bailout for Greece means the country’s place in the Eurozone is not under threat, EU's Jean-Claude Juncker says -
19 August: Eurozone finance ministers and ESM agree 86-billion-euro bailout deal for Greece -
9 September 2015: Saying the response to this crisis should be the first priority of the EU, Jean-Claude Juncker gives details of a quota plan to resettle 160,000 refugees in the European refugee and migrant crisis -
14 September: EU interior ministers are gathering in Brussels for emergency talks on how to tackle the mounting refugee crisis a day after Germany reintroduced borders -
15 September: EU ministers can’t agree on what to do with 120,000 refugees, as Czech Republic, Slovakia and others oppose common plans to help desperate people and take strain off Greece, Italy and others -
21 September: Eastern Europe foreign ministers to meet in Luxembourg to discuss international refugee and migrant crisis -
22 September: EU ministers to discuss binding quotas, as Hungarian army given power to block refugees and Central European states resist refugee quotas -
22/23 September: European ministers adopt refugee relocation plan in Brussels -
23 September: EU summit amid resentment over quota deal in refugee crisis -
24 September: EU emergency talks with pledge of hundreds of millions of euros to help transit countries, as European council president Tusk criticises 'open doors and windows' policy -
24 September: EU without common policy on refugee crisis, as some politicians open their mouth widely and border disputes worsen -
15 October: EU summit issues today include Ukraine ceasefire, the refugee and migrant crisis, the economy, climate change,
and efforts to support countries like Turkey to tackle refugee crisis -
16 October: EU offers Turkey 'action plan' on migration crisis -
26 October: EU and Balkans agree plan for 100,000 places in reception centres for refugees and a 17-point plan to manage the flow of refugees in the Balkans, including more shelter, border registration and increased naval operations -
20 November: EU ministers agree tighter border checks as Paris death toll rises to 130 -
5 December: Home affairs ministers push forward passenger data changes to store the names and credit card information of all passengers on flights into and out of the EU -
17 December 2015: Migrant crisis tops agenda of final EU summit of 2015
2016: 13 January 2016: European commission launches unprecedented inquiry in response to controversial Polish legislation that puts more power into the hands of the government -
26 January: Schengen scheme on the brink after Amsterdam EU talks -
18/19 February 2016: EU summit in Brussels without invited Turkey but with special rights demanding UK's Cameron who will 'walk away' from talks if no EU deal -
20 February: Following EU summit deal Cameron takes Brussels plan to cabinet -
2 March: EU's Schengen members urged by European Commission to lift border checks to save passport-free zone -
4 March 2016: Several brave EU countries including France, the Netherlands and Sweden could scupper plans by the European commission to approve the relicensing of a weedkiller glyphosate, a key ingredient in herbicides such as USA's Monsanto’s multibillion-dollar brand Roundup, linked to cancer by the World Health Organisation -
7 March: International refugee and migrant crisis summit of EU and Turkey in Brussels -
7/8 March: 'One in, one out', the EU's simplistic answer to the refugee crisis, not even settled as decision delayed until a summit next week to flesh out the details of Turkey's new demands -
8 March 2016: UN refugee agency has concerns over the deal reached between the EU and Turkey that would see refugees sent back to Turkey, where some nationalities lack protection -
10 mars 2016: Après la fermeture de la route des Balkans aux migrants, la Grèce doit être soutenue, a déclaré la conseillère fédérale de la Suisse Simonetta Sommaruga à la réunion des ministres de l'intérieur et de la justice de l'UE -
17 March: EU member states and Turkey meet in Brussels to discuss a plan to stop migrants and refugees coming to Europe -
18 March: Deal between the EU and Turkey to stem the flow of refugees and migrants to Europe is hanging in the balance, over a decades-long dispute about the divided island of Cyprus -
18 March: EU's deal with Turkey means all those arriving in Greece from Sunday can expect to be returned to Turkey -
20 March: Greece delays sending refugees back to Turkey under EU deal saying they are waiting for extra personnel to implement the deal and will struggle to enforce it -
6 April: EU to set out proposals for overhaul of European asylum rules -
8 April: EU 'will toughen plans to make firms disclose offshore tax bills' in the wake of the Panama Papers -
23 April 2016: EU finance ministers agree to propose joint list of tax havens and approve plan to automatically exchange data on shell company owners -
27 April: Tusk rejects Tsipras request for EU summit on Greece bailout -
25 mai: Les ministres des Finances de la zone euro se sont engagés à alléger à terme la dette grecque si certaines conditions sont réunies -
13 July 2016: European officials have finalised plans to create a common EU asylum system and refugee resettlement scheme, which critics believe will be a further betrayal of refugee rights -
30 August: More tax deals involving some of the world's biggest companies from Amazon to Starbucks in the European commission's sights after EU's ruling against USA's 'Apple', the biggest blow dealt by Brussels so far in a long-running battle against multinationals and their tax avoidance -
Informal EU meeting of the 27 heads of state or government on 16 September 2016 in Bratislava -
29. Oktober 2016: EU-Kommissar CDU-Oettinger nennt Chinesen bei Vortrag in Hamburg 'Schlitzaugen' und spricht von 'Kommunisten'-Blockade der Wallonie bei den CETA Verhandlungen zwischen Canada und der EU -
30 October 2016: German EU commissioner CDU-Oettinger accused of racism after remarks about Chinese, calls for his resignation follow failure to apologise for remarks
19 July 2020 EU goes into extra time: 19 July 2020: EU prime ministers and presidents go into extra time as tempers fray at coronavirus pandemic summit, and as Poland's Mateusz Morawiecki publicly accused the Netherlands, Austria, Denmark and Sweden of being 'misers' while Italy's Giuseppe Conte claimed the Dutch were trying to rewrite the EU’s rules with their insistence on a veto on the disbursement of emergency funds, and as Macron and Merkel abruptly walked away from negotiations with PM Rutte who fears next Dutch general election in March 2021,
amid expectations that, whereas the covid-19 crisis is over the peak, the economy would continue shrinking, and the industries, in particular the construction industry, which were doing relatively well, would be hit as well, and forecasts that the unemployment rate would grow from 3% to 7% by the end of 2020, due to political failures first and mainly in causing China and then as a consequence also in the EU commission ignoring calls for support in time
EU Directorate-General for Competition: Directorate-General for Competition, responsible for establishing and implementing a coherent competition policy for the European Union, having a dual role in antitrust enforcement, an investigative role and a decision-making role - European Commissioner for Competition
Budget of the European Union: Budget of the European Union
Common Agricultural Policy of the EU: Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union implements a system of agricultural subsidies and other programmes - Agriculture and Fisheries Council composed of the agriculture and fisheries ministers of the 27 European Union member states
European Commissioner for Energy: European Commissioner for Energy
History of the euro, European Central Bank, European Stability Mechanism and Banking Union: History of the euro - The European Central Bank is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 18 EU member states - The Eurogroup meeting of the finance ministers of the eurozone exercises political control over the currency and related aspects of the EU's monetary union such as the Stability and Growth Pact - Eurozone
Since 2017 European Public Prosecutor's Office EPPO, an independent body of the EU established under the Treaty of Lisbon between 22 of the 27 states of the EU following the method of enhanced cooperation, based in Luxembourg City's Kirchberg, alongside the Court of Justice CJEU and the European Court of Auditors - EU Deputy European Chief Prosecutors website
Social movements and protests in the European Union
2003: 15 February 2003 Anti-War Protest was a coordinated day of protests across the world in which people in more than 600 cities expressing opposition to the imminent Iraq War, some of the largest protests took place in Europe
2016: 28 February 2016: Protests against Russian aggression in Ukraine in European countries France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain have taken place on 28 February 2016, two years after Russian regime forces began their invasion of Crimea -
19 March: Thousands of people marched in London, Athens, Barcelona, Vienna, Amsterdam and several Swiss cities voicing their support for refugees and migrants on Saturday, the day after the EU and Turkey sealed a deal designed to tackle the international refugee and migrant crisis -
24 mars 2016: Plus de 200 membres d'ONG et associations d'aides aux réfugiés ont manifesté jeudi sur l'île de Lesbos devant le hotspot de Moria contre sa transformation en centre de détention pour les réfugiés et migrants, dans le cadre de l'accord UE-Ankara -
18 April 2016: Thousands of people, including victims and their families, walked through central Brussels on Sunday in a 'march against terror and hate', almost one month after 'Islamic State' terrorists' attacks
7 June 2020 thousands rally in Europe against racism, police brutality: 7 June 2020: Thousands rally against racism and police brutality in Barcelona, Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris and Rome and more cities on Sunday in support of the 'Black Lives Matter' movement, which has drawn large protests around the world including Europe,
in a sign that the movement against USA police brutality is resonating in Africa, North and South America, Asia, Australia and Europe with wider calls over addressing racism in different countries,
as messaging technology is helping fuel global protests
7 November 2021 protests in Glasgow, London, Amsterdam, Paris, Dublin, Copenhagen, Zurich and Istanbul: 7 November 2021: Tens of thousands of climate activists have marched through the Scottish city hosting the UN COP26 climate summit, physically close to the global negotiators inside, as frustrated marchers in Glasgow on Saturday are increasingly dismissive of the talks and demand immediate action instead to slow global warming, as similar protests were held in London, Amsterdam, Paris, Dublin, Copenhagen, Zurich and Istanbul, and as many of the marchers condemned government leaders for failing to produce the fast action they say is needed
European Union law is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of member states of the European Union -
Law enforcement in Europe -
Judiciary of the European Union -
Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights -
European Union and the International Criminal Court
Data protection in the EU and Europe:
Since 2017 European Public Prosecutor's Office EPPO, an independent body of the EU established under the Treaty of Lisbon between 22 of the 27 states of the EU following the method of enhanced cooperation, based in Luxembourg City's Kirchberg, alongside the Court of Justice CJEU and the European Court of Auditors - EU Deputy European Chief Prosecutors website
European Court of Justice - Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union - List of members of the European Court of Justice
General Court EGC, a constituent court of the Court of Justice of the European Union, hearing actions taken against the institutions of the European Union by individuals and member states, although certain matters are reserved for the European Court of Justice, decisions of the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice, but only on a point of law
Foreign relations of the European Union - History of colonialism - Emigration from Europe - Asylum in the European Union - Immigration to Europe - Illegal immigration to Europe
12 March 2022 the misery of war in in the month of March in Europe in 2022 AD: 12 mars 2022: Verrouillage de l’avancée russe vers Odessa, la ville de Mykolaïv a tenu tête aux forces russes repoussées au bord, mais les morts sont de plus en plus nombreux. Civils ou militaires, Russes et Ukrainiens, plus d’une centaine de corps ont été transportés à la morgue depuis le début de la guerre. Ils s’entassent dans toutes les pièces. Des parents viennent chercher leurs enfants morts au combat. -
Name of March comes from Martius, the first month of the earliest Roman calendar, named after 'Mars', the Roman god of war, and never joyful as the month of´'March' may be. Month Martius was the beginning of the season for warfare, remaining the first month of the Roman calendar year perhaps before becoming the third month, when 'July' (named after Julius Caesar 46 BC) and 'August' (named after emperor Augustus in 8 BC) were recorded in the chronometry and in the history of the calendar
16 February 2021 Chad will send 1,200 troops to combat jihadists in a flashpoint Sahel border zone: 16 February 2021: Chad will send 1,200 troops to combat jihadists in a flashpoint Sahel border zone, its president said Monday, as France looks to reduce its longstanding military presence in the vast, volatile region, and as Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and France are holding talks on the future of their campaign against insurgencies raging in the Sahel
2015: 1 January 2015: Catastrophe avoided as runaway ship with 768 people on board on a collision course with Italy's rocky shoreline stopped by Gallipoli's coastguard -
2 January 2015: Sierra Leone-flagged vessel, second in four days to be abandoned by crew in rough seas with 450 migrants on board, being towed to Italy -
3 January 2015: People smugglers likely raked in more than US$1.0 million from the hundreds of desperate 'ghost ships' migrants abandoned off the coast of Italy, IOM says -
3 January: After 'ghost ship' Ezadeen rescued in Mediterranean, 360 Syrians emerged -
20 January 2015: EU to launch anti-terror projects with Muslim nations -
9 February: At least 29 migrants die of hypothermia after Italian coastguard rescue with small patrol boats -
17 March: EU to name new special envoy Fernando Gentilini to Mideast peace process -
16 April 2015: EU under pressure over migrant rescue operations in the Mediterranean after 400 lives lost in latest incident -
17 April: Muslim migrants had thrown 12 Christians overboard during a recent crossing from Libya, police says, and an aid group says another 41 people were feared drowned in a separate incident -
19 April: EU plans urgent talks after up to 700 African migrants feared dead when boat capsizes near Libya -
20/21 April: EU emergency meeting results in decision to boost maritime patrols in Mediterranean, broaden search-and-rescue mandate and to launch military operations against migrant-smugglers in Libya,
as UN refugee agency, after speaking to survivors of the disaster, confirms 800 migrants died in the shipwreck off Libya on Sunday -
12 May: Many would-be migrants to EU die unrecorded, study of Free University of Amsterdam says -
21 May: After Italian PM Renzi described people-smugglers as 'the slave traders of the 21st century', leading migration experts have denounced plans for military action against Libyan smugglers as reminiscent of the actions of countries that enabled the 16th to 19th century British, French etc. slave trade -
30 May: EU naval mission rescues more than 4,200 migrants in Mediterranean in 24 hours -
6/7 June 2015: More than 2000 migrants rescued from people traffickers in Mediterranean, as operations go on -
16 June: Italian police forcibly remove migrants stranded near French border -
26 June: Agreeing a plan to share out the care of people fleeing war and poverty in north Africa and the Middle East, EU meeting finally reaches deal on resettling 60,000 asylum seekers securing exemptions for Hungary, Bulgaria, while the UK has opted out of the scheme -
1 July 2015: The sea route
to Europe, the Mediterranean passage in the age of refugees
July-December 2015: 10 July: Twelve migrants have died after their overcrowded rubber dinghy sank off the coast of Libya, the Italian Coast Guard said, while some 823 were rescued in the latest events -
18 July: Impoverished Greece flooded by new wave of migrants -
25 July: As long as the bloody civil war in Syria continues with no end in sight, the number of refugees who see the perilous journey to Europe as their last chance for a future will continue to rise -
1 August: Migrants trying to sail from Turkey to Greece are increasingly reporting being attacked by gunmen trying to prevent them from reaching Europe -
6 August: Over 200 migrants attempting the perilous journey across the Mediterranean were feared to have drowned after their overcrowded fishing boat capsized off Libya -
12 August: Up to 50 migrants reportedly went missing after a large rubber dinghy sank in the Mediterranean, while more than 1,500 were picked up from other vessels in the past 24 hours -
18 August: Macedonia becomes another frontline of Europe's refugee crisis -
19 August: Nearly 110,000 migrants were tracked entering the EU in July by irregular means, official data show, setting a record as the influx continues, notably of Syrians reaching Greek islands from Turkey -
23 August: Italy's coastguard coordinated the rescue of around 3000 migrants in the Mediterranean after receiving distress calls from more than 20 overcrowded vessels drifting in waters off Libya -
26 August: Bodies of about 50 migrants found in hull of boat rescued off Libyan coast -
27/28 August: Discovery of dozens of dead migrants in an abandoned refrigerated lorry found on an Austrian motorway near the Hungarian border shocks Europe -
28 August: Up to 200 bodies discovered floating off the coast of Zuwara, one of Libya’s main people-smuggling hubs, in the latest tragedy of the European migration and refugee crisis -
2 September: Migrant and refugee flows continue as countries on Schengen border say they are doing everything they can -
3 September: People rush into Budapest Keleti railway station and try to board trains following the blocking and a re-opening of the station and an ongoing confusion in deeply divided EU, now waiting for a special meeting of EU ministers on September 14 -
10/11 September 2015: European countries inside and outside the EU bitterly divided over their responses to the tens of thousands of refugees heading west and north -
16 September 2015: Refugees and migrants head for Croatia to avoid Hungarian fence -
17 September: Refugees and migrants accumulate at Hungarian border with Serbia after EU-member Hungary brings in tough new measures, using use tear gas and water cannons and detaining dozens -
17 September: Thousands of refugees enter Croatia after Hungary's crackdown
October-December 2015: 2 October 2015: In the paupers’ section of Lesbos cemetery, volunteers, strangers, Israeli and Palestinian activists attend funerals for unidentified migrant victims, including kids, who drowned in the Aegean Sea -
7 October: EU military operation against refugee and migrant traffickers in the Mediterranean begins -
17 October 2015: EU-member Hungary closes its border with Croatia using barbed wire to block the path of desperate refugees and migrants to get to northern Europe,
as dictator Assad, Russian, Iranian and Hezbollah terrorists commit more war crimes in Syria -
29 October: Horrendous scenes reported after worsening weather caused boats to capsize in the Aegean Sea, killing at least 11 refugees and migrants, including several children -
30 October: Two boats reportedly sink off Greece, leaving at least 22 people dead -
2 November 2015: As 218,000 migrants and refugees crossed the Mediterranean to Europe in October 2015, the coming winter is already threatening to expose thousands to harsh conditions -
4 November 2015: Unicef's Marie-Pierre Poirier informs the media after she has completed a one week mission in Macedonia, Serbia and Croatia, amid rising numbers of refugees, women and children on the move and bad weather -
11 November 2015: Over 800,000 refugees and migrants reached Europe after crossing the Mediterranean Sea since the start of the year, IOM says -
11 novembre 2015: Quatorze réfugiés et migrants, dont sept enfants, sont morts noyés mercredi à l'aube au large de la Turquie lors du naufrage de leur embarcation qui se dirigeait vers l'île grecque de Lesbos -
12 November: Sweden and Slovenia became the latest European nations to tighten borders as African leaders warned their EU counterparts at a summit in Malta against building a 'fortress' Europe and as the European Commission is setting up a €1.8-billion 'trust fund' for Africa -
24 November: EU countries' development money being spent on tackling refugee crisis and border security rather than fighting poverty and inequality, European NGO confederation says -
6 December: As thousands of people continue to arrive at the Greece-Macedonia border daily, small numbers of refugees and migrants who had been denied entry into Macedonia have opted to go back to Athens -
19 December: Eighteen refugees and migrants drown after boat sinks off Turkey's southwestern coast -
23 diciembre: Más de 40 muertos en el Egeo en cuatro días, la mitad de ellos niños
Januar-March 2016: 22 January 2016: At least 15 migrants including eight children drowned when their boats capsized off the Greek islands of Kalolimnos and Farmakonisi -
28 janvier 2016: 24 réfugiés et migrants dont dix enfants sont morts noyés lors d'un nouveau naufrage jeudi matin au large de l'île grecque de Samos en mer Egée, tandis que onze sont portés disparus -
30 January 2016: More than 52,000 refugees and migrants crossed the eastern Mediterranean to reach Europe in the first four weeks of January, more than 35 times as many as in the same period 2015 -
30 January: At least 10,000 unaccompanied child refugees have disappeared after arriving in Europe, 5,000 in Italy alone, according to the EU’s criminal intelligence agency -
31 January 2016: Ten children were among at least 37 migrants who drowned in the Aegean Sea after their boat capsized as they attempted the crossing from Turkey to Greece, 75 people were rescued -
2 February 2016: Nine migrants, including two babies drowned off Turkish coast,
as more than 62,000 refugees and migrant arrivals reported in Greece last month -
8 February 2016: At least 27 refugees, including 11 children, drowned after a boat trying to reach the Greek island of Lesbos capsized two miles off the Turkish coast -
13 February 2013: Over 80,000 refugees and migrants have already arrived in Europe since the beginning of 2016, the majority of those arriving in January 2016 were women and children making up nearly 58%, over 400 have died trying to cross, according to UNHCR's Melissa Fleming -
17 February: Croatia sends over two hundred migrants and refugees including women and children from Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and Syria back to Serbia, now at a UNHCR centre in the border town of Sid -
23 February: Thousands of refugees stranded in Greece amid tightened border control by Macedonia -
26 February: Two refugees tried to commit suicide at a makeshift refugee camp at a central square in the city of Athens amid growing frustrations over border closures which have left tens of thousands stranded in the country -
28 February: Humanitarian challenges mounting at Greek/Macedonian border, as refugees continue to pour into the area but Macedonia is refusing to allow them to pass,
and UN's Ban Ki-moon urges European countries to keep borders open for refugees -
1 mars 2016: Depuis janvier 2016 plus de 130'000 personnes ont rejoint l'Europe par la Méditerranée, selon le HCR qui dénonce l'incapacité de l'Europe, au bord d'une crise humanitaire, 'à trouver des solutions' -
2 mars 2016: La Macédoine a laissé passer sur son territoire environ 170 réfugiés alors que côté grec 10'000 migrants continuaient d'attendre, selon les autorités locales grecques -
5 March: Refugees and migrants stranded at Greece-Macedonia border face another day of frustration -
6/7 March 2016: Refugee 'bottleneck' in Greece leads to warning of humanitarian crisis,
as EU-Turkey summit to focus on stemming flow of refugees and migrants to Europe -
9 March 2016: Slovenia and Croatia ban transit of refugees to other European countries -
10 March: At least five migrants dead after boat sank off Turkish coast attempting to reach Greek Island of Lesbos, the Turkish Coast Guard rescued 9 people -
11 March: Thousands of refugees and migrants, many already ill, trapped at border camp between Greece and Macedonia, facing food shortages and unsanitary conditions as rains continue to pour down on flimsy tents and an already waterlogged ground -
12 March: Around 1,100 refugees remain stranded in a refugee camp on the Macedonian side of the Serbian border, another 500 are stranded in the no-man's land between the two countries -
12 March 2016: A video shows Turkish coastguard using sticks against a boat full of refugees and migrants as they sail to Greece in the Aegean Sea -
12 March 2016: As thousands of desperate refugees remain trapped at border camp between Greece and Macedonia and as 'Europe is on the cusp of a largely self-induced humanitarian crisis' according to UN, USA Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Victoria Nuland visits the refugee camp in Idomeni, but there is no European official walking around the muddy fields and talking with aid agency workers, refugees and migrants, because European officials prefer hotels in Moscow, Tehran, Vienna, Brussels and after all Geneva, talking and laughing with war criminals and perpetrators -
13 March 2016: Relentless rain and biting cold turn despair into suffering for thousands of refugees and migrants stranded on Greece's border with Macedonia and in the so-called no man's land -
14 March 2016: At the Idomeni camp on the Greek-Macedonian border, conditions are getting worse after heavy rains in recent days have turned much of the ground into a swamp -
15 March: Macedonia reportedly sent back to Greece about 1,500 migrants and refugees, who crossed the border hiking for hours along muddy paths and forded a rain-swollen river to get around the border fence where they were detained by Macedonian forces -
19 March: Refugees and migrants at the Greek border camp of Idomeni say they are as determined as ever to reach Western Europe and appear undeterred by an accord between Turkey and the EU aimed at stemming the flow of people from the Middle East and North Africa -
21 March: Lebanon blocks refugees arriving from Europe -
22 March 2016: UNHCR has stopped transporting refugees and migrants arriving on Lesbos from Turkey to a reception facility as their subsequent freedom of movement is no longer guaranteed, a UNHCR spokesman says, referring to last week's EU-Turkey deal -
24 mars 2016: Plus de 200 membres d'ONG et associations d'aides aux réfugiés ont manifesté jeudi sur l'île de Lesbos devant le hotspot de Moria contre sa transformation en centre de détention pour les réfugiés et migrants, dans le cadre de l'accord UE-Ankara -
26 mars: es autorités grecques ont commencé à évacuer des réfugiés et migrants bloqués dans le camp d'Idomeni à la frontière avec la Macédoine -
27 March 2016: Hundreds take part in protest at Macedonia border as Greece tries to evacuate overwhelmed Idomeni camp and hundreds of hopeful refugees return to Greece’s overwhelmed Idomeni camp following rumours
April-June 2016: 2 April 2016: Protests of migrants and refugees in Greece mount before EU-Turkey migrant deal takes effect and as UNHCR warns against immediate refugee returns to Turkey -
3 April 2016: 50,000 migrants in Greece in turmoil over their fate as EU deal set to come into effect -
4 April: First boats returning migrants and refugees from Greece arrive in Turkey -
6 April 2016: Refugees block Greece-Macedonia border crossing to protest deportation -
8 avril: Les migrants retenus sur les îles grecques de Lesbos et de Chios vivent dans des conditions 'effroyables', selon un rapport -
8 April: Greece ferries migrants to Turkey under EU pact -
9 April: Five migrants, four women and one child, drown off Greek island of Samos after boat capsized -
10 April: Macedonian police use teargas on migrants at Greek border in Idomeni -
11 April: At least 260 people were hurt on Sunday when Macedonian police fired tear gas at refugees and migrants and hundreds were treated by medical units also for wounds caused by plastic bullets and for other injuries, according to 'Doctors Without Borders' -
13 avril 2016: La police macédonienne a tiré des gaz lacrymogènes et des grenades assourdissantes mercredi contre des migrants qui manifestaient le long de la barrière de la frontière macédonienne à Idomeni -
16 April 2016: 'Only those who see the eyes of those small children that we met at the refugee camps will be able to immediately recognize, in its entirety, the bankruptcy of humanity and solidarity that Europe has shown these last few years to these, and not only these, people', Church of Greece's Ieronymos II says at Moria Refugee Camp in Lesbos -
16 avril 2016: Le pape rentre de Grèce avec 12 réfugiés syriens -
16 avril 2016: L'association européenne SOS Méditerranée annonce avoir secouru 116 migrants ce samedi -
20 April 2016: Up to 500 migrants might have drowned in Mediterranean tragedy, UNHCR says -
1 May 2016: Ninety-nine refugees and migrants are believed to have drowned in two separate incidents off the coast of Libya over the weekend -
13 May 2016: At least 800 migrants were rescued off the coast of Sicily on Thursday, among them at least 150 Syrians, the Italian coast guard and the UN refugee agency said -
20 May 2016: The EU-Turkey migration deal has been thrown further into chaos after an independent authority examining appeals claims in Greece ruled against sending a Syrian refugee back to Turkey, potentially creating a precedent for thousands of other similar cases -
24 mai 2016: L'évacuation du camp de réfugiés et migrants comptant 8400 personnes à Idomeni à la frontière greco-macédonienne a commencé, en présence de nombreuses forces policières -
28 May 2016: The Italian navy recovers the bodies of 45 people who drowned on Friday, while dozens of others are still missing in the third major tragedy in the Mediterranean in as many days,
as Russian regime's Putin and Greece's Tsipras sign several economic deals on Friday during the war criminal's visit to Greece aimed at reinforcing a relationship with his accessory -
31 mai 2016: Près de 205'000 réfugiés et migrants sont arrivés par la mer en Europe depuis janvier tandis que 2500 d'entre eux périssaient, selon OIM et HCR -
3 June 2016: Hundreds of people were rescued from a migrant boat that capsized south of the Greek island of Crete on Friday, but it is feared that many more are missing
September 2018: 3 September 2018: Fewer people are making the journey across the Mediterranean to Europe, but the proportion of those losing their lives while trying has risen sharply, UN says -
6 September 2018: Arrest of Syrian 'hero swimmer', who saved 18 refugees in 2015 by swimming their waterlogged dingy to the shores of Lesbos with her Olympian sister, and now accused of people smuggling, espionage and membership of a criminal organisation, puts European refugee crisis in a further spotlight -
10 septembre 2018: Plus de 100 migrants ont péri au début du mois dans le naufrage de deux embarcations au large des côtes libyennes, selon MSF -
25 September 2018: Aquarius with 58 people onboard cannot disembark in Marseille, says French minister, after Panamanian authorities revoked the Aquarius vessel’s registration in a move described by Médecins Sans Frontières and SOS Méditerranée, which operated the vessel, as 'a major blow” to its humanitarian mission', claiming that Panama was forced to revoke the registration after coming under pressure from the Italian government
3 July 2019 airstrike by warlord Haftar's forces: 3 July 2019: An airstrike apparently by Haftar's militias that hit a detention center for migrants near the Libyan capital early Wednesday, killing at least 44 people and wounding more than 130, raises further concerns about EU's policy of partnering with Libyan militias to prevent migrants from crossing the Mediterranean, which often leaves them at the mercy of brutal traffickers or stranded in squalid detention centers near the front lines -
3 July 2019 Tajoura migrant center airstrike and massacre by warlord Haftar's forces, backed by Egypt, France, Russia and the United Arab Emirates,
after UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, on 8 May 2019 called for refugees and migrants in detention centres in conflict areas in Tripoli to be immediately evacuated to safety, after an airstrike hit a target less than 100 metres away from Tajoura detention centre, where over 500 refugees and migrants are being detained
2 March 2020 ignorant and violent EU amid war crimes against Syrian people: 2 March 2020: Refugees and migrants trying to reach Europe have clashed violently with Greek riot police as Turkey claimed more than 76,000 people were now heading for an ignorant EU amid war crimes,
as a result of the escalating war in Syria where 33 Turkish soldiers, defending civilians, were killed by Russian-backed dictatorship troops, as a million civilians have been displaced since December inside Syria near the Turkish border in desperate winter conditions, and as Turkey, already home to 3.7 million Syrian refugees, decided to open the Turkish side of the border to the EU, now headed by CDU's von der Leyen -
2 March 2020: Child drowns at sea off Greece in first fatality of EU von der Leyen's cronyism with Russian, Iranian and Assad regime's war criminals
1 July 2020 petrol sold to Nigeria from Europe 'dirtier' than black market 'bush' fuel: 1 July 2020: Black market fuel made from stolen oil in rudimentary 'bush' refineries hidden deep in the creeks and swamps of the Niger delta is less polluting than the highly toxic diesel and petrol that Europe exports to Nigeria, new laboratory analysis has found, as Shell, Exxon, Chevron and other major oil companies extract and export up to 2m barrels a day of high quality, and as international dealers export to Nigeria around 900,000 tonnes a year of low-grade, 'dirty' fuel, made in Dutch, Belgian and other European refineries,
and as Belgian king expresses 'deepest regrets' for brutal colonial rule
18 June 2021 at least four migrants have died, including a minor and a visibly pregnant woman, after their boat sank in the Canary Islands: 18 juin 2021: Au moins quatre personnes sont mortes, dont un mineur et une femme visiblement enceinte, après le naufrage d’un bateau de migrants aux Canaries, un drame récurrent dans cet archipel espagnol situé au large des côtes africaines, tandis que 20 hommes, 17 femmes, quatre enfants dont deux bébés ont été sauvés grâce à l’intervention de passants sur le port qui, en apercevant le bateau sur le point de chavirer, se sont jetés à l’eau pour leur venir en aide
6 July 2022 many Malians, including children, die in boat disaster off Libya: 6 July 2022: 22 Malians, including children, die in boat disaster off Libya, as sixty-one others were rescued and those healthy enough were taken to a detention centre in Libya,
as 'The Guarian' reports that a 17-year-old teenager from Togo swam to save a baby, whom he was holding above water when a Médecins Sans Frontières rescue team arrived at the site of the shipwreck, and as MSF’s search and rescue representative said 'this traumatic event is a deadly consequence of the growing inaction and disengagement of European and other border states, including Italy and Malta', 'tragedies at sea continue to cost thousands of lives, and these people are being lost on Europe’s doorstep, with absolute silence and indifference from EU states'
23 August 2020 EU-Mercosur Association Agreement endangers agriculture and global health: 23. August 2020: Das EU-Mercosur Abkommen treibt ein Landwirtschaftsmodell voran, das vom Verbrauch großer Mengen an Pestiziden abhängt, wobei u.a. deutsche Pestizidhersteller wie Bayer, BASF, Syngenta profitieren, die bereits heute Pestizide in diese Region exportieren einschließlich in der EU auf Grund ihrer Gefährlichkeit nicht zugelassene -
Juli 2020: Mehr Pestizide mit dem EU-Mercosur (Mercosur-Staaten Argentinien, Brasilien, Paraguay, Uruguay), nachdem 2019 die EU-Mitgliedsstaaten Pestizide im Wert von mindestens 915 Millionen Euro in den Mercosur exportierten, darunter Pestizide, die in der EU nicht zugelassen sind
Since 1960s France's colonial past, world market, tensions with Nato and French efforts to use the EU: Since the 1960s France and USA differed over the waging of the Vietnam War, in part because ironcally French leaders were convinced that the USA could not win, following French experience with Indochina and the Algerian War of Independence again showing it was impossible to impose by force a government over a foreign population using unacceptable methods such as torture, as tensions reappeared intermittently in the 1970s when France more strongly than any other nation saw the EU as a method of counterbalancing USA and British power, and thus works towards having the Euro, also developing a European defense initiative as an alternative to NATO, as the USA had much closer relations with the other large European powers, and in the 1980s the two nations disagreed on the desirability of a reunified Germany, as the tried to prevent France and other European countries from buying natural gas from Russia through the construction of the Siberia-Europe pipeline that was finally built, a controversy persisting since the always more criminal Putin regime
July 1985 deadly French sinking of the Rainbow Warrior authorised by Mitterand and aftermath: July 1985 deadly sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, a bombing operation by the 'action' branch of the French foreign intelligence services, as after the bombing, the New Zealand Police started one of the country's largest police investigations, as PM Laurent Fabius admitted the bombing had been a French plot on 22 September 1985, saying 'the truth is cruel', acknowledging there had been acover-up, admitting 'agents of the French secret service sank this boat', 'acting on orders', as on the 20th anniversary of the sinking, it was revealed that Mitterrand had personally authorised the mission, as in 2006 Antoine Royal, brother of Segolene Royal, revealed that their brother and former French intelligence officer Gérard Royal had been the agent who put the bombs on the Rainbow Warrior, and as in 2016 Rainbow Warrior crew member Grace O'Sullivan was elected to the Irish Senate and became a Member of the European Parliament MEP for the Ireland South constituency in July 2019 -
Fernando Pereira (10 May 1950 – 10 July 1985) was a freelance Portuguese-Dutch photographer, who drowned when French intelligence DGSE detonated a bomb and sank the Rainbow Warrior, owned by Greenpeace on 10 July 1985
March 2021 Paris city has launched two months of events commemorating 1871 Paris Commune: 23 March 2021: Last week, Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo inaugurated a programme of 50 events commemorating the Commune, including exhibitions, plays, conferences and debates, as Paris has launched two months of events commemorating a radical experiment in people power, which also continues to inspire 150 years later -
May 2021 commemoration of the 1871 Paris Commune in events and contributions from movements and groups,
today also including international art groups,
beyond political organizations, parties, social movements, but no more states today, amid 21st century forces of self-destruction and weapons of mass destruction
June 1967 'Third Arab–Israeli War': 5–10 June 1967 'Third Arab–Israeli War', was fought between Israel and Jordan, Syria and Egypt (supported by Iraq, Kuwait, Algeria, Saudi-Arabia, Soviet Union, PLO), as relations between Israel and its neighbours were not normalised after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, as in 1956 Israel invaded the Sinai peninsula in Egypt, with one of its objectives being the reopening of the Straits of Tiran that Egypt had blocked to Israeli shipping since 1950, as shipping was essentiel for the country under construction and reconstuction, and as UNEF was deployed along the border, but there was no demilitarisation agreement
11/12 July 2020 the only EU country without comprehensive national legislation to return private property confiscated by the Nazis is Poland: 11 July 2020: As Poland is the only country in the EU that has not passed comprehensive national legislation to return, or provide compensation for, private property confiscated by the Nazis, Polish president rejects Holocaust restitution claims ahead of election, as Andrzej Duda vows no reparations for assets seized from Jews during World War II, saying 'damages should be paid by the one that started the war',
and as EU leaders are split over covid-19 recovery ahead of this week’s emergency summit that will expose national divisions over budgets, the €750bn pandemic fund, but not yet over Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen,
promoting war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the Führerbegleitbatallion, tasked with guarding Hitler and his field headquarters during the invasion of Poland, which began on 1 September 1939,
describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military
1 February 2021 Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas and Nazi general Erwin Rommel: 1 February 2021: Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas, as vandalism comes as Alexander De Croo faces series of criticisms, including from hardline Flemish Nationalists, over allegedly undemocratic nature of anti-covid restrictions -
1 October 2020: Belgian government attracted attention for being the country’s first gender-balanced one, as Sophie Wilmes became Belgium’s first female foreign minister, as her paternal grandparents were killed in the bombing of Limal during World War II, and as her mother - an Ashkenazi Jew - lost several relatives in the Holocaust -
Limal et la Seconde Guerre mondiale, quand en mai 1940, les Allemands devaient passer la Dyle par le pont de Limal, se trouvait en face d’eux la IIe Division Nord-Africaine, une lutte s'engagea, et quand nombreux furent les soldats français qui payèrent de leur vie cette résistance acharnée qui dura trois jours à Limal -
10 mai 1940 sans déclaration de guerre, l'Allemagne déclenche son offensive contre les Pays-Bas, la Belgique, le Luxembourg et la France, et dès le premier jour de combat, les armées belge et néerlandaise sont surclassées, suivie par des arrestation, internement et déportation des 'suspects étrangers', soit 7500 Allemands et Autrichiens pour la plupart des réfugiés Juifs, déportés vers les camps du midi de la France, et quand Winston Churchill devient Premier ministre, succédant à Arthur Neville Chamberlain -
20 mai 1940 20 les chars de Rommel atteignent La Manche à Abbeville, encerclant l'armée du Nord (Français, Anglais et Belges) -
24 mai au 27 mai 1940 résistance des bataillons des Royal Welch Fusiliers et Royal Scott Fusiliers sur les canaux au Sud-Ouest de Lille face à la division de Rommel, 7e Panzerdivision -
20 avril 1944 bombardement de Limal qui détruisit presque entièrement le village et fit 31 morts ainsi que plusieurs blessés -
1940-1944 'Des Bombes sur Limal' -
Limal 'Monument aux morts', aux victimes civiles et militaires de 1914-1918 et 1940-1945 -
20 avril 1944 victime d'un bombardement médecin Charles Wilmes, mort à l'âge de 34 ans, Place Albert 1er, n° 4, et Marie-Louise Piette, tuée en même temps que son époux
March 2021 Paris city has launched two months of events commemorating 1871 Paris Commune: 23 March 2021: Last week, Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo inaugurated a programme of 50 events commemorating the Commune, including exhibitions, plays, conferences and debates, as Paris has launched two months of events commemorating a radical experiment in people power, which also continues to inspire 150 years later -
May 2021 commemoration of the 1871 Paris Commune in events and contributions from movements and groups,
today also including international art groups,
beyond political organizations, parties, social movements, but no more states today, amid 21st century forces of self-destruction and weapons of mass destruction
6 June 2021 Normandy memorial for British D-day victims of German war crimes unveiled: 6 June 2021: Normandy memorial for British D-day troops unveiled, as ceremony takes place at Ver-sur-Mer for 22,442 soldiers under British command who died during D-day and Battle of Normandy in NSDAP-ruled German empire's second World War 1939-1945, beginning with the brutal aggression against Poland, then northern and western Europe how since 1914, then against the Soviet Union, North Africa, as German military's 'Blitzkrieg' operations failed since 1941/1942 in battles and sieges of Leningrad, Moscow, Stalingrad and Kursk and over 20 million Soviet victims, 6 million Holocaust victims and more victims in North Africa, Europe and from Allied countries including Canada, USA, New Zealand, caused by German war criminals under the leadership of a desired dictator -
6 June 2021: Along the coast of Normandy the flags were out, and the pipe-and-drum bands were touring the cemeteries and memorials commemorating the dead
December 2019 EU countries encouraging bloody Iranian regime: 1 December 2019: Encouraging bloody Iranian regime, more European countries including Belgium, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden join Iran sanctions-busting mechanism, amid Khamenei's and Rouhani's bloody crackdown on opposition movement and protests, amid regime's backed bloody crackdowns in Iraq and Lebanon,
and as Iranian regime's involvement in Assad's and Russia's war against the Syrian people completes its 9th year -
1 December 2019: Report of Iranian regime's brutal crackdown in Shiraz, after an internet blackout hid the regime’s response to unrest over raising fuel prices, interviews with activists and an analysis of social media posts reveal what happened
11/12 January 2020 EU's agency EASA warns against flying over Iran after Mullah regime shot down Ukrainian jet killing 176 passengers: 11 January 2020: EU aviation agency EASA warns against flying over Iran, after Mullah regime admitted shooting down Ukrainian passenger jet, killing 176 people from Afghanistan, Canada, Iran, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom -
12 January 2020: Iranian Khamenei, Rouhani, Zarif regime deploys riot police as it braces for further protests over plane shootdown, amid circulating calls for protests later in the day, and after a large black banner unveiled in Vali-e Asr Square in Tehran bore the names of those killed in the plane crash
16/17 January 2021 EU members voice concern over Iran’s plans to produce uranium metal with 'no credible civilian use': 16 January 2021: European powers voiced deep concern over Iran’s plans to produce uranium metal, warning that Tehran has 'no credible civilian use' for the element, saying 'the production of uranium metal has potentially grave military implications' -
17 January 2021: Iranian Mullah regime urged the UN' nuclear watchdog to avoid publishing 'unnecessary' details on its nuclear program, state TV reported Sunday, a day after Germany, France and Britain said Tehran has 'no credible civilian use' for its development of uranium metal -
17 January 2021: France's FM says Iran building nuclear weapons capacity, but he accepts Iranian Mullah regime's antisemitism and therefore the regime's politics of the destruction of Israel, the regime's worldwide support of terrorism and its own terrorism targeting pro-democracy movements at home and worldwide, ignoring that there exists no right to develop and produce more nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction, following German, Italian and Japanese policies until 1945 that caused the race of never seen weapons, World War II and Axis powers' war crimes, followed by the Nuremberg Trials
21 May 2021 Iran's regime says 'in the future the Zionists (Israel) can expect to endure deadly blows from within the occupied territories': 21 May 2021: Iranian Mullah regime's - which does not recognise Israel but supports the Islamist militants of Hamas, who rule the Gaza Strip, and after Hamas and the Islamic Jihad group fired hundreds of rockets into Israel before Friday's truce - leader urges Muslim states to back Palestinians militarily, financially, saying 'All influential elements of (Israel's) regime and the criminal (Prime Minister Benjamin) Netanyahu must be prosecuted by international and independent courts', as regime's Foreign Ministry earlier said Palestinians had won a 'historic victory' over Israel, as Iran's Revolutionary Guards said 'The intifada (Palestinian uprising) has gone from using stones to powerful, precise missiles ... and in the future the Zionists (Israel) can expect to endure deadly blows from within the occupied territories', after leaders of Hamas and Islamic Jihad have praised Iran’s financial and military support, after regime's Khamenei last year hailed Tehran's supply of arms, saying Iranian regime had transformed the military balance of power between Israel and the Palestinians, and as regime now on Friday displayed an Iranian-made combat drone that it said had a range of 2,000 km, naming it 'Gaza' in honour of the Palestinians' struggle against Israel, state media reported
15 August 2020 victims of 1944 Nazi Fosse Ardeatine massacre identified and EU commission: 15 August 2020: After 76 years, victims of 1944 Fosse Ardeatine massacre, in which civilians were killed by Nazi German occupation soldiers in reprisal for a partisan attack on an SS regiment in Italy, identified through DNA testing, as two of those who died can now finally be honored by families, and as David Reicher's father Marian, a Polish Jew who fled to Italy during WWII, was among the 335 civilians murdered in the indiscriminate mass killings, which targeted Jews and Gentiles of all ages, from all professions, and socioeconomic groups, during the German led massacre period following the overthrow of Mussolini, as Nazi Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel became commander of German Army Group B in Italy since July 1943, to force Italy to continue Nazi's war after the overthrow of the war criminal Mussolini, as EU's present-day president of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen calls Erwin Rommel a resistance fighter
July 2019 airstrike and massacre by warlord Haftar's forces: 3 July 2019 Tajoura migrant center airstrike and massacre by warlord Haftar's forces, backed by Egypt, France, Russia and the United Arab Emirates,
after UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, on 8 May 2019 called for refugees and migrants in detention centres in conflict areas in Tripoli to be immediately evacuated to safety, after an airstrike hit a target less than 100 metres away from Tajoura detention centre, where over 500 refugees and migrants are being detained -
3 July 2019: Air raid blamed on the forces of the warlord Khalifa Haftar on Libya detention centre was predictable, and EU officials have long been aware of the risks in Libya, where migrants have faced atrocious mistreatment at the hands of militias, while Europe’s governments have prevented the sailing of migrant boats to Italy and elsewhere -
5 juillet 2019: Malnutrition, enlèvements, travail forcé, torture - des ONG présentes en Libye dénoncent les conditions de détention des migrants piégés dans ce pays, conséquence selon elles de la politique migratoire des pays européens conclue avec les Libyens
Since 7 January 2020 Libyan political parties express concern about the upcoming visit of European foreign ministers: 7 January 2020: Several Libyan political parties have expressed concern about the upcoming visit of European foreign ministers to Tripoli, saying 'it is far too late', voicing their rejection to the 'political hypocrisy' of European countries by not rejecting aggression and military coups -
7 January 2020: Civilians killed or injured in Libya by explosive weapons rose by 131% last year, with the number of incidents at its highest since 2011, the year of the Benghazi uprising, according to new data seen by the Guardian, as most of the 900 people who died or were hurt in explosions in the country in 2019 were victims of airstrikes -
8 January 2020: Haftar's forces said they carried out air strikes on Wednesday on a coastal road west of Sirte -
8 January 2020: Haftar's forces clash with government forces near Sirte -
12 January 2020: Libya's UN-supported government has accused Haftar’s forces of violating a ceasefire minutes after it was supposed to take effect, as Haftar's forces ruled out any retreat from areas recently captured by his aggressive troops, supported by the UAE, Egypt, France and Russia
18/19 January 2020 Berlin Libya conference of colorful sharp of representatives including war criminals: After in September 2019, Libya's Salamé stated to the UNSC that he had visited several countries in the region with the aim of organising an international conference, 19 January 2020 Berlin conference organized to include cast of quirky characters and representatives of Algeria, the Arab League, the AU, the P.R. of China, Republic of Congo, Egypt, the EU, France (supporting war criminal Haftar since years), Italy, war criminal state Russia, Turkey, the UAE, the UK, the UN, USA, as even the GNA head Serraj of the country attacked by war criminal Haftar since April 2019 and this warlord himself are invited to the conference in Berlin, the former capital of the German empire, as police only informed since Tuesday is now forced to protect Novichok-Putin,
after in December Germany declared two Russian embassy employees non-gratae for non-cooperation on Khangoshvili murder case -
Estimates of the 'value of life' in different capitalist countries, including Russia -
18 January 2020: UN envoy to Libya said on Saturday he hoped but 'could not predict' whether oil ports in the east of the country would be reopened in a few days -
18 January 2020: Libya's Foreign Ministry has sent a message to the German embassy in Libya, demanding that it is necessary to invite Tunisia and Qatar to the Berlin conference, explaining that the importance of Tunisia comes for being a bordering neighbour country, who have sheltered thousands of Libyan refugees throughout the Libyan conflict, in addition to the common security concerns it shares with Libya
19 January 2020 minimalist hope in Berlin: 19 January 2020: Minimalist hope in Berlin that a permanent ceasefire can be agreed, EU states at odds over which of the two warring Libyan sides to support, the blatant meddling by Russian fascists, multiple Arab states and even France, the Turkish policy to ignore EU pleas and send other mercenaries to join the fight, show how little influence a sidelined EU has,
today influenced by Germany's CDU Merkel and von der Leyen, protecting German war criminal Erwin Rommel, field marshal of Nazi Germany during World War II, in North Africa 1941–1943, and today's namesake of German barracks,
together with former German Chancellery Chief of Staff CDU Hans Globke, founded on his career during National Socialism,
together with former Federal Minister for Displaced Persons, Refugees and Victims of War CDU Theodor Oberländer, founded on his career during National Socialism,
together with former Supreme Commander of the NATO ground forces in Central Europe and Nazi military commander of France 1940-1944 Hans Speidel,
together with NSDAP Werner Bahlsen, 'zu Beginn der NS-Herrschaft ... förderndes Mitglied der SS, die er bis 1935 finanziell unterstützte, 1942 NSDAP, leitete zudem eine von der Firma Bahlsen verwaltete Keksfabrik mit etwa 1500 Beschäftigten im besetzten Kiew und koordinierte die Verschickung von Zwangsarbeiterinnen aus der Ukraine nach Hannover',
together with 'Liste ehemaliger NSDAP-Mitglieder, die nach Mai 1945 politisch tätig waren'
16 February 2020 'arms embargo has become a joke', UN's Stephanie Williams says: 16 February 2020: At Berlin Conference on Libya January 2020 reaffirmed 'arms embargo has become a joke', and the country’s financial position is deteriorating rapidly, UN's Stephanie Williams told a news conference in Munich,
monitoring unscrupulous violations by land, sea and air by the main perpetrators since April 2019,
including Haftar's militias, Russia, Egypt, France, UAE, and Saudi-Arabia, without any accountability
5 June 2020 blow to warlord Haftar, UAE's Khalifa, Egypt's el-Sisi, Russian regime's Putin, and France's Macron: 5 June 2020: In a blow to warlord Haftar, UAE's Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Egypt's el-Sisi, Russian regime's Putin, and France's Macron, UN-backed Libyan forces oust renegade general from Tripoli after his 14-month siege of the south of the city, now ending in failure when his forces retreated from the south of the city toward his heartlands in the south and the east of the country, as UN-recognised government's interior minister Bashagha hailed 'the beginning of the end of the entire dictatorship project', urging cities under Haftar’s control to rise up against him and spare themselves further conflict, amid remaining uncertainty that the extent of Haftar’s retreat may depend on the point at which newly arrived Russian fighter jets intervene to shore up his lines of defence
23 June 2021 Second Berlin Conference on Libya: 23 June 2021 'Second Berlin Conference on Libya and Conference Conclusions', following January 2020 Berlin Conference on Libya, as hostilities now reduced (warlord Haftar, Russian mercenaries and more) and a ceasefire is in place, as the oil shutdown was lifted, as an inclusive, Libyan-led and Libyan-owned Political dialogue resumed among Libyan political parties and actors, under the auspices of the UN, as an interim executive authority was established, and as the interim Government of National Unity GNU approved by the House of Representatives, preparing 24 December 2021 Libyan general elections
13/14 February 2019 Warsaw Middle East Conference: 13/14 February 2019 Warsaw Conference, hosted by Poland and the USA the issues of the event include 'terrorism and extremism, missile development and proliferation, maritime trade and security, and threats posed by proxy groups across the region' of Middle East and especially 'Iran’s influence and terrorism in the region' -
14 February 2019: '60 foreign ministers and representatives of dozen of governments, an Israeli PM and the foreign ministers of leading Arab countries stood together and spoke with unusual force, clarity and unity against the common threat of the Iranian regime', Israel's Netanyahu says in Warsaw -
14 February 2019: Israel's Netanyahu on Thursday called on Arab states to continue normalizing relations with Israel, as the Iranian regime, vowing to revenge, once again tries to blame Israel and the USA for an attack reportedly claimed by Jaish ul-Adl
3/4 November 2019 Israelis 'sent back to the crazy reality' and EU's friendly condemnation: 3 November 2019: Gaza rocket that hit home in southern Israel reminds residents that no one is safe, as Rina Cohen, whose house was hit, says 'it’s frustrating, once you start feeling optimistic, you get sent back to the crazy reality' -
4 November 2019: French Resistance hero Yvette Lundy, who provided fake papers to Jews fleeing Nazis, survived the concentration camps, liberated by the Soviet army in April 1945, and went on to teach reconciliation, giving talks to French as well as German students, dies at 103, as Mayor of Epernay Franck Leroy praised her 'incredible commitment to the duty of remembrance' -
4 November 2019: EU condemns rocket fire from Gaza, saying 'unacceptable and must stop immediately’
2009-2021 rocket and mortar attacks against Israel by date and number of rockets: 2009-2021 rocket and mortar attacks against Israel by date, including the number of rockets (some thousands in 2021) launched toward Ashdod, Ashkelon, Jerusalem and neighboring communities, Palmachim, Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council, Sderot, Tel Aviv, as more rockets were also fired from the Sinai Peninsula into Israel, from Assad regime's territory in the East, from Lebanon in the North (Hezbollah), documented by the Jewish Virtual Library,
as air attacks against the developing Israel (and the neighbouring region) following World War II (and the 1941 German air force in the skies of pre-state Israel) watched globally, more or less standing up for or against life
25 January 2020 Poland pushes for Nazi Gusen camp in Austria to be remembered: 25 January 2020: Poland pushes for Nazi camp in Austria to be remembered, charging that Gusen camp, a satellite of Mauthausen complex, is neglected by Austrian authorities, where some 35,800 detainees, many Polish, died, , often deported for political reasons, working to death there
11/12 July 2020 Poland the only EU country without comprehensive national legislation to return private property confiscated by the Nazis: 11 July 2020: As Poland is the only country in the EU that has not passed comprehensive national legislation to return, or provide compensation for, private property confiscated by the Nazis, Polish president rejects Holocaust restitution claims ahead of election, as Andrzej Duda vows no reparations for assets seized from Jews during World War II, saying 'damages should be paid by the one that started the war',
and as EU leaders are split over covid-19 recovery ahead of this week’s emergency summit that will expose national divisions over budgets, the €750bn pandemic fund, but not yet over Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen,
promoting war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the Führerbegleitbatallion, tasked with guarding Hitler and his field headquarters during the invasion of Poland, which began on 1 September 1939,
describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military
2022 Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament: 2022 Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament, also known as Qatargate, an ongoing political scandal in which politicians, political staffers, lobbyists, civil servants and their families are alleged to have been involved in corruption, money laundering and organised crime involving the Qatari State in exchange for influence at the European Parliament. Qatar denies the allegations. Legal enforcement was carried out by Belgian, Italian and Greek authorities, resulting in the seizure of €1.5 million in cash, the confiscation of computers and mobile phones, and the arrest and charging of four individuals with crimes in December 2022.
March-December 2014: 11 March: EU tells Russia to start Ukraine talks or face sanctions -
13 March: EU agreed on a framework for sanctions on Russia -
17 March: USA and EU expected to announce sanctions against Putin regime after Crimean referendum on joining Russia -
21 March: EU drafts plans for much more substantive sanctions if Putin presses ahead with Russian territorial expansion -
29 March: Russia reportedly retaliated against sanctions imposed by Western countries over its annexation of Crimea -
11 April: USA accuses Russia after Putin warning on gas supplies to Europe -
11 April: EU demands Russia honour its gas commitments -
17 April: European Parliament votes to impose tougher sanctions on Russia due to its military aggression against Ukraine -
27 May: EU awaits constructive steps from Russia after Ukrainian elections -
28 May: EU should make Russia take its mercenaries from Ukraine, Poland's Donald Tusk says -
17 July: USA and EU significantly strengthened sanctions on Russian regime over Ukraine, with USA for the first time directly targeting Russia's banking, military and energy sectors -
25/26 July: EU expands Russian oligarch sanctions blacklist in wake of MH17 crash and broad economic measures against regime are looking increasingly likely -
29 July: EU governments agree to impose sweeping sanctions on Russian regime, targeting state-owned banks, imposing an arms embargo, restricting sales of sensitive technology and the export of equipment for the country's oil industry -
16 August: EU wants Russia not to cover military aggression with humanitarian situation, calling on its regime to put an immediate stop to the flow of arms, military advisers, armed personnel, and to withdraw its forces from the border -
18 August: In a meeting of foreign ministers of France, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, discussing in a difficult conversation the situation in eastern Ukraine, some progress reportedly achieved -
12 September: New EU sanctions against Russia targeting Russian oil firms, defence companies and banks over the crisis in Ukraine enter into force -
16 October: Candidate countries for EU membership join EU sanctions against Russia -
17 October: Putin under pressure from EU leaders to commit to fragile peace plan for eastern Ukraine as violence continues to spread across region despite ceasefire -
18 October: Ukraine-Russia peace hopes rise as gas deal edges closer -
30 October: Recognition of illegal Donbas 'elections' reportedly to strengthen EU sanctions against Russia -
17 December: EU insists on implementation of all points of the Minsk agreements, Federica Mogherini says in Kyiv demanding full respect for Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity
2015: 11/12 January: Meeting of foreign ministers a few days before possible east Ukraine summit,
as Russia doesn't prove ceasefire commitment and violence spikes in region -
29 January: EU to debate fresh Russia sanctions -
30 January: EU extends sanctions against Russia -
6 February 2015: France's Hollande and Germany's Merkel in truce talks in Ukraine and Russia as TV report from Debaltseve shows 'a town almost too dangerous to live in' due to Russian weapons -
7 February: France, Germany and Russia agree to draft Ukraine peace plan that would also include proposals from Ukraine`s President Poroshenko -
8 February: German chancellor Angela Merkel 'disappointed' by Russian attitude but says proposal for demilitarised zone to end conflict is 'worth trying' -
9 February: Normandy format foreign ministers representatives to meet today in Berlin to prepare Minsk meeting on Wednesday -
16 February: More EU sanctions on Russia come into effect on Monday over Russian regime's intervention in east Ukraine -
20 February: France and Germany promise fresh sanctions on Russian regime if the second peace deal brokered in Minsk to end the conflict in Ukraine is not observed -
26 February: EU calls Russia responsible for Nadia Savchenko's state of health -
4 March 2015: Britain, France, Germany, Italy, EU head Donald Tusk and USA called for a 'strong reaction' from the international community to any major violation of a ceasefire in eastern Ukraine as they seek to further pressure Russia over the conflict -
8 March: EU divisions exposed as Russia evades sanctions -
12 March: EU leaders want to tackle Russian 'disinformation' on Ukraine war -
17 March: EU nations called to maintain economic sanctions on Russian regime over its annexation of Crimea and support for separatists until Minsk II ceasefire agreement has been fully implemented -
17 March: Let's not repeat the Munich betrayal of 1938, write Czech and Slovak public intellectuals in an open letter to representatives of EU, France, Germany, U.K., and USA with an appeal to provide more assistance to Ukraine in order to help itself to defend against the Russian aggression -
20 March: EU's Russia sanctions extended to end-2015, EU president Donald Tusk says after a summit in Brussels -
2 April: EU condemns as 'a blatant violation of the right to freedom of expression' the closure of the Crimean Tatar ATR TV, following searches of its premises and attacks on its journalists in the past weeks -
14 April: 'Normandy Four' call on the withdrawal of even more weaponry in Donbas -
20 April: EU will officially complain that Gazprom was hindering competition in Central and Eastern European gas markets -
31 May: EU criticises Russian entry ban on 89 European politicians, including outspoken critics of Russian regime, and military leaders, similar to a list for USA citizens -
4 June: Fighting near Maryinka in eastern Ukraine is the most serious violation of the Minsk agreements by Russian-backed separatists, EU says -
5 June: EU extends sanctions against occupied Crimea for another year,
as Germany's Angela Merkel says Russia's participation in G7 not possible without return of Crimea to Ukraine, and Canada's Stephen Harper says that Putin regime cannot be allowed to return to G7 because there 'really is no point in having a dialogue' -
22 June: EU prolongs sanctions against Russian regime over aggression in Ukraine -
30 July 2015: Six more states - Montenegro, Albania, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, as well as Ukraine - support the extension of sanctions against Russia until 31 January 2016 -
12 August: The EU notes that the sharp deterioration of the situation in Donbas, which is connected with the attacks of pro-Russian separatists on the positions of Ukrainian militaries, contradicts the Minsk agreements -
16 September: The European Union does not recognize and condemns the electoral processes conducted by Russia in the temporarily occupied territory of Crimea -
12 October: EU foreign ministers urge Russian regime to halt its military intervention in Syria and call for protection of civilians to become an international priority, saying that Assad bore the greatest responsibility for the 250,000 dead and linking 'the systematic targeting of civilians by the regime' to 'mass displacements' -
3 December 2015: EU plans to extend economic sanctions against Russia for another six months -
15 December: EU foreign ministers indicate need to extend Russian sanctions
23 February 2021 EU continues to turn a blind eye on Russian aggressions:
23 February 2021: Ukraine's Armed Forces has reported one soldier killed in action and two wounded in action amid 11 violations of the ceasefire agreement by Russia-controlled armed groups in the Donbas warzone on 22 February
17 July 2021 7th anniversary of the downing of Malaysia's Flight 17 MH17, Putin regime's silence but not in ongoing wars in Syria and Ukraine: 17 July 2021: On the 7th anniversary of the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 MH17, the foreign ministers of Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, the Netherlands, and Ukraine, whose countries comprise the Joint Investigation Team, released a joint statement, after international Joint Investigation Team reported that the plane had been shot down from a Buk missile system that belonged to the 53rd Missile Brigade of the Russian Armed Forces stationed in Kursk, naming 4 suspects believed to be involved in the transportation and combat use of the Buk missile system
19 December 2021 EU, hostile to poor, desperate refugees from Irak, Syria etc.. don't need oligarchs from Russia: 19 December 2021: The billionaire oligarch Roman Abramovich, who made his fortune believed to be more than £10bn in Russia’s oil industry, has become an EU citizen, three years after withdrawing his application for a UK visa amid diplomatic tensions between UK and Russia's Putin regime following the Salisbury poisoning of Skripal father, daughter, that left UK citizen murdered, as the surprise development was confirmed on Saturday by his spokesperson, who revealed the Russian oligarch and also owner of Chelsea Football Club had secured Portuguese citizenship earlier this year, as a popular route for oligarchs, often accused of corruption, to gain EU passports was by exploiting controversial 'golden visa' schemes
1914-1918 Spanish 'neutrality' in the First World War: 24 Februar 2011: 'At what cost?: Spanish neutrality in the First World War', 2009, by Carolyn S. Lowry, University of South Florida, saying 'while one expects adversity in war, the First World War left no nation untouched, and even the neutral powers did not escape unscathed, particularly Spain. The case of Spain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries shows the ultimate demise of one of Europe’s greatest empires. While Spain had dominated the continent in earlier centuries, its great empire fell far behind as the world expanded through industrialization and further imperial conquest', and as now Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare campaign ravaged Spanish shipping, exacerbating economic hardships
2015: 16 April 2015: EU's Federica Mogherini stresses the importance of achieving a political transition in Syria through a peaceful solution that guarantees the departure of Bashar al-Assad -
20 April 2015: Syrian Coalition regrets the ongoing failure of the international community to find a solution for the problem of displaced Syrians who are drowning in the Mediterranean Sea while trying to seek refuge in Europe -
25 May 2015: 2,157 Syrians, 75 percent of whom are women and children, drowned in the Mediterranean sea since 2011 while trying to escape to Europe, rights group's report claims -
24 June: Syrian Coalition's al-Maleh has set off on a tour of several European capitals to raise the Syrian issue again on the levels of human rights, pushing for opening international investigation into Assad’s crimes -
1 July: European parliament will allow a collection of photographs documenting alleged torture by Syrian Assad regime forces to be displayed in public on the legislature’s grounds, reversing an earlier decision -
15 July 2015: A yearlong analysis by the FBI has concluded that the torture photographs of Syrian political prisoners are authentic, providing powerful new evidence to support charges of the Assad regime’s extensive human rights violations -
29 August 2015: The Syrian Coalition calls upon the international community to shoulder its humanitarian and ethical responsibilities towards the Syrian people and to work on ending the Syrian refugees’ crisis -
2 September: Young Syrian boy found lying face-down on a beach near Turkish resort of Bodrum was one of at least 12 Syrians who drowned attempting to reach Greece -
4 September: Abdullah Kurdi, the father of two children who drowned with their mother as they attempted to reach Greece from Turkey, is preparing to take their bodies back to Kobani in Syria for burial -
6 September: A newborn baby boy found dead on Greek island of Kos after his parents reached the shores in a boat, as Greece is struggling to cope with a wave of refugees from the war in Syria and as refugees and migrants clash with police on another Greek island -
17 October 2015: EU-member Hungary closes its border with Croatia using barbed wire to block the path of desperate refugees and migrants to get to northern Europe,
as dictator Assad, Russian, Iranian and Hezbollah terrorists commit more war crimes in Syria -
20 October: At a meeting with the EU reprehensive Lara Scarpetta, the Syrian Coalition’s political committee stressed that the Russian airstrikes are exclusively targeting civilians and rebel fighters allowing ISIS to extend its territory, urging the EU to take firm stand of the Russian aggression and to increase humanitarian aid to Syrian refugees -
6 November: Syrian Coalition submitted a memorandum to the EU containing a legal study on the unlawfulness of the Russian aggression on Syria, documenting war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by Assad and Russia -
16 December: Syrian Coalition calls on EU to condemn the continued indiscriminate use of violence by the Assad regime and Russia carried out by its aircrafts against civilians in Syria -
19 December: UN refugee chief Guterres calls for 'massive resettlement' of Syrians in Europe
2016: 16 January 2016: New UN chief for refugees Filippo Grandi says he hopes Europe's refugee and migration crisis will be solved soon if the necessary political decisions are made -
6 February 2016: European Commission 'extremely worried',
USA's Obama administration 'deeply concerned' about the worsening humanitarian crisis due to Assad regime's barbaric onslaught,
backed by the Russian regime,
the Iranian regime and foreign militias -
9 February 2016: West must condemn Russian action in Syria and the bombardment,
activists say in letters to British newspaper -
13 February 2016: While Western leaders are not criminally responsible for the deaths of 470,000 Syrians so far murdered by the Assad regime since 2011, his helpers from Iran and Hezbollah and the Russian fighter jets bombing from high, it has happened on their watch and to a large degree through their inaction, Israeli newspaper 'Haaretz' says -
15 February: Lithuanian president Dalia Grybauskaite calls for responding to Russia’s violations of international law in Syria and Ukraine, warning that failing to respond to Russia’s actions will put Europe’s security at risk -
21 April 2016: During a meeting between the Syrian Coalition and European External Action Service's officials, Anas al-Abdah says any solution that does not lead to Assad’s departure is doomed to fail -
27 April 2016: EU's Mogherini rules out political future role for Assad in Syria -
23 May 2016: Syrian Coalition calls on EU to salvage political process through reviving the cessation of hostilities agreement and playing a more active role in Syria -
27 May 2016: Syrian Coalition's Bahra calls for EU pressure on Russia to accelerate political solution -
14 June 2016: Russia’s continued aggression on Syria disrupts Geneva negotiations, Syrian Coalition says in Brussels, meeting with European officials to discuss stepping up efforts to reach a political solution -
17 June: EU promises to respond to the Syrian opposition’s requests to step up its engagement on the political track of the Syrian file and create conditions for a substantive resumption to the Geneva talks ending to the monopoly of the USA and Russian regime over the solution in Syria -
28 June 2016: Syrian HNC's Basma Qadamani calls on the EU to impose sanctions on Russian companies involved in the delivery of arms shipments to the Assad's regime which uses them to indiscriminately bomb liberated areas across Syria -
19 juillet 2016: Près de 60 civils, dont 11 enfants, morts et des dizaines de blessés mardi dans des raids de la coalition menée par les Etats-Unis près du village d'al-Toukhar tenu par Daech dans la province d'Alep, selon l'OSDH -
19 July 2016: As at least 500 civilians were killed in aerial attacks by the Assad regime and Russia forces on Aleppo and its countryside between 11-19 July mainly directed on the rebel-held areas, Syrian Coalition's Yahya says that the Syrian people lost confidence in the international community as more get killed every day -
20 July: Syrian Coalition's Anas Alabdah sent a letter to the foreign ministers of the USA-led coalition in the wake of the horrific massacres committed in the town of Manbij by aircrafts which claimed the lives of over 125 civilians, calling for suspension of the coalition’s airstrikes
October 2016: 11 October 2016: As British MPs debate the war in Syria and possible ways to end the bloodshed, in contrast to other European parliaments like the German that not by hazard never discussed Assad's war against the Syrian people since 2011,
the medics and rescue teams of east Aleppo are going about their grim daily task of picking through rubble left by airstrikes and patching up survivors -
18 October 2016: The European Union's 28 foreign ministers on Monday condemned Russia's air campaign in Syria, saying it may be guilty of war crimes and that Russian atrocities in Syria should be referred to the International Criminal Court, also vowing to impose more sanctions on Bashar al-Assad's regime, after France and Britain pushed hard for the support of all the bloc's 28 governments, hoping that a unified chastisement of Russia would help bring an end to Russian- and Iranian-backed regime's offensive and France's foreign minister said that the EU had a moral obligation to act and 'to stop the massacre of the population of Aleppo' -
18/19 October 2016: Syrian opposition states that EU credibility at stake as Russia’s war crimes continue unchallenged, saying that in addition to the imposition of sanctions on the Assad regime, the EU needs to take restrictive measures against Russian regime,
and that 'it is unacceptable that some member nations of the European Union continue to defend Russia against credible action and lighten pressure on it despite their ability to immediately stop the disaster occurring in eastern Aleppo' -
19 October 2016: Russian convoy of warships, including an aircraft carrier carrying fighter bombers, passes Britain, monitored by governments and politicians, since nearly 6 years concerned about their discussion threads with brutal criminals and Russian, Iranian and Assad terrorists and not about the victims, on its way to Syria where it is thought they will participate in a final assault on the besieged city of Aleppo, where children are coming as body parts to surviving doctors in out bombed hospitals -
21 October 2016: EU fails to agree on threatening Russia with sanctions over Aleppo as push by Britain, France and Germany to address Syrian bombing campaign lacks unanimous support at Brussels summit -
26 October 2016: 'Spain signed the EU statement on war crimes Russia in Aleppo last week, today helps refuel the fleet en route to commit more', European parliament's Guy Verhofstadt says, as Spain plans to let Russian warships refuel en route to Syria -
26 October 2016: First European lawsuit to target Assad regime for its involvement in the disappearance of two French nationals in Syria in 2013,
as Syrian Coalition urges Syrian nationals holding a second European nationality to lodge complaints against the Assad regime for the war crimes and crimes against humanity its forces are committing against their loved ones in Syria
29/30 October 2020 Tunisian committed Islamist terror attack in Nice: 29 October 2020 Nice stabbing, as three people were killed in a stabbing attack at Notre-Dame de Nice including a woman beheaded by the attacker, and as several additional victims were injured -
29 October 2020: Citizens killed, including a woman whose throat was slit by the assailant, shouting 'Allahu akbar', several injured in stabbing attack at Nice church, as suspected assailant detained after the apparent terror attack, third victim in life-threatening condition, amid high alert in France following 'protests' over 'prophet' Muhammad cartoons -
29 October 2020: Nice church attacker identified as 21-year-old Tunisian man Aouissaoui, who arrived on the Italian island of Lampedusa in late September, when authorities placed him in covid-19 quarantine before releasing him with an order to leave Italian territory, and he arrived in France in early October -
30 October 2020: Politicians from around the world have offered condolences and expressed their solidarity with the people of France after the nation suffered a second brutal Islamist terror attack on its soil in a fortnight
2014: 20 February 2014: EU and US consider sanctions against Yanukovich after Kiev crackdown -
21 février: Face aux violences à Kiev l'Union européenne annonce les premières sanctions -
24 February: European nations scramble to support Ukrainian democracy -
24 February 2014: USA and European allies warn Putin regime against Ukraine grab amid break-up fears -
4 March: USA-Europe rifts surfacing as Putin regime tightens Crimea grip and EU ministers spare trade sanctions -
5 March: EU offers Ukraine $15 billion, but help hinges on IMF deal -
6 March: EU leaders to hold emergency talks to decide how strongly they should respond to Russia's troop deployment in Ukraine's Crimea region -
6/7 March: USA and EU impose sanctions for Russia's 'violation of sovereignty' of Ukraine and warn Russia to seek a diplomatic solution -
17 March: USA and EU expected to announce sanctions against Putin regime after Crimean referendum on joining Russia -
21 March: EU signs landmark association agreement with Ukraine -
7 April: Ukraine's president to address parliamentary assembly of the Council of Europe over pro-Russian threats to the democratic institutions and attacks in eastern Ukraine -
17 April: EU to launch free trade with Ukraine on 1 November 2014 -
24 April: All persons illegally detained by armed groups in Eastern Ukraine must be immediately released and separatists must immediately hand in arms, EU says -
24 April: EU recognizes the right of the Ukrainian authorities to take security measures to protect the sovereignty of the state -
2 May: Ukraine, EU, Russia fail to agree on price for Russian gas for Ukraine -
8 May: Unauthorized local referenda have no democratic legitimacy and can only lead to further escalation in Ukraine, EU's Maja Kocijancic says -
13 May: EU has officially announced that it will not recognize 'illegal and illegitimate referenda' of separatists in Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine -
13 May: EU gives Ukraine 1 bln euros in macro-financial aid -
14 May: Pro-Russian separatists kill seven Ukrainian soldiers in a bloody ambush questioning new Europe push for Ukraine talks -
15 May: EU opens market for Ukrainian goods and services with about 98% of duties nullified -
23 June: EU to send security mission to Ukraine -
24 June: EU completed technical preparations for signing association deal with Ukraine on June 27 -
28 June: Ukraine signs historic trade and economic pact with EU -
12 July: EU imposes sanctions on A. Borodai, leader of Donetsk 'republic', and 10 others, facing travel bans and asset freezes, as clashes continue in east -
26 July: EU sends advisers to assist the Ukrainian government in imposing the rule of law in rebel areas -
18 August: In a meeting of foreign ministers of France, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, discussing in a difficult conversation the situation in eastern Ukraine, some progress reportedly achieved -
12 September: Expressing support for all defenders of Ukraine's sovereignty, EU Commissioner Stefan Fule asks Ukrainian authorities to support residents of Donbas -
7 October: EU sends in drones to save Ukraine truce -
18 October: Ukraine-Russia peace hopes rise as gas deal edges closer -
22 October: Ukraine to get about EUR 2 bln in EU financial assistance -
29 November: EU acts against pro-Russia separatists and their political parties with more sanctions
2015: 10 February 2015: A meeting of representatives of 'Norman Quartet' in Berlin has yielded 'some tangible results' for the negotiations of the leaders of the four states in Minsk on February 11 concerning eastern Ukraine, Ukraine's Andriy Melnyk says -
11 February: Ukraine's president Poroshenko to address EU summit on Thursday, EU's Donald Tusk says adding that the summit will assess the situation in Ukraine, relations with Russia and discuss 'appropriate actions' -
12 February: Ceasefire for eastern Ukraine agreed in Minsk -
Minsk II - on 11/12 February 2015 Ukraine, Russia, France and Germany agreed in Minsk to a package of measures to alleviate the ongoing war in the Donbass region of Ukraine -
13 February: In Brussels European worries voiced about potential escalation of fighting before truce on Sunday -
17 February: French, Ukrainian presidents and German chancellor discussed ceasefire violations on telephone stressing that OSCE observers must have free access to the Donbas conflict zone, also calling Russia's Putin to withdraw heavy weapons from the frontline -
19 February: Ukraine and EU agree on immediate response to further Russian-backed aggression against Ukraine after brutal seizure of Debaltseve -
25 February: Partnership with Ukraine determined priority in new EU energy strategy -
3 March: New talks of the 'Normandy Four' in Berlin on March 6 suggested -
19 March: EP International Trade Committee approves allocation of EUR 1.8 billion to Ukraine -
21/22 May: 4th Summit of Eastern Partnership begins,
as the EU's approach to the eastern partnership including Ukraine is high on agenda in Riga -
22 May: EU leaders and their colleagues of six former Soviet republics concluded Riga summit by issuing a joint declaration on maintaining their 'Eastern Partnership',
but EU membership of eastern partners not considered in Riga -
21 September: EU's Federica Mogherini says Donbas elections must be organised by Ukraine -
3 October: France's Hollande and Germany's Merkel address the press after so-called 'Normandy Four' Paris summit, saying France, Germany, Russia and Ukraine had agreed that local elections in eastern Ukraine planned by Russia-backed separatists on 18 October could not go ahead,
as Ukraine's president Poroshenko and Russia's Murder-Putin leave Ukraine ceasefire talks in Paris without comment -
26 October: Ukraine's local elections are democratic, EU says -
9 November: EU foreign affairs chief Federica Mogherini due in Ukraine for talks,
saying that Ukraine remains top priority of the European agenda and re-affirming the EU's committment to sanctions on Russia -
12 November: An IMF mission and EU's commissioner for trade Cecilia Malmström in Kyiv to discuss Ukraine-EU free trade zone
Since February 2022 European Union's support including military aid to Ukraine against Russian aggression: European Union's support including military aid to Ukraine since February 2022 Russian aggression against independent Ukraine, increase of military aid under the 'European Peace Facility' to €1 billion, announced on 23 March 2022, military aid increased to €1.5 billion under the 'European Peace Facility' on 13 April 2022, assistance includes personal protective equipment, first aid kits and fuel, as well as military equipment. -
27 March 2022: Ukrainian president Zelensky asked NATO to send Ukraine '1 percent' of the alliance's tanks and aircraft and said his country has 'already been waiting 31 days' for this much-needed equipment. According AP, Zelensky also criticized the West for what he described as its indecisive 'ping-pong about who and how should hand over jets'. Earlier this month, Poland offered to transfer 27 MiG-29 fighter jets to Ukraine via the American military, but USA officials quickly rejected the plan, fearing that Poland's proposal risked drawing NATO into a direct conflict with Russian forces.
Since June 1944 final stage during the liberation of Europe: June 1944 'Gold Beach', the code name for one of the five areas of the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in the Normandy landings, as 'Gold', the central of the five areas, was located between Port-en-Bessin on the west and La Rivière on the east, as taking 'Gold' was to be the responsibility of the British Army, with sea transport, mine sweeping, and a naval bombardment force provided by the Royal Navy as well as elements from the Dutch, Polish and other Allied navies -
Bayeux War Cemetery, the largest Second World War cemetery of Commonwealth soldiers in France, as the cemetery contains 4,648 burials, mostly of the Invasion of Normandy, as opposite this cemetery stands the Bayeux Memorial which commemorates more than 1,800 casualties of the Commonwealth forces who died in Normandy and have no known grave
5/6 December 2020 Brexit negotiations to restart in Brussels after Johnson call: 5 December 2020: Brexit negotiations to restart in Brussels after Johnson call, after 4 years of promises, misleading of citizens, endless debates, negotiations, illusions, deceptions, costs, instead of advancing democracy, EU's internal and foreign policy including transparency, inclusion, participation, promoting peace, and making its European territory of 28 states and countries, including Eire (Ireland), England, Scotland and Wales, a better place for the working people and all citizens including immigrants
5 November 2020 with European votes UN passed a series of resolutions critical of Israel: 5 November 2020: A committee at the UN General Assembly passed with overwhelming majorities a series of resolutions critical of Israel, lambasting the Jewish state, among other things, for ostensible human rights violations against Palestinians and 'repressive measures' against Syrians in the Golan Heights, as 3 Arab countries with which Jerusalem recently signed normalization agreements supported all resolutions, and as motions are passed annually by the 'UN’s Special Political and Decolonization Committee', with minor adjustments, and ratified by member states in December, with nearly all European countries, including staunch allies of Israel such as Germany and the Czech Republic, traditionally supporting most of these resolutions, and as UN Watch, a Geneva-based nonprofit monitoring the world body’s alleged anti-Israel bias, released a long statement decrying the resolutions passed Wednesday, saying 'world body now adds insult to injury' 'just two weeks after the Palestinian Islamic Jihad terrorist group assaulted Israeli civilians with a barrage of rockets from Gaza — while the UN’s General Assembly and Human Rights Council stayed silent', and as 'same European nations have failed to introduce a single UNGA resolution on the human rights situation in China, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, Turkey, Pakistan, Vietnam, Algeria, or on 175 other countries'
March 2014: NATO meets on Ukraine: 2 March 2014: NATO meets on Ukraine, says Russia risks destabilizing Europe -
15 March: NATO's Anders Fogh Rasmussen says a planned referendum in Ukraine's Crimea region would violate international law -
16 March: Hackers calling itself 'cyber berkut' in Russian rather than Ukrainian brought down several public NATO websites with cyber-attacks on Saturday -
29 March: Norway's Stoltenberg to become next NATO chief -
1 April: NATO to bolster its military presence in eastern Europe as it sees no sign that Putin regime is withdrawing tens of thousands of troops from the Ukrainian border -
2 April: NATO suspends cooperation with Russia over its annexation of Crimea and will draft measures to strengthen its defences and reassure Eastern European countries -
8 April: NATO's chief warned Russian regime that it would be committing a historic mistake if it intervened further in Ukraine, urging it to step back after pro-Kremlin militants seized government buildings in several cities in the east -
10 April: As Russian military amassing near Ukraine border are 'ready to go,' NATO's Europe commander says USA troops may be sent to alliance member states in Eastern Europe now feeling at risk -
11 April: NATO satellite photos show Russian military build-up near Ukraine -
15 May: Russia has not taken one single step to fulfill its Geneva commitments of April 17, NATO's Rasmussen says -
24 July: NATO continues to see evidence of weapons being moved into Ukraine from Russia since the downing of Malaysian MH17 airliner -
8 August: NATO ready to help Ukraine reform defense -
20/21 September: NATO's General Breedlove hopeful about Saturday's announced agreement saying that Ukraine ceasefire is 'in name only' and Russian forces still operating in Ukraine -
24 September: Situation in Ukraine will be a priority for new NATO secretary general Stoltenberg in October -
30 September: Over half of Ukrainians see Ukraine in NATO, poll says -
1/2 October 2014: Taking up office as NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg says that NATO wishes to achieve a constructive relationship with Russia but that the prerequisites for such a relationship are currently not present,
adding that the crisis in Ukraine, caused by Russia’s military intervention, is a major challenge to Euro-Atlantic security and that Russia remains in breach of international law -
30 October: Nato jets intercept Russian warplanes following 'unusual level of air activity' over Atlantic, North Sea, Baltic and Black Sea -
2 December: NATO, Ukraine concerned about build-up of Russia's military presence in Black Sea -
3 December: NATO steps up actions to deal with Ukraine crisis, announcing the establishment of an interim spearhead force
2015: 22 January 2015: NATO confirms Russian troops shift to Ukraine -
5 February: Russian-backed separatists trying to occupy new territories in Donbas, NATO's Jens Stoltenberg says -
7 February: Nato's Philip Breedlove not ruling out delivery of weapons and military equipment by member states to Ukraine -
20 February: Ceasefire in Ukraine observed 'in name only' and Russian regime has created a formidable army in eastern Ukraine, says Nato's Philip Breedlove, as leaders of France, Germany, Ukraine and Russia speak on the phone once again and discuss the crumbling ceasefire once more -
9 March: Nato's Philip Breedlove warns that Russian army is still in Ukraine despite Minsk peace deal -
21 March: NATO ready to consider Ukraine's bid for membership, if Ukraine decides to submit it -
24 April: No third party has the right to interfere in a decision for membership, Nato says, repeating that it is ready to consider Ukraine's bid -
23 June: USA pledges support for NATO rapid response force to protect Europe -
23 November: Today Inter-Parliamentary Council Ukraine-NATO will discuss the escalation of the security situation in Ukraine, as well as challenges created by Russia by its hybrid warfare technology faced by NATO Member States and its partner countries, and will consider further political and practical support to counter Russian aggression in Ukraine -
1 December 2015: NATO invites Montenegro to join security alliance
Common Security and Defence Policy of the EU, involving the deployment of military or civilian missions for peace-keeping, conflict prevention and strengthening international security in accordance with the principles of the UN Charter - European External Action Service, the diplomatic service and foreign and defence ministry of the EU, led by the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, who is also President of the Foreign Affairs Council and Vice-President of the European Commission, and carries out the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy, including the Common Security and Defence Policy
March 2020 France dramatically increased major arms exports as Haftar supporting UAE received arms also from Spain and Sweden: 9 March 2020: USA and France dramatically increased major arms exports during the past five years, when USA, Russia, France, Germany and China were the largest exporters and the flow of arms to the Middle East, facing brutal and endless wars, has increased, as war crimes committing Russia came to Syrian with its own arms, as Saudi Arabia, India and Egypt are the largest arms importers, and as in 2019, when foreign military involvement in Libya was condemned by the UN Security Council, the UAE had major arms import deals ongoing with Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the UK and the USA, says SIPRI
Since 2004 European Border and Coast Guard Agency 'Frontex': Since 2004 European Border and Coast Guard Agency 'Frontex', an agency of the EU headquartered in Warsaw and tasked with border control of the European Schengen Area, in coordination with the border and coast guards of Schengen Area member states
Internationale Organisationen, Institutionen etc. zur Intervention, Krisenverhinderung und Krisenbewältigung (aktualisierte Version hier aufzurufen)
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