Europe and European Union



Geology of Europe is varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary, as Europe's most significant feature is the dichotomy between highland and mountainous Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from England in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east, and as these two halves are separated by the Pyrenees and the Alps-Carpathians mountain chain - Geography of 'Europe', a large landmass and northwestern peninsula of Eurasia (or even the larger Afro-Eurasia), as Europe's eastern frontier is delineated by the Ural Mountains in Russia, as the southeast boundary with Asia in the modern definition is generally the Ural River (Emba River), as the boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains (river Kura in the Caucasus), and on to the Black Sea, as the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary, and as the Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa

'Prehistoric' Europe is Europe with human presence but before the start of recorded history, beginning in the Lower Paleolithic, as considerable regional irregularities of cultural development were emerging and increasing, as the region of the eastern Mediterranean is, due to its geographic proximity, greatly influenced and inspired by the classical 'Middle Eastern' civilizations, and adopts and develops the earliest systems of communal organization and writing - Paleolithic Europe, the Lower or Old Stone Age in Europe, encompasses the era from the arrival of the first archaic humans, about 1.4 million years ago until the beginning of the Mesolithic (also Epipaleolithic) around 10,000 years ago, as this period thus covers over 99% of the total human presence on the European continent
Mountain ranges and bodies of water of Europe: Mountain ranges of Europe, as Ural Mountains from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan, forms part of the conventional boundary between the regions of Europe and Asia - Main European drainage divides separating catchments including the basins of the rivers that empty into the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea, to the endorheic basin of the Caspian Sea in Russia in the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea
Social and economic history of Europe: Social history of Europe listed by today's countries - Economic history of Europe since Middle Ages following the decline and downfall of the Roman empire - Slavery in Europe

European seas and countries: European seas, as Europe's boundaries are primarily maritime. The continent is bound by the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the Atlantic Ocean including the North Sea, and the Arctic Ocean. The Baltic is entirely within Europe. Each of these is subdivided into smaller seas and straits, as the Caspian Sea between Europe and Asia is situated east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central Asia, south of the fertile plains of Southern Russia in Eastern Europe, and north of the mountainous Iranian Plateau of Western Asia - List of European countries by the number - from 0 to 14 - of other countries they border, putting France in 2nd place in the 21st century - still including overseas departments and territories - and Spain on 5th place still including Ceuta and Melilla in northern Africa, as Great Britain (the later United Kingdom) and the Netherlands found other ways to benefit from former colonies
The European Environmental Agency EEA divides Europe into a total of eleven terrestrial biogeographical regions and seven regional seas., and issued the Digital Map of European Ecological Regions, operating with a total of 70 ecoregions, 'Wikipedia' shows an exhaustive list of the ecoregions of Europe as defined by the WWF - Ecoregions of Europe - 37 ecoregions of Europe by country in the beginning of the 21st century

Alpine countries, the territory of eight European countries in the Alpine region, and more groups clockwise: Alpine countries, the territory of eight countries in the Alpine region in the 21st century including Switzerland, France, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovenia, and in another group Germany, Italy and Austria
8 August 2022 melting glaciers in the Alps on track for their highest mass losses in at least 60 years: 8 August 2022: Melting glaciers in the Alps are on track for their highest mass losses in at least 60 years, seeing two early summer heatwaves and little snowfall last winter, as Zermatt, a Swiss mountain village which usually sees July temperatures in the twenties, has had recent highs of 30°C
Landforms, regions and regional groups of Alpine countries: Landesflächen und Alpenfläche der acht europäischen Alpenländer, aufgelistet und betrachtet in alphabischer Reihenfolge - Regionale Staatengruppen in Europa, zusammenfaßt in Alpenländer, Balkanhalbinsel, Westbalkan, EU-Südstaaten, Mittelmeeranrainerstaat, Iberische Halbinsel, Britische Inseln, Benelux Länder, Skandinavische Halbinsel und nordische Länder, Lublin-Dreieck (dreigliedrige Plattform für die politische, wirtschaftliche, kulturelle und soziale Zusammenarbeit zwischen Litauen, Polen und der Ukraine zur Unterstützung der Integration der Ukraine in die EU)
Mountain passes and tunnels in Alpine countries, connecting northern and southern Europe: List of mountain passes in Switzerland including 'Forclaz', 'Grosser St. Bernhard', 'Maloja', 'Morgins', 'Simplon', 'St. Gotthard', 'Umbrail' - Brenner Pass through the Alps between Italy and Austria and one of the principal passes of the Alpine range - Brenner Base Tunnel, a 55-kilometre-long railway tunnel under construction 2007-2032 - Little St Bernard Pass in the Alps on the France–Italy border, south of the Mont Blanc Massif, exactly on the main alpine watershed - Mont Blanc Tunnel, a highway tunnel between France and Italy under the Mont Blanc mountain in the Alps

Carpathian Mountains and countries since ancient times: The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians, a range of mountains forming an arc across Central and Eastern Europe. Roughly 1,500km long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Urals at 2,500km and the Scandinavian Mountains at 1,700km. The range stretches from the far eastern Czech Republic and Austria in the northwest through Slovakia (17%), Poland (10%), Hungary (4%), Ukraine (10%), Romania (50%) to Serbia (5%) in the south. The highest range within the Carpathians is known as the Tatra mountains in Slovakia and Poland, where the highest peaks exceed 2,600m. The second-highest range is the Southern Carpathians in Romania, where the highest peaks range between 2,500m and 2,550m. The divisions of the Carpathians are usually in three major sections, including the Western Carpathians (today Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary), Eastern Carpathians (including today southeastern Poland, eastern Slovakia, Ukraine, and Romania), and Southern Carpathians (including today Romania and eastern Serbia). - The Carpathians are a 'subsystem' of the Alps-Himalaya System that stretches from western Europe all the way to southern Asia

14th century Lithuania, 16th century Poland, Lithuania, Kijòw, 1569–1795 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: 16th century Poland and Lithuania including Kijòw in the early modern age, before the Union of Lublin - 1569–1795 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th to 17th-century Europe. At its largest territorial extent, in the early 17th century, the Commonwealth covered almost a million sq km and as of 1618 sustained a multi-ethnic population of almost 12 million inhabitants. Polish and Latin were the two co-official languages. - The 'Lublin Triangle', a regional alliance of three European countries – Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine – for the purposes of strengthening mutual military, cultural, economic and political cooperation and supporting Ukraine's integration into the EU and NATO. The Lublin Triangle initiative invokes the integrative heritage of the 1569 Union of Lublin.

1219-1806 Europe's free imperial city states, prosperity, becoming targets of more or less brutal wars, first completed by Napoleon's wars: 1219-1806 Free Imperial City of Nuremberg - independent city-state - within the Holy Roman Empire, after Nuremberg gained piecemeal independence from the Burgraviate in the High Middle Ages, leading to the economic and cultural flowering of the city and surrounding areas in the 15th and 16th centuries, making it the center of the German Renaissance also with increased trade routes and therefore becoming a target for in the coming periods of war, as the ravages of the major European wars of the 17th and 18th centuries caused the city to decline and incur sizeable debts, resulting in the city's absorption into the new Kingdom of Bavaria on the signing of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, becoming one of the many territorial casualties of the Napoleonic Wars
July-September 1632 Siege of Nuremberg: July-September 1632 Siege of Nuremberg, a battle campaign that took place in 1632 about the Imperial City of Nuremberg during the 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War - Simplicius Simplicissimus, written in 1668 by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen and probably published the same year, inspired by the events and horrors of the 'Thirty Years' War' which devastated Germany from 1618 to 1648, and regarded as the first adventure novel in the German language and the first German novel masterpiece
Organization of medieval 'Free imperial city' states: Organization and development of medieval 'Free imperial city' states in Europe
Since 15th century development of medieval 'Free imperial city' states in central Europe including later Switzerland: 16th and 17th century, a number of Imperial Cities separated from the Empire, including cities connected to the 'Old Swiss Confederacy', gaining its formal independence from the Empire in 1648 after de facto independence since 1499, as also tthe independence of the Imperial Cities of Basel, Bern, Lucerne, St. Gallen, Schaffhausen, Solothurn, and Zürich was formally recognized by the empire - Territorial growth of Bern, the largest free imperial city until 1798
Territory of independent city-state Nuremberg, and after city of Bern left to join the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1353: Territory of independent city-state Nuremberg, comprising some 1,200 square kilometres, making it one of the largest imperial cities territories, after the Imperial City of Bern left to join the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1353, only the Imperial Cities of Ulm and Strasbourg had anything like the same amount of land
1799-1804 from French Consulate to 'First French Empire': From 9 November 1799 Coup of 18 Brumaire, that brought General Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France, ending the French Revolution since 1789, as Napoleon now established a political system of 'dictatorship by plebiscite', as Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French people on his road to imperial power, drafting the Constitution of the Year VIII securing his own election as First Consul, taking up residence at the Tuileries, and as the constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January with 99.94% officially listed as voting 'yes', and as in 1800, Napoleon and his troops crossed the Swiss Alps into Italy, aiming to surprise the Austrian armies that had reoccupied the peninsula when Napoleon was still in Egypt imitating Roman empire's Caesar, followed by Napoleon's invasion of Haiti to knock down the revolution of former slaves, followed by 'First French Empire' since 2 December 1804, when Napoleon used assassination plots to justify the creation of an imperial system based on the Roman model, 18 centuries earlier, as at Napoleon's coronation with Pope Pius VII in Notre Dame de Paris on 2 December two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony, a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown
Since 1802 German mediatisation under pressure from emerging emperor Napoleon, e.g. 1806 Nuremberg city state part of the Kingdom of Bavaria: 1802-1814 German mediatisation, the major territorial restructuring in Germany and the surrounding region by means of the mass mediatisation and secularisation under relentless military and diplomatic pressure from France and and emerging emperor Napoleon of a large number of Imperial Estates, as free imperial cities, secular principalities, most ecclesiastical principalities, and other minor self-ruling entities of the Holy Roman Empire lost their independent status, as by the end of the mediatisation process the number of German states had been reduced from almost 300 to just 39 - 1806 Nuremberg City becomes part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, per July 1806 'Treaty of Confederation of the Rhine' directed by emperor Napoleon of the 'First French Empire' in his function as leader also of the 'Confederation of the Rhine' 1806-1813

Since 18th/19th century collapse of independent Swiss Confederacy amid European wars, opposition against every war and new Swiss Confederation: Switzerland January-May 1798 French invasion of Switzerland as part of the 'French Revolutionary Wars', as the independent Old Swiss Confederacy collapsed from the invasion, and as before 1798, the modern region of Vaud belonged to the Canton of Bern, to which it had a dependent status, and as the majority of Francophone catholic Vaudois felt oppressed by the German-speaking protestant majority of Bern - in the Napoleonic era, as in 1798 Switzerland was completely overrun by the French, renamed the Helvetic Republic now encountering severe economic and political problems becaming a battlefield of French Revolutionary Wars, culminating in the Battles of Zürich in 1799 involving Habsburg Monarchy, Russian Empire, and France on its way to the 'First French empire' - 1799-1800 Italian and Swiss expeditions undertaken by a combined Austro-Russian army against French forces in Piedmont, Lombardy and Switzerland as part of the Italian campaigns of French first consul Napoleon, after Battle of Winterthur and followed by 1802/03 civil war, the end of the Republic and more battles, followed by restoration and regeneration in Switzerland 1814 (Congress of Vienn), 1847 civil war, then opposition against every war, and therefore leading to a new 'Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848' and the 'Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation' in April 1999, the third and current federal constitution of Switzerland, establishing the Swiss Confederation as a federal republic of 26 cantons and containing a catalogue of individual and popular rights (including the right to call for popular referenda on federal laws and constitutional amendments), delineating the responsibilities of the cantons and the Confederation and establishing the federal authorities of government, adopted by a referendum

Economy of Europe - Economy of the European Union - Economies of EU member states, GDP, growth, deficit and unemployment since 2011 - List of the largest trading partners of the European Union, internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of barriers to trade such as tariffs and border controls, and in the eurozone trade is helped by not having any currency differences to deal with amongst most members
Economic history of Europe - Companies of Europe

Arms production in Europe since the early modern period - Since 19th/20th century development of modern physics and chemistry linked with industrial revolution and history of technology - History of military technology and world wars - Weapons by country

Energy in Europe - Energy and energy policy in the European Union - 2009 Renewable Energy Directive, European Union directive requiring that 20% of the energy consumed within the European Union is renewable, target pooled among the member states
Fossil fuels in Europe and in the European Union: Fossil fuels in the European Union and fossil fuels by country - European countries by fossil fuel use (% of total energy)
September 2017: 28 September 2017: Governments of 11 European nations are providing subsidies totalling more than £80bn a year to fossil fuel industries, survey shows
December 2018: 19 December 2018: An EU deal to slowly phase out coal subsidies is 'completely inconsistent' with the bloc’s Paris climate agreement commitments, analysts say, after coal-dependent Poland in Katowice secured a loophole allowing countries another year to negotiate new 'capacity mechanisms' that would be exempted from the deadline
January 2019 subsidies for fossil fuel the same level as 2008: 23 January 2019: Subsidies for coal, oil and gas are not falling despite EU pledges to tackle climate change, as UK has biggest fossil fuel subsidies in the EU and along with the UK, France, the Netherlands, Sweden and Ireland all gave more to fossil fuels than to renewable energy, finds commission
29 January 2021 Dutch appeals court orders Shell Nigeria to compensate farmers for major oil spills also targeting Royal Dutch Shell: 29 January 2021: Dutch appeals court in The Hague has ordered Shell Nigeria to compensate farmers for major oil spills they say caused widespread pollution, as court in The Hague rejected Shell’s argument that the spills were the result of sabotage, instead ordering Shell’s Nigerian subsidiary to compensate the farmers for the losses caused by the oil spills in the two villages of Goi and Oruma in 2004 and 2005, also ruling that the parent company, Royal Dutch Shell, and its subsidiary must install warning equipment on its Oruma pipelines to limit the environmental damage in case of another spill
20 July 2021 'Royal Dutch Shell' confirmed that it will appeal against the landmark Dutch court ruling: 20 July 2021: 'Royal Dutch Shell' has confirmed that it will appeal against the landmark Dutch court ruling calling for the oil giant to cut its carbon emissions faster, as court in The Hague reached the milestone verdict in May this year after Friends of the Earth and over 17,000 co-plaintiffs successfully argued that Shell had been aware of the dangerous consequences of CO2 emissions for decades, and that its climate targets did not go far enough, as now Shell’s chief executive Ben van Beurden said the company agrees that 'urgent action is needed' to reduce carbon emissions, vowing to accelerate its progress towards becoming a net zero carbon company, but said that Shell would still appeal against the ruling 'because a court judgment, against a single company, is not effective', ignoring that the cancellation of an important step fought for progress - that admittedly first will concern only one fossil fuel giant - is certainly not suitable for further progress against catastrophic consequences of climate change's global warming, in Africa, the Americas, Antarctica, Asia, Australie, Europe and EU countries including the former colonial Dutch empire's country 'The Nethelands', last week hit by unprecedented European floods, killing many citizens Europe e.i. today mourned in Belgium
'Big Oil' name, used for the world's largest oil and gas companies: 'Big Oil', a name used to describe the world's six or seven largest publicly traded oil and gas companies, onsidered to be BP, Chevron, Eni, ExxonMobil, Royal Dutch Shell, TotalEnergies, ConocoPhillips, as Sinopec Group and the China National Petroleum Corporation, which are state-owned Chinese oil companies, had greater revenues in 2019 than any of the supermajors, also Saudi-Arabia's Saudi Aramco, Russia's Rosneft and Lukoil with operations and subsidiaries in more than 40 countries around the world, National Iranian Oil Company, and more - List of largest oil and gas companies by revenue
Crude oil imports into the EU 2001-2014 and list of countries by oil imports: Crude oil imports into the EU 2001-2014 - List of countries by oil imports
Natural gas in Europe and imports of natural gas into the EU: Natural gas in Europe - Imports of natural gas into the European Union
November 2015: 28 November 2015: Russian regime's pipeline projects have run into trouble with the EU's anti-monopoly rules, as the dependence on a single source of gas is seen as threat to the EU's energy security
2017 energy import from Russia: In 2017, energy products accounted around 60% of the total EU's import from Russia
February 2019 Cyprus' discovery of natural gas offshore: 28 February 2019: Cyprus has hailed a significant discovery of natural gas offshore, highlighting the Mediterranean island’s prospective role as an alternative source of energy to Europe
Electric power in Europe and in the European Union: Electric power in Europe - Electric power in the European Union
Nuclear power in Europe and in the European Union: Nuclear power in the European Union - Nuclear energy policy by country in Europe
Renewable energy in Europe and in the European Union: Renewable energy in Europe - Renewable energy in the European Union

Transport in Europe - Transport and the European Union - Transport infrastructure in Europe
Aviation in Europe: Aviation in Europe - Environmental impact of aviation
November 2015 variation in fuel efficiency and global emissions: 16 November 2015: Huge variation in fuel efficiency between transatlantic airlines, with British Airways and Lufthansa emitting 51% more carbon dioxide than the cleanest flyers, as European parliament study suggests that aviation and shipping will continue to increase their share of global emissions, predicting that by 2050 aviation will account for 22% of the total, and shipping 17%
April 2020 Airbus shelved plans to create a new assembly line for airliner: 10 April 2020: Airbus has shelved plans to create a new assembly line for its A321 airliner, in the latest example of how the covid-19 pandemic and economic crisis is crippling the aviation industry
Rail transport in Europe: Rail transport in Europe
Road transport in Europe: Road transport in Europe - Public transport in Europe - Cycling in Europe
23 January 2021 Sweden announces to build a series of animal bridges: 23 January 2021: Sweden’s announcement this week that it is to build a series of animal bridges is the latest in global efforts to help wildlife navigate busy roads
Water transport in Europe: Water transport in Europe
Tourism in Europe: Tourism in Europe - Tourism in Europe by country - Hospitality industry in Europe by country - Resorts in Europe by country
July 2019 Mallorca ports: 25 July 2019: Mallorca residents call for cruise ship limit of one a day in Palma, signing petition asserting that cruise tourism is ‘unsustainable and undesirable’
May 2020 covid-19 throws Europe's tourism industry into chaos: 2 May 2020: Covid-19 throws Europe's tourism industry into chaos and no one knows if summer tourists will arrive, or how businesses will survive if not


Water in Europe: Water in Europe - Water supply in the European Union
Rivers in Europe and drainage basins: Rivers in Europe, as European drainage basins and separating catchments correspond to main rivers. The second longest river - after the Volga - and the most extensive drainage basin is linked to the middle-eastern Danube river system, whose rivers pass through or touch the borders of 10 countries including Romania (29.0% of basin area), Hungary (11.6%), Serbia (10.2%), Austria (10.0%), Germany (7.0%), Bulgaria (5.9%), Slovakia (5.9%), Croatia (4.4%), Ukraine (3.8%), and Moldova (1.6%). Its drainage basin extends into nine more (ten if Kosovo is included).
Danube river: Danube river, as the name derived from the Celtic 'danu' or 'don', which itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European 'danu', and that originates in the town of Donaueschingen, in the Black Forest of Germany, at the confluence of the rivers Brigach and Breg. The Danube then flows southeast for about 2,730km, passing through four capital cities (Vienna, Bratislava, Budapest, and Belgrade) before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and Ukraine. It's Europe's second-longest river and located in Central and Eastern Europe. Since ancient times, the Danube has been a traditional trade route in Europe, via the Black Sea also linking to Asian countries. Today, 2,415km of its total length are navigable. The Danube is linked to the North Sea via the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, connecting the Danube at Kelheim with the Main at Bamberg. The river is also an important source of hydropower and drinking water - Tributaries of the Danube river, that starts in the Black Forest in Germany as two smaller rivers - the Brigach and the Breg - which join at Donaueschingen. It is from here that it is known as the Danube, flowing generally eastwards for a distance of some 2,850km, passing through several Central and Eastern European capitals, before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania. The Danube drainage basin connects nine more countries, including Poland, Switzerland, Italy, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Albania - Inn river in Switzerland, Austria and Germany, that is 518km long. It is a right tributary of the Danube and it is the third largest tributary of the Danube by discharge. The source of the Inn River is the 'Lägh dal Lunghin', a lake at an elevation of 2484m, below the peak of Piz Lunghin, in Switzerland's canton of the Grisons. The highest point of its drainage basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at 4,049m. The Engadine, the valley of the En, is the only Swiss valley whose waters end up in the Black Sea (via the Danube river) - Sava river (called 'Saos' by the ancient Greeks) in Central and Southeast Europe, a right and the longest tributary of the Danube. It flows through Slovenia, Croatia and along its border with Bosnia and Herzegovina, and finally through Serbia, feeding into the Danube in its capital Belgrade. The Sava forms the main northern limit of the Balkan Peninsula, and the southern edge of the Pannonian Plain - Tisza (Tysa) river, that crosses several national borders, and one of the major rivers of Central and Eastern Europe, beginning in Eastern Carpathians near Rakhiv in Ukraine.
Dnieper river: Dnieper river, one of the major rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk in Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. It is the longest river of Ukraine and Belarus and the fourth-longest river in Europe, after the Volga, Danube, and Ural rivers, as its total length is approximately 2,200km. In antiquity, the river was part of the Amber Road trade routes. During The Ruin, the area was contested between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia, dividing Ukraine into areas described by its right and left banks. During the Soviet period, the river became noted for its major hydroelectric dams and large reservoirs. The 1986 Chernobyl disaster occurred on the Pripyat immediately above that tributary's confluence with the Dnieper. The Dnieper is an important navigable waterway for the economy of Ukraine and is connected by the Dnieper–Bug Canal to other waterways in Europe
Dniester river: Dniester river in Eastern Europe, that rises in Eastern Beskids - the Ukrainian Carpathians - near the city of Drohobych close to the border with Poland, then running first through Ukraine, then through Moldova - from which it more or less separates the breakaway territory of Transnistria -, finally discharging into the Black Sea on Ukrainian territory again. During the Neolithic, the Dniester River was the centre of one of the most advanced civilizations on earth at the time. The Cucuteni–Trypillian culture flourished in this area from roughly 5300 to 2600 BC, leaving behind thousands of archeological sites. Their settlements had up to 15,000 inhabitants, making them among the first large farming communities in the world.
Rhine river: Rhine river, one of the major European rivers connecting European countries. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows in a mostly northerly direction through the German Rhineland and the Netherlands and eventually empties into the North Sea.
2022 Europe's summer, getting drier Rhine river poses problems for people and businesses: 12 August 2022: As Europe lives through a long, hot summer, the Rhine river - one of the continent's major rivers - is getting drier, posing major problems for the people and businesses that rely on it. Several ferry services for instance in and around the town of Kaub have been forced to a standstill, but a ferryman is still carrying people and their cars across the water to the opposite bank, for now, saying 'it's no joke ... we have 1.5m of water and our boat sits 1.20m deep. So we have 30 centimetres of water left beneath us'
Elbe river: Elbe river, one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It rises in the Giant Mountains of the northern Czech Republic before traversing much of Bohemia (western half of the Czech Republic), then Germany and flowing into the North Sea at Cuxhaven, 110km northwest of Hamburg. Its total length is 1,094km. The Elbe's major tributaries include the rivers Vltava, Saale, Havel (coming from Berlin and its northern countryside), Mulde, Schwarze Elster, and Ohre
Vistula river: Vistula river, the longest river in Poland and the 9th-longest river in Europe at 1,047km in length. The drainage basin, reaching into three other nations, covers 193,960 km2, of which 168,868 km2 is in Poland. The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1,220m above sea level in the Silesian Beskids, the western part of Carpathian Mountains, where it begins with the 'Little White Vistula' and the 'Black Little Vistula'.[4] It flows through Poland's largest cities, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Plock, Wloclawek, Torun, Bydgoszcz, Swiecie, Grudziadz, Tczew and Gdansk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon (Zalew Wislany) or directly into the Gdansk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta of six main branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Smiala Wisla, Martwa Wisla, Nogat and Szkarpawa). The river is often associated with Polish culture, history and national identity. It is the country's most important waterway and natural symbol
Loire river: Loire river, the longest river in France and the 171st longest in the world. With a length of 1,006km it drains more than a fifth of France's land, while its average discharge is only half that of the Rhône. It rises in the southeastern quarter of the French Massif Central in the Cévennes range at 1,350m near Mont Gerbier de Jonc, then flowing north through Nevers to Orléans, then west through Tours and Nantes until it reaches the Bay of Biscay of the Atlantic Ocean at Saint-Nazaire. Its main tributaries include the rivers Nièvre, Maine and the Erdre on its right bank, and the rivers Allier, Cher, Indre, Vienne, and the Sèvre Nantaise on the left bank.
Rhône river: Rhône river, one of the major rivers of Europe, rising in the Rhône Glacier in the Swiss Alps, passing through Lake Geneva and running through southeastern France. The river's source is the Rhône Glacier, at the east edge of the Swiss canton of Valais. The glacier is part of the Saint-Gotthard Massif, which gives rise to three other major rivers, the Reuss, the Rhine and and the Ticino. The Rhône is, with the Po (and th Nile in Africa) one of the three Mediterranean rivers with the largest water discharge.
History of the river Rhone and the river valley: History of the river Rhone and river valley, the main trade route from the Mediterranean to east-central Gaul, helping convey Greek cultural influences to the western Hallstatt and the later La Tène cultures, as Celtic tribes living near the Rhône included the Seduni, Sequani, Segobriges, Allobroges, Segusiavi, Helvetii, Vocontii and Volcae Arecomic
'Pre'-history of Marseille and its environs: 'Pre'-history of Marseille and its environs, as humans have inhabited the region for almost 30,000 years, as palaeolithic cave paintings in the underwater Cosquer Cave near the calanque of Morgiou date back to between 27,000 and 19,000 BC, and as recent excavations near the railway station have unearthed neolithic brick habitations from around 6000 BC
April 2020 discovery of a string and Neanderthal abilities in the Rhone River valley: 13 April 2020: Ohio researchers report the discovery of a string, hinting at Neanderthal abilities, like making bags, mats, nets and fabric, and coming from an archaeological site in the Rhone River valley of southeastern France, and being roughly 40,000 to 50,000 years old
Po river: Po river, the longest river in Italy flowing eastward across northern Italy starting from the Cottian Alps, and flowing through many important Italian cities, including Turin, Piacenza, Cremona and Ferrara. It is connected to Milan through a net of channels called navigli, ending at a delta projecting into the Adriatic Sea near Venice, creating a wide delta at the southern part. The Po valley was the territory of Roman Cisalpine Gaul, divided into Cispadane Gaul (south of the Po) and Transpadane Gaul (north of the Po). - Tributaries of the Po river, as drainage basins of Switzerland include the Po basin, the tributaries of the Dora Baltea, the Ticino basin, the tributaries of the Oglio, the Adige river and its tributaries - History of the territory of the 'Province of Rovigo', that was first colonized by the Greeks, who founded the colony of Adria in the 12th-11th centuries BC. During the 6th and 5th centuries BC Etruscans and Venetians inhabited the area, followed by the Romans
Oder river: Oder river in Central Europe. It is Poland's second-longest river in total length and third-longest within its borders after the Vistula and Warta. The Oder rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742km through western Poland, later forming 187km of the border between Poland and Germany. The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches Dziwna, Swina and Peene that empty into the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea
14 August 2022 Germany and Poland look for the cause of the mass fish die-off in the Oder: 14 August 2022: Germany and Poland look for the cause of the mass fish die-off in the Oder, which runs through the two countries, as laboratory tests following a mass die-off of fish in the Oder River detected high levels of salinity but no mercury poisoning its waters, Poland’s environment minister has said, as the mystery continued as to what killed tonnes of fish in Central Europe

Hydrology of Switzerland and the Swiss Alps as a 'water tower of Europe': Hydrology of Switzerland, as the country has a varied and complex hydrological system. The climate gives precipitation under the form of snow and rain and is also responsible for the evaporation of water into the atmosphere. The altitude and climate allow the formation and maintenance of many glaciers that feed rivers from five major European river catchments, through which water leaves the country and joins the sea - The Gotthard Massif, a mountain range in the Alps in Switzerland, located at the border of the four cantons Valais, Ticino, Uri and Graubünden. It is delimited by the Nufenen Pass on the west, by the Furka Pass and the Oberalp Pass on the north and by the Lukmanier Pass on the east. The homonymous Gotthard Pass, lying at the heart of the massif, is a main route from north to south in Europe. The region of the Gotthard lies at the heart of the Swiss Alps. Three major rivers take their source in the Gotthard Massif including the Reuss, Rhine and Ticino. A fourth river, the Rhône, takes its source in very close proximity of the massif, just north of the Furka Pass.
25/26 July 2022 freezing point climbs to record high above Swiss Alpine summits: 25 July 2022: Freezing point climbs to record high above Swiss Alpine summits, as scientists and meteorologists say human-induced climate change is amplifying the record heatwaves in several parts of the world in recent weeks - 26 July 2022: Theodul Glacier’s retreat in the Alps has shifted the border between Switzerland and Italy, as the borderline runs along a drainage divide, the point at which meltwater will run down either side of the mountain towards one country or the other

Agriculture in Europe - Agriculture in Europe by country - European Union and agriculture
European countries by employment in agriculture: European countries by employment in agriculture (% of employed), using the latest data from the World Bank
Cereals in Europe: Cereals in Europe
Organic farming in Europe: Organic farming in Europe and by country - European System of Cooperative Research Networks in Agriculture, a web-based networking and knowledge sharing platform around the world, as network is a European initiative which asserts the use of information and communication technology to further the goals of agriculture and food security as well as safety, acting as a neutral platform where members from various parts of the world can participate, established in 1974 by the FAO of the UN and European research institutions
Since June 2005 European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Since June 2005 European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development EAFRD, a EU's agricultural fund which was set up for the financing of Rural Development Programme actions by European Union Council Regulation on the financing of the Common Agricultural Policy CAP - European Commission's Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development 'DG AGRI', closely linked to the Common Agricultural Policy CAP and its concrete concerns including Managing and Dveloping the CAP, Reinforcing rural development policy as the second pillar of the CAP, Safeguarding the European model of agriculture, Conducting the enlargement process
Since June 2007 EU-Eco-regulation: Since June 2007 EU-Eco-regulation
April 2016 agriculture's crucial role for planet’s future: 28 April 2016: Agriculture will play a crucial role in addressing the planet’s most pressing challenges, whether on food production, health or the preservation of the environment, special report shows
May 2019 EU subsidies to climate-intensive livestock farms: 22 May 2019: The EU is disregarding the climate emergency by continuing to give out billions of euros in subsidies to climate-intensive livestock, meat and dairy farms, which have shown no drop in emissions since 2010, at the same time as promising to cut emissions, say campaigners
November 2019 EU’s agricultural policy should be overhauled urgently to stop decline in wildlife: 5 November 2019: The EU’s common agricultural policy should be overhauled urgently to stop the intensification of farming practices that is leading to a steep decline in wildlife, scientists from across the bloc have urged, including five organisations representing more than 2,500 experts
October 2020 blame for poor condition of Europe’s natural environment lies with intensive farming: 19 October 2020: The vast majority of protected landscapes across Europe are rated as in poor or bad condition and vital species and their habitats continue to decline despite targets aimed at protecting them, as much of the blame for the poor condition of Europe’s natural environment lies with intensive farming because the EU’s common agricultural policy tends to reward intensive farming, according to new EEA report 'State of nature in the EU'
27 July 2022 falls in Europe’s crop yields due to heatwaves could worsen price rises: 27 July 2022: Yields of key crops in Europe will be sharply down this year owing to heatwaves and droughts, exacerbating the impacts of the Ukraine war on food prices. Maize, sunflower and soya bean yields are forecast by the EU to drop by about 8% to 9% due to hot weather across the continent. Supplies of cooking oil and maize were already under pressure, as Ukraine is a major producer and its exports have been blocked by Russia, as large parts of Europe have been afflicted by drought and hot weather in recent weeks, including Spain, southern France, central and northern Italy, central Germany, northern Romania and eastern Hungary.


Livestock and meat in the EU: Livestock and meat in the EU
February 2019 nearly a fifth of the EU's budget goes on livestock farming: 12 February 2019: Nearly a fifth of the EU's budget goes on livestock farming, says Greenpeace, urging Europe to promote diets lower in meat and dairy and restrict animals to grass-based systems to free land for crops
14 September 2020 European meat plants posing 'avoidable risk' of disease, inspectors say: 14 September 2020: Consumers are being exposed to an 'avoidable risk' of disease after a reduction of official controls in food inspections of pig and poultry carcasses across the EU, European meat inspectors have said
Dairy farming in the EU: Dairy farming by country and in the EU - Dairy cows - and house cows, kept to provide milk for a home kitchen - are farmed commercially, and can also provide manure, for use as a garden fertiliser, and their offspring can be a source of meat - Dairy, a business enterprise established for the harvesting or processing (or both) of animal milk, mostly from cows or buffaloes, but also from goats, sheep, horses, or camels, for human consumption, as a dairy is typically located on a dedicated dairy farm or in a section of a multi-purpose farm - Dairy products or milk products and alphabetical list of dairy products
2019-2020 secret footages show cruel treatment of calves in Europe: 7 May 2019: Secret footage shows young calves being beaten and kicked in Europe, as activists exposed brutal treatment of calves being trucked to the Netherlands to be sold as veal - 2 April 2020: Secret footage shows cruel treatment of weeks-old cattle transported on long journeys to Europe for veal, as calves from Ireland beaten and kicked in France
EU, animal welfare and legislation: Animal welfare and legislation in the European Union - Animal rights by country or territory - Animal welfare and rights by country
1999-2012 EU Council directive for keeping egg laying hens: European Union Council directives, a legislation passed by the EU on the minimum standards for keeping egg laying hens which effectively bans conventional battery cages, banning conventional battery cages from January 2012 after a 13-year phase-out
Food safety in Europe and the EU: Food safety in Europe - Food safety in the European Union
Since 1990s genetically modified food in the EU and regulation: Since 1990s genetically modified food in the European Union and Europe's regulation
Since February 2002 EU's Food Safety Authority: Since February 2002 European Food Safety Authority, the agency of the EU that provides scientific advice and communicates on existing and emerging risks associated with the food chain - Since 1979 Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed, a system for reporting food safety issues within the EU and annual reports - List of governmental food safety organisations in Europe and the EU

Fishing in Europe - Fishing in the European Union - Fishing in the United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales - Fishing in Norway - Fishing in Iceland - Fishing in Russia - Fishing in Ukraine - Fishing in Turkey

Fishing in the North Atlantic - Celtic Sea, an area of the Atlantic Ocean off the south coast of Ireland bounded to the east by Saint George's Channel, as other limits include the Bristol Channel, the English Channel, and the Bay of Biscay, as well as adjacent portions of Wales, Cornwall, and Brittany. The Isles of Scilly are an archipelago of small islands in the sea. - Fishing in the North Sea - Fishing in the Baltic Sea - Fishing in the Black Sea - Fishing in the Mediterranean Sea and overfishing
Since May 1882 North Sea Fisheries Convention: Since May 1882 International Convention for regulating the police of the North Sea fisheries outside territorial waters, intended to provide a set of regulations for North Sea fisheries. The contracting parties including Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands entered the convention for a period of five years. The convention, which operated only outside the three-mile limit from land, was defined as follows: The fishermen of each country shall enjoy the exclusive right of fishery within the distance of 3 (nautical) miles (5.56 km) from low-water mark along the whole extent of the coasts of their respective countries, as well as of the dependent islands and bank
Since 1964 Fisheries Convention or the London Fisheries Convention: Since 1964 Fisheries Convention or the London Fisheries Convention, an international agreement signed in London in relation to fishing rights across the coastal waters of Western Europe, in particular the fishing rights in the North Sea, in the Skagerrak, in the Kattegat and on the European Atlantic coast. It gives right of full access to the fishing grounds between 6 and 12 nautical miles of the national coastline to the fishing industry of those contracting parties that had already been fishing there in the period 1953–1962. This agreement is largely superseded to the Common Fisheries Policy (the CFP), as all parties are members of the EU
July 2017 - 2020/2021 UK's denunciation and withdrawal of the 'London Fisheries Convention': On 2 July 2017 UK's government announced that it would withdraw from the Fisheries Convention. The New Scientist observed that this was probably the first time a country had withdrawn from an international agreement named after its own capital city, London in the United Kingdom, concerning all coasts, including those of the Isle of Man and of the Channel Islands Jersey and Guernsey (including Alderney and Sark) - 3 July 2017: UK leaves fishing convention amid Brexit talks, pulling out of a fishing convention that allows countries to fish near its coast, in order to fulfil one of its 'Brexit' pledges 26 July 2017: Taking back control must not mean a return to overfishing, but 'no longer will Brits have to rely on cod caught in the Barents Sea by Icelandic and Norwegian vessels', according to Brexit promoter Michael Gove
Since 1970s Common Fisheries Policy CFP of the EU: Since 1970s Common Fisheries Policy CFP, the fisheries policy of the EU
Since 2009 EU's 'Agriculture and Fisheries Council' decisions: Agriculture and Fisheries Council, one of the configurations of the Council of the European Union and is composed of the agriculture and fisheries ministers of the European Union member states, its competencies include the Common Agricultural Policy and the Common Fisheries Policy - EU's Agriculture and Fisheries Council adopts legislation in a number of areas relating to the production of food, rural development and the management of fisheries - After 2009 entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the Council takes its decisions on most agriculture and fisheries legislation in co-decision with the European Parliament, except with respect to decisions on annual fishing opportunities where the Council decides on its own
August 2018 fishermen's clash over shellfish: 29 August 2018: UK scallop fishermen clashed with French rivals in Channel, trying to protect stocks of the shellfish - 29 août 2018: La Commission européenne appelle à un accord 'à l'amiable' après des affrontements entre marins français et anglais sur la coquille Saint-Jacques
6 May 2021 UK sends patrol vessels as 80 French protest boats gather off Jersey: 6 May 2021: Two British naval patrol vessels have arrived off the coast of Jersey as about 80 French boats also gathered at the port in St Helier in protest over post-Brexit rules on fishing rights - 6 May 2021: France’s response to post-Brexit fishing restrictions around the island of Jersey has been described as 'pretty close to an act of war' by fishing community leaders in St Helier, as Don Thompson says response from France is ‘like something you would see from Iran or Russia', and as community leaders also say they have been told 100 boats are being lined up in France for a 6am blockade at the main Channel Island port on Thursday, threatening food and energy supplies
28 October 2021 more post-Brexit discorde over fishing rights in north-west Europe: 28 October 2021: France threatens to block UK fishing boats as post-Brexit licence row heats up, as France will adopt a zero-tolerance attitude towards Britain and block access to virtually all its boats until it awards licences to French fishermen - 28 octobre 2021: Après le 'Brexit' a redessiné les zones de pêche du nord-ouest de l'Europe, les pêcheurs européens peuvent continuer à pêcher dans certaines eaux britanniques mais ils doivent prouver qu'ils y pêchaient déjà avant - 28 October 2021: France seizes British trawler in post-Brexit row over fishing rights

21st century British-French channel, economy, fishing and political crises: English Channel Economy - Pêche en France - Fishing in the United Kingdom - 21st-century British fishing industry, as British fish processors include a £4.2-billion industry, as Greenpeace found disproportionate concentrations of quota ownership among the English fishing fleet, with foreign-owned, mostly Dutch, Icelandic or Spanish but British-flagged vessels also holding almost half the quota - Britsh and French ports and harbours of the English Channel - France–UK border and since 2016 'Brexit' troubles
Îles Anglo-Normandes et économie: Îles Anglo-Normandes principales Aurigny, Jersey, Guernesey, Sercq - Économie des îles Normandes, après depuis les années 1960, les deux grandes îles sont devenues de grands centres financiers en mer ainsi que des paradis fiscaux
October 2018 investigation shows small group of wealthy families control most of UK's fishing quota: 10 October 2018: More than a quarter of the UK’s fishing quota is in the hands of a tiny group of the country’s wealthiest families, an 'Unearthed', that traced the owners of more than 95% of UK quota holdings, including, for the first time, those of Scotland, the UK’s biggest fishing nation. It reveals that more than two-thirds of the UK’s fishing quota is controlled by just 25 businesses, and more than half of those are linked to one of the biggest criminal overfishing scams ever to reach the British courts investigation has found
2018/2020 France's and United Kindom's channel fishing dispute: Août/septembre 2018 'Guerre de la coquille' (Scallop war), un conflit maritime opposant pêcheurs français et pêcheurs britanniques autour de la pêche des coquilles Saint-Jacques en Baie de Seine, au large de la Normandie - 2018/2020 France's and United Kindom's channel scallop fishing dispute
10 September 2019 responsibility to avoid no-deal Brexit outcome is up to the UK: 10 September 2019: France is losing patience with the UK in matters Brexit, threatening to veto any further delay, as for the neighbouring country the responsibility to avoid a no-deal outcome is up to the UK
10 February 2021 the Northern Ireland problem caused by Brexit will not go away: 10 February 2021: Northern Ireland dominated Brexit negotiations for years and remains a highly contentious element of EU-UK relations, as the nature of the UK’s departure from the EU means the issue will not go away
Since May 2021 renewed post-Brexit row over fishing rights: 28 October 2021: France seizes British trawler in post-Brexit row over fishing rights
9 September 2021 French PM blames fishing row on lack of 'political will': 9 September 2021: French PM has written to EU commission's president, complaining of a lack of 'political will' to find a way to settle the fishing row with Jersey, as the amnesty granted by Jersey to French fishermen nears its end, as earlier this year, Jersey's Government offered to extend the transition period allowing certain French vessels to continue to fish in island waters to the end of September in a bid to calm the stormy dispute over the ability of French boats to fish in Jersey’s territorial waters
8 October 2021 increasingly heated cross-Channel disagreements amid 10 years of crises: 8 October 2021: 'Total loss of confidence’, Franco-British relations plumb new depths as insiders say French belief that No 10 cannot be trusted has intensified amid Brexit, covid-19, aggravated migration following 'Arab spring' revolutions and counterrevolutions since 2011, ongoing wars involving many countries, and 'Aukus' amid Pacific tensions and Beijing regime's expansionism
19 October 2021 five years since UK 'Brexit' vote and 'euronews' asks where are we now: 19 October 2021: Five years since UK 'Brexit' vote, where are we now, and how did we get here, 'euronews' asks
28 October 2021 post-Brexit row over fishing rights: 28 October 2021: France seizes British trawler in post-Brexit row over fishing rights
15 November 2021 Agriculture and Fisheries Council meeting in Brussels: 15 November 2021 Agriculture and Fisheries Council meeting in Brussels


Forestry in Europe: Forestry in Europe
March 2019 forests threatened by biodiversity collapse: 4 March 2019: Europe’s forests threatened by biodiversity collapse, warn campaigners

List of the largest trading partners of the European Union - the EU is the largest exporter in the world and as of 2008 the largest importer of goods and services, internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of barriers to trade such as tariffs and border controls
Treaties entered into by the European Union
EU free trade agreements
EU/Africa and the Middle East economic and trade relations: European Union/Africa and the Middle East relations
2016: 15 September 2016: Major European oil companies and commodity traders including Dutch Trafigura, Vitol and British BP are exploiting weak fuel standards in African countries to export highly polluting fuels that they could never sell at the pumps in Europe, according to a new report - 6 December 2016: Five west African countries Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana and Ivory Coast have announced measures to end the practice of European oil companies and traders exporting 'African quality' diesel, highly polluting fuels that could never be sold in Europe - 7 December 2016: Africa's crackdown on tax avoidance project designed to improve audit capacities and ensure multinationals observe local tax laws
EU/The Americas economic and trade relations: European Union/The Americas relations
EU/Asia-Pacific economic and trade relations: European Union/Asia-Pacific relations - The EU is China's largest trading partner, and China is the EU's second largest trading partner, mostly of industrial and manufactured goods, between 2009 and 2010 alone EU exports to China increased by 38% and China's exports to the EU increased by 31%, however there are sources of tension, such as human rights and the EU's arms embargo on China
Since 1972: Since 1972 European Union-ASEAN relations refers to bilateral foreign relations between the two organizations, the European Union EU and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN
EU/Central Asia economic and trade relations: European Union/Central Asia relations

Banking and banks in Europe: Banking and list of banks in Europe - Banking in Europe by country - Cooperative banking in Europe
Banking in the European Union: Banking in the European Union
2017: 18 June 2017: Though hard Brexit may exempt UK, banks, accountants and law firms that facilitate offshore tax schemes face a Europe-wide crackdown, according to a leak of draft legislation by the European commission - 12 October 2017: Billions of dollars of public money was sunk in new fossil fuel projects by the world’s major development banks in the year after the Paris climate change deal was agreed, according to campaigners who are calling for the banks to halt their financing of coal, oil and gas
12 August 2020 European banks urged to stop funding oil trade in Amazon: 12 August 2020: Indigenous people living at the headwaters of the Amazon have called on European banks to stop financing oil development in the region, as it poses a threat to them and damages a fragile ecosystem, after a new report found $10bn in previously undisclosed funding for oil in the region
Since 2020 European Payments Initiative EPI: Since 2020 European Payments Initiative EPI, previously known as the Pan-European Payments System Initiative (PEPSI), is a European Central Bank-backed payment-integration initiative aiming to create a pan-European payment system and interbank network to rival Mastercard and Visa, and eventually replace national European payment schemes such as France's Carte Bancaire and Germany's Girocard
Financial services in Europe - Financial services in Europe by country - Financial services companies of Europe by country
13 February 2021 EU and UK’s financial services following Brexit: 13 February 2021: Within a month of the transition period ending, Amsterdam has taken London’s 'crown' as Europe’s major share trading centre, as last week an average €9.2bn (£8bn) of shares a day were bought and sold on the Dutch city’s three main exchanges, compared with €8.6bn in London

Economic history of Europe and business cycles: Economic history of Europe and business cycles
18th/19th centuries Industrial Revolution in Europe and other continents, i.a. cotton production and expansion of slavery: 18th/19th centuries Industrial Revolution's effects on cotton production and expansion of slavery, as cotton became profitable, leading to the widespread growth of cotton plantations in the emerging USA and Brazil, as American countries' labour shortages resulting from destruction of Native American cultures made slavery even more attractive as cotton plantations became highly efficient and profitable
Since 1873 'Long Depression' lasting almost to the end of the century: Since 1873 'Long Depression', a worldwide price and economic recession and the most severe in Europe and the USA, which had been experiencing strong economic growth fueled by the Second Industrial Revolution in the decade following USA's abolishment of slavery by A. Lincoln, southern states rebellion and war, as the episode was labeled the 'Great Depression' at the time
1893 Independent Labour Party ILP and Marx/Aveling's goal of shifting the ILP's positions towards 'system of criticism of political economy': In 1893 the Independent Labour Party ILP was founded. Eleanor Marx attended the conference as an observer, while her husband Aveling was a delegate, but their goal of shifting the ILP's positions towards 'system of criticism of political economy' failed, with the party remaining under a strong Christian socialist influence, as in 1897, Marx and Aveling re-joined the Social Democratic Federation, like most former members of the Socialist League - Wie der amerikanische Unabhängigkeitskrieg des 18. Jahrhunderts die Sturmglocke für die europäische Mittelklasse läutete, so der amerikanische Bürgerkrieg des 19. Jahrhunderts für die europäische Arbeiterklasse. In England ist der Umwälzungsprozeß mit Händen greifbar. Auf einem gewissen Höhepunkt muß er auf den Kontinent rückschlagen. Dort wird er sich in brutaleren oder humaneren Formen bewegen, je nach dem Entwicklungsgrad der Arbeiterklasse selbst. Von höheren Motiven abgesehn, gebietet also den jetzt herrschenden Klassen ihr eigenstes Interesse die Wegräumung aller gesetzlich kontrollierbaren Hindernisse, welche die Entwicklung der Arbeiterklasse hemmen. Ich habe deswegen u.a. der Geschichte, dem Inhalt und den Resultaten der englischen Fabrikgesetzgebung einen so ausführlichen Platz in diesem Bande eingeräumt. Eine Nation soll und kann von der andern lernen. Auch wenn eine Gesellschaft dem Naturgesetz ihrer Bewegung auf die Spur gekommen ist - und es ist der letzte Endzweck dieses Werks, das ökonomische Bewegungsgesetz der modernen Gesellschaft zu enthüllen -, kann sie naturgemäße Entwicklungsphasen weder überspringen noch wegdekretieren. Aber sie kann die Geburtswehen abkürzen und mildern. - Seit 1830 und den gescheiterten europäischen Revolutionen 1848-51 hatte die 'Bourgeoisie ... in Frankreich und England politische Macht erobert. Von da an gewann der Klassenkampf, praktisch und theoretisch, mehr und mehr ausgesprochne und drohende Formen. Er läutete die Totenglocke der wissenschaftlichen bürgerlichen Ökonomie. Es handelte sich jetzt nicht mehr darum, ob dies oder jenes Theorem wahr sei, sondern ob es dem Kapital nützlich oder schädlich, bequem oder unbequem, ob polizeiwidrig oder nicht. An die Stelle uneigennütziger Forschung trat bezahlte Klopffechterei, an die Stelle unbefangner wissenschaftlicher Untersuchung das böse Gewissen und die schlechte Absicht der Apologetik. Indes selbst die zudringlichen Traktätchen, welche die Anti-Corn-Law League, mit den Fabrikanten Cobden und Bright an der Spitze, in die Welt schleuderte, boten, wenn kein wissenschaftliches, doch ein historisches Interesse durch ihre Polemik gegen die grundeigentümliche Aristokratie. Auch diesen letzten Stachel zog die Freihandelsgesetzgebung seit Sir Robert Peel der Vulgärökonomie aus
Since 1929 'Weltwirtschaftskrise' and Great Depression: Since 1929 Great Depression, starting in 1873 and lasting almost to the end of the century, a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the USA, as the timing of the crisis varied across the world lasting until the late 1930s, and as it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century, commonly described as an example of how intensely the capitalist mode of production and global economy can decline - Seit 1929 Weltwirtschaftskrise zum Ende der 1920er und im Verlauf der 1930er Jahre beginnend mit dem New Yorker Börsencrash im Oktober 1929
Since 2007/8 Great Recession in Europe: Since 2007/8 Great Recession in Europe - Great Recession worldwide following the financial crisis since 2007 - European debt crisis affecting the countries of the eurozone since early 2009, when a group of 10 central and eastern European banks asked for a bailout - Causes of the European debt crisis
June/July 2011 ESM: 20. Juni 2011: EU Einigung am 20. Juni 2011 auf 'Europäischen Stabilitätsmechanismus' ESM ab 2013 - 20. Juni 2011: Besorgnis des IWF über Europas Schuldensituation - 26. Juni 2011: Chinas Staatsfonds steht zu Euro-Investitionen - 11. Juli 2011: EU-Justizkommissarin will Macht der Rating-Agenturen brechen
August 2011 'Leerverkäufe' und Spekulation: 12. August 2011: Belgien, Frankreich, Griechenland, Italien und Spanien verfügen Verbote sog. 'Leerverkäufe' im Börsenhandel, teils nur befristet - 25. August 2011: Frankreich, Italien und Spanien verlängern Verbot von sog. 'Leerverkäufen', d.h. insoweit von Spekulation auf den Ruin eben dieser Länder
September 2011 strengere Regeln für ESM: 28. September 2011: Strengere Regeln für Euro-Stabilitätspakt verabschiedet - 29. September 2011: Spanien und Italien verlängern Verbot von 'Leerverkäufen'
October 2011: 27 October 2011: EU leaders agree to a last-minute deal on eurozone debts and reducing Greek debts - 31 octobre 2011: Le taux de chômage dans la zone euro a atteint 10,2% de la population active en septembre 2011
November 2011 Greek and eurozone crisis: 4 November 2011: Greek eurozone crisis and G20 meeting - current events - Lessons to learn: - Chapter: The form of value - Chapter: Productive and unproductive labour
December 2011: 8 December: European countries face eurozone crisis summit in Brussels still without any idea to disempower banks and to democratise credit - 9 December 2011: Brussels summit rejects EU wide treaty change
January/February 2012: 14 January 2012: EU criticises Standard&Poor's ratings downgrade of nine eurozone countries - 31 January 2012: Eurozone unemployment hits new record at the end of 2011 reaching a rate of 10,4 per cent - 21 février 2012: L'Eurogroupe approuve le plan d'aide de 130 milliards d'euros à la Grèce - 23. Februar 2012: Laut Konjunkturprognose der EU-Kommission rutschen die Euro-Länder in Rezession von 0,3%
April/May 2012: 2 avril 2012: Le taux de chômage dans la zone euro est à son plus haut depuis 1999 et a atteint 10,8% de la population active en février 2012 - 2 May 2012: For all 17 nations in the eurozone, the jobless rate rose again to 10.9%, the highest since the euro was formed in 1999 - 16. Mai 2012: EU-Parlament und EU-Finanzminister vor Verhandlungen zu Eigenkapitalregeln für Banken
June 2012: 1 June 2012: Eurozone unemployment at 11%, in the 27-nation EU the jobless rate 10.3%, up from 10.2% - 10 June 2012: Spanish bank bailout request welcomed - 29 June 2012: Eurozone agrees to use its bailout fund to support struggling banks directly
July/August 2012: 2 July 2012: Unemployment in the eurozone hit 11.1% in May while the downturn in its manufacturing sector continued - 25 July 2012: Libor fixing to become criminal offence, EU justice commissioner Viviane Reding says - 2 August 2012: ECB's Draghi reaffirms promise to do 'whatever it takes' to save euro - 14 August 2012: Eurozone economy shrinks by 0.2% - 31 August 2012: Unemployment across the 17-nation eurozone hit a record 18 million in July
September/October 2012: 6 September: ECB's Mario Draghi unveils bond-buying euro debt plan - 1 October: Unemployment in the eurozone hit a fresh high of 18.2 million in August - 8 October: Eurozone unlocks $650bn crisis rescue fund - 13 October: The EU has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, which is worth a million euros, for six decades of work in advancing peace in Europe - 18 October: EU Brussels summit to focus on eurozone crisis - 19 October: At the EU Brussels summit compromise deal reached on eurozone bank supervisor - 23 October: The European Commission has backed plans from 10 countries to launch a financial transactions tax - 31 October: Eurozone unemployment jumps to fresh high of 18.49 million in September, unemployment rate up to 11.6% (a year earlier 10.3%)
November/December 2012: 6 November: The European Court of Auditors said there were errors in allocating about 5bn euros from the 2011 EU budget - 7 November: Eurozone jobless to peak near 12% in 2013,the EU autumn forecasts says - 30 November: Unemployment in the eurozone hit a record high in October, with more than 170.000 extra jobs lost and youth joblessness at almost 24 per cent, as the economy slumped into recession - 13 December: Eurozone agrees ECB banking supervision rules
January/February 2013: 8 January 2013: Eurozone unemployment reaches new high in 2012, as more than 26 million people are now unemployed across the EU - 28 February 2013: EU agrees to cap banker bonuses
April/May 2013: 2 April 2013: The euro area seasonally-adjusted unemployment rate was 12.0 % in February 2013 - 15 mai 2013: Selon une première estimation de l'Eurostat, le Produit intérieur brut de la zone euro s'est replié de 0,2% au premier trimestre - 31 May: One in four youths is jobless as unemployment across the eurozone reaches record of 19.38 million people or 12.2%
September-November 2013: 27 septembre: Le budget UE 2013 accuse un trou de 20 milliards d'euros - 12 November: EU agreement on 2014 budget, including 135.5 billion euros in payments and 142.6 billion euros in commitments
2014: 1 January 2014: European labour market opens for Romanians, Bulgarians - 5 June: As the eurozone economy is only growing at 0.2%, ECB slashes interest rate to 0.15%
26 October 2014: Twenty-four European banks fail European Banking Authority financial stress tests
2015: 22 January 2015: ECB president Mario Draghi pledges €60bn monthly top-up until September 2016 in quantitative easing move to save currency bloc - 20 February: Eurozone ministers gather for crucial Greece talks - 19 March: EU leaders set for crunch Greek talks at Brussels summit - 20 March: EU summit in Brussels demands Greece produce economic blueprint quickly - 20 March: EU offers funds to Greece in return for urgent reforms - 24 March: Greece promises list of reforms by next Monday to unlock cash and avoid default - 29 June 2015: Turmoil hits the financial world after capital controls imposed in Greece and banks are shut for a week, triggering a new phase of the eurozone crisis - 23 September: Volkswagen crisis and Chinese economy fears weigh on markets - 13 November 2015: The eurozone economy slowed in the three months to September 2015 as exports to large developing economies weakened
July 2017: 28 July 2017: Economic confidence across the eurozone has inched up to its highest level in a decade, as countries beat UK with solid growth in Q2
August 2018: 14 August 2018: The eurozone economy has shrugged off growing trade tensions to grow faster than previously estimated in the three months to the end of June, as GDP was also up 0.4% in the 28 EU countries
Mai 2019: 12 mai 2019: Les inégalités ont augmenté dans l'Union européenne ces dernières décennies, en particulier dans l'ancien bloc de l'Est, selon une étude
June 2019 eurozone's manufacturers hit by an even sharper slowdown than Britain on back of Brexit uncertainty: 3 June 2019: Manufacturers in the eurozone hit by an even sharper slowdown than Britain on back of Brexit uncertainty, as UK survey found that the seven-month delay to Brexit had been followed by a reduction in domestic and overseas orders and led to some companies diverting supply chains away from the UK, while weak production led to a second month of job losses
Februar 2020 eurozone economy hits seven-year low: 14 Februar 2020: Eurozone growth hits seven-year low amid weakness at Europe’s largest economies, as German economy stagnates and France, Italy and Finland contract, although countries in the periphery grew quite strongly in the last quarter of 2019
Since February 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Europe: Since February 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Europe, as the pandemic caused the largest global recession in history, with more than a third of the global population at the time being placed on lockdown
March 2020 carmakers in Europe suspending or cutting production due to coronavirus: 20 March 2020: Every major carmaker in the UK and Europe is suspending or cutting production as the disruption from the Chinese coronavirus outbreak spreads, with only lower-volume manufacturers keeping factories open
30 April 2020 Eurozone records 3.8% slump in first quarter: 30 April 2020: Eurozone records 3.8% slump, as ECB chief Lagarde warns of worse to come saying there could be a 15% collapse after record first quarter output fall caused by covid-19 pandemic, with France and Italy falling into recession, as Spain reported a quarterly drop of 5.2%, while Belgian and Austrian GDPs fell by 3.9% and 2.5%, and as Germany, not releasing its growth figures, but reported a 373,000 increase in unemployment and a jump to 10.1 million workers on reduced hours in April
7 July 2020 Europe faces deep recession EC says: 7 July 2020: Europe faces deep recession and UK will shrink by 10%, says EC, as gloomy forecast comes 10 days before EU leaders meet to discuss €750bn recovery plan
31 July 2020 Eurozone economy shrinks by record 12.1% in Q2 due to covid-19: 31 July 2020: Eurozone economy shrinks by record 12.1% due to covid-19 pandemic, as data reveals contraction in second quarter wiped out more than decade of expansion
26 October 2020 stock markets in Europe and the USA fell sharply amid further covid-19 impacts: 26 October 2020: Stock markets in Europe and the USA fell sharply as investors focused on signs that rich countries’ efforts to contain the coronavirus pandemic were foundering, and as the Stoxx 600 index lost 1.8% after heavy falls in German blue-chip stocks while countries across Europe have reported increasing numbers of confirmed covid-19 cases, and governments have reimposed restrictions that are expected to limit the economic recovery from the first wave of the pandemic
30 April 2021 Eurozone falls into double-dip recession: 30 April 2021: Eurozone falls into double-dip recession amid covid-19 pandemic, 'The Guardian' reports live

Social class in Europe
Mai 2019 les inégalités ont augmenté dans l'Union européenne: 12 mai 2019: Les inégalités ont augmenté dans l'Union européenne ces dernières décennies, en particulier dans l'ancien bloc de l'Est, mais le fossé entre riches et pauvres reste moins gigantesque que dans d'autres régions du monde, selon une étude
2 juin 2023 l'Europe dans tous ses États s'intéresse à la pauvreté: 2 juin 2023: L'Europe dans tous ses États s'intéresse à la pauvreté et aux perspectives d'avenir de la jeunesse européenne. Au total, 95 millions d'Européens sont menacé d'exclusion sociale, soit 22% de la population. En Bulgarie, Caroline de Camaret est partie à la découverte de certains projets financés par les fonds européens
Labor in Europe - Labour in the European Union
Trade unions in Europe - Trade unions in the European Union
List of federations of trade unions in Europe - European trade union federations
Since 1973: Since 1973 European Trade Union Confederation - European Trade Union Confederation by country
European labour law - Since 1989 Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers - Co-determination - European Employment Strategy


European history and society by country: European society by country - History of Europe - History of Europe by country - Rise of the territorial states

73 BC–10th century AD list of conflicts and wars in Europe ordered chronologically, including wars between European states, civil wars within European states, wars between a European state and a non-European state that took place within Europe and neighbouring regions, and global conflicts in which Europe was a 'theatre' of war

Slavery in ancient Rome and uprisings: Slavery in ancient Rome - Die Sklaverei im Römischen Reich bestand zunächst vor allem aus Schuldsklaverei, während die Versklavung von Kriegsgefangenen während der Eroberungsfeldzüge immer mehr zunahm und Kriegsgefangene als Sklaven - juristisch das Eigentum des pater familias - nach Rom kamen, so daß in der Kaiserzeit der Anteil der Unfreien auf rund ein Viertel der Bevölkerung auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Italiens geschätzt wird - Sklavenaufstände im Römischen Reich zwischen 120 und 71 v. Chr. - vor allem von ländlichen Sklaven ausgelöst - aufgrund der Erbitterung über menschenunwürdige, grausame Behandlung und verstärkt dadurch, daß viele der Sklaven vorher freie Bürger in den hellenistischen Staaten gewesen waren
Since 71 BC Roman empire's mass murder of slaves and further imperial conquests: Um 71 v. Chr. 'Zweite Schlacht am Silarus' zwischen aufständischen Sklaven, deren Heer von wütenden Sklaven nach Zeitzeugenberichten derzeit schon 200.000 bewaffnete Sklaven umfasste, und römischen Legionären - besser trainiert und vor allem gut bewaffnet auf der Grundlage von durch Sklaven produziertem Reichtum -, in der der Anführer der Widerstandsbewegung Spartacus bald nach Beginn der Schlacht getötet werden konnte ohne daß seine Leiche je gefunden wurde (zur Nachahmung bis 1919 und zur Gegenwart), damit nach dem Tod ihres Generals viele Widerstandskämpfer den Mut verloren wegen der Unklarheit des Geschehens und sie sich den Römern ergaben, um dann von den 'patres familias' und ihrem Befehlshaber Crassus, bekannt insbesondere auch für seinen zusammengeraubten gewaltigen Reichtum, als gefangenene Sklaven zu tausenden entlang der Via Appia ans Kreuz geschlagen zu werden, im geschichtlichen Ablauf später gefolgt von Crassus' Feldzug nach Syrien, der dann von Augustus, seit 30 v. Chr. Alleinherrscher (Römische Kaiserzeit 27 v. Chr. bis 284 n. Chr.), fortgesetzt wurde u.a. bis hin zur Liquidierung Judäas und Israels
Since 71 BC Spartacus death, legacy and recognition: Seit 1. Jahrhundert vor Christus Spartakus, gefallen 71 v. Chr., seine Bedeutung in der römischen Geschichte, in der europäischen Aufklärung, und seit dem 18./19. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart - 31 January 2004: The black Spartacus Toussaint L'Ouverture defeated Britain, France and Spain to create a country free from slavery, as now Haiti marks the bicentenary of its birth and Ian Thomson hails its founder

Since 73–63 BC Roman expansion and Roman empire's province of Judea: 63 BC during Roman general Pompey's campaigns in the East Siege of Jerusalem - Since 63 BC during Roman expansion general Pompey made Jerusalem a tributary of Rome, as Judea became a satellite of Syria, a client state of the Roman Republic from 37 BCE, and the Roman empire's province of Judea since 6 AD, incorporating the regions of Judea, Samaria and Idumea, as the name 'Judea' was derived from the Kingdom of Judah of the 6th century BCE, as after the Bar Kokhba revolt 132–135 the Roman emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina and the name of the city of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina, an attempt to disconnect the Jewish people from their homeland, later - Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)
Since 66-135 Jewish–Romani ideologically connected wars by the Roman empire to subjugate and then to wipe out the Jewish people: Since 66-135 Jewish–Roman wars against the Jewish people by the Roman empire, committing war crimes to destroy the Jewish religion and to establisch slavery - Since 130 AD 'Aelia Capitolina', a Roman colony founded by Emperor Hadrian in Jerusalem, which had been almost totally razed after the siege of 70 AD, during his trip to Judah in 129/130 AD with the construction of a temple to Jupiter at the site of the former temple, as 'Aelia' came from Hadrian's nomen gentile Aelius, while Capitolina meant that the new city was dedicated to Jupiter Capitolinus, as Aelia Capitolina remained official name until early Middle Ages and transliteration to 'Iliya' after the Muslim conquest of Palestine in 638, when the 7th-century Umayyad Caliphatete used the Islamic name for Jerusalem, and as the population of the city declined after Muslim conquest

718–1492 'Reconquista' in the Iberian Peninsula and military history of Christianity: Spread of Islam - 718–1492 'Reconquista' in the Iberian Peninsula - Military history of Christianity - Military theory
Since the Middle Ages wars of religion, under the pretext of religion and emerging gunpowder empires: Spread of Islam - Islam and antisemitism - Since the Middle Ages European wars of religion and under the pretext of religion - Christianity in the early modern period - Early modern Christian antisemitism
Invasions by the Ottoman Empire in Europe: Invasions by the Ottoman Empire in Europe - 1300–1453 foundation period of the military of the Ottoman Empire - Early modern gunpowder empires

Naval history by geographical location and by country, including emerging European countries: Naval history by geographical location, by country and by economic and technological development - History of naval warfare, the human combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other battlespace involving a major body of water such as a large lake or wide river, in the Mediterranean Sea, Europe, West Asia and North Africa, East, South and Southeast Asia, and in the Americas after the late Middle Ages saw the development of the cogs, caravels and carracks ships capable of surviving the tough conditions of the open ocean, with enough backup systems and crew expertise to make long voyages routine, and in addition, they grew from 100 tons to 300 tons displacement, enough to carry cannon as armament and still have space for cargo, told by the peaceful Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer Archimedes of Syracuse 287-212 BC

Since 1492 Spanish colonization of the Americas under the Crown of Castile searching gold and silver: Since 1492 Spanish colonization of the Americas under the Crown of Castile and spearheaded by the Spanish conquistadors searching gold and silver, needed for the circulation sphere of the emerging European capitalism, as the Americas populated by Native Americans were invaded, fought down merciless and incorporated into the Spanish Empire - Wars involving the arising Spanish empire and Spain

16th/17th century list of conflicts and wars in Europe ordered chronologically, including wars between European states, civil wars within European states, wars between a European state and a non-European state that took place within Europe, and global conflicts in which Europe was a 'theatre' of war
1568–1648 'Dutch War of Independence' against Spanish empire: 1568–1648 Eighty Years' War or 'Dutch War of Independence', a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces of what are today the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg against Spanish empire's Philip II, also the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands, who - after the initial stages - deployed his armies, trained for a long time, and regained control over most of the rebelling provinces
1585–1604 Anglo-Spanish War: 1585–1604 Anglo-Spanish War, an intermittent conflict between the kingdoms of Spain and England, punctuated by widely separated battles, beginning with England's military expedition in 1585 to what was then the Spanish Netherlands in support of the resistance of the States General to Spanish Habsburg rule, as the English enjoyed a victory at Cádiz in 1587, and repelled the Spanish Armada in 1588, but then suffered heavy setbacks despite two further Spanish armadas of 1596 and 1597 failure's for Spain mainly because of adverse weather and poor planning, then becoming deadlocked around the turn of the 17th century during campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland and brought to an end with the Treaty of London, negotiated in 1604 between representatives of the new King of Spain, Philip III, and the new King of England, James I. England and Spain agreed to cease their military interventions in the Spanish Netherlands and Ireland, respectively, and the English ended high seas privateering
August 1604 Treaty of London restoring the 'Status quo' between Anglo-Spanish monarchies with very different and opposite backgrounds: August 1604 Treaty of London, concluding the nineteen-year Anglo-Spanish War by restoring the 'Status quo' between the two monarchies with very different and opposite backgrounds
1602-1663 Dutch–Portuguese War: 1602-1663 Dutch–Portuguese War involving Dutch forces, in the form of the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company, against the Portuguese Empire, as in its beginning the conflict primarily involved the Dutch companies invading Portuguese colonies in the Americas, Africa, India, and Southeast Asia, and as the war can be thought of as an extension of the 'Eighty Years' War' in Europe, as Portugal was in a dynastic union with the Spanish Crown after the War of the Portuguese Succession for most of the conflict, but in the real world of economics and the 'Wealth of Nations' the conflict had little to do with the war in Europe and served mainly as a way for the Dutch to gain an overseas empire and control trade at the cost of the Portuguese, as English forces also assisted the Dutch at certain points in the war, though in later decades English and Dutch would become fierce rivals, and even later would connect again and even join in British/Dutch 'joint ventures', like British-Dutch multinational oil and gas company, in the times of economic and global crises, environmental disasters and climate change, beginning with the panic and stock market crash of 1825 in London, arising in part out of speculative investments in Latin America
1609-21 'Twelve Years' Truce' between Habsburg rulers of Spain and the Netherlands: Since April 1609 'Twelve Years' Truce', the cessation of hostilities between the Habsburg rulers of Spain and the Southern Netherlands and the Dutch Republic, agreed in Antwerp, coinciding with the Royal Decree of Expulsion of the Moriscos, and a watershed in the 'Eighty Years' War', marking the point from which the independence of the United Provinces received formal recognition by outside powers, as for Spanish empire the truce and progress was seen as a defeat as the global 'conquistadors' were forced to make several 'sacrifices' but they scarcely got anything in return, like gold and silver for murdered Native Americans since 1492

Since 1618 European involvement in 'Thirty Years' War' and social impact: Since 1618 involvement in 'Thirty Years' War', social impact and political consequences
May 1618 – May 1648 'Thirty Years' War': May 1618 – May 1648 'Thirty Years' War', a conflict primarily fought in Central Europe, as estimates of total military and civilian deaths range from 4.5 to 8 million, mostly from disease or starvation, and in some areas of Germany, it has been suggested that up to 60% of the population died
1625-1630 Anglo–Spanish War fought by Spain against the Kingdom of England and the United Provinces: 1625-1630 Anglo–Spanish War, fought by Spain against the Kingdom of England and the United Provinces, as the conflict already formed part of the Eighty Years' War and the Thirty Years' War

18th century list of conflicts and wars in Europe ordered chronologically, including wars between European states, civil wars within European states, wars between a European state and a non-European state that took place within Europe, and global conflicts in which Europe was a 'theatre' of war
1792-1802 French Revolutionary Wars following the French Revolution and Republic: 1792-1802 French Revolutionary Wars, following the French Revolution since 1789 and the establishment of the first French Republic as turning point in human history, and divided in the two periods of the War of the First Coalition (1792–97) and the War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802), as Great Britain, the Holy Roman Empire, Prussia, Russia, and several other monarchies looked with outrage at the revolution and its upheavals, considering whether they should intervene, either in support of King Louis XVI, to prevent the spread of revolution, or to take advantage of the chaos in France

19th century list of conflicts and wars in Europe ordered chronologically, including wars between European states, civil wars within European states, wars between a European state and a non-European state that took place within Europe, and global conflicts in which Europe was a 'theatre' of war
1775–1783 'American Revolutionary War' between the Kingdom Great Britain and its North American colonies: 1775–1783 American Revolutionary War, the war of independence between the Kingdom of Great Britain and 13 of its former North American colonies, which had declared themselves the independent United States of America - 1808-1833 Spanish American wars of independence - 1822-1824 war of independence of Brazil and first, second Brazilian republic and 1988 Constitution
Since 1799 Napoleonic wars, war crimes and restoration of slavery: 1803–1815 emperor Napoleon's Wars, total war with millions of Napoleonic wars casualties in whole Europe, leading to an ongoing period of reaction, including the restoration of slavery, nationalism and chauvinism worldwide
November Polish uprising 1830–1831 against the Russian Empire: November Uprising 1830–1831, an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire, that began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw
March-May 1848 Greater Poland uprising: March-May 1848 Greater Poland uprising of 1848, an unsuccessful insurrection of Poles against Prussian forces, during the Spring of Nations period. While the main fighting was concentrated in the Greater Poland region, fights also occurred in other part of the Prussian Partition of Poland, and protests were held in Polish inhabited regions of Silesia
January Polish uprising 1863-1864 against the Russian Empire: January Uprising 1863-1864, an insurrection instigated principally in the Russian Partition of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against its occupation by the Russian Empire
Polish Revolution of 1905: Polish Revolution of 1905 against the Russian Empire, as in 1905 and 1906 close to 7,000 strikes and other work stoppages occurred involving 1,3 million Poles, protesters demanded both improved conditions for workers and more political freedom for the Poles, and Russian empire contributed by trying to incite some anti-Jewish pogroms
1848-1849 democratic revolutions in Western, Northern, and Central Europe: 1848-1849 revolutions in Europe, also known as the 'Springtime of the Peoples', a series of political upheavals that spread across Europe after an initial revolution began in France in February 1848, remaining the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history to date including people of Ireland, France, the German states, the Austrian Empire, Hungary, the Italian states, Denmark, Moldavia, Wallachia, Poland, and other, as the revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states
1848-1849 democratic revolution development and events by country: 1848-1849 democratic revolution events by country, as the general pattern showed very sharp cycles as reform moved up then down, reflecting the advanced economic development and class contrast since the 1789-99 revolutionary period in France, and since the first modern economic crises in the 1820s outgoing from the 1801 established, so-called 'United Kingdom' and the development of the world market
February 1848 Chartist petition, suppression in London: In February 1848, following the arrival of news of a revolution in Paris, Chartist activity increased. In March there were protests or bread riots in Manchester, Glasgow, and Dublin, and a new demonstration was announced for 10 April 1848, to be held on Kennington Common, London. UK's authorities knew that the Chartists planned a peaceful demonstration, but still wanted a large-scale display of force to counter the challenge, so 100,000 special constables were recruited to bolster the police force
Revolutions of 1848 in the 'Austrian Empire' against absolute monarchy, for democracy, independence, land reform: Revolutions of 1848 in the 'Austrian Empire', a set of revolutions that took place from March 1848 to November 1849 in the centre of the empire itself, ruled from Vienna, included ethnic Germans, Hungarians, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Ukrainians (Ruthenians), Romanians, Croats, Venetians and Serbs. All of whom attempted in the course of the revolution to either achieve autonomy, independence, or even hegemony over other nationalities, as the nationalist picture was further complicated by the simultaneous events in the German states threatened by the Kingdom of Prussia since 17th/18th century - Revolución de 1848 en los Estados de los Habsburgo
March-May 1848 revolutionary movement in Spain: La ola revolucionaria de 1848 tuvo escasa repercusión en España, si bien conviene destacar dos alzamientos frustrados en marzo y mayo por parte de algunos sectores progresistas, con motivos cambio de régimen, liberalismo progresista, drechos y libertades
Spanish Revolution of 1854: Spanish Revolution of 1854, started with a confrontation between rebel troops and government troops near the village of Vicálvaro, followed by a military coup and a popular uprising, which occurred in June/July 1854, during the reign of Isabella II of Spain, as this 'Spanish Revolution' ended the moderate decade 1844-1854 and started the progressive biennium 1854-1856
1854 'Das revolutionäre Spanien': 1854 'Das revolutionäre Spanien', 11 Artikel von Karl Marx, die die Periode der ersten bürgerlichen Revolution (1808 - 1814), die der zweiten (1820-1823) und die der dritten bürgerlichen Revolution in Spanien (1834-1843) umfaßten, wobei von diesen Artikeln in der 'New-York Daily Tribune' nur die ersten acht (bis 1820) veröffentlicht wurden
1873-1874 First Spanish Republic: First Spanish Republic 1873-1874
1873/74 Aufstand in Spanien: 1894 Vorbemerkung zur Denkschrift über den Aufstand in Spanien im Sommer 1873 'Die Bakunisten an der Arbeit', von Friedrich Engels
Republicanism in Spain: Republicanism in Spain

Da agosto 1875 monumento della vergogna: Crimini di guerra della Wehrmacht furono quelli commessi dalle forze armate tedesche durante la seconda guerra mondiale, che tra il settembre 1939 e il maggio 1945 si macchiarono di innumerevoli crimini di guerra, crimini contro le popolazioni civili e violazioni delle norme internazionali che regolavano i conflitti armati, specialmente sul fronte orientale
'Armadio della vergogna', un'espressione del giornalismo relativo a crimini di guerra commessi sul territorio italiano durante la campagna d'Italia (1943-1945) dalle truppe nazifasciste - Depuis 16 août 1875 monument d'Hermann ('Hermannsdenkmal' - 'sapere aude'), un monument situé en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie en Allemagne dans le sud de la forêt de Teutberg, qui se trouve au sud-ouest de Detmold dans le district de Lippe. Il se dresse sur le mont densément boisé de Teutberg qui s'élève à 386 mètres, au centre de la fortification circulaire de Grotenburg, mais c'est vers l'ouest et non vers le sud que la statue - inaugurée en présence de l'empereur Guillaume - est tournée - 9 CE 'Battle of the Teutoburg Forest' in the northern countryside of Osnabrück, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, as the alliance was led by Germanic officer of Varus's auxilia 'Arminius', who had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses. The very cruel battle reportedly (by contemporary historians) for many days is commonly seen as one of the most important defeats in Roman history, bringing the triumphant period of expansion under Augustus to an abrupt end. The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania - List of ancient Germanic peoples

20th century list of conflicts and wars in Europe: 20th century list of conflicts and wars in Europe
Prior to WWI August Bebel's 'secret diplomacy' for years to keep the peace: Prior to WWI SPD's August Bebel saw with great concern that the German-British relationship was deteriorating, warning against an expansion of the German navy, as - in particular - his criticism of the naval armor led him to 'flee into secret diplomacy' and for years he had been in contact with British government circles through Heinrich Angst, the British consul general in Switzerland, warning the British government several times that their armaments efforts would be eased, and until shortly before his death, he delivered political assessments and reports to the British, but the United Kingdom missed to take the friend of deceased Karl Marx seriously
1914-1918 World War I by German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman empires: 28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918 World War I by Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria and others, a global war originating in Europe that led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars and one of the deadliest conflicts in history - 24 Februar 2011: 'At what cost?: Spanish neutrality in the First World War', 2009, by Carolyn S. Lowry, University of South Florida, saying 'while one expects adversity in war, the First World War left no nation untouched, and even the neutral powers did not escape unscathed, particularly Spain. The case of Spain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries shows the ultimate demise of one of Europe’s greatest empires. While Spain had dominated the continent in earlier centuries, its great empire fell far behind as the world expanded through industrialization and further imperial conquest', and as now Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare campaign ravaged Spanish shipping, exacerbating economic hardships - Aftermath of World War I
1931-1939 Second Spanish Republic: 1931-1939 Second Spanish Republic
1936-1939 military campaign by Spanish fascists supported by Italian fascists and Nazi Germany against Second Spanish Republic: July 1936 – April 1939 'Spanish Civil War', an attack and military campaign by Spanish fascists supported by Italian fascists and Nazi Germany against the Second Spanish Republic, the 'dress rehearsal' for World War II
Since September 1939 bombing of Wielun and Warsaw: 1 September 1939 bombing of Wielun comprised air raids on the Polish town of Wielun by Germany's Luftwaffe, that destroyed at least 70% of the town's buildings (as much as 90%, in the city center), causing hundreds of civilian casualties according to historian Norman Davies, described as the first war crime committed by Germany in World War II - Since 1 September 1939 Germann bombings of Warsaw in World War II referring to the aerial bombing campaign of Warsaw by the German Luftwaffe during the siege of Warsaw in the invasion of Poland in 1939, it also may refer to German bombing raids during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, as during the course of the war approximately 84% of the city was destroyed due to German mass bombings, heavy artillery fire and a planned demolition campaign
1939-1945 World War II by Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan: 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 World War II by Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan, a global war involving the vast majority of the world's countries - including all the great powers - forming two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis, as in a state of total war, directly involving more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources, becoming the deadliest conflict in human history, resulting in 70 to 85 million fatalities, with more civilians than military personnel killed, as tens of millions of people died due to the Holocaust and more genocides, premeditated death from starvation, massacres, and disease, as aircraft played a major role in the conflict, including in strategic bombing of population centres, the development of nuclear weapons forced by German efforts, and the only two uses of such in war
22 June 1941-1945 Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union: Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II since 22 June 1941
24 June 1941 German air force in the skies of pre-state Israel: 8 April 2021: On 24 June 1941 during the longest and most complex sortie executed by the NSDAP-ruled German empire's air force in the skies of pre-state Israel, a Junkers plane photographed Tel Aviv, the Jordan Valley, Tiberias and an airport near Amman
September 1941-1944 Siege of Leningrad' and the 1943 'Battle of Krasny Bor': Blue Division, a unit from Francoist Spain within the German Nazi 'Wehrmacht' on the Eastern Front during World War II, participating in common war crimes of the '1941-1944 Siege of Leningrad' and the 1943 'Battle of Krasny Bor'
Since July/August 1943 liberation of the Soviet Union and eastern front countries: Depuis juillet/août 1943 les forces de l'Axe perdent l'initiative des offensives stratégiques, les Soviétiques reprennent l'initiative, reprennent et libèrent leur pays et les régions conquises par la 'Wehrmacht' sur le front de l'Est de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
6 June – August 1944 Allied casualties during liberation of Normandy, including civilians: Juin/août 1944 Pertes des Alliés - forces terrestres 209 672 tués, blessés et disparus, forces aériennes 16 714 tués et disparus - civils 50 000 tués, blessés et disparus (dont tués 33 000) - Casualties and losses of 6 June – 30 August 1944, as victims during Allied forces 'Operation Overlord' include 226,386 Allied casualties and 25,000–39,000 civilian deaths
1944/1945 liberation of France and western front countries: Since June 1944 liberation of France and western front countries

Aftermath of World War II, consequences of Nazism and continuation: Aftermath of World War II, consequences of Nazism and continuation - List of military writers including German Nazigeneral Heinz Guderian, who developed principles of Blitzkrieg 'Achtung – Panzer', and German Nazigeneral Erwin Rommel 'Infantry Attacks'
Combined efforts of the wartime Allies and resistance movements for new answers following and facing European history: Nazism and the acts of the Nazi German state affected many countries, communities, and people before, during and after World War II, as NSDAP-ruled Germany's attempts to exterminate the Jewish people, parts of slavic peoples, ethnic groups, people viewed as subhuman by NSDAP and SS ideology were eventually stopped by the combined efforts of the wartime Allies headed by Britain, the Soviet Union, the USA, and by World War II resistance movements, as also Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe and during the Holocaust led to new answers following and facing European history

14 May 1948 Provisional Government of Israel's Declaration of Independence, first saying 'ERETZ-ISRAEL (the Land of Israel, Palestine) was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped. Here they first attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal significance and gave to the world the eternal Book of Books. After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people kept faith with it throughout their Dispersion and never ceased to pray and hope for their return to it and for the restoration in it of their political freedom. ... AND, BY VIRTUE OF OUR NATURAL AND HISTORIC RIGHT AND ON THE STRENGTH OF THE RESOLUTION OF THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY, HEREBY DECLARE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A JEWISH STATE IN ERETZ-ISRAEL, TO BE KNOWN AS THE STATE OF ISRAEL - 1958-2018 list of the Basic Laws of Israel, as Basic Laws were intended to be draft chapters of a future Israeli constitution (which has been postponed since 1950), as they act as a de facto constitution until their future incorporation into a formal, unitary, written constitution, as Israel is one of 6 countries (along with Canada, New Zealand, San Marino, Saudi Arabia and the UK) that functions according to an uncodified constitution consisting of both material constitutional law (based upon cases and precedents), common law, and the provisions of these formal statutes

Timeline of Jerusalem, Israel and Judah social movements of 66 CE and aftermath: Timeline of Jerusalem riots of 66, referring to the massive unrest in the center of Roman Judea, which became the catalyst of the First Jewish–Roman War, after - according to Josephus - the violence of the year 66 initially began at Caesarea, provoked by Greeks of a certain merchant house sacrificing birds in front of a local synagogue, as the Roman garrison did not intervene there and thus the long-standing Hellenistic and Jewish religious tensions took a downward spiral, and as - in reaction - a Jewish Temple clerks ceased prayers and sacrifices for the Roman emperor at the Temple
Since 66 CE timeline of Roman empire's first Jewish–Roman War 66–73 CE: Since 66 CE timeline Roman empire's first Jewish–Roman War War 66–73 CE
66–74 AD gospel of Mark: 66–74 AD Gospel of Mark of the four canonical gospels and of the three synoptic Gospels, telling of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to his death and burial and the discovery of Jesus' empty tomb, as there is no miraculous birth or doctrine of divine pre-existence, nor, in the original ending (Mark 16:1-8), any post-resurrection appearances of Jesus, as it portrays Jesus as a heroic man of action, an exorcist, a healer, and a miracle worker, also the Son of God, but keeping his messianic nature secret
Following the AD 70 destruction of Jerusalem most scholars believe the gospel of Matthew was composed between AD 80 and 90: Setting of the gospel of Matthew, a work of the second generation of Christians, after the defining event was the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple by the Romans in AD 70 ending the course of the First Jewish–Roman War AD 66–73
Since around AD 80–110 gospel of Luke: Gospel of Luke, together with the Acts of the Apostles, it makes up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke–Acts, accounting together for 27.5% of the 'New Testament', as most probable date for its composition is around AD 80–110, and there is evidence that it was still being revised well into the 2nd century
Since AD 90–110 gospel of John: Gospel of John, the fourth of the four canonical gospels, reaching its final form around AD 90–110

April 2020 researchers say Vatican archives show pope Pius XII knew of WWII killing of Jews: 30 April 2020: Researchers studying the newly opened Vatican archives of pope Pius XII have already found evidence that the World War II-era pope knew about the mass killing of Jews from his own sources but kept it from the USA government, the Washington Post reported Wednesday, saying documents indicate pope was aware of massacre of Jews in Warsaw and Lviv from own sources, but denied it to Americans

From July 1942 German SS and police units carried out mass deportations from the Warsaw ghetto to the Treblinka killing center: As from July 1942 German SS and police units, assisted by auxiliaries, carried out mass deportations from the Warsaw ghetto to the Treblinka killing center, described as the 'Great Action', as the Germans deported about 265,000 Jews from Warsaw to Treblinka
January 1943 in German ideology not expected Jewish resistance and attack disoriented the Germans: As by the summer of 1942 it was clear to ghetto inhabitants that deportations from the ghetto meant death, and in response to these deportations, several Jewish underground organizations banded together and created an armed self-defense unit known as the Jewish Combat Organization ZOB and also a second force called the Jewish Military Union ZZW, and as in January 1943, German SS and police units returned to the Warsaw ghetto to resume mass deportations, a small group of Jewish fighters, armed with pistols, infiltrated a column of Jews being forced to the transfer point 'Umschlagplatz', and - after this group broke ranks and fought their German escorts - most of the Jewish fighters died in the battle, but the not expected resistance and attack disoriented the Germans, and as a result, the Jews who were arranged in columns at the Umschlagplatz had a chance to disperse, as in January/February 1943 German empire's army lost the battle of Stalingrad, described as the biggest defeat in the history of the German Army, after NSDAP's Adolf Hitler had declared in a public speech in September 1942 that the German army would never leave the city
Since January 1943 Jewish resistance leaders encouraged fellow ghetto inhabitants to defy deportation orders: Jewish resistance leaders also encouraged fellow ghetto inhabitants to defy deportation orders and hide from German authorities, after - seizing only 5,000-6,500 ghetto residents - the Germans suspended further deportations on January 21, and as - encouraged by the apparent success of the resistance - people in the ghetto began to construct subterranean bunkers and shelters, preparing for an uprising should the Germans - certainly not to be overcome in Warsaw in 1943 with the given means of resistance - attempt a final deportation of the remaining Jews from the ghetto, as the Jews decided against extermination without resistance, that could be told to future generations, therefore documented, e.g. by the Ringelblum archiv, because the - also consciously brought about in Jerusalem by the young man himself called upon misunderstood Jewish prophets whose scriptures must be fulfilled - martyr's death of Jesus Christ nearly 2000 years ago, which weakened the Jewish resistance to the brutal Roman empire, almost like the Nazis, wasn't the goal of the Jews in Warsaw, Poland, Europe etc during WWII
Since 19 April 1943 final act of Warsaw's Jewish resistance against the Germans, lasting 27 days: On April 19, 1943, the eve of the Passover holiday, the Jews of the Warsaw ghetto began their final act of resistance against the Germans, lasting twenty-seven days, as this act of resistance came to be known as the Warsaw ghetto uprising, as ZOB fighters were armed with only pistols, grenades (many of which were homemade), and a few automatic weapons and rifles, but they stunned the Germans and their auxiliaries on the first day of fighting, forcing German troops to retreat outside the ghetto wall, as SS leader Stroop reported losing 12 men during the first assault, as about 700 young Jewish fighters clashed with German forces, sometimes in hand-to-hand combat, as in the end the Germans razed the ghetto to the ground, burning and demolishing this part of Warsaw, block by block, and as on 16 May it was announced in a report to Berlin that 'the former Jewish Quarter in Warsaw is no more', written by Waffen-SS Jürger Stroop, born 1895 in Detmold (Lippe) near Augustdorf and the today's GFM Erwin Rommel barracks

Since June 1945 'Christian Democratic Union of Germany' political party in Germany, the major 'catch-all party' German politics, that since its re-establishment with a little changed religious affiliation included a large number of NSDAP members, in Hitler's party until empire's defeat in 1945, remaining attached to their career - Since December 1870 'German Centre Party', belonging to the political spectrum of 'Political Catholicism' that, emerging in the early 19th century after the turmoil of the Napoleonic wars, as the many Catholics found themselves in Protestant dominated states, since 1871 primarily influential during the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic, soon winning a quarter of the seats in the Reichstag (Imperial Parliament), and its middle position on most issues allowed it to play a decisive role in the formation of majorities, as for most of the Weimar Republic, the Centre Party was the third-largest party in the Reichstag, and - following NSDAP Adolf Hitler's rise to power in early 1933, the Centre Party was among the parties who voted for the 'Enabling Act', which granted legislative powers to Hitler's government
April 2020 researchers say Vatican archives show pope Pius XII knew of WWII killing of Jews: 30 April 2020: Researchers studying the newly opened Vatican archives of pope Pius XII have already found evidence that the World War II-era pope knew about the mass killing of Jews from his own sources but kept it from the USA government, the Washington Post reported Wednesday, saying documents indicate pope was aware of massacre of Jews in Warsaw and Lviv from own sources, but denied it to Americans


Demographics of Europe: Demographics of Europe - Demographics of Europe, as of 2010 Europe's population within the standard physical geographical boundaries was 740 million according to the United Nations - Demographics of the European Union, as of 2014 the population of the EU of 28 member states is about 507.4 million people
Ethnic groups in Europe: Ethnic groups in Europe - Ethnic groups in Europe by region - Ethnic groups in Europe by country
African diaspora in Europe and immigration: African diaspora in Europe by country - African immigration to Europe
Jews and Judaism in Europe: History of the Jews in Europe, stretching back over two thousand years - Jews and Judaism in Europe - Jews and Judaism in Europe by country
25 October 2020 an estimated 1.3 million Jews live in Europe today: 25 October 2020: Europe has lost almost 60% of its Jewish population over the past 50 years, mainly as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union, as only about 9% of the global Jewish population now lives in Europe, compared with nearly 90% in the late 19th century (but similar to the proportion 1,000 years ago), and as in total an estimated 1.3 million Jews live in Europe in 2020, about 0.1% of the continent’s population, with two-thirds of them in France, the UK and Germany
8 April 2021 Holocaust Remembrance Day: 8. April Gedenktag für die Märtyrer und Helden des Holocaust 2021
Kurdish diaspora in Europe: Kurdish diaspora in Europe - European people of Kurdish descent - Kurdish people by country of citizenship
23 October 2019 Syrian Kurdish man set himself on fire outside the UN: 23 October 2019: Syrian Kurdish man, who resides in Germany, set himself on fire outside the UN refugee agency headquarters in Geneva, then tried to enter the UNHCR building, and was flown by helicopter to the specialised burns unit at the university hospital in Lausanne
Middle Eastern diaspora in Europe: Middle Eastern diaspora in Europe by country
Romani in Europe: Romani in Europe by country - Romani people in Germany - Central Council of German Sinti and Roma
8 April 2021 International Roma Day: 8. April 2021: Sinti und Roma sind in Europa immer noch von Apartheid und Gewalt bedroht, und der Internationale Roma Tag erinnert daran, dass es eine gesamtgesellschaftliche Aufgabe ist, die Bürgerrechte zu stärken und den Antiziganismus kontinuierlich und dauerhaft zu ächten, weil es beschämend und nicht hinnehmbar ist daß Sinti und Roma in vielen Teilen Europas - trotz ihrer Jahrhunderte alten Geschichte und trotz der Erfahrung des Holocaust - noch heute mit Apartheid und Gewalt konfrontiert werden obwohl sie Staatsbürger ihrer Heimatländer sind

Human rights in Europe: Human rights in Europe - European Network of National Human Rights Institutions - Human rights by country - List of Human Rights organisations
Since 1791 emancipation: Timeline of emancipation, i.e. years when legal equality was 'granted' to Jews, since 1791 in France - Année d'obtention de l'égalité des droits pour les Juifs en Europe
1794 first general abolition of slavery: Abolitionist movement to end slavery and first general abolition of slavery on 4 February 1794 in France - Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
2015 EU parliament accused of 'hiding away' proof of torture by Assad regime: 19 June 2015: European parliament accused of 'hiding away' proof of torture by Assad regime, after MEPs decided against holding a major public exhibition of photographs documenting torture and abuse in Syrian Assad regime institutions, deeming the images too provocative, 'disturbing and offensive', wanting to host only cultural events and exhibits
2016 international refugee crisis and EU officials: 12 March 2016: As thousands of desperate refugees remain trapped at border camp between Greece and Macedonia and as 'Europe is on the cusp of a largely self-induced humanitarian crisis' according to UN, USA Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Victoria Nuland visits the refugee camp in Idomeni, but there is no European official walking around the muddy fields and talking with aid agency workers, refugees and migrants, because European officials prefer hotels in Moscow, Tehran, Vienna, Brussels and after all Geneva, talking and laughing with war criminals and perpetrators - 15 March 2016: Macedonia forcibly ('they hit everyone – women, children, men') returns thousands of exhausted refugees to Greece, after desperate men, women and children fled Greek camp a day earlier - 15 March 2016: Seeing Macedonian authorities sending people back in trucks to Greece late at night, dropping children off shivering, wet and disoriented, 'Save the Children' criticizes 'the wholly inadequate response of European leaders to this crisis, which treats people like bargaining chips and leaves them stranded with no safe plan for their future' - 14 juillet 2016: Des migrants violentés par des forces hongroises à la frontière hongroise avec la Serbie
2017 violence in Spain: 1 October 2017: Muted response from EU leaders over police crackdown in Catalonia, as Belgian PM Michel and senior MEP Verhofstadt among the few national leaders to denounce violence and human right groups also condemn the violence
January 2019 HRW report: 17 January 2019: Migration used to stoke fear in the EU, justify abusive policies, and block meaningful reform in 2018, even as arrivals at borders decreased, according to HRW in its report 2019, saying in 2017/2018 that xenophobic populists hostile to human rights shaped politics even when they failed to win at the ballot box, and European governments seemed determined to keep migrants away at all costs
June 2019 demanded prosecution of the EU for the deaths of thousands of migrants who drowned in the Mediterranean: 3 June 2019: The EU and member states should be prosecuted for the deaths of thousands of migrants who drowned in the Mediterranean fleeing Libya, according to a detailed legal submission to the international criminal court ICC
November 2019 EU democracy is under threat: 4 November 2019: According to the YouGov poll of 12,500 people in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia, published by George Soros’s Open Societies Foundations, majorities between 51% and 61% in six countries - including Germany - feel democracy is under threat, 30 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, but also demonstrating 'that where the establishment has failed citizens, civil society is perceived as a trustworthy counterpart'
March 2020 ignorant and violent EU amid war crimes against Syrian people: 2 March 2020: Refugees and migrants trying to reach Europe have clashed violently with Greek riot police as Turkey claimed more than 76,000 people were now heading for an ignorant EU amid war crimes, as a result of the escalating war in Syria where 33 Turkish soldiers, defending civilians, were killed by Russian-backed dictatorship troops, as a million civilians have been displaced since December inside Syria near the Turkish border in desperate winter conditions, and as Turkey, already home to 3.7 million Syrian refugees, decided to open the Turkish side of the border to the EU, now headed by CDU's von der Leyen - 2 March 2020: Child drowns at sea off Greece in first fatality of EU von der Leyen's cronyism with Russian, Iranian and Assad regime's war criminals
2 March 2020 UN says Russia committed war crimes in Syria as world expects end of impunity: 2 March 2020: Russia committed war crimes in Syria, finds UN report, as Putin regime blamed for indiscriminate attacks in civilian areas without 'a specific military objective', also documenting 'unprecedented levels of displacement and dire conditions for civilians' in Syria
4 March 2020 doctors who flew to Lesbos to help refugees forced to flee: 4 March 2020: Doctors who flew to Lesbos to volunteer at Moria migrant camp have described how they were forced to flee after being set upon by a mob wielding nail-headed cudgels, the latest in a series of violent incidents targeting international aid workers, amid an increasingly hostile climate, enforced by the Greek government and EU commission, praising Greece as 'shield' and announcing taxpayers's €700m in EU funds for Greece, including €350m available immediately to upgrade 'infrastructure' at the border, instead of aid and tackling the causes of the refugee crisis
16 March 2020 child died in fire in overcrowded Moria camp: 16 March 2020: A young child died in a fire in an overcrowded migrant camp on the Greek island of Lesbos, as fire burned through two containers used as living quarters by people in the Moria camp, as well as some tents, as activists say 'European and Greek authorities who continue to contain people in such inhumane conditions have a responsibility'
17/18 December 2020 Europe's containment policies resulted in mental health crisis for refugees: 17 December 2020: Years of entrapment on Aegean islands has resulted in a mental health crisis for thousands of refugees, with one in three contemplating suicide, a report by support experts has revealed, as containment policies pursued by the EU have also spurred ever more people to attempt to end their lives, according to a report released by the International Rescue Committee IRC, ahead of the 'International Migrants Day' observed by all UN member states, committed to Human Rights, on 18 December 2020
8 April 2021 AI says hidden human rights crises threaten post-covid global security: 8 April 2021: Hidden human rights crises threaten post-covid global security, Amnesty International says, adding that ‘crises will multiply’ if escalating repression by governments under pretext of pandemic ignored, according to new elected secretary general and Amnesty International Report 2020/21, documenting the human rights situation in 149 countries in 2020, as well as providing global and regional analysis
4 July 2021 rights groups say companies have human rights and environmental obligations, calling for corporate accountability laws: 4 July 2021: Almost 30 organisations have joined forces to call for the UK to follow in the footsteps of its European partners by introducing corporate accountability laws requiring companies to undertake human rights and environmental due diligence across their supply chains, as the groups, including the TUC, Friends of the Earth and Amnesty International, say systemic human rights abuses and environmentally destructive practices are commonplace in the global operations and supply chains of UK businesses, and voluntary approaches to tackle the problem have failed, as some countries have already passed laws on supply chain due diligence, while the EU is to introduce obligations on all companies operating in the single market
13 January 2022 court jails former Syrian Assad regime's intelligence officer A. Raslan for life: 13 January 2022 after his arrest in 2014, former Syrian Assad regime's colonel Anwar Raslan - who led a unit of regimes's General Intelligence Directorate -, is sentenced by a German court to life in prison, after prosecutors had accused Anwar Raslan of 58 murders in a Damascus prison where they say at least 4,000 opposition activists were tortured in 2011 and 2012 - Das Oberlandesgericht in Koblenz hat am Donnerstag den früheren syrischen Geheimdienstoffizier Anwar Raslan der Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit schuldig befunden, und verurteilte ihn zu lebenslanger Haft. Der Prozess wurde unter dem Weltrechtsprinzip geführt, das es ermöglicht, in Deutschland auch schwere Straftaten in Drittstaaten zur Anklage zu bringen. - 13 January 2022 Anwar Raslan sentenced to imprisonment for life and given a week to appeal the verdict, according to 'Wikipedia'
Januar 2022 OLG Koblenz nutzt das Weltrechtsprinzip, ECCHR vertritt Nebenkläger: 13. Januar 2022: Weil der Prozess vor dem ICC in Den Haag derzeit noch unmöglich ist (Syrien unter Assad ist dem Gerichtshof nicht beigetreten), und der UN-Sicherheitsrat ihn nicht beauftragt, weil Rußlands Putin Regime - mit dem syrischen Assad Regime verbündet - es verhindert, hat das OLG Koblenz in 2022 das Weltrechtsprinzip genutzt, das in vielen Ländern umgesetzt werden kann. Es greift seit 2002 bei Straftaten wie Völkermord, Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit oder Kriegsverbrechen. Sie können auch dann in Deutschland verfolgt werden, wenn die Tat im Ausland begangen wurde und weder Täter noch Opfer Deutsche sind. Täter schwerster Verbrechen sollen in Deutschland nicht frei leben können. Menschenrechtler werteten den Koblenzer Prozess als wichtiges Signal. Von einem 'Meilenstein' spricht RA Patrick Kroker vom Europäischen Zentrum für Verfassungs- und Menschenrechte ECCHR, der einige Nebenkläger vertreten hat. - 14 January 2022: Syrian survivors cling to hope Raslan case will mark end of regime’s impunity. 'The Guardian' reports

European Court of Human Rights - Cour européenne des droits de l'homme - Site officiel
European Court of Human Rights judgments: List of European Court of Human Rights judgments
Since 1999 cases of Russian military abuses brought forward by Chechen civilians: Since 1999 cases of Russian military abuses brought forward by Chechen civilians against Russia in the course of the Second Chechen War, with 104 rulings to date as of April 2009 (including regarding the cases of torture and extrajudicial executions)
January 2014 Saudi torture remains unpunished: 14 January 2014: Four Britons, who say they were beaten and tortured by 'Mabahith', have been told by the European court of human rights they cannot sue Saudi Arabia in the UK courts over torture
May 2014: 12 May 2014: European Court of Human Rights orders Turkey to pay Cyprus over invasion
June 2014: 13 June 2014: Ukraine filed a lawsuit at the European Court of Human Rights concerning the kidnapping by terrorists of orphans from Snizhne
July 2014: 24 July 2014: Poland broke human rights convention on suspects held by the CIA, ECHR finds for Abu Zubaydah and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri, who argued they were tortured by USA agents in a Polish forest prison
September 2014: 24 September 2014: Russia's FSB spy agency’s interception of data including texts and emails challenged by Russian journalist and now examined by European Court of Human Rights
2015: 14 April 2015: ECHR postpones Ukraine's lawsuit against Russia over the actions of the Russian regime in Donbas and Crimea for six months at Russian request - 3 December 2015: Ukrainian citizens have filed 700 complaints to the ECHR against the Russian Federation in connection with military actions in Donetsk and Luhansk regions and the occupation of Crimea, as the court is expected to make the first ruling on these complaints in the near future
January 2016: 13 January 2016: ECHR to rule on prison term for Russian activist Kashapov, who was arrested in December 2014 for criticizing Crimea annexation by Russian regime in 2014
21 May 2016: 21 May 2016: Australian law firm wants compensation from Russian regime for MH17 crash and its President Putin on behalf of families of victims of July 2014 catastrophe, the relevant application was submitted on 9 May 2016 to the European Court of Human Rights - 21 mai 2016: Les familles des victimes du vol MH17 de la Malaysia Airlines, abattu alors qu'il survolait l'Ukraine en 2014, poursuivent en justice la Russie et son président Poutine auprès de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme
31 May 2016: 31 May 2016: Russian regime must pay editor for breaching freedom of expression rights of Yelena Mikhaylovna Nadtoka, editor-in-chief of the newspaper Vecherniy Novocherkassk, who was found guilty in 2004, in a breach of her rights under article 10 of the European convention, of causing insult to a politician, ECHR rules saying that the newspaper’s article sought to complain of corruption on the part of the mayor of Novocherkassk, which was a subject of public interest
October 2016: 11 October 2016: Chess master Garry Kasparov wins a case against Russian regime at the European Court of Human Rights for unlawful arrest in 2007 and violation of his right to attend a rally in Samara he missed as a result of his detention in Moscow
January/February 2017: 26 January 2017: 'Among the Council of Europe member, the majority of judgments defining at least one violation of the European Convention on Human Rights in 2016 was delivered against Russia (222 judgments)', followed by Turkey with 77 judgments, the ECHR says - 10 February 2017: Ukrainian librarian Natalya Sharina held under house arrest in Russia since October 2015, has taken her case to the European court of human rights
April 2017: 13 April 2017: Russian authorities failed to take sufficient steps to stop the 2004 Beslan school siege in North Ossetia in which more than 330 people were killed, the European court of human rights has ruled
June 2017: 20 June 2017: Russian law '2013 federal statute' encourages homophobia and discrimination, the European court of human rights has ruled, in a sharply worded rebuke to the Russian regime
September 2017: 25 September 2017: Portuguese schoolchildren from the area struck by the country’s worst forest fires are seeking crowdfunding, supported by the NGO Global Legal Action Network, to sue 47 European countries, alleging that the states’ failure to tackle climate change threatens their right to life
October 2017: 10 October 2017: A group of members of the Catalan Parliament have taken Monday's Catalan plenary suspension imposed by the Spanish Constitutional Court to the European Court of Human Rights
March 2018: 20 March 2018: Turkey acted illegally by detaining journalists Mehmet Altan and Sahin Alpay who were arrested in the wake of the military coup attempt in July 2016, the European Court of Human Rights has ruled, saying there had been a violation of personal liberty and security under Article 5/1 of the European Convention
May 2018: 25 May 2018: A group of 270 relatives of the Dutch victims of flight MH17 downed in July 2014 in Russian-occupied Donbas will lodge a complaint against Russia with the European Court of Human Rights ECHR
July 2018: 18 July 2018: Investigative journalist Anna Politkovskaya’s murder inquiry in Russia was 'inadequate and violated human rights’, as those who commissioned the killing have not yet been identified, the European Court of Human Rights ruled, ordering Russia to pay 20,000 euros in damages to relatives of murdered journalist
July 2018: 18 July 2018: European Court of Human Rights found that Russia had violated five articles of the European Convention on Human Rights in its arrest and conviction of the Pussy Riot protest group in 2012, sentencing three members to two years in prison after performing a protest song in a Moscow cathedral
November 2018 Alexei Navalny arrests case: 13 November 2018: Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny was stopped at the border and barred from leaving Russia as he was about to travel to a court hearing at the European Court for Human Rights in France - 15 November 2018: Russia’s repeated arrests of opposition leader Alexei Navalny since 2012 are politically motivated, the European court of human rights ECHR has ruled, in a sharp rebuke of the Russian regime's authorities
April 2019: 9 April 2019: The European court of human rights has ruled that Russia violated the rights of the opposition leader Alexei Navalny by placing him under house arrest in 2014 and imposing other restrictive measures
August 2019 Magnitski case: 27 août 2019: La Cour européenne des droits de l'Homme a reconnu coupable la Russie pour la mort de l'avocat anti-corruption Sergueï Magnitski
September 2019 Russian Crimea annexation case: 11 September 2019: The Russian state directed and ran the military coup in Crimea and its subsequent annexation in 2014, Ukraine has told the European court of human rights
10 July 2020 Dutch government brings Russia before the ECHR for its role in the downing of Flight MH17: 10 July 2020: Dutch government decided to bring Russia before the European Court of Human Rights ECHR for its role in the downing of Flight MH17 over occupied Donbas on July 17, 2014
15 November 2020 Marina Litvinenko submits €3.5m ECHR claim against Russia: 15 November 2020: The widow of Alexander Litvinenko has submitted a claim against Russia to the European court of human rights ECHR, seeking €3.5m in compensation for his murder by radiation poisoning in London, as Marina Litvinenko is requesting punitive damages and payment for accumulated lost income after a public inquiry concluded that her husband’s murder in 2006 was probably ordered by Vladimir Putin, and as submission also asks the Strasbourg judges to rule on the significance of the pattern of targeted assassinations and attempted killings allegedly carried out by Russian state agents across Europe and the Middle East
30 November 2020 33 European states ordered to respond to youth activists' climate lawsuit: 30 November 2020: The European court of human rights has ordered 33 European governments to respond to a landmark climate lawsuit lodged by six youth campaigners, British 'Guardian' has learned
14 January 2021 European court agrees to hear Ukrainian case on rights violations in Crimea: 14 January 2021: European Court of Human Rights ECHR will hear part of a case brought by Ukraine alleging Russian human rights violations in the Crimea peninsula annexed by Putin regime in 2014, the court said
21 January 2021 ECHR rules Putin regime responsible for murder of civilians, looting and burning of homes: 21 January 2021: Russia committed human rights violation in Georgia war, ECHR rules, as European court of human rights says in a landmark judgment Putin regime responsible for murder of civilians, looting and burning of homes and the torture of Georgian prisoners of war in 2008 war with Georgia
17 February 2021 ECHR tells Russia to free Alexei Navalny on safety grounds: The European court of human rights has told Russia to free Alexei Navalny, prompting a new standoff between Europe and Moscow over the fate of Vladimir Putin’s staunchest critic, as in the ruling published on Wednesday, the Strasbourg-based court granted Navalny a temporary release from jail because it said the government 'could not provide sufficient safeguards for his life and health'
21 September 2021 Russia responsible for the 2006 killing of Alexander Litvinenko, ECHR has found: In September 2021, the European Court of Human Rights ECHR found that Russia was responsible for the killing of Alexander Litvinenko (a violation of Article 2). The Court ruled that there was a 'strong' case that Andrey Lugovoy and Dmitry Kovtun had been acting as agents of the Russian State, and that Russia had not carried out an 'effective domestic investigation', nor 'identifi[ed] and punish[ed] ... those responsible for the murder', as followoing the poisoning Lugovoy - a former KGB employee like Vladimir Putin - became a member of Russia's lower house of parliament Duma for the nationalist party LDPR - 21 September 2021 Judgment Carter v. Russia 'Russia was responsible for assassination of Aleksandr Litvinenko in the UK', ECHR's judgement document in PDF format
29 March 2023 Switzerland and France accused of lack of climate action in ECHR hearing: 23 March 2023: The governments of Switzerland and France have been accused of breaching the human rights of their citizens by not acting decisively enough on climate change at a landmark legal hearing in Strasbourg, as a panel of judges at the European court of human rights ECHR heard petitions from a group of Swiss women and a French former mayor seeking to bolster climate action in their countries

Since 2007 European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights ECCHR, an independent, nonprofit non-governmental organization focusing on legal issues and the enforcement of human rights by holding state and non-state actors responsible for egregious abuses
June 2018 legal claim against Italy: 29 June 2018: After Italian officials allegedly met with Syria's top military adviser, legal claim against Italy filed by ECCHR at the European commission alleging violation of EU rules

Asylum and right of asylum in Europe: Right of asylum in Europe - Right of asylum in the European Union
Immigration to Europe: Immigration to Europe
2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis - Border barriers constructed during the European migrant crisis
2014: 29 September 2014: A record 3,072 people had died attempting to reach Europe during the first nine months of 2014, the International Organisation for Migration says, urging the world’s governments to engage to stop this violence against desperate migrants
2015: During the first half of 2015, large numbers of Syrian refugees crosses into Europe, reaching 313 thousands - UNHCR applications across Europe by early August 2015 - 19 September 2015: In the international refugee crisis European neighbours turn ugly in a chaotic series of border confrontations and diplomatic disputes, as thousands fleeing war are blocked and shunted between Croatia, Hungary, Serbia and Slovenia and UN warns European unity at risk
Since 2015: Since 2015 Border barriers constructed during the European refugee and migrant crisis - Since June 2015 Hungarian border barrier - 28 November: Soldiers in Macedonia have begun erecting a metal fence on the country's southern border with Greece
2016: 30 January 2016: More than 52,000 refugees and migrants crossed the eastern Mediterranean to reach Europe in the first four weeks of January, more than 35 times as many as in the same period 2015 - 10 mars 2016: Après la fermeture de la route des Balkans aux migrants, la Grèce doit être soutenue, a déclaré la conseillère fédérale de la Suisse Simonetta Sommaruga à la réunion des ministres de l'intérieur et de la justice de l'UE
June 2018 EU to triple spending to €5bn a year targeting refugees and migrants: 12 June 2018: Unable to tackle causes of refugee crises, EU to triple spending to €5bn a year targeting refugees and migrants, as new border infrastructure, including scanners, automated number plate recognition systems, mobile laboratories for sample analysis, the establishment of teams of sniffer dogs, will be prioritised
June 2018 sharp fall in number of people seeking asylum in EU: 18 June 2018: The EU’s asylum office counted 728,470 applications for international protection in 2017, a 44% reduction on the 1.3m applications the previous year, after more than 1 million people entered the EU in 2015, many fleeing the war in Syria
July 2019 EU states' progress on plans to redistribute refugees: 23 July 2019: UNHCR and the International Organization for Migration said in a joint statement 'the crucial role played by NGOs must be acknowledged (and) they should not be criminalised nor stigmatised for saving lives at sea', as 14 EU states made progress on plans to redistribute refugees rescued in the Mediterranean, while eight said they would actively take part, including Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, and Portugal
31 December 2019 belief in Europe shattered: 31 December 2019: When photographer Alice Aedy first covered the refugee crisis in 2016 she believed Europe would respond with humanity to images of families seeking shelter and safety, now saying 'we have not only failed, we have broken promises'
5 March 2020 Turkey deploys police forces along its border with Greece to halt violent pushback of migrants: 5 March 2020: Turkey is deploying 1,000 special police forces along its border with Greece to halt the pushback of migrants towards its territory, Suleyman Soylu said, adding that 164 migrants had been wounded by Greek authorities
7/8 March 2020 refugee center set on fire: 7 mars 2020: Un centre d'accueil pour réfugiés sur l'île grecque de Lesbos, géré par un ONG suisse, a été incendié samedi, après des membres de l'extrême droite grecque et des habitants de l'île ont récemment protesté contre l'arrivée à Lesbos de plus de 1700 migrants et réfugiés venus de Turquie - 8 March 2020: Blaze at International School of Peace for Refugee Children in Lesbos, founded by Israelis, comes amid tense standoff with Turkey over refugees, as suspected arson caused second fire in under a week at a migrant installation
Since early summer 2021 Belarus–EU border crisis: Since early summer 2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis, a refugee and migrant crisis consisting of an influx of several tens of thousands of illegal immigrants, mainly from Iraq and Africa, to Lithuania, Latvia, and Poland via those countries' borders with Belarus. The crisis was triggered by the severe deterioration in Belarus–EU relations, following 2020 Belarusian presidential election, 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, forced repatriation of opposition activists including Ryanair Flight 4978 incident, and sanctions against autocratic Lukashenko - 17 novembre 2021: Bloqués aux portes de l'Europe, des milliers de migrants massés à la frontière polonaise, et France24 se consacre à la crise migratoire dans le nord de l'Europe pour tenter de comprendre la situation qui voit des milliers de migrants, principalement de Syrie, der l'Irak et du Liban - 18 novembre 2021: Les forces de sécurité polonaise ont arrêté une centaine de migrants dans la nuit de mercredi à jeudi alors qu'ils tentaient de franchir la frontière avec la Biélorussie

Causes of refugee crises include war and civil war, human rights violations, environment and climate crises, economic hardship
Since 2011 Syrian refugees due to Assad's, Iranian and Russian war against the Syrian people: Migrant motives in the European refugee and migrant crisis since 2014/2015 - primarily credited to the inundation of refugees due to political and social conflicts in regions such as Syria, the greatest number of refugees fleeing to Europe originate from Syria due to Assad's, Iranian and Russian war against the Syrian people
2016: 2008-2016 List refugees and total population of concern by UN region, includes 21,288,728 people in Africa in 2016, 31,168,078 people in Asia in 2016, 8,061,269 people in Latin America in 2016, and 6,210,994 people in Europe in 2016
June 2018: 5,645,518 total registered Syrian refugees on 7 June 2018, according to UNHCR
4 July 2019: 5,625,871 registered Syrian refugees on 4 July 2019, as Assad's, Iranian and Russian murderous war against the Syrian people continues in its ninth year and as Russia and Assad regime step up murderous airstrikes against civilians in Idlib province on 22 July 2019


Culture in Europe: Culture in Europe and Languages in Europe - Languages in the European Union - List of endangered languages in Europe
Education in Europe and Education in the European Union: Education in Europe - Education in the European Union
European Schools: Lists of schools in Europe, listed alphabetically by 'Wikipedia', as word 'school' - since ancient Israel and the prophet Isaiah (Jesaja 740-701 v.u.Z.) - applies to a variety of educational organizations in the Middle Ages, including town, church, and monastery schools. During the late medieval period, students attending town schools were usually between the ages of seven and fourteen. Instruction for boys in such schools ranged from the basics of literacy (alphabet, syllables, simple prayers and proverbs) to more advanced instruction in the Latin language. Occasionally, these schools may also have taught rudimentary arithmetic or letter writing and other skills useful in business - In the EU education is the responsibility of Member States, nevertheless EU institutions play a supporting role as the union funds educational, vocational and citizenship-building programmes which encourage EU citizens to take advantage of opportunities which the EU offers its citizens to live, study and work in other countries. The best known of these is the Erasmus programme, as 'Wikipedia' lists more examples of educational policies and ongoing, developping initiatives of the EU - European Schools, controlled by the Member States to provide a multilingual and multicultural education
List of schools in Belgium and regions: List of schools in Belgium, including list of schools in East Flanders, in West Flanders, in Limburg, and in Brussels
List of schools in the Czech Republic: List of schools in the Czech Republic - Since 1348 Charles University in Prague, the oldest and largest university in the Czech Republic, and also one of the oldest universities in Europe in continuous operation. Today, the university consists of 17 faculties located in Prague, Hradec Králové, and Plzen. The Charles University belongs to top three universities in Central and Eastern Europe and is ranked around 200–300 in the world - Since 1088 University of Bologna, founded by an organised guild of students - hence studiorum - and the oldest university in continuous operation in the world, also the first university in the sense of a higher-learning and degree-awarding institute, as the word universitas was coined at its foundation - Since 1257 Sorbonne university, when Sorbonne College was established by Robert de Sorbon as part of the medieval University of Paris, remaining one of the most prestigious universities in Europe and the world.
List of schools in Estland: List of schools in Estland
List of schools in France: List of schools in France
List of schools in 'Germany', until 1871 free imperial cities, hanseatic cities and territorial rule: List of schools in 'Germany', until 1871 free imperial cities, hanseatic cities and territorial rule
List of schools in Greece: List of schools in Greece
List of yeshivos in Europe (before World War II): List of yeshivos in Europe (before World War II)
List of schools in Lithuania: List of schools in Lithuania
List of schools in Norway and counties, including Nordland county: List of schools in Norway and counties, including Nordland county, Narvik town and seaport and Bodø town, the administrative centre of Nordland county
List of schools in Poland: List of schools in Poland
List of schools in Romania: List of schools in Romania, listed alphabetically by county by 'Wikipedia' - Since 17th century 'Princely Academy of Bucharest' until the beginning of the 19th century, Since 17th century 'Princely Academy of Bucharest' - one of the earliest academic institutions in Wallachia - until the beginning of the 19th century, when Ottoman Sultan forbade the existence of Greek schools, and as - following the 1853-56 Crimean War fought by an alliance of France, the Ottoman Empire against Crimea, the UK and Piedmont-Sardinia, when Russia loses the Danube Delta and Southern Bessarabia - in 1864 the purely academic branch being converted into the University of Bucharest, while the secondary education one was organized as the current Saint Sava National College
List of schools in Ukraine List of schools in Ukraine, including Donetsk oblast and Mariupol city and seaport, Kharkiv oblast, Lozova Gymnasium among others, Kyiv oblast and Kyiv capital city including many schools listed by 'Wikipedia', Lviv city and oblast, bordering Poland, Odessa oblast's Bolhrad Gymnasium, Fontanka School, Odessa Secondary School No. 121, and more, Rivne oblast, Ukrainian Gymnasium Rivne and more, Volyn oblast, Lutsk Gymnasium 21 since 1986, among others, Zakarpattia oblast, Uzhhorod city and since 1613 Uzhhorod public gymnasium school, in March 2022 with about 800 students, according to gymnasium's homepage
20 March 2022 Mariupol art school sheltering 400 students, citizens bombed by Russia, city council says: 20 March 2022: Mariupol art school sheltering 400 students, citizens bombed by Russian military, city council says, following the bombing of a theatre in Mariupol where hundreds of civilians took shelter last week and were trapped beneath rubble in a basement shelter, as the seaport city of Mariupol has been encircled by the Russian troops, cut from energy, food and medical supplies, and as local authorities said the siege has killed at least 2,300 people and some of them had to be buried in mass graves


Children and European laws on child protection, migration, and history of education in Europe: List of international and European laws on child protection and migration, that are legally binding conventions, treaties and directives. The international legal framework concerning children in migration and mobility provides safeguards in relation to asylum and international protection, labour regulations, the prevention of sexual exploitation and trafficking in human beings, international standards for migrant workers, child victims of crime and the judiciary, as well as international private law for child protection and family matters
Childhood, familiy and child welfare in Europe: Childhood in Europe - Family in Europe - Child welfare in Europe, included in 'Wikipedia' page 'Child welfare by country'
Children's rights in Europe: Children's rights by country, including European countries - Domestic violence by country, including European countries (as this page last edited on 21 January 2020 only included Europe's Russia and the United Kingdom)
1 April 2022 Russian war against Ukraine with devastating consequences on children: 1 April 2022: Russian regime's war in and against Ukraine is having devastating consequences on children including grave violations of children’s rights, as to date over 3.5 million people have fled Ukraine including 1.5 million children - arriving in Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, and more European countries -, 'Eurochild' says in a letter to the heads of EU institutions adding all children have the right to be protected
History of education in Europe: History of education in Europe
1 September 2020 European children head back to school under shadow of covid-19: 1 September 2020: European children head back to school under shadow of covid-19, as teachers and parents across the continent have raised concern the reopening of schools will accelerate the spread of the pandemic coming from China, but governments have insisted it should go ahead
24 October 2020 children's book tells story of Daphne Caruana Galizia: 24 October 2020: Children's book tells story of Maltese journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, as her friend Gattaldo recounts her battles against corruption for young readers, saying 'she has left a strong legacy and here in Malta I see it', 'there is a realisation that democracy doesn’t stop with the vote'
Universities and colleges in Europe: Universities and colleges in Europe - Lists of universities and colleges in Europe - Universities and colleges in Europe by country - European student organizations
Universities and colleges in Europe by type: Universities and colleges in Europe by type - Universities and colleges in Europe by type by country
International universities: International universities - United Nations University
Since 1972 European University Institute in Florence: Since 1972 European University Institute, an international postgraduate and post-doctoral teaching and research institute established by EU member states to contribute to cultural and scientific development in the social sciences, located in the small city of Fiesole, a suburb of Florence in Italy
20 July 2020 emancipation of the black mind: 20 July 2020: In Nigeria, colonial thinking affects everyone, and true emancipation of the black mind means questioning every communal understanding we take for granted, according to Eniola Anuoluwapo Soyemi, a political theorist and a Max Weber Fellow at the European University Institute
History of science and science and technology in Europe: History of science - Science and technology in Europe
Science in Ancient Greece: Ancient Greek science - Ancient Greek medicine
Natural history museums in Greece: Natural history museums in Greece - Archaeological museums in Greece - Archaeological Museum of Piraeus - Ethnographic museums in Greece
Museums of ancient Greece: Museums of ancient Greece in Greece - Museum of Ancient Greek Technology
August 2020 fifth-century BC amphorae underwater museum inaugurated: 2 August 2020: Greece has inaugurated its first underwater museum, a trove of fifth-century BC amphorae labelled the 'Parthenon of shipwrecks', off the coast of Alonissos island in the western Aegean, as site of the wreck will be open to tours by certified amateur divers from August to October, while those who can’t dive can follow a virtual reality tour at an information centre
Science museums in Greece: Science museums in Greece
Music in Europe: Music in Europe - European music by country - European musical instruments by country
Ancient Greek musical instruments: Ancient Greek musical instruments
6th to 15th centuries medieval music in Europe: Medieval music encompasses the music of the Western Europe during the Middle Ages, from approximately the 6th to 15th centuries, the first and longest era of Western classical music and followed by the Renaissance music - Polyphony in the European music since High Middle Ages - Since about 1200 Polyphonic Era
Franco-Flemish School first international style since the unification of Gregorian chant in the 9th century: Franco-Flemish School - also called Netherlandish School, Burgundian School, or Northern School, refers to the style of polyphonic vocal music composition originating from France and from the Burgundian Netherlands, as the spread of their technique, especially after the revolutionary development of printing, produced the first true international style since the unification of Gregorian chant in the 9th century - Franco-Flemish composers
15th–16th centuries important polyphonic schools and social development: 15th–16th centuries important polyphonic schools
List of Renaissance composers by region and period: List of Renaissance composers by region and period, since 16th century including the Americas and Cuba
16th/17th centuries Venetian School of composers: 1532/1533 – August 1585 Andrea Gabrieli, an Italian composer, organist and the uncle of the somewhat more famous Giovanni Gabrieli, the first internationally renowned members of the Venetian School of composers, extremely influential in spreading the Venetian style in Italy as well as in Germany - 1554/1557 – August 1612 Giovanni Gabrieli, an Italian composer and organist, and one of the most influential musicians of his time, representing the culmination of the style of the Venetian School
1567–1643 Claudio Monteverdi: 1567 – 29 November 1643 Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi, an Italian composer of both secular and sacred music and a pioneer in the development of opera, considered a crucial transitional figure between the Renaissance and Baroque periods of music history
1571–1621 Michael Praetorius: Michael Praetorius September 1571 – 15 February 1621, a German composer, organist, and music theorist
1585-1672 Heinrich Schütz: 1585-1672 Heinrich Schütz, a German composer and organist, generally regarded as the most important German composer before Johann Sebastian Bach, as well as one of the most important composers of the time, credited with bringing the Italian style to Germany and continuing its evolution from the Renaissance into the Early Baroque
1685-1750 Johann Sebastian Bach and list of music students: 1685-1750 Johann Sebastian Bach - List of music students by teacher
Approximately 1600 to 1750 'Baroque music': Approximately 1600 to 1750 'Baroque music', a period or style of music that followed the Renaissance music era, and was followed in turn by the Classical era, with the galant style marking the transition between Baroque and Classical eras
Since 1730 Classical era of music: Since 1730 Classical era of music between roughly 1730 and 1820, and later, as best-known composers from this period are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms etc. - In classical music, musical development is a process by which a musical idea is communicated in the course of a composition, referring to the transformation and restatement of initial material, as development is often contrasted with musical variation, which is a slightly different means to the same end, and carried out upon portions of material treated in many different presentations and combinations at a time, while variation depends upon one type of presentation at a time
1916-1922 French musician (and soldier) Maurice Ravel in 'Lyons-la-Forêt', beginning in Germany's WWI: Séjours connus à Lyons-la-Forêt du compositeur français Maurice Ravel, et des correspondances liées à ses séjours connus à Lyons-la-Forêt en août 1916 durant une courte permission alors qu'il était engagé comme soldat, de juin à septembre 1917, en septembre 1920 et d'août à septembre 1922 - La Première Guerre mondiale du 28 juillet 1914 au 11 novembre 1918 des Empires centraux l'Allemagne et l'Autriche-Hongrie, surprit Ravel en pleine composition. Dès le début du conflit, le compositeur chercha à s'engager mais, déjà exempté de service militaire en 1895 en raison de sa faible constitution (1,61 m) il fut refusé pour être 'trop léger de deux kilos'. Dès lors, l’inaction devint une torture pour Ravel. À force de démarches pour être incorporé dans l'aviation c'est finalement comme conducteur d'un camion militaire qu'il surnomma 'Adélaïde' qu'il fut envoyé près de Verdun en mars 1916. Depuis le front, tandis que plusieurs musiciens de l'arrière tombaient dans les travers du nationalisme. Plus tard, en 1917, Ravel acheva six pièces pour piano regroupées sous le titre 'Le Tombeau de Couperin' qu’il dédia à des amis tombés au front. Durement touché par ces épreuves accumulées, le musicien resta insensible aux échos de l'armistice et traversa alors une période de silence et de doute que vinrent interrompre en 1919 deux commandes cruciales, l'une de Diaghilev (La Valse) - Ravel y défigura sciemment la valse viennoise en dépeignant un 'tourbillon fantastique et fatal', évocation musicale de l'anéantissement par la guerre de la civilisation européenne qu'incarnaient les valses de Johann Strauss -, l'autre de Rouché (L'Enfant et les Sortilèges). C'était l’orchestration des célèbres 'Tableaux d'une exposition' de Moussorgski, commande de Serge Koussevitzky achevée en 1922 à Lyons-la-Forêt chez son ami Roland-Manuel, qui assit définitivement la réputation internationale de Ravel en la matière. Les Tableaux orchestrés par Ravel font partie, avec le Boléro, des œuvres françaises les plus représentées à l’étranger. - Villa 'Le Fresne' à 'Lyons-la-Forêt' où Ravel acheva la composition du 'Tombeau de Couperin' en 1917 et l'orchestration des 'Tableaux d'une Exposition' de Moussorgsky en 1922, le compositeur honoré familier de Lyons et sa fôret
20th century Hungarian composers, ethnomusicologists, pedagogues Zoltán Kodály and Béla Bartók, music education: 20th century Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist, pedagogue, linguist Zoltán Kodály - Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist Béla Bartók, considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century - Kodály's approach to music education developed in Hungary during the mid-twentieth century by Zoltán Kodály, which was then developed over a number of years by his associates including Bela Bartok, as in 2016, the method was inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage
Museums in Europe: Museums in Europe - Museums in Europe by country - Museums in Europe by type
Since 2017 'House of European History' in Brussels: Since 2017 House of European History (Maison de l'Histoire européenne, Huis van de Europese geschiedenis), a museum in Belgium's Brussels focusing on the history of Europe, as the permanent exhibition begins with the myth of the goddess Europa, delving into Europe's ancient roots and the continent's heritage of shared traditions and achievements, before continuing through Europe's dramatic journey towards modernity in the 19th century and the rebuilding process following World War II, as the final section challenges visitors to critically assess European history, its potential and its future - Since 2011 Platform of European Memory and Conscience located in Prague and Brussels, an educational project of the EU bringing together government institutions and NGOs from EU countries active in research, documentation, awareness raising and education about the crimes of totalitarian regimes, as its membership includes 62 government agencies and NGOs from 20 EU member states, non-EU European countries, as well as from the USA, such as the Institute of National Remembrance, the Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial, and the Stasi Records Agency
Ethnic and ethnographic museums by country including European countries: Ethnic and ethnographic museums by country including European countries
Ethnic groups by continent and ethnology: Ethnic groups by continent - Ethnology, the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationships between them
Ethnic groups by continent: Ethnic groups in Africa - Ethnic groups in North America - Ethnic groups in the USA - Native Americans in the USA - Ethnic groups in Central America - Ethnic groups in South America - Ethnic groups in Asia - Ethnic groups in Europe - Ethnic groups in Oceania and Australia
History of Native Americans in North America and the USA: History of Native Americans in the USA
Iroquois 'People of the Longhouse' historical indigenous confederacy in northeast North America: The Iroquois 'People of the Longhouse', a historical indigenous confederacy in northeast North America, known during the colonial years to the French as the Iroquois League, later as the Iroquois Confederacy and to the English as the Five Nations, comprising the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca, as after 1722 they accepted the Tuscarora people from the southeast into their confederacy, also Iroquoian-speaking, and consequently became known as the Six Nations, and as in 2010 more than 45,000 enrolled Six Nations people lived in Canada, and about 80,000 in the USA
Lewis H. Morgan's (1818-1881) theory of social evolution: Lewis H. Morgan's (1818-1881) theory of social evolution - 1877 'Ancient Society' investigation by the anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan, building on the data about kinship and social organization presented 1871 - 'Ancient Society' investigation, published 1877 (full text) - 1884/1892 'Die irokesische Gens' by Friedrich Engels (im Anschluß an Lewis H. Morgans Forschungen, in 'Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigentums und des Staats'
Rural history museums in Europe: Rural history museums in Europe
European Union and science and technology, European Research Area: European Union and science and technology - European Research Area - Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks
Since 1975 European Space Agency ESA: European Space Agency ESA, an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space since 1975, with 22 member states and headquartered in Paris, having worldwide staff of about 2,000 and an annual budget of about €5.25 billion in 2016
October 2016 ExoMars mission: 20 October 2016: Hopes are fading for Schiaparelli lander, part of the ExoMars 2016 mission jointly operated by ESA with the Russian regime's space agency Roscosmos, after mission control lost contact - 28 October 2016: ESA released images of its doomed Mars lander, showing a giant crater caused by impact, and scattered components
July 2018 water 'lake' revealed on Mars: 25 July 2018: Using Marsis, a radar instrument on board the European Space Agency's Mars Express orbiter, researchers have found evidence of an existing body of liquid water on Mars
August 2018 'Aeolus': Since 22 August 2018 Atmospheric Dynamics Mission 'Aeolus' Earth observation satellite - 23 August 2018: ESA launched a rocket from French Guyana to put a satellite into orbit as part of what company Arianespace called the world’s first space mission to map the Earth’s wind on a global scale, as Aeolus will boost climate research and weather forecasting, particularly in data blindspot of the tropics
Proposed fusion, power generation that would generate electricity by using heat from nuclear fusion reactions in fusion reactors (proposed) - Proposed fusion reactors - Nuclear fusion
Since October 2007 international nuclear fusion research and engineering project ITER: Since October 2007 ITER, an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject, which will be the world's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment, funded and run by 7 member entities including the EU, India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea, USA, as the EU, as host party for the ITER complex, is contributing 45.46% of the cost and as 35 countries are participating in the project with an experimental tokamak nuclear fusion reactor built next to the Cadarache facility in Saint-Paul-lès-Durance in southern France
Since 20th century problems and criticism of ITER project: Since 20th century problems and criticism of ITER project
1988-2035 timeline after ITER project officially initiated: Since 1988 timeline and status of ITER project
28 July 2020 Iter project began its five-year assembly phase: 28 July 2020: Iter project, the world’s largest nuclear fusion project aiming to show clean fusion power can be generated at commercial scale, began its five-year assembly phase on Tuesday in southern France, with the first ultra-hot plasma expected to be generated in late 2025


Sport in Europe: Sport in Europe - Sport in Europe by country
Sport in Europe by sport and history: Sport in Europe by sport - History of sport in Europe - Women's sports in Europe - Men's sport in Europe - Youth sport in Europe
Sports festivals in Europe: Sports festivals in Europe
July-August 1947 1st World Festival of Youth and Students until 20 August 1947 in Prague: 1st World Festival of Youth and Students was held from 2 July to 20 August 1947 in Prague, capital city of the Czechoslovak Republic, after the WFYS had decided to celebrate its first festival there in remembrance of the events of October and November 1939, when thousands of young Czechs rose in demonstrations against the occupation of the country by Nazi Germany. This caused a wave of repression that included the closing of all the superior schools, the arrest of more than 1850 students, and the internment of 1200 in the Nazi concentration camps. The WFYS also paid tribute to the Czech cities of Lidice and Ležáky, which were eradicated as a response to the assassination of the German governor Reinhard Heydrich, nicknamed 'The Butcher of Prague'
July-August 1949 2nd World Festival of Youth and Students in Budapest: July-August 1949 2nd World Festival of Youth and Students until 3 August 1949 in Budapest, Hungary's capital city
July-August 1955 5th World Festival of Youth and Students was held until 15 August 1955 in Warsaw: July-August 1955 5th World Festival of Youth and Students was held until 15 August 1955 in Warsaw, capital city of Poland. The WFYS organized this festival during the rise of the peaceful coexistence concept introduced by Nikita Khrushchev among the socialist bloc. At the end of the 1950s, the colonialism was in its last years, and in the same year, the Bandung Conference was held. The conference strongly criticized the western powers for keeping their colonial possessions. The need for a struggle against the danger of nuclear annihilation and for the end of colonialism dominated the festival. More than 30,000 young people from 114 countries participated in this edition of the festival.
Since 1991 European Youth Olympic Festivals: European Youth Olympic Festival, a biennial multi-sport event for youth (14 to 18 years old) athletes from the 50 member countries of the association of European Olympic Committees. The festival has a summer edition, held for the first time in Brussels in 1991, and a winter edition, which began two years later in Aosta. It was known as the European Youth Olympic Days from 1991 to 1999. The Summer editions include the years 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2022, 2023, and the winter editions the years 1993, 199,5 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2022, and in July 2023 in Slovenia's city of Maribor
July 2022 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival in Banská Bystrica city in Slovakia: July 2022 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival was held in Banská Bystrica city in Slovakia with 48 participating nations, as Košice was originally the host city but withdrew in April 2019 due to financial concerns. Banská Bystrica was chosen as the new host city in May 2019. Originally scheduled to run from 24 July to 1 August 2021, on 7 May 2020 it was announced that the games will be moved to 2022 as a result of the ongoing covid-19 pandemic.
4 October 2022 Strasbourg decided not to screen the 2022 Qatar World Cup, joining other French cities: 4 October 2022: Strasbourg has also decided not to screen the 2022 Qatar World Cup. 'It is impossible for us not to listen to the numerous alerts from NGOs denouncing the abuse and exploitation of immigrant workers. Thousands of foreign workers have died on the building sites, it’s unbearable', the city’s ecologist mayor, Jeanne Barseghian, said in an interview, adding 'Strasbourg, the European capital and seat of the European court of human rights, cannot decently condone these abuses, cannot turn a blind eye when human rights are being flouted in this way'


Religions in Europe, with a major influence on countries' societies, culture, language, art, and law, as the largest religion in Europe has become 'Christianity', as three countries in Southeastern Europe have Muslim majorities, as ancient European religions included veneration for deities such as 'Zeus', as smaller religions include religions originating in the Asian part of Eurasia, Judaism, and some East Asian religions, which are found in their largest groups in Britain, France, and the former Soviet Union (now Russian federation), as little is known about the prehistoric religion of Neolithic Europe, as Bronze and Iron Age religions in Europe were predominantly polytheistic (Ancient Greek religion, Ancient Roman religion, Basque mythology, Finnish paganism, Celtic polytheism, Germanic paganism, etc.)
Fourth century change of the Roman empire and 'Christianization': The Roman Empire officially adopted Christianity in AD 380, as during the Early Middle Ages, most of Europe underwent 'Christianization', a development which included the use of force, military force and militarization, a process essentially complete with the Christianization of Scandinavia in the High Middle Ages - Religion in the EU

Since ancient times the story of the 'Tower of Babel', actual confusion of tongues, and exploration of historical contexts - Origin of language and human evolution - Language acquisition

Since 7th century BCE adoption of the 'Torah' in Israel and Judah: History of education (learning specific skills) in ancient Israel and Judah, as 'education' has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of culture from generation to generation, and as formal education in this sense can be traced in Ancient Israel and Judah to some time after the 7th century BCE with adoption of the Torah, which means 'teaching', 'instruction', 'scribe' or 'law' in Hebrew - Since 950–587 BCE history of ancient Israel and Judah during Iron Age II
Since 459 BCE 'school system' developping for Israeli children above six or seven years of age: The 'be rav' or 'bet rabban' (house of the teacher), the 'be safra' or 'bet sefer' (house of the book), said to have been originated by Ezra' 459 BCE and his Great Assembly, who provided a public school in Jerusalem to secure the education of fatherless boys of the age of sixteen years and upward, as the school system did not develop until Joshua ben Gamla 64 CE caused public schools to be opened in every town and hamlet for all children above six or seven years of age
Texts and subject areas of ancient Israeli education: Texts and subject areas of ancient Israeli education included texts, the Mishna and later the Talmud and Gemora, all hand-written as emphasis was placed on developing good memory skills in addition to comprehension by practice of oral repetition, as the children (girls were not provided with formal education) would be taught from the six broad subject areas into which the Mishna is divided, including Zeraim ('Seeds'), dealing with agricultural laws and prayers, Moed ('Festival'), pertaining to the laws of the Shabbat and the Festivals, Nashim ('Women'), concerning marriage and divorce, Nezikin ('Damages'), dealing with civil and criminal law, Kodashim ('Holy things'), regarding sacrificial rites, the Temple, and the dietary laws, and Tohorot ('Purities'), pertaining to the laws of purity and impurity
Since 1st century cleansing of the Temple narrative: Since 1st century cleansing of the Temple narrative (occurring in all four canonical gospels of the so-called 'New Testament'), telling of Jesus expelling the merchants and the money changers from the Jewish Second Temple, as the scene has become a common motif in Christian art, because in this account Jesus and his disciples (the later 'apostles' in Christianity) travel to Jerusalem for Passover, where Jesus expels the merchants and consumers from the temple, accusing them of turning it into 'a den of thieves' (in the Synoptic Gospels) and 'a house of trade' (in Gospel of John) through their commercial activities - Narrative comparison of canonical gospels over the trial of Jesus in praetorium before Pontius Pilate, preceded by the Sanhedrin Trial, as according to the Gospel of Luke Pilate finds that Jesus, being from Galilee, belonged to Herod Antipas' jurisdiction, and so he decides to send Jesus to Herod, but after questioning Jesus and receiving very few replies, Herod sees Jesus as no threat and returns him to Pilate's court, where Jesus answered 'my kingdom is not of this world'

1st/2nd centuries renaming of Israel, Judah, Iudaea to Syria Palaestina by the Roman empire after its war crimes: As Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa, the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age, the Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE, then Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian, Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces, then the successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE, which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE, and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea, then Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction and mass murder, the expulsion of the Jewish population, and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina

Skills and degree of skill: Skills and degree of skill and learning - Die sogenannte ursprüngliche Akkumulation - Einfache und erweiterte Reproduktion - Human, individual reproduction

Human reproduction (individual) and pregnancy
Parenting by continent, and later also by 'country' - Maternity by continent, and later also by 'country' - Family by continent, and later also by 'country' and by 'nationality' - Childhood by continent - Society by continent
20 March 2022 at Ukrainian hospital father reports that his daughter and granddaughter were killed: 20 March 2022: At Zaporizhzhia’s Children’s Hospital, a father whose family had been completely torn apart reports that his daughter Natasha and his 4-year-old granddaughter Dominica, were killed when a Russian shell landed near the shelter where the whole family was seeking refugee from Putin's bombardment of Mariupol, saying 'I looked at the ground and there lay my little granddaughter with her head completely torn to pieces'. Dominica was killed instantly. Her mother died from her injuries the next day. As broken as he is, Vladimir is trying to stay strong for his second daughter, Diana. She was also critically wounded in the blast and was about to undergo emergency surgery. But he could not hide his pain. 'God, why would you bring all this upon me? I was not supposed to bury my children, my lovely girls, I failed to protect you.'

Language development, the process by which human individuals 'acquire' (sich aneignen) the capacity to understand language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate - Phasen des Erstspracherwerbs - 'Prosodie' aus griechisch 'prosodía' - Learning to read (including spoors and tracks since early days) and to write

Since about 105,000 years ago global agriculture and in the Levant: Agriculture and history, as agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa in at least 11 separate centres of origin, as wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago, as from around 11,500 years ago the eight Neolithic founder crops, emmer and einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax were cultivated in the Levant, as rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC, as sheep were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago, as cattle were domesticated from the wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan some 10,500 years ago, as pig production emerged in Eurasia, including Europe, East Asia and Southwest Asia, as in the Andes of South America the potato was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, along with beans, coca, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs, as sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 9,000 years ago, as sorghum was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 7,000 years ago, as cotton was domesticated in Peru by 5,600 years ago and was independently domesticated in Eurasia, and as in Mesoamerica, wild teosinte was bred into maize by 6,000 years ago
Basis der Sozialstruktur von Hirtennomaden ist die Verwandtschaft, wobei zum Schutz der Herden und zur Koordination der komplexen Weidezyklen mehrere Familien kooperieren und Nomadenlager bilden, zumeist akephal (herrscherlos) und egalitär (soziale Gleichheit), und als Ethnien darüber hinaus in segmentären Gesellschaften oder auch in Stämmen organisiert, die sich in Krisenzeiten zum Teil zu Stammesverbänden zusammenschließen
Seßhaftigkeit: Nach heutigem Kenntnisstand der Archäologie war die ortsfeste Landwirtschaft nicht die Ursache der Seßhaftigkeit sondern ihre Folge, da gut belegt ist, daß es in der Levante (Westliches Vorderasien) bereits viele Jahrtausende vor der Jungsteinzeit im Epipaläolithikum zu ortsfesten Ansiedlungen kam - Neolithische Siedlungen und ihre geographischen Beziehungen im fruchtbaren Halbmond - Als Entstehungsgebiete der Landwirtschaft (und Seßhaftigkeit) gelten - nach Jared Diamond und Peter Bellwood - 'Fruchtbarer Halbmond' (9500 v. Chr.), China (7000 v. Chr.), Neuguinea (7000–6000 v. Chr.), Mexiko (3000–2000 v. Chr.), Amerika (3000–2000 v. Chr.), Afrika südlich der Sahara (3000–2000 v. Chr.

Types of populated places (Siedlungsformen): Types of populated places (Siedlungsformen)

Holy Roman Empire 800/962–1806 'translatio imperii' taken from 'translatio studii': The origin and name of the 'Holy Roman Empire' 800/962–1806 and its history - 'Translatio imperii' (transfer of rule) concept that originated from the Middle Ages, in which history is viewed as a linear succession of transfers of an imperium that invests supreme power in a singular ruler, an 'emperor' (or sometimes even several emperors, e.g., the Eastern Roman Empire and the Western Holy Roman Empire), as the concept is linked to 'ecclesiastical translation' (including the transfer of a bishop from one episcopal see to another, 'apostolic succession'), taken from the 'translatio studii', thought to have their origins in the second chapter of the Book of Daniel in the Hebrew Bible
Feudalism and manorialism in Medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries: Feudalism, a historiographical term used to describe the combination of the legal, economic, military, and cultural customs that flourished in Medieval Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries, seen as a way of structuring society around relationships that were derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor, and as - although it is derived from the Roman (Latin) word feodum or feudum used during the Medieval period - the term feudalism and the system which it describes were not conceived of as a formal political system by the people who lived during the Middle Ages - Manorialism, also known as seignorialism or the manorial system, was an organising principle of rural economies which vested legal and economic power in a lord of the manor, as - if the core of feudalism is defined as a set of legal and military relationships among nobles - manorialism extended this system to the legal and economic relationships between nobles and peasants, and as manorialism is sometimes included in the definition of feudalism - Rise of the territorial state - Territorialisierung
Taxation of the Jews in Europe: Taxation of the Jews in Europe, in addition to the taxes levied on the general population and imposed on the Jews by the authority or ruler of the territory in which they were living, playing an important part in Jewish history, as the abolition of special taxes on the Jews followed their admission to civil rights in France and elsewhere in Europe at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, and as the 'Leibzoll' or 'Judengeleit' was another special toll which Jews had to pay in most of the European states in the Middle Ages and up to the beginning of the nineteenth century - Medieval revival of the 'Fiscus Judaicus' (tax imposed on Jews in their land by the Roman Empire after the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple in AD 70), revived in 1342 under the name of 'Opferpfennig' by the 'Holy Roman Emperors, first introduced by Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian, who ordered all Jews above the age of 12 and possessing 20 gulden to pay one gulden annually for protection, justified on the grounds that the emperor, as the legal successor of the Roman emperors, was the rightful recipient of the Temple tax which Jews paid to the Romans after the destruction of the Second Temple, and as the originally Guldenpfennig and then Opferpfennig was collected on Christmas day

Possession and ownership, estate in land, land grab and 'Decimatores': Warenbesitzer (Waren sind Dinge und daher widerstandslos gegen den Menschen) beziehen Dinge als Waren aufeinander indem sie sich zueinander als Personen verhalten, deren Willen in jenen Dingen haust, so daß der eine nur mit dem Willen des andren, also jeder nur vermittelst eines, beiden gemeinsamen Willensakts sich die fremde Ware aneignet, indem er die eigne veräußert, wobei sie sich wechselseitig als Privateigentümer anerkennen in einem Rechtsverhältnis, dessen Form der Vertrag ist (ob nun legal entwickelt oder nicht) - Possession, the control a person intentionally exercises toward a commodity (use value and value) in the 'Exchange Process', but - in order to relate these objects to one another as commodities, their keepers must relate to each other as persons, whose wills reside in these objects, and so - in order to appropriate the commodity of the other and alienate his own - each owner has to consent with the other, i.e., it is an act of will common to both parties, and the keepers must therefore recognize each other as the private owners of their commodities, and this juridical relation, whose form is the contract, whether as part of a developed legal system or not, is a relation between wills, in which the economic relation reflects itself - 'Estate' in land, the soil or bottom of the Earth, neither as a whole nor as a piece, isn't and cannot be in the 'Exchange Process' - Verwandlung von Surplusprofit in Grundrente
Natural tax (Naturalsteuer, Zehnt): Der 'Decimator' (Zehentner) war ein mittelalterlicher Amtsträger oder Beauftragter von Klöstern, Pfarren, Grundherren oder Zehntpächtern, dessen Aufgabe es war, den Zehnt (Natural tax) einzutreiben, während zur Aufbewahrung des Zehnten große Zehntscheunen gebaut wurden, damit die Zehntpflichtigen ihre Abgaben dort oder am Zehnthof selbst ablieferten, wobei der Begriff gelegentlich auch für die Empfänger des Zehnts angewandt wurde, so z. B. die 'Decimatores majores', d. h. die Empfänger des 'Großen Zehnten', und die 'Decimatores minores', die Nutznießer des 'Kleinen Zehnten' - Zehnthof, der Hof, auf dem der fällige Zehnt abzuliefern war - Zehntscheunen, Lagerhäuser zur Annahme und Aufbewahrung der Naturalsteuer (Zehnt)

Agriculture in the Middle Ages: Agriculture in the Middle Ages
Craft activities, domestic production: Im weitgehend bäuerlich geprägten Frühmittelalter spielten die sich später spezialisierenden Handwerkstätigkeiten wie die Verarbeitung von Nahrungsmitteln, die Herstellung von Textilien oder das Fertigen von Geräten und Bauten aus Holz noch eine verschwindend geringe Rolle gegenüber der häuslichen Eigenproduktion
Evolution of the natural tax and opposition: Entwicklung des 'Zehnt' - der auf dem Grund liegenden Abgabe in Naturalien - im Mittelalter, die zunächst direkt an den Pfarrer abzuliefern war, sich aber seit etwa dem Jahr 1000 von der Pfarrorganisation weitgehend getrennt hatte, während aufgrund der geringer gewordenen Seßhaftigkeit der Bevölkerung der Zehnt von einer persönlichen Leistung zu einer an das Grundstück gebundenen Abgabe verwandelt wurde und die Empfänger des Zehnten das Recht der Zehnterhebung oft verpachteten um zu gewünschten festen Einnahmen zu kommen, wobei dann zur Zeit der Reformation 93%t der Pfründen nicht bei einer Pfarrei angesiedelt waren, mit dem Ergebnis einer daraus resultierenden Verdrossenheit der hart arbeitenden und dennoch armen Bevölkerung, der Nährboden für die Bauernaufstände und die Reformation im 16. Jahrhundert

Medieval fortifications and militarization, including all areas of life: Fortifications by period - Medieval fortifications, defensive against military attacks by other land robbers but offensive against the peasants, serf farmers and the rural population - Medieval military technologies - Siege engine
City walls: City walls, defensive against military attacks but offensive against the peasants, serf farmers and the rural population

Town privileges: Town privileges - History of urban centers in the Low Countries - City rights in the Low Countries - Free imperial city - List of towns in Europe with German town law
Medieval concept of ordered practices or skills: Artes mechanicae (mechanical arts), a medieval concept of ordered practices or skills, often juxtaposed to the traditional seven liberal arts (artes liberales), also called 'servile' and 'vulgar' from antiquity, deemed unbecoming for a free man ministering to baser needs, including vestiaria (tailoring, weaving), agricultura (agriculture), architectura (architecture, masonry), militia and venatoria (warfare and hunting, military education, 'martial arts'), mercatura (trade), coquinaria (cooking), metallaria (blacksmithing, metallurgy
Medieval technology amid the rise of towns (and some town privileges): Medieval technology, the technology used in medieval Europe, as since the 12th century the territorial states and rising towns across the whole continent (as part of Eurasia) saw a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth, as the period saw major technological advances, including the adoption of gunpowder, the invention of vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, and greatly improved water mills, building techniques (Gothic architecture, medieval castles), and agriculture in general (three-field crop rotation)
Markets, stone processing, not location-bound builders and further professional traditions, education: Während spezielle Arbeitstechniken, wie Bronzeguss, Malerei und Bildhauerei, im Mittelalter zunächst an Klöster gebunden waren erhielten im Hochmittelalter und mit der Städtebildung urbane Zentren ihre antike Bedeutung zurück, und die hergestellten Waren wurden auf Märkten feilgeboten oder in Werkstätten und Läden ausgestellt und verkauft, wobei Baumeister und Steinhauer eine Ausnahmerolle spielten insofern sie von einer (Kirchen-)Bauhütte zur nächsten ziehend, über territoriale Grenzen hinweg Fertigkeiten, Innovationen und Stilentwicklungen verbreiteten - Medieval European education - Around 1433 Johannes Gutenberg of the city of Mainz developed European movable type printing technology with the printing press and in just over a decade, the European age of printing began, as evidence shows a more complex evolutionary process, spread over multiple locations

Medieval development of the merchant capital and trade routes: Das Kaufmannskapital erscheint als historische Form des Kapitals lange bevor das Kapital sich die Produktion selbst unterworfen hat, und seine Existenz und Entwicklung zu einer gewissen Höhe ist selbst historische Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung der kapitalistischen Produktionsweise, 1. als Vorbedingung der Konzentration von Geldvermögen, und 2. weil die kapitalistische Produktionsweise Produktion für den Handel voraussetzt, Absatz im großen und nicht an den einzelnen Kunden, also auch einen Kaufmann, der nicht zur Befriedigung seines persönlichen Bedürfnisses kauft, sondern die Kaufakte vieler in seinem Kaufakt konzentriert, während andrerseits die Entwicklung des Kaufmannskapitals darauf hinwirkt, der Produktion einen mehr und mehr auf den Tauschwert gerichteten Charakter zu geben, die Produkte mehr und mehr in Waren zu verwandeln - Trading posts of the Hanseatic League - Map of medieval trade route networks

Medieval development of money lending and banking since 5th century: Medieval development of money lending and banking and of a banking system since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, and amid religious restrictions on interest - Medieval currencies

Since 1492/93 'The Bulls of Donation', presumption of global jurisdiction: Since 1492/93 presumption of global jurisdiction in order to legitimize land grab, first including 'The Bulls of Donation' (Alexandrine Bulls), three papal bulls of Pope Alexander VI which purported to grant overseas territories to Portugal and the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, as a fourth bull followed later in 1493, and all four bulls were replaced by the 'Treaty of Tordesillas' of 1494
Since 1492 language confusion and Native American name controversy: Since 1492 Native American name controversy concerning Latin America, South and North America
Since 1789 and 1848 Revolutions and Counter-Revolution in European countries: Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Germany, a book by Friedrich Engels, with contributions by Karl Marx, and originally a series of articles in the New York Daily Tribune published from 1851 to 1852. first published in book form under the editorship of Eleanor Marx Aveling in 1896 - 1851-1852 Revolution und Konterrevolution in Deutschland und Europa

Since 1914 war objectives in world wars of Central and Axis powers and language confusion: Les buts de guerre des Empires centraux sur le plan territorial, politique et économique de la Première Guerre mondiale - 20th century Axis powers' ideology and wars as their primary goal was territorial expansion at the expense of their neighbors

Since 1920 'Völkischer Beobachter' German NSDAP newspaper and Adolf Hitler's ownership: Since 1920 'Völkischer Beobachter', the newspaper of the German NSDAP, as it first appeared weekly, then daily from 8 February 1923 forming part of the official public face of the NSDAP and the German empire until 1945, as the paper had its origin as the 'Münchener Beobachter', an anti-Semitic semi-weekly scandal-oriented paper which in 1918 was acquired by the Thule Society, and as in 1921 Adolf Hitler, who had taken full control of the NSDAP earlier that year, acquired all shares in the company, making him the sole owner of the publication - Other newspapers of NSDAP Germany included 'Der Angriff', 'Berliner Arbeiterzeitung', 'Illustrierter Beobachter', 'Das Reich', 'Panzerbär', 'Das Schwarze Korps', 'Der Stürmer', 'Die Glocke', and more
20th century Axis powers' ideology and wars as their primary goal was territorial expansion at the expense of their neighbors

Aftermath of World War II by country, including corruption and language confusion
16 March 2015 corruption in the media is killing ethical journalism: 16 March 2015: Corruption in the media is killing ethical journalism, European Federation of Journalists EJN says
17 March 2015 conflict of journalism and HSBC tax evasion's patrons: 17 March 2015: The conflict of interest between advertiser power and journalism revealed by Peter Oborne, who walked out of Britain's Daily Telegraph accusing the management of censoring stories about HSBC bank and tax evasion, is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to corruption inside media
April 2018 Hungarian journalists admit role in forging anti-migrant 'atmosphere of fear': 13 April 2018: Hungarian journalists admit role in forging anti-migrant 'atmosphere of fear' ahead of Victor Orbán’s election victory this week, as the 'Guardian' spoke to several employees of the taxpayer-funded MTVA network to hear the inside story of how its channels pumped out government messaging, and at times false stories, with the goal of winning support for Orban's anti-immigration message
June 2018 Fifa’s World Cup is toxic handing World Cup to kleptomaniac murderers who run Russia: 9 June 2018: Fifa’s World Cup is toxic, British Guardian/Observer columnist Nick Cohen explains, after Zurich’s masters of corruption Fifa handed the World Cup first to kleptomaniac murderers who run Russia and then to the overseers of a serf economy in Qatar
21 April 2021 KGB/FSI Putin regime's police have arrested key supporters of Alexei Navalny: 21 April 2021: KGB/FSI Putin regime's police have arrested key supporters of Alexei Navalny and begun closing down central squares in Moscow and other cities before demonstrations planned for Wednesday evening in support of the jailed opposition leader, while regime critic’s regional headquarters have also been raided as police seek to disrupt, and eventually liquidate, his political organisation across Russia, and as tensions have grown between regime and western capitals over concerns about Navalny’s health in prison, as well as Russia’s military build-up on the border with Ukraine, and accusations of aggressive Russian intelligence operations including a fatal explosion at a Czech ammunition dump in 2014




Health in Europe: Health in Europe by country - Health and the European Union - Health-EU Portal is an official web portal of the Health and Consumers Directorate-General that facilities the access of public-related health information to EU citizens
Health disasters in Europe by country, health crises healthcare and environmental issues: Health disasters in Europe by country and by health crises
September 2018 air pollution 'the biggest environmental risk': 11 September 2018: Air pollution is now 'the biggest environmental risk' to public health in Europe but governments are failing to adequately deal with the crisis, the EU Court of Auditors has found
2020 coronavirus outbreak in Europe: 2020 coronavirus outbreak in European countries, after the disease caused by the COVID-19 coronavirus first recorded in Wuhan in China in 2019, and as of 10 March 2020, every country in Europe except Turkey, Montenegro and Kosovo has reported at least one case of COVID-19
10 March 2020 Italy-wide lockdown comes into force: 10 March 2020: Italy-wide lockdown comes into force, reported by the British 'Guardian', to prevent spread of Chinese coronavirus
13 March 2020 EU seeks unified action against coronavirus: 13 March 2020: EU seeks unified action against coronavirus as case count mounts
14 March 2020 EU urges border health checks: 14 March 2020: EU urges border health checks as virus case count mounts, and as the pandemic is increasingly wearing on the EU’s cherished core principle, which envisions a border-free Europe where citizens can freely live, work and travel
22 March 2020 defiance of lockdown mandates and scientific advice to fight coronavirus pandemic prompts crackdowns: 22 March 2020: As young German adults hold 'corona parties' and cough toward older people, as from France to Florida to Australia, kitesurfers, college students and others crowd the beaches, the defiance of lockdown mandates and scientific advice to fight the coronavirus pandemic prompts crackdowns
22 March 2020 in solidarity European hospitals treat covid-19 patients from eastern France: 22 March 2020: Expressing solidarity, hospitals in Germany and Switzerland have offered to treat some critically ill coronavirus patients from the neighbouring Alsace region in France, which is struggling to cope with a rising number of cases
26 March 2020 global covid-19 cases near 500,000 as European health systems buckle: 26 March 2020: Global virus infections near 500,000 as European health systems buckle under the weight of caring for seriously ill victims
14 April 2020 European countries allow partial return to normal, others extend: 14 April 2020: Some European countries allow partial return to normal, others extend, as European Commission has repeatedly called for a common EU approach to fighting the covid-19, but the 27 members, with different conditions, have differed in the timing and scope of their measures, also seeking to balance the risks to health and the economy
19 April 2020 'I thought I would never wake up' and Belgium reports cases: 19 April 2020: As Belgium reports 38,496 confirmed cases of covid-19 with 5,683 deaths, Belgian doctor Sassine at Brussels' Delta Chirec hospital says 'I thought I would never wake up', after he and his team were all diagnosed at the hospital and after surviving following intensive care and 3 weeks in a coma
12 May 2020 UK's covid-19 death toll passes 40,000: 12 May 2020: United Kingdom's covid-19 death toll topped 38,000 as of early May, by far the worst yet reported in Europe, raising questions about PM Johnson's handling of the covid-19 crisis - 12 May 2020: UK covid-19 death toll passes 40,000, official figures say, as almost 10,000 care home residents included in latest update on fatalities from ONS - 12 May 2020: Judge questions covid-19 case against 'homeless' London man Sultan Monsour, charged with being outside residence, ‘namely no fixed address’
24 June 2020 Europeans say EU 'irrelevant’ during covid-19 as EU-wide survey reveals deep disillusionment: 24 June 2020: Europeans say EU was 'irrelevant’ during covid-19 pandemic, as EU-wide survey reveals deep disillusionment at response, and desire for closer cooperation in future
29 June 2020 covid-19 confirmed deaths pass half a million and rising poverty e.g. in EU's Italy: 29 June 2020: Covid-19 confirmed deaths pass half a million globally, as more than 10 million infections confirmed in 188 countries and territories, and as pandemic has caused mass unemployment in many countries and lockdowns kept people in their homes, froze economic activity, and fuels rising poverty e.g. in EU's Italy - 28 June 2020: Recovered covid-19 patients are baffling doctors with complaints of freak pains, lungs that just won’t get back to normal, and a range of incapacitating psychological issues, as Jerusalem’s Shaare Zedek Medical Center's Gabriel Izbicki says 'more than half the patients, weeks after testing negative, are still symptomatic', 'what we are seeing is very frightening'
15 July 2020 Italy's calls for urgent help since February 2020 were ignored by the EU: 15 July 2020: New revelations show that Italy's calls for urgent help since February 2020 to the European commission, led by CDU's Ursula von der Leyen, were ignored, as the specifications of Italy’s needs were uploaded into the EU’s Common Emergency Communication and Information System but distress call was met with silence, and then covid-19 swept through Europe and further, as now e.g. India covid-19 cases top 900,000 and 133m re-enter lockdown
22 August 2020 covid-19 cases on rise across Europe: 22 August 2020: Covid-19 cases on rise across Europe with Spain alone registering nearly 70,000 in past fortnight, as France has recorded another large jump in new covid-19 cases, as new cases have been reported by at least 41 schools in Berlin after schools reopened, and as number of confirmed cases in Germany increased by 2,034 to 232,082 on Saturday and death toll also rose by seven, bringing the confirmed total to 9,267
17 October 2020 failed politics to break chains of infection also in European countries: 17 October 2020: Italy reports new record rise in covid-19 cases, Austria announces record infections, as Czech Republic, Poland, Ukraine recorded their highest number of daily covid-19 cases, as Belgium’s FM Sophie Wilmes tested positive for covid-19 and mayor of Liverpool's brother dies in country that left EU in January, and as German chancellor Angela Merkel asks citizens to stay home to break chains of infection
25 October 2020 Spain declares covid-19 state of emergency as Italians urged to stay home: 25 October 2020: Spain declares covid-19 state of emergency, as government imposes nationwide curfew after country hits 1m cases, and as Italians urged to stay home
15 December 2020 survival in covid-19 Christmas time: 15 décembre 2020: Une femme de 105 ans, la doyenne d’un EMS français, a été contaminée cette automne, comme 60% de ses pairs dans ce même établissement, et s’en est remise
19 January 2021 covid-19 lockdowns amid concern over variants in Europe: 19 January 2021: Germany extends covid-19 lockdown amid concern over variants in Europe, as Denmark and Netherlands set to follow suit, while France says virus still at ‘worrying’ level
10 February 2021 EU's lawmakers grill von der Leyen over shaky covid-19 vaccine strategy: 10 February 2021: EU's lawmakers grill von der Leyen over shaky covid-19 vaccine strategy, saying bloc was 'too late' on vaccine approvals, despite the expertise of 27 (28) EU countries with more or less developed scientific knowledge and healthcare systems and institutions, and as critics accuse von der Leyen of relying on too narrow a circle of advisers and claim this tendency has proved counterproductive in such a complex crisis
18 February 2021 mink farms a continuing covid-19 risk to humans and wildlife, warn EU experts: 18 February 2021: All mink farms are at risk of becoming infected with covid-19 and spreading the virus, and staff and animals should be regularly tested, EU disease and food safety experts said, as mink are highly susceptible to coronavirus, which spreads rapidly in intensive farms that often breed thousands of animals in open housing caged systems, and as virus had been found at 400 mink farms in at least eight countries in the EU and European Economic Area, including 290 in Denmark, 69 in the Netherlands, 17 in Greece, 13 in Sweden, three in Spain, two in Lithuania and one each in France and Italy
25 March 2021 EU vaccine campaign suffers new blow: 25 March 2021: EU covid-19 vaccine campaign suffers new blow
21 October 2021 UK’s neighbours criticise covid policies as cases begin to surge across EU: 21 October 2021: While infection rates in Britain continue the rapid surge they began in mid-September, western European countries with comparably vaccinated populations are now also seeing case numbers start to pick up, sparking fears of a fresh wave there, perhaps remembering 'Get Brexit Done, Unleash Britain's Potential' since November 2019
18 December 2021 Omicron variant is spreading quickly in Europe: 18 December 2021: The Omicron variant is spreading quickly in Europe and will likely become dominant in France by the start of next year, French PM Castex has warned, hours before France imposed strict travel restrictions on those entering from the UK, the country so far been the hardest hit in the region, with nearly 25,000 confirmed Omicron cases on Saturday
Healthcare in Europe: Healthcare in Europe, provided through a wide range of different systems run at the national level as most European countries have universal health coverage - Euro Health Consumer Index by country and by year - Health care quality - European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies - European Medicines Agency EMA, a decentralised agency of the European Union responsible for the scientific evaluation, supervision and safety monitoring of medicines in the EU
October 2016 record levels of the strongest antibiotics on European farms: 17 October 2016: Use of some of the strongest antibiotics available to treat life-threatening infections has risen to record levels on European farms across the major countries of the EU, according to new data from the European Medicines Agency
25 January 2021 EU protests amid AstraZeneca shortfall amid covid-19 crisis: 25 January 2021: EU threatens to block covid-19 vaccine exports amid AstraZeneca shortfall, as bloc may receive only half of purchased 100m doses in first quarter of the year

Pesticides, chemical herbicides in the European Union: Pesticides in the European Union - Environmental impact of pesticides - Health effects of pesticides (non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, neurological problems, birth defects, fetal death, neurodevelopmental disorder and more) may be acute or delayed in those who are exposed - Pesticide residue refers to chemicals and pesticides that may remain on or in food, especially derivatives of chlorinated pesticides, exhibit bioaccumulation which could build up to harmful levels in the body as well as in the environment, persistent chemicals can be magnified through the food chain and have been detected in a wide range of products - Pesticide toxicity to bees> - Insecticides
Since the early 20th century chemical herbicides: Chemical herbicides since the early 20th century, and then a result of research conducted in both the UK and the USA during World War II into the potential use of agents as biological weapons
Genetic engineering: Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification - Genetically modified organism
EU's Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks: Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks, providing the European Commission with the scientific advice on questions relating to the toxicity and ecotoxicity of chemicals, biochemicals and biological compounds whose use may have harmful consequences for human health and the environment - European Food Safety Authority - Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety - Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks
2015 UN’s International Agency for Research on Cancer warns against pesticides: 23 March 2015: The UN’s International Agency for Research on Cancer says that three pesticides, the herbicide glyphosate – the active ingredient in USA's Monsanto's Roundup – and the insecticides malathion and diazinon, were 'probably' carcinogenic and two others, which have already been outlawed or restricted, were 'possibly' so
March 2016: 4 March 2016: Several brave EU countries including France, the Netherlands and Sweden could scupper plans by the European commission to approve the relicensing of a weedkiller glyphosate, a key ingredient in herbicides such as USA's Monsanto’s multibillion-dollar brand Roundup, linked to cancer by the World Health Organisation

Media and media freedom in Europe and the EU: European media
Media freedom in Europe - Media freedom, censorship and repression in Russia - Media freedom in the EU - Censorship in Europe - Since 2015 European Centre for Press and Media Freedom
Since the early 1990s assaults on journalists in Russia: Since the early 1990s assaults on journalists, denial of entry and deportation of foreign journalists in Russia
Since 2008 Media in Russia regulated by Roskomnadzor: Roskomnadzor 'Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media' re-established in Russia in May 2008
2014/2015: 17 June 2014: Ukrainian lawmakers call on the International Federation of Journalists, the European Federation of Journalists, the Association of European Journalists, and the Reporters without Borders regarding the information aggression of the Russian media against Ukraine - 11 September 2015: A group of European newspaper editors, includign papers in Hungary and Slovakia, united in an appeal to the EU to take decisive action to deal with the international refugee crisis
October 2017 assassination of Caruana Galizia: 16 October 2017 assassination of Caruana Galizia - 16/17 October 2017: Maltese investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, who led the Panama Papers investigation into corruption in Malta, exposed the island nation’s links to offshore tax havens through the leaked Panama Papers, and who filed a police report two weeks ago saying she was receiving threats, was killed Monday when a bomb exploded in her car in Mosta
February 2018 murder of Slovak investigative journalist Ján Kuciak: February 2018 murder of Slovak investigative journalist Ján Kuciak and Martina Kušnírová - 28 February 2018: A vigil has been held in Slovakia for journalist Jan Kuciak whose death police believe is likely linked to his work as a reporter of the news website Aktuality.sk focused mainly on investigating tax fraud of businesspeople connected to Slovak politicians - 28 February 2018: Slovakian journalist Ján Kuciak was investigating political corruption linked to an Italian mafia group at the time of his murder, according to a summary of his 'last investigation' published on Wednesday
April 2018: 13 April 2018: Hungarian journalists admit role in forging anti-migrant 'atmosphere of fear' ahead of Victor Orbán’s election victory this week, as the 'Guardian' spoke to several employees of the taxpayer-funded MTVA network to hear the inside story of how its channels pumped out government messaging, and at times false stories, with the goal of winning support for Orban's anti-immigration message
August 2019 Monsanto's 'intelligence center' targeted journalists and activists: 8 August 2019: Monsanto operated a 'fusion center' to monitor and discredit journalists and activists, and targeted a reporter who wrote a critical book on the company, documents reveal, as records reviewed by the Guardian show Monsanto adopted a multi-pronged strategy to target Reuters journalist Carey Gillam who investigated the company’s weedkiller and its links to cancer
23 September 2020 French journalists unite to back Charlie Hebdo after death threats: 23 September 2020: More than 100 French media organisations have signed and published an open letter defending freedom of speech against threats from 'terrorists and states', even supported by European states and politicians, as the tribune was released after a member of staff at the satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo – targeted by Islamist gunmen who killed 12 people in January 2015 – was forced to leave her home after receiving death threats
European newspapers: Newspapers in Europe
Broadcasting in Europe: Broadcasting in Europe - Radio in Europe - Television in Europe
Since 1993 'Euronews' European TV news network headquartered in Lyon, partnerships: Euronews, a European television news network, headquartered in Lyon, France. The network began broadcasting on 1 January 1993 and covers world news from a European perspective. The majority of Euronews - in 2022 88% - is owned by Portuguese investment management firm Alpac Capital with the rest partly owned by several European and North African public and state-owned broadcasting organizations. Euronews is a provider of livestreamed news, which can be viewed in most of the world - with the exceptions of the USA, Canada, Turkey, Singapore, China, Cuba, and North Korea - via its website, on YouTube, and on various mobile devices and digital media players.
History, organisation and partnerships of Euronews: History, organisation and partnerships of Euronews, including 'africanews', initially based in Pointe-Noire, as its website debuted on 4 January 2016 with the Africanews TV channel eventually launching on 20 April, broadcasting in English and French
Internet in Europe: Internet in Europe - European news websites
Since 2004 history of internet censorship in Russia: Internet censorship in Russia - Since 2004 history of internet censorship in Russia
August 2018 initiative to combat voter manipulation through social media: 3 August 2018: EU is to launch an EU-wide initiative to combat voter manipulation through social media, as concerns grow about the issue ahead of European parliament's elections 2019 and as EU'S justice commissioner Vera Jourová says national governments needed to coordinate their efforts to tackle fake news and the misuse of personal data in micro-targeted political advertising
August 2020 Facebook bans 'Zwarte Piet' blackface images and racist depictions of Jews: 12 August 2020: Facebook bans 'Zwarte Piet' blackface images and racist depictions of Jews, as 'Kick Out Zwarte Piet' campaign's Jerry Afriyie says 'we are hopeful that this international recognition will help the rest of the Netherlands understand that we are ready for a celebration that is fun for all children', as the social network has also prohibited anti-Semitic Jewish stereotypes, such as claims that Jews rule the world or serve in important global institutions
28 October 2020 Google banning racist 'Sinterklaas' advertising amid ongoing worldwide racism and protests: 28 October 2020: Google is banning advertising in the run up to the 'Sinterklaas' festivities using sooty Piets as well as the traditional blackface version, after Dutch PM Mark Rutte, who once defended blackface as tradition, has now said he wants the custom to disappear in a decision coming as solidarity protests take hold in the Netherlands following the killing of George Floyd, as racism acknowledged as 'systemic problem' in the Netherlands, and as anti-racism demonstrations honouring Floyd took place in Amsterdam and Rotterdam this week, with more upcoming protests scheduled


Manifestations of information pollution: Manifestations of information pollution, in two groups including those that provoke disruption, and those that damage information quality
7. Dezember 2017 'Das Internet ... wird verseucht', Kriminelle können mit Routern, Webcams und Toastern fast jede Webseite lahmlegen: 7. Dezember 2017: 'Das Internet ... wird verseucht', Kriminelle können mit Routern, Webcams und Toastern fast jede Webseite lahmlegen - Verseuchte Webseiten sind mittlerweile ein beliebter Weg, um die Rechner von Internet-Surfern mit Trojanern oder Spionageprogrammen zu verseuchen, und dabei nutzen Hacker gerade bekannt gewordene oder im Untergrund gehandelte Sicherheitslücken in Browsern oder Betriebssystemen aus
February 2019 ongoing internet pollution provoking disruptions and more: 21.02.2019: Wenn ein Klick den Computer verseucht, gefährliche Webseiten und 'cookies'
Computer security and outline, for networks, including the whole also Internet in Europe: Computer security - Computer security is commonly known as security applied to computing devices such as computers and smartphones, as well as computer networks such as private and public networks, including the whole Internet - Cyber security community - Signals intelligence by alliances, nations and industries, list of countries, including several Eurupeans countries - National cyber security centres
Since 2004 European Union Agency for Cybersecurity: Since 2004 European Union Agency for Cybersecurity
Since 2007 German European Security Association (GESA e. V.): Since 2007 German European Security Association (GESA e. V.)
Since 2009 French National Agency for the Security of Information Systems and computer security in France: Agence nationale de la sécurité des systèmes d'information (French National Agency for the Security of Information Systems), a French service created in July 2009 with responsibility for computer security
Principales menaces traitées par le Centre de cyberdéfense: La déstabilisation, l’espionnage, le sabotage et dans certaines conditions la cybercriminalité constituent les principales menaces traitées par le Centre de cyberdéfense
Since 2013 European Cybercrime Centre: Since 2013 European Cybercrime Centre, the body of the Police Office (Europol) of the European Union (EU), headquartered in The Hague, that coordinates cross-border law enforcement activities against computer crime and acts as a centre of technical expertise on the matter
Since April 2016 General Data Protection Regulation: Since April 2016 General Data Protection Regulation EU 2016/679, a regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy in the European Union EU and the European Economic Area
7 October 2016 alert on websites security in France: 7 October 2016: Alert on websites security in France, as new study just revealed some critical cybersecurity issues about internet in France with 100% major French companies websites show security vulnerabilities, as study released by Wavestone carried out between June 2015 and June 2016 for 82 companies among the 200 largest French is eloquent, as none of the 127 tested sites – representing respectively 84 websites and 43 private corporate networks site – have passed the test
11 May 2017 major French news sites victim of DDoS attack including Le Monde and Le Figaro: 11 May 2017: Major French news sites victim of DDoS attack Major news sites in France including Le Monde and Le Figaro went down yesterday in the fallout
September 2021: International news TV channel France24 and the latest live news from France24 online on its website, also available in French,
September 2021 700,000 French pharmacy covid test results left publicly available: 1 September 2021: 700,000 French pharmacy covid test results left publicly available, as personal information including contact details and social security numbers could be accessed by all via an online platform used to transfer data from antigen tests


Journalism in Europe: Journalism in Europe - European Federation of Journalists - Journalism organisations in Europe
23 September 2020 French journalists unite to back Charlie Hebdo after death threats: 23 September 2020: More than 100 French media organisations have signed and published an open letter defending freedom of speech against threats from 'terrorists and states', even supported by European states and politicians, as the tribune was released after a member of staff at the satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo – targeted by Islamist gunmen who killed 12 people in January 2015 – was forced to leave her home after receiving death threats
Investigative journalism: Investigative journalism
Since 2003 Global Investigative Journalism Network GIJN: Since 2003 Global Investigative Journalism Network - GIJN website
Since 2006 Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project OCCRP: Since 2006 Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project - OCCRP website
Since 2010 Bureau of Investigative Journalism TBIJ: Since 2010 Bureau of Investigative Journalism
Since 2015 European Investigative Collaborations EIC: Since 2015 European Investigative Collaborations, investigative journalism work from European media Falter (Austria), Mediapart (France), El Mundo (Spain), Politiken (Denmark), Le Soir (Belgium), Der Spiegel (Germany), L'Espresso (Italy), NRC Handelsblad (Netherlands), Dagen Nyheter (Sweden), Nacional (Croatia), Expresso (Portugal), The Black Sea (Romania - European Investigative Collaborations EIC website
Since 2015 'Football Leaks': Since September 2015 'Football Leaks', revealing transfer fees, wages, contract and corruption information - Since 2015 'Football Leaks' website, initially created by Rui Pinto, and the largest leak in the history of sports revealing 'murky' financial transactions in the world of European professional football and exposes the tax tricks employed by some of the continent's biggest stars, refers to the series of investigations published in December 2016 and November 2018 by media partners of the European Investigative Collaborations
March 2019: 5 March 2019: Portuguese Rui Pinto, who was detained in Hungary on a European arrest warrant issued by Portuguese authorities and linked to the Football Leaks website, is set to be extradited to Portugal after spending time under house arrest in Hungary, a court said on Tuesday, a move his lawyers oppose as they defend him as a 'whistleblower' and not a criminal

Council of Europe: Council of Europe
Since 1949: Since 1949 Council of Europe treaties - Treaties entered into by the European Union
May 1949: May 1949 Statute of the Council of Europe creating the council, the original signatories were Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom, as of 2013 it has been ratified or acceded to by 47 European states, nearly all European states with the exception of Belarus and Vatican City
1950: November 1950 European Convention on Human Rights
1961: October 1961 European Social Charter, the basic rights set out in the Charter are housing, health, education, labour rights, full employment, reduction of working hours, equal pay for equal work, parental leave, social security, social and legal protection from poverty and social exclusion, free movement of persons and non-discrimination, also the rights of migrant workers and that of the persons with disabilities
1979: September 1979 Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
2005: 2005 Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, also into force since June 2007 in Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine, as of July 2016 it has been ratified by 35 states - International conventions related to terrorism and counter-terrorism cases, including the 1971 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation, the 1997 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings and the 1999 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism
16 March 2022 Russia to quit Council of Europe as it prepares to suspend Russian Putin regime: 16 March 2022: Russia to quit Council of Europe as it prepares to suspend Russian Putin regime, as regime says it is withdrawing from the Strasbourg-based body as pressure mounts on Russia over its Ukraine invasion, after on Tuesday the Parliamentary Assembly of the CoE voted to expel Russia after an emergency session in Strasbourg, and the body’s ministerial committee is to hold a special meeting on Wednesday to prepare for the suspension
The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe PACE made up of 324 parliamentarians from the national parliaments of the Council of Europe's 47 member states - Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, the Council of Europe's decision-making body comprisiong the Foreign Affairs Ministers of the member states, in collaboration with the Parliamentary Assembly it is the guardian of the Council's fundamental values, and monitors member states' compliance with their undertakings
'Venice Commission' advisory body of the Council of Europe, composed of independent experts of constitutional law and created in 1990 after the fall of the Berlin wall, at a time of urgent need for constitutional assistance in Central and Eastern Europe
2014 Russia stripped of voting rights: 11 April 2014: Russian lawmakers stripped of voting rights at Council of Europe over Russian regime's annexation of Crimea - 6 May 2014: Ukraine dominates Council of Europe meeting, but Russian regime rules out holding a second international meeting in Geneva
12 May 2014 ECHR orders Turkey to pay Cyprus over invasion: 12 May 2014: European Court of Human Rights orders Turkey to pay Cyprus over invasion
July 2014 ECHR orders Turkey to pay Cyprus over invasion: - 24 July 2014: Poland broke human rights convention on suspects held by the CIA, ECHR finds for Abu Zubaydah and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri, who argued they were tortured by USA agents in a Polish forest prison
September 2014 Russia's FSB’s interception of data examined by ECHR: 24 September 2014: Russia's FSB spy agency’s interception of data including texts and emails challenged by Russian journalist and now examined by European court of human rights
2015 PACE report highlights Russian orchestration of east Ukraine conflict: 18 March 2015: PACE report highlights Russian orchestration of east Ukraine conflict
January/February 2016 Poland’s president urged not to sign controversial media law: 7 January 2016: Council of Europe urges Poland’s president not to sign controversial media law that threatens press freedom - 29 February 2016: 'Venice Commission' publishes a draft opinion on the state of law in Poland, with a warning that democracy might be in peril in the country
April 2016 need to re-open Crimea to regular monitoring to safeguard the human right: 15 April 2016: European Council has stressed the need to re-open Crimea to regular monitoring to safeguard the human rights of 2.5 million people - 22 April 2016: The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe calls for release of all prisoners in Donbas, punishment of those responsible
September 2016 Ukrainian may suspend PACE membership if powers of Russian delegation are recognized: 13 September 2016: Ukrainian side may suspend the membership in PACE if the powers of the Russian delegation are recognized, in spite of the illegitimate nature of the elections to the State Duma of Russia on the territory of annexed Crimea, Ukraine says
October 2016: 10 October 2016: The Council of Europe awards its Václav Havel human rights prize to the Iraqi activist Nadia Murad, who was an Islamic State terrorists' captive before becoming the face of a campaign to protect her Yazidi people - 12/13 October 2016: Russia claimed guilty by PACE resolution of aggression and responsible for crimes in occupied Ukrainian territories, also calling 'legal remedies for human rights violations on the Ukrainian territories outside the control of the Ukrainian authorities' - 14 octobre 2016: Un attaché parlementaire turc du Conseil de l'Europe et membre de du parti AKP du président Erdogan a vandalisé une œuvre d'art, une caricature représentant Mahomet avec une bombe à la place du turban, exposée au siège de l'organisation européenne à Strasbourg
January 2017 PACE condemns Russia for its terrorist activities in Ukraine: 27 January 2017: Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe condemns Russia for its terrorist activities in Ukraine, as 'the deputies of all PACE political groups, except the united left, have condemned the actions of the Russian special services aiming to assassinate member of the Parliament of Ukraine Anton Gerashchenko'
April 2017: 26 April 2017: Pace votes to restart monitoring Turkey putting the country back on a watchlist over 'serious concerns' about democracy and human rights, a process it had relaxed in 2004, putting pressure on the EU to reassess relations with Ankara
October 2017 PACE passes resolution to lift political sanctions against Russia: 11 October 2017: PACE passes resolution to lift political sanctions against Russian regime, rejecting amendments proposed by the Ukrainian delegation
17 May 2019 Germany and France support Putin regime: 17 May 2019: Russia will remain in the Council of Europe after ministers at the human rights organisation, put under pressure by Germany and France, voted in favour of the Putin regime, pretending to end a bitter dispute following the illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014, remaining illegal in 2019, as Ukraine reacted angrily to the decision, saying 'this is not diplomacy, this is a surrender'
24 May 2019: 24 May 2019: The Council of Europe’s parliamentary assembly rejected the creation of a political grouping of anti-human-rights European parties as nationalist movements look to make gains in this week’s European Parliament elections
25 June 2019: 25 June 2019: Ukrainian president Zelensky says he is disappointed by the decision of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe PACE to reinstate the voting rights of the Russian Federation's delegation - 25 June 2019: Ukraine walks out of Europe human rights body as Russian regime returns
26 June 2019 and European corruption: 26 June 2019: Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe PACE is reportedly set to lift remaining sanctions from the murderous Russian regime after it became known that PACE committees had considered the question of the powers of Russia's delegation and recommended they should be reinstated with simultaneous cancellation of the remaining restrictions left after the Assembly passed a respective resolution, in order to get regime's contribution to the council’s annual budget, as Ukraine's Iryna Herashchenko said 'money turned out [to be] more important than principles'
October 2019 serious concerns about the police investigation into the killing of the Maltese journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia: 16 October 2019: Pieter Omtzigt, a special rapporteur for the Council of Europe, has raised serious concerns about the police investigation into the killing of the Maltese journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, saying 'individual officers may be doing their best, but the approach of the police force as a whole, and of the politicians responsible for it, does not match the prime minister’s promise to leave no stone unturned'
23 June 2021: Death of Romany man knelt on by Czech police must be ‘investigated urgently’, as Council of Europe and human rights groups demand answers after footage shows man being pinned to the ground, leading to the death of the Czech Romany man, as neck restraint technique used during the arrest of a Romany man was 'reckless, unnecessary and disproportionate, and therefore unlawful', according to rights group

Since 1954 European Political Community project: European Political Community project failed in 1954 when it became clear that the European Defence Community would not be ratified by the French national assembly, which feared that the project entailed an unacceptable loss of national sovereignty - amid the longlasting French Indochina war until 1954 and the beginning Algerian War of Independence until 1962
9 March 1953 'European Political Community' draft treaty: 9 March 1953 'European Political Community' diagram showing the functioning of the community according to the draft treaty embodying the Statute of the European Community in March 1953
1954/1955 EPC project failed, Messina Conference and Spaak Committee paved the way for the EEC: After the 'European Political Community' project failed this community idea had to be abandoned for the coming years. Following the collapse, European leaders met in the Messina Conference in 1955 and established the Spaak Committee which would pave the way for the creation of the European Economic Community EEC
23–24 June 2022 European Council offers platform for political coordination for European countries: 23–24 June 2022 European Council offers a platform for political coordination for European countries across the continent - Summer 2022 European Political Community proposal
8 September 2022 several EU neighbours to be invited to new EU+ summit in October: 8 September 2022: Next to the six Western Balkans countries, several countries from the EU’s near neighbourhood should be among the non-EU countries invited to attend the first EU summit of the European Political Community on 6-7 October in Prague according to an EU official, 'euractiv' reports
6 October 2022 first meeting of the IPC in Prague: 6 octobre 2022 la première réunion de la Communauté politique européenne rassemblera des dirigeants de tout le continent dans un esprit d'unité à Prague, avant la réunion informelle des chefs d'État ou de gouvernement, visant à favoriser le dialogue politique et la coopération afin de répondre aux questions d'intérêt commun et à renforcer la sécurité, la stabilité et la prospérité du continent européen. Les participants invités à prendre part à cette première réunion de la CPE sont les États membres de l'EU-27 et 17 autres pays y compris l'Arménie, l'Azerbaïdjan, la Bosnie-Herzégovine, la Géorgie, l'Islande, le Kosovo, la Moldavie, le Monténégro, la Macédoine du Nord, la Norvège, la Serbie, la Suisse, la Turquie, l'Ukraine et le Royaume-Uni
2022-2023 Calendrier des réunions de la Communauté politique européenne: Octobre 2022 - juin 2023 calendrier des réunions de la Communauté politique européenne

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE - Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe - OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media - OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
OSCE ministerial council meetings
2013: 20th OSCE Ministerial Council in Kyiv, Ukraine, 5/6 December 2013 - 5 décembre 2013: Lors du sommet à Kiev de l'OSCE Didier Burkhalter a appelé l'Ukraine à surmonter les divisions Est-Ouest et à respecter les manifestants
2014: 21 March 2014: OSCE to send observers to Ukraine as quickly as possible, Russian Putin regime says no Crimea mandate - 18 April: Ukraine OSCE peacemakers say they need more help and another 350 monitors to make Geneva deal work - 22 April: OSCE mission arrives in Sloviansk - 22 April: Antiterrorist center in Ukraine's east ensures work of OSCE mission - 24 April: OSCE chief monitor Apakan concerned about escalating violence in Donetsk region - 24 April: OSCE's Guldimann says Geneva accords helped stop escalation, confirming plans to increase the OSCE mission up to 500 monitors - 25 April: Ponomarev's pro-Russian separatists, who captured Vice journalist Simon Ostrovsky, hold OSCE military observers captive after their bus was seized - 3 May: All OSCE observers captured in Sloviansk released through joint efforts, FM Deshchytsia says adding that terrorists there are listening only to Russia - 7 May: At a meeting with OSCE Chairman Didier Burkhalter in Moscow, Putin calls on Ukrainian separatists to reschedule May 11 'referendum', adding that presidential elections in Ukraine, scheduled for May 25, are a step in the right direction - 27 May: The OSCE SMM loses contact with monitors near the city of Donetsk - 29 May: Pro-Russian separatists in Slovyansk claim to be holding four OSCE observers - 30 May: A second group of 5 OSCE observers went missing a day after pro-Russian separatists announced they were holding a four-member team of OSCE monitors - 12 June: OSCE wants to participate in negotiations with terrorists, as there is still no contact with kidnapped groups of observers in southeastern Ukraine - 13 June: The Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people calls on UN, OSCE to protect civilians in Crimea - 27 June: Release from captivity of OSCE group of four observers confirmed but Luhansk-based team has not yet been released - 29 June: Pro-Russia separatists release second Ukraine OSCE monitor group - Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine since June 2014
July-December 2014 Trilateral contact group proposed to resume to reach a ceasefire: 3 July: Trilateral contact group proposed to resume before July 5 to reach a ceasefire in eastern Ukraine, controlled by OSCE observers - 1 August: Trilateral contact group in Minsk agree on release of hostages in eastern Ukraine - 10 September: Donetsk region waiting for 250 more OSCE observers - 20 September: Memorandum on ceasefire in Donbas signed in Minsk, concerning a security zone and the withdrawal of all foreign mercenaries - 4 October: OSCE observers admit to carrying armed pro-Russian separatists in their car - 8 October: OSCE mission in eastern Ukraine expanded to 92 people - 27 October: OSCE praises democratic manner of elections and firmness of Ukrainians - 31 October: OSCE outraged at Russian actor Porechenkov's shooting in Donetsk at the positions of Ukrainian forces in a helmet with the inscription 'Press' - 8 December 2014: Ukrainian president Poroshenko urges OSCE to promote ceasefire in Donbas tomorrow - 26 December: Following the recent meeting in Minsk, OSCE vows to help deliver Ukrainian humanitarian aid to Donbas - 31 December: After meeting in Luhansk including OSCE no statements made
2015 OSCE doubles its mission in Donbas but situation in Donbas gets worse: 5 January 2015: OSCE doubles its mission in Donbas - 13 January: Situation in Donbas gets worse, OSCE says - 31 January: Situation in Donbas deteriorates rapidly impacting civilians, OSCE says - 1 February: OSCE blames pro-Russian separatists for failed Ukraine talks in Minsk - 15 February: Russian-backed militants refuse to allow monitors from the OSCE to reach the encircled town of Debaltseve after a ceasefire took effect on Sunday - 17 February: OSCE reports ceasefire is not holding fully in Donetsk city, Debaltseve and Luhansk - 17 February: OSCE observers not allowed inspecting 19 trucks from the so-called Russian 'humanitarian convoy' in Luhansk - 18 February: OSCE calls on Russian-backed militants to immediately stop offensive - 7 March: OSCE urged to double the number of its observers in Ukraine to 1,000 - 19 March: Poroshenko's peace plan should be used along with Minsk accords, OSCE says - 26 March: OSCE reported continuing clashes near the village of Shyrokyne east from Mariupol - 9 April: OSCE mission ascertains that Ukrainian side withdraws heavy weapons at all visited locations - 30 April: Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine starts video conference, as Ukraine's Leonid Kuchma wants Minsk subgroups to start work soon - 4 May: Trilateral contact group may meet in Minsk on May 6 - 5 May: OSCE records nearly 700 explosions, using heavy mortars and machine guns, artillery and tanks, near Donetsk airport and Shyrokyne village during the past weekend - 6 May: The leaders of the so-called 'DPR' and the 'LPR' Zakharchenko and Plotnytsky have decided not to take part in the Trilateral Contact Group meeting in Minsk on 6 May - 7 May: In Minsk Trilateral Contact Group agreed to send observers from each subgroup to the contact line in Donbas - 7 May: OSCE observers have no access to checkpoints on border with Russia, also claiming that use of Grad multiple rocket launcher systems by Russian-backed militants is alarming - 8 May: Tripartite Contact Group agrees on four fundamental issues of further cooperation, Ukraine's Iryna Herashchenko says - 7 August: The Trilateral Contact Group on settlement of the situation in Donbas will meet in Minsk on 26 August, Ukraine's Iryna Herashchenko says - 9 August: Four OSCE cars destroyed in arson attack in militant-occupied Donetsk overnight - 13 August: OSCE at the Russian checkpoints of Gukovo and Donetsk reports that dumper trucks continue transporting coal from Donbas to Russia - 26 August 2015: Ukraine and representatives of Russian-led militant groups have tentatively agreed to abide by the ceasefire agreed in February starting on the beginning of the school year September 1 - 9 September: Trilateral Contact Group's working group on political issues will meet in Minsk on September 15-16, OSCE representative Martin Sajdik says - 24 September: The risk of new escalation in Donbas remains, OSCE says, as too many weapons remain in the territory - 30 September: Ukraine contact group agrees to pullback more weapons from the front line in Donbas, leaving Ukraine still not in control of its territory and border with Russia, as a 40th Russian truck convoy arrives in east Ukraine - 16 October 2015: British delegation to the OSCE requests the Russian delegation to explain the presence of Russian Buratino Multiple Rocket Launcher in militant-controlled area in Donbas - 19 November: The ceasefire situation in Ukraine's two war-torn regions remains unstable, according to OSCE
2016 OSCE monitors accused of failing to respond to increased number of Russian-backed militant attacks: 2 February 2016: Ukraine's military spokesmen accuse OSCE monitors of failing to respond to the increased number Russian-backed militant attacks - 22 March 2016: OSCE human rights chief raises concerns over Russian regime's Savchenko verdict, calling for release to Ukraine - 7 May 2016: OSCE monitors in Ukraine report the presence of seven T-72 tanks in the militant-occupied city of Luhansk, which is a violation of Minsk agreement - 11 May: Militant 'parades' in occupied territories in eastern Ukraine violate Minsk deal, OSCE says - 20 May: OSCE ready to send an armed police mission to help conduct elections in eastern Ukraine - 28 May: OSCE monitors to Ukraine's Ertugrul Apakan condemns violence against watchdog in east, after monitors came under fire and had a drone shot down - 2 June: Russian-backed separatists block OSCE from occupied Luhansk in eastern Ukraine - 2 June: OSCE's Martin Sajdik expresses concern about the shelling of the Special Monitoring Mission representatives working in Donbas and ceasefire violations which led to the military and civilian casualties - 25 June 2016: Monitors of the OSCE in Donbas are facing systemic obstacles to prevent them from carrying out their duties, which mostly occur in the areas not controlled by the Ukrainian authorities, OSCE says - 4 July 2016: OSCE slams Russia's violations of human rights in Crimea - 4 August 2016: OSCE's Hug says, that Minsk contact group ignores numerous ceasefire violations, promoting unpunishment - 16 September 2016: Minsk Group fails to agree on withdrawal of forces in Donbas as Ukraine categorically opposes the alteration of the demarcation line and changing Mink agreements to satisfy Russian proxies - 19 October 2016: OSCE monitor says most of restrictions are in separatist-held areas of eastern Ukraine, adding that 'impunity for violations and interference in the OSCE mandate is an open invitation to commit more', ahead of 'Normandy Four' meeting in Berlin to discuss the Minsk agreements - 11 November 2016: The conflict in eastern Ukraine is on the brink of a major escalation as the security situation deteriorated sharply over the past week, the OSCE warns - 18 November 2016: Triliteral contact group in Minsk discusses only modalities of the probable election in Russia-occupied Donbas, not a certain draft bill on it, Verkhovna Rada's Iryna Herashenko says, as OSCE warns about a possible attack on Mariupol, also reporting the biggest number of ceasefire violations along the frontline in Donbas in 2016 - 2 December 2016: Russia's deliberate escalation in Donbas makes Minsk ineffective, USA Ambassador Baer says
July 2017 OSCE PA condemns Russian aggression in Ukraine: 9 July 2017: OSCE PA condemns Russian aggression in Ukraine
April 2018 Ukraine reports 3 attacks on OSCE drones in Russian-occupied Donbas since Easter truce: 2 April 2018: Ukraine reports three attacks on OSCE drones in Russian-occupied Donbas since Easter truce, one of the drones was downed near Miusynsk
22 February 2022 Kyiv Post reports OSCE SMM field monitors currently hamstrung by mismanagement: 22 February 2022: After so-called Minsk agreements - engaging the OSCE - and signed by Ukraine, Russia, France and Germany in 2014-15 to provide a roadmap for a ceasefire in the Donbas (comprising Ukraine’s two easternmost regions of Donetsk and Luhansk) through a special monitoring mission SMM, with a mandate to monitor the fragile truce agreements, patrols drawn from the OSCE’s 57 participating States were subsequently sent to the war zone and other areas of Ukraine, including Kyiv in the center of the country and Lviv to the west. The war, now in its eighth year, was started by Russia and has killed 14,000 people and internally displaced more than a million more. In February 2022, Ukraine faces levels of violence in Donbas not seen in years and the threat of a further Russian military invasion of the rest of Ukraine. SMM field monitors are currently hamstrung by a chain of command devoted mainly to collecting salaries and woefully ill equipped to conduct ground patrols in a major war, according to former SMM staffer Steven Bowkett. The war monitoring OSCE mission seems unable to fulfill its principal mandate of documenting and recording violence in the Donbas due to staff shortages and weak leadership, current and former mission monitors have told the 'Kyiv Post'.

Crime in Europe
Racism in Europe: Racism in Europe - 2015 Signatory countries of the United Nations 'International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination'
From the 15th through to the 19th centuries Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch and French Atlantic slave trade and slavery in their empires: From the 15th through to the 19th centuries Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch and French slavery in their empires and Atlantic slave trade across the Atlantic Ocean bringing millions of enslaved Africans from the central and western parts of Africa to the Americas to be sold at markets
1683 'code noir' and expelling of Jews by French colonial forces: In 1683, the Jews were expelled from Haiti and all of the other French colonies, due to the 'Code Noir', which not only restricted the activities of free black people, but forbade the exercise of any religion other than Roman Catholicism (it included a provision that all slaves must be baptized and instructed in the Roman Catholic religion), and in turn ordered all the Jews out of France's colonies
Since 1799 Napoleonic wars, war crimes and restoration of slavery: 1803–1815 Napoleonic Wars, total war, millions of Napoleonic wars casualties, leading to an ongoing period of reaction, including the restoration of slavery, nationalism and chauvinism worldwide
1802-1804 resistance to slavery, repression and French atrocities in Haiti: In 1802, when it became apparent that the French under Napoleonic rule intended to re-establish slavery in Haiti black cultivators revolted in the summer of 1802, Leclerc's successor Vicomte de Rochambeau fought an even more brutal campaign, waged a near-genocidal campaign against the Haitians, killing everyone who was black, importing about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica, who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes, also drowning blacks - In 2005 French historian Claude Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, saying Napoleon was racist, instituted slavery, and was the first man in history that 'asked himself rationally the question how to eliminate, in as short a time as possible, and with a minimum of cost and personnel, a maximum of people described as scientifically inferior'
Since 1884 German colonial rule in Africa, forced labour under German rule during 1939-1945 World War II and German politics of extermination and starvation: 1884-1914 German colonial rule in Africa was an expression of nationalism highlighting racist views of mankind and characterized by the use of repressive violence - Forced labour under German rule during World War II - Extermination through labour - 'Hunger Plan' developed by Nazi Germany during World War II to seize food entailing the death by starvation of millions of Slavs following the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union
2001 Durban conference acknowledgement of the slave trade and slavery as crime against humanity: 3 October 2001: The August/September 2001 anti-racism conference in Durban says that slave trade and slavery was and is 'a crime against humanity'
Since 2001/2006 France's recognition of slavery as a crime against humanity: On 10 May 2001, the French Senate adopted a law that recognized the trade of slaves as a crime against humanity, in 2006 May 10 was held to be a national date of commemoration of the abolition of slavery, a legislation resulting from Christiane Taubira's lifelong efforts to promote the historical and cultural heritage of French overseas territories
1933-2019: 1 March 2019: Former head of the British army Dannatt has called on the government to pay compensation to African veterans of the Axis powers' (German, Italian and Japanese empires) second world war who were paid three times less than their white counterparts, as black people in Nazi Germany since 1933 were considered to be an inferior race and, along with Romani people, were subject to the antisemitic and racial Nuremberg Laws under a supplementary decree
July 2019: 3 July 2019: Black MEP Magid Magid, who represents Yorkshire and the Humber for the Green party, and former lord mayor of Sheffield, claims he was asked to leave the European parliament building in Strasbourg by an official on his first day
6 June 2020 loneliest of D-Day remembrances is marked amid covid-19 as Germany continues to honour Nazigeneral Rommel: 6 June 2020: The loneliest of D-Day remembrances is marked amid covid-19 pandemic, as small ceremony held a year after tens of thousands came to Normandy beaches to cheer the dwindling number of veterans and celebrate liberation from Nazi oppression, as German 'Bundeswehr' continues to praise and honour the Nazigeneral Rommel, mocking all victims of German crimes in World War II and indoctrinating generations of young men since 1961, ongoing in the EU
11 July 2020 'the most terrible camp' called Sylt on UK soil constructed by Nazi Germany after June 1940: 11 July 2020: 'The most terrible camp', as after 80 years cruelty of SS site Lager Sylt on UK soil constructed on Alderney after the island was occupied in June 1940 revealed, and as archaeologists publish in-depth survey highlighting the historical importance of the oft-overlooked Lager Sylt, as well as the physical and psychological torture of its inmates, mostly East Europeans and a large contingent of French Jews, as French prisoners dubbed Alderney 'le rocher maudit' underlining the brutality of the wind-swept, sea-beaten and remote island with a prewar civilian population of 1,400 people evacuated by Britain when, deeming them too difficult to defend, it pulled out of the Channel Islands after the fall of France in June 1940 - Since June 1940 history of Alderney during World War II and German occupation - Since January 1942 'Lager Sylt' Nazi concentration camp on Alderney on the British Channel Islands, built along with three other labour camps by the Organisation Todt, as the control of Lager Sylt changed since 1943 when it was run by the Schutzstaffel SS-Baubrigade 1 becoming a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp located in Hamburg - 'Lager Norderney' Nazi concentration camp on Alderney, in the Channel Islands, named after the East Frisian island of Norderney, housing European (usually Eastern but including Republican Spaniards) and Russian enforced labourers, as prisoners in Lager Sylt were also slave labourers
28 September 2020 Portugal records surge in racist violence: 28 September 2020: Portugal records surge in racist violence as neo-fascim linked movement rises and campaigners call for urgent institutional response after attacks and death threats targeting MPs, academics and activists

Antisemitism in Europe: Antisemitism in Europe - Timeline of antisemitism - Holocaust denial in the European Union
Since the Middle Ages: Anti-Semitism in Europe became increasingly prevalent in the Late Middle Ages - 23 February 2015: From Notre Dame to Wittenberg, in Europe the fine art of anti-Semitism is on public display at many of the continent’s most visited landmarks
15th-19th century 'Limpieza de sangre': 15th-19th century 'Limpieza de sangre' racist legislation, referred to those who were considered pure 'Old Christians', without recent Muslim or Jewish ancestors, or within the context of the empire (New Spain and Portuguese India) usually to those without ancestry from the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Asia, or Africa
1492-1968 Alhambra Decree against Jews and Spanish Inquisition: Alhambra Decree 1492-1968 - Spanish Inquisition 1478-1834
Nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first century: History of antisemitism in the 19th, 20th and 21th century
1938-1945 antisemitism in Germany and the Holocaust in Germany and German occupied Europe and North Africa: Since the middle ages antisemitism in Germany and the Holocaust in Germany and German occupied Europe 1938-1945 - The Holocaust in Germany, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide in which some six million European Jews were killed by Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany, and the World War II collaborators with the Nazis, also outside Europe under Axis occupation, in North Africa's 'Italian Libya', in Tunisia under Vichy-France rule etc. - The Holocaust by country
Since 1938 Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe: Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe - Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe by country
Since 1939 Jewish Archive in Francoist Spain: Jewish Archive in Francoist Spain 1939-1975 - instructions of the Francoist 'Directorate of General Security' the provincial governors of Spain assembled records of all Jews who lived in Spain, whether or not they were Spanish, recording 6,000 Jews living in Spain, that were handed to Heinrich Himmler's SS in Germany in 1941 and were included in Adolf Eichmann's Jewish Population Census, tabled at the Wannsee Conference, chaired by Reinhard Heydrich, in January 1942
December 1941 author of 'World History of the Jewish people' Simon Dubnow murdered by the Nazis: 8 December 1941 Jewish-born Russian historian, writer and activist Simon Dubnow (1860-1941), the renowned author of the ten-volume 'World History of the Jewish people', first published in German translation in 1925–1929, was murdered by the Nazis during the violent liquidation of the Riga ghetto, as 1941-1945 World War II losses in Latvia were among the highest in Europe, with estimates of population loss standing at 30% for Latvia

Nationalism, White supremacy, Fascism and National Socialism in Europe: Nationalism in Europe - Nationalist movements in Europe - White supremacy in Europe - White nationalism in Europe - Fascism in Europe
Since 1871 second German empire and ploughshares to swords: 'Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei' or NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party), a political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945, that created, supported and executed the ideology and policy of Nazism - January 1919 - February 1920 German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei DAP), a short-lived political party established after German empire's SPD supported World War I, the precursor of the NSDAP, founded on 5 January in Munich by Anton Drexler etc., developed out of the 'Free Workers' Committee for a Good Peace' (Freier Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden) league founded by Drexler in 1918 - Adolf Hitler's membership, after in July 1919 Hitler was appointed intelligence agent (Verbindungsmann) of a reconnaissance commando of the German empire's military 'Reichswehr' to influence other soldiers and to investigate the DAP, and while monitoring the activities of the DAP, Hitler became attracted to founder Anton Drexler's anti-Semitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist, and anti-Marxist ideas - NSDAP's party composition, organisations and command structure - Mass media of Nazi Germany - Nazi parties by country
Since 740 BCE Swords to ploughshares: In der Zeit von 740 und 701 v. Chr. reagiert der Schriftprophet der hebräischen Bibel Isaias (Jesaja) in Jerusalem, Juda und Israel auf die damalige Verarmung großer Bevölkerungsteile mit einer scharfen Sozialkritik und verheißt den Israeliten und umgebenden mehr oder weniger aggressiven Reichen der Region universalen Frieden und Gerechtigkeit - 740-701 BCE Isaiah (Tanakh 2:4) says that peoples 'shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks', and 'nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more' - Beat your plowshares into swords, and your pruning hooks into spears, let the weakling say 'I am a warrior', according to Joel 3:10 or 4:10, as Micah says 4:3 'they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more'

20th-century National Socialism (Nazism) and anti-Semitism in Germany and collaborating states and Fascism: National Socialism, also known as Nazism, is the ideology and set of practices associated with the 20th-century German Nazi Party, Nazi Germany, and collaborating organizations and states - Austrofascism in Austria - Italian Fascism in Italy - Fascism in Spain
Since World War I, during Nazi period including World War II concentration and extermination camps, concentration and internment camps: Since World War I and during Nazi period including World War II concentration camps in Austria-Hungary - Since 1973 Chile concentration camps during Pinochet's dictatorship in the 1970s and 80s - Since 1960 concentration camps in China - During Nazi period including World War II concentration camps in Croatia - Since 1852-1953, during Bonaparte's regime, during Nazi period including World War II concentration camps in France, and in North and West Africa - Internment camps and concentration camps in France before, during and after World War II, as beside the camps created during World War I to intern German, Austrian and Ottoman civilian prisoners, the Third Republic 1871–1940 opened various internment camps for the Spanish refugees fleeing the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, and following the prohibition of the French Communist Party by the government of Édouard Daladier, they were used to detain communist political prisoners, as the Third Republic also interned German anti-Nazis, mostly members of the Communist Party of Germany KPD, then, after the 10 July 1940 vote of full powers to Marshal Pétain and the proclamation of the État français or Vichy regime, these camps were used to intern Jews, Gypsies, and various political prisoners, anti-fascists from all countries, and Vichy opened up so many camps that it became a full economic sector - Since 1904-1908 concentration camps in German empire's South West Africa, 1904–1908, during Germany's World War I, and then in the Nazi period including World War II concentration camps in Germany - List of Nazi concentration camps, as there were 23 main concentration camps, of which most had a system of satellite camps, and the total number of Nazi concentration camps that existed at one point in time is at least 1,000 - List of Nazi Germany's extermination camps and euthanasia centers, as Nazis murdered their victims at a wide variety of sites, including vehicles, houses, hospitals, fields, concentration camps and purpose-built extermination camps, with six major extermination camps and eight major euthenasia extermination centers - During World War II Nazi concentration camps in Yugoslavia, as during the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia 1941–1944 as many as 70 Nazi concentration camps were formed in Yugoslavia, and the main victims in these camps were ethnic Serbs, Jews and Roma - Since 1942 German Nazi military established concentration camps during its occupation of the Channel Islands - Since 1940 concentration camps in Italy - Since the 1910s Italian colonial empire's concentration camps in Libya - Japanese empire's World War II camps in Asia - List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II - After World War II concentration camps in North Korea - Since World War I concentration camps in the Ottman empire and Turkey - After World War I concentration camps in the Soviet Union and since 1990 in Russia - 1936-1947 Francoist concentration camps in Spanish empire 1492–1976, as first concentration camp was created by Spanish dictator Franco on 20 July 1936 in the castle of El Hecho in Ceuta, as inmates of concentration camps were republican ex-combatants of the Spanish Republican forces as well as political dissidents, as prisoners who were regarded as 'unrecoverable' were shot, others were used as forced labourers, as in 1938 Francoist concentration camps held more than 170,000 prisoners, after 1939 the imprisoned population fluctuated between 367,000 and 500,000 people - 1936-1945 White Terror and Francoist Repression, including executions and rapes, which were carried out by the Nationalist faction during the Francoist War since 1936 as well as during the first nine years of the regime of Franco, causing 100,000-200,000 deaths - During World War II internment camps in Switzerland - Since the Second Boer War 1899-1902 concentration camps in the United Kingdom's 'British empire', in Bermuda, Cyprus, Ireland, Kenya, Malaya, South Africa - Since 1838 USA's detention centers of Indigenous people, since 1901 concentration camps in the Philippines, since 1950 concentration camps were constructed to detain political dissidents, intended to hold alleged communists, anti-war activists, civil rights activists and other 'dissidents' from the 1950s to the 1960s, but were never used for their intended purpose, since 1961 internment camps in USA's Vietnam War until 1975
'Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945' (published by the USA Holocaust Memorial Museum 2009-2025): Since 2009 'Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945', a seven-part encyclopedia series that explores the history of the concentration camps, ghettos, forced-labor camps, and other sites of detention, persecution, or state-sponsored murder run by Nazi Germany and other Axis powers in Europe and Africa, as the series is produced by the USA Holocaust Memorial Museum after research began in 2000 and the first volume was published in 2009, as the final volume is slated for publication in 2025, also containing along with entries on individual sites scholarly overviews for historical context

21th century Neo-Nazim and anti-Semitism in Europe: Neo-Nazism in Germany and Austria since 1945 and analogous European movements - Neo-Nazism by country - Neo-Nazis by nationality
2014/2015 anti-Semitic violence, protests demanding EU's response: 22 July 2014: After anti-Semitic protests and violence in their countries over the conflict in Gaza three EU foreign ministers pledge to fight 'acts and statements that cross the line to anti-Semitism' - 26 July 2014: European anti-Semitism is focus as Jewish groups, senators meet in Washington - 7 August 2014: Antisemitism on rise across Europe as attacks go beyond Israel-Palestinian conflict, experts say - 16 January 2015: European Jewish Congress demands that the EU ramp up it’s efforts to protect its Jewish citizens - 25 January 2015: Jewish leaders call for Europe-wide legislation outlawing antisemitism - 27 January 2015: Steven Spielberg raises alarm on persistent and surged anti-Semitism in Krakow speech
6 March 2018 French to charge men with anti-Semitic murder of Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll: 26 March 2018: French to charge two men with anti-Semitic murder of 85-year-old Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll who had managed as a child to evade the notorious 1942 roundup of over 13,000 Jews in Paris during World War II, as fewer than 100 of those who were detained at the so-called Vel d’Hiv cycling track and then sent to the Nazi-Germany's death camps survived - 27 March 2018: Family members of Mireille Knoll, who was stabbed to death and set on fire in her Paris apartment, told Israeli media she had known one of her assailants, a Muslim neighbor, since he was seven years old, as police admits that Mireille Knoll had previously called police and complained that the neighbor had threatened to kill her
April 2018 feelings of insecurity widespread among European Jews: 11 April 2018: Feelings of insecurity are widespread among European Jews as a result of the resurgence of the extreme right, a heated anti-Zionist discourse on the left and radical Islam, according to a global study of antisemitism
May 2018 neo-Nazis in Dortmund and ambiguous EU's foreign policy chief: 14 May 2018: After the German Nazis adopted the phrase 'The Jews are our misfortune', in 2018 a banner with the colors of the Israeli flag that said 'The state Israel is our misfortune' was held by neo-Nazis in Dortmund, expressing their alleged solidarity with Palestinians by waving PLO flags against both the opening of the USA embassy in Jerusalem and the founding of the State of Israel, as EU foreign policy chief appears to side with anti-Semitic Iranian regime
May 2018 poll in EU countries indicates widespread anti-Semitism: 30 May 2018: In Italy, poll indicates, 25% 'unwilling’ to have a Jew in the family, in Britain 23%, in Austria 21%, in Germany 19%, and the mostly Catholic nations of Spain, Portugal and Ireland also had high non-acceptance levels at 13, 18 and 18 percent, respectively
June 2018 Neonazis in Volgograd: 21 June 2018: English football supporters have caused outrage by singing an anti-Semitic song and throwing Nazi salutes in a local pub before England's World Cup match in Volgograd, where more than a million Soviet soldiers died to stop the German assault since 1941, 75 or 77 years ago
November 2018: 27 November 2018: More than a quarter of respondents believe Jews have too much influence in business and finance, while over a third say they have no substantial knowledge of the Holocaust, a recent CNN poll conducted in seven European countries - Austria, Britain, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland and Sweden - found
January 2019 EU given millions to NGOs promoting boycotts against Israel: 23 January 2019: The EU had given more than €5 million to at least 10 NGOs that promote boycotts against Israel, saying the EU insists it will defend 'free speech' after Israeli urged the EU to make any financial aid to NGOs contingent on an explicit commitment to opposing boycotts of Israel
27 January 2019 European anti-Semitism report: 27 January 2019: After in December 2018 a major European report found nearly 90% (56-95% depending on country) of European Jews feel that anti-Semitism has increased in their home countries over the past five years, and almost 30% say they have been harassed at least once in the past year, 12% of respondents maintain the scale of the Holocaust genocide is inflated, 12% of respondents maintain the scale of the genocide is inflated12% of respondents maintain the scale of the genocide is inflated, UK survey says, and common anti-Semitic statements are related to comparisons between Israelis and the Nazis with regard to the Palestinians and suggestions that Jews 'exploit Holocaust victimhood for their own purposes'
February 2019, increase in anti-Semitic incidents in 2018: 13 February 2019: After France and UK, Germany reports increase in anti-Semitic incidents in 2018, as the number of anti-Semitic crimes increased from 1,504 in 2017 to 1,646, with the number of cases considered violent almost doubling
March 2019 Aalst's Vismooil’n group behind anti-Semitic carnival: 7 March 2019: Aalst's Vismooil’n group behind anti-Semitic carnival float at Belgium’s most celebrated carnival, added in 2010 to UNESCO’s list of events, and mayor Christoph D’Haese are not sorry, as Pascal Soleme calls the float, which featured anti-Semitic depictions of Jews with money bags and rats, a 'celebration of humor', saying 'people who got offended live in the past'
22 November 2019 Church of England report admits Christian anti-Semitism helped lead to Holocaust: 22 November 2019: In a major report the Church of England admitted that centuries of Christian anti-Semitism helped lead to the Holocaust, as England’s established church cited 'the attribution of collective guilt to the Jewish people for the death of Christ and the consequent interpretation of their suffering as collective punishment sent by God' as being among the ideas that 'contributed to fostering the passive acquiescence if not positive support of many Christians in actions that led to the Holocaust'
February 2020 German appeals court denies bid to remove 700-year-old anti-Semitic 'Jew pig’ statue: 5 February 2020: 75 years after the liberation of the German Auschwitz death camp, German appeals court denies bid to remove 700-year-old anti-Semitic 'Jew pig’ statue from a church where Martin Luther once preached, as plaintiff Michael Duellmann argued that the sculpture is 'a defamation of and insult to the Jewish people' that has 'a terrible effect up to this day', telling AP that he will appeal the case to Germany’s Federal Court of Justice and is prepared to take it all the way to the European Court of Human Rights if necessary
23/24 February 2020 Aalst’s annual anti-Semitic parade and German neo-Nazism: 23 February 2020: Repeated city of Aalst’s annual anti-Semitic parade near Brussels features costumes of Jews with insect bodies, called an affront to nation’s ‘values and reputation’, damaging the country, by Belgian PM Sophie Wilmes, as in Germany during a candlelight vigil for 9 people killed by an immigrant-hating gunman a woman, adressing the president, called out from the crowd, demanding action, not words, in the country of Nazism and not ending neo-Nazism since World War II, the Holocaust, unprecedented crimes against humanity
26 June 2020 German church goes to high court to take down perverse anti-Semitic carvings: 26 June 2020: German church goes to high court to take down perverse anti-Semitic carvings, as landmarks commissions and German courts are protecting ancient 'Judensaus' sculptures, dozens of which are adorning churches that don’t want them in the 21st century, and as Israeli historian Isaiah Shachar in 2017 said there are 'Judensaus' in Portugal, France, Poland and Sweden, but most are in German-speaking countries
30 June 2020 Muslims chant in Brussels 'Jews, remember Khaybar, the army of Muhammad is returning': 30 June 2020: Pro-Palestinian demonstrators in Brussels chanted the name of Saudi locale where Muslims massacred Jews in the seventh century, as Arabic chants about Khaybar, located in modern-day Saudi Arabia, were filmed at a rally Sunday in the Belgian capital, saying 'Jews, remember Khaybar, the army of Muhammad is returning'
21 July 2020 Stephan Balliet on trial for deadly Halle synagogue shooting: 21 July 2020: German Stephan Balliet goes on trial at the eastern German state court in Magdeburg for the Yom Kippur attack and deadly shooting targeting Jews in the city of Halle last year, accused of shooting dead two people after failing to storm Halle synagogue and after publishing documents online that called for the killing of all Jews
27 September 2020 a year after Halle terror attack disturbing systemic shortcomings: 27 September 2020: A year after Halle terror attack, Jews who were there still looking for answers, as shooting that killed two on Yom Kippur last year has underscored rising anti-Semitism in Germany, but investigations in its wake reveal even more disturbing systemic shortcomings
30 September 2020 Scandinavian neo-Nazis circulate anti-Semitic flyers on Yom Kippur: 30 September 2020: Scandinavian neo-Nazis circulate anti-Semitic flyers on Yom Kippur, as extremists carried out coordinated campaign in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Iceland on Jewish holy day, says World Jewish Congress
27 December 2020 spate of crimes on Jewish sites in Germany, Bulgaria and more: 27 December 2020: Vandals struck a synagogue gate in Bulgaria and a monument to the victims of the shooting attack last year near a synagogue in Germany's Halle, in a spate of unrelated incidents this week in Europe, as in a third incident, a structure inside the Jewish cemetery in southern Germany was damaged - 27 December 2020: ‘Murdering Jews We Will Hang You’ painted at Spanish Jewish Cemetery in Madrid, as incident was the latest in a string of cases of vandalism against Jewish sites in Europe this week, including in Halle, Germany, Bulgaria and Belarus
1 February 2021 Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas: 1 February 2021: Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas, as vandalism comes as Alexander De Croo faces series of criticisms, including from hardline Flemish Nationalists, over allegedly undemocratic nature of anti-covid restrictions - 1 October 2020: Belgian government attracted attention for being the country’s first gender-balanced one, as Sophie Wilmes became Belgium’s first female foreign minister, as her paternal grandparents were killed in the bombing of Limal during World War II, and as her mother - an Ashkenazi Jew - lost several relatives in the Holocaust
3 February 2021 Austrian rapper arrested for neo-Nazi songs: 3 February 2021: Austrian rapper arrested for neo-Nazi songs tied to Halle synagogue shooting, as suspect - also in possession of weapons - used pseudonym Mr Bond for broadcasting Nazi ideas, i.a. comparing the man behind the 2019 Christchurch shootings that killed 51 people at a New Zealand mosque to a saint and translating his racist manifesto into German, also including track played by gunman in livestream of anti-Semitic attack that killed 2 in Germany
4 February 2021 Germany records new jump in neo-Nazi linked crime in 2020: 4 February 2021: Germany records new jump in neo-Nazi linked crime in 2020, as number jumped to its highest level for many years, according to provisional official figures, as police recorded 23,080 crimes of a far-right nature last year, around 700 more than the previous year
16 February 2021 Spain probes anti-Semitic speech at neo-Nazi rally attended by a Catholic priest: 16 February 2021: Spain probes anti-Semitic speech at neo-Nazi rally attended by a Catholic priest, and which was a commemoration of the Spanish 'Blue Division' that fought for the Nazis during World War II, including the siege of Leningrad, as at the cemetery the neo-Nazis laid flowers in front of the memorial to the fallen Blue Division soldiers and as a young woman gave an inflammatory speech echoing rhetoric from the 1930s

Nationalist, racist and fascist parties and politics in Europe: List of active nationalist parties in Europe - List of nationalist organizations - List of far-right political parties by country - List of fascist movements by country - Right-wing populism and political parties by country - Far-right politics in different countries
Neo-Nazism and parties in Europe: Neo-Nazism in Europe
2004-2009 'European National Front': 2004-2009 'European National Front' coordinating structure of European nationalist parties, including National Democratic Party of Germany
2015 EU far-right parties set to gather in St. Petersburg: 21 March 2015: EU far-right parties set to gather in St. Petersburg for Russian forum, as Russian regime courts EU far-right, neo-Nazi movements
2016 UK vote sparks EU referendum demands of anti-immigration and racist parties: 24 June 2016: UK vote sparks EU referendum demands of anti-immigration and racist parties
2017 neo-Nazi linked party leaders from France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands meet in Germany's Koblenz: 21 January 2017: Far-right party leaders from France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands meet in the German city of Koblenz on Saturday to present their vision for Europe that would dismantle the European Union - 4 June 2017: Far right raises £50,000 to target boats on refugee rescue missions in Mediterranean - 7/8 September 2017: Invited by German AfD's von Storch, who called on European border guards to use firearms to deter illegal immigrants, including women and children, and speaking at Berlin's Spandau Citadel British promoter of 'Brexit' Nigel Farage receives a standing ovation from German neo-Nazi linked AfD party, as he whipped up anti-EU sentiment
March 2018 Russian networks worked to boost xenophobic and neo-fascist discourse in Italy: 5 March 2018: Russian networks worked to boost xenophobic and neo-fascist discourse in Italy ahead of elections, according to Spanish newspaper 'El País'
June 2018 Nazi Heinrich Himmler's daughter employed by BND: 29 June 2018: Germany’s foreign intelligence service BND employed the daughter of top Nazi Heinrich Himmler in the early 1960s, although she never renounced her father or Nazism, remained active in far-right extremism all her life, fought to defend her father’s reputation and aided in the defense of SS members and Nazi war criminals
April 2019 series of planned neo-Nazi gatherings over the weekend: 19 April 2019: The World Jewish Congress urges European governments and lawmakers to take measures against a series of planned neo-Nazi gatherings over the weekend to mark Adolf Hitler’s birthday, saying events were scheduled across the continent, including a two-day conference by a fascist group in Bulgarian capital Sofia, a hiking and picnic trip in Ukraine, a rock concert in Italy, two conventions in Germany and a handful of gatherings in France
17-20 July 2019 neo-Nazis weapons cache in Italy: 17 July 2019: Italian police seized an air-to-air missile, machine guns and rocket launchers from neo-Nazis during raids sparked by an investigation into Italians who took part in the Russian-backed insurgency in eastern Ukraine, a huge haul of weapons that authorities said was almost without precedent - 20 juillet 2019: L'enquête sur l'arsenal néonazi s'étend à la Suisse
1 September 2019 neo-Nazi linked German AfD party make big gains: 4 September 2019: Anti-immigration and neo-Nazi linked AfD, the third-biggest party in the 2017 German general election, main opposition, and able to mobilise several hundred thousand people who had never voted before, overtakes German Left, Greens and SPD in Saxony and German CDU, Greens and Left in Brandenburg in state elections
7/8 September 2019 CDU, SPD and FDP elected neo-Nazi to head local authority: 8 September 2019: All representatives, including representatives of the CDU, SPD and FDP, of the Ortsbeirat of Altenstadt-Waldsiedlung had voted neo-Nazi Deputy NPD state chairman Stefan Jagsch as their head
6 February 2020 AfD party's backing for Thuringia's new elected state premier Kemmerich shocks Germany: 6 February 2020: Anti-Semitic AfD party's backing for Thuringia's FDP politician and new elected state premier Kemmerich shocks Germany, also enjoying support from lawmakers of Chancellor Merkel’s CDU as well as his FDP stablemates, as tacit cooperation between CDU, FDP and AfD condemned by Josef Schuster, saying he was 'horrified' by Wednesday’s vote
5-23 February 2020 CDU supports neo-Nazi linked AfD and Secretary General denies solution of crisis: 5 February 2020: CDU and FDP politicians 'break taboo' voting with racist AfD and its state leader Björn Höcke, legally termed a fascist, to oust Thuringia premier Bodo Ramelow, defying the national party’s refusal to work with neo-Nazi linked parties - 23 February 2020: After lawmakers in Thuringia agreed on a way to vote in a new state government without the support of neo-Nazi party, avoiding a repeat of a decision earlier this month that caused a political uproar, CDU Secretary General Paul Ziemiak criticized party lawmakers for the way out of the crisis caused by the CDU (the party of NSDAP members Globke, Kiesinger, Filbinger etc.), saying 'this is about the credibility of the CDU in general', adding that the party 'rejects all coalitions and similar forms of cooperation'
7 October 2020 Greece’s neo-Nazi party Golden Dawn was branded a criminal organization: 7 October 2020: Greece’s neo-Nazi party Golden Dawn was branded a criminal organization Wednesday, with its leaders facing heavy sentences in one of the most important trials in the country’s political history, as police and anti-fascist demonstrators clashed on the sidelines of a large protest of some 15,000 people outside the courtroom, and as thousands, including the mother of Pavlos Fyssas killed by a Golden Dawn supporter in 2013, welcome verdict in Athens after biggest trial of fascists since Nuremberg
14 October 2020 Neo-Nazi leaders of Greece's Golden Dawn sentenced to 13 years: 14 October 2020: Greek court imposed jail terms on senior members of Golden Dawn party on Friday, after ruling that they were running a criminal group - 14 October 2020: Neo-Nazi leaders of Greece's Golden Dawn sentenced to 13 years
23 October 2020 Golden Dawn deputy leader evades arrest after jail sentence: 23 October 2020: Greek authorities have been forced to acknowledge that the neo-Nazi ideologue behind Golden Dawn’s unhindered embrace of national socialism has evaded arrest as other members of the extremist group headed to prison, as unrepentant fascist Pappas, whose lieutenant-general father had been a close associate of the former dictator Georgios Papadopoulos, was infamously portrayed in video clips teaching children to give the Nazi salute and chant 'Heil Hitler!'
1 December 2020 homes of Wolfsbrigade 44 members searched in Germany: 1 December 2020: The homes of 11 members of the Wolfsbrigade 44 group were searched in Hesse, Mecklenburg West-Pomerania and North Rhine-Westphalia to confiscate the group’s funds and neo-Nazi linked propaganda material, the German news agency dpa reported
11 January 2021 conviced Greek neo-Nazis remain at large, including MEP: 11 January 2021: Convicted in October, 2 Greek neo-Nazis remain at large, as Christos Pappas, Golden Dawn’s de facto number two, is 'missing', while MEP Ioannis Lagos (Member of the European Parliament) has refused to return home, appealing against the court verdict from the safe distance of Brussels and exploiting the parliamentary immunity he enjoys as an MEP ensuring he can neither be detained nor extradited
Pan-European nationalism: Pan-European nationalism - Nationalisme européen - List of nationalist organizations
Since 2002: 'Le Bloc identitaire – Le mouvement social européen' ist ein Zusammenschluss von regionalen Gruppen in Frankreich und benachbarten frankophonen Regionen wie der Romandie und der Wallonie seit 2002, um eine angebliche 'europäische Identität' gegen kulturelle 'Überfremdung' etwa durch muslimische Einwanderung zu verteidigen
'Mouvance identitaire' en Europe, des groupes qui se proclament également identitaires, tels que l'Identitäre Bewegung en Allemagne, partiellement reliée à 'Pegida', et en Autriche, qui se réclame de la mouvance identitaire, ou 'Nordiska Förbundet' en Scandinavie, 'Causa Identitária' au Portugal, 'l’Union Nationaliste & Identitaire Suisse', Génération Identitaires Flandre et Mouvement Nation en Belgique, en Italie

Since World War I 1914–1918 war crimes in Europe, by German empire and allies: Since World War I 1914–1918 war crimes, crimes against humanity and crimes against peace in Europe and committed by the German empire and allies - Genocides in Europe - Crime in Europe by country
German war crimes in World War I: German war crimes in World War I
1914-1945 war crimes of the 'Imperial German Army' and later 'Wehrmacht': Since 1871 the 'Imperial German Army' inherited much of the traditions and concepts of the Prussian Army, which was its largest component army - 1871-1919 Imperial German Army, the unified ground and air force of the German Empire (excluding the maritime aviation formations of the Imperial German Navy), command and military role in foreign policy decisions - 'Wehrmacht', the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945 - During World War II, the Germans' combined armed forces (Heer, Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe) committed systematic war crimes, including massacres, mass rape, looting, the exploitation of forced labor, the murder of three million Soviet prisoners of war, and participated in the extermination of Jews
August 1914-1918 German empire's inhuman 'attrition' warfare: Since August 1914 German imperial troops burned homes and executed civilians throughout eastern and central Belgium, including Aarschot (156 dead), Andenne (211 dead), Seilles, Tamines (383 dead), and Dinant (674 dead), as the victims included men, women, and children - Since August/September 1914 inhuman 'attrition' warfare - completely inconsiderate, ruthless against ambushed foreign and own victims in large numbers - on the Western Front during German empire's WWI including the 1916 Battle of Verdun and more German war crimes until 1918 empire's defeat because of the superiority of Allied Powers since 1917 including the USA, also opposing empire's unrestricted submarine warfare
1915-1918 German empire's 'Gastruppe', followed by more 'polished' weapons of mass destruction: 1915-1918 'Gastruppe' durante la prima guerra mondiale, le truppe tedesche incaricate dell'uso dei gas sotto la supervisione del premio Nobel 1918 Fritz Haber - 'Manifesto of the Ninety-Three', 4 October 1914 proclamation originally titled in English 'To the Civilized World' by 'Professors of Germany', declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions in World War I - Since 1915 Fritz Haber, who played a major role in the development of the non-ballistic use of chemical warfare in World War I, in spite of the proscription of their use in shells by the Hague Convention of 1907 and to which Germany was a signatory, formulated a simple mathematical relationship between the gas concentration and the necessary exposure time which became known as 'Haber's rule', as during the 1920s his institute developed the cyanide gas formulation Zyklon A
World War II 1939–1945 war crimes committed by Germany, Italy, and Japan: World War II 1939–1945 war crimes committed by Germany, Italy, and Japan, the so-called axis powers - German war crimes in World War II - German war crimes against enemy combatants and civilians committed by military units of the 'Wehrmacht' since the invasion of Poland September-October 1939 and crimes against humanity including the Holocaust - Consequences of Nazism, as Nazism and the acts of the Nazi German state profoundly affected many countries, communities, and people before, during and after World War II, and as the regime's attempt to exterminate several groups viewed as subhuman by Nazi ideology was eventually stopped by the combined efforts of the wartime Allies headed by Britain, the Soviet Union, and the USA
World War II led to the UN since 1945, established to help prevent world wars: World War II led to the dissolution of the 1920–1946 'League of Nations' and to the founding of the 'United Nations' in October 1945, established to help prevent world wars and contain or stop smaller conflicts, as principles enshrined in the UN Charter are a testament to the world's attitudes at the fall of the German empire, finally called the 'Third Reich' - Consequences of Nazism and World War II for military, technology and doctrines
1946–1954 Indochina War: 1946–1954 Indochina War, the French Union's struggle against the independence movement, claiming 500,000 to 1.5 million Vietnamese lives from 1945 to 1954 - 1955–1975 USA's and allied forces Vietnam War
1952–1960 Mau Mau insurgency against British colonial rule: 1952–1960 Mau Mau insurgency against British colonial rule, as in attempt to suppress the insurgency in Kenya, British colonial authorities and forces suspended civil liberties, using collective punishment, torture and committed atrocities
1954–1962 Algerian War: 1954–1962 Algerian War, as Algeria won independence from France in the early 1960s
July 1995 Srebrenica massacre: July 1995 Srebrenica massacre, the genocide of more than 8,000 Bosniaks, mainly men and boys, in and around the town of Srebrenica during the Bosnian War - 11 July 2020: Bosnia is marking the 25th anniversary of the Srebrenica massacre, the only declared genocide in Europe since the second world war, with a small number of survivors in attendance, due to the coronavirus pandemic
2003-2011 Iraq War by a USA-led coalition including European countries: 2003-2011 Iraq War by a USA-led coalition including United Kingdom, Poland and Australia, and supported by Canada, Italy and the Netherlands
2011–present Russian, Assad's and Iranian war crimes against the Syrian people: 2011–present war crimes in Assad's, Russian and Iranian war against the Syrian people
2 March 2020 UN says Russia committed war crimes in Syria as world expects end of impunity: 2 March 2020: Russia committed war crimes in Syria, finds UN report, as Putin regime blamed for indiscriminate attacks in civilian areas without 'a specific military objective', also documenting 'unprecedented levels of displacement and dire conditions for civilians' in Syria

Use of chemical weapons in Europe, since 1899 prohibited under the Hague Convention: Use of chemical weapons by country and in Europe, since 1899 prohibited under the Hague Convention
1672 Bishop of Münster used 'perfidious and odious' toxic devices and yearly commemorations: 1672 during his siege of Groningen the Bishop of Münster employed several different explosive and incendiary devices, some of which had a fill that included Deadly Nightshade, intended to produce toxic fumes, as three years later the French and the Holy Roman Empire concluded the 'Strasbourg Agreement', which included an article banning the use of 'perfidious and odious' toxic devices - July-August 1672 Siege of Groningen during the Franco-Dutch war, ending Bishop's hope to push deeper into the Netherlands, as the Münster army was so weakened by the defeat that the Dutch army successfully reconquered much of the land that Münster had conquered just weeks earlier, and as every year since then the city of Groningen celebrates its victory as a local holiday on 28 August
January 1915 first large-scale use of gas as a weapon by the German empire: Since January 1915 large-scale use of gas as a weapon, when German empire first fired 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas on Russian positions on the Rawka River west of Warsaw during the Battle of Bolimov
Since 1914 Germany's use of chemical weapons against Belgium, France, Italy, Russia, UK and Erwin Rommel's crimes: Chemical warfare, following Germany's earliest uses of chemical weapons in October 1914, when shells containing the irritant dianisidine chlorosulfonate were fired at British troops near Neuve-Chapelle in France - The use of poison gas by the Germans played a key role in the collapse of the Italian Second Army in the Battle of Caporetto 1917, Erwin Rommel (later Hitler's favorite general) won the 'Pour le Mérite' for his role in the battle - In 1917 the 1944 Nobel laureate Otto Hahn was one of three officers, disguised in Austrian uniforms, sent to the Isonzo front in Italy to find a suitable location for an attack, utilising newly developed rifled minenwerfers that simultaneously hurled hundreds of containers of poison gas onto enemy targets, as they selected a site where the Italian trenches were sheltered in a deep valley so that a gas cloud would persist, the 'Battle of Caporetto' broke through the Italian line and the Central Powers overran much of northern Italy, as in 1918 the German offensive in the west smashed through the Allies' lines after a massive release of gas from their mortars
1915-1918 German empire's 'Gastruppe' and Nobel laureate 'Haber's rule': 1915-1918 'Gastruppe' durante la prima guerra mondiale, le truppe tedesche incaricate dell'uso dei gas sotto la supervisione del premio Nobel 1918 Fritz Haber - 'Manifesto of the Ninety-Three', 4 October 1914 proclamation originally titled in English 'To the Civilized World' by 'Professors of Germany', declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions in World War I - Since 1915 Fritz Haber, who played a major role in the development of the non-ballistic use of chemical warfare in World War I, in spite of the proscription of their use in shells by the Hague Convention of 1907 and to which Germany was a signatory, formulated a simple mathematical relationship between the gas concentration and the necessary exposure time which became known as 'Haber's rule', as during the 1920s his institute developed the cyanide gas formulation Zyklon A - In 1917 the 1944 Nobel laureate Otto Hahn was one of three officers, disguised in Austrian uniforms, sent to the Isonzo front in Italy to find a suitable location for an attack, utilising newly developed rifled minenwerfers that simultaneously hurled hundreds of containers of poison gas onto enemy targets, as they selected a site where the Italian trenches were sheltered in a deep valley so that a gas cloud would persist, the 'Battle of Caporetto' broke through the Italian line and the Central Powers overran much of northern Italy, as in 1918 the German offensive in the west smashed through the Allies' lines after a massive release of gas from their mortars
Since 1939 during World War II use of poison gas by Nazi Germany: Since 1939 during World War II millions of Jews and other victims were gassed by Nazi Germany with carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide (including Zyklon B), remaining the deadliest use of poison gas in history
March 2018 'novichok' poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal: 4 March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal with a 'novichok' nerve agent
June 2018 Amesbury 'novichok' poisonings: 30 June 2018 Amesbury poisonings with a 'novichok' nerve agent of the same kind used in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in Salisbury
September 2018: 5/6 September 2018: Two Russian nationals Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirov named and charged by British police and prosecutors over the novichok poisoning of Sergei and Julia Skripal in March in Salisbury, as Britain to lay out case against Russian regime at UN with PM Theresa May saying suspects were GRU officers, pointing to Putin, explicitly blamed by security minister Ben Wallace - 6 September 2018: Russia has come under a sustained barrage of almost universal condemnation as nations lined up at the UN security council to decry its role in the Salisbury chemical weapons attacks - 7 September 2018: Sergei Skripal, poisoned in Britain with 'novichok' nerve agent, appears to have been working in recent years with intelligence officers in Spain, a country locked in a pitched battle with Russian organized crime groups, some with ties to the Russian government
August 2020 'novichok' poisoning of Alexei Navalny: August 2020 'novichok' poisoning of Alexei Navalny who fell ill during a flight from Tomsk to Moscow and was hospitalized in Omsk, as his spokeswoman said that he was in a coma
2/3 September 2020 Novichok use shows ‘only state’ could have poisoned Navalny aide says: 2 September 2020: Germany’s finding that Alexey Navalny was poisoned with nerve agent Novichok shows that only the Russian state could be responsible, opposition's Ivan Zhdanov says, as politicians worldwide are demanding answers from Putin's regime after toxicological examinations indicated that the Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny was poisoned with the nerve agent - 3 September 2020: Sarah Bailes, the wife of a police officer who almost died after investigating the Salisbury poisonings, said that 'actions speak louder than words”, in response to a tweet by Boris Johnson, after British PM joined world leaders in demanding answers from Putin regime amid claims the regime critic Alexei Navalny was poisoned using novichok
7 September 2020 Russia's Alexei Navalny out of induced coma in Berlin and responsive: 7 September 2020: Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny has been taken out of an induced coma and is responding to speech, according to Charité hospital in Berlin, as UK summoned the Russian ambassador to express its concern, and as Dominic Raab said 'it’s completely unacceptable that a banned chemical weapon has been used and Russia must hold a full, transparent investigation'
17 September 2020 Novichok traces found on water bottle in Navalny's hotel room in Tomsk: 17 September 2020: Colleagues of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny said that a bottle of water with a trace of the Novichok nerve agent was found in his hotel room in Tomsk after his poisoning
20 September 2020 one of Novichok's developers apologized to Navalny: 20 September 2020: One of the developers of the Novichok combat poison, Vil Mirzayanov, has apologized to Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who has suffered from poisoning with this substance, explaining that in 1993 he met with a survivor of the Novichok poisoning and stating that the symptoms he described are similar to those mentioned by Navalny
23 September 2020 Putin investigators targeting Navalny and others use imported phone-hacking tech: 23 September 2020: Putin investigators targeting Navalny and others use Israeli phone-hacking tech, as committee headed by Putin associate Alexander Bastrykin claims it used Cellebrite’s technology more than 26,000 times for hacking phones
23 September 2020 treated in Berlin for Novichok poisoning Russian opposition leader Navalny's condition improved enough for him to be released: 23 September 2020: The German hospital treating Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny for poisoning said Wednesday that his condition improved enough for him to be released, and suggested a 'complete recovery' from the Russian nerve agent was possible, as French newspaper citing unnamed sources on Tuesday reported that Russian regime's Putin told his French counterpart Macron, that Navalny was an 'internet troublemaker' who may have poisoned himself, as Putin's spokesman Peskov on Wednesday said 'Le Monde' had misrepresented the call and its report was 'imprecise'
28 September 2020 Alexei Navalny visited by chancellor Merkel in Berlin hospital: 28 September 2020: Russian opposition activist Alexei Navalny has confirmed German media reports that chancellor Merkel visited him in hospital where he was treated after being poisoned with the nerve agent novichok
1 October 2020 Alexei Navalny accuses Russian regime's Putin of being behind nerve agent attack: 1 October 2020: Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who is recovering in Germany after being poisoned in Russia by a nerve agent, accused Russian regime's Putin of being behind the attack in comments released Thursday, as Navalny’s supporters have frequently maintained that such an attack could have only been ordered at the top levels, though the regime has steadfastly denied any involvement in it
16 October 2020 western spies privately blame Russia’s FSB for Alexei Navalny poisoning: 16 October 2020: Western security agencies have privately concluded that the Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny was poisoned by the country’s FSB domestic spy agency, in effect pointing the finger at the Putin regime for ordering the attack
14 December 2020 Russian FSB hit squad poisoned Alexei Navalny according to Bellingcat: 14 December 2020: An undercover hit squad working for Russia’s FSB spy agency poisoned the opposition activist Alexei Navalny in August, after shadowing him on multiple previous trips, the investigative website Bellingcat has claimed, citing 'voluminous' telecoms and travel data, and reporting that the squad had secretly tracked Navalny since 2017, as recent regime's crime apparently began after he announced plans to stand against Putin in presidential elections
21 December 2020 Navalny says Russian agent has admitted to role in death plot: 21 December 2020: One of the operatives allegedly involved in the attempt to kill Alexei Navalny has confessed to his role in the plot, and has revealed that the Russian opposition leader was apparently poisoned via his boxer shorts, after Navalny phoned two members of the team from Russia’s FSB spy agency trying to murder him, as one recognised him immediately and hung up and the second operative, Konstantin Kudryavtsev, was seemingly duped into thinking he was talking to an aide working for a top FSB general
27 January 2021 Russian police raid Alexei Navalny's home and offices: 27 January 2021: Russian police raid Alexei Navalny's home and offices, as pressure rises on Putin regime critic following mass protests against murderous regime

Terrorism in Europe and in the EU: Terrorism in Europe - Terrorism in the European Union - Reactions to terrorist attacks
Nationalist, fascist, nazi and neo-nazi terrorism in Europe: Nationalist, fascist, nazi and neo-nazi terrorism in Europe - Nationalist terrorism in Europe - Far-right politics in different countries - Terrorism in Europe by country
Since August 1914 German 'strategic' bombing during World War I and later: Since August 1914 German 'strategic' bombing during World War I - April 1937 bombing of Guernica, an aerial bombing of the Basque town of Guernica carried out by Franco's allies, the Nazi German Luftwaffe's Condor Legion and the Fascist Italian Aviazione Legionaria, causing hundreds of civilian victims - World War II 'strategic' bombing conducted by Germany
Islamic terrorism in Europe 2014–present
March 2012 Toulouse and Montauban terror attacks: 11-22 March 2012 Toulouse and Montauban terror attacks committed by Mohammed Mera, targeting French Army soldiers and children and a teacher from a Jewish school in the cities of Montauban and Toulouse
May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting: 24 May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting
January 2015 Charlie Hebdo and Hypercacher Kosher Supermarket terror attack in Paris: January 2015 Charlie Hebdo terror attack in Paris - January 2015 Hypercacher Kosher Supermarket siege and terror attack in Paris - January 2015 Île-de-France attacks - January 2015 killing of police officer Clarissa Jean-Philippe in Paris
International reactions to the January 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting - 17 January 2015: Europe on high alert following anti-terror raids and arrests of suspected Islamist militants - 19 January: Manhunts, death threats as Europe on high terror alert
13/14 November 2015 Paris attacks: 13/14 November 2015 Paris attacks, a series of shootings and explosions in and around Paris - 13/14 novembre 2015: Sept attaques à Paris font plus d'une centaine de morts - 13/14 novembre 2015: Attentats du 13 novembre 2015 en Île-de-France, réactions internationales
March 2016 Brussels bombings: 22 March 2016 Brussels bombings, three explosions occurred in Brussels, two of which were at the Brussels Airport and one on the metro system - 23 March: After attacks at Zaventem airport and Maelbeek metro station in Brussels killed at least 31 people and injured up to 230, el-Bakraoui brothers named as 'Islamic State' suicide bombers - 25 March: Following suicide bombings in Brussels, some arrests linked to suspected wider network that plans, planned and asssisted terror attacks made in French and Belgian police raids
14 July 2016 terrorist attack in Nice: 14 July 2016 terrorist attack in Nice - 15 July 2016: 84 people were killed and about 100 more injured when armed Tunisian Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel drove a truck at full speed into a crowd who had gathered to watch the Bastille Day fireworks in Nice - 21 juillet 2016: L'enquête sur la tuerie du 14-juillet à Nice révèle une préparation ancienne et des complicités multiples
December 2016 Berlin Christmas market truck attack: 19 December 2016 Berlin Christmas market truck attack
March 2017: 22 March 2017 terrorist attack on Westminster Bridge, in Parliament Square and within the grounds of the Palace of Westminster in central London
April 2017: Attentat du 20 avril 2017, sur l'avenue des Champs-Élysées à Paris Karim Cheurfi, né le 31 décembre 1977 à Livry-Gargan, armé d'une kalachnikov tire sur un fourgon de policiers, tuant un de ces derniers en blessant deux autres et touchant une passante, avant d'être abattu
May 2017: 22 May 2017 Manchester Arena bombing - 23 May 2017: More than twenty people, including children, were killed and dozens injured when a man detonated a bomb at a pop concert by USA's Ariana Grande
June 2017: 3 June 2017 London attacks - 4 June 2017: The three assailants who killed seven people and injured over 40 others, reportedly shouting 'this is for Allah', in a terror attack were shot dead by British police within eight minutes of the stabbing and car-ramming spree in London, UK's general election campaigning suspended
August 2017 Barcelona vehicle-ramming attack: 17 August 2017 Barcelona vehicle-ramming attack, when a van was driven into pedestrians in Las Ramblas, killing 13 and injuring at least 100 - Domestic and international reactions to the 2017 Barcelona attack
August 2019 French authorities/Abu Nidal terror organization alleged 1980s agreement: 10 August 2019: After an alleged agreement between French authorities and the Abu Nidal terror organization in the 1980s following the 1982 anti-Semitic terror attack in Paris's Jewish quarter, established that authorities would not arrest the organization's members as long as it refrained from committing attacks on French soil, the agreement paid off in the form of quiet for a few years, while the group continued to commit attacks in Italy, Austria, and Greece, killing and wounding hundreds of people in dozens of countries, including plane hijackings, shootings in a synagogue and in embassies
4 October 2020 Dresden knife attack: On 4 October 2020, a man was killed and another injured during a knife attack in Dresden, as after two weeks, the suspected perpetrator was arrested and police said that the attack had an Islamist background
16 October 2020 18-year-old Moscow-born terrorist suspect decapitated Paris teacher: 16 octobre 2020 attaque terroriste islamiste perpétrée le dans la commune de Conflans-Sainte-Honorine (Yvelines), quand vers 17h le professeur d'histoire Samuel Paty est décapité en pleine rue, et l'agresseur présumé est par la suite abattu par la police - 17 October 2020: Terror inquiry launched as police kill 18-year-old Moscow-born suspect said to have shared photos of the attack on social media when he decapitated Paris teacher following a contested lesson dealing with prophet Muhammad and the posting of video on YouTube complaining about the teacher's history lesson on freedom of expression including 'prophet' Muhammad
29/30 October 2020 Islamist terror attack in Nice: 29 October 2020 Nice stabbing, as three people were killed in a stabbing attack at Notre-Dame de Nice including a woman beheaded by the attacker, and as several additional victims were injured - 29 October 2020: Citizens killed, including a woman whose throat was slit by the assailant, shouting 'Allahu akbar', several injured in stabbing attack at Nice church, as suspected assailant detained after the apparent terror attack, third victim in life-threatening condition, amid high alert in France following 'protests' over 'prophet' Muhammad cartoons - 29 October 2020: Nice church attacker identified as 21-year-old Tunisian man Aouissaoui, who arrived on the Italian island of Lampedusa in late September, when authorities placed him in covid-19 quarantine before releasing him with an order to leave Italian territory, and he arrived in France in early October - 30 October 2020: Politicians from around the world have offered condolences and expressed their solidarity with the people of France after the nation suffered a second brutal Islamist terror attack on its soil in a fortnight
November 2020 Vienna terror attack and European Islamists: 2 November 2020 Vienna Islamist terror attack, a series of shooting incidents as one or more gunmen opened fire with assault rifles near the street on which the central synagogue is located in Vienna, as deaths of four civilians and one perpetrator were confirmed in the hours after the attack, seven other people were critically and ten other people were injured, as Vienna Police Department said that the attacker who was killed was an Islamic State sympathizer, and that the attack was Islamist terrorism - 3 November 2020: 4 people killed in Vienna Islamist terror attack, as Jewish institutions to remain shut - 15 novembre 2020: Les islamistes en Europe, y compris la Suisse, entretiennent des liens étroits les uns avec les autres, montré à nouveau par deux hommes de Winterthour qui avaient rencontré l’auteur de l’attentat de Vienne et étaient également en contact avec des présumés djihadistes d’Allemagne et du Kosovo, selon un journal suisse
Organized crime in Europe: Organized crime groups in Europe - Gangs in Europe - Organized crime by nation - People murdered by organized crime
August 2015 5 men charged with murder of 200 migrants in Mediterranean: 7 August 2015: Five men charged with murder of 200 migrants in Mediterranean who died when the boat they were travelling to Europe on capsized
October 2017 murder of journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia: 16 October 2017 murder of anti-corruption investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia
February 2018 murder of journalist Ján Kuciak: 22/25 February 2018 murder of journalist Ján Kuciak - 9 March 2018: Protests in Slovakia and Europe against sleaze in public life following the murder of journalist Ján Kuciak, calling for foreign experts to join the team investigating the killings
December 2018 mafia 'Ndrangheta' members arrested: 5 décembre 2018: Quelque 90 personnes appartenant à la 'Ndrangheta', la mafia calabraise, ont été arrêtées mercredi matin lors d'un vaste coup de filet international dans plusieurs pays d'Europe et d'Amérique latine, selon la police italienne
3 July 2020 hundreds arrested after European police hack crime chat network: 3 July 2020: Dutch, UK's and other police in Europe said they had arrested more than 800 people across Europe after shutting down an encrypted phone system used by organized crime groups to plot murders and drug deals, as police said they hacked into the EncroChat network so they could read millions of messages 'over the shoulders' of suspects as they communicated with custom-made devices
13 January 2021 Italy's largest mafia trial in three decades begins against 'Ndrangheta': 13 January 2021: Italy's largest mafia trial in three decades begins in Calabria against 'Ndrangheta' with cages to hold the defendants, and with 900 witnesses testifying against more than 350 people, including politicians and officials charged with being members of the powerful organized crime group
4 February 2021 Iranian official Assadi convicted of masterminding a thwarted bomb attack against opposition group in France in 2018: 4 February 2021: Iranian official Assadollah Assadi was convicted of masterminding a thwarted bomb attack against an exiled Iranian opposition group in France in 2018 and sentenced to 20 years in prison by a Belgian court that rejected his claim of diplomatic immunity, after Vienna-based diplomat Assadi, earlier detained in Belgium but refused to testify during his trial last year invoking his diplomatic status, now did not attend the hearing at the Antwerp courthouse - 4 February 2021: Iranian 'diplomat' Assadi who masterminded a failed bomb attack at a rally outside Paris attended by five British MPs has been sentenced to 20 years in jail by a Belgian court for attempted murder and involvement in terrorism
24 February 2021 all suspects in Daphne Caruana Galizia murder reportedly arrested including property and energy tycoon: 24 February 2021: Every person involved in the 2017 murder of the anti-corruption journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia has been apprehended, according to Malta’s national police chief Angelo Gafa, saying seven men have either admitted to or been charged with complicity to kill Caruana Galizia including the property and energy tycoon Yorgen Fenech
16 March 2021 France to return 'Rosebushes Under the Trees' Klimt painting looted by the Nazis in 1938: 16 March 2021: The French government has announced that it will return a Gustav Klimt landscape painting to its rightful owners more than 80 years after it was stolen by the Nazis from a Jewish family in Austria in 1938, after the colourful 1905 oil work 'Rosebushes Under the Trees' by the Austrian symbolist painter has been hanging in the Musée d’Orsay in Paris for decades, as the French culture minister Roselyne Bachelot told a Paris news conference that 'the decision to return a major work from the public collections illustrates our commitment to the duty of justice and reparation vis-a-vis plundered families' - in this case to the family of Holocaust victim Nora Stiasny who was dispossessed during a forced sale in August 1938 -, also saying that French authorities hadn’t initially identified the painting as being stolen by the Nazis, and its provenance only recently came to light after they made investigations into the issue - Austrian State Treaty signed on 15 May 1955 by France, the United Kingdom, the USA, the Soviet Union and the Austrian government
7 November 2021 biggest mafia trial in decades in the Calabrian city of Lamezia Terme: 7 November 2021: Italian court has sentenced 70 members of the powerful mafia group, the 'Ndrangheta, in the first stage of the biggest mafia trial in decades in the Calabrian city of Lamezia Terme, as defendants faced charges including attempted murder and extortion. Over the next two years, 355 alleged mobsters and corrupt officials will face court for their involvement with Italy's richest and most powerful organised crime group.
Corruption in Europe and the European Union: Corruption in Europe - Perception of corruption in Europe
2015 lack of control over lobbyists: 15 April 2015: Lack of control over lobbyists threatens to undermine European democracies, Transparency International says calling for tight new regulation
2016 'Panama Papers' revelations against hiding corruption, money laundering and tax evasion: 22 April 2016: The Isle of Man and Gibraltar among a group of 22 jurisdictions that signed up to a new information-sharing initiative of Europe’s five largest economies Germany, Britain, France, Italy and Spain in response to 'Panama Papers' revelations, to tackle criminals that use corporate secrecy to hide corruption, money laundering and tax evasion
Since 17 May 2019 FPÖ's and Austria's 'Ibiza affair': Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair, an ongoing political scandal in Austria involving FPÖ's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Vice-Chancellor of Austria, FPÖ's Johann Gudenus and both the Austrian Freedom Party and Austria's political landscape in general - 20 May 2019: Politicians from political parties across Europe have called on voters to shun the neo-Nazi linked polical organisations in this week’s European elections after Austria’s vice-chancellor resigned over a video sting that showed him offering public contracts in exchange for financial and campaign backing
January 2020 Airbus to pay record £3bn in fines for 'endemic' corruption: 31 January 2020: Europe’s largest aerospace multinational Airbus is to pay a record £3bn in penalties after admitting it had paid huge bribes on an 'endemic' basis to land contracts in 20 countries, including including China, Russia, Japan, Kuwait, Brazil, Turkey, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Taiwan, Ghana etc., and after judges declared that the corruption was 'grave, pervasive and pernicious, as planemaker agreed to pay the penalties on Friday after reaching settlements with investigators in the UK, France and the USA to end inquiries that started four years ago
EU bi-annual Anti-Corruption Report: EU bi-annual Anti-Corruption Report - 3 February 2014: The true cost of corruption in the EU is at least 120bn euros annually, the Home Affairs Commissioner Cecilia Malmstrom says presenting the first EU-wide anti-corruption report
Corruption in the Media: Overview of Corruption in the Media
March 2015 corruption in the media killing ethical journalism according to EJN: 16 March 2015: Corruption in the media is killing ethical journalism, European Federation of Journalists EJN says - 17 March 2015: The conflict of interest between advertiser power and journalism revealed by Peter Oborne, who walked out of Britain's Daily Telegraph accusing the management of censoring stories about HSBC bank and tax evasion, is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to corruption inside media
1 March 2021 former French president Sarkozy sentenced to 3 years for corruption: 1 March 2021: Former French president Nicolas Sarkozy sentenced to three years for corruption, as Sarkozy found guilty of corruption and influence peddling but is unlikely to spend time in jail
White collar crime, tax evasion, tax avoidance, money laundering, fraud etc. in Europe: Fraud in the European Union - White-collar criminals by nationality
2013 vast criminal network involved in sport events uncovered: 4 February 2013: European police said Monday that they had uncovered a vast criminal network involved in fixing hundreds of matches, including Champions League and World Cup qualifiers
2013 European horse meat contamination scandal: 2013 European horse meat contamination scandal - 21 février 2013: La viande chevaline en lieu et place du bœuf déjà décelée en 2003, pour Eurofins le scandale actuel n’est pas une surprise
2015 British, Switzerland's, USA's banks, called 'the cartel', manipulated foreign exchange markets 2007-2013: 20 May 2015: Regulators announce penalties against British Barclays, JP Morgan, Citigroup, Royal Bank of Scotland, Switzerland's UBS and USA's Bank of America Merrill Lynch, called 'the cartel', for manipulating the foreign exchange markets 2007-2013
2016 EOC's illegal tickets sale in Rio de Janeiro: 18 August 2016: The President of European Olympic Committees and Olympic Committee of Ireland Patrick Hickey arrested for illegal tickets sale in Rio de Janeiro, at least six more persons could be involved in the plot
July 2017 corporate investments channelled away from authorities into tax havens: 25 July 2017: Almost 40% of corporate investments channelled away from authorities and into tax havens travel through the UK or the Netherlands, according to a study of researchers at the University of Amsterdam, showing the importance of developed countries cleaning up their financial sectors
September 2018 €200bn money-laundering case at Denmark’s Danske Bank involving Russia, UK and the British Virgin Islands: 20 September 2018: The European commission has described the €200bn money-laundering case at Denmark’s Danske Bank as 'the biggest scandal' in Europe, after Danske Bank's Borgen has resigned admitting that the vast majority of €200bn flowing through its Estonian branch was money-laundered cash flowing illegally out of Russia, the UK and the British Virgin Islands
November 2019 12 EU countries blocked a proposed new rule against tax avoidance: 28 November 2019: Twelve EU countries, Ireland, Luxembourg and Malta, have blocked a proposed new rule that would have forced multinational companies to reveal how much profit they make and how little tax they pay in each of the 28 member states
February 2021 former London banker Paul Mora put on Interpol wanted list in German fraud inquiry: 9 February 2021: Interpol has added Paul Mora to its list of most wanted criminals, after German authorities issued an international arrest warrant over the former London banker’s alleged involvement in a multimillion euro tax fraud scheme, that defrauded taxpayer’s money from German state coffers, causing estimated damages of more than €113m
Women's rights and abuse of women in Europe: Women in Europe - Women's rights in Europe - 6 March 2014: FRA report reveals extensive abuse of women in European Union
Human trafficking in Europe: Human trafficking in Europe - Human trafficking by country
October 2019 Essex lorry deaths: On 23 October 2019, the bodies of 39 Vietnamese, 29 men, 2 boys, and 8 women, were found in the trailer of a lorry in Essex in the United Kingdom, after the trailer had been shipped from the port of Zeebrugge
30 May 2020 EU arrests over 2019 Essex lorry deaths: 30 May 2020: 13 suspects arrested by French police over the deaths of 39 Vietnamese people found in a refrigerated lorry in Essex in October 2019 have been charged with people trafficking and manslaughter, a judicial source has said, as 6 of the group – mainly Vietnamese and French nationals – were taken into custody in the Paris region, while the alleged key figure in the ring of smugglers was caught in Germany, and as 13 people were also arrested in Belgium on the same day in an international police operation
Drugs and illegal drug trade in Europe: Drugs by country - Illegal drug trade and international drug routes - Since February 2004 European law on drug precursors
11 April 2021 significant move against the increasingly powerful narco-gangs of western Europe: 11 April 2021: Colombia’s cartels target Europe with cocaine, corruption and torture, as armed Belgian police raids have lifted the lid on a sinister new front in the drugs war in an action around the Belgian port city of Antwerp
Drugs and doping cases in sport in Europe: Drugs in sport by country - Sportspeople in doping cases by nationality
July 2019 anti-doping police operation: 9 July 2019: A Europe-wide police operation has led to the seizure of tons of steroids, 234 arrests, the dismantling of 17 crime groups and the closure of nine underground labs
European Union, global and mass surveillance, abuse and crimes: European Union, global and mass surveillance, abuse and crimes - Global surveillance can be traced back to the middle of the 20th century and the United Kingdom/USA Agreement, later expanded to create the 'Five Eyes alliance' - Global surveillance disclosures 2013–present
2015: 30 April 2015: EU's Jean-Claude Juncker expects that German government gets to the bottom of Brussels spy scandal after Germany reportedly snooped on the EU and France at Washington's behest
Police brutality and torture in Europe: Police brutality in Europe - Torture in Europe
November 2016: 3 November 2016: European migration policies have led to the alleged torture, abuse and illegal deportation of asylum seekers arriving by boat to Italy, according to dozens of migrant testimonies published for the first time

Law in Europe: Law in Europe and by country
Courts in Europe: Courts in Europe
Courts in Albania
Courts in Austria
Courts in Belgium
Judiciary of Bulgaria and law
Courts in Denmark
Courts in Finland
Courts in France
Courts in Germany - Judiciary and law in Germany>
1921 Leipzig War Crimes Trials: 1921 Leipzig War Crimes Trials, a series of trials against some selected German war criminals of World War I before the 'German Reichsgericht' in Leipzig, in the country that started the war, as part of the penalties imposed on the German government under the Treaty of Versailles, as only twelve individuals were brought to trial, with mixed results, and the proceedings were widely regarded as a failure
Februar-April 1924 Adolf Hitler's trial in Bavaria used for Nazi propaganda: Februar-April 1924 Adolf Hitler's trial, after Hitler and his associates on 8–9 November 1923 violently tried to seize Munich and to march against Germany's Weimar Republic government, causing 4 Bavarian police fatalities, as Nazi head used the trial as an opportunity to spread his ideas by giving speeches to the court room, extensively covered in the newspapers, impressing the judges and as a result, Hitler served a little over eight months, was fined 500 Reichsmarks, changed his outlook after writing 'Mein Kampf', now trying to win German hearts 'strictly legal' and now even more developping Nazi propaganda additionally to ongoing violence by the Nazi party
Government and law of 1933-1945 Nazi Germany: Government and law in Nazi Germany
February/March 1933 Reichstag Fire Decree and Enabling Act: 28 February 1933 Reichstag Fire Decree issued by German President Paul von Hindenburg on the advice of Chancellor Adolf Hitler in immediate response to the Reichstag fire, nullifying many of the key civil liberties of German citizens - 23 March 1933 Enabling Act
Since 1933 anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany: Since 1933 anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany
Since May 1945 Chelmno trials in Poland and Germany: Since May 1945 Chelmno trials, a series of consecutive war-crime trials of the Chelmno extermination camp personnel, held in Poland and in Germany following World War II, as the cases were decided almost twenty years apart, first taking place in 1945 at the District Court in Lódz in Poland, and four subsequent trials held in Bonn in Germany beginning in 1962 - Since 1945 Holocaust trials
Since September 1945 Belsen concentration camp trial: Since September 1945 Belsen trial, taking place in Lüneburg in Lower Saxony, as defendants were men and women of the SS as well as prisoner functionaries who had worked at various concentration camps, notably Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen, second trial in June 1946
Since September 1946 allied Nuremberg trials against Nazi leaders: Since September 1946 Nuremberg trials, a series of military tribunals held after World War II by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war - Subsequent Nuremberg trials, a series of twelve military tribunals for war crimes against members of the leadership of Nazi Germany, lasting from December 1946 to April 1949 and differing from the first trial in that they were conducted before USA military courts rather than the international courts that decided the future of the major Nazi leaders, as the reason for the change being the growing differences between the four Allied powers
1949 Hamburg trial of Nazi Germany's World War II general Erich von Manstein and legend of 'clean Wehrmacht': 1949 trial of Erich von Manstein, a commander of Nazi Germany's World War II army, for war crimes under pressure from the Soviet Union, who was convicted of nine of seventeen charges, sentenced to 18 years in prison, but served only four years before being released, despite charges covering activities such as authorising or permitting the killing, deportation, and maltreatment of Jews and other civilians, maltreating and killing prisoners of war, ordering the execution of Soviet political commissars in compliance with Hitler's Commissar Order and issuing scorched earth orders while in retreat in the Crimea, as his early release on 7 May 1953 was also the result of pressure by Winston Churchill, Konrad Adenauer, B. H. Liddell Hart, and other supporters, and as the conduct of the trial was partly responsible for creating the legend of a 'clean Wehrmacht'
1945-2016 German trial judgments concerning national socialist homicidal crimes: 1945-2016 German trial judgments concerning national socialist homicidal crimes - Justiz und NS-Verbrechen - Ungesühnte Nazijustiz - Furchtbare Juristen
2013-2018 'National Socialist Underground' trial in Munich's Higher Regional Court: 2013-2018 National Socialist Underground trial against several people in connection with the 'National Socialist Underground' terrorist organization in Germany and the NSU murders, making public claims of institutionalized racism within the German police force who for years ruled out the Neo-Nazis as potential suspects in the killings and instead focused on suspects with Turkish backgrounds
February 2020 German appeals court denies bid to remove 700-year-old anti-Semitic 'Jew pig’ statue: 5 February 2020: 75 years after the liberation of the German Auschwitz death camp, German appeals court denies bid to remove 700-year-old anti-Semitic 'Jew pig’ statue from a church where Martin Luther once preached, as plaintiff Michael Duellmann argued that the sculpture is 'a defamation of and insult to the Jewish people' that has 'a terrible effect up to this day', telling AP that he will appeal the case to Germany’s Federal Court of Justice and is prepared to take it all the way to the European Court of Human Rights if necessary
July-October 2020 Halle synagogue attack trial at Magdeburg district court: October 2019 Halle synagogue shooting trial in Magdeburg
22 July 2020 at Bruno Dey trial in Hamburg witness Marek Dunin-Wasowicz wants to be heard in Germany: 22 July 2020: Still haunted by the pyres of burning bodies, Marek Dunin-Wasowicz, who spent several months at Stutthof camp, initially built to imprison Polish leaders and intelligentsia in September 1939, where war crimes defendant Bruno Dey at trial in Hamburg served, wants to speak out for the more than 60,000 people killed at the camp and for the few survivors who are still alive, also wanting his testimony to be heard in Germany, the country where Nazism originated and at a time of rising neo-Nazism linked rhetoric, politics and crime in Halle, Hanau, Kassel, Frankfurt, Berlin etc. and in Europe, also reporting that Germans came up to his table in the courtroom to meet him, 'to ask forgiveness in the name of their grandfathers, their fathers', 'I was shocked', and also calling Germany’s long delay in bringing Nazi personnel like Dey to justice 'inexcusable'
Courts of Greece
Courts in Iceland
Courts of Ireland
Courts in the Netherlands
Courts in Norway
Courts in Romania
Courts in Russia
Courts in Serbia
Courts in Slovenia
Courts in Spain
Courts in Sweden
Courts in Switzerland
Courts in Turkey
Courts in Ukraine
Courts of the United Kingdom
Law enforcement in Europe: Law enforcement in Europe - Law enforcement agencies in Europe
Europol: Since 1998 Europol, the law enforcement agency of the EU to handle criminal intelligence and combat serious international organised crime and terrorism through cooperation between competent authorities of EU member states - Since 2002 European Confederation of Police, the umbrella organization of 33 trade unions from 26 European countries, which represent a total of more than 500,000 police officers, as its goals include enhancing the efficiency of police work under democratic control, the creation of norms for the qualifications of police employees, the preservation of the civil status of police officers, and the prevention of the privatization of police duties - Since 2002 Eurojust, an agency of the EU dealing with judicial co-operation in criminal matters among agencies of the member states, seated in The Hague
July 2019 anti-doping police operation: 8 July 2019: 3.8 million doping substances and fake medicines seized worldwide, according to Europol, saying 17 organised crime groups involved in the trafficking of counterfeit medicines and doping material dismantled as 33 countries, Interpol, the Joint Research Centre, the European Anti-Fraud Office, the World Anti-Doping Agency joined forces in the Europol-coordinated operation 'Viribus' for a massive crackdown on the trafficking of doping materials and counterfeit medicines - 9 July 2019: A Europe-wide police operation has led to the seizure of tons of steroids, 234 arrests, the dismantling of 17 crime groups and the closure of nine underground labs, in the largest operation of its kind ever conducted
Since 2004 European Border and Coast Guard Agency 'Frontex': Since 2004 European Border and Coast Guard Agency 'Frontex', an agency of the EU headquartered in Warsaw and tasked with border control of the European Schengen Area, in coordination with the border and coast guards of Schengen Area member states
24 October 2020 EU border force 'complicit' in illegal campaign to stop refugees landing: 24 October 2020: EU’s border agency 'Frontex' has been accused of complicity in illegal and often dangerous pushbacks aimed at preventing asylum seekers crossing the Aegean Sea, and even as evidence of an aggressive maritime campaign by Greece has emerged, Frontex has denied knowledge of, or involvement in, pushbacks, but new evidence, including video footage showing a Frontex ship manoeuvring dangerously near a crowded dinghy full of people and creating waves that drove them back, appears to contradict the EU agency
19 January 2021 EU border force head faces calls to quit over allegations he 'misled' MEPs: 19 January 2021: The head of the EU’s border force Frontex is under growing pressure to stand down after being accused by the European commission of acting unlawfully and giving misleading evidence to MEPs, as the allegations against former French civil servant Fabrice Leggeri relate to the agency’s failure to recruit any of the 40 officers it is obliged to employ to protect the rights of people crossing into Europe

Environment and natural history of Europe: Environment of Europe - Environment of the European Union - Environment of Europe by country - Natural history of Europe - Natural history of Europe by country - Biota of Europe by country
Air pollution in the EU: Air pollution in the European Union - Air quality and EU legislation
September 2018 air pollution and environmental risks: 11 September 2018: Air pollution is now 'the biggest environmental risk' to public health in Europe but governments are failing to adequately deal with the crisis, the EU Court of Auditors has found
February 2019 majority of European firms have no CO2 reduction targets: 19 February 2019: Majority of European firms have no CO2 reduction targets and only one in three firms have climate goals set to go beyond 2025, report finds
March 2019: 12 March 2019: The number of early deaths caused by air pollution is double previous estimates, and dirty air is killing 800,000 people a year in Europe, according to new research, published in the European Heart Journal, urging the phasing out of fossil fuel burning
October 2019 little progress on tackling air quality in Europe: 16 October 2019: Little progress has been made on tackling air quality in Europe despite public outcry in many countries, according to European Environment Agency research that found levels of fine particulate matter stalled after decades of reductions
December 2019 despite the scale of shipping emissions they are not part of European emissions reduction targets: 9 December 2019: Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping equal the carbon footprint of a quarter of passenger cars in Europe and stand in the way of countries meeting the Paris agreement, new analysis reveals, but despite the scale of shipping emissions from both container and cruise ships in Europe, they are not part of European emissions reduction targets
3 August 2020 increase of SUV numbers, high-polluting cars threat to public health: 3 August 2020: The large increase in numbers of SUVs in the UK and around the world is the second-largest contributor to the increase in global emissions since 2010, according to the International Energy Agency, also saying if SUV drivers were a nation, they would rank seventh in the world for carbon emissions
21 October 2020 health costs of air pollution from roads in European cities: 21 October 2020: The health costs of air pollution from roads are higher in London than any other city in Europe, as two other UK's urban areas, Manchester and the West Midlands, have the 15th and 19th highest costs among the 432 European cities analysed, and as EPHA's research puts a figure on the social costs of car emissions at local level at an unprecedented number of sites across 30 countries, the EU27 plus the UK, Norway and Switzerland
23 November 2020 European governments failing to protect citizens from air pollution: 23 November 2020: European governments failing to protect citizens from air pollution, data reveals, as pollutants from farming, heating and vehicles beyond levels needed to ensure breathable air
Climate and climate change in Europe: Climate of Europe - Climate change in Europe
August 2017 forecast of possible deaths from weather disasters in Europe: 4 August 2017: Deaths from weather disasters could increase 50-fold in Europe by the start of the next century if no action is taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or protect citizens, researchers are warning
July 2019: 25 July 2019: Climate crisis blamed as temperature records broken in three EU nations
July 2021 floods by heavy-violent rains in west- and central Europe: Since 12 July 2021 several European countries affected by catastrophic floods, causing deaths and widespread damage in the UK and across northern and central Europe, including Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Italy - July 2021 Hochwasser in West- und Mitteleuropa durch das Tiefdruckgebiet 'Bernd', vor allem in Belgien, Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Schweiz, UK
Water in Europe: Water in Europe - Rivers in Europe - Water supply and sanitation in the European Union
August 2018: 2 August 2018: Freshwater fish are suffocating in rivers across Europe during the heatwave
Environmental issues by country: Environmental issues by country
Since 2014 diesel emissions scandal: Since 2014 International diesel emissions scandal, raising awareness over the high levels of pollution being emitted by diesel vehicles built by a wide range of carmakers, including BMW, Citroen, Fiat, Ford, Hyundai, Jeep, Mazda, Mercedes, Peugeot, Renault, Volkswagen group and Volvo - 28 February 2018: 'Dieselgate' - a timeline of Germany's car emissions fraud scandal
2016: 8 December 2016: Amid mounting frustration in Brussels over what EU officials see as governments colluding with the powerful car industry, the European Commission is wielding its biggest available stick in an attempt to force nations to clamp down on diesel cars spewing health-harming nitrogen oxide pollution
2017: 15 May 2017: The global human health impact of the diesel emissions scandal has been revealed by new research showing a minimum of 38,000 people a year die early due to the failure of diesel vehicles to meet official limits in real driving conditions, as most of the deaths are in Europe, where highly polluting cars are the main culprit, and in China and India
February 2018: 22 February 2018: 'We can't just stop breathing', a global scandal, made in Germany
May 2018: 4 May 2018: Former VW boss Winterkorn can avoid USA jail by staying in Germany, after indictment says that Winterkorn conspired with other VW employees to defraud the USA, commit wire fraud, and violate the country's Clean Air Act - 17 May 2018: The European Commission sent six countries, including Germany, France and the UK, to Europe’s highest court ECJ for breaching EU standards for nitrogen dioxide limits and for failing to meet EU air quality standards, in a long-running process of crimes, denials and shady tricks
September 2018: 17 September 2018: Three years after the Dieselgate scandal erupted, number of highly polluting diesel vehicles pumping out toxic emissions on Europe’s streets still growing and has risen to 43 million - 19 September 2018: EU probes German car makers including BMW, Daimler, Volkswagen and Audi for suspected collusion to cheat emission tests
November 2018: 27 November 2018: Air pollution from roads causes at least €70bn in health damage every year in the EU, with diesel fumes responsible for three-quarters of the harm, according to a new report, finding the vast majority of the costs were borne by taxpayers through government-funded health services
16 June 2021 more than half of Europe’s cities still plagued by dirty air EAA report finds: 16 June 2021: More than half of European cities are still plagued by dirty air, despite a reduction in traffic emissions and other pollutants during last year’s lockdowns, as cities in eastern Europe, where coal is still a major source of energy, fared worst of all, with Nowy Sacz in Poland having the most polluted air, followed by Cremona in Italy where industry and geography tend to concentrate air pollution, and Slavonski Brod in Croatia, as the three cleanest cities were Umeå in Sweden, Tampere in Finland and Funchal in Portugal, after the EEA took data from 323 cities in 2019 and 2020
Waste in Europe: Waste in Europe - Waste in the European Union
Food waste in the European Union: Food waste in the European Union
July 2016: 13 July 2016: Action to cut food waste gains momentum across Europe, after France’s ban on supermarkets throwing away unwanted food has led to greater calls for laws on food waste
Microplastics are very small pieces of plastic that pollute the environment, as microplastics are not a specific kind of plastic, but rather any type of plastic fragment that is less than 5 mm in length according to NOAA and the ECA, entering natural ecosystems from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, cosmetics, clothing, tyres and city dust which account for over 80% of all microplastic pollution in the environment - Bioaccumulation, the gradual accumulation of substances, such as pesticides or other chemicals, in an organism, occuring when an organism absorbs a substance at a rate faster than that at which the substance is lost or eliminated by catabolism and excretion, and thus, the longer the biological half-life of a toxic substance, the greater the risk of chronic poisoning - Persistent organic pollutants, sometimes known as 'forever chemicals' are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes - Biodegradable plastic
Since 1998 International Pollutants Elimination Network: Since 1998 International Pollutants Elimination Network, a global network of NGOs dedicated to the common aim of eliminating pollutants, such as lead in paint, mercury and lead in the environment, persistent organic pollutants POPs, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and other toxics - Homepage of IPEN, founded in 1998 and registered in Sweden as a non-profit, public interest organization, as the global network forging a healthier world where people and the environment are no longer harmed by the production, use, and disposal of toxic chemicals
2004 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants: Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is an international environmental treaty, signed in 2001 and effective from May 2004, that aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs
November 2020 calls for further assessment of microplastics in the environment and their impacts on human health: 21 November 2020 Nanoconsult's report on 'Health Effects of Microplastics'
22 December 2020 microplastic particles have been revealed in the placentas of unborn babies: 22 December 2020: Microplastic particles have been revealed in the placentas of unborn babies for the first time, which the researchers said is 'a matter of great concern', as health impact of microplastics in the body is as yet unknown and scientists said they could carry chemicals that could cause long-term damage or upset the foetus’s developing immune system, as the particles are likely to have been consumed or breathed in by the mothers
Pesticides, chemical herbicides in the European Union: Pesticides in the European Union - Environmental impact of pesticides - Health effects of pesticides (non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, neurological problems, birth defects, fetal death, neurodevelopmental disorder and more) may be acute or delayed in those who are exposed - Pesticide residue refers to chemicals and pesticides that may remain on or in food, especially derivatives of chlorinated pesticides, exhibit bioaccumulation which could build up to harmful levels in the body as well as in the environment, persistent chemicals can be magnified through the food chain and have been detected in a wide range of products - Pesticide toxicity to bees> - Insecticides - Chemical herbicides since the early 20th century, a result of research conducted in both the UK and the USA during World War II into the potential use of agents as biological weapons
2017 Egg contamination scandal: July/August 2017 Egg contamination scandal in EU's Netherlands, Belgium and Germany - 3 August 2017: Millions of eggs are being recalled from shops and warehouses in Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium after they were found to contain high levels of a toxic insecticide banned from use in the production of food for human consumption - 12 August 2017: Scandal involving eggs contaminated with insecticide spread to 15 EU countries, Switzerland and as far away as Hong Kong, as the European Commission calls for a special meeting on the growing crisis
Genetic engineering: Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification - Genetically modified organism

Environment, landforms of Europe and by country: Environment of Europe - Landforms of Europe - Landforms of Europe by country

70 ecoregions, forests and rivers of Europe and by country: - List of ecoregions of Europe, including a total of 70 ecoregions, of which 58 are within the European continent. Some of these ecoregions are congruent with the World Wildlife Fund's WWF ecoregions, - Ecoregions of Europe - European countries by forest area - Protected areas of Europe
Geography of the Alps: Geography of the Alps, including Eastern Alps, Western Alps, Main chains of the Alps, Glaciers, Lakes, Rivers and Valleys in connection with Drainage basins
Since 1987 'Mountain Wilderness' dedicated to the preservation of mountain areas, international environmental organizations: Since 1987 'Mountain Wilderness', an international non-governmental organization dedicated to the preservation of mountain areas, in their natural and cultural aspects. The organization was founded in Europe and has a stronger presence in alpine and pyrenean regions. It has, however, a worldwide reach, with representatives and actions on all continents - International environmental organizations
4 Januar 2023 high temperatures, sparse snowfall in Europe's Alps amid ongoing climate change: 4 January 2023: Much of the Alps does not look right for this time of year following unseasonably warm winter weather in Europe. A swath stretching from France to Poland, with the Alps at the centre, many parts of Europe were experiencing unseasonably warm weather, reviving concerns about temperature upheaval linked to climate change. Over the New Year's weekend, Switzerland recorded its highest-ever January temperatures north of the Alps with thermometers hitting 20.2 degrees Celsius in the town of Delemont
Rivers of Europe, valleys of the Alps and drainage basins: List of rivers of Europe - List of valleys of the Alps and drainage basins
25 April 2023 more than 300 barriers were taken down last year in Europe, boosting the health of waterways and the wildlife they support: 25 April 2023: A record number of river barriers, including dams and weirs, were removed across Europe in 2022, with at least 325 taken down in 16 countries, allowing rivers to flow freely and migratory fish to reach breeding areas. In its annual report, Dam Removal Europe said Spain led the way for the second year with 133 removals, followed by Sweden and France. The UK completed 29 removals, including Bowston Weir, which was built on the River Kent nearly 150 years ago for a paper mill.
Biogeographic regions of Europe and main threats to biodiversity: Biogeographic regions of Europe, Habitats Directive and main threats to biodiversity - Biodiversity varies greatly across the globe as well as within regions. Among other factors, the diversity of all living things (biota) depends on temperature, precipitation, altitude, soils, geography and the presence of other species.
October 2020 one blame for poor condition of Europe’s natural environment lies with intensive farming: 19 October 2020: The vast majority of protected landscapes across Europe are rated as in poor or bad condition and vital species and their habitats continue to decline despite targets aimed at protecting them, as much of the blame for the poor condition of Europe’s natural environment also lies with intensive farming because the EU’s common agricultural policy tends to reward intensive farming, according to new EEA report 'State of nature in the EU'
Since 1992 'Natura 2000' network of nature protection areas: Since 1992 'Natura 2000', a network of nature protection areas in the territory of the European Union made up of 'Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas' designated under the 'Habitats Directive' and the 'Birds Directive', respectively, including both terrestrial and Marine Protected Areas - Natura 2000 by country
2020s EU’s biodiversity strategy for 2030: EU’s biodiversity strategy for 2030 - 31 March 2021 Conservation status of species under the EU Habitats Directive
Pest control, the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest: Pest control, the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, adversely on human activities or environment. The human response depends on the importance of the damage done and will range from tolerance, through deterrence and management, to attempts to completely eradicate the pest. Pest control measures may be performed as part of an integrated pest management strategy. - Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases, using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management IPM programs.
Environmental policy of the European Union: Environmental policy of the European Union
2000 Water Framework Directive: December 2000 Water Framework Directive, EU directive which commits European Union member states to achieve good qualitative and quantitative status of all water bodies
2015 auto industry weak emissions limits: 28 October 2015: EU caves in to auto industry pressure for weak emissions limits and test procedure, which will allow car manufactures to emit more than twice legal limit of NOx
2017 diesel car emissions: 6 January 2016: New European data reveal that modern diesel cars produce 10 times more toxic air pollution than heavy trucks and buses, due to the much stricter testing applied to large vehicles in the EU, according to the researchers behind the report
May 2018 high levels of dangerous nitrogen oxides emmissions caused in part by diesel vehicles: 17 May 2018: Paris, Brussels, Madrid, suffering from high levels of dangerous nitrogen oxides emmissions caused in part by diesel vehicles, seek to annul EU legislation that eased car emmission limits
December 2019 despite the scale of shipping emissions they are not part of European emissions reduction targets: 9 December 2019: Greenhouse gas emissions from shipping equal the carbon footprint of a quarter of passenger cars in Europe and stand in the way of countries meeting the Paris agreement, new analysis reveals, but despite the scale of shipping emissions from both container and cruise ships in Europe, especially France, Germany, UK, Spain, Sweden and Finland, they are not part of European emissions reduction targets
European Climate Change Programme: European Climate Change Programme
22 June 2022 proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on nature restoration: 22 June 2022: Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on nature restoration, as - despite EU and international efforts - biodiversity loss and the degradation of ecosystems continue at an alarming rate, harming people, the economy and the climate. The 2022 IPCC report in particular highlighted that the world and Europe have a brief, rapidly closing window to secure a liveable future, as the rise in weather and climate extremes has led to some irreversible impacts as natural and human systems are pushed beyond their ability to adapt. It calls for the implementation of urgent actions for the restoration of degraded ecosystems, to mitigate the impacts of climate change, notably by restoring degraded wetlands and rivers, forest and agricultural ecosystems

Natural disasters in Europe
European windstorms: European windstorms
2007 Kyrill storm: Kyrill (storm) 2007
2013 St. Jude storm, Cyclone Bodil and Orkan Dirk: St. Jude storm October 2013 - Cyclone Bodil December 2013 - 5 December 2013: European storm turns deadly, threatens huge tidal surge - Orkan Dirk 23. - 25. Dezember 2013
October 2017 Hurricane Ophelia: October 2017 Hurricane Ophelia
October 2017 storm Herwart: Oktober 2017 Sturmtief Herwart - 30 October 2017: At least six people have died in Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic as a result of storm Herwart, while fallen trees and damage to railway lines have left thousands of travellers stranded
2017–2018 UK and Ireland windstorm season: 2017–2018 UK and Ireland windstorm season - January 2018 Storm Eleanor
2017–2018 Western Europe windstorm season: 2017–2018 Western Europe windstorm season - 3 janvier 2018: La tempête Eleanor (Burglind), quatrième de la saison, a causé plusieurs accidents, tuant une personne en France et perturbant le trafic - 18. Januar 2018 Sturmtief Friederike - 19 January 2018: Deadly gales halt trains and flights across north-west Europe
2018–19 European windstorm season: 2018–19 European windstorm season since September 2018
22 December 2019 storms Elsa and Fabien: 22 December 2019: Storms Elsa and Fabien leave nine people dead across Europe, namely in Spain, Portugal and France, as the region braced for more violent winds and heavy rain
Since 4 February 2020 Storm Ciara: Since 4 February 2020 Storm Ciara affecting European countries, called 'Orkan Sabine' in German
Since 10 February 2020 storm Dennis: Since 10 February 2020 storm Dennis is an active European windstorm currently affecting parts of Northwestern Europe - 16 February 2020: Anger and fear across UK as second storm, called 'Dennis', wreaks havoc, reported by 'The Guardian'
June 2021 Czech Republic's South Moravia tornado: 24 June 2021 South Moravia tornado, as a strong and deadly tornado struck several villages in the Hodonín and Breclav districts of the South Moravian Region in the evening of Thursday, killing at least 5 people and injuring more than 200 others,as the tornado struck 7 municipalities, with the worst damage in the villages of Hrušky, Moravská Nová Ves, Mikulcice and Lužice, and as the final number of fatalities is still unknown
October 2021 western European autumn storm Aurore: 21 October 2021: A powerful autumn storm, named Aurore, blasted parts of western Europe, knocking out power to a quarter of a million French homes and damaging buildings in at least four countries, as train services were disrupted by uprooted trees littering tracks in France, Germany and the Netherlands
February 2022 Storm Eunice affecting UK, Ireland, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Poland: February 2022 Storm Eunice (Storm Zeynep in Germany), an extratropical cyclone that is part of the 2021–22 European windstorm season, affecting UK, Ireland, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Poland, making this storm in recorded history the strongest ever to hit England. So far, Eunice caused 5 fatalities in Europe, (in the UK, Netherlands, Ireland), as of 16:35PM on 18 February - 18 February 2022: England sees 122mph winds, as record-breaking gusts bring chaos to millions across UK, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates
Floods in Europe: Floods in Europe
2002 European floods: 2002 European floods
2005 European floods: 2005 European floods
2009 European floods: 2009 European floods
2010 Central European floods: 2010 Central European floods
2011 European floods: 2011 European floods
2013 European floods: 2013 European floods - 3 juin 2013: Les pluies diluviennes dans plusieurs pays d'Europe ont fait quatre morts et au moins huit disparus, et des centaines de personnes ont été évacuées
May 2014 Southeast Europe floods: May 2014 Southeast Europe floods, causing over 2,000 landslides across the Balkan region and spreading damage across many towns and villages
May/June 2016 European floods: May/June 2016 extreme flooding began after several days of heavy rain in central Europe, mostly Germany and France, but also Austria, Belgium, Romania, and Moldova
October 2018 mediterranean floods: 11 October 2018: The search continues for missing people following flash flooding events in Spain, Italy, and France
Since 4 October 2018 European floods: Since 4 October, 2018, heavy floods have affected Europe, in the Italian region of Calabria and Sardinia, in Spain and Mallorca, in Southwest France, in some parts of Portugal and the United Kingdom, at the end of the month Italy was struck again by heavy floods and strong winds
October 2020 French and Italian floods: 4 October 2020: French and Italian rescue services have stepped up search efforts after floods cut off several villages near the two countries’ border, causing widespread damage and killing two people in Italy
Since 12 July 2021 floods by heavy-violent rains in Europe and impact: Since 12 July 2021 several European countries affected by catastrophic floods, causing deaths and widespread damage in the UK and across northern and central Europe, including Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy and more countries - July 2021 Hochwasser in West- und Mitteleuropa durch das Tiefdruckgebiet 'Bernd', vor allem in Belgien, Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Schweiz, UK
18 July 2021 death toll exceeds 180 as Germany and Belgium hit by devastating floods: 18 July 2021: The death toll from catastrophic floods in western Germany and Belgium has risen to more than 180, as emergency services continued their search for hundreds still missing.
6 October 2021 European record of rainfall in Italy: 6 October 2021: Parts of Italy have been hit by extreme weather, with records broken for the amount of rainfall, as the commune of Rossiglione in Genoa received 74cm of rain in 12 hours, a European record
26 October 2021 flooding triggered by a powerful storm has overwhelmed parts of Sicilia: 26 October 2021: Flooding triggered by a powerful storm has overwhelmed the Sicilian city of Catania, killing at least two people, as fierce storms battered southern Italy for a third day on Tuesday, leaving roads completely submerged in parts of the island
19 August 2022 flash floods as Europe’s heatwave ends with thunderstorms: 19 August 2022: Flash floods as Europe’s heatwave ends with thunderstorms and torrential rains in England, Italy, France and Belgium, while in China flooding leaves 18 dead
May 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods: May 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods, an ongoing series of floods in and around the cities of Bologna, Cesena, Forlì, Ravenna, and Rimini, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The first floods occurred between 2 and 3 May 2023, killing two people. Heavy secondary floods are currently ongoing since 16 May 2023, killing at least fourteen people and displacing 50,000 others. The same amount of rain which usually falls in seven months fell in two weeks, causing the overflow of twenty-three rivers across the region. While in some areas, almost half the annual average of rain fell in only 36 hours. Moreover, 300 landslides occurred in the area and 43 cities and towns were flooded.
18 May 2023 Italy’s northern Italy flooding and disasters suggest the climate crisis is at the gates of Europe: 18 May 2023: Italy’s disasters suggest the climate crisis is at the gates of Europe, as in May 2023 parts of northern Italy received half their average annual rainfall in just 36 hours. Rivers burst their banks and thousands of acres of farmland lie submerged. By 18 May an estimated 20,000 people had been left homeless and 13 were confirmed dead.
6 September 2023 Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria hit by fatal flash floods: 16 September 2023: At least nine people have died in Turkey, Greece and Bulgaria as flash floods from torrential rainstorms turned rivers into torrents, swept away roads and bridges and inundated streets, homes and public buildings. 'This is the most extreme phenomenon in terms of the maximum amount of rain in a 24-hour period since records began in the country', Greece’s climate crisis and civil protection minister Vassilis Kikilias said after an emergency cabinet meeting.
Weather events in Europe: Weather events in Europe
2010/2011 European winter: Winter of 2010–11 in Europe
March 2013 extreme weather events in Europe: March 2013 extreme weather events in Europe
February/March 2018 European windstorms: February/March 2018 European windstorms and the 'Beast from the East'
February 2018: 28 février 2018: La vague de froid qui s'est abattue ces derniers jours sur l'Europe avait fait une quarantaine de morts, dont de nombreux sans-abri
Januar 2019 Schneefälle in Mitteleuropa: Januar 2019 Schneefälle in Mitteleuropa
February 2021 winter storm Darcy and heavy snowfalls in some parts of Europe: Février 2021 Tempête Darcy, fortes précipitations de neige en Europe y commpris les Îles britanniques - 7 February 2021: Storm Darcy named
June 2021 Czech Republic's South Moravia tornado: 24 June 2021 South Moravia tornado, as a strong and deadly tornado struck several villages in the Hodonín and Breclav districts of the South Moravian Region in the evening of Thursday, killing at least 5 people and injuring more than 200 others,as the tornado struck 7 municipalities, with the worst damage in the villages of Hrušky, Moravská Nová Ves, Mikulcice and Lužice, and as the final number of fatalities is still unknown
25 July 2023 storms and heatwave kill five in northern Italy as wildfires continue in south: 25 July 2023: Five people have died in the past 24 hours as two extreme weather events split Italy between wildfires in the south and violent storms in the north
29 October - 4 November 2023 deadly storm Ciarán across Europe: Storm Ciarán was named by the United Kingdom's Met Office on 29 October, with winds of 90 to 120 km/h, widely with >130 km/h on some coasts, with heavy rainfall exacerbating the flooding from Storm Babet a week prior, 'Wikipedia' reports - 2 November 2023: During storm Ciarán deaths reported across Europe, as people have been killed by falling trees in France, Germany, Belgium, Spain and the Netherlands, while UK faces major disruption, 'The Guardian' reported
Cold waves in Europe: Cold waves in Europe
Early 2012 European cold wave: Early 2012 European cold wave
January 2017 European cold wave: January 2017 European cold wave - 8 January 2017: Heavy snowfall and below-freezing temperatures cause death and chaos across Europe - 11 January 2017: Cold snap in large parts of Europe causes hardship especially among migrants, the homeless and the elderly
2018 European cold wave: 28 février 2018: La vague de froid qui s'est abattue ces derniers jours sur l'Europe avait fait une quarantaine de morts, dont de nombreux sans-abri
Heat waves in Europe: Heat waves in Europe
2003 European heat wave: 2003 European heat wave
2006 European heat wave: 2006 European heat wave
2017 European heat wave: Hitze und Unwetter in Europa 2017 - 2 August 2017: Alert in Europe over rising temperatures, with more than 40 degrees in some regions
2018 European heat waves: 2018 European drought and heat wave, a period of unusually hot weather that has led to record-breaking temperatures and wildfires in many parts of Europe during the spring and summer of 2018, part of a larger heat wave affecting the northern hemisphere - 27 July 2018: The heatwave searing northern Europe was made more than twice as likely by climate change, according to scientists - 3 août 2018: La canicule tue deux personnes en Espagne, un ouvrier d'origine nigériane, qui travaillait sur un chantier d'autoroute près de Murcie, et un senior qui entretenait son jardin potager à Murcie - 6 August 2018: Heat kills thousands of fish in River Rhine, as Europe is in the throes of a heat wave that is impacting life in many different ways - 6 August 2018: Swiss aid drought-hit farmers, pull dead fish from Rhine - 19 octobre 2018: Faute de pluie, le Rhin à son plus bas historique, nombreuses répercussions économiques
June/July 2019 European heatwave: Since 24 June 2019 European heat wave, a period of unusually hot weather affecting Southwestern to Central Europe, which led to record-breaking temperatures for the month of June for many places in Europe - 23 juillet 2019: Le mercure va grimper jusqu'à 43 degrés jusqu'à vendredi sur l'ensemble de l'Europe occidentale - 26 July 2019: All-time temperature records tumble again as heatwave sears Europe and Paris displays a temperature of 42.5C
August 2019: 2 August 2019: With wildfires raging around the world, hot July 2019 across the globe and record-shattering European heatwave likely a result of the human-driven climate crisis, according to new data from the World Meteorological Organization, following the warmest ever June - 2 August 2019: Heatwaves amplify near-record levels of ice melt in northern hemisphere, as glaciers retreat on Greenland fjords and Alpine peaks
Since July/August 2021 Greece, Italy, Spain and Turkey suffering unprecedented heatwave amid blocking upper ridge: 2 August 2021: Firefighters were battling two large wildfires in Greece on Monday, as PM said the country was suffering its worst heatwave in more than three decades, as fires have already raged across Turkey, Spain and Italy over the weekend with experts warning climate change was increasing both the frequency and intensity of such blazes - 1 August 2021: A strong blocking upper ridge established over Europe, resulting in extremely high temperatures across parts of the Mediterranean and the Balkan peninsula, as the ridge often forms a so-called heat dome which typically brings very high, record-challenging temperatures
Since June 2022 European heat waves, drought, wildfires: Since June 2022 European heat waves in parts of Central, Southern and Western Europe. They have affected Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland,] Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Countries such as France, Portugal and Spain have been affected by drought, and high temperatures caused wildfires.
11/12 July 2022 parts of continental Europe and the UK are sweltering in an ongoing heatwave: 11 July 2022: Southern and western parts of continental Europe - including Portugal, Spain, France - and the UK are sweltering in a heatwave due to last until at least the weekend, as the climate crisis is playing a clear role in intensifying extreme temperatures, making heatwaves more intense and more likely, 'The Guardian' reports - 12 July 2022: Temperatures in France are set to reach 39C in some areas of the south-west in the European heatwave that will last between eight and 10 days, as there are concerns about the possible consequences, the 'BBC' reports
17 July 2022 more evacuations amid Europe heatwave as Mediterranean wildfires spread: 17 July 2022: More evacuations as Mediterranean wildfires spread from Morocco in the west to Crete in the east, as thousands of firefighters and many waterbombing aircraft have been deployed, as France has evacuated more than 14,000 people threatened by wildfires in the south-west, as fires spread in Spain, Croatia and Greece, and as BBC explains what is driving the heat across Europe
13 August 2022 Europe’s heatwaves, droughts put focus on climate change risks: 13 August 2022: Europe’s heatwaves, droughts put focus on climate change risks, as Italy, Spain, Germany, Portugal, France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom are enduring severe droughts this summer, as for example northern Italy has not seen significant rainfall for months, and snowfall this year was down 70%, drying up vital waterways such as the Po River, which flows across Italy’s agricultural and industrial heartland, and as EU's Research Centre warned that drought conditions will get worse and potentially affect 47% of the continent
20 August 2022 Europe’s drought exposes WWII ships, bombs and prehistoric stones: 20 August 2022: Weeks of baking heat and drought across Europe have seen water levels in rivers and lakes fall to levels few can remember, exposing long-submerged treasures, and some deadly hazards
23 August 2022 two-thirds of Europe is under some sort of drought warning: 23 August 2022: Two-thirds of Europe is under some sort of drought warning, in what is likely the worst such event in 500 years, as the Global Drought Observatory says 47% of the continent is in 'warning' conditions, meaning soil has dried up, also aaying that the dry spell will hit crop yields, spark wildfires, and may last several months more in some of Europe's southern regions - August 2022 'Drought in Europe' - Global Drought Observatory GDO Analytical Report
2023 European heat waves and droughts: In 2023 Europe has been affected by heat waves. The most significant of these so far is the ongoing 'Heatwave Cerberus' since June, which is expected to bring the hottest temperatures ever recorded in Europe, and concerning especially Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Slovenia, Spain, Türkiye, and the United Kingdom. In Greece the World Meteorological Organization station in Thiva registered 44.2°C on 14 July 2023, making it the highest temperature in the country for that day. On 15 July 2023, the National Observatory of Athens station in Elafonisi also recorded a maximum temperature of 44.2°C. In Italy a 44-year-old man in Lodi died due to intense heat on 11 July. Most of Italy saw temperatures above 40°C, with temperatures as high as 48°C estimated to hit Sicily and Sardinia by the middle of July. Spain experienced the hottest April on record, with temperatures up to 39°C recorded that month. Agriculture was heavily disrupted. - In 2023, Europe has experienced drought-like conditions amid heat waves concerning especially France, Italy, Spain and the UK. In France, the Pyrénées-Orientales Department officially declared itself at a drought 'crisis' level on the 10th May. A dry winter limited replenishment of water tables, depleted in the 2022 European drought. Agriculture in France has been impacted. In Italy at Lake Garda the water level is 70cm lower than average, the Alps had 63% less snow than usual. As a result of water shortages, rice production has been cut. Canals in Venice dried up. In Spain's Catalonia, the Sau reservoir has been at 9% of its total capacity. 2023 has been Catalonia's worse drought in decades. The April 2023 heat wave has also exacerbated drought problems. The Fuente de Piedra Lagoon went dry for the first time in 20 years due to the heatwave, and is now a salt flat due to the heat.
16 July 2023 Europe continues to experience extreme temperatures: 16 July 2023: Canary Islands' forest fires coming as southern Europe faces a week where temperatures could break the continent’s current record - 48.8C recorded in Sicily in August 2021 - in a second deadly heatwave, dubbed Charon. ESA said land surface temperature - how hot the ground is to touch - hit more than 50°C in the eastern slopes of Sicily last week, 45°C in Rome and Naples and 46°C and 47°C in Madrid and Seville. Morocco was slated for above-average temperatures this weekend with highs of 47°C in some provinces - more typical of August than July – sparking concerns over water shortages.
19 July 2023 temperatures in Italy near 47C, Greece wildfires spread, WMO says trend shows 'no signs of decreasing': 19 July 2023: 06.26 BST Greek wildfires burn into night, 06.48 BST staff at Athens tourist sites protest against heatwave working conditions, 10.39 BST fossil fuels are largest contributor to climate crisis, says Global Witness, 13.04 BST Italy temperatures near 47°C, 09.28 BST wildfires raged and health warnings were in place in parts of Asia, Europe and North America, some children in Italy’s Sardinia were told to stay away from sports, from California to China, authorities warned of the health dangers brought by searing temperatures, urging people to drink water and shelter from the sun, temperature records tumbled around the world, with new heat streaks set in China and the USA, and fresh highs in France, and UN’s WMO said the trend showed 'no signs of decreasing'
20 July 2023 extreme weather continues across Europe as further heatwave looms: 20 July 2023: Fourth heatwave forecast to hit southern Europe next week temperatures were expected to reach almost 48°C in Sicily and Sardinia, while temperatures remain high as hailstorms hit northern Italy, as in Croatia a firefighter died on Thursday during a storm that swept the Balkans after the heatwave taking the death toll to six, as in Greece the fire service intensified water drops to the west of Athens, where a huge blaze was contained overnight with seven firefighting planes and nine helicopters operating in the area, including four planes as part of a EU support mechanism, as the risk of fires in Spain has remained at high or very high levels and as a Moroccan man died from a heat-related issue after collapsing on a street in Murcia, and with temperatures in south-east Spain peaking at 44°C
Wildfires in Europe: Wildfires in Europe
2017: 18 juillet 2017: De violents incendies de forêt font rage depuis plusieurs jours dans le sud de l'Europe, notamment au Portugal, en France, en Italie et en Croatie où les flammes ont atteint la banlieue de Split, la deuxième ville du pays
July 2021 firefighters battle wildfires raging across south-west Sardinia: 26 July 2021: Firefighters battle wildfires raging across south-west Sardinia, as fast-spreading blazes destroy 20,000 hectares of forest and force 1,500 people to be evacuated from homes in Sardinia
5 August 2021 eight dead as wildfires continue to rage across southern Europe: 5 August 2021: Eight dead as wildfires continue to rage across southern Europe, as deaths occur in Turkey with Italy and Greece also badly hit and thousands evacuated
16-18 August 2021 firefighters tackle wildfire in southern France: 16 August 2021: French firefighters are battling to contain a large wildfire in the southern region of Var that has forced the evacuation of thousands of people, including tourists in campsites - 17 August 2021: Thousands evacuated in southern France as wildfire spreads - 18 août 2021: Le bilan de l’incendie de la Côte d’Azur s’alourdit à deux morts, après deux personnes sont décédées suite à l’incendie qui ravage l’arrière-pays de Saint-Tropez
September 2021 Spanish wildfire: 13 September 2021: Fire in Andalucía region rages for sixth day having already forced evacuation of thousands of people, as almost 1,000 firefighters and emergency workers are battling one of the most intractable Spanish wildfires, saying 'we’re probably dealing with the most complicated fire that Spanish firefighting services have faced in recent years'
29 September 2021 climate experts say last month’s Greek wildfires only a small sampling of the environmental and economic devastation: 29 September 2021: Climate experts say last month’s wildfires that razed 100,000 hectares of Greek forest are only a small sampling of the environmental and economic devastation the country will face due to a warming planet this century, as the fires came in the wake of a heatwave, repeating a pattern seen in two other nationwide conflagrations in 2007 and 1987; and the phenomenon is worsening, geophysicist Christos Zerefos told Al Jazeera
June-July 2022 Europe affected by wildfiresIn June and July 2022, Europe has been affected by wildfires due to heat waves. Affected countries include Croatia, France, Greece, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom. - 5 July 2022: A total of 52 wildfires were recorded throughout Greece in the last 24 hours with one major wildfire burning out of control across three fronts near the town of Amfissa, in the municipality of Delphi, central Greece
15 July 2022 thousands trying to escape wildfires in France, Spain and Greece: 15 July 2022: Wildfires continue to burn all over Greece - 15 July 2022: Thousands escape wildfires in France, Spain and Greece, as residents and holidaymakers have fled towns and villages in France as fires are whipped up by high winds and tinder-dry conditions in several countries in Europe, and as more than 10,000 people have been forced to leave the south-western Gironde region in the past few days. Dozens of fires are burning in Portugal and Spain where temperatures have surged above 40C, and at least 281 deaths in the two countries were linked to the heatwave, the 'BBC' reports
16 July 2022 thousands of firefighters battling wildfires in Portugal, Spain and southwestern France: 16 July 2022: Thousands of firefighters are battling wildfires in Portugal, Spain and southwestern France, in the grip of a heatwave that shows no sign of easing, as in northern Portugal, a pilot died when his waterbombing plane crashed in the Foz Coa area, near the Spanish border, and as fires are ravaging areas of France's Gironde region, where more than 12,000 people have been evacuated
17 July 2022 more evacuations amid Europe heatwave as Mediterranean wildfires spread: 17 July 2022: More evacuations as Mediterranean wildfires spread from Morocco in the west to Crete in the east, as thousands of firefighters and many waterbombing aircraft have been deployed, as France has evacuated more than 14,000 people threatened by wildfires in the south-west, as fires spread in Spain, Croatia and Greece, and as BBC explains what is driving the heat across Europe
19 July 2022 western Europe faces more sweltering temperature as ferocious heatwave heads north: 19 July 2022: Western Europe faces more sweltering temperature as a ferocious heatwave heads north. In France and the UK extreme heat warnings were issued while northern Spain recorded temperatures of 43C on Monday. Deadly wildfires in France, Portugal, Spain and Greece have forced thousands of people to evacuate their homes. Two people were killed by forest fires in Spain's north-western Zamora region and trains in the area were halted because of fire near the tracks. An elderly couple died while trying to escape fires in northern Portugal. Several parts of France saw their hottest-ever days with the western city of Nantes recording 42C. The UK is expected to see its hottest day ever and experts say parts of France face a 'heat apocalypse'.
June-July 2022 European and Mediterranean wildfires as bulk of the fires affected Mediterranean Countries: Since June European and Mediterranean wildfires in Albania, Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey since 24 June 2022, United Kingdom, with the main areas affected being France, Greece, Portugal and Spain - 20 July 2022: Wildfires rage in Greece, Spain and Italy as heatwave moves across Europe, and as in Greece firefighters were now tackling a blaze on Mount Penteli to the north-east of the capital Athens, where police forced to evacuate people from their homes - 20 July 2022: A major fire started this afternoon in the Greek capital Pendeli area, rapidly moving north of Antusa towards the Penteli mountain range, while the fire has engulfed the forest area above Drafi, Vayati region, as wildfires in Megara reach people’s yards, after residents at the Papagianeika area were instructed to evacuate early evening, and as a precautionary evacuation of residents at the Zachouli area was carried out earlier
25 July 2022 wildfires continue to burn across France and Spain: 25 July 2022: Wildfires continue to burn across France and Spain, as experts say fire-ravaged forests must be replanted and managed differently to avoid future blazes
Since July 2023 Greece wildfires: Since July 2023 Greece wildfires, multiple ongoing wildfires which have killed one and injured more than 20 people, and burned dozens of areas in parts of Greece, with over 80 wildfires being recorded with the highest temperatures reaching 41.0°C with highs anticipating to reach 45.0°C in Rhodes. Forecasters are suggesting that the current heatwave engulfing Greece is set to be the longest in its history, lasting up to 16-17 days, surpassing the 1987 heatwave. It is also expected to be the hottest July recorded in more than 50 years
24 July 2023 Greece wildfires: 24 July 2023: 11.07 BST Wildfires a 'wakeup call' on the climate crisis, government minister, 13.07 BST almost 2,500 people evacuated from Corfu, say Greek authorities, 13.32 BST 'climate crisis will manifest itself everywhere with greater disasters', says Greek PM, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates
25 July 2023 Italy wildfires encircle Palermo as temperatures hit 47°C: 25 July 2023: Wildfires driven by an extreme heatwave have encircled Palermo after temperatures in the Sicilian city climbed to 47°C on Monday, as more than 55 wildfires were reported on the island. San Martino delle Scale resident told Italy’s Ansa 'we have never seen anything like it'. An 88-year-old woman was reported to have died in San Martino delle Scale, a few miles from the Sicilian capital, after disruption caused by the fires prevented emergency services from reaching her in time.
29 July 2023 Greece wildfires under control but strong winds still a threat, say officials: 29 July 2023: Wildfires that have scorched Greece for more than two weeks are under control, but firefighters remain in key hotspots as strong winds remain a threat. Two weeks of wildfires fed by scorching temperatures, dry conditions and strong winds have caused chaos at the peak of the summer tourist season in Greece, 'The Guardian' reports
23 August 2023 Greece wildfires under control but strong winds still a threat, say officials: 23 August 2023: As swaths of southern Europe bake in a late summer heatwave that has broken a number of all-time records and triggered red alerts across France and Italy, wildfires in Greece, which have killed 20 people in the past three days, have been raging out of control just north-west of Athens and in the far north-east, 'The Guardian' reports
Earthquakes in Europe: Earthquakes in Europe - Earthquakes in Europe by country
Earthquakes in Albania: Earthquakes in Albania
Earthquakes in Bulgaria: Earthquakes in Bulgaria
Earthquakes in Croatia: Earthquakes in Croatia
Earthquakes in Cyprus: Earthquakes in Cyprus
Earthquakes in Greece: Earthquakes in Greece - List of earthquakes in Greece
30 October 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake: 30 October 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake northeast of the island of Samos, with many buildings collapsed and damaged as a result of the earthquake especially in the heavily affected Turkish city of Izmir
30/31 October 2020 Turkey and Greece declared readiness to help one another following the earthquake: 30/31 October 2020: Turkish president Erdogan and Greek premier Mitsotakis have exchanged uniting statements following the earthquake and declared readiness to help one another
Earthquakes in Italy: Earthquakes in Italy - 2009 L'Aquila earthquake - 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes
North Macedonia and Skopje earthquakes: July 1963 Skopje earthquake in present-day North Macedonia, then part of the SFR Yugoslavia, which killed over 1,070 people, injured between 3,000 and 4,000 and left more than 200,000 people homeless, as about 80% of the city was destroyed
Earthquakes in Russia: Earthquakes in Russia
Earthquakes in Serbia: Earthquakes in Serbia
Earthquakes in Spain: Earthquakes in Spain - 2011 Lorca earthquake
Earthquakes in Turkey: Earthquakes in Turkey - Geology of Turkey
4 October 1914 Burdur earthquake after the beginning of World War I: 4 October 1914 Burdur earthquake, after the beginning of German, Austrian-Hungarian and Ottoman empire's World War I, centered near Lake Burdur in southwestern Turkey and the mainshock and subsequent fire, destroying more than 17,000 homes, and caused 2,344 casualties, as Burdur and Kilinc were completely destroyed and in Keciborlu around 85% of the houses were lost
30 October 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake: 30 October 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake northeast of the island of Samos, with many buildings collapsed and damaged as a result of the earthquake especially in the heavily affected Turkish city of Izmir
30/31 October 2020 Turkey and Greece declared readiness to help one another following the earthquake: 30/31 October 2020: Turkish president Erdogan and Greek premier Mitsotakis have exchanged uniting statements following the earthquake and declared readiness to help one another
Earthquakes in former Yugoslavia: Earthquakes in former Yugoslavia






European Union: European Union
Treaties and law of the European Union: Treaties of the European Union - European Union law
1992 Maastricht Treaty created the European Union, led to the creation of the single European currency, and has been amended by the treaties of Amsterdam, Nice and Lisbon
2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was signed in Rome on 29 October 2004 but was replaced by the Treaty of Lisbon following the French European Constitution referendum in 2005 and the Dutch European Constitution referendum in 2005
Common values of the European Union's member states: Common values of the European Union's member states are human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law, respect for human rights, minority rights, free market, member states support the principles of pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity, equality of the sexes
Since 2007/2009 Treaty of Lisbon amends the two treaties which form the constitutional basis of the European Union - Since 2000 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

Human rights in Europe and in the European Union - European Network of National Human Rights Institutions - Human rights by country
2015/2016 HRW EU report examining migration and asylum, discrimination and intolerance, counterterrorism across bloc: 2015/2016 'Human Rights Watch' European Union report examining migration and asylum, discrimination and intolerance, counterterrorism, Croatia, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, UK
12 January 2023 support for leaving EU has fallen significantly across bloc since Brexit: 12 January 2023: Support for leaving the EU has dropped significantly, and sometimes dramatically, in member states across the bloc in the wake of the UK’s Brexit referendum, according to data from a major pan-European survey led by City, University of London and conducted in 30 European nations every two years since 2001, now finding respondents were less likely to vote leave in every EU member state for which data was available
European Convention on Human Rights and 2005 rejected constitution: Since 1950/1953 European Convention on Human Rights, international treaty to respect and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe
2004/2005 'Constitution for Europe' rejected by French and Dutch voters: 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, rejected by French and Dutch voters in May and June 2005, an unratified international treaty intended to create a consolidated constitution for the EU, that would have replaced the existing EU treaties with a single text, given legal force to the Charter of Fundamental Rights, and expanded Qualified Majority Voting into policy areas which had previously been decided by unanimity among member states
Since October December 2000/2009 'Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union': Since October December 2000 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, enshrining certain political, social, and economic rights for EU citizens and residents into EU law, after its legal status was uncertain until the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon on 1 December 2009 - EU Charter of Fundamental Rights website - Text
Text of the 'Charter of Fundamental Rights': The text of the 'Charter of Fundamental Rights' contains some 54 articles divided into seven titles, as the first six titles deal with substantive rights under the headings dignity, freedoms, equality, solidarity, citizens' rights and justice, while the last title deals with the interpretation and application of the Charter
Title 'Dignity': Title 'Dignity', contains 11 articles including 'Human dignity', 'Right to life' saying everyone has the right to life, 'Right to the integrity of the person' saying everyone has the right to respect for his or her physical and mental integrity, 'Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment', 'Prohibition of slavery and forced labour'
Title 'Freedoms': Title 'Freedoms', contain articles 6-19 including 'Right to liberty and security', 'Respect for private and family life' saying everyone has the right to respect for his or her private and family life, home and communications, 'Protection of personal data', 'Right to marry and right to found a family', 'Freedom of thought, conscience and religion', 'Freedom of expression and information' saying everyone has the right to freedom of expression, including freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers, the freedom and pluralism of the media shall be respected, 'Freedom of assembly and of association', 'Freedom of the arts and sciences', 'Right to education' saying everyone has the right to education and to have access to vocational and continuing training, 'Freedom to choose an occupation and right to engage in work', saying everyone has the right to engage in work and to pursue a freely chosen or accepted occupation, and nationals of third countries who are authorised to work in the territories of the Member States are entitled to working conditions equivalent to those of citizens of the Union, 'Freedom to conduct a business', 'Right to property', 'Right to asylum', 'Protection in the event of removal, expulsion or extradition', saying collective expulsions are prohibited, and no one may be removed, expelled or extradited to a State where there is a serious risk that he or she would be subjected to the death penalty, torture or other inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
Title 'Equality': Title 'Equality', contains 'Equality before the law', 'Non-discrimination', 'Cultural, religious and linguistic diversity', 'Equality between women and men', 'The rights of the child', 'The rights of the elderly', 'Integration of persons with disabilities'
Title 'Solidarity': Title 'Solidarity' - title IV of the charter - contains 11 articles including 'Workers' right to information and consultation within the undertaking', 'Right of collective bargaining and action', 'Right of access to placement services', 'Protection in the event of unjustified dismissal', 'Fair and just working conditions', 'Prohibition of child labour and protection of young people at work', 'Family and professional life', 'Social security and social assistance', 'Health care' saying everyone has the right of access to preventive health care and the right to benefit from medical treatment, 'Access to services of general economic interest', 'Environmental protection', 'Consumer protection'
Title 'Citizen's Rights': Title 'Citizen's Rights', contains 'Right to good administration', 'Freedom of movement and of residence'
Title 'Justice': Title 'Justice'
European Court of Human Rights: Since 1959/1998 European Court of Human Rights (see Europe in general further up)

Citizenship of the European Union: Citizenship of the European Union - Citizens’ Rights Directive
November 2015: 15 November 2015: Calls across Europe for tightening of borders grow louder after Paris Islamic State's terror attacks
October 2018 OECD's blacklist: 16 October 2018: Europe’s security is being put at risk by so-called 'golden passport' schemes that have allowed states to sell citizenship or residency to potentially dangerous individuals, EU justice commissioner Vera Jourová warns, after Malta and Cyprus were named in OECD's blacklist of 21 nations operating passport schemes that are deemed to pose a high risk of tax evasion and after the two EU member states have already sold citizenship to hundreds of individuals from Russia, China and the Middle East

Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union: Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union

European Union's internal market: European Union's internal market

The right of asylum in the EU, asylum and immigration: Asylum in the European Union - Right of asylum in the European Union - European Asylum Curriculum EAC is an EU Member State initiative intending to enhance the capacity and quality of the European asylum process as well as to strengthen practical cooperation among the European asylum/immigration systems - European Asylum Support Office, agency to strengthen EU Member States practical cooperation on asylum, enhance the implementation of the Common European Asylum System CEAS, and support Member States under particular pressure - Since 1990 Dublin Regulation, a EU law that determines the EU Member State responsible to examine an application for asylum seekers seeking international protection under the Geneva Convention and the EU Qualification Directive, within the European Union
Immigration to Europe: Immigration to Europe
2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis - Border barriers constructed during the European migrant crisis
2014: 29 September 2014: A record 3,072 people had died attempting to reach Europe during the first nine months of 2014, the International Organisation for Migration says, urging the world’s governments to engage to stop this violence against desperate migrants
2015: During the first half of 2015, large numbers of Syrian refugees crosses into Europe, reaching 313 thousands - UNHCR applications across Europe by early August 2015 - UNHCR documents 'Syria Regional Refugee Response' November 2015 - 19 September 2015: In the international refugee crisis European neighbours turn ugly in a chaotic series of border confrontations and diplomatic disputes, as thousands fleeing war are blocked and shunted between Croatia, Hungary, Serbia and Slovenia and UN warns European unity at risk - 21 September 2015: As ministers of EU member states, divided over how to distribute the influx of refugees, are meeting for more talks, at least 13 refugees drowned off the coast of Turkey, the latest to perish as they try to escape brutal conflicts, known by Europeans and others since many years - 3 November 2015: Russian airstrikes in Syria send thousands more refugees to Europe, as UNHCR reports 30% in increase in refugees since Russia began bombing Syria - 14 November 2015: Islamic State's terror attacks in Paris have increased fears amongst the refugees, many fleeing from Islamic State terrorists in Iraq and Syria and Assad's, Russia's and Iran's war crimes, that more borders will shut and that they will not be welcomed so readily by European communities - 18 décembre 2015: 2015 marquée par un nombre record de réfugiés et une vague sans précédent de migrants via la mer Méditerranée, dont une grande majorité venait de Syrie
Since 2015 border barriers in the EU: Since 2015 Border barriers constructed during the European refugee and migrant crisis - Since June 2015 Hungarian border barrier - 28 November: Soldiers in Macedonia have begun erecting a metal fence on the country's southern border with Greece
January-Mars 2016 since border barrieres: 3 January 2016: A drowned two-year-old boy becomes Europe's first known refugee casualty of 2016 after the crowded dinghy he was travelling in hit rocks off Greece’s Agathonisi island - 30 January 2016: More than 52,000 refugees and migrants crossed the eastern Mediterranean to reach Europe in the first four weeks of January, more than 35 times as many as in the same period 2015 - 10 mars 2016: Après la fermeture de la route des Balkans aux migrants, la Grèce doit être soutenue, a déclaré la conseillère fédérale de la Suisse Simonetta Sommaruga à la réunion des ministres de l'intérieur et de la justice de l'UE
August-November 2016 alleged torture, abuse and illegal deportation of asylum seekers: 30 August 2016: Tens of thousands migrate through Balkans since route declared shut in springtime - 3 November 2016: European migration policies have led to the alleged torture, abuse and illegal deportation of asylum seekers arriving by boat to Italy, according to dozens of migrant testimonies published for the first time
June 2018 EU to triple spending to €5bn a year targeting refugees and migrants: 12 June 2018: Unable to tackle causes of refugee crises, EU to triple spending to €5bn a year targeting refugees and migrants, as new border infrastructure, including scanners, automated number plate recognition systems, mobile laboratories for sample analysis, the establishment of teams of sniffer dogs, will be prioritised - 18 June 2016: MSF rejects EU funding in protest at the way Europe has responded to the refugee crisis
June 2018 sharp fall in number of people seeking asylum in EU: 18 June 2018: The EU’s asylum office counted 728,470 applications for international protection in 2017, a 44% reduction on the 1.3m applications the previous year, after more than 1 million people entered the EU in 2015, many fleeing the war in Syria
April 2019 emigration and immigration: 1 April 2019: Southern and eastern European countries are more concerned about emigration than immigration, according to a wide-ranging survey of attitudes in 14 EU countries
July 2019 EU states' progress on plans to redistribute refugees: 23 July 2019: UNHCR and the International Organization for Migration said in a joint statement 'the crucial role played by NGOs must be acknowledged (and) they should not be criminalised nor stigmatised for saving lives at sea', as 14 EU states made progress on plans to redistribute refugees rescued in the Mediterranean, while eight said they would actively take part, including Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, and Portugal
31 December 2019 belief in Europe shattered: 31 December 2019: When photographer Alice Aedy first covered the refugee crisis in 2016 she believed Europe would respond with humanity to images of families seeking shelter and safety, now saying 'we have not only failed, we have broken promises'
2 March 2020: Erdogan puts EU's failure to agree a common migration policy in spotlight: 2 March 2020: Erdogan puts EU's failure to agree a common migration policy in spotlight, the British 'Guardian' says, after 2016 EU-Turkey deal was 'celebrated by people who are dancing on the grave of refugee protection', according to Amnesty International
5 March 2020 Turkey deploys police forces along its border with Greece to halt violent pushback of migrants: 5 March 2020: Turkey is deploying 1,000 special police forces along its border with Greece to halt the pushback of migrants towards its territory, Suleyman Soylu said, adding that 164 migrants had been wounded by Greek authorities
7/8 March 2020 refugee center set on fire: 7 mars 2020: Un centre d'accueil pour réfugiés sur l'île grecque de Lesbos, géré par un ONG suisse, a été incendié samedi, après des membres de l'extrême droite grecque et des habitants de l'île ont récemment protesté contre l'arrivée à Lesbos de plus de 1700 migrants et réfugiés venus de Turquie - 8 March 2020: Blaze at International School of Peace for Refugee Children in Lesbos, founded by Israelis, comes amid tense standoff with Turkey over refugees, as suspected arson caused second fire in under a week at a migrant installation

Causes of refugee crises and EU's failure: Causes of refugee crises include war and civil war, human rights violations, environment and climate crises, economic hardship
Since 2011 Syrian refugees due to Assad's, Iranian and Russian war against the Syrian people: Migrant motives in the European refugee and migrant crisis since 2014/2015 - primarily credited to the inundation of refugees due to political and social conflicts in regions such as Syria, the greatest number of refugees fleeing to Europe originate from Syria due to Assad's, Iranian and Russian war against the Syrian people
2016: 2008-2016 List refugees and total population of concern by UN region, includes 21,288,728 people in Africa in 2016, 31,168,078 people in Asia in 2016, 8,061,269 people in Latin America in 2016, and 6,210,994 people in Europe in 2016
2017 EU's 'out of sight' policy: 9 July 2017: Europe’s shameful response to the growing refugee crisis and its 'out of sight, out of mind’ attitude represents its failure of policy
June 2018: 5,645,518 total registered Syrian refugees on 7 June 2018, according to UNHCR
4 July 2019: 5,625,871 registered Syrian refugees on 4 July 2019, as Assad's, Iranian and Russian murderous war against the Syrian people continues in its ninth year and as Russia and Assad regime step up murderous airstrikes against civilians in Idlib province on 22 July 2019

The European Parliament, the directly elected parliamentary institution of the EU, composed of 751 members - Politics and elections of the European Parliament - Political groups of the European Parliament
2013: 6 February 2013: After catches have declined from 8.07 million tonnes in 1995 to just 4.94 million tons in 2010, the EU parliament has pushed for a drastic reform of fishing policy in a landmark vote seeking to end decades of overfishing - 16 avril 2013: Le Parlement européen freine le plan de lutte de l'UE contre le réchauffement climatique - 23 octobre: En réaction aux révélations d'espionnage le Parlement européen demande la suspension d'un accord avec les USA sur les données bancaires
January 2014: 9 January 2014: NSA and GCHQ activities appear illegal, says EU parliamentary inquiry, demanding end to indiscriminate collection of personal data by British and US agencies
May 2014 European Parliament election: European Parliament election 22–25 May 2014 - 27 May 2014: Far-right parties sweeping EU vote should serve as warning sign
September-November 2014: 18 September: In a resolution the European Parliament urges EU member states to cancel South Stream agreement and disconnect Russian banks, reaffirming also the prospect of Ukraine as a EU member - 27 November: EU parliament approves resolution calling on the EU to consider ordering search engines to separate their commercial services from their businesses
2015: 10 March: EU Parliament calls in fraud squad over National Front suspicions - 26 March: European Parliament has overwhelmingly voted for providing Ukraine with EUR 1.8 bln in macro-financial aid - 15 April 2015: During its plenary session of the European Parliament an unprecedented number of members took the stage and showed their solidarity to the Armenian nation, supporting a resolution to recognize the Armenan Genocide during WW I, despite undermining by German SPD-Schulz - 9 June 2015: MEPs advocate for extension and strengthening of sanctions against Russia during the debate on EU-Russia relations - 10 June: European Parliament's TTIP vote, and even debate over controversial dispute mechanism allowing big companies to bypass national courts, postponed by a margin of just two votes - 19 June 2015: European parliament accused of 'hiding away' proof of torture by Assad regime, after MEPs decided against holding a major public exhibition of photographs documenting torture and abuse in Syrian Assad regime institutions, deeming the images too provocative, 'disturbing and offensive' - 1 July: European parliament will allow a collection of photographs documenting alleged torture by Syrian Assad regime forces to be displayed in public on the legislature’s grounds, reversing an earlier decision
2016: 28 April 2016: European MPs urge governments to carry out airdrops of food and medicines to relieve starving Syrian civilians trapped in areas that are besieged by Assad’s forces - 27 September 2016: Investigative journalists discuss 'Panama papers' in EU Parliament as EU seeks to develop plans to tackle widespread tax abuse through anonymous offshore companies - 26 October 2016: 'Spain signed the EU statement on war crimes Russia in Aleppo last week, today helps refuel the fleet en route to commit more', European parliament's Guy Verhofstadt says, as Spain plans to let Russian warships refuel en route to Syria - 27 October/13 December 2016: Yazidi women, who escaped Islamic State terrorists' slavery and now advocate Yazidi community rights, win Sakharov prize and will receive the price on 13 December at noon in Strasbourg
2017: 18 January 2017: Berlusconi ally Tajani elected head of European parliament, following pact with Guy Verhofstadt’s liberals and cements centre-right’s dominance of top EU jobs - 28 février 2017: Une commission du Parlement européen a approuvé mardi un rapport d'enquête sur le scandale des moteurs diesel truqués de Volkswagen, qui dénonce 'la mauvaise gestion' de la Commission et des Etats membres après le scandale - 14 March: Polish MEP who said women must earn less than men because they are weaker, smaller and less intelligent has been handed unprecedented penalties by the European parliament - 4 July 2017: Jean-Claude Juncker accuses MEPs of failing to show respect for a small country describing the European parliament as ridiculous after only a few dozen MEPs turned up to a debate dedicated to assessing Malta’s six months in the EU presidency chair, also overshadowing the debate on the refugee and migrant crisis since 2014, as the EU still struggles in 2017 to forge a common response to the thousands and thousands of people arriving from north Africa and the Middle East or dying in the Mediterranean
2018: 27 March 2018: Members of European parliament raise concerns about cronyism and conflicts of interest at hiring of Juncker successor, as Eurosceptics already seized on the affair - 25 October 2018: Opponent of Russian regime's annexation of his native Ukrainian Crimea region Oleg Sentsov, imprisoned in Russia, has been awarded this year’s European Parliament Sakharov prize for freedom of thought
March 2019 Syria democracy protests outside the European Parliament: 14 March 2019: Demonstrators and activists gathered outside the European Parliament in the Belgian capital Brussels to demand the release of detainees from the prisons and detention centers of the Assad regime
May 2019 European Parliament election: 23-26 May 2019 European Parliament election - 2019 European Parliament election by country
26-28 May 2019: 26 May 2019: EU election results 2019 across Europe as voters boost Greens and far right and as centre left and right lose out, according to 'The Guardian' - 28 May 2019: Europe’s Greens, big winners in Sunday’s European elections, will use their newfound leverage in a fractured parliament to push an agenda of urgent climate action, social justice and civil liberties
15/16 July 2019 back-room candidate in the sign of field marshals: 15/16 July 2019: As 'Field marshal' Haftar’s forces supporting France and therefore involved in the 2 July 2019 Tajoura migrant center airstrike by Khalifa Haftar’s forces, that may amount to a war crime, according to the United Nations, Germany's Hitler-general 'Field marshal' Erwin Rommel supporting and whitewashing Minister of Defence Ursula von der Leyen, the back-room policy's candidate by a group of EU leaders led by Emmanuel Macron, narrowly backed as next European Commission president by MEPs
September 2019 EU parliament criticises UK's government: 12 September 2019: EU parliament is to criticise the British government’s treatment of EU citizens living in the UK and insist it will refuse to ratify a deal that fails to include an Irish backstop and provisions that tie the UK into EU standards after Brexit
18 September 2020 532 MEPs of EU Parliament demand halt to Nord Stream 2 project over Navalny's poisoning: 18 September 2020: European Parliament has demanded that sanctions against the Russian Federation should be strengthened and the construction of the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline should be halted over the poisoning of Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny, as 532 MEPs voted for the resolution, 84 voted against it, and another 72 abstained
5 November 2020 deal struck to enable EU to block budget payments to rogue members: 5 November 2020: EU will be able to block budget payments to rogue EU governments that undermine the rule of law or the independence of judges, under a hard-fought agreement between the European parliament and member states
17 December 2020 European parliament sets Sunday deadline for post-Brexit trade deal: 17 December 2020: After deadlines have come and gone throughout the Brexit talks since 2016 European parliament has set a Sunday deadline for agreement on a post-Brexit trade and security deal if it is to stage a vote of consent this year, after being briefed by the EU’s chief negotiator Michel Barnier on the latest in the talks with the UK and the British political 'Struwwelpeter'
11 January 2021 conviced Greek neo-Nazis remain at large, including MEP: 11 January 2021: Convicted in October, 2 Greek neo-Nazis remain at large, as Christos Pappas, Golden Dawn’s de facto number two, is 'missing', while MEP Ioannis Lagos (Member of the European Parliament) has refused to return home, appealing against the court verdict from the safe distance of Brussels and exploiting the parliamentary immunity he enjoys as an MEP ensuring he can neither be detained nor extradited
22 January 2021 MEPs vote to add Channel and British Virgin Islands to tax haven blacklist: 22 January 2021: The European parliament is pushing for UK overseas territories including the British Virgin Islands, Guernsey and Jersey to be added to an EU tax havens blacklist after the conclusion of the Brexit deal, sending a signal that tougher action on tax avoidance was required in response to the coronavirus pandemic
22 April 2021 European MPs including Baltic tricked by fake meetings with Russian opposition figures: 22 April 2021: European MPs targeted by deepfake video calls imitating Russian opposition, as politicians from the UK, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania tricked by fake meetings with opposition figures
28 April 2021 EU parliament backed Brexit deal with resolution describing the 2016 referendum's result as a 'historic mistake': 28 April 2021: The European parliament has given its backing to the Brexit trade and security deal, after four years of old and new experiences, as 5 MEPs voted against the deal, with 660 in favour and 32 abstentions, although in an accompanying resolution the chamber described the referendum result of 23 June 2016 as a 'historic mistake'
9 July 2021 EU votes for diplomats to boycott China Winter Olympics over rights abuses: 9 July 2021: The European parliament has overwhelmingly passed a resolution calling on diplomatic officials to boycott the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics in response to continuing human rights abuses by the Chinese government, as the non-binding resolution also called for governments to impose further sanctions, provide emergency visas to Hong Kong journalists and further support Hongkongers to move to Europe
11 January 2022 European Parliament president David Sassoli, who opposed the building of walls, has died: 11 January 2022: European Parliament president David Sassoli, whose final political intervention had been to oppose the building of walls on the EU’s borders that 'block people who seek shelter' in an apparent reference to the plight of refugees stuck between Poland and Belarus, also saying 'our challenge is to build a new world that respects people and nature and believes in a new economy based not just on the profits for the few but on well being for all', has died at the age of 65 after the Italian former journalist had been seriously ill for more than two weeks and cancelled all official activities. Admitted to a hospital in Aviano in Italy last month due to a serious complication with his immune system, he died in the early hours of Tuesday
4 May 2022 EU censures border agency 'Frontex' after reports of human rights abuses in Greece: 4 May 2022: The European parliament has refused to sign off the EU border agency’s accounts, saying it had failed to investigate alleged human rights violations of asylum seekers in Greece, as the vote on the agency 'Frontex' came after the resignation last week of its director, Fabrice Leggeri, who left after an investigation by Olaf, the EU’s anti-fraud body.
5 July 2022 European Parliament adopts landmark laws for internet platform: 5 July 2022: European Parliament adopts landmark laws for internet platforms, as the new rules will improve internet consumer protection and supervision of online platforms
12 October 2022 around the world women are uniting in protest against the Iran's regime by cutting their hair: 12 October 2022: Around the world women are uniting in protest against the Iranian government by cutting their hair, as the protests started after the death of Mahsa Amini who was arrested by Iranian morality police, and as Abir Al-Sahlani, a Swedish Member of the European Parliament also cut hers during an EU Parliament speech. - 12 October 2022: Protests in Iran are continuing despite a crackdown by security forces that one human rights group says has killed at least 201 people
13 December 2022 Greek MEP stripped of EU vice-president role amid Qatar scandal: 13 December 2022: The European parliament has voted to strip a Greek MEP implicated in Qatar bribery and corruption scandal of her role as one of the body’s vice-presidents, as MEPs voted by 625 votes to one, with two abstentions, to remove Eva Kaili as one of the parliament’s 14 vice-presidents, following a decision in favour of the move by the assembly’s senior leaders
12 July 2023 EU passes nature restoration law in knife-edge vote: 12 July 2023: The EU has narrowly passed a key law to protect nature after months of fiery debate and an opposition campaign scientists criticised as misleading. The nature restoration law will place recovery measures on 20% of the EU’s land and sea by 2030, rising to cover all degraded ecosystems by 2050. Lawmakers decided against 'killing the bill' but watered it down on several points. They will send the proposal back to an environment committee before thrashing out details with member states.
6 December 2023 EU must face legacy of colonialism and support reparations, say MEPs: 6 December 2023: The European Union should urgently address and reverse the lasting impacts of European colonialism and support a reparations programme to rectify continuing injustices, according to a draft resolution to be presented to the European parliament’s development committee. Noting that the EU has made 'no concerted efforts to recognise, address and rectify the lasting effects of European colonialism on social and international inequities', the draft resolution calls for the creation of a permanent EU forum on restorative justice. The presentation marks the first formal attempt to push reparations for slavery and colonialism on the EU agenda. These preliminary discussions among MEPs are a response to increasing demands for developed nations to make amends for slavery. Last month the African Union agreed to join Caribbean nations to form a 'united front' aimed at persuading European nations to pay for 'historical mass crimes'.
27 February 2024 European parliament votes for watered-down law to restore nature: 27 February 2024: The European parliament has given the green light to a watered-down law to restore nature, after weeks of fierce protests from farmers and a last-ditch attempt from rightwing parties threatened to sink the deal. The new law – a key pillar of the EU’s contested green deal – sets a target for the EU to restore at least 20% of its land and sea by the end of the decade, and by 2050, that should rise to cover all ecosystems in need of restoration.
6-9 June 2024 European Parliament election: 6-9 June 2024 European Parliament election, the tenth parliamentary election since the first direct elections in 1979, and the first European Parliament election after Brexit. This election will also coincide with a number of other elections in some European Union member states. - 2024 European Parliament election by country - Opinion polling and seat projections for the 2024 European Parliament election
9 June 2024 Macron dissolves French parliament and calls snap election as far right surges in Europe: 9 June 2024: Emmanuel Macron dissolves French parliament and calls snap election as far right surges in Europe, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates - including election results from across the EU

European Commission and Politics of the European Union
Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in Brussels: Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in the municipality of Anderlecht in Brussels, museum tracing the history of the Belgian resistance and German occupation of Belgium during World War II, as it is served by Clemenceau metro station on lines 2 and 6 of the Brussels metro - Espace pédagogique du Musée de la Résistance de Belgique - Histoire et Mémoire de la Resistance à Anderlecht au musée, possèdant également des panneaux thématiques sur l’histoire de la 1ère et 2ème guerre mondiale, expliquant 'notre but moral et civique est de poursuivre et de transmettre les idéaux et l’esprit incarnés par la Résistance afin de pouvoir avertir et préparer les jeunes générations aux dangers présents de tous les extrémismes quels qu’ils soient'
Since 1993 memorial to the transport of Jews and Roma over the railway track and Belgian Resistance: In remembrance of the action of Belgian resistance a statue was inaugurated in 1993 near the train station of Boortmeerbeek, remembering the Holocaust and the transport of 25,483 Jews and 351 Roma over the railway track Mechelen-Leuven to the concentration camps, as on 19 April 1943 members of the Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed a number of Jews
Since 2001/2012 'Kazerne Dossin' Holocaust memorial, established within the former Mechelen transit camp: Since 2001/2012 'Kazerne Dossin' Holocaust memorial, established within the former Mechelen transit camp of World War II, from which, in German-occupied Belgium, arrested Jews and Romani were sent to concentration camp - List of Holocaust memorials and museums in Europe and worldwide
October 2012 EU nuclear reactors need repair: 3 October 2012: EU nuclear reactors need repair according to a leaked draft-report by the European Commission - 22 November 2012: EU nations face tough budget summit - 23 November: EU leaders warn budget deal far off - 13 décembre: Accord à l'arrachée sur la supervision des banques européennes
2013: 8 February 2013: EU leaders in Brussels edged towards a 2014-2020 budget deal that would fix the bloc's ceiling for overall spending at €960 billion - 15 March 2013: EU summit begins amid anti-austerity protests - 14 mai: Réunion des Européens pour avancer sur l'évasion fiscale - 30 May: The European Commission gives major economies France and Spain extra time to trim their deficits as it laid down economic targets - 28 juin: L'UE veux concentrer sur 2014 et 2015 6 milliards d'euros de crédits budgétaires, afin de financer un mécanisme garantissant à de jeunes chômeurs de retrouver un emploi, un stage, une formation ou un apprentissage, et approuve le projet de budget 2014-2020 - 24 octobre 2013: Sommet de l'UE dominé par Lampedusa et l'espionnnage américain - 25 octobre: Initiative franco-allemande pour réglementer le renseignement - 25 octobre: Face à l'immigration aucune précision de l'UE n'est toutefois prévue avant juin 2014 - 8 November: EU executive backs trade chief caught in tax-fraud case - 12 November: EU agreement on 2014 budget, including 135.5 billion euros in payments and 142.6 billion euros in commitments - 4 December: EU fines eight banks record 1.7 bn euros for rate fixing - 19 December: EU agrees on banking union ahead of summit
2014: 3 February 2014: Corruption in Europe costs the EU economy at least 120bn euros annually, the European Commission says - 28 May: After European Parliament election EU leaders agree to review priorities to win back public support - 28 June: EU promised to address Britain's concerns about the future of the EU after nominating Jean-Claude Juncker as the next European Commission president - 15 July: Jean-Claude Juncker elected European Commission president - 24 October: EU agrees to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030 and to 27% targets for renewable energy market share and increase in energy efficiency improvement - 24 October: EU finance ministers are to convene an emergency meeting after the disclosure of a demand for some countries to contribute billions more to the EU budget - 19 December: EU summit backs an investment plan aimed at kickstarting Europe's stalling economy, decision of new sanctions against Russia over its annexation of the Crimea reportedly not taken
2015: 9 March 2015: EU chief Juncker plans European army saying that 'with its own army, Europe could react more credibly to the threat to peace in a member state or in a neighbouring state' - 23 April 2015: EU to restore rescue operations after latest Mediterranean migrant boat disasters - 23 April: EU summit to offer resettlement to only 5,000 refugees - 23 April: Rights group condemns proposed EU refugees plan as 'totally inadequate' - 5 May 2015: Britain should get a fair deal in the EU but cannot impose its agenda on the bloc's other 27 members, EU's Jean-Claude Juncker answers after UK's Cameron has said he wants to be able to limit an influx of people from other EU states to Britain - 19 May: EU foreign ministers approve naval force to tackle people smugglers - 17 June: EU plan for refugee crisis in jeopardy as countries struggle to agree - 18 June: Greece's future in EU at stake as ministers gather for talks - 18/19 June: After eurozone finance ministers talks with Greece's Varoufakis failed, more emergency meetings and an EU emergency summit on Monday announced - 22 June: EU meeting in Brussels as Greece's Tsipras again demands debt relief and markets surge on hopes of last-minute deal - 23 June: Eurozone politicians in Brussels cautiously welcome new reform proposals by Greece as a possible basis for an agreement, saying that there is still a lot of work to be done to reach deal this week - 25 June: No deal reached in Greek debt crisis after another long night of talks, despite creditors' ultimatum, ahead of another crunch eurogroup meeting and then the EU leaders summit tonight - 26 June: Talks between eurozone finance ministers resume on Saturday as Greece has to make its €1.6bn payment to the International Monetary Fund on Tuesday - 30 June: EU's Juncker makes last-minute offer to Greece but Tsipras unmoved - 30 June: Hopes of last-minute deal on decision day for Greek PM Tsipras, as Greece faces deadline for reaching deal with creditors and making €1.6bn IMF payment, otherwise it will lose €7.2bn bailout funds - 6 July: European politicians will meet for crisis talks and the ECB faces a crucial decison over whether to its funding freeze after Greece's referendum 'no' vote - 7 July: Eurozone finance ministers and leaders meet in new efforts to find a common way out of Greek crisis - 8 July: Unless Greek government presents convincing details entailing more austerity as the basis for its third bailout in five years, all 28 national EU leaders are to gather in Brussels on Sunday in emergency session to discuss how to contain the fallout from Greece’s financial collapse - 8 July: After months of Greek government's second-rate theatre Europe has five days to find a shift - 9 July: Greek government seeks new EU loan to avert 'Grexit' and economic collapse, urged to deliver a detailed economic package - 10 July: After it has submitted a package of tough austerity measures Tsipras' government urges MPs to back bailout plan - 11 July: Eurozone creditors meet to discuss latest Greek proposals and to decide, after PM Tsipras received backing from his MPs - 12 July: Eurozone ministers will resume talks on Sunday after failing to reach agreement tonight on Greece’s request for a third bailout - 13 July: After Eurozone agreed that Greece should receive a new aid programme, several national parliaments must give their approval, including the Greek parliament - 16 July: ECB and Eurogroup consider next steps after Greek parliament's 'Yes' vote - 17 July: Eurozone's national votes on the Greek bailout 2015 - 17 July: German MPs debate Greek bailout - 17 July: EU agrees €7bn loan as Germany backs new Greek bailout talks - 15 August: Eurogroup’s approval of a third bailout for Greece means the country’s place in the Eurozone is not under threat, EU's Jean-Claude Juncker says - 19 August: Eurozone finance ministers and ESM agree 86-billion-euro bailout deal for Greece - 9 September 2015: Saying the response to this crisis should be the first priority of the EU, Jean-Claude Juncker gives details of a quota plan to resettle 160,000 refugees in the European refugee and migrant crisis - 14 September: EU interior ministers are gathering in Brussels for emergency talks on how to tackle the mounting refugee crisis a day after Germany reintroduced borders - 15 September: EU ministers can’t agree on what to do with 120,000 refugees, as Czech Republic, Slovakia and others oppose common plans to help desperate people and take strain off Greece, Italy and others - 21 September: Eastern Europe foreign ministers to meet in Luxembourg to discuss international refugee and migrant crisis - 22 September: EU ministers to discuss binding quotas, as Hungarian army given power to block refugees and Central European states resist refugee quotas - 22/23 September: European ministers adopt refugee relocation plan in Brussels - 23 September: EU summit amid resentment over quota deal in refugee crisis - 24 September: EU emergency talks with pledge of hundreds of millions of euros to help transit countries, as European council president Tusk criticises 'open doors and windows' policy - 24 September: EU without common policy on refugee crisis, as some politicians open their mouth widely and border disputes worsen - 15 October: EU summit issues today include Ukraine ceasefire, the refugee and migrant crisis, the economy, climate change, and efforts to support countries like Turkey to tackle refugee crisis - 16 October: EU offers Turkey 'action plan' on migration crisis - 26 October: EU and Balkans agree plan for 100,000 places in reception centres for refugees and a 17-point plan to manage the flow of refugees in the Balkans, including more shelter, border registration and increased naval operations - 20 November: EU ministers agree tighter border checks as Paris death toll rises to 130 - 5 December: Home affairs ministers push forward passenger data changes to store the names and credit card information of all passengers on flights into and out of the EU - 17 December 2015: Migrant crisis tops agenda of final EU summit of 2015
2016: 13 January 2016: European commission launches unprecedented inquiry in response to controversial Polish legislation that puts more power into the hands of the government - 26 January: Schengen scheme on the brink after Amsterdam EU talks - 18/19 February 2016: EU summit in Brussels without invited Turkey but with special rights demanding UK's Cameron who will 'walk away' from talks if no EU deal - 20 February: Following EU summit deal Cameron takes Brussels plan to cabinet - 2 March: EU's Schengen members urged by European Commission to lift border checks to save passport-free zone - 4 March 2016: Several brave EU countries including France, the Netherlands and Sweden could scupper plans by the European commission to approve the relicensing of a weedkiller glyphosate, a key ingredient in herbicides such as USA's Monsanto’s multibillion-dollar brand Roundup, linked to cancer by the World Health Organisation - 7 March: International refugee and migrant crisis summit of EU and Turkey in Brussels - 7/8 March: 'One in, one out', the EU's simplistic answer to the refugee crisis, not even settled as decision delayed until a summit next week to flesh out the details of Turkey's new demands - 8 March 2016: UN refugee agency has concerns over the deal reached between the EU and Turkey that would see refugees sent back to Turkey, where some nationalities lack protection - 10 mars 2016: Après la fermeture de la route des Balkans aux migrants, la Grèce doit être soutenue, a déclaré la conseillère fédérale de la Suisse Simonetta Sommaruga à la réunion des ministres de l'intérieur et de la justice de l'UE - 17 March: EU member states and Turkey meet in Brussels to discuss a plan to stop migrants and refugees coming to Europe - 18 March: Deal between the EU and Turkey to stem the flow of refugees and migrants to Europe is hanging in the balance, over a decades-long dispute about the divided island of Cyprus - 18 March: EU's deal with Turkey means all those arriving in Greece from Sunday can expect to be returned to Turkey - 20 March: Greece delays sending refugees back to Turkey under EU deal saying they are waiting for extra personnel to implement the deal and will struggle to enforce it - 6 April: EU to set out proposals for overhaul of European asylum rules - 8 April: EU 'will toughen plans to make firms disclose offshore tax bills' in the wake of the Panama Papers - 23 April 2016: EU finance ministers agree to propose joint list of tax havens and approve plan to automatically exchange data on shell company owners - 27 April: Tusk rejects Tsipras request for EU summit on Greece bailout - 25 mai: Les ministres des Finances de la zone euro se sont engagés à alléger à terme la dette grecque si certaines conditions sont réunies - 13 July 2016: European officials have finalised plans to create a common EU asylum system and refugee resettlement scheme, which critics believe will be a further betrayal of refugee rights - 30 August: More tax deals involving some of the world's biggest companies from Amazon to Starbucks in the European commission's sights after EU's ruling against USA's 'Apple', the biggest blow dealt by Brussels so far in a long-running battle against multinationals and their tax avoidance - Informal EU meeting of the 27 heads of state or government on 16 September 2016 in Bratislava - 29. Oktober 2016: EU-Kommissar CDU-Oettinger nennt Chinesen bei Vortrag in Hamburg 'Schlitzaugen' und spricht von 'Kommunisten'-Blockade der Wallonie bei den CETA Verhandlungen zwischen Canada und der EU - 30 October 2016: German EU commissioner CDU-Oettinger accused of racism after remarks about Chinese, calls for his resignation follow failure to apologise for remarks
2017: 1 January 2017: EU's Jean-Claude Juncker spent years in his previous role as Luxembourg’s prime minister secretly blocking EU efforts to tackle tax avoidance by multinational corporations, leaked documents reveal - 27 September 2017: The Swedish truckmaker Scania, which is owned by Volkswagen, has been fined €880m by the European commission for price fixing - 25 octobre 2017: La Commission européenne a annoncé qu'aucun vote des Etats membres n'a eu lieu sur le renouvellement de la licence du glyphosate, après elle a abaissé sa proposition à une période d'utilisation réduite entre cinq et sept ans - 5 December 2017: EU named and shamed 17 countries in its first ever tax haven blacklist and put a further 47 on notice, including British overseas territories and the crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man - 15 December 2017: EU to force firms to reveal true owners in wake of Panama Papers, but anti-corruption campaigners criticise failure to include trusts in corporate ownership requirements
June 2018: 29 June 2018: According to the text signed at the EU summit, the 28 member states call on the Russian regime to recognize responsibility for the shooting down of the Malaysian Boeing 777 flight MH17, which was downed in the Donetsk region on 17 July 2014 - 30 June 2018: Cracks emerged Friday in Europe’s hard-fought summit deal on migration, as EU President Donald Tusk warned there was no guarantee it would work and France and Austria ruled themselves out of hosting migrant centres, as 'Medecins Sans Frontieres' said agreement aimed to turn away even the most vulnerable people from Europe’s shores, and the bodies of three babies were recovered and around 100 people were missing after a migrant boat sank off the coast of Libya on Friday
September 2018: 19 septembre 2018: Migrants et Brexit au menu des 28 à Salzbourg
May 2019 EU sanctions against cyberwarfare to cope with impunity: 17 mai 2019: Le conseil des ministres de l'UE a annoncé des 'mesures restrictives comprennent l'interdiction de voyager vers l'UE et le gel des avoirs' pour sanctionner les responsables de cyberattaques menées depuis l'extérieur de l'UE
July 2019: 3 July 2019: Lawmakers in the European Parliament and from across Germany's political spectrum slammed a proposal to make German Defense Minister CDU Ursula von der Leyen (CDU) the next European Commission president, saying her nomination failed to meet pre-electoral promises to respect the lead candidate process and the results of the European elections, calling the nomination a 'classic victory of backroom politics over democracy' and a 'farce' - 3 July 2019: Von der Leyen faces an investigation into suspected wrongdoing surrounding the use of outside consultants, including accusations that von der Leyen’s office circumvented public procurement rules in granting contracts worth millions of euros to the firms, as testimony from key witnesses appear to confirm suspicions of systematic corruption at the ministry
July 2019 von der Leyen, EU commission, arms exports and parliamentary investigative commission: 3 July 2019: Lawmakers in the European Parliament and from across Germany's political spectrum slammed a proposal to make German Defense Minister CDU Ursula von der Leyen the next European Commission president, saying her nomination failed to meet pre-electoral promises to respect the lead candidate process and the results of the European elections, calling the nomination a 'classic victory of backroom politics over democracy' and a 'farce' - Since April 2018 von der Leyen promoted CDU-led German government's decisions on arms exports to Saudi Arabia and Turkey - In 2019 a parliamentary investigative commission was installed after the Federal Court of Auditors complained that rules of government procurement had been ignored when giving external consultancies in von Leyen's ministry from 2015 to 2016 and it turned out documents were destroyed to cover this up - 3 July 2019: Von der Leyen faces an investigation into suspected wrongdoing surrounding the use of outside consultants, including accusations that von der Leyen’s office circumvented public procurement rules in granting contracts worth millions of euros to the firms, as testimony from key witnesses appear to confirm suspicions of systematic corruption at the ministry
September 2019 von der Leyen's 'Protecting the European way of life': 13 September 2019: CDU von der Leyen's 'Protecting the European way of life' from migrants is a gift to the neo-Nazis, as CDU and neo-Nazi linked AfD find common ground in 18 German towns
21 February 2020 EU budget summit collapses: 21 February 2020: EU summit collapses as leaders struggle to fill €75bn Brexit hole, as states deeply divided over budget and as big contributors reject plan for them to pay more - Budget of the European Union
9 April 2020 EU strikes €500bn relief deal for countries hit hardest by covid-19, showing remaining divisions: 9 April 2020: EU strikes €500bn relief deal for countries hit hardest by covid-19 pandemic, as France and Netherlands at odds on finance ministers’ €500bn compromise, showing remaining bitter divisions within the EU
23 April 2020 EU discuss covid-19 and impacts: 23 April 2020: EU countries discuss Europe-wide recovery fund and efforts against covid-19 pandemic
18 May 2020 proposed EU rescue fund against covid-19 crisis: 18 May 2020: Germany and France propose €500bn EU rescue fund against covid-19 crisis
24 June 2020 Europeans say EU 'irrelevant’ during covid-19 as EU-wide survey reveals deep disillusionment: 24 June 2020: Europeans say EU was 'irrelevant’ during covid-19 pandemic, as EU-wide survey reveals deep disillusionment at response, and desire for closer cooperation in future
5 July 2020 Srebrenica 25 years on and how the EU and UN lost appetite to fight war crimes: 5 July 2020: Ratko Mladic, the Bosnian Serb general convicted of ordering the execution of 8,000 men and boys from Srebrenica, will spend this week’s 25th anniversary of the slaughter in a cell in The Hague, after he was brought to justice in a joint effort, but where’s the desire to investigate mass killings in Syria, Yemen and Myanmar, the British 'Guardian' asks
7 July 2020 Europe faces deep recession EC says: 7 July 2020: Europe faces deep recession and UK will shrink by 10%, says EC, as gloomy forecast comes 10 days before EU leaders meet to discuss €750bn recovery plan
10 July 2020 bees and other wild pollinators not protected from decline by the EU: 10 July 2020: Bees and other wild pollinators are not being protected from decline by the EU, with loopholes even allowing for the use of banned pesticides known to be major killers of key species, according to a report from the European court of auditors
12 July 2020 EU leaders split over covid-19 recovery ahead of this week’s emergency summit: 12 July 2020: EU leaders are split over covid-19 recovery ahead of this week’s emergency summit that will expose national divisions over budgets, the €750bn pandemic fund, but not yet over Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen (CDU), promoting war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the Führerbegleitbatallion, tasked with guarding Hitler and his field headquarters during the invasion of Poland, which began on 1 September 1939, describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military
17 July 2020 politicians discuss EU recovery fund in Brussels: 17 July 2020: Markets hope for progress over EU recovery fund during summit, after revelations showed that Italy's calls for urgent help since February 2020 to the European commission, led by CDU's Ursula von der Leyen, were ignored, and as the British 'Guardian' now reports live in rolling coverage of economic and financial news in a devastating pandemic and crisis
18 July 2020 EU talks to rescue €750bn recovery package stall and split over size of fund and seven-year budget: 18 July 2020: EU talks to rescue €750bn recovery package stall amid heated debate as second day sees negotiations split over size of fund and seven-year budget
19 July 2020 EU goes into extra time: 19 July 2020: EU prime ministers and presidents go into extra time as tempers fray at coronavirus pandemic summit, and as Poland's Mateusz Morawiecki publicly accused the Netherlands, Austria, Denmark and Sweden of being 'misers' while Italy's Giuseppe Conte claimed the Dutch were trying to rewrite the EU’s rules with their insistence on a veto on the disbursement of emergency funds, and as Macron and Merkel abruptly walked away from negotiations with PM Rutte who fears next Dutch general election in March 2021, amid expectations that, whereas the covid-19 crisis is over the peak, the economy would continue shrinking, and the industries, in particular the construction industry, which were doing relatively well, would be hit as well, and forecasts that the unemployment rate would grow from 3% to 7% by the end of 2020, due to political failures first and mainly in causing China and then as a consequence also in the EU commission ignoring calls for support in time
21 July 2020 EU's 'historic day' for taxpayers and working people: 21 July 2020: EU nations clinch $2.1 trillion budget and covid-19 aid deal after 4 days of talks to confront the biggest crisis and recession in its history, including a 750 billion euro covid-19 fund to be sent as loans and grants to hardest hit countries, as at first the grants were to total 500bn euros but later lowered to 390bn, on a so-called 'historic day for Europe', that is really historic for European taxpayers and working people, paying terribly since February 2020 for a decade of failures facing Iranian Mullahs', Assad's and Putin regime's aggressions and terrorism since 2011 in Syria, Yemen, the Middleeast, backed by Beijing's regime and its 2019 prevention of a reply in due time to the covid-19 aggression on global health
23 September 2020 EU's ‘solidarity à la carte’ plan: 23 September 2020: The European commission is abandoning the idea of mandatory refugee quotas, as it revives an attempt to change Europe’s asylum and migration rules after more than four years of deadlock, and as long-awaited migration proposals would allow EU member states to choose whether to accept refugees, or take charge of returning those denied asylum to their home countries, as millions of people were uprooted from their homes by conflict, violence and natural disasters in the first six months of this year 2020 according to new research
22-24 September 2020 European Research and Innovation Days: 22-24 September 2020 European Research and Innovation Days, the European Commission’s annual flagship event, bringing together policymakers, researchers, entrepreneurs and citizens to debate and shape the future of research and innovation in Europe and beyond, as Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen continues to promote war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the 'Führerbegleitbatallion' during the invasion of Poland, since 1940 a military commander in Nazi Germany's conquest of western Europe, describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military
24 September 2020 school friend of Anne Frank lays first stone at new Dutch Holocaust memorial featuring names of victims: 24 September 2020: As site in Amsterdam’s Jewish Quarter will feature names of more than 102,000 Jews, Roma and Sinti who were murdered in or on their way to Nazi concentration camps, a school friend of World War II Jewish diarist Anne Frank laid the first stone Wednesday at a new memorial under construction in Amsterdam to honor all Dutch victims of the Holocaust, after Dutch court cleared the way last year for the memorial to be constructed
2 October 2020 EU leaders stop short of Lukashenko discussing EU sanctions against Belarus officials: 2 October 2020: Belarus officials to face EU sanctions but, under the influence of EU leaders obedient to Putin, stop short of Lukashenko, as move comes after late-night talks ended a standoff with Cyprus, which insisted the bloc take action over Turkey, and as Lithuania’s president Nauseda, said it was 'just inappropriate' that the EU had failed to agree sanctions one and a half months after its 27 leaders had promised restrictive measures against officials responsible for vote rigging and the repression of peaceful protests
10 November 2020 Ukrainian rabbi says lack of serious action by world leaders encouraged Nazi crimes: 10 November 2020: European synagogues keep on their lights to mark 1938 'Kristallnacht' pogroms, as Ukraine's chief Rabbi Yaakov Dov Bleich wrote 'the reason Kristallnacht led to the Holocaust was the lack of serious action by world leaders' during the event and afterward, and as European countries - and namely Germany - continue to honour Nazi war criminal Erwin Rommel
10 November 2020 inquiry launched into EU commission's protection of migrants at Croatia border: 10 November 2020: An official inquiry has been launched into the European commission’s alleged failure to protect the rights of migrants and refugees said to have been robbed and abused by police at Croatia’s border, follows allegations of brutal pushbacks of refugees into Bosnia and lack of monitoring of border police
23 November 2020 European governments failing to protect citizens from air pollution: 23 November 2020: European governments failing to protect citizens from air pollution, data reveals, as pollutants from farming, heating and vehicles beyond levels needed to ensure breathable air
21 January 2021 China deal damages EU's human rights credibility, MEPs to say: 21 January 2021: China deal damages EU's human rights credibility, MEPs to say, as European commission will come under fire over agreement that is already causing tensions with USA
18 February 2021 EU's foreign trade gets greener obliged to 2015/2016 Paris Agreement: 18 février 2021: L’UE va placer la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique au cœur de ses échanges extérieurs et pèsera de tout son poids en faveur d’une réforme de l’OMC, selon la nouvelle stratégie commerciale européenne dévoilée jeudi par Valdis Dombrovskis, vice-président de la Commission
26 February 2021 EU states back plan to expose big companies' tax avoidance: 26 February 2021: The EU has moved to force multinational companies to publish a breakdown of the tax they pay in each of the bloc’s member states and in tax havens such as Seychelles, piling pressure on the UK government to follow suit, as country-by-country reporting is designed to shine a light on how some of the world’s biggest companies – such as Apple, Facebook and Google – avoid paying an estimated $500bn a year in taxes by shifting their profits from higher-tax countries such as the UK, France and Germany to zero-tax or low-tax jurisdictions including Ireland, Luxembourg and Malta
8 April 2021 European Commission for the efficiency of justice: 8 April 2021 European Commission for the efficiency of justice
30 April 2021 EU deputy warns if social policy and climate policy are not combined: 30 April 2021: Vice-president of the EU commission Timmermanns said that if social policy and climate policy are not combined, to share fairly the costs and benefits of creating a low-carbon economy, the world will face a backlash from people who fear losing jobs or income, stoked by populist politicians and fossil fuel interests
23 June 2021 EU plan for Turkish borders as EU's building of ‘fortress Europe’ rides roughshod over rights of asylum seekers: 23 June 2021: Proposal for the EU to fund controls at Turkey’s eastern border is 'really problematic' and could lead to refugees being forced back into Syria, Iran and Iraq, critics have warned, as according to a leaked plan seen by the Guardian, the European Commission wants to fund 'border control' at Turkey’s eastern frontier as part of efforts to deter refugees and migrants from coming to Europe, as the draft – to be debated by EU leaders at a summit on Thursday – calls for €3bn from the EU budget to fund refugee aid and migration policy in Turkey, with an unspecified part of the money earmarked for border control, as the EU is seeking to update its 2016 controversial deal where the bloc agreed to spend €6bn on Syrian refugees in Turkey, in exchange for greater efforts from Turkish authorities to stem the flow of migrants into Europe
25 June 2021 Franco-German plan to restart talks with Putin rejected at a fractious EU summit: 25 June 2021: A Franco-German plan to restart talks with Russian regime's Putin has been rejected at a fractious EU summit that resulted in a decision to explore economic sanctions against eastern country instead, as EU leaders also confronted Viktor Orbán, and as issues made what was meant to be a routine summit of the 27 EU leaders into a much more bruising encounter, after tensions were raised as France’s Emmanuel Macron and Germany’s Angela Merkel blindsided other leaders by proposing talks with Putin, following Joe Biden’s summit with the Russian, earlier called 'killer' by Biden, last week
14 July 2021 EU unveils sweeping new legislation to cut greenhouse gas emissions: 14 July 2021: EU unveiled sweeping new legislation to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 55% this decade, aiming to turn green goals into concrete action and set an example for the world’s other big economies to follow, as proposals by the European Commission range from the de facto phasing out of gasoline and diesel cars by 2035 to new national limits on gases from heating buildings
21 October 2021 soaring energy prices and Polish row over EU law to take centre stage at EU summit: 21 October 2021: Soaring energy prices and Polish row over EU law to take centre stage at European summit, as EU row with Poland over its rejection of some of the bloc's laws is set to overshadow two-day summit
23 June 2022 EU summit in Brussels with Ukraine’s bid to join the bloc: 23 June 2022; At EU summit in Brussels European leaders are poised to grant Ukraine candidate status, in a historic decision that opens the door to EU membership for the war-torn country and deals a blow to Vladimir Putin, 'The Guardian' reports - 23 June 2022: EU leaders are gathering on Thursday and Friday for a summit in Brussels with Ukraine’s bid to join the bloc at the top of the agenda, 'Politico' reports
29 June 2022 EU countries reach climate crisis deal phasing out fossil-fuel cars by 2035: 29 June 2022: EU countries reach climate crisis deal after late-night talks, as environment ministers back phasing out fossil-fuel cars by 2035 and a €59bn fund to help ease cost burden of new policies on low income earners
11 October 2022 EU foreign policy chief says diplomats are slow, ineffective and patronising: 11 October 2022: The EU’s foreign policy chief has accused his top diplomats of being slow, ineffective and patronising towards the countries they work in, also berating them for failing to anticipate Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, as Josep Borrell also says he sometimes learns more ‘by reading newspapers’
29 November 2022 big polluters given almost €100bn in free carbon permits by EU: 29 November 2022: Big polluting industries have been given almost €100bn in free carbon permits by the EU in the last nine years, according to an analysis by the WWF. The free allowances are 'in direct contradiction with the polluter pays principle', the group said.

EU Directorate-General for Competition: Directorate-General for Competition, responsible for establishing and implementing a coherent competition policy for the European Union, having a dual role in antitrust enforcement, an investigative role and a decision-making role - European Commissioner for Competition
July 2018 Google hit with a landmark €4.34bn fine by the EU over 'serious illegal behaviour': 18 July 2018: Google has been hit with a landmark €4.34bn fine by the EU over 'serious illegal behaviour' to secure the dominance of its search engine on mobile phones since 2011

Budget of the European Union: Budget of the European Union
21 February 2020 EU budget summit collapses: 21 February 2020: EU summit collapses as leaders struggle to fill €75bn Brexit hole, as states deeply divided over budget and as big contributors reject plan for them to pay more
Taxation in the European Union: Taxation in the European Union
15/16 July 2020 EU commission proposing measures to contribute to Europe's recovery and growth: 15/16 July 2020: European Commission presents its new Tax Package proposing measures to contribute to Europe's recovery and growth

Common Agricultural Policy of the EU: Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union implements a system of agricultural subsidies and other programmes - Agriculture and Fisheries Council composed of the agriculture and fisheries ministers of the 27 European Union member states
Since 1958 EU Commissioner for Agriculture: Since 1958EU Commissioner for Agriculture
Since 1956 timeline of EU agricultural policy: Timeline of EU agricultural policy since 1956 - Objectives and sectors covered by the CAP
Since 2014 reformed common agricultural policy: Since 2014 reformed common agricultural policy
2015 French protest against against cheap imports: 27 July 2015: Demonstrations of French farmers against cheap imports and falling prices prevent over 400 trucks from bringing in agricultural goods from Germany and Spain as president insists government is 'by their side'
Common Fisheries Policy of the EU: Common Fisheries Policy of the EU
December 2019 with new EU-commission fish populations will continue to be over-exploited: 18 December 2019: With new EU-commission, Europe’s fish populations will continue to be over-exploited despite a longstanding 2020 deadline for setting fishing quotas at sustainable levels, after ministers from across the EU forced through higher limits than scientists advised
18 January 2021 NGOs demand action not promises as EU accused of ‘failing to protect seas’: 18 January 2021: A coalition of NGOs is calling for an urgent ban on destructive bottom trawling in EU marine protected areas, after the failure of member states to defend seas, as proposed ban is part of a 10-point action plan to 'raise the bar' to achieve biodiversity targets, which they say will not be met by current promises, such as last year’s high-profile pledge by world leaders at the UN summit on biodiversity in New York to reverse nature loss by 2030
Regional policy of the EU: Regional policy of the European Union

European Commissioner for Energy: European Commissioner for Energy
Energy policy of the European Union: Energy policy of the European Union
Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union: Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union
2 May 2022 Commissioner for Energy Kadri Simson announced detailed explanations of sanctions regime: 2 May 2022: The European Commission considers payment in rubles for Russian gas a violation of the sanctions regime, but in the coming days it will provide EU firms with detailed explanations on how to proceed. This was announced by the European Commissioner for Energy Kadri Simson.

History of the euro, European Central Bank, European Stability Mechanism and Banking Union: History of the euro - The European Central Bank is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 18 EU member states - The Eurogroup meeting of the finance ministers of the eurozone exercises political control over the currency and related aspects of the EU's monetary union such as the Stability and Growth Pact - Eurozone
The European System of Central Banks is composed of the European Central Bank and the national central banks of all 28 European Union Member States
2012 European Stability Mechanism: European Stability Mechanism since 2012 - 2012 Banking Union in the EU is the transfer of responsibility for banking policy from the national to the EU level, initiated in 2012 as a response to the Eurozone crisis
2010-2012: 30 June 2015: Only a small fraction of the €240bn total bailout money Greece received in 2010 and 2012 found its way into the government’s coffers to soften the blow of the 2008 financial crash and fund reform programmes, as most of the money went to the banks that lent Greece funds before the crash
2014: 19 August 2014: The Single Resolution Mechanism implements in participating Member States the EU's Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive, the framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms found to be in danger of failing - 4 November 2014: Single Supervisory Mechanism, granting the European Central Bank a supervisory role to monitor the financial stability of banks based in participating states, starting from 4 November 2014
2015 support of Greece: 19 June 2015: ECB staves off collapse of Greek banking system with emergency funding, as Greece's PM Tsipras sides with Putin regime in Moscow for financial support, saying 'we are ready to go to new seas to reach new safe ports' - 6 July: ECB decides to maintain the emergency liquidity assistance keeping Greek banks afloat at the level set on June 26 adjusting the collateral demanded from Greek banks in return for the assistance - 16 July: ECB hands Greece extra €900m in emergency funds as eurozone finance ministers scramble to assemble €7bn bridging finance to keep Greek economy afloat
2018 European Central Bank's Ilmars Rimsevics bribery allegation: 19 February 2018: The reputation of the European Central Bank is under the spotlight after the detention of its policymaker Ilmars Rimsevics over bribery allegation, who is questioned on charge relating to bank accused of doing business with North Korea
Banking in the European Union: Banking in the European Union
European Investment Bank: European Investment Bank
Since 1991 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development since 1991
2010-2012: 30 June 2015: Only a small fraction of the €240bn total bailout money Greece received in 2010 and 2012 found its way into the government’s coffers to soften the blow of the 2008 financial crash and fund reform programmes, as most of the money went to the banks that lent Greece funds before the crash
July 2015: 2 July 2015: Lidl supermarket chain owned by one of Germany’s wealthiest families given almost $1bn in public development funding over past decade by World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and others as it expands into eastern Europe
June 2017: 18 June 2017: Though hard Brexit may exempt UK, banks, accountants and law firms that facilitate offshore tax schemes face a Europe-wide crackdown, according to a leak of draft legislation by the European commission
25 November 2020 EU 'did not properly consider conflicts of interest' over BlackRock contract: 25 November 2020: EU 'did not properly consider conflicts of interest' over BlackRock, the world’s largest investor, contract, as hiring of investor to advise on environmental regulation for banks looked into by watchdog

Since 2017 European Public Prosecutor's Office EPPO, an independent body of the EU established under the Treaty of Lisbon between 22 of the 27 states of the EU following the method of enhanced cooperation, based in Luxembourg City's Kirchberg, alongside the Court of Justice CJEU and the European Court of Auditors - EU Deputy European Chief Prosecutors website
20 October 2021 EPPO coordinated operation against suspected criminal organisation and tax evasion: 20 October 2021: EPPO coordinated an operation where law enforcement authorities carried out searches, arrests and seizures worth more than €13 million in Germany, Italy and Bulgaria. The 10 arrested people are suspected of forming a criminal organisation and evading taxes
23 October 2021: EU’s chief prosecutor Kovesi discusses how the bloc protects its financial interests: 23 October 2021: European Union’s first Chief Prosecutor Laura Kovesi discusses how the bloc protects its financial interests and tackles financial crime, talking to Al Jazeera

Social movements and protests in the European Union
Since 2000: Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000
2003: 15 February 2003 Anti-War Protest was a coordinated day of protests across the world in which people in more than 600 cities expressing opposition to the imminent Iraq War, some of the largest protests took place in Europe
2011: 2011 'Occupy Wall Street' locations worldwide - 15. Oktober 2011: 'Occupy Wall Street' kommt nach Europa (Deutschland, England, Frankreich, Italien, Schweiz, Spanien)
2012: 11 February 2012: Tens of thousands in co-ordinated protests across Europe opposing a controversial 'anti-piracy' agreement - 12 February 2012: Europeans in many countries protest against controversial EU internet pact 'ACTA' - 26. Februar 2012: Erneut Demonstrationen von Zehntausenden in ganz Europa gegen 'ACTA' - 19 May 2012: 20.000 march at Frankfurt 'Occupy' protest rally - 14 November 2012: General strikes in Spain and Portugal will spearhead the day of action called by European unions and joined by activists as anger over governments' tight-fisted policies boils over - 14 November: Workers across the European Union have staged a series of protests and strikes against rising unemployment and spending cuts
2013: 27 February 2013: French writer (Occupy movement), diplomat, member of the French resistance during World War II and concentration camp survivor, Stéphane Hessel has died at the age of 95 - 1 June 2013: Thousands protest Europe crisis in Madrid on Saturday in a string of demonstrations across Europe
2015: 13 September 2015: Tens of thousands of Europeans hit the streets in several countries on Saturday to show solidarity with huge numbers of refugees entering the continent amid the international refugee and migrant crisis - 10 October 2015: Hundreds of thousands of people marched in Berlin on Saturday to oppose planned free trade deal TTIP between the EU and the USA that is claimed to be anti-democratic and to threaten food safety and environmental standards, smaller protests were also held in other EU cities, including Amsterdam - 19 October 2015: Thousands of people demonstrated in the capitals of France, Spain and Italy on Sunday in solidarity with Israel, as the wave of violence in Israel and the Palestinian territories continued unabated - 19 December: Marking International Migrants Day, Greeks and migrants took to the streets of Athens calling on European leaders to stop erecting fences and to open the borders for refugees and migrants fleeing countries torn by war and poverty
2016: 28 February 2016: Protests against Russian aggression in Ukraine in European countries France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain have taken place on 28 February 2016, two years after Russian regime forces began their invasion of Crimea - 19 March: Thousands of people marched in London, Athens, Barcelona, Vienna, Amsterdam and several Swiss cities voicing their support for refugees and migrants on Saturday, the day after the EU and Turkey sealed a deal designed to tackle the international refugee and migrant crisis - 24 mars 2016: Plus de 200 membres d'ONG et associations d'aides aux réfugiés ont manifesté jeudi sur l'île de Lesbos devant le hotspot de Moria contre sa transformation en centre de détention pour les réfugiés et migrants, dans le cadre de l'accord UE-Ankara - 18 April 2016: Thousands of people, including victims and their families, walked through central Brussels on Sunday in a 'march against terror and hate', almost one month after 'Islamic State' terrorists' attacks
October 2016: 5 October 2016: Demonstrators gathered in Brussels near the headquarters of the EU Council and the European Commission to protest against the brutal attacks by the Assad and Russian forces on the liberated areas in Syria, especially in Aleppo, calling for saving Aleppo and stopping the indiscriminate bombardment of civilians, slamming the international community’s 'dubious' silence over the continued bombing and mass forced displacement of civilians by the Assad regime and its allies - 22 octobre 2016: Quelque 6000 personnes ont manifesté ce samedi à Amsterdam contre le CETA et pour déclarer leur soutien à la Wallonie
December 2016: 14 December 2016: Protests and vigils were held in cities across the world including Ankara, Beirut, Istanbul and Paris on Tuesday and Wednesday to show solidarity with civilians in eastern Aleppo and to denounce the international community’s inaction over the atrocious crimes being committed against civilians by the Assad regime and its Hezbollah, Iranian and Russian allies - 15 December 2016: Global outcry condemns Russian regime for Aleppo tragedy, as condemnation of the Syrian dictator Assad and his allies Russia and Iran has intensified in capitals across Europe including Berlin, where after all hundreds have demonstrated blaming Russian regime and its support of Assad for the unfolding tragedy - 18 December: Doctors, nurses and medics have staged a protest outside Parliament in London against Russian, Iranian and Assad's attacks on their professional colleagues trying to save lives in Syria as thousands of people in Germany and in France were protesting against Assad's ongoing war in Syria
2017: 5 February 2017: From London and Paris to New York and Washington, thousands of people took to the streets to protest USA president Trump’s travel ban amid a fierce legal battle over the order
December 2017: 7 December 2017: Nearly 50,000 people marched through the European quarter of Brussels on Thursday night in support of Catalan independence and the region’s ousted president Carles Puigdemont, who has avoided arrest in Spain by taking refuge in Belgium - 17 December 2017: Ahead of International Migrants Day on 18 December and calling for more facilities to accommodate asylum seekers, migrant charities, rights advocates and concerned citizens marched along the French Riviera, also calling on authorities to allow migrants to enter France from Italy - 31 December 2017: Iranian regime opponents held demonstrations Saturday in France and Germany to show support for opposition groups who have held rallies inside their country in recent days
February 2018 protests against Assad's Rif Dimashq bombing campaign: 23 February 2018: Demonstrations were held in European cities and capitals to show solidarity with the people of the Damascus suburb of eastern Ghouta which is under a ferocious bombing campaign by regime forces who are backed by Russian air force
March 2018: 2 March 2018: Tens of thousands of Slovaks marched in a national rally to honor journalist Jan Kuciak and his girlfriend, who were shot dead as Kuciak was working on a story about the influence of the Italian mafia in Slovakia, as similar marches were being held in some 25 towns and cities across the country and in cities abroad, including London, Paris and Brussels
May 2018: 29 May 2018: Critics note that protest includes no mention of the nearly 4,000 Palestinians who have died in the Syrian conflict since 2011, mostly at the hands of Assad and his allies in their war against the Syrian people, as demonstrators outside the meeting place in Brussels of EU foreign ministers protest deaths, including many Israelis, related to hostilities between Israel and Palestinians since 2008
August 2018: 10 August 2018: Almost 400 Ryanair flights scheduled for Friday have been grounded because of pilot strikes, as employees in Ireland, Germany, Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands are staging a 24-hour walkout over pay and conditions
November 2018: 24 November 2018: Tens of thousands of people rallied across Europe on Saturday protesting violence against women, with more than 30,000 turning out in Paris
6 December 2018 people protesting Belgian and Dutch tradition of 'Black Pete' turning their backs to a holiday parade: 6 December 2020: People protesting the Dutch tradition of 'Black Pete' turn their backs to a holiday parade in the Netherlands, when on the Dutch St. Nicholas holiday parades are organized in which the saint 'Sinterklass' arrives to hand out candy and gifts, as these parades have taken on an increasingly political - and violent - tone because of Santa’s traditional blackface sidekick, and as growing number of Netherlanders who are protesting the tradition of St. Nicholas’ notorious assistant, however, have faced increasing pushback, when this year white supremacists raised Nazi salutes at the Sinterklass parade in Hoorn and flew neo-Nazi flags at the one in Zaandijk, and when in Eindhoven an estimated 250 white extremists chanted racist slogans and threw eggs and beer cans at people peacefully protesting the parade
8/9 February 2019: 9 February 2019: Several thousand supporters of an exiled Iranian opposition group marched through Paris on Friday, calling for an end to Iran’s clerical regime 40 years after the regime's seizure of power and months after European authorities thwarted regime-backed plot to bomb event
March 2019: 30 March 2019: Irish people took part in a number of demonstrations on the Irish border along a number of border crossing points in Counties Cavan, Donegal, Fermanagh, Louth, Monaghan and Tyrone in opposition to Brexit, also setting up a mock checkpoint in Carrickcarnon, which was manned by protesters dressed as customs officers and carrying anti-Brexit placards and EU flags
July 2019 Syrian refugees hunger strike: 5 July 2019: More Syrian refugees in Europe are joining a hunger strike, as activists gathered in Paris on Thursday, holding signs that demonstrated solidarity with the victims of the Assad regime and Russian brutal bombing campaign, and as French government itself is involved in the July 2019 Tajoura migrant center massacre and airstrikes by warlord Haftar's forces, backed by Egypt, France, Russia and the United Arab Emirates
20 July 2019 protest against neo-Nazi party in Kassel: 20 July 2019: Thousands of people have staged a counterprotest against a planned demonstration by a neo-Nazi party in Kassel, several weeks after the murder of Walter Lübcke, one of the city's prominent pro-migrant politicians
31 May 2020 demonstrators rally in Europe's Denmark, Germany and UK to protest against racism and USA police brutality: 31 May 2020: After USA protesters' anger and concern over the racist killing of African-American George Floyd by a white police officer in Minnesota has resonated in European countries, demonstrators rally in Europe's Denmark, chanting 'No justice, no peace', and Germany, saying 'Justice can't wait' and 'Black lives matter', and UK to protest against racism and police brutality, despite social distancing rules, in solidarity with USA protesters
7 June 2020 thousands rally in Europe against racism, police brutality: 7 June 2020: Thousands rally against racism and police brutality in Barcelona, Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris and Rome and more cities on Sunday in support of the 'Black Lives Matter' movement, which has drawn large protests around the world including Europe, in a sign that the movement against USA police brutality is resonating in Africa, North and South America, Asia, Australia and Europe with wider calls over addressing racism in different countries, as messaging technology is helping fuel global protests
18 October 2020 anti-terrorism protests in France: 18 octobre 2020: Des milliers de personnes demandant 'liberté d’expression, liberté d’enseigner' étaient rassemblées dimanche sur la place de la République à Paris pour rendre hommage à Samuel Paty, le professeur d’histoire décapité vendredi en région parisienne, tandis que plusieurs villes françaises sont le théâtre de manifestations ce dimanche en mémoire de l’enseignant assassiné vendredi par un réfugié russe de 18 ans
10 October 2021 thousands march in Brussels to demand climate justice ahead of the UN climate summit: 10 October 2021: Thousands of protesters have taken to the streets in Brussels to demand bolder action in fighting climate change at the United Nations climate summit starting later this month
7 November 2021 protests in Glasgow, London, Amsterdam, Paris, Dublin, Copenhagen, Zurich and Istanbul: 7 November 2021: Tens of thousands of climate activists have marched through the Scottish city hosting the UN COP26 climate summit, physically close to the global negotiators inside, as frustrated marchers in Glasgow on Saturday are increasingly dismissive of the talks and demand immediate action instead to slow global warming, as similar protests were held in London, Amsterdam, Paris, Dublin, Copenhagen, Zurich and Istanbul, and as many of the marchers condemned government leaders for failing to produce the fast action they say is needed
20/21 March 2022 thousands of people demonstrating in Berlin for war-torn Ukraine: 20/21 March 2022: Thousands of people were demonstrating in front of the Brandenburg Gate for war-torn Ukraine, as Natalia Klitschko, the wife of the Ukrainian mayor Vitali Klitschko, made a musical contribution with 'Sound of peace', saying Ukraine is currently fighting for all people, 'for world peace' and 'only together we create peace'
27 March 2022 over 1,000 choirs in towns, cities across the world sang out to call for peace in Ukraine: 27 March 2022: More than 1,000 local choirs in towns and cities across the world sang out in unison on Sunday to call for peace in Ukraine, as the event, run by Spanish organisation Choirs for Peace, saw groups in countries including Spain, Portugal, Britain, Italy and Mexico livestreamed on YouTube as they sang together
1 May 2022 rallies on May Day held across Europe to honour workers, call for peace: 1 May 2022: May Day rallies held across Europe to honour workers, call for peace
25 February 2023 thousands gathered in Brussels to protest Russian invasion of Ukraine: 25 February 2023: One year and one day after Russia's Putin regime launched its war in Ukraine, thousands took to the streets of Brussels to protest the invasion and show solidarity with the Ukrainian people in an action organised by Promote Ukraine, the Association of Ukrainian Women in Belgium and the Belgian committee of the European Solidarity Network with Ukraine
16 March 2024 climate activists across Europe block access to North Sea oil infrastructure: 16 March 2024: Climate activists in four countries are blocking access to North Sea oil infrastructure as part of a coordinated pan-European civil disobedience protest. Blockades have been taking place at oil and gas terminals, refineries and ports in Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, in protest at the continued exploitation of North Sea fossil fuel deposits. Further actions were expected in Denmark, while in Scotland activists staged banner drops calling for an end to the exploitation of North Sea oil and gas. The protest comes in the same week a report found none of the big fossil fuel producing countries in the region had plans to stop drilling soon enough to meet the 1.5C global heating target set by the 2015 Paris climate accords.

European Union law is a body of treaties and legislation, such as Regulations and Directives, which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of member states of the European Union - Law enforcement in Europe - Judiciary of the European Union - Relationship between the European Court of Justice and European Court of Human Rights - European Union and the International Criminal Court
Primacy of European Union law: Primacy of European Union law, an EU law principle that when there is conflict between European law and the law of Member States, European law prevails, the norms of national law have to be set aside - Conflict of laws
Schengen Information System: Schengen Information System
EU Directorate-General for Competition: Directorate-General for Competition, responsible for establishing and implementing a coherent competition policy for the European Union, having a dual role in antitrust enforcement, an investigative role and a decision-making role - European Commissioner for Competition
2017: 24 July 2017: Germany's largest car maker Volkswagen AG has asked Europe's antitrust watchdog to scrutinize decades of coordination efforts by the country's main auto manufacturers amid growing concern they might have breached antitrust regulations
Anti-fraud Office in Europe: European Anti-fraud Office
2015: 3 June 2015: European Anti-Fraud Office says it received 1,417 allegations of fraud in 2014 and recommended that the EU tries to claw back 900 million euros lost because of suspected fraud
2018: 5 January 2018: Secret report by the EU’s antifraud office calls on EU officials in Brussels to take 'appropriate measures' over a farm and hotel owned by Czech PM Andrej Babiš’s Agrofert and alleged 'irregularities'
Data protection in the EU and Europe:
Since 1995/1998 Data Protection Directive: Since 1995/1998 Data Protection Directive is a EU directive which regulates the processing of personal data within the EU and an important component of EU privacy and human rights law - National data protection authorities are authorities tasked with information privacy. In the European Union and the EFTA member countries their status was formalized by the Data Protection Directive - List of national data protection authorities in the European Economic Area, Europe and some other countries
Since 1996 'Article 29 Working Party' advisory body: Since 1996 Article 29 Working Party, an advisory body made up of a representative from the data protection authority of each EU Member State, the European Data Protection Supervisor and the European Commission
Since 2004 European Data Protection Supervisor: Since 2004 European Data Protection Supervisor, an independent supervisory authority whose primary objective is to ensure that European institutions and bodies respect the right to privacy and data protection when they process personal data and develop new policies - EU Commission Data Protection Officer is a position in the European Commission responsible for independently ensuring the application of data protection
Since 2016/2018 General Data Protection Regulation: Since 2016/2018 General Data Protection Regulation, a regulation in EU law on data protection and privacy for all individuals within the EU and the European Economic Area, also addressing the export of personal data outside the EU and EEA, aiming primarily to give control to citizens and residents over their personal data and to simplify the regulatory environment for international business by unifying the regulation within the EU - Comité européen de la protection des données, établie 2018

Since 2017 European Public Prosecutor's Office EPPO, an independent body of the EU established under the Treaty of Lisbon between 22 of the 27 states of the EU following the method of enhanced cooperation, based in Luxembourg City's Kirchberg, alongside the Court of Justice CJEU and the European Court of Auditors - EU Deputy European Chief Prosecutors website
20 October 2021 EPPO coordinated operation against suspected criminal organisation and tax evasion: 20 October 2021: EPPO coordinated an operation where law enforcement authorities carried out searches, arrests and seizures worth more than €13 million in Germany, Italy and Bulgaria. The 10 arrested people are suspected of forming a criminal organisation and evading taxes
23 October 2021: EU’s chief prosecutor Kovesi discusses how the bloc protects its financial interests: 23 October 2021: European Union’s first Chief Prosecutor Laura Kovesi discusses how the bloc protects its financial interests and tackles financial crime, talking to Al Jazeera

European Court of Justice - Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union - List of members of the European Court of Justice
List of European Court of Justice rulings: List of European Court of Justice rulings by subject - Court of Justice of the European Union case law
July 2012: 12. Juli 2012: Der Europäische Gerichtshof hat in einem wegweisenden Urteil die Rechte von Bauern und kleinen Agrargemeinschaften gegenüber internationalen Saatgutkonzernen gestärkt
April 2014: 8 April 2014: EU Court of Justice rejects requirement to keep data of telecom users and declares the Data Retention Directive invalid
October 2015: 6 October 2015: USA digital data storage systems do not provide sufficient privacy from state surveillance, the European court of justice has ruled
March 2017: 14 March 2017: Employers may bar staff from wearing visible religious symbols, the European Court of Justice rules in its first decision on the issue of women wearing Islamic headscarves at work, saying that ban on visible wearing of political, philosophical or religious sign does not constitute direct discrimination
July 2017: 26 July 2017: European court of justice rules that the Palestinian Islamist movement Hamas should remain on the EU terrorism blacklist, finds that the lower court's 2014 ruling was based on media reports, not legal reasoning, and refers the case back
July 2017: 28 July 2017: European court of justice has ordered Poland to immediately halt large-scale logging in the ancient, protected and Unesco-listed Bialowieza forest, one of many cases that has pitted the nationalist, eurosceptic government in Warsaw against the bloc
September 2017: 6 September 2017: EU's Court of Justice has dismisses complaints by Slovakia and Hungary about EU migration policy, dealing a blow to the Hungarian PM Orbán and his allies in central Europe over the bitterly contested policy of refugee quotas
May 2018: 17 May 2018: The European Commission sent six countries, including Germany, France and the UK, to Europe’s highest court ECJ for breaching EU standards for nitrogen dioxide limits and for failing to meet EU air quality standards, in a long-running process of crimes, denials and shady tricks
2 April 2020 Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland broke EU law by refusing to comply with refugee quota program: 2 April 2020: The EU’s top court ruled that the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland broke EU law by refusing to comply with a refugee quota program launched after well over a million refugees and migrants entered the bloc, most fleeing war in Syria and Iraq, as failure of nations to take part in a burden-sharing measure meant to help EU partners in distress was at the heart of one of the bloc’s biggest political crises, and the issue of immigration then became a major vote-winner for far-right parties
6 October 2020 ECJ ruled Hungarian changes to education law not in line with EU law but decision too late to save university’s presence: 6 October 2020: European court of justice, the EU’s highest court, has ruled that changes by Hungary to its law on higher education, which effectively forced a university founded by George Soros to leave the country, were not in line with EU law, as philanthropist hails ‘victory’ but says court’s decision too late to save university’s presence in Budapest

General Court EGC, a constituent court of the Court of Justice of the European Union, hearing actions taken against the institutions of the European Union by individuals and member states, although certain matters are reserved for the European Court of Justice, decisions of the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice, but only on a point of law

Foreign relations of the European Union - History of colonialism - Emigration from Europe - Asylum in the European Union - Immigration to Europe - Illegal immigration to Europe
2014-2018 World War I centenary: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - 14 January 2014: Diaries from British soldiers describing life on the frontline during World War One are being published online by the British National Archives - 16 January 2014: How countries across Europe will mark centenary - 26 June 2014: Ahead of a summit in Brussels European prime ministers and presidents attend first world war ceremony in Ypres joining a minute of silence at the Menin Gate to remember the millions who died in the war - 5 August 2014: European politicians in the industrial town of Liege commemorated the 100th anniversary of the beginning of World War I by warning of lessons to be learned in the face of today's many crises, including Ukraine
2014-2020 World War II 75th Anniversary Commemoration: 75 years later the British website 'World War II Today' continues to follow the war through to August 1945 - Aftermath of World War II - Aftermath of World War II by country - Aftermath of the Holocaust - Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe by country
Since 1985 history of the anthem of the EU and the Council of Europe: Since 1985 history of the anthem of the European Union and the Council of Europe - Beethoven's musical representation of universal brotherhood based on the joyful march 'Ode to Joy', as human voice is presented for the first time in Ludwig van Beethoven's choral symphony op. 125 - composed 1822-1824 - with a sung text written by Beethoven himself 'O Freunde, nicht diese Töne! Sondern laßt uns angenehmere anstimmen, und freudenvollere.'
May/June French and Dutch rejection of proposed EU constitution, as 18 member states voted 'yes' until then: 2004-2007 National processes in EU countries concerning the proposed EU constitution to establish community's ability to act, as in May 2005 a majority of the French people rejected the Constitution by margin of 55% to 45% on a turnout of 69%, and on 1 June, a majority of the Dutch people rejected the constitution by a margin of 61% to 39% on a turnout of 62%, after 18 member states voted 'yes' until then
July 2007 MEPs defy member states on EU symbols after proposed new EU treaty failed: 11 July 2007: After proposed new EU treaty failed, MEPs defy member states on EU symbols, as European Parliament is considering flying the EU flag and playing the EU anthem more often in its own buildings as part of a political message to member states who have scrapped the union's symbols from the proposed new EU treaty.
2011-2018 the West failed to prevent one Syrian chemical attack after another: 8 April 2018: Haaretz' Anshel Pfeffer describes how the West failed to prevent one Syrian chemical attack after another, saying that in the history of war, no war crime has been so well documented and so predictable to those who had it in their power to prevent it from recurring
October 2019 EU people see overseas aid as 'a major priority': 23 October 2019: Results from Eurobarometer, the EU’s polling organisation, found that almost 90% of people thought helping people in developing countries should be a priority of the EU and national governments, as also two-thirds of British people see overseas aid as 'a major priority'
4 March 2020 Europe must stand with Turkey over Putin’s war crimes in Syria: 4 March 2020: Europe must stand with Turkey over Putin’s war crimes in Syria, as focusing on the refugee crisis Russia has created addresses symptoms not the cause, George Soros writes in the 'Financial Times'
12 March 2022 the misery of war in in the month of March in Europe in 2022 AD: 12 mars 2022: Verrouillage de l’avancée russe vers Odessa, la ville de Mykolaïv a tenu tête aux forces russes repoussées au bord, mais les morts sont de plus en plus nombreux. Civils ou militaires, Russes et Ukrainiens, plus d’une centaine de corps ont été transportés à la morgue depuis le début de la guerre. Ils s’entassent dans toutes les pièces. Des parents viennent chercher leurs enfants morts au combat. - Name of March comes from Martius, the first month of the earliest Roman calendar, named after 'Mars', the Roman god of war, and never joyful as the month of´'March' may be. Month Martius was the beginning of the season for warfare, remaining the first month of the Roman calendar year perhaps before becoming the third month, when 'July' (named after Julius Caesar 46 BC) and 'August' (named after emperor Augustus in 8 BC) were recorded in the chronometry and in the history of the calendar
Foreign trade of the EU: List of the largest trading partners of the European Union
1 July 2020 petrol sold to Nigeria from Europe 'dirtier' than black market 'bush' fuel: 1 July 2020: Black market fuel made from stolen oil in rudimentary 'bush' refineries hidden deep in the creeks and swamps of the Niger delta is less polluting than the highly toxic diesel and petrol that Europe exports to Nigeria, new laboratory analysis has found, as Shell, Exxon, Chevron and other major oil companies extract and export up to 2m barrels a day of high quality, and as international dealers export to Nigeria around 900,000 tonnes a year of low-grade, 'dirty' fuel, made in Dutch, Belgian and other European refineries
31 December 2020 Brexit consequences and questions for Africa: 31 December 2020: Africanews takes a look at Brexit consequences and questions for Africa
European Union free trade agreements: Traité de libre-échange signé par l'Union européenne - Accord de libre-échange de l'Union européenne et accords en cours - Accord de libre-échange de l'Union européenne et accords en cours de négociation
European Union free trade agreements, negotiations concluded, but not signed: European Union free trade agreements, negotiations concluded, but not signed
June 2019 European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement: June 2019 European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement, a free trade agreement on which the EU and Mercosur reached agreement in principle in 2019, announced at the 2019 G20 Osaka summit after twenty years of negotiations
Third-country relations of the EU: Third-country relations of the European Union
List of diplomatic missions of the EU and European External Action Service since 2010: List of diplomatic missions of the European Union - Since 2010 European External Action Service - European External Action Service (Website) - News service and press releases
European Union/Afghanistan relations: European Union/Afghanistan relations
Since 2001 EU's military involvement in Afghanistan: Since 2001 military involvement in Afghanistan by EU member states, as 25 of the EU members contribute to the 43-nation NATO-led ISAF mission, also making a considerable contribution in other areas
Since June 2016 UK's withdrawal from the EU, also following centuries of UK's Asia invasions: United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union following June 2016 referendum - 1839 to 1842 British East India Company's invasion of Afghanistan, the 'First Anglo-Afghan War'
2016 EU and Afghan government agreement: 3 October 2016: The EU has signed an agreement with the Afghan government allowing its member states to deport an unlimited number of the country’s asylum seekers, and obliging the Afghan government to receive them
September 2019 EU says Afghanistan needs democratic leadership: 8 September 2019: EU's special envoy for Afghanistan said presidential elections must be held in the country this month as Afghanistan needs a political leadership that has received a renewed democratic mandate from its citizens, amid rising number of Taliban terror attacks in the summer 2019
1 May 2021 car bomb kills students and more citizens as USA starts farewell of its remaining forces: 1 May 2021: At least 21 people have been killed and nearly 100 wounded after a car bomb exploded in the Afghan city Pul-e-Alam south of the capital - targeting a guesthouse where dozens of people were living – including university students, causing widespread damage in the area, including to a hospital and residential houses -, that president Ashraf Ghani has blamed on the Taliban, as people were breaking their Ramadan fast and came together, timed with the eve of the formal start of the USA’s withdrawal from Afghanistan, now beginning with a murderous attack amid the farewell of USA's remaining forces - 30 April 2021 Puli Alam bombing, after violence in Afghanistan escalated during spring 2021, and aftermath
20 August 2021 Spain offers itself as hub for Afghans who collaborated with EU: 20 August 2021: Spain offers itself as hub for Afghans who collaborated with EU, as evacuees who have worked with EU institutions will arrive in Spain and then be settled in various countries
21 August 2021 desperation deepened around Kabul's airport with evacuation operations in chaos: 21 August 2021: Desperation deepened around Kabul's airport on Saturday with evacuation operations in chaos and USA President Joe Biden warning he could not predict the outcome of one of the 'most difficult airlifts in history', as - six days after the Taliban took back power in Afghanistan - the flow of people trying to flee their feared hardline Islamist rule continued to overwhelm the international community
21 August 2021 Greece extends border wall to deter Afghans trying to reach Europe: 21 August 2021: Greece extends border wall to deter Afghans trying to reach Europe, as surveillance system also installed at fence bordering Turkey as Greek ministers vow to turn back refugees
21 August 2021 aiding Afghans a 'moral duty' despite European fears of migrant influx, EU says: 21 August 2021: Aiding Afghans a 'moral duty' despite European fears of migrant influx according to EU, France24 reports
22 desperate Afghans and USA's, EU's warnings of 'security threats' and 'impossibity to evacuate everyone': 22 August 2021: Tens of thousands of Afghans were racing Sunday to flee their country as USA warned of security threats at Kabul's chaotic airport and the EU said it was 'impossible' to evacuate everyone at risk from the Taliban - 22 August 2021: Europe fears Afghan refugee crisis after Taliban takeover, as - following the 2015 refugee crisis fuelled by Assad's, Iranian and Putin regime's war against the Syrian people - European leaders seek to avoid influx of Afghans
26 August 2021 freedom and hunan rights proclaiming governments warnings of ‘imminent’ terror attack: 26 August 2021: Freedom and hunan rights proclaiming governments' warnings of ‘imminent’ terror attack as evacuations enter final phase, as 'United Kingdom' and 'United States of America' warn of credible reports of an attack now including 'Islamic State' terrorist threat, as Danish minister says it’s no longer safe to fly, former colonial empire France says evacuations will end Friday ('vendredi', 'Freitag'). as UK warns Afghans to avoid Kabul airport due to terrorist attack threat, as Greece will not be ‘gateway’ to Europe for Afghans, as Australian citizen beaten by Taliban while trying to flee Afghanistan, as UK's homeland citizens of Afghan origin being overlooked in airlift, claim lawyers, the British 'Guardian' reports live
31 August 2021 Afghanistan’s neighbours offered millions to harbour refugees as bordering states urged to temporarily take in Afghans bound for Europe and USA: 31 August 2021: Countries neighbouring Afghanistan have been offered millions in aid if they are prepared to temporarily harbour tens of thousands of refugees, prior to security checks clearing them for transit to Europe and the USA, but Pakistan and other bordering states have warned they will not take more refugees permanently
1 September 2021 Afghan sports journalist Nargis Anwari exiled like hundreds of other Aghans in France: 1 September 2021: Afghan sports journalist Nargis Anwari exiled like hundreds of other Aghans in France, after Taliban took control of the country - 1 September 2021: Afghanistan pullout spurs EU to revive rapid reaction force and need for 'autonomous' EU military force, according to senior EU officials
2 September 2021 North Macedonia, Albania and Kosovo agreed to USA proposal to serve as transit countries for Afghan refugees: 2 September 2021: North Macedonia and its neighbours Albania and Kosovo have agreed to a proposal by USA President Joe Biden's administration to serve as transit countries for Afghan refugees whose final destination is the USA - 2 September 2021: Greece completes defensive wall on border with Turkey to stop asylum seekers
8 October 2021 Afghan female MPs, now in exile and planing to relocate to the West, pledge to work for women’s rights: 8 October 2021: Afghan MPs, in exile, pledge to work for women’s rights, as female legislators forced to flee following the Taliban’s takeover in August - and after being evacuated from Afghanistan in the past several weeks with the help of two non-governmental organisations, Melissa Network and Human Rights 360 - arrive in Greece as they plan to relocate to the West
15 October 2021 EU, fearful of refugee crisis, delays response on Afghan asylum: 15 October 2021: EU, fearful of refugee crisis, delays response on Afghan asylum, as migration and human rights experts call on the EU to deliver a more proactive and unified response on Afghan asylum, as security, political and economic crisis in the country deepens amid terror attacks
European Union/Africa and the Middle East relations: European Union/Africa and the Middle East relations - The EU's relations with Africa
May 2020 remains of a modern human 45,000 years old found in the Balkans: 13 May 2020: Remains of a modern human 45,000 years old found in the Balkans show our ancestors coexisted with Neanderthals in Europe for around 8,000 years, as fragments found in a cave in Bulgaria prove that modern humans reached Europe some 5,000 years earlier than previously thought
9 December 2020 'Africa and Europe must unite against covid-19' as vaccines and reducing public debt are key issues: 9 December 2020: Africa and Europe must unite against the covid-19 pandemic, as vaccines and reducing public debt are the key issues that European Union and African Union leaders will discuss at a virtual meeting Wednesday ahead of next year's 6th summit postponed in light of the covid-19 pandemic
18 January 2021 Sweden's armed unit ready for disposal by 31 December 2021 of special forces Task Force Takuba: 18 January 2021: Sweden's government has decided to make an armed unit ready for disposal by 31 December 2021, following a request by Mali for a contribution to the multinational special forces Task Force Takuba in Mali, also able to operate on Niger territory following a request by Niger, as Sweden’s participation together with other nations is part of the commitment to promote security in Mali
16 February 2021 summit of G5 Sahel as France has no immediate plans to adjust its military presence in Africa's Sahel: 16 February 2021: France has no immediate plans to adjust its military presence in Africa's Sahel region, and any changes will depend on other countries contributing troops, president Macron told a news conference speaking after virtual summit of G5 Sahel countries
16 February 2021 Chad will send 1,200 troops to combat jihadists in a flashpoint Sahel border zone: 16 February 2021: Chad will send 1,200 troops to combat jihadists in a flashpoint Sahel border zone, its president said Monday, as France looks to reduce its longstanding military presence in the vast, volatile region, and as Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and France are holding talks on the future of their campaign against insurgencies raging in the Sahel
17 February 2021 kidnapping children and pressure on Nigeria's government: 17 February 2021: Kidnappings became frequent in Nigeria, because kidnapping children close to the federal capital territory sends a strong signal to Nigeria's government showing how much power terrorist groups have acquired, according to 'africanews'
16 May 2021 ahead of 'Summit on Financing African Economies': 16 May 2021: African and European leaders, as well as heads of multilateral lenders and institutions, will meet in Paris on Tuesday to try to find new solutions to financing Africa's development needs, in a 'Summit on Financing African Economies'
29 May 2021 France, Germany and their colonial past: 29 May 2021: As Last week Germany agreed to pay Namibia €1.1bn officially recognising its colonists’ murder of tens of thousands of Herero and Nama people at the start of the 20th century, a gesture of reconciliation, but not legally binding reparations, for what Berlin now recognises was a 'genocide', the also French president has sought a broad reset of national strategy, relations and intervention in Africa by re-examining the past, but critics remain sceptical of a meaningful shift - 29 May 2021: The traditional leaders of Namibia's Herero and Nama people say one billion euros to support the descendants of the victims is not enough and they want repatriations too, as Chief Tjipene Keja said 'we do not have land. White people are in possession of the land, and the German citizens that are also here are in possession of land'
14 June 2023 massive strike pits African fishers against ‘superprofitable’ EU firms: 14 June 2023: Massive strike pits African fishers against superprofitable EU firms, as about 2,000 crew members withdrew labour over pay and conditions, as well as citing serious breaches of overfishing rules by Spanish and French companies. The waters of west Africa and the Indian Ocean boast some of the world’s largest, healthiest populations of tropical tuna, and that makes them havens for industrial tuna fishing fleets, owned by countries vastly richer than the nations whose borders form these coastlines.
Since 1980s immigration to EU including immigration from outside Europe: African immigration to Europe - Immigration to Europe, including immigration from outside Europe since the 1980s
2009 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck: 2009 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck
2011 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck: 2011 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck
2012 migrant boat disasters: September 2012 Baradan Bay, Turkey migrant boat disaster - December 2012 Lesbos, Greece migrant boat disaster
2013 refugees and migrants dying: October 2013 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck - 4 octobre 2013: Le naufrage d’un navire de migrants clandestins au large de Lampedusa soulève la question de la gestion des flux migratoires par l’Europe - 8 octobre: Les Européens sont appelés mardi à montrer une plus grande solidarité après la tragédie de Lampedusa - 8 October: EU pushes for sea patrols in wake of migrant shipwreck - 9 octobre: Barroso et Letta accueillis mercredi sur l'île de Lampedusa, par les huées et les insultes d'habitants - 11/12 October: Dozens of people died on Friday when a boat carrying around 250 migrants capsized between Sicily and Tunisia, a week after the 3 October 2013 migrant shipwreck - 13 October 2013: The shipwreck off Malta on October 11 that claimed the lives of more than 30 migrants revealed yet another facet of Syria's humanitarian nightmare - the largest displacement of people in decades - 25 October: Nearly 700 refugees including dozens of Eritreans have been rescued off Sicily in five operations, as leaders grapple with the issue of illegal immigration at a EU summit - 29 November: Six people believed to be Syrians dead as immigrant boat trying to reach Greece sinks off Turkey
2014 more refugees and migrants dying: 13 May 2014: At least 14 people were killed and 200 went missing after a boat packed with migrants sank near Italy - 20 January 2014: EU to send troops to Central African Republic to stop clashes - 2 April 2014: Africans and Europeans hold crisis talks at EU-Africa summit on the escalating violence in the Central African Republic - 20 June: At a UNHCR conference marking World Refugee Day Malta's Helena Dalli says that Europe has 'a lot to do to make up for the damage it had caused' - 14 September: At least 15 Gaza migrants killed as boat capsizes in Mediterranean - 26 September: Almost 300 mostly Syrian rescued refugees refuse to disembark in Cyprus demanding to be taken to Italy - 29 September: Migrants trying to reach more prosperous countries have died at a rate of eight every day for the past 14 years, the majority of them trying to get to Europe, according to IOM - 20 October: Ebola tops EU meeting in Luxembourg with warnings crisis is at 'tipping point' - 31 December: Italy's navy has taken control of a ship adrift in the Adriatic Sea with hundreds of mainly Syrian migrants on board
Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis - During the first half of 2015, large numbers of Syrian refugees crosses into Europe, reaching 313 thousands - UNHCR documents 'Syria Regional Refugee Response'
2015: 1 January 2015: Catastrophe avoided as runaway ship with 768 people on board on a collision course with Italy's rocky shoreline stopped by Gallipoli's coastguard - 2 January 2015: Sierra Leone-flagged vessel, second in four days to be abandoned by crew in rough seas with 450 migrants on board, being towed to Italy - 3 January 2015: People smugglers likely raked in more than US$1.0 million from the hundreds of desperate 'ghost ships' migrants abandoned off the coast of Italy, IOM says - 3 January: After 'ghost ship' Ezadeen rescued in Mediterranean, 360 Syrians emerged - 20 January 2015: EU to launch anti-terror projects with Muslim nations - 9 February: At least 29 migrants die of hypothermia after Italian coastguard rescue with small patrol boats - 17 March: EU to name new special envoy Fernando Gentilini to Mideast peace process - 16 April 2015: EU under pressure over migrant rescue operations in the Mediterranean after 400 lives lost in latest incident - 17 April: Muslim migrants had thrown 12 Christians overboard during a recent crossing from Libya, police says, and an aid group says another 41 people were feared drowned in a separate incident - 19 April: EU plans urgent talks after up to 700 African migrants feared dead when boat capsizes near Libya - 20/21 April: EU emergency meeting results in decision to boost maritime patrols in Mediterranean, broaden search-and-rescue mandate and to launch military operations against migrant-smugglers in Libya, as UN refugee agency, after speaking to survivors of the disaster, confirms 800 migrants died in the shipwreck off Libya on Sunday - 12 May: Many would-be migrants to EU die unrecorded, study of Free University of Amsterdam says - 21 May: After Italian PM Renzi described people-smugglers as 'the slave traders of the 21st century', leading migration experts have denounced plans for military action against Libyan smugglers as reminiscent of the actions of countries that enabled the 16th to 19th century British, French etc. slave trade - 30 May: EU naval mission rescues more than 4,200 migrants in Mediterranean in 24 hours - 6/7 June 2015: More than 2000 migrants rescued from people traffickers in Mediterranean, as operations go on - 16 June: Italian police forcibly remove migrants stranded near French border - 26 June: Agreeing a plan to share out the care of people fleeing war and poverty in north Africa and the Middle East, EU meeting finally reaches deal on resettling 60,000 asylum seekers securing exemptions for Hungary, Bulgaria, while the UK has opted out of the scheme - 1 July 2015: The sea route to Europe, the Mediterranean passage in the age of refugees
July-December 2015: 10 July: Twelve migrants have died after their overcrowded rubber dinghy sank off the coast of Libya, the Italian Coast Guard said, while some 823 were rescued in the latest events - 18 July: Impoverished Greece flooded by new wave of migrants - 25 July: As long as the bloody civil war in Syria continues with no end in sight, the number of refugees who see the perilous journey to Europe as their last chance for a future will continue to rise - 1 August: Migrants trying to sail from Turkey to Greece are increasingly reporting being attacked by gunmen trying to prevent them from reaching Europe - 6 August: Over 200 migrants attempting the perilous journey across the Mediterranean were feared to have drowned after their overcrowded fishing boat capsized off Libya - 12 August: Up to 50 migrants reportedly went missing after a large rubber dinghy sank in the Mediterranean, while more than 1,500 were picked up from other vessels in the past 24 hours - 18 August: Macedonia becomes another frontline of Europe's refugee crisis - 19 August: Nearly 110,000 migrants were tracked entering the EU in July by irregular means, official data show, setting a record as the influx continues, notably of Syrians reaching Greek islands from Turkey - 23 August: Italy's coastguard coordinated the rescue of around 3000 migrants in the Mediterranean after receiving distress calls from more than 20 overcrowded vessels drifting in waters off Libya - 26 August: Bodies of about 50 migrants found in hull of boat rescued off Libyan coast - 27/28 August: Discovery of dozens of dead migrants in an abandoned refrigerated lorry found on an Austrian motorway near the Hungarian border shocks Europe - 28 August: Up to 200 bodies discovered floating off the coast of Zuwara, one of Libya’s main people-smuggling hubs, in the latest tragedy of the European migration and refugee crisis - 2 September: Migrant and refugee flows continue as countries on Schengen border say they are doing everything they can - 3 September: People rush into Budapest Keleti railway station and try to board trains following the blocking and a re-opening of the station and an ongoing confusion in deeply divided EU, now waiting for a special meeting of EU ministers on September 14 - 10/11 September 2015: European countries inside and outside the EU bitterly divided over their responses to the tens of thousands of refugees heading west and north - 16 September 2015: Refugees and migrants head for Croatia to avoid Hungarian fence - 17 September: Refugees and migrants accumulate at Hungarian border with Serbia after EU-member Hungary brings in tough new measures, using use tear gas and water cannons and detaining dozens - 17 September: Thousands of refugees enter Croatia after Hungary's crackdown
October-December 2015: 2 October 2015: In the paupers’ section of Lesbos cemetery, volunteers, strangers, Israeli and Palestinian activists attend funerals for unidentified migrant victims, including kids, who drowned in the Aegean Sea - 7 October: EU military operation against refugee and migrant traffickers in the Mediterranean begins - 17 October 2015: EU-member Hungary closes its border with Croatia using barbed wire to block the path of desperate refugees and migrants to get to northern Europe, as dictator Assad, Russian, Iranian and Hezbollah terrorists commit more war crimes in Syria - 29 October: Horrendous scenes reported after worsening weather caused boats to capsize in the Aegean Sea, killing at least 11 refugees and migrants, including several children - 30 October: Two boats reportedly sink off Greece, leaving at least 22 people dead - 2 November 2015: As 218,000 migrants and refugees crossed the Mediterranean to Europe in October 2015, the coming winter is already threatening to expose thousands to harsh conditions - 4 November 2015: Unicef's Marie-Pierre Poirier informs the media after she has completed a one week mission in Macedonia, Serbia and Croatia, amid rising numbers of refugees, women and children on the move and bad weather - 11 November 2015: Over 800,000 refugees and migrants reached Europe after crossing the Mediterranean Sea since the start of the year, IOM says - 11 novembre 2015: Quatorze réfugiés et migrants, dont sept enfants, sont morts noyés mercredi à l'aube au large de la Turquie lors du naufrage de leur embarcation qui se dirigeait vers l'île grecque de Lesbos - 12 November: Sweden and Slovenia became the latest European nations to tighten borders as African leaders warned their EU counterparts at a summit in Malta against building a 'fortress' Europe and as the European Commission is setting up a €1.8-billion 'trust fund' for Africa - 24 November: EU countries' development money being spent on tackling refugee crisis and border security rather than fighting poverty and inequality, European NGO confederation says - 6 December: As thousands of people continue to arrive at the Greece-Macedonia border daily, small numbers of refugees and migrants who had been denied entry into Macedonia have opted to go back to Athens - 19 December: Eighteen refugees and migrants drown after boat sinks off Turkey's southwestern coast - 23 diciembre: Más de 40 muertos en el Egeo en cuatro días, la mitad de ellos niños
Januar-March 2016: 22 January 2016: At least 15 migrants including eight children drowned when their boats capsized off the Greek islands of Kalolimnos and Farmakonisi - 28 janvier 2016: 24 réfugiés et migrants dont dix enfants sont morts noyés lors d'un nouveau naufrage jeudi matin au large de l'île grecque de Samos en mer Egée, tandis que onze sont portés disparus - 30 January 2016: More than 52,000 refugees and migrants crossed the eastern Mediterranean to reach Europe in the first four weeks of January, more than 35 times as many as in the same period 2015 - 30 January: At least 10,000 unaccompanied child refugees have disappeared after arriving in Europe, 5,000 in Italy alone, according to the EU’s criminal intelligence agency - 31 January 2016: Ten children were among at least 37 migrants who drowned in the Aegean Sea after their boat capsized as they attempted the crossing from Turkey to Greece, 75 people were rescued - 2 February 2016: Nine migrants, including two babies drowned off Turkish coast, as more than 62,000 refugees and migrant arrivals reported in Greece last month - 8 February 2016: At least 27 refugees, including 11 children, drowned after a boat trying to reach the Greek island of Lesbos capsized two miles off the Turkish coast - 13 February 2013: Over 80,000 refugees and migrants have already arrived in Europe since the beginning of 2016, the majority of those arriving in January 2016 were women and children making up nearly 58%, over 400 have died trying to cross, according to UNHCR's Melissa Fleming - 17 February: Croatia sends over two hundred migrants and refugees including women and children from Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and Syria back to Serbia, now at a UNHCR centre in the border town of Sid - 23 February: Thousands of refugees stranded in Greece amid tightened border control by Macedonia - 26 February: Two refugees tried to commit suicide at a makeshift refugee camp at a central square in the city of Athens amid growing frustrations over border closures which have left tens of thousands stranded in the country - 28 February: Humanitarian challenges mounting at Greek/Macedonian border, as refugees continue to pour into the area but Macedonia is refusing to allow them to pass, and UN's Ban Ki-moon urges European countries to keep borders open for refugees - 1 mars 2016: Depuis janvier 2016 plus de 130'000 personnes ont rejoint l'Europe par la Méditerranée, selon le HCR qui dénonce l'incapacité de l'Europe, au bord d'une crise humanitaire, 'à trouver des solutions' - 2 mars 2016: La Macédoine a laissé passer sur son territoire environ 170 réfugiés alors que côté grec 10'000 migrants continuaient d'attendre, selon les autorités locales grecques - 5 March: Refugees and migrants stranded at Greece-Macedonia border face another day of frustration - 6/7 March 2016: Refugee 'bottleneck' in Greece leads to warning of humanitarian crisis, as EU-Turkey summit to focus on stemming flow of refugees and migrants to Europe - 9 March 2016: Slovenia and Croatia ban transit of refugees to other European countries - 10 March: At least five migrants dead after boat sank off Turkish coast attempting to reach Greek Island of Lesbos, the Turkish Coast Guard rescued 9 people - 11 March: Thousands of refugees and migrants, many already ill, trapped at border camp between Greece and Macedonia, facing food shortages and unsanitary conditions as rains continue to pour down on flimsy tents and an already waterlogged ground - 12 March: Around 1,100 refugees remain stranded in a refugee camp on the Macedonian side of the Serbian border, another 500 are stranded in the no-man's land between the two countries - 12 March 2016: A video shows Turkish coastguard using sticks against a boat full of refugees and migrants as they sail to Greece in the Aegean Sea - 12 March 2016: As thousands of desperate refugees remain trapped at border camp between Greece and Macedonia and as 'Europe is on the cusp of a largely self-induced humanitarian crisis' according to UN, USA Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Victoria Nuland visits the refugee camp in Idomeni, but there is no European official walking around the muddy fields and talking with aid agency workers, refugees and migrants, because European officials prefer hotels in Moscow, Tehran, Vienna, Brussels and after all Geneva, talking and laughing with war criminals and perpetrators - 13 March 2016: Relentless rain and biting cold turn despair into suffering for thousands of refugees and migrants stranded on Greece's border with Macedonia and in the so-called no man's land - 14 March 2016: At the Idomeni camp on the Greek-Macedonian border, conditions are getting worse after heavy rains in recent days have turned much of the ground into a swamp - 15 March: Macedonia reportedly sent back to Greece about 1,500 migrants and refugees, who crossed the border hiking for hours along muddy paths and forded a rain-swollen river to get around the border fence where they were detained by Macedonian forces - 19 March: Refugees and migrants at the Greek border camp of Idomeni say they are as determined as ever to reach Western Europe and appear undeterred by an accord between Turkey and the EU aimed at stemming the flow of people from the Middle East and North Africa - 21 March: Lebanon blocks refugees arriving from Europe - 22 March 2016: UNHCR has stopped transporting refugees and migrants arriving on Lesbos from Turkey to a reception facility as their subsequent freedom of movement is no longer guaranteed, a UNHCR spokesman says, referring to last week's EU-Turkey deal - 24 mars 2016: Plus de 200 membres d'ONG et associations d'aides aux réfugiés ont manifesté jeudi sur l'île de Lesbos devant le hotspot de Moria contre sa transformation en centre de détention pour les réfugiés et migrants, dans le cadre de l'accord UE-Ankara - 26 mars: es autorités grecques ont commencé à évacuer des réfugiés et migrants bloqués dans le camp d'Idomeni à la frontière avec la Macédoine - 27 March 2016: Hundreds take part in protest at Macedonia border as Greece tries to evacuate overwhelmed Idomeni camp and hundreds of hopeful refugees return to Greece’s overwhelmed Idomeni camp following rumours
April-June 2016: 2 April 2016: Protests of migrants and refugees in Greece mount before EU-Turkey migrant deal takes effect and as UNHCR warns against immediate refugee returns to Turkey - 3 April 2016: 50,000 migrants in Greece in turmoil over their fate as EU deal set to come into effect - 4 April: First boats returning migrants and refugees from Greece arrive in Turkey - 6 April 2016: Refugees block Greece-Macedonia border crossing to protest deportation - 8 avril: Les migrants retenus sur les îles grecques de Lesbos et de Chios vivent dans des conditions 'effroyables', selon un rapport - 8 April: Greece ferries migrants to Turkey under EU pact - 9 April: Five migrants, four women and one child, drown off Greek island of Samos after boat capsized - 10 April: Macedonian police use teargas on migrants at Greek border in Idomeni - 11 April: At least 260 people were hurt on Sunday when Macedonian police fired tear gas at refugees and migrants and hundreds were treated by medical units also for wounds caused by plastic bullets and for other injuries, according to 'Doctors Without Borders' - 13 avril 2016: La police macédonienne a tiré des gaz lacrymogènes et des grenades assourdissantes mercredi contre des migrants qui manifestaient le long de la barrière de la frontière macédonienne à Idomeni - 16 April 2016: 'Only those who see the eyes of those small children that we met at the refugee camps will be able to immediately recognize, in its entirety, the bankruptcy of humanity and solidarity that Europe has shown these last few years to these, and not only these, people', Church of Greece's Ieronymos II says at Moria Refugee Camp in Lesbos - 16 avril 2016: Le pape rentre de Grèce avec 12 réfugiés syriens - 16 avril 2016: L'association européenne SOS Méditerranée annonce avoir secouru 116 migrants ce samedi - 20 April 2016: Up to 500 migrants might have drowned in Mediterranean tragedy, UNHCR says - 1 May 2016: Ninety-nine refugees and migrants are believed to have drowned in two separate incidents off the coast of Libya over the weekend - 13 May 2016: At least 800 migrants were rescued off the coast of Sicily on Thursday, among them at least 150 Syrians, the Italian coast guard and the UN refugee agency said - 20 May 2016: The EU-Turkey migration deal has been thrown further into chaos after an independent authority examining appeals claims in Greece ruled against sending a Syrian refugee back to Turkey, potentially creating a precedent for thousands of other similar cases - 24 mai 2016: L'évacuation du camp de réfugiés et migrants comptant 8400 personnes à Idomeni à la frontière greco-macédonienne a commencé, en présence de nombreuses forces policières - 28 May 2016: The Italian navy recovers the bodies of 45 people who drowned on Friday, while dozens of others are still missing in the third major tragedy in the Mediterranean in as many days, as Russian regime's Putin and Greece's Tsipras sign several economic deals on Friday during the war criminal's visit to Greece aimed at reinforcing a relationship with his accessory - 31 mai 2016: Près de 205'000 réfugiés et migrants sont arrivés par la mer en Europe depuis janvier tandis que 2500 d'entre eux périssaient, selon OIM et HCR - 3 June 2016: Hundreds of people were rescued from a migrant boat that capsized south of the Greek island of Crete on Friday, but it is feared that many more are missing
July/August 2016: 2 juillet 2016: Près de 71'000 migrants sont arrivés en 6 mois en Italie, selon le ministère italien de l'Intérieur - 7 juillet 2016: Les équipes de pompiers italiens ont récupérées les corps de 217 migrants morts noyées dans le naufrage d'un chalutier en avril 2015 - 14 juillet 2016: Des migrants violentés par des forces hongroises à la frontière hongroise avec la Serbie - 19 juillet: Plus de 2500 migrants embarqués sur des bateaux bondés ont été recueillis mardi au large des côtes libyennes - 25 juillet 2016: Les corps de 87 migrants morts noyés en tentant de gagner l’Europe ont été retrouvés depuis vendredi sur une plage de Sabrata, une ville côtière dans l’ouest de la Libye - 29 juillet: Plus de 3400 migrants ont été secourus vendredi au large des côtes libyennes, selon les gardes-côtes italiens - 31 juillet: Cinq migrants sont morts en Méditerranée dimanche au large de la Libye, selon les garde-côtes italiens, qui ont coordonné le sauvetage de plus de 6'500 personnes depuis jeudi - 2 août 2016: Plus de 4'000 migrants et réfugiés ont perdu la vie sur la route de la Méditerranée depuis le début de l'année, selon OIM - 5 August 2016: More than 100 migrants have broken through police barriers at the Italian border town of Ventimiglia and made their way into France, as France's Hollande and Italy's Renzi applaud Iranian, Russian and Syrian Assad regime in Rio de Janeiro - 30 August: Startling images have emerged of refugees being rescued off the coast of Libya, showing what has become an everyday occurrence in the southern Mediterranean Sea over the past three years
September 2016: 2 septembre 2016: Un an après la publication de la photo du petit Syrien Ayan gisant sur une plage, environ 500'000 enfants auraient été exploités par des passeurs depuis début 2015 parmi les demandeurs d'asile en Europe, selon l'Unicef
October 2016: 4 October 2016: About 6,055 refugees and migrants trying to reach Europe rescued from sea in a single day, as at least nine people died and a pregnant woman and a child had been taken by helicopter to a hospital in Lampedusa - 6 October 2016: EU launches tough border force to curb refugee and migrant crisis - 26 octobre 2016: Cette année, ce ne sont pas moins de 3800 réfugiés et migrants qui ont perdu la vie en tentant de rallier l'Europe - 27 October: About 100 people are feared missing after a boat sank off the coast of Libya, amid mounting evidence that already dangerous conditions are worsening for migrants crossing the Mediterranean sea to get to Europe
November 2016: 2 November 2016: As 60% of Gambia's population live in poverty, as Gambians represent the fourth-largest group of arrivals to Italy, as Gambian president Jammeh dismisses the economic worries of Gambian migrants and as Gambia’s information minister critizises the lack of action by European nations to protect migrants, the goalkeeper of Gambia’s national women’s football team dies crossing the Mediterranean - 3 November 2016: At least 239 dead in two refugee and migrant boat shipwrecks off Libya in Mediterranean, survivors tell UN on Italian island of Lampedusa - 17 November 2016: About 100 people are feared to have drowned off the coast of Libya after their smuggler abandoned them on the high seas without a motor, increasing the Mediterranean death toll this year to an unprecedented 4,700
December 2016: 23 December 2016: About 100 people are missing and feared dead after two boats capsized off Italy, increasing the estimated death toll among migrants in the Mediterranean this year to at least 5,000, according to UN agencies
January 2017: 10 January 2017: Thousands of refugees are enduring freezing temperatures in flimsy tents across Greece as a result of the arctic blast that has swept across Europe - 24 January 2017: Thousands of refugee children sleeping rough in sub-zero Serbia, says UN - 25 January 2017: Cold weather reignites fears for refugees poorly sheltered in Greece - 30 janvier 2017: Plus de 1360 migrants ont été secourus dans des conditions souvent difficiles depuis vendredi, et trois retrouvés sans vie, à bord d'une douzaine d'embarcations parties de Libye
March 2017: 2 March 2017: European countries have accepted less than 10% of the 160,000 refugees they promised to move to safety from unsanitary and cramped camps in Italy and Greece, leading the European commission to warn it will 'accept no more excuses' - 24 mars 2017: Au moins 11 personnes sont mortes noyées vendredi après le naufrage d'un bateau de migrants au large de la Turquie, huit personnes ont été secourues et trois étaient toujours portées disparues
April 2017 EU 'leaving migrants to drown': 14 April 2017: More than 2,000 refugees and migrants trying to reach Europe reportedly plucked from the Mediterranean on Friday in a series of dramatic rescues as one person was found dead - 15 April 2017; EU 'leaving migrants to drown' say rescuers who saved 2,000 from Mediterranean in single day - 28 April 2017: Frustration mounts among locals on Chios island, where refugees feel like prisoners with no hope of getting to mainland Europe
May 2017: 9 May 2017: The final toll of dead and missing from two refugee shipwrecks off Libya at the weekend has risen to 245, according to UNHCR
June 2017: 5 June 2017: EU commits 50 million euros to combat terrorism in West Africa
July 2017 EU accused of 'wilfully letting refugees drown': 4 juillet 2017: Plus de 100'000 migrants et réfugiés sont arrivés depuis janvier 2017 en Europe en traversant la Méditerranée, selon OIM - 29 July 2017: EU accused of 'wilfully letting refugees drown' as NGOs face having rescues suspended in the Mediterranean
August: 2017: 25 August 2017: European countries including Germany, France, the Netherlands, Norway and the UK are poised to begin the process of returning refugees to Greece, as migrants seeking reunification with their family members, mostly in Germany, step up protests in Athens
September 2017: 1 September 2017: At least 8,500 people have died or disappeared while attempting to cross the Mediterranean since the death of three-year-old Syrian boy Alan Kurdi, whose body washed ashore in Turkey in 2015 - 11 September 2017: A clampdown on Europe’s eastern borders has forced refugees and migrants to choose more dangerous routes as the death toll in the Mediterranean continues to rise despite a drop in the overall number of arrivals, according to the UN, as more than 22,500 migrants have reportedly died or disappeared globally since 2014, according to the IOM - 29 September 2017: Greece is experiencing a dramatic rise in the number of refugees and migrants entering the country, exacerbating already deplorable living conditions on island camps
October 2017: 25 October 2017: Emergency response teams from Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority, as well as Spain, Italy and France, gathered in Israel to learn how to work together and to overcome the common enemy 'natural disasters' as part of an exercise sponsored by the European Union
November/December 2017: 29 November 2017: 5th African Union - European Union summit in Abidjan, youth, unemployment, migration, terrorism on agenda - 17 December 2017: Libya’s coastal guard has rescued more than 250 illegal migrants trying to leave the North African country in small boats bound for Italy, according to officials - 17 December 2017: Ahead of International Migrants Day on 18 December and calling for more facilities to accommodate asylum seekers, migrant charities, rights advocates and concerned citizens marched along the French Riviera, also calling on authorities to allow migrants to enter France from Italy
January/February 2018: 6 janvier 2018: Au moins 25 personnes sont mortes noyées au large de la Libye dans le naufrage d'une embarcation transportant jusqu'à 150 migrants - 4 février 2018: Repérés par un bateau espagnol, les corps de près d'une vingtaine de migrants noyés ont été repêchés entre l'Espagne et le Maroc
March/April 2018: 17 mars 2018: Au moins 14 personnes, dont quatre enfants, se sont noyées dans la nuit dans le naufrage dans le sud-est de la mer Egée d'un bateau, selon la police grecque - 22 avril 2018: Onze migrants morts en mer, 263 secourus au large de la Libye
3 June 2018: 3 June 2018: Dozens drown and rescuers save at least 60 lives after vessel with about 180 people onboard sank off Tunisia coast
11 June 2018 SOS Mediterraneee rescue ship denied entry to Italy and Malta: - 11 June 2018: Migrants stranded at sea, as Italy and Malta close doors and new populist Italian government refuses to open port to SOS Mediterraneee rescue ship carrying 629 people, including 123 unaccompanied minors and seven pregnant women, amid fight with Maltese government over who is responsible for asylum seekers, as farther west in the Mediterranean Spain’s maritime rescue service saved 334 migrants and recovered four bodies from boats it intercepted trying to reach Europe, and as UN says at least 785 migrants have died crossing the sea so far this year - 12 June 2018: Spanish FM Borrell attacks 'ostrich politics' in row over rescued migrants, saying the new government was 'banging its fist on the table' ahead of a meeting of European leaders to discuss migration and asylum at the end of June, as 'MSF welcomes the important gesture of humanity from Spain to disembark in Valencia'
12 June 2018 EU to triple spending to €5bn a year targeting refugees and migrants: 12 June 2018: EU to triple spending to €5bn a year targeting illegal migration
14 June 2018: 14 juin 2018: Une soixantaine de Syriens à bord d'un bateau ont été secourus au large de l'île méditerranéenne de Chypre, a annoncé jeudi la police chypriote
16 June 2018: 16 June 2018: Italy bars two more refugee ships from ports
17 June 2018: 17 June 2018: Aquarius migrants arrive in Spain after rough week at sea
22 June 2018: 22 June 2018: Around 220 migrants drowned off Libya in two days, bringing to at least 1,000 the number to die this year on the main migratory route linking Africa and Europe, according to the UN - 22 juin 2018: Avant le mini-sommet européen sur les migrations, l'Italie maintient sa ligne dure envers les ONG aidant les migrants en danger
27 June 2018: 27 juin 2018: Le 'Lifeline', qui attendait depuis une semaine un port d'accueil, attendu à Malte avec 233 migrants
30 June 2018: 30 juin 2018: Un bateau d'une ONG a secouru 59 migrants au large de la Libye, et après le refus de l'Italie de l'accueillir, il fait cap vers Barcelone
July 2018: 3 July 2018: More than 200 migrants have drowned at sea in the Mediterranean in the past three days, taking the death toll for the year to more than 1,000 and prompting fears that human traffickers are taking greater risks because of a crackdown imposed by the Italian government and the Libyan coastguard - 16 juillet 2018: Les centaines de migrants qui restaient bloqués sur des navires ont finalement pu débarquer dans la ville sicilienne Pozzallo, grâce à l'engagement de pays européens voisins - 18 July 2018: Proactiva Open Arms, a Spanish rescue group, accused both a merchant ship sailing in international waters and the Libyan coastguard of abandoning three people in the Mediterranean, including a woman and a toddler who died, after the coastguard intercepted a boat carrying 160 people heading for Europe - 28 juillet 2018: Selon l'OIM au moins 1500 migrants ont déjà péri en Méditerranée en 2018 - 29 July 2018: 334 migrants rescued by Spanish coastguard - 31 July 2018: Italian 'Asso 28', an oil rig support vessel, allegedly broke international law by returning 108 people rescued from Mediterranean to Tripoli
August 2018: 11 août 2018: Le navire humanitaire Aquarius géré par SOS Méditerranée et Médecins Sans Frontières a secouru vendredi 141 personnes au large des côtes libyennes lors de sa première mission depuis qu'il a repris la mer - 15 août 2018: Le navire humanitaire Aquarius est arrivé mercredi à Malte où il a été finalement été autorisé à accoster après avoir erré plusieurs jours en Méditerranée avec 141 migrants épuisés à son bord - 18 août 2018: Un navire des garde-côtes italiens était bloqué depuis 48 heures au large de Lampedusa avec à bord 177 migrants secourus entre Malte et l'île italienne et que personne ne veut laisser débarquer - 21 August 2018: Standoff in Italian port as Salvini refuses to let refugees disembark - 26 August 2018: Prosecutors in Sicily open an inquiry over Interior Minister Salvini's refusal to allow over 100 rescued migrants off the coastguard ship Diciotti for 'illegal confinement, illegal arrest and abuse of power', as church, tiny Albania and Ireland agree to take the 140 migrants
September 2018: 3 September 2018: Fewer people are making the journey across the Mediterranean to Europe, but the proportion of those losing their lives while trying has risen sharply, UN says - 6 September 2018: Arrest of Syrian 'hero swimmer', who saved 18 refugees in 2015 by swimming their waterlogged dingy to the shores of Lesbos with her Olympian sister, and now accused of people smuggling, espionage and membership of a criminal organisation, puts European refugee crisis in a further spotlight - 10 septembre 2018: Plus de 100 migrants ont péri au début du mois dans le naufrage de deux embarcations au large des côtes libyennes, selon MSF - 25 September 2018: Aquarius with 58 people onboard cannot disembark in Marseille, says French minister, after Panamanian authorities revoked the Aquarius vessel’s registration in a move described by Médecins Sans Frontières and SOS Méditerranée, which operated the vessel, as 'a major blow” to its humanitarian mission', claiming that Panama was forced to revoke the registration after coming under pressure from the Italian government
December 2018: 28 December 2018: 308 mostly African migrants rescued in the Mediterranean sea off the coast of Libya one week ago by charity group arrive in Spain, after entry was refused by several European countries including Malta and Italy, although a mother and her newborn baby were airlifted to Malta by helicopter
January 2019: 9 January 2019: The EU has been strongly criticised over the increasingly dangerous state of the EU-sponsored Moria camp on the island of Lesbos, where a 24-year-old man from Cameroon was found dead in the early hours of Tuesday as temperatures fell below freezing - 14 janvier 2019: 'Proactiva Open Arms' a affirmé que l'État espagnol empêchait son bateau de prendre la mer pour aller secourir des migrants en Méditerranée
February 2019: 12 February 2019: The deflagging of the 'Aquarius', the last migrant rescue ship in the Mediterranean, represents a dark moment in European history, setting a dangerous precedent for states to flout international humanitarian laws, according to HRAS
24 February 2019: 24 February 2019: The African Union is seeking opposition against EU’s latest blueprint for stemming migration, claiming it would breach international law by establishing 'de facto detention centres' on African soil, trampling over the rights of those being held
March 2019: 10 mars 2019: Le corps d'une fillette manifestement victime du naufrage d'un bateau transportant des migrants a été retrouvé sur une plage de l'île de Lesbos en Grèce, selon Ana, et plus de 200 candidats à l'exil sont morts depuis le début de l'année en mer Méditerranée, la plupart d'entre eux en essayant de se rendre en Italie, selon OIM
20 March 2019: 20 March 2019: Italian authorities have ordered the seizure of charity rescue ship Mare Jonio after volunteers rescued about 50 people including children off Libya on Tuesday and rescuers defied Italy’s Salvini order not to bring refugees and migrants to Italy
April 2019: 11 April 2019: Desperate Syrians are still trying to make the dangerous crossing from Turkey to Greece, with many drowning before they reach their destination reports Zaman Al Wasl, as Syrian child saved by Turkish coast guard
8 May 2019 UNHCR warning: 8 May 2019: UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency is calling for refugees and migrants in detention centres in conflict areas in Tripoli to be immediately evacuated to safety, after an airstrike hit a target less than 100 metres away from Tajoura detention centre, where over 500 refugees and migrants are being detained
10/25 May 2019: 10 May 2019: As many as 70 people trying to reach Europe from Libya have drowned after their vessel capsized in the deadliest such incident in the Mediterranean since January - 25 May 2019: A Maltese armed forces patrol boat picked up more than 200 migrants from two dinghies in the Mediterranean and fetched them to Malta on Saturday, a spokesman said
June 2019 rescue of 40 refugees: 29 June 2019: After 16 days of stalemate, the 40 migrants who were rescued off the Libyan coast disembarked in the Italian island of Lampedusa on Saturday, after the ship's German captain Carola Rackete, who said the situation on board the ship was dire and that she was forced to break the blockade to protect the lives of the migrants aboard, finally entered the Italian port on Friday but was arrested by police, for saving lives - 30 June 2019: Captain Carola Rackete defends her decision to force rescue boat into Italian port, saying act of 'disobedience' in Lampedusa was necessary to avert tragedy, adding that 'from a legal standpoint, these were people fleeing a country at war [and] the law bars you from taking them back there', as 'Sea-Watch' says being 'proud of our captain'
2 July 2019: 2 July 2019: Italian judge orders release of ship captain Carola Rackete who rescued refugees
3 July 2019 airstrike by warlord Haftar's forces: 3 July 2019: An airstrike apparently by Haftar's militias that hit a detention center for migrants near the Libyan capital early Wednesday, killing at least 44 people and wounding more than 130, raises further concerns about EU's policy of partnering with Libyan militias to prevent migrants from crossing the Mediterranean, which often leaves them at the mercy of brutal traffickers or stranded in squalid detention centers near the front lines - 3 July 2019 Tajoura migrant center airstrike and massacre by warlord Haftar's forces, backed by Egypt, France, Russia and the United Arab Emirates, after UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, on 8 May 2019 called for refugees and migrants in detention centres in conflict areas in Tripoli to be immediately evacuated to safety, after an airstrike hit a target less than 100 metres away from Tajoura detention centre, where over 500 refugees and migrants are being detained
4/5 July 2019 boat capsized: 4 July 2019: More than 80 people trying to reach Europe from Libya are feared dead after their boat capsized off the coast of Tunisia, according to the UN migration agency - 5 July 2019: One of only four survivors after an inflatable raft carrying more than 80 people capsized off the coast of Tunisia has recounted his ordeal as 54 rescuees from a separate shipwreck headed to Malta
7/8 July 2019: 7 July 2019: 41 refugees and migrants disembarked overnight at the port of Lampedusa after Italian-flagged charity vessel Alex that rescued them off Libya defied an attempt by Italy’s Salvini to close ports to NGO boats - 7 July 2019: German NGO Sea-Eye said that its rescue vessel Alan Kurdi operating in the central Mediterranean would head to Malta due to deteriorating conditions on board after being denied access to Italian territorial waters - 8 July 2019: Dozens of refugees and migrants aboard Alan Kurdi rescue ship disembark in Malta
9 July 2019: 9 juillet 2019: Le navire humanitaire 'Alan Kurdi' a secouru des dizaines de migrants, qui se trouvaient en détresse au large de la Libye
14 July 2019: 14 July 2019: More bodies found in Tunisia migrant ship sinking
18 July 2019: 18 juillet 2019: Entendue jeudi par la justice sicilienne, la capitaine du Sea-Watch Carola Rackete demande aux pays européens d'accueillir les réfugiés secourus en mer - 18 juillet 2019: La réunion de plusieurs ministres de l'Intérieur de l'UE à Helsinki n'a pas abouti à un accord sur la migration
25/26 July 2019: 25 July 2019: Up to 150 people are feared to have died in a shipwreck off the coast of Libya, while another 150 were rescued and are being returned to Libya, according to UNHCR - 26 July 2019: Dozens of bodies found after migrant boat capsizes off Libya
4 August 2019: 4 August 2019: Migrant rescue ship with 40 people arrives in Malta after EU deal - 4 août 2019: Après un accord de répartition a été conclu entre plusieurs pays de l'Union européenne, le gouvernement maltais a donné son accord au débarquement des migrants
11 August 2019: 11 August 2019: Ocean Viking rescue ship picks up 251 migrants, according to Doctors Without Borders and SOS Mediterranee, which operate the new migrant rescue ship, saying the mainly Sudanese men and adolescents were picked up off the coast of Libya during three rescue missions
16 August 2019 rescued refugee reports: 16 août 2019: Un Ethiopien secouru lundi dans un état critique sur un petit canot parti de Libye 11 jours plus tôt a raconté à Malte l'enfer à bord et la mort lente de ses 14 compagnons de voyage
20 August 2019: 20 août 2019: Un bateau militaire espagnol va être envoyé pour récupérer les migrants secourus par le bateau de l’ONG Proactiva Open Arms, actuellement stationné près de l’île italienne de Lampedusa, où ils ont interdiction de débarquer
September 2019 Italy breaks from era of hardline immigration measures: 14 September 2019: Italy's new government says migrants can disembark from rescue boat
29 September 2019: 29 September 2019: A boat with more than 50 people on board has capsized off the Libyan coast, the UN said on Saturday
7 October 2019: 7 October 2019: At least nine people have died when a migrant boat capsized near the island of Lampedusa as they were about to be rescued, 22 people were saved, according to Italian Coast Guard
11 January 2020 12 people die after migrant boat sinks off Greek island of Paxos: 11 January 2020: 12 people die after migrant boat sinks off Greek island of Paxos, as 21 others rescued with search for survivors in Ionian Sea ongoing
2 March 2020 ignorant and violent EU amid war crimes against Syrian people: 2 March 2020: Refugees and migrants trying to reach Europe have clashed violently with Greek riot police as Turkey claimed more than 76,000 people were now heading for an ignorant EU amid war crimes, as a result of the escalating war in Syria where 33 Turkish soldiers, defending civilians, were killed by Russian-backed dictatorship troops, as a million civilians have been displaced since December inside Syria near the Turkish border in desperate winter conditions, and as Turkey, already home to 3.7 million Syrian refugees, decided to open the Turkish side of the border to the EU, now headed by CDU's von der Leyen - 2 March 2020: Child drowns at sea off Greece in first fatality of EU von der Leyen's cronyism with Russian, Iranian and Assad regime's war criminals
6 March 2020 unteachable EU critizised by human-rights organisations for crackdown on refugees and migrants: 6 March 2020: While Greek riot police have been using teargas and water cannon to repel refugees and migrants trying to get into the country, while Turkish police have been firing volleys of teargas towards Greece in return, the EU is critizised by 85 charities and human-rights organisations for accepting Greece’s decision to suspend asylum applications
16 March 2020 child died in fire in overcrowded Moria camp: 16 March 2020: A young child died in a fire in an overcrowded migrant camp on the Greek island of Lesbos, as fire burned through two containers used as living quarters by people in the Moria camp, as well as some tents, as activists say 'European and Greek authorities who continue to contain people in such inhumane conditions have a responsibility'
17 March 2020 UN agency decries return of boat with 49 people to Libya: 17 March 2020: UN agency decries return of boat with 49 people to Libya, embattled in warlord Haftar's war supported by France's Macron
24 March 2020 EU urged to evacuate asylum seekers from overcrowded Greek camps: 24 March 2020: The EU has been urged to evacuate asylum seekers from overcrowded camps on the Greek islands in order to save lives, as the European parliament’s civil liberties, justice and home affairs committee has called for the evacuation of 42,000 people on the Greek islands
5 April 2020 Greece has quarantined second migrant facility after covid-19 case: 5 April 2020: Greece has quarantined a second migrant facility on its mainland after a 53-year-old Afghan tested positive for covid-19, as the man lived with his family at the Malakasa camp along with hundreds of asylum seekers
15 April 2020 European and African leaders call for massive help for Africa: 15 April 2020: Nearly 20 European and African leaders have made a joint appeal, signed by France, Ethiopia, Germany, South Africa and other nations, for a massive international effort to boost Africa’s coronavirus response, saying that 'only a global victory that fully includes Africa can bring this pandemic to an end'
27 April Samos refugee camp fire: 27 avril 2020: Un incendie s'est produit dans le camp de migrants surpeuplé de Samos en Grèce, et de nombreuses tentes ont été détruites et environ 200 personnes sont sans abri, selon les autorités
10 June 2020 boat with migrants on board capsized off the Tunisian coast: 10 juin 2020: Un naufrage de migrants au large des îles Kerkennah en Tunisie d’une embarcation clandestine, qui se rendait probablement en Italie, a fait 34 victimes, en majorité des femmes
1 July 2020 petrol sold to Nigeria from Europe 'dirtier' than black market 'bush' fuel: 1 July 2020: Black market fuel made from stolen oil in rudimentary 'bush' refineries hidden deep in the creeks and swamps of the Niger delta is less polluting than the highly toxic diesel and petrol that Europe exports to Nigeria, new laboratory analysis has found, as Shell, Exxon, Chevron and other major oil companies extract and export up to 2m barrels a day of high quality, and as international dealers export to Nigeria around 900,000 tonnes a year of low-grade, 'dirty' fuel, made in Dutch, Belgian and other European refineries, and as Belgian king expresses 'deepest regrets' for brutal colonial rule
27 July 2020 more refugees and migrants try to reach Europe: 27 juillet 2020: Une centaine de migrants ayant tenté la traversée vers l'Europe depuis la Libye dérivent sur une embarcation de fortune en Méditerranée et risquent de faire naufrage, a alerté OIM
20 August 2020 deadly boat incident off the Libyan coast: 20 août 2020: Un naufrage provoque la mort d’au moins 45 migrants au large de la Libye
27 August 2020 Greece has a deadly migration policy and all of Europe is to blame: 27 August 2020: Greece, a country once considered to be a main origin of European culture in addition to Jewish, has a deadly new migration policy, and all of Europe is to blame, as every time Athens pushes a refugee boat away, it’s the result of an entire continent acting in its perceived self-interest, 'The Guardian' reports
29 August 2020 European authorities are ignoring our pleas Banksy-funded rescue ship says: 29 August 2020: European authorities are ignoring our pleas, says crew of Banksy-funded rescue ship, after it rescued on Thursday 89 people including 14 women and four children, and is now safeguarding more than 200 people off Libya’s coast
30 August 2020 migrants arriving on Lampedusa: 30 août 2020: Environ 450 migrants à bord d’un vieux bateau de pêche, dont la nationalité n’est pas connue ont été débarqués par petits groupes dans la nuit de samedi à dimanche sur l’île de Lampedusa, ont rapporté les agences italiennes
2 September 2020 African migrants and refugees taking a new deadly route to reach Europe: 2 September 2020: African migrants and refugees are taking a new deadly route to reach Europe's shores, as arrivals via the Atlantic path to Spain's Canary Islands have seen a big rise compared to last year, but almost 250 have drowned or gone missing
9 September 2020 huge fire ripped through the camp of Moria: 9 September 2020: Thousands of asylum seekers on the Greek island of Lesbos were left homeless after fleeing for their lives as a huge fire ripped through the camp of Moria, the country’s largest and most notorious migrant facility, as over 12,000 men, women and children ran in panic out of containers and tents into nearby olive groves and fields as the fire destroyed most of the overcrowded, squalid camp
10 September 2020 second fire in Greece’s notoriously overcrowded Moria refugee camp: 10 September 2020: A second fire in Greece’s notoriously overcrowded Moria refugee camp destroyed nearly everything that had been spared in the original blaze, Greece’s migration ministry said Thursday, leaving thousands more people in need of emergency housing
11 September 2020 tents built on Lesbos: 11 September 2020: Tents built on Lesbos after thousands of men, women and children forced by devastating fires to evacuate Greece’s largest refugee camp spent a second night of sleeping rough, as without shelter, families young and old had been forced to sleep wherever they could, and as in a sign of growing frustration, asylum seekers surrounded by riot police and water cannon, pleaded for help, many holding cardboard placards proclaiming 'we want freedom'
12 September 2020 Greek police fire teargas at protesting migrants on Lesbos: 12 septembre 2020: La police sur l’île grecque de Lesbos a tiré samedi du gaz lacrymogène contre des migrants qui leur lançaient des pierres, lors d’une manifestation pour exiger des abris après les incendies qui ont détruit le sordide camp de Moria
27 September 2020 'catastrophe for human rights’ as Greece steps up refugee ‘pushbacks': 27 September 2020: 'Catastrophe for human rights’ as Greece steps up refugee ‘pushbacks', as human rights groups condemn practice and as evidence reviewed by the 'Guardian' reveals systemic denial of entry to asylum seekers
10 November 2020 Canary Islands appeal for help as 2,200 migrants arrive over weekend: 10 November 2020: Canary Islands appeal for urgent help from the Spanish government and the EU after around 2,200 migrants arrived on the archipelago over the weekend, putting further strain on its already massively overstretched reception resources
12 November 2020 new rescue boat tragedy in the central Mediterranean: 12 November 2020: A six-month-old boy who survived a shipwreck has died aboard a rescue boat in the central Mediterranean, after Joseph, originally from Guinea, was saved by rescuers from the Spanish non-governmental organisation Open Arms on Wednesday, after the dinghy in which he was travelling with more than 100 migrants capsized off Libya’s coast, and at least five other asylum seekers died as a result of the incident - 10/11 November 2020: 13 people are reported to have drowned in the central Mediterranean today, three women and a child among those now dead in the water, are EU watching, MSF asks
17/18 December 2020 EU's containment policies resulted in mental health crisis for refugees: 17 December 2020: Years of entrapment on Aegean islands has resulted in a mental health crisis for thousands of refugees, with one in three contemplating suicide, a report by support experts has revealed, as containment policies pursued by the EU have also spurred ever more people to attempt to end their lives, according to a report released by the International Rescue Committee IRC, ahead of the 'International Migrants Day' observed by all UN member states, committed to Human Rights, on 18 December 2020
19 December 2020 bodies of children found on Libyan shores after boat headed to Italy: 19 December 2020: Libyan Red Crescent detailed that bodies of children washed up near Al-Zawiya city and that they were Egyptian, ageing five to ten, as team said that they were informed of a boat sinking on the high sea with 30 people on board, the boat was headed to Italy and the children and their families on board were living in the city of Sabrata
21 January 2021 shipwreck claims the lives of at least 43 migrants off the coast of Libya: 21 January 2021: Shipwreck claims the lives of at least 43 migrants off the coast of Libya, as UN calls for the resumption of state-led operations in the Mediterranean, and as rescue groups’ vessels are detained in port
22 April 2021 more than 100 asylum seekers feared dead after shipwreck off Libya: 22 April 2021: Dozens of bodies have been spotted near a capsized vessel which had about 130 people on board, as more than 100 asylum seekers feared dead after shipwreck off Libya
25 April 2021 dinghy tragedy reportedl an avoidable disaster: 25 April 2021: Last week, a dinghy full of migrants sank near Libya, now those who were part of the rescue mission tell of a needless tragedy
30 April 2021 fears are rising over the numbers of lone children risking their lives to reach Europe: 30 April 2021: Fears are rising over the numbers of lone children risking their lives to reach Europe after 114 were pulled from the Mediterranean Sea in one day this week, as the unaccompanied minors were among 125 children rescued off the Libyan coast on Tuesday by the authorities, aid agencies said
5 May 2021 2,000 refugee deaths linked to illegal EU pushbacks: 5 May 2021: 2,000 refugee deaths linked to illegal EU pushbacks, as a 'Guardian' analysis finds EU countries used brutal tactics to stop nearly 40,000 asylum seekers crossing borders
10 May 2021 more than 2,000 migrants arrive on Italian island of Lampedusa in 24 hours: 10 May 2021: More than 2,000 migrants arrive on Italian island in 24 hours, as hundreds of asylum seekers forced to sleep outside as Lampedusa reception centre reaches capacity
10 May 2021 five people drowned when a boat capsized off Libya: 10 May 2021: At least five people, including a woman and a child, drowned when a boat carrying at least 45 Europe-bound migrants capsized off Libya, a UN migration official said on Monday
18 May 2021 more than 50 people feared drowned after migrant boat sinks off Tunisia: 18 May 2021: More than 50 people feared drowned after migrant boat sinks off Tunisia, as rescuers found 33 survivors from Bangladesh clinging to oil platform in Mediterranean, says defence ministry - 18 May 2021: More than 6,000 migrants reach Spain’s north African enclave Ceuta as mass influx comes amid tensions with Morocco over hospitalisation of independence leader in Spain
19 May 2021 Spain accused of summary deportations as thousands sent back to Morocco: 19 May 2021: Spain accused of summary deportations as thousands sent back to Morocco, as campaigners say Spain may be violating migrants’ rights after mass crossing into enclave of Ceuta
18 June 2021 at least four migrants have died, including a minor and a visibly pregnant woman, after their boat sank in the Canary Islands: 18 juin 2021: Au moins quatre personnes sont mortes, dont un mineur et une femme visiblement enceinte, après le naufrage d’un bateau de migrants aux Canaries, un drame récurrent dans cet archipel espagnol situé au large des côtes africaines, tandis que 20 hommes, 17 femmes, quatre enfants dont deux bébés ont été sauvés grâce à l’intervention de passants sur le port qui, en apercevant le bateau sur le point de chavirer, se sont jetés à l’eau pour leur venir en aide
3 July 2021 scores dead as migrant boat sinks off Tunisia: 3 July 2021: At least 43 people have drowned in a shipwreck off Tunisia as they tried to cross the Mediterranean from Libya to Italy in a boat carrying migrants from Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea and Bangladesh - 3 juillet 2021: Au moins 43 migrants sont portés disparus après le naufrage de leur embarcation au large de la Tunisie, après leur bateau avait quitté les côtes libyennes en début de semaine
14 July 2021 number of migrants who died trying to reach Europe by sea more than doubles, IOM says: 14 July 2021: The number of migrants who have died at sea trying to reach Europe has more than doubled this year, IOM said Wednesday, calling on states to take urgent action
27 July 2021 migrant boat capsizes off Libya, killing 57, as regional toll for 2021 nears 1,000: 27 July 2021: At least 57 people have died after a migrant boat capsized off the Libyan coast, taking the total death toll in the central Mediterranean in 2021 to almost 1,000, four times as many as in the same period last year, as IOM links rise in deaths to decrease in sea patrols
1 August 2021 at the beginning of the new month NGO's humanitarian rescue ships pulled 394 migrants from a dangerously overcrowded wooden boat: 1 August 2021: At the beginning of the new month NGO's humanitarian rescue ships pulled 394 migrants from a dangerously overcrowded wooden boat in the Mediterranean overnight on Sunday in an operation lasting about six hours, a Reuters witness said
2 August 2021 'l’Ocean Viking' demands safe haven for rescued migrants: 2 août 2021: 'L’Ocean Viking' demande un port sûr pour ses 555 migrants à bord, qui - touchés par le mal de mer et la chaleur - doivent retrouver la terre ferme
22 October 2021 refugees detentions in Greece appear to be testing the limits of international laws: 22 October 2021: Refugees detentions in Greece raise alarm, appearings to be testing the limits of international laws by holding asylum seekers for lengthy periods and in poor conditions, Al Jazeera investigation finds
18 November 2021 10 people suffocate in overcrowded migrant boat off Libya: 18 November 2021: 10 people suffocate in overcrowded migrant boat off Libya, as MSF rescue 99 survivors who spent 13 hours on vessel trying to reach Europe as authorities accused of ignoring distress call
22 November 2021 aid workers say Mediterranean a ‘liquid graveyard’ after 75 feared dead off Libya: 22 November 2021: More than 75 people are feared dead after their boat capsized in stormy seas off the coast of Libya while attempting to reach Europe in one of the deadliest shipwrecks this year, according to the UN, as 15 survivors were rescued by local fishers and brought to the port of Zuwara in north-western Libya, saying there were about 92 people onboard the vessel when the incident took place on 17 November, as most of those who died came from sub-Saharan Africa
25 December 2021 at least 16 people dead after third migrant boat in three days sinks in Greek waters: 25 December 2021: On the day as the successor to NASA's Hubble telescope has been blasted into space on top of a giant European rocket from ESA’s launch base in French Guiana, at least 16 people have died after a migrant boat capsized in the Aegean Sea late Friday, bringing to at least 30 the combined death toll from three accidents in as many days involving migrant boats in Greek - the Hellenic Republic of Greece located in Southeastern Europe and Europe's birthplace - waters. The sinkings came as smugglers increasingly favour a perilous route from Turkey to Italy, which avoids Greece’s heavily patrolled eastern Aegean islands that for years were at the forefront of the country’s and Europe's migration crisis together with Italy
3 January 2022 an estimated 12 people a day died or disappeared while trying to reach Spain in 2021: 3 January 2022: An estimated 12 people a day died or disappeared while trying to reach Spain in 2021, as the 4,404 refugees who perished included 205 children, according to 'Caminando Fronteras' saying that the number of deaths was more than twice the 2,170 deaths and disappearances recorded in 2020
12 March 2022 at least 19 migrants missing after boat capsizes off coast of Libya: 12 March 2022: At least 19 migrants missing after boat capsizes off coast of Libya, as missing are presumed dead after three migrants rescued and one body retrieved, after a group of 23 migrants – Egyptians and Syrians – set off from the eastern city of Tobruk earlier in the day, Libyan coast guard says
16 April 2022 boat carrying 35 people has capsized off the Libyan coast: 16 April 2022: A boat carrying 35 people has capsized off the Libyan coast on Friday off the western Libyan city of Sabratha, a major launching point for the mainly African people making the dangerous voyage across the Mediterranean, said UN's IOM
28 April 2022 EU border agency involved in hundreds of refugee pushbacks: 28 April 2022: EU border agency involved in hundreds of refugee pushbacks, as investigation suggests Frontex’s database recorded incidents of illegal pushbacks in Aegean Sea as ‘prevention of departure’
4 May 2022 EU censures border agency 'Frontex' after reports of human rights abuses in Greece: 4 May 2022: The European parliament has refused to sign off the EU border agency’s accounts, saying it had failed to investigate alleged human rights violations of asylum seekers in Greece, as the vote on the agency 'Frontex' came after the resignation last week of its director, Fabrice Leggeri, who left after an investigation by Olaf, the EU’s anti-fraud body.
6 July 2022 many Malians, including children, die in boat disaster off Libya: 6 July 2022: 22 Malians, including children, die in boat disaster off Libya, as sixty-one others were rescued and those healthy enough were taken to a detention centre in Libya, as 'The Guarian' reports that a 17-year-old teenager from Togo swam to save a baby, whom he was holding above water when a Médecins Sans Frontières rescue team arrived at the site of the shipwreck, and as MSF’s search and rescue representative said 'this traumatic event is a deadly consequence of the growing inaction and disengagement of European and other border states, including Italy and Malta', 'tragedies at sea continue to cost thousands of lives, and these people are being lost on Europe’s doorstep, with absolute silence and indifference from EU states'
31 July 2022 1st half year 2022 'Geo Barents Ship' MSF rescue team report: 31 July 2022: As thousands of migrants and refugees depart from Libya every year, attempting to reach Europe in unseaworthy vessels, in 2021 Frontex detections of what it calls 'llegal border crossings' were at their highest since 2017, and attempts from January to May in 2022 were 15% higher than during the same period in 2021, with the journeys across the Mediterranean becoming increasingly fatal, and around half being intercepted by authorities who return the refugees and migrants to Libya, 'Geo Barents Ship' MSF rescue team and 'Al Jazeera' are reporting
10 August 2022 dozens of people feared to have died off the coast of Greece after their boat sank: 10 August 2022: Dozens of people are feared to have died off the coast of Greece after their boat sank while attempting to make the perilous crossing from Turkey, as efforts by Greece’s navy and air force to rescue up to 50 people who went down with the vessel in stormy waters off Rhodes had shown no signs of progress by late Wednesday, coast guard officials said, and as 'there were around 80 people on board'
5 September 2022 dozens of Lebanese, Syrian refugees stranded for days at sea as two children have died: 5 September 2022: Dozens of Lebanese and Syrian migrants stranded for days on a sinking fishing boat in the Mediterranean Sea are urging European coast guards to save them, saying that two children have died
7 September 2022 third child dies on migrant ship after Malta refused to allow rescue operation: 7 September 2022: ‘Third child’ dies on migrant ship stranded in Mediterranean Sea, as passengers say they have been without food and water for several days, as Malta ‘refuses’ to allow rescue operation
14 September 2022 babies among six dead after refugee boat sinks off Turkish coast: 14 September 2022: Six people, the majority of them children, have drowned after a boat carrying refugees from Lebanon destined for Italy sank off the coast of southwestern Turkey, as the Turkish coast guard said 73 refugees and migrants in four lifeboats were rescued on Tuesday, while search and rescue operations for five missing people continued with two boats and a helicopter
25 September 2022 death toll from boat that sank off the Syrian coast after sailing from Lebanon risen to 94: 25 September 2022: The death toll from a boat that sank off the Syrian coast after sailing from Lebanon earlier this week has risen to 94, as the country’s transport ministry has quoted survivors as saying the boat left Lebanon’s northern Minyeh region on Tuesday bound for Europe with between 120 and 150 people onboard
5 November 2022 nearly 1,000 migrants stranded on board NGO ships as storm hits: 5 November 2022: Three charity-run vessels in the Mediterranean Sea are awaiting permission to disembark in Italy or Malta, as those on board need urgent assistance amid dwindling supplies and worsening weather conditions. The vessels operated by MSF), SOS Mediterranee and SOS Humanity, have been at sea for more than a week, carrying nearly 1,000 people in total.
8 December 2022 migrants face ‘unprecedented rise in violence’ in EU borders, report finds: 8 December 2022: Thousands of migrants and asylum seekers are facing 'an unprecedented rise in violence' at the EU’s border, including beatings, forced undressing and sexual assaults, according to a report exposing thousands of alleged illegal expulsions in harrowing detail, after activists interviewed 733 individuals trying to reach Europe in 2021 and 2022, who provided grim testimony of group pushbacks
26 March 2023 migrants and undocumented refugees trying to reach Italy die after boat sinks off coast of Tunisi: 26 March 2023: At least 19 people from sub-Saharan Africa have died while trying to reach Italy after the boat carrying them across the Mediterranean sank off the coast of Tunisia, the latest disaster involving people departing from north African country, where the authorities have launched a crackdown on undocumented people, after last month Tunisia’s president Saied made an incendiary, racist speech in which he claimed irregular migration from other parts of Africa was part of an international conspiracy
8 April 2023 at least 20 missing after boat attempting to cross Mediterranean sinks off Tunisia: 8 April 2023: At least 20 people were missing on Saturday after their boat sank off Tunisia as they tried to cross the Mediterranean to Italy, amid a sharp rise in boats setting off from the north African country, as the coastguard rescued 17 other people from the same boat off the southern city of Sfax, and as two of whom were in critical condition, said a local judge, Faouzi Masmousdi
11 April 2023 Italian Coast Guard escorting 1,200 migrants on boats in Mediterranean Sea: 11 April 2023: The Italian Coast Guard was on Tuesday escorting two boats carrying 1,200 migrants in the Mediterranean Sea, as part of a major operation in a region that has seen migrant arrivals spike in the past year. Emergency workers were racing to rescue a barge with 400 migrants onboard that had ran out of fuel, according to the volunteer-run service Alarm Phone, as the Coast Guard was also escorting another vessel carrying 800 migrants
13 April 2023 at least 25 dead after boat carrying people to Europe sinks off the coastal city of Sfax: 13 April 2023: At least 25 dead after boat carrying people to Europe sinks off the coastal city of Sfax, as six women were among the dead found on Thursday, as well as the boat’s Tunisian captain, and as 15 bodies had been trapped under the boat. A spokesperson for the national guard announced on Thursday that 41 Tunisian people, including five women and nine children, had been rescued off the coast of Sousse. Tunisia’s coastguard said last week it had intercepted more than 14,000 people trying to reach Europe from January to March, more than five times the number of those who attempted the trip in the first quarter of 2022.
24 April 2023 Tunisia finds 70 drowned migrants, morgues running out of space: 24 April 2023: Tunisian coastguards have pulled the bodies of at least 70 drowned migrants from waters off Tunisia, where morgues are running out of space and authorities are struggling to contain a surge in crossings, as another two boats sank on Monday near the coastal city of Sfax, Faouzi Masmoudi, a judicial official there, told Reuters
14 June 2023 Peloponnese migrant boat disaster: 14 June 2023 Peloponnese migrant boat disaster, when a fishing boat smuggling migrants and refugees and estimated to be carrying 400 or more people sunk in the Ionian sea off the coast of Pylos, Messenia. The search and rescue effort by Greek authorities recovered 104 survivors and 79 bodies, with hundreds more missing.
15 June 2023 at least 78 people drown as refugee boat sinks off Greece: 15 June 2023 at least 78 people drown as refugee boat sinks off Greece, 'The Guardian' reports
21 June 2023 at least 35 people feared dead after dinghy sinks en route to Canary Islands: 21 June 2023: At least 35 people are feared to have drowned after an inflatable boat carrying up to 60 migrants and refugees sank while en route to the Canary Islands early on Wednesday morning, as Spain’s maritime rescue service said Moroccan authorities had rescued 24 people, while a Spanish helicopter had recovered one of two bodies that had been located
24 June 2023 37 people missing after boat capsizes between Tunisia and Lampedusa: 24 June 2023: 37 people missing after boat capsizes between Tunisia and Lampedusa, according to IOM citing an account by four survivors of the shipwreck. The UN agency said the survivors, all from sub-Saharan Africa, arrived on Lampedusa late on Thursday, having been rescued from the shipwreck by another vessel.
19 July 2023 nearly 900 migrants rescued by Moroccan navy, one drowned: 19 July 2023: Over the past few days, the Moroccan navy has rescued almost 900 illegal migrants, most of them from sub-Saharan Africa, including 400 in territorial waters, as attempts to cross to Spain have multiplied. During the rescue operations, one body was fished out of the water. Since the tightening of controls in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands' migratory route, the gateway to Europe in the Atlantic Ocean, has seen a marked increase in activity from the coasts of northwest Africa.
6 August 2023 two migrants dead and 57 rescued after migrant boats sink off Lampedusa in Italy: 6 August 2023: Italy’s coastguard said it had recovered two bodies and rescued 57 people off the southern island of Lampedusa, amid reports that more than 30 people were missing after two shipwrecks. Ansa news agency reported that two migrant boats that had set off from the port of Sfax, a hotspot for Tunisia’s migration crisis, had sunk on Saturday on their way to Europe.
9 August 2023 forty-one migrants die in shipwreck off Lampedusa: 9 August 2023: Forty-one migrants have died in a shipwreck off the Italian island of Lampedusa, as a group of four people who survived the disaster told rescuers that they were on a boat that had set off from Sfax in Tunisia and sank on its way to Italy. The four survivors, originally from the Ivory Coast and Guinea, reached Lampedusa on Wednesday.
23 August 2023 Cape Verde boat survivors say some jumped out to try to reach land: 23 August 2023: Facing hunger, thirst and a rising number of deaths, asylum seekers from a boat - adrift for more than a month in the Atlantic - carrying an estimated 130 people resorted to breaking off chunks of the boat’s wooden seats in hopes of floating to land. Reports have suggested that only one in three boats setting off from west Africa for the Canaries arrive there.
30 April 2024 at least 50 people feared drowned after boat from Senegal sinks off Canary island: 30 April 2024: At least 50 people are feared to have drowned after a boat sailing the perilous Atlantic route from west Africa to Europe began to sink 60 miles south of the Canary island of El Hierro. Nine people were rescued from the craft early on Monday after a passing bulk carrier alerted Spain’s Salvamento Marítimo rescue service, which dispatched a fast boat and a helicopter from its base in Tenerife.
European Union/Algeria relations: European Union/Algeria relations
26 September 2020 755 migrants arrested as three drowned: 26 septembre 2020: Les gardes-côtes algériens ont repêché trois corps et intercepté 755 migrants qui se trouvaient à bord de plusieurs embarcations au large des côtes algériennes, entre le 20 et 25 septembre, selon un bilan du ministère de la Défense publié samedi
European Union/Americas relations: European Union/Americas relations
April 2019 European spies sought lessons from dictators’ brutal ‘Operation Condor’: 15 April 2019: British, West German and French intelligence agencies sought advice from South America’s 1970s campaign of terror against opposition, wanting to learn about 'Operation Condor', a secret programme in which the dictatorships of Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador conspired to kidnap and assassinate opposition members, according to a newly declassified CIA document
European Union/Angola relations: European Union/Angola relations
18 November 2020: Angola, EU debates Human Rights strategy amid covid-19: 18 November 2020: Angola, EU debates Human Rights strategy, as Angola's national human rights strategy, the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the management of fundamental human rights, gender equality and elections were some of issues that dominated the annual meeting between Angola and the AU Delegation
European Union/Armenia relations: European Union/Armenia relations
Since 2009 'Eastern Partnership' initiative: Since 2009 'Eastern Partnership' initiative of the EU with the post-Soviet states of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine
April 2015 European Parliament's recognition of the Armenan Genocide during WW I committed by Turkey: 15 April 2015: During its plenary session of the European Parliament an unprecedented number of members took the stage and showed their solidarity to the Armenian nation, supporting a resolution to recognize the Armenan Genocide during WW I
16 November 2021 European Council' Charles Michel urged Azerbaijan and Armenia to call a 'full ceasefire': 16 November 2021: European Council head Charles Michel urged the leaders of Azerbaijan and Armenia to call a 'full ceasefire', as fresh clashes erupted between the arch foes a year after their war over contested territory, and after Armenia had appealed to ally Russia for military support according to their military pact, as Russia's Putin regime has a military base in Armenia as well as in Nagorno-Karabakh
European Union/Asia (and ASEAN) relations: European Union/Asia and Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN relations
Asia-Europe relations since antiquity: Chronology of European exploration of Asia since antiquity
October 2018 Black Sea ancient Greek shipwreck dating back more than 2,400 years: 24 October 2018: Ancient Greek trading ship dating back more than 2,400 years, preserved by the oxygen-free waters and therefore world’s oldest intact shipwreck, found in Black Sea
Since 1996 Europe/Asian countries and ASEAN meeting ASEM: Since 1996 Asia–Europe Meeting ASEM, an Asian–European political dialogue forum to enhance relations and various forms of cooperation between its partners including the European Union EU and the European Commission, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN and individual countries - Asia-Europe Foundation ASEF
Since 2007-2013 EU-ASEAN development cooperation: Since 2007-2013 EU-ASEAN development cooperation, ongoing in 6-years periods, as the EU is the biggest donor to the ASEAN
28 September 2020 EU's Charles Michel called for an end to the deadly fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh: 28 September 2020: European Council President Charles Michel said the renewed violence was 'of most serious concern' and called for an end to the deadly fighting in Nagorno-Karabakh
European Union/Balkan (Western Balkans) relations: European Union/Balkan (Western Balkans) relations
July 2017: 11 July 2017: The EU has long supported its partners in the Western Balkans on their respective integration paths, and the European Council reaffirmed its unequivocal support for the European perspective of the Western Balkans on 9 March 2017
April 2019: 30 April 2019: Monday’s Berlin Summit on the Western Balkans ended without a hoped-for breakthrough in restarting EU-mediated talks between Kosovo and Serbia, as next meeting on the issue will only be held at the start of July
European Union/Belarus relations: European Union/Belarus relations
11 August 2012 EU backs Sweden in Belarus row: 11 August 2012: EU backs Sweden in Belarus row
October 2013 EU helping prop up Belarus president Lukashenko, says opposition calling for broader sanctions: 17 October 2013: EU helping prop up Belarus president Lukashenko, says opposition, calling for broader sanctions from Brussels
November 2015 EU temporarily suspended package of sanctions on Belarus despite lack of change: 21 November 2015: EU temporarily suspended package of sanctions on Belarus despite lack of change in Minsk regime
17 August 2020 EU calls leaders to emergency summit to support Belarus people: 17 August 2020: European council's Charles Michel has invited EU’s 27 heads of state and government to an extraordinary meeting by video conference on Wednesday, tweeting 'the people of Belarus have the right to decide on their future and freely elect their leader', and 'violence against protesters is unacceptable and cannot be allowed', reflecting the rapid pace of events in cities across Belarus, after the embattled autocrat Lukashenko urged Russian regime's Putin to save his regime over the weekend
19 August 2020 EU emergency talks to discuss the political crisis in Belarus: 19 August 2020: EU leaders are to hold emergency talks to discuss the political crisis in Belarus, after 10 days of protests that have shaken Alexander Lukashenko’s 26-year grip on power, as in the run-up to the meeting on Wednesday the Belarusian opposition leader Svetlana Tikhanovskaya urged the EU not to recognise Lukashenko as president
8 September 2020 EU demands release of Belarus political prisoners: 8 September 2020: EU demands release of Belarus political prisoners and warns of sanctions
21 September 2020 EU fails to agree on Belarus sanctions: 21 September 2020: EU fails to agree on Belarus sanctions despite Lukshenko's human rights violations and crimes
2 October 2020 Belarus officials to face EU sanctions but leaders stop short of Lukashenko: 2 October 2020: Belarus officials to face EU sanctions but, under the influence of EU leaders obedient to Putin, stop short of Lukashenko, as move comes after late-night talks ended a standoff with Cyprus, which insisted the bloc take action over Turkey, and as Lithuania’s president Nauseda, said it was 'just inappropriate' that the EU had failed to agree sanctions one and a half months after its 27 leaders had promised restrictive measures against officials responsible for vote rigging and the repression of peaceful protests
4 October 2020 the standoff in Belarus increasingly becoming one more bone of contention between Russian regime and the west: 4 October 2020: Belarusian opposition leader Svetlana Tikhanovskaya will meet Angela Merkel in Berlin on Tuesday, as the standoff in Belarus increasingly takes on a geopolitical dimension, becoming one more bone of contention between Russia and the west
22 October 2020 Sakharov Prize awarded to the democratic opposition in Belarus by EU parliament: 22 octobre 2020: Le Parlement européen décerne le prix Sakharov des droits humains ce jeudi à l’opposition démocratique au Bélarus qui conteste la réélection controversée du président Loukachenko
11 February 2021 EU member Lithuania critizised Lukashenko claiming he defeated foreign ‘blitzkrieg’: 11 February 2021: Lukashenko tells loyalists he defeated foreign ‘blitzkrieg’, declaring victory over what he said was foreign attempts to overthrow his government and showed no signs of heeding the embattled opposition’s calls for him to resign, as FM Gabrielius Landsbergis of EU member Lithuania, which has sheltered exiled opposition leader Tikhanovskaya and several hundred other activists, dismissed the assembly as an 'attempt to imitate dialogue
24 May 2021 fury over Belarus airliner action set to dominate EU summit: 24 May 2021: Fury over Belarus airliner action set to dominate EU summit, as EU's Borrell also said that an international investigation into the aircraft incident 'must be carried out to ascertain any breach of international aviation rules' - 24 May 2021: Ryanair’s CEO has said he believes that agents of the Belarusian KGB were travelling on the plane that was diverted to Minsk on Sunday, as EU leaders prepared to meet to discuss what action to take against Belarus, after Belarusian police arrested opposition blogger Roman Protasevich and Sofia Sapega and after forcing Ryanair flight to land in Minsk, sparking outrage from European leaders, who have called the plane’s grounding a hijacking and act of 'air piracy' - 24 May 2021: Roman Protasevich had told friends he was being followed in Athens. Hours later he was escorted away at Minsk airport, the 'Guardian' reports - 24 May 2021: EU says the landing of a Ryanair plane flying en route from Athens to Vilnius in Lithuania was forced by a Belarusian military aircraft
21 June 2021 EU has extended sanctions against Belarus: 21 June 2021: EU has extended sanctions against Belarus, with pledges to make Alexander Lukashenko’s regime 'run dry', following last month’s forced landing of a Ryanair flight to arrest a dissident, as EU foreign ministers agreed to add 86 people and entities to the bloc’s sanctions list, as a punishment for the arrest of the journalist Raman Pratasevich and Sofia Sapega
6 August 2021 as tensions between Eu countries and Minsk grow Poland and Lithuania calling to help: 6 August 2021: Poland and Lithuania have called on European institutions to help them deal with a surge in migrants crossing over their borders from Belarus, as tensions between European Union countries and Minsk continue to grow.
Since summer 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis: Since summer 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis, caused by deterioration in Belarus–EU relations following the 2020 Belarusian 'election' and 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, by support of the 2020 Belarusian protests by the Polish government and the fleeing to Poland of the main opposition challenger Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, by sanctions against Belarus following the forced landing of Ryanair Flight 4978 and the persecution and threatening of opposition activist Roman Protasevich and his girlfriend Sofia Sapega, by tensions and violence in the aftermath of the Iraq War since 2003 with the destabilisation of Iraq and the Middle East
9 November 2021 83 years after German November pogroms refugees in Europa submitted to blackmail by Belarus: 9 novembre 2021: 83 ans après la 'nuit de Cristal', le pogrom contre les Juifs du Troisième Reich qui se déroula dans la nuit du 9 au 10 novembre 1938, le chantage aux migrants par la Biélorussie, selon France24 - 9 November 2021: Poland PM blames Russia's Putin for Belarus migrant crisis, as Mateusz Morawiecki said that Belarus's autocrat, a close ally of Putin, is orchestrating the crisis, but 'it has its mastermind in Moscow'
13/14 November 2021 Syrian man found dead on Polish side of border with Belarus: 13 November 2021: Syrian man found dead on Polish side of border with Belarus ruled by Putin-linked Lukashenko regime, as Polish police say cause of death not determined after body discovered in woods near village of Wolka Terechowska - 14 November 2021: Thousands of refugees and migrants trying to cross into the EU are stranded along the Belarusian border as Syran refugee Nidal Ibrahim and her family from Aleppo, now saying I am dying, of hunger and cold at the doors of Europe
15 November 2021 EU has agreed on new sanctions against Belarus: 15 November 2021: EU has agreed on new sanctions against Belarus targeting 'everyone involved' in facilitating the transport of people to Belarus’s border with Poland, where thousands are stuck in makeshift camps in freezing weather, accusing Lukashenko’s regime of waging a 'hybrid attack' against the bloc by allowing people from the Middle East who are desperate to reach the EU to fly into Minsk then head for the Polish border, as EU's foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the decision by 27 EU foreign ministers reflected 'the determination by the European Union to stand up to the instrumentalisation of migrants for political purposes'
17 November 2021 refugees/migrants remain trapped along the border with Belarus: 17 November 2021: Thousands of refugees and migrants trapped along the border with Belarus, as many of the desperate people are Kurds from northern Iraq, as well as Syrians making the journey in the hope of finding a survival in Europe. Among them are young children, now with no access to food, clean water or shelter from the winter cold. Polish authorities won't let them in, even pushing them back with tear gas and water cannon. Lukashenko regime isn't letting them return either. France24 take a closer look at how these migrants became caught in a standoff between EU's Poland and and Putin allied Belarus
28 November 2021 with the arrival of winter Belarus/EU border crisis is worsening: 28 novembre 2021: Avec l'arrivée de l'hiver, les conditions de vie se durcissent pour les milliers de migrants toujours bloqués à la frontière entre la Biélorussie et la Pologne, et dans l'incapacité de retourner dans leur pays d'origine, ils tentent en vain de traverser la frontière, exprimant le sentiment d'être pris en étau entre la violence des autorités polonaises qui ont recours aux gaz anti-émeutes d'une part, et la manipulation biélorusse dans des enjeux géopolitiques, d'autre part, selon le migrant Syrien et père de famille Ahmad, le migrant Kurde Irakien et père de famille Raji, et Gulliver Cragg et Pascale Mariani dans un reportage de France24
29 November 2021 'I will never go back to Iraq' say migrants: 29 November 2021: 'I will never go back to Iraq' say migrants stuck at Belarus border, France24 reports
1 December 2021 EU executive says let Belarus border nations detain asylum seekers for 16 weeks: 1 December 2021: Poland, Lithuania and Latvia should be allowed to hold people in special asylum processing centres at the border with Belarus for up to 16 weeks, according to European Commission’s top officials, saying the three EU member states needed flexibility to deal with an unprecedented situation, but critics hit back that Brussels was 'building the walls of fortress Europe' ever higher
25 January 2022 Poland begins work on a new euro wall along the Belarus border: 25 January 2022: Polish contractors have begun work on a new 353 million euro wall along the Belarus border aimed at deterring refugee crossings following a crisis in the area last year, as 5.5-metre-high wall along 186km of the border has raised human rights concerns over how refugees will be able to seek asylum as well as environmental worries about the effect on wildlife along the mostly forested border
European Union/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union
February 2016 Bosnia and Herzegovina applied for EU membership: 15 February 2016: Bosnia and Herzegovina applied for EU membership
October/December 2019 inside Bihac/Vucjak 'nightmare' camp for refugees and migrants trying to enter the EU: 23 October 2019: Inside Bosnia’s 'nightmare' camp for migrants after thousands of people have entered the country from places like Afghanistan and Syria, hoping to make their way and trying to enter the EU - 7 December 2020: Bosnia's 'inhumane' Vucjak camp near the border with Croatia conditions put thousands of migrants at risk - 2019 Flüchtlingslager Vucjak auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde Bihac und auf dem Gelände einer ehemaligen Deponie
2 October 2020 migrants killed in brawl in Bihac's refugee camp, as UN says ready to assist Bosnia: 2 October 2020: Migrants killed and wounded in brawl in Bihac's refugee camp, as UN says ready to assist Bosnia
23 December 2020 in Bihac's closed Lipa camp refugees and migrants left without shelter: 23 December 2020: In the city of Bihac, aid agencies pulled out of the Lipa camp, saying it was unsustainable without water and electricity, as hundreds of refugees and migrants have been left without shelter amid harsh winter conditions after camp was closed and then set on fire
1 January 2021 lives of 900 migrants in Bosnia at risk as impasse over shelter continues: 1 January 2021: Humanitarian agencies are urging Bosnian authorities to resolve their differences and provide immediate protection for hundreds of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers who are living without shelter in wintertime temperatures, as about 900 people have been stranded for more than a week near the former Lipa Emergency Tent Camp in northern Bosnia
2 February 2021 parents and children from Afghanistan and elsewhere attempt the desperate crossing into Croatia: 2 February 2021: In the Bosnian winter through mud and ice, parents and children from Afghanistan and elsewhere attempt the desperate crossing into Croatia, as few make it and most are reportedly pushed back, time and again, often brutally, The British 'Guardian' reports
European Union/Brazil relations: European Union/Brazil relations
July 2007 summit meeting between the EU and Brazil: 4 July 2007 summit meeting between the EU and Brazil in Lisbon, as Brazil was granted special partnership status with the EU
December 2018: 18 December 2018: Brazil’s indigenous leader Sônia Guajajara has called on the EU to impose trade sanctions to prevent ecological disaster and a 'social extermination', after Jair Bolsonaro has terrified indigenous communities by promising to take every centimetre of their land, designate rights activists as 'terrorists' and carve a motorway through the Amazon, which could deforest an area larger than Germany
June 2019 European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement: 28 juin 2019 accord de libre-échange entre le Mercosur et l'Union européenne
August 2019 Free Trade Agreement and Brazil fires: 23 août 2019: l'Irlande et la France menacent de ne pas ratifier l'accord de libre-échange entre l'Union européenne et le Mercosur si le Brésil ne protège pas la forêt amazonienne
23 August 2020 EU-Mercosur Association Agreement endangers agriculture and global health: 23. August 2020: Das EU-Mercosur Abkommen treibt ein Landwirtschaftsmodell voran, das vom Verbrauch großer Mengen an Pestiziden abhängt, wobei u.a. deutsche Pestizidhersteller wie Bayer, BASF, Syngenta profitieren, die bereits heute Pestizide in diese Region exportieren einschließlich in der EU auf Grund ihrer Gefährlichkeit nicht zugelassene - Juli 2020: Mehr Pestizide mit dem EU-Mercosur (Mercosur-Staaten Argentinien, Brasilien, Paraguay, Uruguay), nachdem 2019 die EU-Mitgliedsstaaten Pestizide im Wert von mindestens 915 Millionen Euro in den Mercosur exportierten, darunter Pestizide, die in der EU nicht zugelassen sind
8 October 2020 Greenpeace released EU-Mercosur agreement documents, followed in 2021 by worst deforestation: 8 October 2020: Greenpeace Germany has released 58 pages of previously undisclosed documents of the EU-Mercosur Association Agreement, as in 2021 Brazil's Amazon sees worst deforestation levels in 15 years, that increased by 22% in a year
20 October 2020 EU wants Amazon protection in connection with trade deal with Brazil's Bolsonaro: 20 October 2020: EU seeks Amazon protections pledge from Bolsonaro in push to ratify trade deal, as Brazilian president’s stance on deforestation remains stumbling block for South America agreement
21 October 2021 leaked documents reveal fossil fuel and meat producing countries lobbying against climate action: 21 October 2021: Leaked documents reveal the fossil fuel and meat producing countries lobbying against climate action, as pesticide giants making billions on toxic and bee-harming chemicals, including 'Imidacloprid' (Bayer), 'Clothianidin' (Bayer, BASF), 'Thiametoxam' (Syngenta), no longer in Europa but on other continents, shown in November 2021 by non-governmental organization 'Public Eye' and British 'Unearthed'
25 April 2023 EU firms accused of ‘abhorrent’ export of banned pesticides to Brazil: 25 April 2023: Pesticides banned in the EU because of their links to human health risks are being exported and used on farms in Brazil supplying Nestlé, as Europe is home to some of the world’s biggest and most profitable chemical companies, including the Swiss-based Syngenta and the German multinationals BASF and Bayer. Despite the ban, millions of pounds worth of the products are still being exported to Brazil, where they are used on farms that supply the international sugar market, according to a new investigation by Lighthouse Reports and Repórter Brasil.
European Union/Canada relations: European Union/Canada relations - Canada–Europe relations - 18 October 2013: The EU and Canada reached a free-trade agreement
2016: 13 October 2016: Canada's Trudeau warns EU over CETA reluctance, presuming to say that its failure to ratify CETA deal with Canada will undermine the block’s 'usefulness', as German court gives no free ticket for CETA’s approval - 22 October: Wallonia continues to have concerns about threat of an independent court system to settle disputes between states and foreign investors, which critics say may be used by multinationals to dictate public policy, following CETA’s approval - 27 octobre: La Belgique est parvenue à arrêter une position commune sur CETA, que pourrait permettre aux Européens de signer cet accord, malgré un calendrier incertain - 27 October: CETA debate continues - 30 October: Trudeau off to sign EU trade deal after plane returns briefly with mechanical issues - 30 October: EU and Canada sign free trade deal
European Union/Chad relations: European Union/Chad relations
2016 Chadian torture 1982-1990 documentary while west looked the other way: 16 May 2016: Chadian torture documentary at Cannes film festival sheds light on one of Africa’s least-known mass killings, as some 40,000 people were murdered during Habré’s eight-year reign of terror between 1982 and 1990, while the west looked the other way
15 December 2020 French and Russian disinformation campaigns in the CAR: 15 December 2020: French and Russian disinformation campaigns have sought to deceive and influence internet users in the CAR ahead of December presidential election, Facebook said
European Union/PR of China relations: European Union/PR of China relations
2013/2014: 5 juin 2013: Les panneaux solaires chinois taxés par Bruxelles à partir du 6 juin à 11,8%, plus tard à 47,6% en moyenne si la Commission ne parvient pas à trouver un accord avec Pékin - 27 July 2013: EU deal with China over solar-panel dispute and minimum prices - 1 May 2014: European countries have approved billions in transfers of weapons and military-ready technology to China, AFP investigation shows
2016: 4 December 2016: The grim truth of Chinese factories producing the west’s Christmas toys, as undercover investigation by China Labor Watch exposes low wages, hazardous chemicals and overtime beyond legal limits
2017: 29 January 2017: China must investigate a harrowing account of torture by a detained lawyer and release several political prisoners, the EU has demanded in a rare statement amid a deteriorating human rights situation under president Xi Jinping - 2 June 2017: EU and China vow to keep fighting global warming joining states around world in show of solidarity after Trump’s announces USA pullout from climate accord
November 2019 European Commission said violence in response to the escalating protests in Hong Kong unacceptable: 18 November 2019: The European Commission said that violence in response to the escalating anti-government protests in Hong Kong was unacceptable and called on the authorities to keep their action 'strictly proportionate'
December 2019 EU parliament calls for China sanctions over Uighur treatment: 20 December 2019: Members of the European Parliament have called for 'targeted sanctions' against Chinese regime's officials over the treatment of detained Uighur Muslims
19 April 2020 growing pressure on China demanding covid-19 pandemic enquiry: 19 April 2020: Australia demands covid-19 pandemic enquiry, adding to pressure on China
29 May 2020 criticizing China over Hong Kong EU rules out taking any firm action: 29 May 2020: EU is criticizing Chinese regime for asserting more control over Hong Kong but ruled out taking any firm action for now, instead describing Friday's meeting as a preparation for an EU-China summit German city of Leipzig in September
5 June 2020 alliance formed to counter China threat amid rising tensions: 5 June 2020: International cooperation is needed to protect democratic values from an increasingly assertive China, a new group made up of lawmakers from 8 countries and the EU parliament has said, as legislators, representing parties across the political spectrum, have formed a global alliance, the Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China, to push their governments to take a stronger stance on relations with the country
10 June 2020 EU accusing Beijing regime for first time of running false campaigns: 10 June 2020: EU shifts position by accusing Beijing regime for first time of running false campaigns, saying regime behind 'huge wave' of covid-19 disinformation and Russia and China were running 'targeted influence operations and disinformation campaigns in the EU, its neighbourhood, and globally', as USA's expert Fauci says ‘we’re still at the beginning’ of pandemic', and as global economy will contract at least 6% this year, with the unprecedented loss of income and 'extraordinary uncertainty' according to OECD
24 July 2020 EU committee chairs demand harder stance on China’s abuse of human rights: 24 July 2020: Joint statement by EU committee chairs from countries including Belgium, Germany, Latvia, Norway, the UK and the European parliament itself, shows a network of parliamentarians is being constructed to shift European governments towards a harder stance on China’s abuse of human rights
29 December 2020 EU demands China release citizen journalist Zhang Zhan: 29 décembre 2020: L’UE a demandé mardi à la Chine de libérer 'immédiatement' la 'journaliste citoyenne' Zhang Zhan, condamnée à 4 ans de prison après avoir couvert l’épidémie, alors qu’un important accord sur les investissements entre Pékin et Bruxelles est proche d’aboutir
11 March 2021 Hong Kong activists urge EU not to ratify planned new investment deal with China: 11 March 2021: Hong Kong activists urge EU not to ratify planned new investment deal with China, saying EU should refuse to sign treaty until national security laws and election restrictions are lifted, also in the face of intense scepticism inside the European parliament, as MEPs must ratify the deal before it can come into force
23 March 2021 'EU did not rise to the challenge' according to UN special rapporteur Agnès Callamard: 23 March 2021: 'The EU did not rise to the challenge', according to UN special rapporteur Agnès Callamard on Europe's failure to fill human rights void, painting dire global picture following disdain for human rights of Trump administration, China and Russia
19 April 2021 HRW recommended the EU delay ratifying its recent trade agreement with China: 19 April 2021: HRW recommended the EU delay ratifying its recent trade agreement with China until forced labour allegations were investigated, victims compensated, and there was 'substantial progress toward holding perpetrators to account', calling on governments to take direct action against officials and companies that profit from labour in Xinjiang region, as Chinese government is committing crimes against humanity in the region where it has escalated its oppression of Turkic Muslims to unprecedented levels
9 July 2021 EU votes for diplomats to boycott China Winter Olympics over rights abuses: 9 July 2021: The European parliament has overwhelmingly passed a resolution calling on diplomatic officials to boycott the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics in response to continuing human rights abuses by the Chinese government, as the non-binding resolution also called for governments to impose further sanctions, provide emergency visas to Hong Kong journalists and further support Hongkongers to move to Europe
26 August 2021 China’s trade halt with Lithuania over Taiwan ties sends warning to Europe: 26 August 2021: China’s trade halt with Lithuania over Taiwan ties sends warning to Europe, as tough response to Baltic nation’s decision to exchange diplomatic offices with Taiwan puts EU under pressure, even more as covid-19 pandemic is threatening the the whole world, and Beijing's regime and economy is spreading
20 September 2021 Japan has urged European countries to speak out against China’s aggression: 20 September 2021: Japan has urged European countries to speak out against China’s aggression, warning that the international community must bolster deterrence efforts against Beijing’s military and territorial expansion amid a growing risk of a hot conflict, as - in an interview with the Guardian - Japan’s defence minister Nobuo Kishi said China had become increasingly powerful politically, economically and militarily and was 'attempting to use its power to unilaterally change the status quo in the East and South China Seas', which are crucial to global shipping and include waters and islands claimed by several other nations
29 November 2022 EU chief under pressure to get tough with Xi as China protests grow: 29 November 2022: With terrible timing, the president of the European Council is due to fly out to China Tuesday for talks with Xi Jinping, in an effort to strengthen ties between Brussels and Beijing. But rolling protests demanding an end to Xi’s zero-covid lockdown policy have escalated into the biggest threat to Chinese state power for more than 30 years, with some demonstrators even calling for the CCP leader to resign. As police arrest and beat protesters - and even journalists covering the events - amid fears that the authoritarian crackdown will become more brutal, Michel is facing growing pressure to rethink his mission.
European Union/Cyprus relations: European Union/Cyprus relations
3 June 2021 Cyprus could block EU adoption of minimum corporate tax plan: 3 June 2021: Cyprus could block EU adoption of minimum corporate tax plan, as EU directive on Joe Biden’s proposal for 15% tax rate on multinationals would require unanimous support
European Union/Denmark relations: European Union/Denmark relations
1972-2022 Denmark and the European Union development of relations: 1972-2022 Denmark and the European Union development of relations - 2022 Ireland and Denmark in the EU, fiftieth anniversary of accession
Denmark and the euro: Denmark and the euro
1 June 2022 Denmark votes overwhelmingly to join EU’s common defence policy: 1 June 2022: Denmark votes overwhelmingly to join EU’s common defence policy by 66.9% to 33.1% in referendum following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine - 1 juin 2022: Les Danois ont voté 'oui' pour rejoindre la politique de défense européenne, a annoncé Mette Frederikse. Une majorité écrasante de Danois, presque 67%, ont voté mercredi 1er juin en faveur d'une intégration à la politique de défense de l'UE, selon le décompte de 97% des bulletins de vote. État membre de l'UE depuis 1973, le Danemark avait tiré en 1992 le premier coup de canon de l'euroscepticisme en rejetant à 50,7 % le traité de Maastricht, puis était resté hors de la politique européenne de défense.
European Union/Egypt relations: European Union/Egypt relations
July 2013 EU's Ashton in Cairo for talks amid crisis: 29 July 2013: EU's Ashton arrives in Cairo for talks Monday amid crisis - 21 August: Interim PM al-Beblawi says his country could live without aid from the USA as Washington and the EU review ties with Cairo after arrest of Islamist chief
February 2016 EU and global protests against murder of Italian student Giulio Regeni: 8 February 2016: More than 4,600 academics from across the globe sign an open letter protesting against the death of student Giulio Regeni from Italy whose body was found on the outskirts of Cairo bearing signs of torture last week, and demanding an investigation into the growing number of forced disappearances in Egypt
10 December 2020 Italian prosecutors charge 4 members of Egypt’s 'security' agency with the kidnapping and murder of Giulio Regeni: 10 December 2020: Italian prosecutors have officially charged four members of Egypt’s national 'security' agency with the kidnapping and murder of Italian doctoral student Giulio Regeni in Cairo, as prosecutors in Rome accused Tariq Saber, Athar Kamel Mohamed Ibrahim, Capt Uhsam Helmi and Maj Magdi Ibrahim Abdelal Sharif of kidnapping the young student in 2016, while Sharif is also accused of grievous bodily harm and murder, as 'Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms' revealed last September that 'security' forces have forcibly 'disappeared' 2,723 people since 2015, and as enforced disappearances, where citizens are secretly detained by security agents without access to lawyers or their families, are associated with frequent use of torture
24 June 2021 Egypt’s political prisoners have little hope: 24 June 2021: Egypt’s political prisoners have little hope, as many are victims of a dictatorship reliant on western financial and political support
Since early 21st century Egypt's and EU's South Sinai regional development programme: South Sinai regional development programme, an integrated regional development programme in the Governorate of South Sinai, Egypt and funded by the European Union for the protection of cultural and natural resources, and enhancing the living conditions of local communities, particularly Bedouins, divided into two components of pre-determined large projects related to infrastructure, studies, and equipment and the programme and priority issues for 2006-2010
North Sinai Governorate and smuggling of supplies and weapons into the Gaza Strip: North Sinai Governorate, one of the governorates of Egypt, located in the north-eastern part of the country encompassing the northern half of the Sinai Peninsula, as the population of the North Sinai Governorate in 2015 was 434,781 people, comprising predominantly Bedouin tribesmen, significant economic activity of the Bedouin tribes has been smuggling mainly into the Gaza Strip supplies and weapons using cross-border tunnels as well as assisting illegal migrants into Israel, as these activities have been curtailed by the Egyptian government crackdown of smuggling into the Gaza Strip and by the building of the Israel-Egypt barrier, as North Sinai has since 2011 been especially affected by the Sinai insurgency and measures by government forces to combat it, which has resulted in many casualties
Arish city bordering the Gaza Strip: Arish city, the capital and largest city - with 164,830 inhabitants as of 2012 - of the North Sinai Governorate of Egypt, as well as the largest city on the entire Sinai Peninsula, lying on the Mediterranean coast 344 kilometers northeast of Cairo, bordering the Gaza Strip and Israel
Lake Bardawil: Lake Bardawil, a large, very saline lagoon nearby the protected area of Zaranik in Egypt on the north coast of the Sinai Peninsula, considered to be one of the three major lakes of the Sinai Peninsula, along with the Great Bitter Lake and the Little Bitter Lake
9 November 2020 ambitious development projects in North Sinai adjoining the Suez Canal, Israel and Gaza: 9 November 2020: Egypt is rolling out ambitious development projects in North Sinai adjoining the Suez Canal, Israel and Gaza, to help drag the region out of poverty, as the USA has run projects to provide water worth $50 million in North Sinai, as Arab countries reportedly also extended aid, as pockets of instability in the region persists fueled mainly by Iran's Mullah regime and its alliances fearing pro-democracy movements, germinating no later than 2011 also in Arab countries and Palestinian territories
European Union/Eritrea: European Union/Eritrea relations
European Union/Ethiopia relations: European Union/Ethiopia relations
16 December 2020 EU postponed support payments to Ethiopia over Tigray crisis: 16 December 2020: The EU has postponed almost 90 million euros in budget support payments to Ethiopia over the bloc's concerns of the Tigray crisis, according to an EU document, as move highlights the EU’s wish for a cessation of hostilities and its concerns about restrictions on humanitarian and media access to the northern region
30 June 2021 facing an avoidable catastrophe in Ethiopia the world including former colonial powers needs to wake up: 30 June 2021: The looming famine in Tigray is an avoidable catastrophe, as the ruination of a once-thriving area of Ethiopia is the result of war and its associated crimes, and the world needs to wake up
European Union and France: European Union and France - The 'Inner Six' Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and West-Germany were the six founding member states of the European Communities
Since 1960s France's colonial past, world market, tensions with Nato and French efforts to use the EU: Since the 1960s France and USA differed over the waging of the Vietnam War, in part because ironcally French leaders were convinced that the USA could not win, following French experience with Indochina and the Algerian War of Independence again showing it was impossible to impose by force a government over a foreign population using unacceptable methods such as torture, as tensions reappeared intermittently in the 1970s when France more strongly than any other nation saw the EU as a method of counterbalancing USA and British power, and thus works towards having the Euro, also developing a European defense initiative as an alternative to NATO, as the USA had much closer relations with the other large European powers, and in the 1980s the two nations disagreed on the desirability of a reunified Germany, as the tried to prevent France and other European countries from buying natural gas from Russia through the construction of the Siberia-Europe pipeline that was finally built, a controversy persisting since the always more criminal Putin regime
1979 Khomeini flew to Iran in chartered Air France plane: On 1 February 1979 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini flew to Iran in a chartered Air France plane after political exile in France, accompanied by supporters as well as 120 international journalists, greeted by crowds of Iranians and fast appointing 'God's government' on 11 February
Since 1979 Iranian Islamist's persecution of opposition, assassinations also in France and spread of terrorism: French exile of PM Shapour Bakhtiar, Islamic Republic's death sentence for him and series of assassination attempts - National Resistance Movement of Iran - 6 August 1991 Assassination of Shapour Bakhtiar along with his secretary Soroush Katibeh in Paris by three assassins, including Vakili Rad, who was received as a hero by Iranian officials in 2010
Since 1966 France began testing nuclear weapons in South Pacific opposing the region's community: Since 1966 France began testing nuclear weapons on Mururoa Atoll in the Tuamotu Archipelago of French Polynesia, as in 1985 eight South Pacific countries, including New Zealand and Australia, signed a treaty declaring the region a nuclear-free zone
July 1985 deadly French sinking of the Rainbow Warrior authorised by Mitterand and aftermath: July 1985 deadly sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, a bombing operation by the 'action' branch of the French foreign intelligence services, as after the bombing, the New Zealand Police started one of the country's largest police investigations, as PM Laurent Fabius admitted the bombing had been a French plot on 22 September 1985, saying 'the truth is cruel', acknowledging there had been acover-up, admitting 'agents of the French secret service sank this boat', 'acting on orders', as on the 20th anniversary of the sinking, it was revealed that Mitterrand had personally authorised the mission, as in 2006 Antoine Royal, brother of Segolene Royal, revealed that their brother and former French intelligence officer Gérard Royal had been the agent who put the bombs on the Rainbow Warrior, and as in 2016 Rainbow Warrior crew member Grace O'Sullivan was elected to the Irish Senate and became a Member of the European Parliament MEP for the Ireland South constituency in July 2019 - Fernando Pereira (10 May 1950 – 10 July 1985) was a freelance Portuguese-Dutch photographer, who drowned when French intelligence DGSE detonated a bomb and sank the Rainbow Warrior, owned by Greenpeace on 10 July 1985
To 1995–96 French nuclear tests in the South Pacific: 1995–96 French nuclear tests in the South Pacific, continuing the French nuclear tests series since decennies
Since 2002 tax haven Monaco: Tax haven Monaco's absence of a personal income tax has attracted to it a considerable number of wealthy 'tax refugee' residents who derive the majority of their income from activity outside Monaco - 24 October 2002 Franco-Monégasque treaty greatly increases Monaco’s ability to conduct it own foreign relations, alleging that the Principality is an independent and sovereign State - Franco-Monégasque economic and political ties, including an agreement that French citizens with less than five years of residence in Monaco and companies doing more than 25% of their business outside the country would be taxed at French rates
May 2016 EU, France and Monaco: 26 May 2016: The EU, France and Monaco
2017 accusations against Marine Le Pen: 31 janvier 2017: Marine Le Pen est accusée d'avoir rémunéré des cadres du Front national avec l'argent du Parlement européen
7 December 2020 Egypt's al-Sisi in France with silence over regime's rights record: 7 December 2020: Egypt's Fattah al-Sisi on Sunday began a three-day state visit to France, with activists warning Macron administration not to turn a blind eye to regime's rights record with a red carpet welcome
March 2021 Paris city has launched two months of events commemorating 1871 Paris Commune: 23 March 2021: Last week, Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo inaugurated a programme of 50 events commemorating the Commune, including exhibitions, plays, conferences and debates, as Paris has launched two months of events commemorating a radical experiment in people power, which also continues to inspire 150 years later - May 2021 commemoration of the 1871 Paris Commune in events and contributions from movements and groups, today also including international art groups, beyond political organizations, parties, social movements, but no more states today, amid 21st century forces of self-destruction and weapons of mass destruction
5 May 2021 EU member state France's Macron marked anniversary of French emperor's death 'as part of us': 5 May 2021: EU member state France's Emmanuel Macron has marked the 200th anniversary of the death of emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, telling France the controversial former emperor 'is part of us'
European Union and Germany: Germany and the European Union
Representation of the European Commission in Germany
September 1963 EEC members France, Germany and Italy reached an agreement on merging the executive bodies: In September 1963 EEC members France, Germany and Italy reached an agreement on merging the executive bodies of three Communities, as a year later it is agreed the single 'Commission' would have nine members, two from each of the larger states, France, Germany and Italy, and one from each of the smaller Benelux states Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg, as the Merger Treaty was signed on 8 April 1965 and entered into force on 1 July 1967 merging all three Communities with common institutions - 1958–1993/2009 European Economic Community
1966–1969 NSDAP/CDU member Kurt Georg Kiesinger West Germany's chancellor: December 1966 – October 1969 NSDAP/CDU member Kurt Georg Kiesinger chancellor of Germany (West Germany) - Seit 1966 NSDAP-Kiesinger als BRD-Kanzler war kein Versehen. Er wurde nach einem Globke als Chef des Bundeskanzleramts, den Hitlergeneralen in der Bundeswehr etc. der Bundesrepublik, Europa und der Welt mit Bedacht und Absicht zugemutet. Er verstand seine zweite Karriere und fuhr 1968 zum Staatsbesuch zu Franco. Dort ließ er sich vom faschistischen Diktator in aller Öffentlichkeit dekorieren: Verbunden durch gemeinsame Vergangenheit im Zeichen des 'Schirmherrn der europäischen Zivilisation', verantwortlich für Massenmord auch z.B. 1941-1944 bei der gemeinsamen mörderischen Belagerung Leningrads unter Beteiligung der 'Blue Division'. Ein bundesdeutscher NSDAP/CDU-Kanzler empfängt gestanztes Blech aus Henkershand vor den Augen der Welt.
June 1967 'Third Arab–Israeli War': 5–10 June 1967 'Third Arab–Israeli War', was fought between Israel and Jordan, Syria and Egypt (supported by Iraq, Kuwait, Algeria, Saudi-Arabia, Soviet Union, PLO), as relations between Israel and its neighbours were not normalised after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, as in 1956 Israel invaded the Sinai peninsula in Egypt, with one of its objectives being the reopening of the Straits of Tiran that Egypt had blocked to Israeli shipping since 1950, as shipping was essentiel for the country under construction and reconstuction, and as UNEF was deployed along the border, but there was no demilitarisation agreement
2016 Holocaust survivors in Europe waiting for compensation: 5 May 2016: Tens of thousands of Holocaust survivors are spending the final years of their lives in financial hardship while waiting for governments across Europe to compensate them for property stolen during the Nazi era
February 2019 clean air benchmarks: 5 February 2019: Germany's CSU Scheuer’s claim that 'increasing voices' in medical profession were casting doubt on the science behind clean air benchmarks provoked a strong response from the EU environment commissioner Karmenu Vella, who said if the limits were changed they would only be made stronger - Since 2001 Clean Air for Europe
April 2019 EU worries about recession risks in Italy and German slowdown: 5 April 2019: EU worries about recession risks in Italy, German slowdown
May 2020 German government has thrown Lufthansa a €9bn lifeline amid negotiations with EU: 26 May 2020: After government has thrown Lufthansa a €9bn lifeline in the largest corporate rescue since the coronavirus crisis struck, seeking to protect thousands of jobs, minister declined to give details about the remaining sticking points in negotiations with the European commission - 26 May 2020: Franco-German plan for European recovery will face compromises
11/12 July 2020 the only EU country without comprehensive national legislation to return private property confiscated by the Nazis is Poland: 11 July 2020: As Poland is the only country in the EU that has not passed comprehensive national legislation to return, or provide compensation for, private property confiscated by the Nazis, Polish president rejects Holocaust restitution claims ahead of election, as Andrzej Duda vows no reparations for assets seized from Jews during World War II, saying 'damages should be paid by the one that started the war', and as EU leaders are split over covid-19 recovery ahead of this week’s emergency summit that will expose national divisions over budgets, the €750bn pandemic fund, but not yet over Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen, promoting war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the Führerbegleitbatallion, tasked with guarding Hitler and his field headquarters during the invasion of Poland, which began on 1 September 1939, describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military
February 2019 German payments to Nazi collaborators: 21 February 2019: Nearly 75 years after the second world war, Germany is still paying monthly pensions to collaborators of the wartime Nazi regime in several European countries including Belgium and Britain, as Belgian foreign affairs committee voted in favour of a resolution urging the German federal government to put an immediate stop to the payments and publish a full list of those receiving them
1 February 2021 Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas and Nazi general Erwin Rommel: 1 February 2021: Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas, as vandalism comes as Alexander De Croo faces series of criticisms, including from hardline Flemish Nationalists, over allegedly undemocratic nature of anti-covid restrictions - 1 October 2020: Belgian government attracted attention for being the country’s first gender-balanced one, as Sophie Wilmes became Belgium’s first female foreign minister, as her paternal grandparents were killed in the bombing of Limal during World War II, and as her mother - an Ashkenazi Jew - lost several relatives in the Holocaust - Limal et la Seconde Guerre mondiale, quand en mai 1940, les Allemands devaient passer la Dyle par le pont de Limal, se trouvait en face d’eux la IIe Division Nord-Africaine, une lutte s'engagea, et quand nombreux furent les soldats français qui payèrent de leur vie cette résistance acharnée qui dura trois jours à Limal - 10 mai 1940 sans déclaration de guerre, l'Allemagne déclenche son offensive contre les Pays-Bas, la Belgique, le Luxembourg et la France, et dès le premier jour de combat, les armées belge et néerlandaise sont surclassées, suivie par des arrestation, internement et déportation des 'suspects étrangers', soit 7500 Allemands et Autrichiens pour la plupart des réfugiés Juifs, déportés vers les camps du midi de la France, et quand Winston Churchill devient Premier ministre, succédant à Arthur Neville Chamberlain - 20 mai 1940 20 les chars de Rommel atteignent La Manche à Abbeville, encerclant l'armée du Nord (Français, Anglais et Belges) - 24 mai au 27 mai 1940 résistance des bataillons des Royal Welch Fusiliers et Royal Scott Fusiliers sur les canaux au Sud-Ouest de Lille face à la division de Rommel, 7e Panzerdivision - 20 avril 1944 bombardement de Limal qui détruisit presque entièrement le village et fit 31 morts ainsi que plusieurs blessés - 1940-1944 'Des Bombes sur Limal' - Limal 'Monument aux morts', aux victimes civiles et militaires de 1914-1918 et 1940-1945 - 20 avril 1944 victime d'un bombardement médecin Charles Wilmes, mort à l'âge de 34 ans, Place Albert 1er, n° 4, et Marie-Louise Piette, tuée en même temps que son époux
March 2021 Paris city has launched two months of events commemorating 1871 Paris Commune: 23 March 2021: Last week, Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo inaugurated a programme of 50 events commemorating the Commune, including exhibitions, plays, conferences and debates, as Paris has launched two months of events commemorating a radical experiment in people power, which also continues to inspire 150 years later - May 2021 commemoration of the 1871 Paris Commune in events and contributions from movements and groups, today also including international art groups, beyond political organizations, parties, social movements, but no more states today, amid 21st century forces of self-destruction and weapons of mass destruction
6 June 2021 Normandy memorial for British D-day victims of German war crimes unveiled: 6 June 2021: Normandy memorial for British D-day troops unveiled, as ceremony takes place at Ver-sur-Mer for 22,442 soldiers under British command who died during D-day and Battle of Normandy in NSDAP-ruled German empire's second World War 1939-1945, beginning with the brutal aggression against Poland, then northern and western Europe how since 1914, then against the Soviet Union, North Africa, as German military's 'Blitzkrieg' operations failed since 1941/1942 in battles and sieges of Leningrad, Moscow, Stalingrad and Kursk and over 20 million Soviet victims, 6 million Holocaust victims and more victims in North Africa, Europe and from Allied countries including Canada, USA, New Zealand, caused by German war criminals under the leadership of a desired dictator - 6 June 2021: Along the coast of Normandy the flags were out, and the pipe-and-drum bands were touring the cemeteries and memorials commemorating the dead
9 June 2021 EU launches legal case against Germany over alleged breach of EU law primacy principle: 9 June 2021: EU launches legal case against Germany over alleged breach of EU law primacy principle, as 'infringement proceeding’ is result of ruling by German court contradicting the ECJ by instructing Berlin to delay approval of a European Central Bank multi-trillion Euro bond-buying programme due to concerns that it was straying into financing member states, something it claimed was not permitted under EU founding treaties
2 July 2021 Israeli FM Lapid to insist on submarine affair probe concerning German firm ThyssenKrupp: 2 July 2021: Israeli FM Yair Lapid said that he will not relent on the demand for the establishment a formal national commission of inquiry into the so-called submarine affair, relating to allegations of misconduct involving the purchase of submarines and other naval vessels from the German firm ThyssenKrupp, expanding in WWI and since the 1930s by NSDAP's rearmament policy as labor was conscripted and supplemented by foreign workers, slave laborers, and prisoners of war
31 August 2021 German government warns EU against setting target of Afghan refugees: 31 August 2021: Germany warns EU against setting target of Afghan refugees, as CSU interior minister says ‘pull-effect’ could risk sparking fresh European migration crisis
European Union and Greece: Greece and the European Union
10 August 2021f irefighters from several European countries are helping Greek teams: 10 August 2021: Firefighters from several European countries are helping Greek teams on the island of Evia to contain wildfires raging near a major town
European Union/Honduras relations: European Union/Honduras relations
2016: 20 April 2016: The daughter of murdered environmental leader Berta Cáceres has called for a suspension of European aid to Honduras and investment in its hydro projects until the country complies with human rights norms
European Union/Hungary relations: European Union/Hungary relations
2015: 22 May 2015: Amid growing unease over constitutional changes made by Hungary’s rightwing government, EU's Jean-Claude Juncker welcomed Hungarian PM Orban at Riga summit, greeting him with 'Hello, dictator' - 24 June 2015: Hungary defies EU rule on asylum seekers - 31 August 2015: Condemned by many EU officials, Hungary continues construction of border fence with Serbia directed against desperate refugees
July 2018: 19 July 2018: European Commission sent a formal letter of notice to Hungary, the first step of an infringement procedure, over the government’s 'Stop Soros' law, threatening aid workers and human rights advocates working with asylum-seekers with up to a year in prison
September 2018: 15 September 2018: Hungary vows to challenge the European Parliament vote, paving the way for sanctions, as most Hungarians think the parliament’s decision to trigger Article 7 disciplinary procedures against Hungary was fair, according to an Euronews poll
European Union/India relations: European Union/India relations - 20 March 2013: EU foreign policy chief Ashton defends Italy's breach of trust over two marines on trial for murder in India
10 November 2021: EU's present day German state BRD prepares for 11 November, when records of 320,000 troops from the Punjab who fought in the first world war and left unread in a basement for 97 years, have been disclosed by UK-based historians to offer new insight into the contribution of Indian soldiers to the allied war effort 1914-1918 against terrible empires, found in the depths of the Lahore Museum in Pakistan and now digitised and uploaded on to a website in time for Armistice Day on Thursday, where historians and the descendants of British and Irish soldiers could search public databases of service records, as no such facility existed for the families of Indian soldiers in the past decennies following No. 1 of the moat cruel wars in history, but as on 11 November in Germany - the 11th day of the 11th month - German carnival strongholds organize festive events until Ash Wednesday in February the following year
European Union/Indonesia relations: European Union/Indonesia relations
16th-20th centuries European colonization of Southeast Asia: 16th-20th centuries European colonization of Southeast Asia after the arrival of Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish and later French and British traders, beginning with the Portuguese acquisition of Malacca in 1511, including Dutch colony 'Dutch East Indies' until 1949, consisting of what is now Indonesia - List of European colonies in Southeast Asia and impact
27 March 2020 Hague court orders Dutch state to pay out over colonial massacres: 27 March 2020: Hague court orders Dutch state to pay out over colonial massacres, as Indonesian Andi Monji forced to watch his father’s execution is among those who will get compensation, including widows and children of other executed men, mainly farmers, and as court recognised in its ruling that the sums granted the relatives of victims were 'disproportionate' (i.e. marginally) to the suffering caused, following Dutch and European crimes during hundreds of years never persecuted and punished
European Union/Iran relations: European Union/Iran relations
Since 2011: EU restrictive measures against Iran, since 2011, the EU has also adopted restrictive measures related to Iranian regime's violations of human rights
2013/2014: 7 September 2013: EU court strikes down sanctions imposed on seven Iranian companies despite reported links to Iran’s illicit nuclear activities - 20 January 2014: EU and USA suspend sanctions against Iran after IAEA confirmed Iran's regime has begun halting sensitive nuclear activities - 8/9 March 2014: EU's Catherine Ashton visits Iran for first time, nuclear issue on agenda - 9 March: EU's Catherine Ashton, on visit in Tehran and meeting Rohani and Zarif, told by Israel's Netanyahu to ask Iran about its Gaza-bound arms boat - 25 November 2014: The EU extended a freeze on certain sanctions against Iran after negotiations aimed at curbing the country's nuclear programme were prolonged by seven months
2015: 3 April 2015: IAEA welcomes that Iran is set to allow the agency more access to its nuclear sites in a framework agreement on Iran's nuclear program reached in Lausanne E3+3 and Iran negotiations on Thursday - 28 October 2015: Former Iran leader Akbar Rafsanjani tells state-run news agency country pursued nuclear weapon, in contravention of repeated assurances by the regime that its enrichment program is and always has been peaceful
2016: 8 March 2016: EU expresses support for Iranian women resistors struggling against government oppression - 25 April 2016: French-Iranian citizen Afshar who left Iran in 2009 after facing espionage charges has been sentenced to six years in jail following her return to the country to visit her critically ill mother - 16 May 2016: French Foreign Ministry staffer Nazak Afshar with dual citizenship awaits appeal on prison sentence in Iran - 11 July 2016: Iran indicts three dual nationals including British-Iranian Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe, who has been held in solitary confinement, reports say - 19 July 2016: Iranian regime defends international deal's secret document easing nuke program restrictions, as FM Zarif says paper obtained by AP that shows Iran will be able to get within 6 months of a bomb in a decade is a 'matter of pride’ - 28October 2016: EU’s foreign policy chief Mogherini in Tehran to meet once again smiling child killers and shake bloody hands
2017: 29 July 2017: USA and European allies Britain, France and Germany urged Iran to halt all ballistic missile activity after regime tested a satellite-launch rocket in what USA denounced as a 'provocative' act - 4 August 2017: Amnesty International urges EU's Federica Mogherini to use a visit to Iran to demand that Iranian regime immediately release all imprisoned human rights activists - 13 August 2017: Israel's Mossad chief Cohen noted that in the two years since the signing of the Iran nuclear deal, known formally as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, Tehran regime has not abandoned its desire to develop nuclear weapons, and that the agreement 'only reinforced that trend and strengthened Iranian aggression in the region'
November 2017: 2 November 2017: Iran’s trade with the EU stood at €13.1 billion in the eight months ending August 2017, almost double compared with the same period of last year, as Iran-Germany trade increased in 2017 by 19% and Israeli Chief Rabbi Yitzhak Yosef says that a genocide is being perpetrated in Syria by the Assad regime and its allies, insisting that there is a moral responsibility to stop the bloodshed of civilians
January 2018: 4 January 2018: To repulse Trump, the Iranian regime needs the Europeans, remaining silent so far in response to the killing of protesters during the 2017/2018 series of protests, as the Iranian theocratic regime spends billions on proxy wars throughout the Mideast
May 2018: 9 May 2018: As Iranian lawmakers vow response 'US and Zionists will regret’, burning a piece of paper representing the nuclear deal and shouting 'Death to America!', France's, Germany's and the UK's governments vow, in a show of unity against the USA on Tuesday, to uphold the Iran nuclear deal, despite USA president’s decision to withdraw from it saying that his administration 'will be instituting the highest level of economic sanction' against the Iranian regime
15 May 2018: Zarif, minister of the Iranian regime committing war crimes together with the Assad and Putin regime, gave an upbeat assessment after a 'good and constructive' meeting with EU's Mogherini, as USA hits Iran’s central bank officials with terror sanctions for helping terrorist group Hezbollah
July 2018: 2 July 2018: Belgium, France and Germany have detained six people, including an Iranian diplomat posted in Vienna, over an alleged plot to bomb a weekend rally by an exiled Iranian opposition group in France, as Iranian regime's Rouhani arrived in Bern on his visit to Switzerland and Austria that regime said was of 'crucial importance' for 'cooperation' between the regime and Europe, telling Swiss president that Israel is 'illegitimate' at a joint press conference
August 2018: 23 August 2018: The European Union agreed 18 million euros ($20.6 million), as part of a wider package of 50 million euros, in aid for Iran on Thursday - 24 August 2018: Israel's PM Benjamin Netanyahu slams the European Union’s financial support package for Iran as a 'big mistake' and said it was like a 'poison pill to the Iranian people and to the efforts to curb Iranian aggression in the region and beyond the region', as Iranian regime attempted to conduct a terror attack on European soil just weeks ago - 25 August 2018: USA slams EU for sending 'wrong message’ with 'aid package' meaning European taxpayers' money for the Iranian regime, as new envoy for Iran says 'more money in the hands of the Ayatollah means more money to conduct assassinations' in Europe
September 2018: 25 September 2018: EU said its members would set up a payment system to allow oil companies and businesses to continue trading with the Iranian regime in a bid to evade sanctions, siding with its state-sponsored terrorism and war once again, as Iran video threatens missile strikes on UAE and Saudi Arabia, also threatening Israel - 27 September 2018: Israel had identified a 'secret atomic warehouse' in Tehran, containing nuclear equipment and radioactive material, according to Israeli PM Netanyahu, calling for new sanctions against Iran and accusing European leaders of 'appeasement' for opposing them
October 2018 Iranian regime's foiled bomb attack near Paris in June: 2 October 2018: France blames Iranian regime for foiled bomb attack near Paris in June, saying Iranian ministry of intelligence, which is part of Rouhani’s government, ordered attack on opposition MEK
January 2019 Iranian regime accused of being behind plots to assassinate regime opponents on Dutch, Danish and French soil: 9 January 2019: EU hit Iran’s intelligence services with sanctions after accusing Iranian regime of being behind plots to assassinate regime opponents on Dutch, Danish and French soil - 31 January 2019: France, Germany and UK expected to launch payment mechanism letting Iranian regime bypass USA sanctions, as Iranian demonstrators since months criticize continued regime's spending of billions of dollars on regional proxy wars and support for terrorist groups, as USA warns it will pursue any company breaching sanctions, and some days after Iran general Hossein Salami said regime aims to wipe Israel off the 'global political map'
April 2019 Iran accused of developing missile technology in contravention of UN resolution: 2 April 2019: Britain, France and Germany accused Iran of developing missile technology in contravention of a UN resolution, drawing attention to regime’s ballistic missile efforts and their potential relevance for a nuclear weapons program, and called for a full UN report on recent activities, according to a letter released Tuesday
May 2019: 9 May 2019: Despite nuke deal, European firms have been reluctant to work with Iran - 9 May 2019: European powers reject Iran’s ‘ultimatums’ on nuclear deal
July 2019 'wake-up call' to Europe: 2 July 2019: A day after Iranian regime said it had breached an agreed-upon limit on its stocks of low-enriched uranium, which Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu described as a 'significant step' toward building a nuclear weapon, urging Europe to scrap 2015 deal and reimpose punishing sanctions on Iran, Israel’s foreign minister calls the Iranian move a 'wake-up call' to Europe
16 July 2019 Iranian threats: 16 July 2019: Iran's ayatollah Ali Khamenei vows response to Britain's 'piracy' and 'will not leave such evil deeds unanswered', saying country will retaliate over the seizure of an Iranian oil tanker in Gibraltar
8 August 2019 INSTEX Bernd Erbel defended Iranian regime’s ballistic missiles: 8 August 2019: Head of EU-Iran trade entity INSTEX and ex-diplomat Bernd Erbel, who gave pair of interviews to journalist who claimed ‘Holocaust industry’ inflates number of victims and reportedly defended Iranian regime’s ballistic missile program, has pulled out of the job
September 2019 Britain to join USA-led naval mission: 13 September 2019: Britain's decision to join a USA-led naval mission in the Gulf has delayed European efforts to set up a maritime force to ensure safe shipping in the Strait of Hormuz separate from USA patrols
24 September 2019 Britain, France and Germany blame Iran for attacks on oil facilities: 24 September 2019: Britain, France and Germany joined the USA in blaming Iran for attacks on key oil facilities in Saudi Arabia, as the Iranian foreign minister tried to invalidate the substantiated assessment through his prophetic revelation 'if Iran were behind this attack, nothing would have been left of this refinery'
December 2019 EU countries encouraging bloody Iranian regime: 1 December 2019: Encouraging bloody Iranian regime, more European countries including Belgium, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden join Iran sanctions-busting mechanism, amid Khamenei's and Rouhani's bloody crackdown on opposition movement and protests, amid regime's backed bloody crackdowns in Iraq and Lebanon, and as Iranian regime's involvement in Assad's and Russia's war against the Syrian people completes its 9th year - 1 December 2019: Report of Iranian regime's brutal crackdown in Shiraz, after an internet blackout hid the regime’s response to unrest over raising fuel prices, interviews with activists and an analysis of social media posts reveal what happened
December 2019 UK, Germany and France slam Iran for working on nuclear-capable missiles: 5 December 2019: UK, Germany and France slam Iran for working on nuclear-capable missiles, also accusing Iranian regime in UN letter of proliferating ballistic missile technology in the region, also citing social media footage of a previously unseen flight test of a new Shahab-3 medium-range ballistic missile
6/7 January 2020 EU is rolling out red carpet for Iranian regime's promoter of violence Zarif as USA denies entry: 5 janvier 2020: L'Iran lève toute limite sur ses centrifugeuses - 6 January 2020: EU is rolling out a red carpet in Brussels for Iranian regime's promoter of violence Zarif amid tensions, war and terrorism in the Middle East and worldwide caused by the regime, as USA has denied an entry visa to Zarif, preventing him from attending a UN Security Council meeting scheduled for later this week, Reuters says
11/12 January 2020 EU's agency EASA warns against flying over Iran after Mullah regime shot down Ukrainian jet killing 176 passengers: 11 January 2020: EU aviation agency EASA warns against flying over Iran, after Mullah regime admitted shooting down Ukrainian passenger jet, killing 176 people from Afghanistan, Canada, Iran, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom - 12 January 2020: Iranian Khamenei, Rouhani, Zarif regime deploys riot police as it braces for further protests over plane shootdown, amid circulating calls for protests later in the day, and after a large black banner unveiled in Vali-e Asr Square in Tehran bore the names of those killed in the plane crash
16 November 2020 Israel’s USA envoy says it would be a mistake for Biden to reenter Iran deal: 16 November 2020: Israel’s Ambassador to the USA Ron Dermer said that it would be a 'mistake' for the incoming Biden administration to reenter the Iran nuclear deal, and 'hopefully he will look at the Middle East as it is, he will see the benefits of [the normalization] process, of how he can continue that process', appearing to be first Israeli official to speak out publicly against president-elect’s plans to renegotiate a 'longer, stronger’ accord
25 November 2020 Sweden calls on Tehran not to execute Iranian-Swedish academic Ahmadreza Djalali: 25 November 2020: Iranian Mullah regime's foreign ministry has warned against 'all interference' by Sweden after Stockholm called on Tehran not to execute Iranian-Swedish academic Ahmadreza Djalali, a specialist in emergency medicine, who was handed a death penalty three years ago for spying
27 November 2020 5 British MPs escaped Iranian terror plot at Paris rally in 2018: 27 November 2020: Five British MPs were among thousands who escaped a terror plot at a rally in Paris two years ago allegedly engineered by an Iranian 'diplomat', as bomb that had been meant to explode at the Free Iran rally on 30 June 2018 was found in the car of a couple who were arrested in Brussels
27 November 2020 Iranian diplomat misses first day of his trial over 2018 terror plot allegedly on the orders of Iran’s FM: 27 November 2020: Iranian diplomat suspected of masterminding a failed bomb attack at a rally outside Paris attended by five British MPs has skipped the first day of his trial, allegedly on the orders of Iran’s foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif not to attend the trial
28 November 2020 Iran says won’t accept verdict in Belgian trial of Assadi accused in bomb plot: 28 November 2020: Iranian regime says won’t accept verdict in Belgian trial of Assadollah Assadi accused in bomb plot, after in October 2018 France accused Iran’s ministry of intelligence of being behind the terror plot
1 December 2020 Kylie Moore-Gilbert thanks supporters after Iran prison release: 1 December 2020: Kylie Moore-Gilbert thanks supporters after Iran prison release, saying 'my freedom is your victory', after British-Australian academic was held for more than 800 days in prison on espionage charges widely dismissed as baseless
3 December 2020 Mullah regime gives European signatories to nuclear deal two months to ease sanctions: 3 December 2020: Iranian Mullah regime passes law threatening to halt nuclear inspections and boost enrichment, as law gives European signatories to nuclear deal two months to ease sanctions imposed after USA quit nuclear deal
December 2020 Belgian court hearings end on Iran diplomat accused of bomb plot: 4 December 2020: Belgian court hearings end on Iran diplomat accused of bomb plot, as verdict for Assadollah Assadi expected on January 22, and as 48-year-old faces 20 years in prison if convicted of plotting to target 2018 rally outside Paris
7 December 2020 German-Iranian Nahid Taghavi detained in Evin for seven weeks with no outside access: 7 December 2020: After German-Iranian Nahid Taghavi has been detained in Evin for seven weeks with no outside access, Mariam Claren fights to free her mother, saying 'I don't know what Iran wants'
9 December 2020 UN presses Iran on nuclear/ballistic missile concerns and 1988 massacres of dissidents: UN urges Iran to address nuclear, ballistic missile concerns and return to deal, notes Israeli intel about probable Iranian missiles in Libya, as council scheduled to discuss report on December 22 - 9 December 2020: Amnesty International hailed as a long-awaited breakthrough a letter sent by UN experts to the Iranian government pressing for accountability over the notorious 1988 prison massacres of dissidents and warning the killings may constitute crimes against humanity
12 December 2020 Mullah regime executes journalist Zam in 'a shocking escalation in the use of the death penalty as a weapon of repression': 12 December 2020: Mullah regime executed journalist Ruhollah Zam, marking 'a shocking escalation in the use of the death penalty as a weapon of repression'
13 December 2020 Iranian Mullah regime summons EU envoys for protesting reporter Zam’s hanging: 13 December 2020: Iranian Mullah regime summons EU envoys for protesting reporter Zam’s hanging, after EU condemned the execution of the Iranian journalist whose work helped inspire nationwide economic protests in 2017
21 December 2020 Germany and France backing off against Iranian, Russian nuclear and terror threats: 21 December 2020: Backing off against terrorism and nuclear threats, Germany and France join Russia's war criminal Putin, Iranian Mullahs and Beijing regime in a 'statement on behalf of ministers from Iran, China, Russia, Germany, France and the UK after online meeting' to repeat dangerous mistakes
3 January 2021 Iranian regime warns that Lebanon, Gaza terror groups can ‘level Haifa, Tel Aviv to ground’: 3 January 2021: Iranian regime warns, that Lebanon, Gaza terror groups can ‘level Haifa, Tel Aviv to ground’, as 'Revolutionary Guards’ commander says proxies ready for ‘confrontation' with their missile capabilities supported by regime - 3 January 2021: Iran steps up nuclear plans as tensions rise on anniversary of Suleimani’s death
12 January 2021 EU warns Iran’s enrichment of uranium to 20% 'a matter of deep concern’: 12 January 2021: EU warns Iran’s enrichment of uranium to 20% 'a matter of deep concern’, urging 'Iran to refrain from further escalation and reverse this course of action without delay'
16/17 January 2021 EU members voice concern over Iran’s plans to produce uranium metal with 'no credible civilian use': 16 January 2021: European powers voiced deep concern over Iran’s plans to produce uranium metal, warning that Tehran has 'no credible civilian use' for the element, saying 'the production of uranium metal has potentially grave military implications' - 17 January 2021: Iranian Mullah regime urged the UN' nuclear watchdog to avoid publishing 'unnecessary' details on its nuclear program, state TV reported Sunday, a day after Germany, France and Britain said Tehran has 'no credible civilian use' for its development of uranium metal - 17 January 2021: France's FM says Iran building nuclear weapons capacity, but he accepts Iranian Mullah regime's antisemitism and therefore the regime's politics of the destruction of Israel, the regime's worldwide support of terrorism and its own terrorism targeting pro-democracy movements at home and worldwide, ignoring that there exists no right to develop and produce more nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction, following German, Italian and Japanese policies until 1945 that caused the race of never seen weapons, World War II and Axis powers' war crimes, followed by the Nuremberg Trials
30 January 2021 Macron says new talks on Iran nuclear deal to be 'strict', should include Saudis, rejected by Iran: 30 Januar 2021: French president Macron said any new negotiations on world powers' 2015 nuclear deal with Iran would be very 'strict' and should include Saudi Arabia, according to media - 30 January 2021: Iranian Mullah regime rejects talks after Macron says ‘very short time’ to stop it getting nukes
4 February 2021 Iranian official Assadi convicted of masterminding a thwarted bomb attack against opposition group in France in 2018: 4 February 2021: Iranian official Assadollah Assadi was convicted of masterminding a thwarted bomb attack against an exiled Iranian opposition group in France in 2018 and sentenced to 20 years in prison by a Belgian court that rejected his claim of diplomatic immunity, as three other defendants also received jail sentences, after Vienna-based diplomat Assadi, earlier detained in Belgium but refused to testify during his trial last year invoking his diplomatic status, did not attend the hearing at the Antwerp courthouse
8 February 2021 Iranian Mullah regime says there’s ‘no need for a mediator’: 8 February 2021: Iranian Mullah regime declines French mediation offer on renewed nuclear deal dialogue, saying there’s ‘no need for a mediator’
18 February 2021 husband of Iran’s ski coach bars her from leaving country for Cortina championships: 18 February 2021: The Iranian women’s alpine ski team flew on Wednesday to Italy for the world championships in Cortina d’Ampezzo without their coach, whose husband has barred her from leaving the country, Iranian media reported, not providing any details as to why Samira Zargari’s husband had not allowed her to leave
18 February 2021 European powers, USA to meet as Iranian nuclear deadline looms: 18 February 2021: European powers, USA to meet as Iranian nuclear deadline looms
24 February 2021 France confirms Iran's politics of 'carrot or stick' holding French national since May: 24 February 2021: France confirms Iran holding French national named only as Benjamin since May in its politics of 'carrot or stick', as acknowledgement that B. was arrested by Iranian authorities comes after report that he was being detained illegally
21 May 2021 Iran's regime says 'in the future the Zionists (Israel) can expect to endure deadly blows from within the occupied territories': 21 May 2021: Iranian Mullah regime's - which does not recognise Israel but supports the Islamist militants of Hamas, who rule the Gaza Strip, and after Hamas and the Islamic Jihad group fired hundreds of rockets into Israel before Friday's truce - leader urges Muslim states to back Palestinians militarily, financially, saying 'All influential elements of (Israel's) regime and the criminal (Prime Minister Benjamin) Netanyahu must be prosecuted by international and independent courts', as regime's Foreign Ministry earlier said Palestinians had won a 'historic victory' over Israel, as Iran's Revolutionary Guards said 'The intifada (Palestinian uprising) has gone from using stones to powerful, precise missiles ... and in the future the Zionists (Israel) can expect to endure deadly blows from within the occupied territories', after leaders of Hamas and Islamic Jihad have praised Iran’s financial and military support, after regime's Khamenei last year hailed Tehran's supply of arms, saying Iranian regime had transformed the military balance of power between Israel and the Palestinians, and as regime now on Friday displayed an Iranian-made combat drone that it said had a range of 2,000 km, naming it 'Gaza' in honour of the Palestinians' struggle against Israel, state media reported
12 June 2021 EU spokesman said 'we are making progress' concerning Iran talks: 12 June 2021: EU spokesman said 'we are making progress, but the negotiations are intense and a number of issues (remain), including on how steps are to be implemented, as Iran nuclear talks resume as Germany calls for 'rapid progress' in Vienna ahead of Mullah regime's elections
20 June 2021 Israeli PM says Iranian regime's Raisi appointment may be the West's last chance to understand 'who they're dealing with': 20 June 2021: Israeli PM Naftali Bennett said that the election of Iran’s new president Ebrahim Raisi serves as a 'wake up' call for Western powers, as Bennett - speaking at the first meeting of his new government - added that this may be the last chance for the West 'to understand who they're dealing with', adding 'a regime of brutal hangmen must never be allowed to have weapons of mass destruction. Israel’s position will not change on this'
European Union/Iraq relations: European Union/Iraq relations - 13 August 2014: EU allows states to arm Iraqi Kurds but fails to reach a joint stance on arming Kurds fighting IS terrorists - 15 August: EU backs supply of arms to Kurdish fighters against Islamic terrorists in Iraq, insisting that deliveries should be approved by the new government in Baghdad
European Union/Israel relations: European Union/Israel relations
2013/2014: 8 November 2013: A fifth of Jewish respondents in an EU survey said they had experienced an anti-Semitic incident in the past 12 months, the EU Fundamental Rights Agency says - 26 novembre: Accord UE-Israël sur la coopération scientifique - 9 March 2014: EU's Catherine Ashton, on visit in Tehran and meeting Rohani and Zarif, told by Israel's Netanyahu to ask Iran about its Gaza-bound arms boat - 17 July 2014: EU leaders say on 'rapid' deterioration and escalation of Gaza-Israel conflict since June (!) that 'Israel has right to protect itself but it must act proportionately' - one rocket for one rocket etc.? - 18 July: Israel working to ensure EU foreign ministers don’t mix settlements with Gaza at upcoming meeting - 26 July: USA's John Kerry in Paris to meet with European foreign ministers to promote a cease-fire in Gaza
2015: 19 May 2015: EU's Federica Mogherini heads to Mideast to reboot peace talks, wanting a more active role for the EU in seeking peace between Israel and the Palestinians and saying that Israeli-Palestinian status quo is not an option - 21 May: The Palestinians, not Israel, walked out of USA-led negotiations 2013/2014, Israel's Hotovely tells EU's Mogherini
2016: 10 February 2016: EU and Israel said in talks to restore ties hurt by the EU’s new labeling guidelines for West Bank and Golan Heights products
December 2017: 11 December 2017: Fending off widespread international criticism, Israeli PM Netanyahu says in Brussels that recognizing Jerusalem as his country’s capital made peace possible, rather than distancing the prospect of an agreement with the Palestinians, as EU's Mogherini insists the city will have to be a shared capital, condemns attacks on Jews worldwide
May 2018: 10 May 2018: EU, British PM back Israel’s right to defend itself from Iranian strikes, as Israeli PM Netanyahu says Iran rocket fire #crossed a red line and we reacted accordingly’, also urging the international community to unite and cut Iranian regime's 'tentacles of evil' spreading in Syria - 25 May 2018: Israel calls on EU to end funding to pro-boycott groups, saying some of the groups have links to terror groups while receiving EU money, adding that the financial support violates the EU’s stated policy that it opposes boycotts against the Jewish state - 29 May 2018: EU condemns ‘unacceptable indiscriminate attack’ on Israel from Gaza, as European envoy highlights mortar shell that fell outside kindergarten, saying 'I know the resilience of communities in southern Israel'
June 2018: 6 June 2018: As Israeli PM Netanyahu ends his visit to Germany, France, UK, diplomatic source quoted as saying there is 'widespread agreement' on ending Iranien regime's military presence in Syria
September 2018: 27 September 2018: Israel had identified a 'secret atomic warehouse' in Tehran, containing nuclear equipment and radioactive material, according to Israeli PM Netanyahu, calling for new sanctions against Iran and accusing European leaders of 'appeasement' for opposing them
November 2018: 29 November 2018: Ring of Roman governor Pontius Pilate who crucified Jesus found in Herodion site in West Bank, as name of the man who ordered Jesus crucified and ran his trial, the ancient infamous Roman governor of Jerusalem, Pontius Pilate, has been deciphered on a bronze ring found in excavations
January 2019: 23 January 2019: Israeli ministry accused the EU of funding organizations that support the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement to the tune of millions, urging the EU to make any financial aid to NGOs contingent on an explicit commitment to opposing boycotts of Israel, as EU insists it will defend 'free speech'
July 2019 UN's and EU's wrong world: 26 July 2019: France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Ireland, Luxembourg and Malta joined Saudi Arabia, Iran, China, Russia, and Venezuela and 29 other nations in supporting UN resolution accusing only Israel of women’s rights violations, ignoring the world’s worst abusers of women’s rights and refusing to pass a single resolution on the situation of women in Saudi Arabia and Iran
22 January 2020 Macron yells in Ottoman gift at Israeli security in Jerusalem: 22 January 2020: Macron yells at Israeli security to leave French church during Jerusalem visit, as the French tricolor, once the symbol of the French revolution since 1789, today also flowing over the Church of St. Anne in Jerusalem's walled Old City since it was gifted by the Ottomans to French Emperor Napoleon III in 1856, following the French led 'First Crusade' since 1096 to capture the 'Holy Land', devastated by the Roman empire and its war crimes against the Jews since its first siege of Jerusalem in 63 BC
14 January 2020 Polish Jewish community backs president’s decision to skip Holocaust event in Jerusalem: 14 January 2020: Calling Russian Putin regime's attempt to blame Poles for cooperation with Hitler 'a provocation', Poland’s largest Jewish communal group expressed its support for Polish president Duda’s decision to withdraw from Holocaust memorial event in Jerusalem on 23 January after being left off speakers’ list and as representatives of France, the successor state of the pre-1945 German Reich (!), Russia, the UK, the USA would all speak at the memorial
4 January 2021 French government allocated millions to a Palestinian leading promoter of the boycott Israel movement: 4 January 2021: The French government has allocated about $10 million to a Palestinian organization that is a leading promoter of the boycott Israel movement, even as promoting that boycott has been found illegal in France in several high-profile cases
11 May 2021 EU remains silent as rockets fired at Israel since days, as Israel strikes 140 targets in Gaza: 11 May 2021: Over 200 rockets fired at Israel, as Israel strikes 140 targets in Gaza, hitting 15 militants who fired rockets into Israeli territory, as nine Palestinian children reported killed in Gaza, as barrage on Ashkelon wounds seven, and as Israel to call up 5,000 reservists - 'Haaretz' reports giving live updates
20 June 2021 Israeli PM says Iranian regime's Raisi appointment may be the West's last chance to understand 'who they're dealing with': 20 June 2021: Israeli PM Naftali Bennett said that the election of Iran’s new president Ebrahim Raisi serves as a 'wake up' call for Western powers, as Bennett - speaking at the first meeting of his new government - added that this may be the last chance for the West 'to understand who they're dealing with', adding 'a regime of brutal hangmen must never be allowed to have weapons of mass destruction. Israel’s position will not change on this'
European Union/Italy relations: Italy and the European Union
February 2016 EU and global protests against murder of Italian student Giulio Regeni: 8 February 2016: More than 4,600 academics from across the globe sign an open letter protesting against the death of student Giulio Regeni from Italy whose body was found on the outskirts of Cairo bearing signs of torture last week, and demanding an investigation into the growing number of forced disappearances in Egypt
October 2016 Italy obstructs EU's opposition to Russian war crimes: 21 October 2016: EU fails to agree on threatening Russia with sanctions over Aleppo as push by Britain, France and Germany to address Syrian bombing campaign lacks unanimous support at Brussels summit, as a UK-backed plan ran into opposition from Italy
March 2018 Italy receives Assad’s head of secret services Ali Mamlouk: 30 March 2018: Italy receives Assad’s head of secret services Ali Mamlouk in violation of EU legislative acts against the Assad regime
October 2018 disputed populist government's budget: 23 October 2018: EU and Italy face off over populist government's budget, 'openly and consciously going against commitments made', as EU warns 'debt weights too heavy and you end up having no freedom at all'
April 2019 EU worries about recession risks in Italy and German slowdown: 5 April 2019: EU worries about recession risks in Italy, German slowdown
16 June 2020 family of Giulio Regeni 'betrayed' by Italian PM over arms sale to Egypt: 16 June 2020: Rights groups and the family of the murdered Italian student Giulio Regeni have heavily criticised an arms deal between Italy and Egypt worth an estimated $1.2bn, after Regeni’s mutilated body was found by the side of a major road on the outskirts of Cairo in early 2016 amid widespread suspicions that he was abducted, tortured and killed by Egyptian 'security' forces
15 July 2020 Italy's calls for urgent covid-19 help since February were ignored by the EU: 15 July 2020: New revelations show that Italy's calls for urgent help since February 2020 to the European commission, led by CDU's Ursula von der Leyen, were ignored, as the specifications of Italy’s needs were uploaded into the EU’s Common Emergency Communication and Information System but distress call was met with silence, and then covid-19 swept through Europe and further, as now e.g. India covid-19 cases top 900,000 and 133m re-enter lockdown
15 August 2020 victims of 1944 Nazi Fosse Ardeatine massacre identified and EU commission: 15 August 2020: After 76 years, victims of 1944 Fosse Ardeatine massacre, in which civilians were killed by Nazi German occupation soldiers in reprisal for a partisan attack on an SS regiment in Italy, identified through DNA testing, as two of those who died can now finally be honored by families, and as David Reicher's father Marian, a Polish Jew who fled to Italy during WWII, was among the 335 civilians murdered in the indiscriminate mass killings, which targeted Jews and Gentiles of all ages, from all professions, and socioeconomic groups, during the German led massacre period following the overthrow of Mussolini, as Nazi Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel became commander of German Army Group B in Italy since July 1943, to force Italy to continue Nazi's war after the overthrow of the war criminal Mussolini, as EU's present-day president of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen calls Erwin Rommel a resistance fighter
10 December 2020 Italian prosecutors charge 4 members of Egypt’s 'security' agency with the kidnapping and murder of Giulio Regeni: 10 December 2020: Italian prosecutors have officially charged four members of Egypt’s national 'security' agency with the kidnapping and murder of Italian doctoral student Giulio Regeni in Cairo, as prosecutors in Rome accused Tariq Saber, Athar Kamel Mohamed Ibrahim, Capt Uhsam Helmi and Maj Magdi Ibrahim Abdelal Sharif of kidnapping the young student in 2016, while Sharif is also accused of grievous bodily harm and murder, as 'Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms' revealed last September that 'security' forces have forcibly 'disappeared' 2,723 people since 2015, and as enforced disappearances, where citizens are secretly detained by security agents without access to lawyers or their families, are associated with frequent use of torture
30 December 2020 Egypt drops inquiry into murder of Italian student Giulio Regeni: 30 December 2020: Egypt drops inquiry into murder of Italian student Giulio Regeni, as prosecutors reject Italy’s finding that Egyptian security officials were behind kidnap and torture
EU/Ivory Coast and West Africa relations: EU/Ivory Coast and West Africa relations
2 September 2021: Ivory Coast reported a 'major discovery' of oil and natural gas for Italy's Eni and French firm Total: 2 September 2021: Ivory Coast reported a 'major discovery' of oil and natural gas offshore after deepwater exploration by Italian firm Eni, as energy minister Camara said the find was estimated at between 1.5 and 2 billion barrels of oil and around 51 million cubic metres of gas, after in a 2019 investment worth $185 million, Ivory Coast signed contracts with Eni and French firm Total to explore the possibility of ramping up Ivorian production
European Union/Japan relations: European Union/Japan relations - 7 octobre 2013: Airbus signe sa première grosse commande avec le Japon
20 September 2021 Japan has urged European countries to speak out against China’s aggression: 20 September 2021: Japan has urged European countries to speak out against China’s aggression, warning that the international community must bolster deterrence efforts against Beijing’s military and territorial expansion amid a growing risk of a hot conflict, as - in an interview with the Guardian - Japan’s defence minister Nobuo Kishi said China had become increasingly powerful politically, economically and militarily and was 'attempting to use its power to unilaterally change the status quo in the East and South China Seas', which are crucial to global shipping and include waters and islands claimed by several other nations
European Union/Kenya relations: European Union/Kenya relations
2018: 19 January 2018: EU criticised for its ‘poor response’ after indigenous herder Robert Kirotich was killed during a forced eviction for a water conservation project it funds in Kenya
European Union/North Korea relations: European Union/North Korea relations - EU-Democratic People's Republic of Korea DPRK relations (EU website)
Since 2006 EU restrictive measures against North Korea: Since 2006 EU restrictive measures against North Korea, the EU has implemented the restrictive measures imposed through resolutions of the UN Security Council and has reinforced them through its own measures, targeting the DPRK's weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missile-related programmes
European Union/South Korea relations: European Union/South Korea relations
Since 2001 Europe–Korea Foundation: Since 2001 Europe–Korea Foundation, the philanthropic arm of the European Union Chamber of Commerce in Korea EUCCK, an NGO and a separate entity financially independent from the EUCCK
Since 2009/2011 European Union–South Korea Free Trade Agreement: Since 2009/2011 European Union–South Korea Free Trade Agreement
European Union/Kurdistan Region relations: European Union/Kurdistan Region relations
Since July 2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis: Since July 2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis
December 2021 help- and powerless Kurds fleeing Iraqi Kurdistan facing corruption at home, 'Haaretz' says: 19 December 2021: Desperate migrants huddled on international borders, risking their lives to find a new life, only to be herded into makeshift camps, they are legitimately fleeing violence and economic distress in places like Syria, Iraq, Sudan, Eritrea and even Gaza. But Iraqi Kurdistan? 'Haaretz' asks, saying they were used by Belarus to blackmail Europe, but the corruption at home is so pervasive that it can’t be cured easily any more
European Union/Lebanon relations: European Union/Lebanon relations
July 1994 and 2019 Argentina declares Hezbollah a terrorist organization held responsible for the 1994 attack against AMIA: 18 July 1994 AMIA suicide van bombing attack on the Argentine Israelite Mutual Association building in Buenos Aires, killing 85 people and injuring hundreds, Argentina's deadliest terrorist attack to date, as on 18 July 2019, at the request of Israel and the USA, Argentina officially declares Hezbollah a terrorist organization, freezing assets and expelling all members of the organization from the country, which is held responsible for the 1994 attack against AMIA
2013 EU to decide on blacklisting Hezbollah: 22 July 2013: EU to decide on blacklisting Hezbollah - 22 July 2013: EU ministers have agreed to put the military wing of Lebanese group Hezbollah on the EU terror list, now facing visa ban and asset freezes
2014 EU upholds 'principles' that bans engagement with Hamas until it forswears terrorism: 17 December 2014: After an EU court's decision, body led by EU foreign Policy chief Federica Mogherini releases statement saying that the EU upholds the 'Quartet principles' that bans engagement with Hamas until it forswears terrorism - 21 March 2014: Lebanon blocks refugees arriving from Europe
July 2017 investigation into the death of Syrian refugees under torture in Lebanon demanded: 10 July 2017: Dutch and French activists call for an international investigation into the death of Syrian refugees under torture in Lebanon and for holding perpetrators to account
February 2019 UK urges EU to blacklist Lebanon’s Hezbollah as a terrorist organization in its entirety: 25 February 2019: The United Kingdom announced that it plans to blacklist Lebanon’s Hezbollah as a terrorist organization in its entirety, including its political wing, saying that it could no longer distinguish between the two branches, as Israel applauds decision and urges EU to follow in their footsteps
12 June 2019 vast ammonium nitrate cache found in London part of terror group Hezbollah’s planned ‘revenge’ against Israel: 12 June 2019: Hezbollah planned huge, game-changing attacks on Israel targets globally, as Israeli intel official says vast ammonium nitrate cache found in 2015 in London, as reported this week, was part of terror group’s planned ‘revenge’ against Israel
5 May 2020 Lebanon needs support to tackle the country’s crises: 5 May 2020: UN Security Council backed Lebanon’s efforts to end the country’s economic crisis and tackle other challenges including the impact of covid-19 and called on the international community to help
19 August 2020 Hezbollah behind the assassination of former Lebanese PM Rafik Hariri and attempts to block a fair investigation: 19 August 2020: Israel responded Tuesday evening to a UN-backed tribunal’s conviction of a Hezbollah member for involvement in the assassination of former Lebanese PM Rafik Hariri, saying the terror group was behind both the attack and attempts to block a fair investigation of it
15 September 2020 UN peacekeepers rescued refugees mostly Syrians from a boat off the Lebanese coast as one passenger had already passed away: 15 September 2020: A UN peacekeeping force rescued 36 people, mostly Syrians, and recovered the body of a passenger from a boat off the Lebanese coast on Monday, according to the UN refugee agency, as the destination of the boat was not immediately clear, but Lebanon and neighboring Cyprus have reported several migrant vessels trying to leave the Middle Eastern country in recent weeks
15 September 2020 USA's Pompeo warns France over Iran-backed Hezbollah's weaponry: 15 September 2020: USA Secretary of State warned France that efforts to resolve the crisis in Lebanon would be in vain without immediately tackling the issue of Iran-backed Hezbollah's weaponry, after French president said Hezbollah's elected arm has a legitimate political role, as Pompeo added that the USA 'has assumed its responsibility and we will stop Iran buying Chinese tanks and Russian air defence systems and then selling weapons to Hezbollah'
17 September 2020 Hezbollah accused of stockpiling weapons and ammonium nitrate across Europe: 17 September 2020: USA's counterterrorism coordinator Nathan Sales has accused Hezbollah of storing caches of weapons and ammonium nitrate for use in explosives across Europe in recent years, with the alleged aim of preparing for future attacks ordered by Iran, saying 'I can reveal that such [Hezbollah weapons] caches have been moved through Belgium to France, Greece, Italy, Spain and Switzerland', adding Hezbollah is a 'unitary organization that cannot be subdivided into a military and so-called political wing', and that without a full ban the Islamist group can still raise money and recruit operatives
11 December 2020 UN Lebanon Tribunal sentences Hezbollah terrorist over Rafik al-Hariri murder to 5 terms of life imprisonment: 11 December 2020: UN-backed Lebanon Tribunal on Friday sentenced Hezbollah member Salim Jamil Ayyash convicted of conspiring to kill former Lebanese PM Rafik al-Hariri in a 2005 bombing to five terms of life imprisonment, as Australian Judge David Re said in reading out the court's decision 'the attack was intended to spread terror in Lebanon and indeed did', and as trial was conducted in absentia and Ayyash remains at large
25 May 2021 Hezbollah chief says Israeli attacks on Jerusalem mean regional war: 25 May 2021: Lebanon's Hezbollah chief Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah said on Tuesday any aggression against Jerusalem or its holy sites would mean regional war, as Nasrallah's comments, in a televised speech, were his first since a cease-fire ended the fiercest fighting in years between Israel and Gaza-based Islamist militant group Hamas
13 July 2021 EU prepares sanctions against Lebanon leaders a year after Beirut blast: 13 July 2021: EU prepares sanctions against Lebanon leaders a year after Beirut blast, as almost one year since Beirut blast, Lebanon is still headed by caretaker government
16 September 2021 EU Parliament resolution urges sanctions on Lebanon officials: 16 September 2021: The European Parliament has adopted a resolution calling for the EU to adopt targeted sanctions on Lebanese officials engaged in corruption and obstructing the Beirut Port explosion investigation, 571 out of 681 members of EU parliament backed the resolution, which condemned Lebanese political parties for the country’s devastating economic crisis, which has plunged about three-quarters of the population into poverty and for delaying any semblance of economic recovery and accountability
European Union/Libya relations: European Union/Libya relations
2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
2016: 19 April 2016: Libya offered security help by European Union as UN-backed PM Fayez Seraj appeals for aid to fight 'Islamic State' terrorists and rebuild country - 24 mai 2016: Quelque 550 migrants qui tentaient de rejoindre l'Europe par la mer ont été arrêtés mardi au large des côtes libyennes - 29 May 2016: UNHCR says it is now certain that last week was the deadliest since April 2015 as more than 700 refugees and migrants feared dead in three Mediterranean sinkings and as rescue teams describe shocking scenes
2017: 27 February 2017: NGO rescues off Libya encourage traffickers, the head of the EU border agency Frontex Leggeri says, calling for rescue operations to be re-evaluated and adding that NGOs work ineffectively with security agencies - 9 September 2017: German NGO Sea-Eye resumes migrant rescue operations off Libya
September 2017: 25 September 2017: European leaders are embracing Libyan general Khalifa Haftar, a former CIA asset, who has ordered his soldiers to commit war crimes, according to new evidence that has been analysed by senior legal experts
December 2017: 12 December 2017: European leaders stand accused by rights group of being knowingly complicit in the torture and exploitation of thousands of migrants and refugees by the EU-financed Libyan coastguard and officials running the country’s detention camps
July 2018: 20 July 2018: Libya rejects EU plan for refugee and migrant centres, after Italy in June proposed reception and identification centres in Africa as a means of resolving divisions among European governments
January 2019: 21 January 2019: The EU’s support for Libya’s anti-migrant policies is contributing to a cycle of 'extreme abuse', including arbitrary detention, torture, sexual violence, extortion and forced labour, according to Human Rights Watch
March 2019: 27 mars 2019: Fin des bateaux de l'UE au large de la Libye
8 April 2019: 8 April 2019: UK urges France to condemn Haftar’s assault on Tripoli, as EU foreign ministers are meeting in Brussels to condemn an assault on Tripoli by the Libyan warlord Khalifa Haftar and call for all sides to revert to UN-led political discussions about the riven country’s future, after UK-led moveto pass a security council statement condemning Haftar at the UN on Sunday was blocked by Russia
12 April 2019 Libyan protests: On 12 April 2019 people protested on the streets of Tripoli and Misrata opposing warlord Haftar's military attack on Tripoli, rejecting support for the attack by France, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia, with Misrata protestors burning a French flag
24 April 2019: 24 avril 2019: Le président français Macron joue gros dans le conflit libyen pour avoir offert une légitimité internationale au conducteur de guerre Khalifa Haftar, qui bouscule aujourd'hui tous les efforts de paix avec son offensive sur Tripoli
June 2019 Libya’s peace initiative: 17 June 2019: Libya’s UN-recognised government in Tripoli has sought to break the deadlock in the country’s civil war by launching a peace initiative which will include a national peace forum followed by simultaneous parliamentary and presidential elections to be held by the end of the year
July 2019 airstrike and massacre by warlord Haftar's forces: 3 July 2019 Tajoura migrant center airstrike and massacre by warlord Haftar's forces, backed by Egypt, France, Russia and the United Arab Emirates, after UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, on 8 May 2019 called for refugees and migrants in detention centres in conflict areas in Tripoli to be immediately evacuated to safety, after an airstrike hit a target less than 100 metres away from Tajoura detention centre, where over 500 refugees and migrants are being detained - 3 July 2019: Air raid blamed on the forces of the warlord Khalifa Haftar on Libya detention centre was predictable, and EU officials have long been aware of the risks in Libya, where migrants have faced atrocious mistreatment at the hands of militias, while Europe’s governments have prevented the sailing of migrant boats to Italy and elsewhere - 5 juillet 2019: Malnutrition, enlèvements, travail forcé, torture - des ONG présentes en Libye dénoncent les conditions de détention des migrants piégés dans ce pays, conséquence selon elles de la politique migratoire des pays européens conclue avec les Libyens
10 July 2019 France admits Haftar military support: 10 juillet 2019: La France a admis que les missiles découverts dans un QG du maréchal libyen Khalifa Haftar près de Tripoli lui appartenaient
12 July 2019 rights groups urge EU to save lives: 12 July 2019: EU foreign ministers gathering in Brussels on 15 July 2019, should issue a clear call to Libyan authorities to close their migrant detention centres, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and the European Council on Refugees and Exiles said, also urging ministers to make a commitment on behalf of EU states to facilitate the evacuation of detainees to safe places, including outside of Libya and to EU member states
14 July 2019: 14 July 2019: Migrants and refugees in Libya are still in peril, as Europe’s 'business as usual’ approach is making things worse, even after the UN’s human rights agency begged for action, the British 'Independent' says
24 July 2019: 24 July 2019: The Libyan navy on Wednesday rescued 38 migrants attempting to cross the Mediterranean on a dinghy in distress off Ras Agedir, a town about 177 km west of Tripoli, before the migrants were transferred to the Tajoura detention center that was bombed earlier this month by Khalifa Haftar’s forces
5/6 August 2019 another murderous airstrike by French-backed Haftar: 5 août 2019: Au moins 42 civils ont été tués dans une frappe aérienne contre une ville du sud de la Libye, selon Ibrahim Omar, membre du conseil municipal de Morzouk, en accusant les forces de Khalifa Haftar, en ajoutant qu'un bâtiment gouvernemental où étaient réunies plus de 200 personnes, des notables et doyens de la ville pour régler des différends sociaux, a été visé par trois frappes, et en affirmant que les bombardements ont aussi fait plus de 60 blessés dont 30 dans un état grave - 6 August 2019: Libyan Ministry of Interior strongly condemned the brutal air attack on Murzuq town southwest of Libya, calling on the international community and the UN mission to assume their responsibilities towards the behavior of illegal armed groups and to investigate the war crimes committed by Haftar, after the UN Security Council reaffirmed Monday the call on all Libyan parties to commit to a ceasefire and rapidly to return to a UN-mediated political process
6 August 2019 MSF International demand EU to act: Europe must act now to end preventable deaths in Libya and at sea, according to MSF International, saying 'it seems that Europe’s leaders consider people drowning as an acceptable price to pay in order to stem the flow in the Central Mediterranean'
17 August 2019 Haftar's torture and executions: 17 August 2019: 12 prisoners of war, showing signs of torture and abuses, have been executed by Khalifa Haftar’s infamous Al-Kaniyat militia group after their detention in different frontlines in southern Tripoli, as two other civilians abducted by the same group in Qarabulli town east of Tripoli had the same fate, according to ministry
September 2019 Khalifa Haftar’s war on Tripoli supported by France, the UAE and Egypt, Al-Sarraj told UN General Assembly: 26 September 2019: Khalifa Haftar’s war on Tripoli was encouraged by France, the UAE and Egypt, Libya's Al-Sarraj told UN General Assembly, saying the three foreign countries are interfering in Libya’s internal affairs and provided military and financial support for war criminal Haftar to launch his offensive, adding 'we condemn the three countries’ support to Haftar which constitute a flagrant violation of Security Council resolutions'
20 November 2019 EU condemns bombing of food factory in Tripoli: 20 November 2019: EU condemns bombing of food factory in Tripoli, without mentioning French support for Haftar's war
14 December 2019 European Parliament calls on the EU to condemn Haftar and prevent a bloodbath in Libya: 14 December 2019: The European Parliament expressed its deep concern on the ongoing attacks of Haftar's militants on the south of Tripoli, calling on the European Union and the international community to condemn the threats of Haftar and take the necessary measures to prevent a bloodbath in Libya
28 December 2019 Italy wants no-fly zone in Libya for immediate cessation of hostilities: 28 December 2019: Italian PM Giuseppe Conte outlined the establishment of a no-fly zone to stop indiscriminate aerial attacks especially committed by Haftar's forces supported by Russia's Putin and France's Benalla-Macron, for resolving the Libya conflict, saying Italy fully supports the initiative for a Libya conference early next year in Berlin
Since 7 January 2020 Libyan political parties express concern about the upcoming visit of European foreign ministers: 7 January 2020: Several Libyan political parties have expressed concern about the upcoming visit of European foreign ministers to Tripoli, saying 'it is far too late', voicing their rejection to the 'political hypocrisy' of European countries by not rejecting aggression and military coups - 7 January 2020: Civilians killed or injured in Libya by explosive weapons rose by 131% last year, with the number of incidents at its highest since 2011, the year of the Benghazi uprising, according to new data seen by the Guardian, as most of the 900 people who died or were hurt in explosions in the country in 2019 were victims of airstrikes - 8 January 2020: Haftar's forces said they carried out air strikes on Wednesday on a coastal road west of Sirte - 8 January 2020: Haftar's forces clash with government forces near Sirte - 12 January 2020: Libya's UN-supported government has accused Haftar’s forces of violating a ceasefire minutes after it was supposed to take effect, as Haftar's forces ruled out any retreat from areas recently captured by his aggressive troops, supported by the UAE, Egypt, France and Russia
18/19 January 2020 Berlin Libya conference of colorful sharp of representatives including war criminals: After in September 2019, Libya's Salamé stated to the UNSC that he had visited several countries in the region with the aim of organising an international conference, 19 January 2020 Berlin conference organized to include cast of quirky characters and representatives of Algeria, the Arab League, the AU, the P.R. of China, Republic of Congo, Egypt, the EU, France (supporting war criminal Haftar since years), Italy, war criminal state Russia, Turkey, the UAE, the UK, the UN, USA, as even the GNA head Serraj of the country attacked by war criminal Haftar since April 2019 and this warlord himself are invited to the conference in Berlin, the former capital of the German empire, as police only informed since Tuesday is now forced to protect Novichok-Putin, after in December Germany declared two Russian embassy employees non-gratae for non-cooperation on Khangoshvili murder case - Estimates of the 'value of life' in different capitalist countries, including Russia - 18 January 2020: UN envoy to Libya said on Saturday he hoped but 'could not predict' whether oil ports in the east of the country would be reopened in a few days - 18 January 2020: Libya's Foreign Ministry has sent a message to the German embassy in Libya, demanding that it is necessary to invite Tunisia and Qatar to the Berlin conference, explaining that the importance of Tunisia comes for being a bordering neighbour country, who have sheltered thousands of Libyan refugees throughout the Libyan conflict, in addition to the common security concerns it shares with Libya
19 January 2020 Libyan oilfields face closure: 19 January 2020: As international powers gather in Berlin for a summit on Libya, group Fezzan Anger, named for Libya's southwestern Fezzan desert region and that has previously shut down Libya's largest oilfield, is threatening to do so again, potentially taking nearly all the country's oil output offline, as NOC said existing closure ordered by eastern warlord Khalifa Haftar leading to the loss of 800,000 barrels per day, more than half the country's total production
19 January 2020 minimalist hope in Berlin: 19 January 2020: Minimalist hope in Berlin that a permanent ceasefire can be agreed, EU states at odds over which of the two warring Libyan sides to support, the blatant meddling by Russian fascists, multiple Arab states and even France, the Turkish policy to ignore EU pleas and send other mercenaries to join the fight, show how little influence a sidelined EU has, today influenced by Germany's CDU Merkel and von der Leyen, protecting German war criminal Erwin Rommel, field marshal of Nazi Germany during World War II, in North Africa 1941–1943, and today's namesake of German barracks, together with former German Chancellery Chief of Staff CDU Hans Globke, founded on his career during National Socialism, together with former Federal Minister for Displaced Persons, Refugees and Victims of War CDU Theodor Oberländer, founded on his career during National Socialism, together with former Supreme Commander of the NATO ground forces in Central Europe and Nazi military commander of France 1940-1944 Hans Speidel, together with NSDAP Werner Bahlsen, 'zu Beginn der NS-Herrschaft ... förderndes Mitglied der SS, die er bis 1935 finanziell unterstützte, 1942 NSDAP, leitete zudem eine von der Firma Bahlsen verwaltete Keksfabrik mit etwa 1500 Beschäftigten im besetzten Kiew und koordinierte die Verschickung von Zwangsarbeiterinnen aus der Ukraine nach Hannover', together with 'Liste ehemaliger NSDAP-Mitglieder, die nach Mai 1945 politisch tätig waren'
19 January 2020 situation in Libya, arms embargo and ceasefire monitoring committee: 19 January 2020 situation in Libya - 19 January 2020: Sanctions threatened against countries who break arms embargo by 11 countries of Berlin Libya conference, while both sides to the conflict have agreed to nominate five members to an UN ceasefire monitoring committee
20 January 2020 'a ceasefire requires someone to take care of it', EU’s Josep Borrell says: 20 January 2020: The EU will discuss all ways to uphold a formal ceasefire in Libya if one is reached but any peace settlement will need real EU support to make it hold, according to EU’s Josep Borrell, saying 'a ceasefire requires someone to take care of it' - 20 January 2020: Libya's Al-Sarraj calls for deployment of international troops
29 January 2020 Haftar’s shelling on Tripoli residential areas kills children: 29 January 2020: Haftar’s shelling on Tripoli residential areas kills three children and injures two others, hit as they were on the way to school, according to local official, amid Haftar's daily violations of the Berlin 'ceasefire'
29/30 January 2020 EU and USA must work together to end the siege of Tripoli to avoid escalation: 29 January 2020: Returned from Berlin conference and ceasefire promises, France's belligerent Macron will send warships to support Greece in Turkish standoff over regional energy reserves, after French Total and Russian Novatek signed 2018 contract with Lebanon for oil and gas disputed by Israel, warning against 'provocative behavior' and more - 30 January 2020: The EU and USA must work together to end the siege of Tripoli
16 February 2020 'arms embargo has become a joke', UN's Stephanie Williams says: 16 February 2020: At Berlin Conference on Libya January 2020 reaffirmed 'arms embargo has become a joke', and the country’s financial position is deteriorating rapidly, UN's Stephanie Williams told a news conference in Munich, monitoring unscrupulous violations by land, sea and air by the main perpetrators since April 2019, including Haftar's militias, Russia, Egypt, France, UAE, and Saudi-Arabia, without any accountability
17 February 2020 expert says UN security council’s members are to blame for the dangers posed to Libyan civilians by unexploded munition: 17 February 2020: Libya analyst Jalel Harchaoui says UN security council’s members are to blame for the dangers posed to Libyan civilians by unexploded munition, after warlord Khalifa Haftar supported by Russia, France, Egypt, UAE launched campaign to seize Tripoli - 17 February 2020: EU ministers agree in principle to monitor a UN arms embargo, which is routinely flouted, and 'to create a mission to block the entry of arms into Libya'
4 March 2020 researcher says 'EU will not be able to enforce the UN arms embargo in Libya': 4 March 2020: The EU will not be able to enforce the UN arms embargo in Libya, German researchers say
12 March 2020 unlawful EU assault on the rights of desperate refugees and migrants reported: 12 March 2020: Evidence obtained by the British 'Guardian' exposes a coordinated and unlawful EU assault on the rights of desperate people trying to cross the Mediterranean
24 March 2020 EU seems unconcerned by northern African battleground and dictators: 24 March 2020: Europe seems unconcerned by the chaos smouldering on its doorstep in northern Africa, as five-year-old conflict Libya supported by EU countries becomes world’s main theatre of drone combat, and as most recent ally of Khalifa Haftar, the warlord who has been attacking the Libyan capital Tripoli since April last year, is Syrian dictator Bashar al-Assad, now indirectly supported also by France
31 March 2020 Libya's critical situation requires urgent action EU's Josep Borrell says: 31 March 2020: Libya is a priority for the EU, as shown by the Berlin conference, but the situation is critical and requires urgent action, EU's Josep Borrell said Tuesday
2 April 2020 Libya’s FM protests EU’s softness on arms flow to warlord Haftar: 2 April 2020: Libya’s GNA Foreign Minister protests EU’s softness on arms flow to warlord Haftar - 2 April 2020: Haftar forces kill 2 civilians in Libya’s Tripoli, GNA urges halt of arming militias
16 April 2020 children and woman killed and wounded by Haftar: 16 April 2020: A woman and a child were killed and another five children were wounded by attacks and artillery shelling of several neighborhoods in Tripoli by warlord Haftar's forces seeking to capture the capital, a UN-backed government's spokesman says, despite UN calls for a cease-fire since April 2019
17 April 2020 Haftar' forces killed a doctor during an attack on Tripoli: 17 April 2020: Haftar' forces killed a doctor during an attack on southern Tripoli Friday
18 April 2020 Haftar steps up attack on Tripoli: 18 April 2020: Haftar steps up attack on Tripoli, causing civilian casualties, after suffering losses west of the city - 18 April 2020: Libyan Air Force strikes Hafta'r militias in Al-Wattia Military Base
21 April 2020 EU's Cozzolino holds Haftar fully responsible for the crisis in Libya: 21 April 2020: EU official Andrea Cozzolino holds Haftar fully responsible for the crisis in Libya
1 May 2020 3 civilians killed in shelling by Haftar forces: 1 May 2020: Three civilians were killed in shelling by forces loyal to warlord Haftar in Zintan city, northwestern Libya
12 May 2020 backed by Cyprus, France and Greece, Haftar attacks Tripoli airport amid ongoing deadly crisis: 12 May 2020: Shelling of Tripoli's airport hit fuel tanks and damaged passenger planes after Haftar forces fired rockets into Tripoli - 12 May 2020: Russia-trained Syrian fighters reportedly to join Haftar forces in Libya, as UN once again calls on the international community to push for a ceasefire in Libya - 12 May 2020: Turkish FM spokesman said Greece, Cyprus, Egypt, France and the UAE were pursuing 'regional chaos and instability' in the eastern Mediterranean and sacrificing Libyans’ 'hope for democracy for the reckless aggression of dictators'
17 May 2020 Haftar attacks shelter for displaced people killing many: 17 May 2020: Bombs hit a shelter for displaced people in Libya’s capital Tripoli, killing at least seven people including a 5-year-old child from Bangladesh, also wounding many others in the latest attack on civilians by Haftar backed by Egypt, France, Russia, UAE and other Arab countries - 17 May 2020: Since hosting a Libya summit four months ago, the German government has approved arms exports worth €331 million to countries accused of supporting warring parties in the country, according a report from the German Economy Ministry
5 June 2020 blow to warlord Haftar, UAE's Khalifa, Egypt's el-Sisi, Russian regime's Putin, and France's Macron: 5 June 2020: In a blow to warlord Haftar, UAE's Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Egypt's el-Sisi, Russian regime's Putin, and France's Macron, UN-backed Libyan forces oust renegade general from Tripoli after his 14-month siege of the south of the city, now ending in failure when his forces retreated from the south of the city toward his heartlands in the south and the east of the country, as UN-recognised government's interior minister Bashagha hailed 'the beginning of the end of the entire dictatorship project', urging cities under Haftar’s control to rise up against him and spare themselves further conflict, amid remaining uncertainty that the extent of Haftar’s retreat may depend on the point at which newly arrived Russian fighter jets intervene to shore up his lines of defence
9 June 2020 residents of Tripoli celebrate defeat of Haftar’s forces: 9 June 2020: Residents of the Libyan capital Tripoli celebrated defeat of rebel group aligned to Khalifa Haftar’s eastern forces, after forces loyal to Libya’s UN-recognised government overrun Haftar’s last western stronghold, following a 14-month assault on Tripoli
11 June 2020 discovery of mass graves in Libya after Haftar's retreat: 11 July 2020: UN has expressed horror at the discovery of eight mass graves in Libya, mainly in the town of Tarhuna south of Tripoli, in an area recently retaken from forces loyal to warlord Haftar, saying it welcomed the decision by the internationally recognised GNA government to launch an investigation into the graves
17 June 2020 France stands with 'putschists' in Libya: 17 June 2020: Turkey expressed its rejection to the statements of French FM Jean-Yves Le Drian's regarding Ankara's role in Libya, insisting that Paris's support to illegal entities is the obstacle to establishing peace and stability in Libya, saying 'the support France is providing to Haftar is fueling the Libyan crisis' - 17 June 2020: USA welcomes GNA call for investigating violations in Libya
18 June 2020 Malta calls for European-American alliance to end violence in Libya: 18 June 2020: The war for Tripoli is over, but new battles loom - 18 June 2020: Malta calls for European-American alliance to end the violence in Libya
24 June 2020 Libya exhuming Tarhuna mass graves as HRW demands Haftar to investigate alleged war crimes 5 monthts after Berlin conference: 24 June 2020: Medical teams from Libya’s UN-recognized unity government exhumed mass graves discovered in the western city of Tarhuna, as Human Rights Watch called on Libyan military strongman Haftar to investigate alleged war crimes by his fighters after the discovery of the mass graves in territory formerly under their control - 24 June 2020: UN Human Rights Council adopted a draft resolution of the Libyan permanent mission in Geneva condemning war on Tripoli and reiterating Libya's sovereignty and unity
24 June 2020 Italy's FM meets Libyan PM in Tripoli: Italy's FM meets Libyan PM in Tripoli, stressing 'the need to resume the political process and end foreign interference' in Libya, according to a statement from Sarraj's office
26 June 2020 end of Tripoli siege raises fears of full-scale proxy war in Libya: 26 June 2020: End of Tripoli siege raises fears of full-scale proxy war in Libya, as diplomatic efforts intensify to avert Cairo’s entry into Libya’s nine-year civil war amid wider tensions and escalate tensions between some of the Middle East’s most implacable foes including Egypt, the UAE, France, Russia, and on the other side Qatar and Turkey
27 June 2020 Libya calls for EU and USA sanctions on Russian mercenaries and backers 5 monthts after Berlin conference: 27 June 2020: Libya calls for USA, EU sanctions on Russian mercenaries and backers in the African country
4 July 2020 Russia deploys fighter jet amid protests in Hun as Haftar mercenaries kill a local citizen 6 monthts after Berlin conference: 4 July 2020: Russia deploys military fighter aircraft to Libya, Africom officials say, likely to provide close air support and offensive fires for the Wagner Group - 4 July 2020: Protests in Hun as Haftar mercenaries kill a local citizen
5 July 2020 foreign warplanes backing up Haftar strike Al-Watiya airbase in Libya 6 monthts after Berlin conference: 5 July 2020: Foreign warplanes backing up Haftar’s forces carried out airstrikes on Al-Watiya airbase west of the capital Tripoli, on Sunday
21 July 2020 Egypt preparing military intervention in Libya to support criminal Haftar 6 monthts after Berlin conference: 21 July 2020: Egypt parliament approves military intervention in Libya after strongman al-Sisi spoke of military operations in neighbouring Libya to support Haftar - 21 July 2020: Egypt and Nato-member Turkey edged closer to the possibility of armed conflict this week over Libya, with both sides preparing for an impending battle over key city Sirte
17 August 2020 instead of acting in the EU courageous(ly) German FM wants to find way in Libya: 17 August 2020: German FM Maas made an unannounced visit to Tripoli, saying that the world must not be deceived by the 'deceptive calm' at the moment and find a way to end the conflict in Libya, where 'both sides in a bloody civil war' are being armed by international allies, since many years, also involving EU countries, and particularly since April 2019
2 September 2020 EU's high representative Josep Borrell held talks in Libya: 2 September 2020: EU's high representative Josep Borrell held talks in Libya with the warring sides in a bid to find a solution to end the conflict, after previous efforts to secure lasting cease-fires have stalled
17 December 2020 Italian fishermen seized by Haftar’s forces freed after more than 100 days: 17 December 2020: Italian fishermen held in Libya freed after more than 100 days, as release of 18 men seized by Khalifa Haftar’s forces ends standoff between countries
31 December 2020 Mohamad al-Nouri faces uncertainty injured by forces of warlord Haftar: 31 December 2020: Mohamad al-Nouri had a hand amputated because of an injury while fighting in 2019 in the ranks of the Tripoli-based GNA against an abortive assault on the capital by forces of eastern strongman Khalifa Haftar, then fitted with an artificial hand and now waiting to go to Germany for a permanent prosthesis, saying 'I don't think I can go back to the cafe where I worked... I still need a lot of time to regain my confidence'
2 January 2021 protestors storm Haftar building in Jufra demanding the departure of 'Janjaweed' and Russia's 'Wagner' mercenaries: 2 January 2021: Protestors storm Haftar military building in Jufra, as demonstrators expressed their anger in the area of Houn in Jufra as a result of crimes committed by mercenary groups supporting Haftar and his forces, demanding the departure of the Sudanese 'Janjaweed' mercenaries and Russian Putin regime's 'Wagner' group who fight alongside Haftar’s forces, responsable for continued attacks on the civilians in the area
3 January 2021 clashes between GNA and warlord Haftar's forces after Haftar's forces blocked a road: 3 January 2021: Clashes between Libya's Government of National Accord GNA and warlord Haftar's forces took place Sunday within Sabha military zone of the GNA near the Red Crescent building, when Sabha officers of the GNA gathered to read out a congratulatory statement of Libya's Independence Day and the GNA-commanded Libyan Army parade that was held in Tripoli on December 24, as sources added that Haftar's forces blocked a road near GNA's Sabha military zone
7 January 2021 Human Rights Watch demands Tarhouna inquiry: 7 January 2021: Al-Kaniyat militia terrorized Tarhouna town, leaving mass graves, after the militia took control of the town in 2015, after eastern-based Libyan Arab Armed Forces LAAF attacked Tripoli in April 2019 when the militia withdrew its allegiance to the GNA, joined forces with Haftar and adopted the name 9th Brigade, and as the vast majority of people missing in Tarhouna disappeared during the fighting that began in April 2019 and ended in June 2020 - 7 janvier 2021: Des charniers contenant quelque 120 dépouilles découvertes dans la ville de Tarhouna en Libye avaient horrifié les Nations Unies cet été, maintenant l’ONG 'Human Rights Watch' réclame une enquête
19 January 2021 a new agreement signed in monitoring Libya's arms embargo: 19 January 2021: An agreement that provides for coordination in monitoring merchant ships suspected of violating an arms embargo against Libya by sharing satellite images and exchanging information was signed on Monday, involving the EU
26 April 2021 military courts in eastern Libya sentence hundreds of civilians in sham, torture-tainted trials: 26 April 2021: Military courts in the LAAF stronghold of eastern Libya have convicted hundreds of civilians in eastern Libya in secret and grossly unfair military trials, aimed at punishing real or perceived opponents and critics of the Libyan Arab Armed Forces LAAF and affiliated armed groups, Amnesty International said today
1 June 2021 UK and France to blame for chaos in Libya, says presidential hopeful: 1 June 2021: UK and France to blame for chaos in Libya, says presidential hopeful, as former interior minister Fathi Bashagha claims ‘lazy’ UK failing in moral responsibility after 2011 Europe-led regime change
21 June 2021 EU warns anyone judged to be delaying Libya elections will risk sanctions: 21 June 2021: The EU has warned that anyone judged to be delaying elections in Libya beyond the planned date of 24 December will be at risk of sanctions, ahead of a major meeting of foreign ministers intended to tighten the screw on those obstructing either elections or the withdrawal of foreign forces from the country, as the meeting in Berlin will set our proposals for a coordinated and sequential withdrawal of foreign forces, principally Russian and Turkish
23 June 2021 Second Berlin Conference on Libya: 23 June 2021 'Second Berlin Conference on Libya and Conference Conclusions', following January 2020 Berlin Conference on Libya, as hostilities now reduced (warlord Haftar, Russian mercenaries and more) and a ceasefire is in place, as the oil shutdown was lifted, as an inclusive, Libyan-led and Libyan-owned Political dialogue resumed among Libyan political parties and actors, under the auspices of the UN, as an interim executive authority was established, and as the interim Government of National Unity GNU approved by the House of Representatives, preparing 24 December 2021 Libyan general elections
15 July 2021 rights group condemned the 'horrific violations' against migrants returned to Libya: 15 July 2021: Amnesty International has condemned the 'horrific violations' being committed against migrants returned to Libya with the cooperation of European states after trying to cross the Mediterranean, as rights group said on Thursday that new evidence had emerged of 'harrowing violations, including sexual violence, against men, women and children' intercepted at sea and forcibly returned to detention centres in the North African country, also condemning in its report 'the ongoing complicity of European states' for cooperating with the authorities in war-torn Libya
12 January 2023 ahead of 13 January meeting of special envoys, Libyan politicians’ pay goes up 40% as election impasse continues: 12 January 2023: Special envoys from France, Germany, Italy, the USA and the UK are due to meet in Washington on 13 January to discuss their next steps after two rival Libyan factions last week failed to reach a final agreement in Cairo on the constitutional basis for national elections. The presidential and parliamentary elections were aborted in December 2021. A previous French-led effort to stage elections, in 2018, had also foundered. A series of unelected and competing interim governments have governed Libya for nearly a decade.
European Union/Mali relations: Relations entre le Mali et l'Union européenne
2010s/2020s EU mission 'EUCAP Sahel Mali' in Mali: Mission de soutien aux capacités de sécurité maliennes EUCAP Sahel Mali, est une mission civile de l'Union européenne, impliquant l’amélioration des infrastructures et des conditions de vie et de travail de la gendarmerie nationale, de la police et de la garde nationale, et en 2018 4 millions d'euros ont été investis pour permettre le financement de projets, et plus tard le Conseil européen a décidé de proroger le mandat de la mission civile jusqu'au 31 janvier 2023
June 2013 'Briefing Note' by ECDPM in Brussels concerning Mali crisis: The Mali crisis and Africa-Europe relations, June 2013 'Briefing Note' by ECDPM in Brussels
20 January 2022 France mulls ending military support for Mali as relations with junta worsen: 20 January 2022: France is wondering whether it is time to stop providing military backup to a country run by a junta that has defied the international community, as EU country first deployed troops in the West African country 9 years ago to fight a jihadist insurgency spending hundreds of millions € a year on a mission that has cost 52 French soldiers their lives in Mali, one of the world's poorest nations, now asking its European Union allies to provide more support
15 February 2022 meeting of European Foreign Affairs Ministers concerning Mali crisis: 15 février 2022: Une réunion des ministres européens des Affaires étrangères a eu lieu ce lundi, avant d'autres rendez-vous prévus cette semaine. L'annonce d'un retrait des troupes françaises et européenne du pays est attendue. Le chef de la diplomatie française Jean- Yves le Drian est revenu sur Wagner, le groupe russe de mercenaires, affirmant que 1000 d'entre eux sont présents au Mali
12 avril 2022 l'UE 'arrête' ses formations militaires au Mali mais conserve sa présence au Sahel: 12 avril 2022: L'Union européenne a décidé lundi 'd'arrêter' ses missions de formation et d'entraînement de l'armée et de la garde nationale au Mali, mais va rester au Sahel et se déployer dans les pays voisins, a annoncé le chef de la diplomatie européenne Josep Borrell
European Union and Malta: Malta and the European Union
March 2003 Maltese European Union membership referendum: 8 March 2003 Maltese European Union membership referendum
April 2018 Daphne Caruana Galizia murder case: 18 April 2018: Following Tuesday’s launch of the Daphne Project, a collaboration between international media organisations, politicians across Europe have demanded that Malta’s chief of police broaden the investigation into the murder of Daphne Caruana Galizia so that it pursues more aggressively those 'with a motivation for silencing' the anti-corruption journalist
December 2019 murder of Daphne Caruana Galizia: 3 December 2019: EU mission tells Malta PM to quit immediately over Caruana Galizia case, saying Muscat has made serious errors over investigation into journalist’s murder
May 2020 migrants die as Malta uses private ships to push them back to Libya: 19 May 2020: 12 die as Malta uses private ships to push migrants back to Libya
European Union/Mexico relations: European Union/Mexico relations
EU–Mexican agreements and trade relations: EU–Mexican agreements and trade relations, as the EU is Mexico's second largest export market after the USA and Mexico is the EU's 12th export partner, and as Mexico's main exports to the EU are mineral products, machinery, electrical and transport equipment and optical photo precision instruments, and as EU exports to Mexico consist of machinery, electrical equipment, transport equipment, chemicals and minerals
April 2020 EU-Mexico new trade agreement: 28 April 2020: EU and Mexico conclude negotiations for new trade agreement
9 December 2020 EU countries supplying the guns that kill Mexico’s journalists: 9 December 2020: Many of the weapons used in the murders of Mexican journalists were imported, as Mexico’s laws and culture make tracing them impossible, but non-profit 'Forbidden Stories' examined the flow of weapons, saying European arms companies are shipping hundreds of millions of dollars worth of guns, parts and ammunition to Mexican states
European Union/Middle East relations: European Union/Middle East relations - EU/Bahrain relations - EU/Iraq relations - EU/Iran relations - EU/Israel relations - EU/Jordan relations - EU/Lebanon relations - EU/Morocco relations - EU/Palestinian territories relations - EU/Syria relations - EU/Turkey relations - EU/Yemen relations
1871-1945 the Middle East, German empire and World War I and II: 2004: Germany and the Middle East, 1871-1945 - 15 September 2020: Naval commandos from the Hamas terror group reportedly succeeded in retrieving a trove of ammunition, including large-caliber naval shells, from a sunken British warship off the coast of the Gaza Strip with the aim of using it to arm itself against Israel, as over a period of several weeks, divers removed the ammunition from HMS M15, which was sunk in 1917 during World War I by a German submarine and now lies about a kilometer northeast of Gaza City
October/November 1991 Madrid Middle East Conference: October/November 1991 Madrid Conference, a peace conference hosted by Spain and co-sponsored by the USA and the Soviet Union and an attempt to revive the Israeli–Palestinian peace process through negotiations, involving Israel and the Palestinians as well as Arab countries, including Jordan, Lebanon and Syria
Since 2002 'Quartet on the Middle East': Since 2002 'Quartet on the Middle East'
Since 2003 Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly: Since 2003 Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly
Since 2010 Euro-Mediterranean free trade area: Since 2010 Euro-Mediterranean free trade area including the European Union, Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestinian territories and Tunisia
2011-2018 the West failed to prevent one Syrian chemical attack after another: 8 April 2018: Haaretz' Anshel Pfeffer describes how the West failed to prevent one Syrian chemical attack after another, saying that in the history of war, no war crime has been so well documented and so predictable to those who had it in their power to prevent it from recurring
May 2018 Iran’s nuclear archive: 5 May 2018: European intelligence officials briefed in Israel on Iran’s nuclear archive
13/14 February 2019 Warsaw Middle East Conference: 13/14 February 2019 Warsaw Conference, hosted by Poland and the USA the issues of the event include 'terrorism and extremism, missile development and proliferation, maritime trade and security, and threats posed by proxy groups across the region' of Middle East and especially 'Iran’s influence and terrorism in the region' - 14 February 2019: '60 foreign ministers and representatives of dozen of governments, an Israeli PM and the foreign ministers of leading Arab countries stood together and spoke with unusual force, clarity and unity against the common threat of the Iranian regime', Israel's Netanyahu says in Warsaw - 14 February 2019: Israel's Netanyahu on Thursday called on Arab states to continue normalizing relations with Israel, as the Iranian regime, vowing to revenge, once again tries to blame Israel and the USA for an attack reportedly claimed by Jaish ul-Adl
15 February 2019 EU, Syria and Iranian regime: 15 February 2019: Syrian Coalition's Dima Moussa says that the international consensus among participants in the Warsaw Conference, which considered the Iranian regime the biggest threat in the Middle East, should be followed by tough, practical measures twisting the arms of this state sponsoring cross-border terrorism, including steps leading to the isolation of the Iranian regime and ending its interference in the affairs of countries of the region
May 2019 Gaza rocket fire on Israel: 4/5 May 2019: European leaders strongly condemn Gaza rocket fire on Israel, as one Israeli man and eight Palestinians were killed and three Israelis were wounded so far since tensions ratcheted up along the border
June 2019 economic peace conference in Bahrain: 26 June 2019: EU nations sent lower level officials from their foreign or finance ministries instead of senior politicians to the economic peace conference in Bahrain sponsored by the USA, as EU special representative for the Middle East peace process, Susanna Terstal, came to the conference as an observer
3/4 November 2019 Israelis 'sent back to the crazy reality' and EU's friendly condemnation: 3 November 2019: Gaza rocket that hit home in southern Israel reminds residents that no one is safe, as Rina Cohen, whose house was hit, says 'it’s frustrating, once you start feeling optimistic, you get sent back to the crazy reality' - 4 November 2019: French Resistance hero Yvette Lundy, who provided fake papers to Jews fleeing Nazis, survived the concentration camps, liberated by the Soviet army in April 1945, and went on to teach reconciliation, giving talks to French as well as German students, dies at 103, as Mayor of Epernay Franck Leroy praised her 'incredible commitment to the duty of remembrance' - 4 November 2019: EU condemns rocket fire from Gaza, saying 'unacceptable and must stop immediately’
25 December 2019 Aviv Kohavi says Israel alone in fight against aggressive Iran and its proxies: 25 December 2019: Israel's IDF Chief of Staff Aviv Kohavi lamented that Israel is alone in the fight against Iran and its proxies in the Middle East, as the Islamic Republic grows increasingly aggressive in the region
21 July 2020 Egypt preparing military intervention in Libya to support criminal Haftar 6 months after Berlin conference: 21 July 2020: Egypt parliament approves military intervention in Libya after strongman al-Sisi spoke of military operations in neighbouring Libya to support Haftar - 21 July 2020: Egypt and Nato-member Turkey edged closer to the possibility of armed conflict this week over Libya, with both sides preparing for an impending battle over a key city
27 August 2020 rising tensions in the eastern Mediterranean and war games: 27 August 2020: Germany has called for naval exercises in the eastern Mediterranean to cease in an attempt to defuse tensions between Greece and Turkey that it fears could tip over into 'catastrophe', as Greece has staged war games with France, Italy and Cyprus and as Turkey has announced it will hold live-fire military exercises off its southern Mediterranean coast next week
15 September 2020 UN peacekeepers rescued refugees mostly Syrians from a boat off the Lebanese coast as one passenger had already passed away: 15 September 2020: A UN peacekeeping force rescued 36 people, mostly Syrians, and recovered the body of a passenger from a boat off the Lebanese coast on Monday, according to the UN refugee agency, as the destination of the boat was not immediately clear, but Lebanon and neighboring Cyprus have reported several migrant vessels trying to leave the Middle Eastern country in recent weeks
15 September 2020 USA's Pompeo warns France over Iran-backed Hezbollah's weaponry: 15 September 2020: USA Secretary of State warned France that efforts to resolve the crisis in Lebanon would be in vain without immediately tackling the issue of Iran-backed Hezbollah's weaponry, after French president said Hezbollah's elected arm has a legitimate political role, as Pompeo added that the USA 'has assumed its responsibility and we will stop Iran buying Chinese tanks and Russian air defence systems and then selling weapons to Hezbollah'
16 November 2020 Israel’s USA envoy says it would be a mistake for Biden to reenter Iran deal: 16 November 2020: Israel’s Ambassador to the USA Ron Dermer said that it would be a 'mistake' for the incoming Biden administration to reenter the Iran nuclear deal, and 'hopefully he will look at the Middle East as it is, he will see the benefits of [the normalization] process, of how he can continue that process', appearing to be first Israeli official to speak out publicly against president-elect’s plans to renegotiate a ‘longer, stronger’ accord
18 May 2021 EU foreign ministers call for an immediate cease-fire in Israel-Palestinian fighting: 18 May 2021: In an emergency meeting on Tuesday EU foreign ministers call for an immediate cease-fire in Israel-Palestinian fighting, as all of the member states except Hungary backed a statement that condemned rocket attacks by Hamas and supported Israel’s right to self-defense but also cautioned that it had 'to be done in a proportional manner and respecting international humanitarian law', Mr. Borrell said
2009-2021 rocket and mortar attacks against Israel by date and number of rockets: 2009-2021 rocket and mortar attacks against Israel by date, including the number of rockets (some thousands in 2021) launched toward Ashdod, Ashkelon, Jerusalem and neighboring communities, Palmachim, Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council, Sderot, Tel Aviv, as more rockets were also fired from the Sinai Peninsula into Israel, from Assad regime's territory in the East, from Lebanon in the North (Hezbollah), documented by the Jewish Virtual Library, as air attacks against the developing Israel (and the neighbouring region) following World War II (and the 1941 German air force in the skies of pre-state Israel) watched globally, more or less standing up for or against life
24 June 1941 German air force in the skies of pre-state Israel: 8 April 2021: On 24 June 1941 during the longest and most complex sortie executed by the NSDAP-ruled German empire's air force in the skies of pre-state Israel, a Junkers plane photographed Tel Aviv, the Jordan Valley, Tiberias and an airport near Amman, days after the beginning of the German invasion of the Soviet Union
26 October 2023 EU leaders hold summit to discuss Middle East situation and support for Ukraine, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates: 26 October 2023: EU leaders hold summit to discuss Middle East situation and support for Ukraine, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates
European Union/Moldova relations: European Union/Moldova relations - 1 July 1998: EU-Moldova Partnership and Cooperation Agreement - Delegation of the EU to Moldova since 2005 - 29 April 2014: Moldova keen to join the European Union in 2019 - 28 June: EU signs association agreements with Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia
14 December 2023 deal reached to open EU accession talks with Ukraine and Moldova, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates: 14 December 2023: Deal reached to open EU accession talks with Ukraine and Moldova, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates
European Union/Morocco relations: European Union/Morocco relations
29 September 2021 EU court annuls Morocco trade deals over Western Sahara: 29 September 2021: EU court annuls Morocco trade deals over Western Sahara, ruling that Morocco did not have the consent of Western Sahara people needed for the trade treaties ruled
European Union/Mozambique relations: European Union/Mozambique relations
20 January 2021 EU to partner with Mozambique in curbing rising insurgency in Cabo Delgado province: 20 January 2021: EU to partner with Mozambique in curbing rising insurgency in Cabo Delgado province
21 January 2021 Northern Mozambique in crisis as thousands flee escalating conflict: 21 January 2021: Northern Mozambique has lurched into a humanitarian crisis as growing numbers of people have lost their homes amid escalating conflict, after fighting in the northern province of Cabo Delgado displaced more than 500,000 people last year and as on Wednesday UN agencies said they were deeply worried about the current situation, calling for the international community to do more to help
European Union/Myanmar relations: European Union/Myanmar
11 February 2021 from 2012 until February 2021 EU provided crowd control training to Myanmar police units: 11 February 2021: From 2012 until February 2021 EU provided crowd control training to Myanmar police units, and officers involved in violent crackdown following militar's 2021 coup d'état worked with European police on controlling protests, as divided Myanmar unites against coup and people say 'we all know what we're facing' - 11 February 2021: New president Biden orders sanctions on Myanmar generals as key Aung San Suu Kyi aide Kyaw Tint Swe detained amid new wave of arrests, meaning USA now prevents generals from accessing $1bn in government funds, also following France/Myanmar relations, referring to interstate relations of Myanmar and France, after relations began in the early 18th century when the French East India Company was attempting to extend its influence into Southeast Asia, in modern France continued by fossil fuel giant 'Total'
European Union/New Zealand relations: European Union/New Zealand relations
Trade relations: New Zealand/European Union trade relations, as the EU is New Zealand's third-largest trading partner, after China and Australia, and New Zealand is the EU's 50th, and as New Zealand's exports is dominated by agricultural goods, while the EU's exports is dominated by manufactured goods
European Union/Nigeria: European Union/Nigerian relations
28 February 2022 Nigerian nationals evacuated from Ukraine, received in EU's Romania, Hungary, Poland: 28 February 2022: A total of 256 Nigerian nationals have been evacuated from Ukraine and have been received in Romania, Hungary, and Poland amid the brutal aggression of Russia's Putin regime to subdue its European neighbour in a war at least since 2014, as the number of now concerned Nigerians is out of a total number of about 5600 African people, the majority of whom are students
European Union/Palau relations: European Union/Palau relations - Ambassadors of Palau to the European Union - Germany/Palau relations - 20th/21st centuries ambassadors of Germany to Palau and Philippines, Marshall Islands, Micronesia
Since 1696 European contact and 'discovery' of Palau: Since 1696 European contact and 'discovery' of Palau, Spanish and German rule, as Palau was administered from German New Guinea in a period of economic development, as German companies began exploiting the islands' deposits of bauxite and phosphate, as a rich harvest in copra was made, after Spain sold the Palau archipelago to Imperial Germany in the 1899 German–Spanish Treaty
1914 under the terms of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance Japanese occupation: 1914 under the terms of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, the Empire of Japan declared war on the German Empire, invaded German colonial empire in the Pacific Ocean, and Palau was seized by ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, as after the war, the League of Nations awarded Palau to Japan as a Class C League of Nations Mandate
Palau during 1939-1945 World War II and post-war development: Palau during 1939-1945 World War II and post-war development - Wars and battles involving Palau
September 2009 Republic of China provides scholarships to Palauan students as well as computers for Palauan schools: September 2009 Republic of China provides scholarships to Palauan students, as well as computers for Palauan schools, as Palau’s Minister of Education Mario Katosang 'we were given 100 Windows-based computers by Taiwan..., I mentioned that we may also need software (and) Taiwan immediately delivered 100 brand new copies of Windows XP, and offered to train our computer technicians'
European Union/Palestinian relations: European Union/Palestinian territories relations - 17 July 2014: EU leaders say on 'rapid' deterioration and escalation of Gaza-Israel conflict since June (!) that 'Israel has right to protect itself but it must act proportionately' - one rocket for one rocket etc.? - 26 July: USA's John Kerry in Paris to meet with European foreign ministers to promote a cease-fire in Gaza - 6/7 August 2014: European countries propose EU mission to open Gaza crossing with a plan for the rehabilitation of Gaza, which calls for its demilitarization but at the same time demands Israel ease the blockade of the enclave - 15 August 2014: EU offers to oversee Gaza border crossings and to work to prevent illegal arms flows, insisting on a durable truce and an disarmament of terrorist groups in the Strip - 18 December 2014: A European Parliament resolution to recognize 'Palestine' as a state only in principle linking the recognition with the resumption of Israeli-Palestinian peace talks, passed with 498 votes - 7 April 2015: EU increases aid for Palestinian refugee camp Yarmouk in Syria
2015: 19 May 2015: EU's Federica Mogherini heads to Mideast to reboot peace talks, wanting a more active role for the EU in seeking peace between Israel and the Palestinians and saying that Israeli-Palestinian status quo is not an option - 20 May: In visit with EU foreign minister Mogherini, Palestinian Abbas repeats demand for Israeli settlement freeze, release of prisoners and sets preconditions for peace process - 27 October 2015: In Brussels meeting with EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini, PA president Abbas cites disappointment among young generation, feeling of hopelessnes, fearing deterioration amid wave of terror attacks - 27 October 2015: EU's Mogherini urges Abbas and Netanyahu to meet Quartet ‘in days’, saying Israeli-Palestinian conflict will only get worse with each round of violence
4 November 2019 EU condemns rocket fire from Gaza: 4 November 2019: EU condemns rocket fire from Gaza, saying 'unacceptable and must stop immediately’
12 November 2019 EU calls for an immediate end to the firing of rockets from Gaza: 12 November 2019: EU calls for an immediate end to the firing of rockets from Gaza toward Israeli civilians, saying targeting of Israeli civilians with rockets is ‘unacceptable’
European Union and Poland: European Union/Poland relations
2003/2004: 2003 Polish European Union membership referendum, accession approved by 77.6% of voters - 2004 Accession of Poland to the European Union
2016: 13 January 2016: European commission launches unprecedented inquiry in response to controversial Polish legislation that puts more power into the hands of the government
July 2017: 23 July 2017: EU will hit Poland with deadline to reverse curbs on judicial freedom - 26 July 2017: EU executive to start legal action against Poland over judiciary reform - 20 December 2017: The European commission triggers process that could see Poland stripped of voting rights in Brussels, over legal changes that the EU claims threaten the independence of the judiciary
September 2018: 18 September 2018: Poland was banned Monday from the EU body representing the member states’ judicial institutions after controversial Polish government reforms, saying recent reforms mean the country cannot guarantee the independent delivery of justice
9 January 2020 Polish president pulls out of Holocaust event in Israel over snub due to Putin: 9 January 2020: Polish president pulls out of Holocaust event in Israel to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz over snub, after being told he would not be allowed to speak at the event, but Russian regime’s war criminal Vladimir Putin
25 January 2020 Poland pushes for Nazi Gusen camp in Austria to be remembered: 25 January 2020: Poland pushes for Nazi camp in Austria to be remembered, charging that Gusen camp, a satellite of Mauthausen complex, is neglected by Austrian authorities, where some 35,800 detainees, many Polish, died, , often deported for political reasons, working to death there
11/12 July 2020 Poland the only EU country without comprehensive national legislation to return private property confiscated by the Nazis: 11 July 2020: As Poland is the only country in the EU that has not passed comprehensive national legislation to return, or provide compensation for, private property confiscated by the Nazis, Polish president rejects Holocaust restitution claims ahead of election, as Andrzej Duda vows no reparations for assets seized from Jews during World War II, saying 'damages should be paid by the one that started the war', and as EU leaders are split over covid-19 recovery ahead of this week’s emergency summit that will expose national divisions over budgets, the €750bn pandemic fund, but not yet over Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen, promoting war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the Führerbegleitbatallion, tasked with guarding Hitler and his field headquarters during the invasion of Poland, which began on 1 September 1939, describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military
26 July 2020 Poland to withdraw from European treaty on violence against women: 26 July 2020: Poland will take steps next week to withdraw from a European treaty on violence against women, which the government has said violates parents’ rights by requiring schools to teach children about gender
11 October 2021 more than 100,000 Poles have rallied in support of EU membership: 11 October 2021: More than 100,000 Poles have rallied in support of EU membership after a controversial court ruling raised concerns the country could eventually leave the bloc, as protest organisers said demonstrations took place in more than 100 Polish towns and cities on Sunday, and several cities abroad
19 October 2021 Polish PM escalates war of words with EU over rule of law: 19 October 2021: Poland’s PM Mateusz Morawiecki has clashed with the European Commission and MEPs after accusing EU institutions of seeking to turn the country into a province, in an escalation of the battle between Warsaw and Brussels over the rule of law
23 October 2021 Polish PM escalates war of words with EU over rule of law: 13 October 2021: EU summit leaves law row with Poland unresolved, France24 reports
24 December 2021 local activists are trying to help Belarus-Poland border crossing asylum seekers: 24 December 2021: As thousands attempt to cross the Belarus-Poland border seeking asylum in Europe, local activists are trying to help
26 February 2022 in a further EU refugee crisis Ukrainians flee to Poland amid Russian Putin regime's attacks: 26 February 2022: Tens of thousands Ukrainians flee to Poland amid Russian Putin regime's attacks, as nine reception centres have been set up along the border in Poland, which already has a community of 1.5 million Ukrainians
European Union and Portugal: European Union and Portugal, membership since 1986/1993
March 2021 Council of Europe calls on Portugal to do more to confront its colonial past and its role in the slave trade: 25 March 2021: Europe’s top human rights body has called on Portugal to do more to confront its colonial past and its role in the transatlantic slave trade in order to help fight racism and discrimination in the country today, as the comments by the Council of Europe come amid an escalating debate in Portugal over how to remember its history as the country prepares to unveil its first memorial to victims of slavery
European Union/Qatar relations: European Union/Qatar relations
2022 Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament: 2022 Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament, also known as Qatargate, an ongoing political scandal in which politicians, political staffers, lobbyists, civil servants and their families are alleged to have been involved in corruption, money laundering and organised crime involving the Qatari State in exchange for influence at the European Parliament. Qatar denies the allegations. Legal enforcement was carried out by Belgian, Italian and Greek authorities, resulting in the seizure of €1.5 million in cash, the confiscation of computers and mobile phones, and the arrest and charging of four individuals with crimes in December 2022.
15 December 2022 EU parliament will consider banning Qatari officials from its premises in response to a 'cash for influence' investigation: 15 December 2022: The European parliament will consider banning Qatari officials from its premises in response to a 'cash for influence' investigation that has become the biggest scandal in the institution’s history. The parliament’s president, Roberta Metsola, said the assembly’s senior leaders would discuss a possible ban and that a 'wide-ranging reform' package would be implemented in response to a Belgian police investigation that has led to four people being charged with money laundering and corruption, including a serving MEP.
17 December 2022 partner of ousted European Parliament VP Eva Kaili confesses to role in Qatar graft case: 17 December 2022: Francesco Giorgi, the partner of ousted European Parliament vice-president Eva Kaili, has confessed his role in a Qatar graft scandal, two sources with direct knowledge of the matter told Reuters. Giorgi's confession to taking bribes from Qatar to influence European Parliament decisions on Qatar had made 'a significant contribution' to the probe underway by Belgian investigating magistrates
European Union and Romania: European Union and Romania
August 2018: 15 August 2018: Political science team says Eastern European countries such as Romania are experiencing a return to authoritarianism some 30 years after the Prague Spring uprising as the ruling government tightens its grip on power - 17 August 2018: EU authorities are facing calls to defend the rule of law in Romania, a week after more than 400 people were injured in mass protests against corruption and changes to the judicial system
European Union/Russia relations: European Union/Russia relations
Russia in the European energy sector - Documented examples of energy sector incidents
30 October 2013: European Union to probe allegations of Russia spying during G20 summit - 29 November: Russia cannot 'veto' its ties with East Europe nations, European Union says - 16 December: European countries bordering Russia's territory of Kaliningrad say they are worried at reports that Moscow has put nuclear-capable missiles there - 10 December 2013: European Commission Vice-President Viviane Reding has said she will 'definitely not' attend the Winter Olympics in Sochi because of Russia's treatment of minority groups
2014: Since March 2014, the EU has progressively imposed restrictive measures against Russia, adopted in response to the Russian illegal annexation of Crimea and the deliberate destabilisation of Ukraine
Since March 2014: Cyprus, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy and Slovakia are among the EU states most skeptical about the EU sanctions against Russia and have repeatedly called for review of sanctions
March-December 2014: 11 March: EU tells Russia to start Ukraine talks or face sanctions - 13 March: EU agreed on a framework for sanctions on Russia - 17 March: USA and EU expected to announce sanctions against Putin regime after Crimean referendum on joining Russia - 21 March: EU drafts plans for much more substantive sanctions if Putin presses ahead with Russian territorial expansion - 29 March: Russia reportedly retaliated against sanctions imposed by Western countries over its annexation of Crimea - 11 April: USA accuses Russia after Putin warning on gas supplies to Europe - 11 April: EU demands Russia honour its gas commitments - 17 April: European Parliament votes to impose tougher sanctions on Russia due to its military aggression against Ukraine - 27 May: EU awaits constructive steps from Russia after Ukrainian elections - 28 May: EU should make Russia take its mercenaries from Ukraine, Poland's Donald Tusk says - 17 July: USA and EU significantly strengthened sanctions on Russian regime over Ukraine, with USA for the first time directly targeting Russia's banking, military and energy sectors - 25/26 July: EU expands Russian oligarch sanctions blacklist in wake of MH17 crash and broad economic measures against regime are looking increasingly likely - 29 July: EU governments agree to impose sweeping sanctions on Russian regime, targeting state-owned banks, imposing an arms embargo, restricting sales of sensitive technology and the export of equipment for the country's oil industry - 16 August: EU wants Russia not to cover military aggression with humanitarian situation, calling on its regime to put an immediate stop to the flow of arms, military advisers, armed personnel, and to withdraw its forces from the border - 18 August: In a meeting of foreign ministers of France, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, discussing in a difficult conversation the situation in eastern Ukraine, some progress reportedly achieved - 12 September: New EU sanctions against Russia targeting Russian oil firms, defence companies and banks over the crisis in Ukraine enter into force - 16 October: Candidate countries for EU membership join EU sanctions against Russia - 17 October: Putin under pressure from EU leaders to commit to fragile peace plan for eastern Ukraine as violence continues to spread across region despite ceasefire - 18 October: Ukraine-Russia peace hopes rise as gas deal edges closer - 30 October: Recognition of illegal Donbas 'elections' reportedly to strengthen EU sanctions against Russia - 17 December: EU insists on implementation of all points of the Minsk agreements, Federica Mogherini says in Kyiv demanding full respect for Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity
2015: 11/12 January: Meeting of foreign ministers a few days before possible east Ukraine summit, as Russia doesn't prove ceasefire commitment and violence spikes in region - 29 January: EU to debate fresh Russia sanctions - 30 January: EU extends sanctions against Russia - 6 February 2015: France's Hollande and Germany's Merkel in truce talks in Ukraine and Russia as TV report from Debaltseve shows 'a town almost too dangerous to live in' due to Russian weapons - 7 February: France, Germany and Russia agree to draft Ukraine peace plan that would also include proposals from Ukraine`s President Poroshenko - 8 February: German chancellor Angela Merkel 'disappointed' by Russian attitude but says proposal for demilitarised zone to end conflict is 'worth trying' - 9 February: Normandy format foreign ministers representatives to meet today in Berlin to prepare Minsk meeting on Wednesday - 16 February: More EU sanctions on Russia come into effect on Monday over Russian regime's intervention in east Ukraine - 20 February: France and Germany promise fresh sanctions on Russian regime if the second peace deal brokered in Minsk to end the conflict in Ukraine is not observed - 26 February: EU calls Russia responsible for Nadia Savchenko's state of health - 4 March 2015: Britain, France, Germany, Italy, EU head Donald Tusk and USA called for a 'strong reaction' from the international community to any major violation of a ceasefire in eastern Ukraine as they seek to further pressure Russia over the conflict - 8 March: EU divisions exposed as Russia evades sanctions - 12 March: EU leaders want to tackle Russian 'disinformation' on Ukraine war - 17 March: EU nations called to maintain economic sanctions on Russian regime over its annexation of Crimea and support for separatists until Minsk II ceasefire agreement has been fully implemented - 17 March: Let's not repeat the Munich betrayal of 1938, write Czech and Slovak public intellectuals in an open letter to representatives of EU, France, Germany, U.K., and USA with an appeal to provide more assistance to Ukraine in order to help itself to defend against the Russian aggression - 20 March: EU's Russia sanctions extended to end-2015, EU president Donald Tusk says after a summit in Brussels - 2 April: EU condemns as 'a blatant violation of the right to freedom of expression' the closure of the Crimean Tatar ATR TV, following searches of its premises and attacks on its journalists in the past weeks - 14 April: 'Normandy Four' call on the withdrawal of even more weaponry in Donbas - 20 April: EU will officially complain that Gazprom was hindering competition in Central and Eastern European gas markets - 31 May: EU criticises Russian entry ban on 89 European politicians, including outspoken critics of Russian regime, and military leaders, similar to a list for USA citizens - 4 June: Fighting near Maryinka in eastern Ukraine is the most serious violation of the Minsk agreements by Russian-backed separatists, EU says - 5 June: EU extends sanctions against occupied Crimea for another year, as Germany's Angela Merkel says Russia's participation in G7 not possible without return of Crimea to Ukraine, and Canada's Stephen Harper says that Putin regime cannot be allowed to return to G7 because there 'really is no point in having a dialogue' - 22 June: EU prolongs sanctions against Russian regime over aggression in Ukraine - 30 July 2015: Six more states - Montenegro, Albania, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, as well as Ukraine - support the extension of sanctions against Russia until 31 January 2016 - 12 August: The EU notes that the sharp deterioration of the situation in Donbas, which is connected with the attacks of pro-Russian separatists on the positions of Ukrainian militaries, contradicts the Minsk agreements - 16 September: The European Union does not recognize and condemns the electoral processes conducted by Russia in the temporarily occupied territory of Crimea - 12 October: EU foreign ministers urge Russian regime to halt its military intervention in Syria and call for protection of civilians to become an international priority, saying that Assad bore the greatest responsibility for the 250,000 dead and linking 'the systematic targeting of civilians by the regime' to 'mass displacements' - 3 December 2015: EU plans to extend economic sanctions against Russia for another six months - 15 December: EU foreign ministers indicate need to extend Russian sanctions
February-June 2016: 9 February 2016: West must condemn Russian action in Syria and the bombardment, activists say in letters to British newspaper - 28 February 2016: Several European diplomats have paid tribute to the slain Russian opposition leader Boris Nemtsov, visiting the spot in Moscow where the Putin regime critic was gunned down - 7 March 2016: EU to extend sanctions against Russia until 15 September - 7 March 2016: European Union's Foreign Policy Chief Federica Mogherini calls for Nadiya Savchenko's immediate, on humanitarian grounds, release and all other illegally detained Ukrainian citizens - 9 March: Members of the European Parliament urge EU to impose personal sanctions against Russia's Putin and 28 others - 18 March: Russian takeover of Crimea remains 'direct challenge to international security', EU's Federica Mogherini says, warning of worsening human rights situation in the occupied Black Sea region - 26 May: EU officials insist restrictions against Russian regime are to remain unless the Minsk protocol is fully implemented - 21 June: EU extends sanctions against Russia for another six months
May 2016 Europe a Russian gangster playground: 12 May 2016: How Europe became a Russian gangster playground
October 2016: 17 October 2016: Mogherini rules out EU sanctions on Russia over Syria - 18 October 2016: The European Union's 28 foreign ministers on Monday condemned Russia's air campaign in Syria, saying it may be guilty of war crimes and that Russian atrocities in Syria should be referred to the International Criminal Court, also vowing to impose more sanctions on Bashar al-Assad's regime, after France and Britain pushed hard for the support of all the bloc's 28 governments, hoping that a unified chastisement of Russia would help bring an end to Russian- and Iranian-backed regime's offensive and France's foreign minister said that the EU had a moral obligation to act and 'to stop the massacre of the population of Aleppo' - 18 October 2016: Syrian opposition states that EU credibility at stake as Russia’s war crimes continue unchallenged, saying that in addition to the imposition of sanctions on the Assad regime, the EU needs to take restrictive measures against Russian regime - 21 October 2016: EU fails to agree on threatening Russia with sanctions over Aleppo as push by Britain, France and Germany to address Syrian bombing campaign lacks unanimous support at Brussels summit
February-June 2017: 28 February 2017: The European Parliament has called on the international community to increase pressure on Russia due to unlawful criminal prosecution of Ukrainian citizens on political grounds - 27 March 2017: European Union calls 'on the Russian authorities to abide fully by the international commitments it has made, including in the Council of Europe … to uphold these rights and to release without delay the peaceful demonstrators that have been detained', after tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets across Russia on Sunday - 14 June 2017: Nord Stream 2 project, that involves piping gas directly from Russia to Germany through the Baltic sea, is unaffected by sanctions and its progress means that Europe is excoriating the Putin regime diplomatically while at the same time promising to inflate the same regime with billions of gas dollars - 19 June 2017: EU prolongs for one year restrictive measures against Russia over Crimea annexation
November/December 2017: 25 November 2017: The EU is stepping up its campaign to counter disinformation and fake news from Russia by spending more than €1m a year on its specialist anti-propaganda unit East Stratcom taskforce - 21 December 2017: EU prolongs economic sanctions against Russia, targeting the energy, financial, defence sectors and the area of dual-use goods, by six months until 31 July 2018
March 2018 Russian poisoning in Salisbury: 19 March 2018: EU backs Britain in wake of Russian poisoning in Salisbury, after UK foreign secretary Boris Johnson stated 'we actually have evidence within the last 10 years that Russia has not only been investigating the delivery of nerve agents for the purpose of assassination, but has also been creating and stockpiling novichok'
20 March 2018: EU's Jean-Claude Juncker and USA's Trump have broken ranks with western disapproval for Russia's Putin, issuing their congratulations to the former KGB spy for his electoral success even as diplomats were flown out of the UK in retribution for the Salisbury nerve agent attack, and as Mikhail Khodorkovsky, who became Russia’s richest man during the dissolution of the Soviet Union when he owned the Yukos oil company, recognises that if Russia's Putin wants him dead 'no amount of security measures can prevent that' delivering the message 'that you can’t escape from the special services' - 22 March 2018: Europe needs a collective defence strategy to counter Russia, Guy Verhofstadt says - 23 March 2018: EU recalls ambassador from Russia as leaders back May over Salisbury - 23 March 2018: At least 10 EU nations to expel Russian diplomats in response to the use of a nerve agent in Salisbury, described as an 'attack on European sovereignty' - 26 March 2018: Countries across Europe and allies of the UK, including Australia and the USA, have announced the expulsion of dozens of Russian regime's diplomats in a common response to the 'novichok' nerve agent attack in Salisbury
April 2018: 2 April 2018: Ukraine's former president Viktor Yushchenko says in an interview he hopes Europe will wake up to the threat posed by Russia in the wake of the poisonings in Salisbury
Calls to boycott the soccer World Cup in Russia 2018: 12 April 2018: A number of EU member states may announce a diplomatic boycott on the World Cup 2018 in Russia, according to RFE/RL's correspondent in Brussels Rikard Jozwiak - 18 April 2018: Dozens of members of the European Parliament have signed a letter calling on EU governments to boycott the soccer World Cup tournament in Russia this summer, citing Russian Putin regime's 'mockery' of European values
May 2018 EU calls on Russia to acknowledge responsibility for MH17: 25 May 2018: The EU has called on Russia to acknowledge its responsibility for the downing of Malaysia's flight MH17 over occupied Donbas on 17 July 2014, after the Netherlands' government has begun to take steps to hold Russia accountable for the downing of the MH17 flight
June 2018: 11 June 2018: The European Parliament will hold a debate and vote on a resolution related to violation of human rights in Russia - 14 June 2018: EU Parliament has overwhelmingly passed a resolution calling on Russian authorities to release Ukrainian filmmaker Oleh Sentsov and all the other 'illegally detained Ukrainian citizens' in Russia and Russia-annexed Crimea 'immediately and unconditionally', as political groups in the chamber also wanted to include a call for an EU diplomatic boycott of the soccer World Cup that kicks off in Russia on 14 June 14, followed by a call on 'the EU to make a statement to condemn human rights violations in Russia and the attempt to hide them under the cover of the FIFA World Cup' - 18 June 2018: EU extends sanctions against Russia over Crimea annexation by one year
August 2018: 21 August 2018: UK's FM Jeremy Hunt is to urge the EU to stand shoulder to shoulder with the USA administration by imposing more comprehensive sanctions against Russia, saying Vladimir Putin has made the world 'a more dangerous place', and that after a chemical weapons attack in England, the EU should apply more pressure to protect western democracy
November 2018: 28 November 2018: Germany, France against new anti-Russian sanctions, reportedly seeking to continue their 'diplomatic efforts' amid Russian escalation and conflict at the Sea of Azov
January 2019: 21 January 2019: EU ambassadors have approved personal sanctions against four Russians, including A. Mishkin ('Alexander Petrov') and A. Chepiga ('Ruslan Boshirov'), for complicity in the poisoning of Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia with the novichok military grade nerve agent in Salisbury, according to RFE/RL's Rikard Jozwiak
March 2019: 30 March 2019: The European External Action Service EEAS says the EU does not recognize Russian legislation in the occupied Crimea and the city of Sevastopol and expects the immediate release of 23 Crimean Tatars, illegally detained during searches
May 2019 sanctioned Andrei Pavlov travels widely in Europe: 24 May 2019: Europe is under pressure to review its border controls, after it emerged that Andrei Pavlov sanctioned over his alleged role in Russia’s biggest ever tax fraud has visited member states more than 70 times in the past four years
June 2019 EU demands cooperation in MH 17 criminal investigation: 21 juin 2019: Les dirigeants de l'UE ont joint leurs voix jeudi à la pression internationale sur la Russie en l'exhortant à 'coopérer pleinement' à l'enquête sur le crash du vol MH17, abattu en 2014 au-dessus de l'est de l'Ukraine par un missile russe
9 January 2020 Polish president pulls out of Holocaust event in Israel over snub due to Putin: 9 January 2020: Polish president pulls out of Holocaust event in Israel to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz over snub, after being told he would not be allowed to speak at the event, but Russian regime’s war criminal Vladimir Putin
10 January 2020 miserable European Union and about 9 years of Assad's, Iranian and Russian regime's war against the Syrian people: 10 January 2020: About 9 years of Assad's, Iranian and Russian regime's war against the Syrian people standing for continuous killing and destruction, while war criminals go unpunished, Russia and Iran are the regime’s winning cards, and geography of influence and control is constantly changing at the expense of millions of civilians, according to SOHR
4 March 2020 Europe must stand with Turkey over Putin’s war crimes in Syria: 4 March 2020: Europe must stand with Turkey over Putin’s war crimes in Syria, as focusing on the refugee crisis Russia has created addresses symptoms not the cause, George Soros writes in the 'Financial Times'
22 May 2020 EU and NATO urging Russia to comply with 'Open Skies' pact: 22 mai 2020: L'Otan et l'UE ont appelé vendredi la Russie à respecter son obligation de coopération à la surveillance de ses activités militaires pour sauver le traité 'Ciel Ouvert', menacé par un retrait des Etats-Unis
8 July 2020 Chechens in fear after third Kadyrov critic killed now in Vienna: 8 July 2020: Chechens in Europe have expressed renewed fears for their safety, after a strident critic of the Kremlin-backed Chechnya leader, Ramzan Kadyrov, was shot dead in Vienna on Saturday
22 December 2020 murderous Putin regime and investigation of poisoning of Navalny: 22 décembre 2020: la Russie a 'élargi la liste des représentants de pays membres de l’UE interdits d’entrer' sur son territoire, en représailles aux sanctions prises à son encontre dans l’affaire de l’empoisonnement de l’opposant Alexeï Navalny, y compris les pays dont des laboratoires ont identifié une substance neurotoxique de type Novitchok dans l’organisme de l’opposant - 22 December 2020: In an extended and unusual attack indicative of anger over recent revelations about the FSB, spokesman for Vladimir Putin accuses Alexei Navalny of 'comparing himself to Jesus', after a chartered plane paid for by 'Cinema for Peace Foundation' was sent in August from Germany to evacuate Navalny from Omsk for treatment at the Charité in Berlin to save his life, after the doctors treating him in Omsk had initially declared he was too sick to be transported, and as in October the OPCW announced that results of testing samples obtained from Navalny had confirmed the presence of a 'Novichok' agent
24 January 2021 Baltic states have called on the EU to slap new sanctions against Russian regime: 24 January 2021: Baltic states have called on the European Union to slap new sanctions against Russian officials responsible for suppressing protests in support of opposition leader Alexei Navalny, as foreign ministers of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuanian also urge the Russian authorities to release detainees
5 February 2021: Russia expels Swedish, Polish and German diplomats over Navalny rally: 5 February 2021: Russia expels Swedish, Polish and German diplomats for attending a rally in support of opposition leader Alexei Navalny
22 February 2021 EU to sanction Russians responsible for Alexei Navalny's detention: 22 February 2021: EU to sanction Russians responsible for Alexei Navalny's detention, as member states agree to impose measures under so-called Magnitsky act over arrest of opposition leader
23 February 2021 EU continues to turn a blind eye on Russian aggressions:
23 February 2021: Ukraine's Armed Forces has reported one soldier killed in action and two wounded in action amid 11 violations of the ceasefire agreement by Russia-controlled armed groups in the Donbas warzone on 22 February
23 March 2021 'EU did not rise to the challenge' according to UN special rapporteur Agnès Callamard: 23 March 2021: 'The EU did not rise to the challenge', according to UN special rapporteur Agnès Callamard on Europe's failure to fill human rights void, painting dire global picture following disdain for human rights of Trump administration, China and Russia
5 April 2021 EU pledges backing to Ukraine after Russian military buildup: 5 April 2021: The EU has pledged its 'unwavering' support for Ukraine’s government amid concerns of a military escalation in the east of the country or a possible new offensive against the Nato ally after recent Russian troop movements
9 April 2021 despite EU's reluctance Germany's CDU/CSU politicians prepare deals with Novichok Putin regime: 9 April 2021: As EU says the extra shots won't be needed, Germany's CDU health minister Jens Spahn says talks are planned with murderous Russian Putin regime on buying doses of country's 'Sputnik V' vaccine, as on Wednesday, the southern German state of Bavaria said it had signed a letter of intent to buy up to 2.5 million doses of the Sputnik V vaccine if it meets approval
13 April 2021 EU's Josep Borrell and G7 called on Russia to cease its provocations against Ukraine: 13 April 2021: The G7 foreign ministers and High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs Josep Borrell have called on the Russian Federation to cease its provocations against Ukraine - 13 April 2021: One Ukrainian soldier killed amid one of the 17 violations of the ceasefire agreement by Russia-controlled armed groups in the Donbas warzone on 12 April, as two more soldiers were wounded on 13 April - 13 April 2021: NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg has urged the Russian Federation to end its military build-up near Ukraine's borders, also saying during a joint press point with Ukrainian FM Dmytro Kuleba in Brussels 'we are seriously concerned by ongoing developments ... and NATO is monitoring the situation very closely'
16 April 2021 EU reacts to Russia's restriction of navigation in Black Sea near Crimea: 16 April 2021: EU reacts to Russia's restriction of navigation in Black Sea near Crimea, as the issue is on the agenda of a Foreign Affairs Council meeting on Monday
19 April 2021 EU's Borrell calls on Russia to withdraw troops from Ukrainian border: 19 April 2021: EU's Borrell calls on Russia to withdraw troops from Ukrainian border, as today the EU Council will discuss the situation on the Ukrainian-Russian border at the level of Foreign Affairs Ministers
30 April 2021 EU has accused Russia of seeking confrontation: 30 April 2021: The EU has accused Russia of seeking confrontation after the Kremlin regime sanctioned senior EU officials and the European parliament's president in a retaliatory move, also saying the 27-member-state bloc was now prepared to take further action against Russia in the latest phase of a steady deterioration of relations in recent months, after the EU’s response to the imprisonment of opposition leader Alexei Navalny has until now been widely criticised for its lack of bite
4 May 2021 G7 ministers meet for bilats on sidelines of meeting in London: 4 May 2021: Foreign ministers from the Group of Seven wealthy industrialized nations are gathering in London - their first face-to-face meeting in more than two years - to grapple with threats to health, prosperity and democracy, as the host country Britain has warned that the increasingly aggressive activities of Russia, China and Iran pose a challenge to democratic societies and the international rule of law
16 June 2021 EU-Russia relations expected to get even worse, says bloc’s top diplomat Josep Borrell: 16 June 2021: EU-Russia relations expected to get even worse, says bloc’s top diplomat Josep Borrell, adding that ties are at the lowest level even as EU hesitates to use economic sanctions
25 June 2021 Franco-German plan to restart talks with Putin rejected at a fractious EU summit: 25 June 2021: A Franco-German plan to restart talks with Russian regime's Putin has been rejected at a fractious EU summit that resulted in a decision to explore economic sanctions against eastern country instead, as EU leaders also confronted Viktor Orbán, and as issues made what was meant to be a routine summit of the 27 EU leaders into a much more bruising encounter, after tensions were raised as France’s Emmanuel Macron and Germany’s Angela Merkel blindsided other leaders by proposing talks with Putin, following Joe Biden’s summit with the Russian, earlier called 'killer' by Biden, last week
17 July 2021 7th anniversary of the downing of Malaysia's Flight 17 MH17, Putin regime's silence but not in ongoing wars in Syria and Ukraine: 17 July 2021: On the 7th anniversary of the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 MH17, the foreign ministers of Australia, Belgium, Malaysia, the Netherlands, and Ukraine, whose countries comprise the Joint Investigation Team, released a joint statement, after international Joint Investigation Team reported that the plane had been shot down from a Buk missile system that belonged to the 53rd Missile Brigade of the Russian Armed Forces stationed in Kursk, naming 4 suspects believed to be involved in the transportation and combat use of the Buk missile system
13 October 2021 EU has called for oil, coal and gas in the Arctic to stay in the ground: 13 October 2021: EU has called for oil, coal and gas in the Arctic to stay in the ground, as it announced aspirations to play a greater role in the world’s northernmost region, saying there was a 'geopolitical necessity' for it to be involved in the region, as global heating opens up competition for resources and the prospect of new shipping lanes, as large Arctic state Russia is highly unlikely to join any moratorium any time soon, because for Russia the Arctic’s natural resources are worth 10% of its economic output, and the Kremlin is considering new shipping lanes. Last year, Rosneft started drilling two wells in the Arctic Sea.
13 October 2021: Russia’s failure shows why the EU needs to wean itself off foreign fossil fuels, scale up renewables: 13 October 2021: Russia’s failure to boost short-term supplies to ease Europe’s energy price shock shows why the EU needs to wean itself off foreign fossil fuels and scale up renewables, the bloc’s top energy official Kadri Simson has said
16 November 2021 energy markets across Europe surged after Germany suspended Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline: 16 November 2021: Energy markets across Europe surged, as Germany has suspended its approval process for the controversial Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline which would double its reliance on Russian gas following growing geopolitical pressure to scrap the project, in a big setback to Kremlin-backed Gazprom’s plans to extend Russian gas dominance via a new pipeline across the Baltic Sea
6 December 2021 7 years Russian agression against Ukraine: 6 décembre 2021: Dans la région ukrainienne du Donbass, proche de la frontière russe, la situation est instable et les combats sont quotidiens depuis sept ans, France24 reporter Gulliver Cragg est allé à la rencontre des habitants et des soldats massés le long de la ligne de front, alors que Vladimir Poutine et Joe Biden doivent s'entretenir pour parler du conflit
7 December 2021 allies including France, Germany, Italy backing Ukraine against Putin regime: 7 December 2021: Western powers are backing Ukraine against any threats from Russian Putin regime, as USA's president Biden spoke with UK PM Boris Johnson and the leaders of France, Germany and Italy, agreeing to use 'all the tools at their disposal' to prevent aggression, the BBC reports - 7 December 2021: A swift reprisal package against Russia - including US troops and Patriot missiles stationed in the Baltics, the cutting off of Russia from the Swift banking payments system and reinstated sanctions on the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline - must be prepared now in case it invades Ukraine, the Latvian foreign minister has said
16 December 2021 Germany’s chancellor faced pressure at EU summit over Nord Stream 2: 16 December 2021: Germany’s new chancellor faced pressure from fellow leaders at his first EU summit to include the future of Nord Stream 2 as part of the 'massive price' to be paid in the event of a Russian invasion of Ukraine. Arriving in Brussels, Olaf Scholz said his government was committed to protecting Europe’s borders, as Nato warned the number of Russian troops being mobilised by the Kremlin was continuing to grow
19 December 2021 EU, hostile to poor, desperate refugees from Irak, Syria etc.. don't need oligarchs from Russia: 19 December 2021: The billionaire oligarch Roman Abramovich, who made his fortune believed to be more than £10bn in Russia’s oil industry, has become an EU citizen, three years after withdrawing his application for a UK visa amid diplomatic tensions between UK and Russia's Putin regime following the Salisbury poisoning of Skripal father, daughter, that left UK citizen murdered, as the surprise development was confirmed on Saturday by his spokesperson, who revealed the Russian oligarch and also owner of Chelsea Football Club had secured Portuguese citizenship earlier this year, as a popular route for oligarchs, often accused of corruption, to gain EU passports was by exploiting controversial 'golden visa' schemes
20 December 2021 Lublin Triangle leaders call on international community to step up sanctions against Russia: 20 December 2021: Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine called on the international community to strengthen sanctions against the Russian Federation and urged Russia to withdraw its troops from Ukraine’s borders - 20 December 2021: Finland’s PM Sanna Marin says if Russia attacks Ukraine, it will face tough consequences - 20 December 2021: Words and statements not enough to deter Russian aggression against Ukraine, EU's Josep Borrell says
5 March 2022 Italy seizes yachts, villas from Russian oligarchs placed on EU sanctions list over Ukraine invasion: 5 March 2022: Following the UK, the USA and more countries also Italy seizes yachts and villas from Russian oligarchs, as authorities clamp down on wealthy individuals placed on EU sanctions list over Russian invasion of Ukraine
2 April 2022 en cas d'arrêt des exportations de gaz russe le régime 'a plus à perdre que l'Europe': 2 avril 2022: Alors que Vladimir Poutine a annoncé jeudi que le gaz russe devrait désormais être payé en roubles, l'Union européenne, premier client du régime Poutine, lui a opposé un refus catégorique et affirmé envisager d'autres scénarios pour son approvisionnement
8 April 2022 'Russian Nazis hit the Kramatorsk railway station' targeting civilians gathered to flee, EU's reaction: 8 April 2022: Dozens of people were killed and more than 100 were wounded in Russian airstrike on a railway station in the city of Kramatorsk, as Ukraine officials say dozens killed, including children and nearly 100 wounded by Iskander cruise missile strike on Kramatorsk's station where civilians gathered to flee, as Donetsk Regional Military Administration's Pavlo Kyrylenko wrote on Telegram that 'Russian Nazis hit the Kramatorsk railway station, using an Iskander missile system. Police and rescuers are working on the spot. There are dozens of killed and injured people', and as EU's foreign policy chief Josep Borrell, travelling to Kyiv on Friday with EU's von der Leyen, has blamed Russia for an 'indiscriminate attack' designed to 'close escape routes' for those fleeing violence
17 June 2023 Ukrainian journalists draw list of Putinism agents in 19 European countries: 17 June 2023: Ukrainian journalists compile a list of all agents of influence of the Putin regime, which reveal themselves in one or another activity in 19 European countries, and which now has more than 2,100 people. These are both foreigners and Russians who live in Europe and can be used as instruments of influence of Russian special services. The project was granted an eloquent name - The Germs of 'Russian World'. - Since December 2022 TEXTY published material entitled The Germs of 'Russian World' - one of our most elaborate and important projects of the year. The study offered a comprehensive insight into the people and organizations that support Russia and its policy in various forms in 19 countries of Europe. We managed to identify over 1,300 individuals and some 900 organizations.
29 March 2024 EU must get ready for looming war after Russian missile bound for Ukraine breaches airspace, Polish PM warns: 29 March 2024: After Russian missile bound for Ukraine breached Poland's airspace, Polish PM Donald Tusk warns that Europe is entering a 'prewar' era, cautioning that the continent is not ready, urging European countries to step up defence investment, and saying in an interview with a group of European newspapers reported by the BBC, 'I don’t want to scare anyone, but war is no longer a concept from the past. It’s real and it started over two years ago.'
European Union/Rwanda relations: European Union/Rwanda relations
1994 role of the international community in the Rwandan genocide: Role of the international community in the Rwandan genocide 1994
16 May 2020 Rwandan genocide suspect Felicien Kabuga arrested in France: 16 May 2020: Rwanda's most-wanted war criminal Felicien Kabuga, accused of funding the militias that massacred some 800,000 Tutsis, staying 'with impunity in Germany, Belgium, Congo-Kinshasa, Kenya, or Switzerland', arrested in France, living under a false identity in a flat in Asnieres-Sur-Seine
4 March 2021 Outrage as French troops set to avoid trial over Rwanda Tutsi massacre: 4 May 2021: Members of the French armed forces deployed in Rwanda during the 1994 genocide against the Tutsis were set Monday to avoid any trial after prosecutors recommended that judges drop a case accusing them of complicity in crimes against humanity over their inaction in a massacre, as survivors of the June 1994 slaughter in the hills of Bisesero in western Rwanda had accused French troops of deliberately abandoning them to Hutu extremists, who murdered hundreds of people in the area within days
European Union/Saudi-Arabia relations: European Union/Saudi-Arabia relations
June 2015: 8 June 2015: EU vows to make 'every effort' to free Saudi blogger Badawi - 29 October 2015: Saudi Arabia urged by EU lawmakers to free blogger Raif Badawi sentenced to 10 years in prison and 1,000 lashes for insulting Islam, as he wins the EU’s Sakharov prize for human rights - 16 décembre 2015: Ensaf Haidar a reçu le prix Sakharov pour la liberté de l'esprit du Parlement européen au nom de son mari Raef Badaoui, détenu en Arabie saoudite pour 'insulte' envers l'islam
Since October 2018 European reactions to the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi: European reactions to the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi - 21 October 2018: As international condemnation grows over the 2 October 2018 disappearance of Saudi Arabian journalist Jamal Khashoggi in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul and later admitted assassination, EU's foreign policy chief calls it a 'shocking violation' of international conventions
October/November 2018: 22 October 2018: Germany halts arms exports to Saudi Arabia after Khashoggi’s death, urging other EU member states to do the same - 24 October 2018: The United Kingdom, France and Spain to maintain arms sales to Saudi Arabia, despite growing pressure in the wake of the killing of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi, as French president Macron says 'the sales of arms have nothing to do with Khashoggi case' - 24 October 2018: Need to keep jobs grounds for continuation of arms sales to Saudi Arabia, argues Spanish president Sánchez, after earlier this year the King of Spain and the heir to the Saudi throne met in Madrid, which led to a deal in which the bloody dictatorship agreed to buy five warships from Spain for two billion euros - 19 November 2018: Germany gives European entry ban to 18 Khashoggi killing suspects including the members of the 15-strong death squad, after France's Macron, the British and Spanish kingdoms denied to suspend arms sales
December 2018 Turkey says audio tape of the murder of Jamal Khashoggi shared with USA, Germany, France and Canada: 14 December 2018: Turkish president says audio tape of the murder of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi has been shared with USA, Germany, France and Canada, revealing further details, after Turkey said this week that the international community should seek out justice for Khashoggi under international law
April 2019 France and the UK should join German bonesaw Saudi arms embargo: 12 April 2019: France and the UK should join German bonesaw Saudi arms embargo
2 October 2020 Saudi Arabian expatriates have launched an opposition party: 2 October 2020: A group of intellectual Saudi Arabian expatriates have launched an opposition party on the second anniversary of the murder of the Saudi dissident Jamal Khashoggi, the aim of the National Assembly party is to gather the support of people inside and outside of Saudi Arabia for the formation of a representative government, which would be the first elected democratic institution inside the country since its birth 90 years ago
2 March 2021 RSF's criminal complaint against Saudi heir MBS in German court: 2 March 2021: Criminal complaint filed against Mohammed bin Salman in German court, as Reporters without Borders accuses Saudi heir of crimes against humanity over persecution of journalists
23 March 2021 'EU did not rise to the challenge' according to UN special rapporteur Agnès Callamard: 23 March 2021: 'The EU did not rise to the challenge', according to UN special rapporteur Agnès Callamard on Europe's failure to fill human rights void, painting dire global picture following disdain for human rights of Trump administration, China and Russia
4 December 2021 UN critizised EU's failure but Macron stands shoulder to shoulder with murderous Salman regime: 4 December 2021: After signing record arms deal with UAE and also visiting Qatar, France’s arms dealer Macron met Mohammed bin Salman in Saudi Arabia to discuss regional ‘stability’, as Macron becomes one of the first Western leaders to meet with murderous regime's Mohammed in the kingdom since Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi was killed and dismembered inside Riyadh’s Istanbul consulate in 2018, after UN special rapporteur Agnès Callamard critizised Europe's failure to fill human rights void, painting dire global picture following disdain for human rights of Trump administration, China and Russia
European Union/Serbia relations: Since 2007 accession of Serbia to the EU, the process of the Republic of Serbia being admitted to the EU as a member state and it is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU
April 2019: 30 April 2019: Monday’s Berlin Summit on the Western Balkans ended without a hoped-for breakthrough in restarting EU-mediated talks between Kosovo and Serbia, as next meeting on the issue will only be held at the start of July - 30 avril 2019: 20 ans après leur conflit armé, la Serbie et le Kosovo ont accepté lundi de reprendre leurs pourparlers, avec une nouvelle rencontre prévue début juillet à Paris
European Union/Slovenia relations: Slovenia and the European Union - Euroscepticism in Slovenia
July-December 2021 Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union: 1 July 2021 - 31 December 2021 Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union
4 July 2021 Slovenian PM claims imposing 'imaginary’ values risks EU collapse: 4 July 2021: As Slovenia takes over the EU presidency, its PM Janša, who publicly backed Donald Trump in his attempt to overthrow the USA presidential election result, now warns that the west cannot impose its liberal views on central Europe
European Union/Singapore relations: European Union/Singapore relations
Since 2010 European Union–Singapore Free Trade Agreement: Since 2010 European Union–Singapore Free Trade Agreement
European Union/Spain relations: European Union/Spain relations
1914-1918 Spanish 'neutrality' in the First World War: 24 Februar 2011: 'At what cost?: Spanish neutrality in the First World War', 2009, by Carolyn S. Lowry, University of South Florida, saying 'while one expects adversity in war, the First World War left no nation untouched, and even the neutral powers did not escape unscathed, particularly Spain. The case of Spain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries shows the ultimate demise of one of Europe’s greatest empires. While Spain had dominated the continent in earlier centuries, its great empire fell far behind as the world expanded through industrialization and further imperial conquest', and as now Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare campaign ravaged Spanish shipping, exacerbating economic hardships
1936-1939 Francoist military coup and war against the Spanish Republic since 1931: 1936-1939 Francoist military coup and war against the second Spanish Republic 1931-1939
1939-1975 Francoist Spain: 1936/1939-1975 Francoist Spain
1939-1947 Miranda Francoist concentration camp: Miranda Francoist concentration camp that remained active until 1947, and was the last camp to close down. During its existence, it held more than 65,000 prisoners, both Spanish and foreign
1940-1945 Spain in World War II and support of the Axis: Spain in World War II, as regime's 'neutrality' wavered after the Fall of France in June 1940, as Franco wrote to Hitler offering to join the war in June 1940, as the meeting with Hitler in Hendaye ended without accession to the Axis Powers but with Franco's support of the Axis — whose members Italy and Germany had supported him during the Spanish Civil War — in various ways
Since 1941/42 NSDAP Germany's and Franco Spain's war crimes also in Leningrad: 19–23 July 1941 first attack on Leningrad by NSDAP Germany's Army Group North, 22 September Hitler directs that 'Saint Petersburg must be erased from the face of the Earth', August 1942 supporting German war crimes Spanish Blue Division 'División Azul' transferred to Leningrad, as later and finally 21st century historians have classified the siege of Leningrad as genocide due to the systematic starvation and intentional destruction of the city's civilian population
1939-1945 Axis ship-watching activities in the Gibraltar area: 1939-1945 Axis ship-watching activities in the Gibraltar area
1940-1944 resupply of Nazi Germany's submarines in Spain: 1940-1944 Resupply of Nazi Germany's submarines in Spain
1940-1945 Occupation of Tangier: 1940-1945 Occupation of Tangier
June 1941-1944 Francoist Blue Division within the German Nazi 'Wehrmacht' on the Eastern Front and common war crimes: Blue Division, a unit from Francoist Spain within the German Nazi 'Wehrmacht' on the Eastern Front during World War II, participating in common war crimes of the '1941-1944 Siege of Leningrad' and the 1943 'Battle of Krasny Bor'
Legacy of the 1939-1975 Francoist Spain: Legacy of the 1939-1975 Francoist Spain, as by the decision of King Juan Carlos I, dictator Franco was entombed in the monument of Valle de los Caídos, until his body was moved in October 2019, as Equestrian statue of Franco in the Plaza del Ayuntamiento of Santander was at last taken down in late 2008, as in Germany a squadron was named after Werner Mölders who led the escorting units in the bombing of Guernica, and as recently as in 2006 an MEP of the 'League of Polish Families' had expressed admiration for Franco's stature who allegedly 'guaranteed the maintenance of traditional values in Europe'
2019–2024 list of MEPs for Spain: 2019–2024 list of members of the European Parliament for Spain - 21st century members of the European Parliament for Spain - MEPs for Spain by party
14 August 2021 rights groups denounced Spain’s expulsion of hundreds of unaccompanied children to Morocco: 14 August 2021: Human rights groups have denounced Spain’s expulsion of hundreds of unaccompanied children to Morocco, calling the deportations illegal and urging an immediate halt to the process, as Amnesty International's Angel Gonzalo said the deportations of minors and refugees began on Friday and continued on Saturday
European Union/Sudan relations: 13 May 2016: Sudan and the European Union
2017: 28 February 2017: The EU is facing calls to rethink its cooperation with Sudan on migration flows after scores of refugees were whipped, fined, jailed and deported from Khartoum last weekend following a peaceful protest over a huge rise in visa processing fees
European Union/Switzerland relations: European Union/Switzerland relations - 10 February 2014: Swiss voters back limit on immigration - 10 février 2014: Le vote sur l'initiative UDC contre l'immigration intéresse la presse européenne - 15 February: Swiss vote on immigration boosts far-right parties through Europe
European Union/Syria relations: European Union/Syria relations
2013: 27 May 2013: EU to discuss arms embargo on Syria, ending this week either helping Syrian opposition or the Assad regime - 28 May: EU ends arms embargo on Syrian opposition, maintaining stiff economic sanctions against Assad's regime - 7/8 September: European Union blames Bashar Assad for chemical weapons attack in Damascus, calls the attack in Damascus a war crime and a crime against humanity, adding that a strong response is essential to make clear there is no impunity - 13 octobre 2013: Après le naufrage au sud de Malte qui a coûté la vie à des dizaines de migrants en majorité syriens, le Premier ministre maltais Muscat a déploré que la 'Méditerranée soit en train de devenir un cimetière' - 17 October: Syrian refugees stranded at Milan rail hub - 20 October: A boatload of 254 Syrian and Egyptian migrants including 94 minors landed in Italy on Sunday after a perilous voyage through rough seas from Egypt - 13 December 2013: EU failing Syria refugees, human rights group says
2014: 11 April 2014: With all doors rapidly closing shut, tens of thousands of refugees from war-torn Syria end up in the EU's poorest state Bulgaria - 26 June: Thousands of Syrian children risking death to reach Europe, report says - 25 July: Reluctance to arm moderate rebels increases extremists’ influence, Syrian Coalition's Nasr al-Hariri says - 7 April 2015: EU increases aid for Palestinian refugee camp Yarmouk in Syria
Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis - During the first half of 2015, large numbers of Syrian refugees crosses into Europe, reaching 313 thousands UNHCR applications across Europe by early August 2015
2015: 16 April 2015: EU's Federica Mogherini stresses the importance of achieving a political transition in Syria through a peaceful solution that guarantees the departure of Bashar al-Assad - 20 April 2015: Syrian Coalition regrets the ongoing failure of the international community to find a solution for the problem of displaced Syrians who are drowning in the Mediterranean Sea while trying to seek refuge in Europe - 25 May 2015: 2,157 Syrians, 75 percent of whom are women and children, drowned in the Mediterranean sea since 2011 while trying to escape to Europe, rights group's report claims - 24 June: Syrian Coalition's al-Maleh has set off on a tour of several European capitals to raise the Syrian issue again on the levels of human rights, pushing for opening international investigation into Assad’s crimes - 1 July: European parliament will allow a collection of photographs documenting alleged torture by Syrian Assad regime forces to be displayed in public on the legislature’s grounds, reversing an earlier decision - 15 July 2015: A yearlong analysis by the FBI has concluded that the torture photographs of Syrian political prisoners are authentic, providing powerful new evidence to support charges of the Assad regime’s extensive human rights violations - 29 August 2015: The Syrian Coalition calls upon the international community to shoulder its humanitarian and ethical responsibilities towards the Syrian people and to work on ending the Syrian refugees’ crisis - 2 September: Young Syrian boy found lying face-down on a beach near Turkish resort of Bodrum was one of at least 12 Syrians who drowned attempting to reach Greece - 4 September: Abdullah Kurdi, the father of two children who drowned with their mother as they attempted to reach Greece from Turkey, is preparing to take their bodies back to Kobani in Syria for burial - 6 September: A newborn baby boy found dead on Greek island of Kos after his parents reached the shores in a boat, as Greece is struggling to cope with a wave of refugees from the war in Syria and as refugees and migrants clash with police on another Greek island - 17 October 2015: EU-member Hungary closes its border with Croatia using barbed wire to block the path of desperate refugees and migrants to get to northern Europe, as dictator Assad, Russian, Iranian and Hezbollah terrorists commit more war crimes in Syria - 20 October: At a meeting with the EU reprehensive Lara Scarpetta, the Syrian Coalition’s political committee stressed that the Russian airstrikes are exclusively targeting civilians and rebel fighters allowing ISIS to extend its territory, urging the EU to take firm stand of the Russian aggression and to increase humanitarian aid to Syrian refugees - 6 November: Syrian Coalition submitted a memorandum to the EU containing a legal study on the unlawfulness of the Russian aggression on Syria, documenting war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by Assad and Russia - 16 December: Syrian Coalition calls on EU to condemn the continued indiscriminate use of violence by the Assad regime and Russia carried out by its aircrafts against civilians in Syria - 19 December: UN refugee chief Guterres calls for 'massive resettlement' of Syrians in Europe
2016: 16 January 2016: New UN chief for refugees Filippo Grandi says he hopes Europe's refugee and migration crisis will be solved soon if the necessary political decisions are made - 6 February 2016: European Commission 'extremely worried', USA's Obama administration 'deeply concerned' about the worsening humanitarian crisis due to Assad regime's barbaric onslaught, backed by the Russian regime, the Iranian regime and foreign militias - 9 February 2016: West must condemn Russian action in Syria and the bombardment, activists say in letters to British newspaper - 13 February 2016: While Western leaders are not criminally responsible for the deaths of 470,000 Syrians so far murdered by the Assad regime since 2011, his helpers from Iran and Hezbollah and the Russian fighter jets bombing from high, it has happened on their watch and to a large degree through their inaction, Israeli newspaper 'Haaretz' says - 15 February: Lithuanian president Dalia Grybauskaite calls for responding to Russia’s violations of international law in Syria and Ukraine, warning that failing to respond to Russia’s actions will put Europe’s security at risk - 21 April 2016: During a meeting between the Syrian Coalition and European External Action Service's officials, Anas al-Abdah says any solution that does not lead to Assad’s departure is doomed to fail - 27 April 2016: EU's Mogherini rules out political future role for Assad in Syria - 23 May 2016: Syrian Coalition calls on EU to salvage political process through reviving the cessation of hostilities agreement and playing a more active role in Syria - 27 May 2016: Syrian Coalition's Bahra calls for EU pressure on Russia to accelerate political solution - 14 June 2016: Russia’s continued aggression on Syria disrupts Geneva negotiations, Syrian Coalition says in Brussels, meeting with European officials to discuss stepping up efforts to reach a political solution - 17 June: EU promises to respond to the Syrian opposition’s requests to step up its engagement on the political track of the Syrian file and create conditions for a substantive resumption to the Geneva talks ending to the monopoly of the USA and Russian regime over the solution in Syria - 28 June 2016: Syrian HNC's Basma Qadamani calls on the EU to impose sanctions on Russian companies involved in the delivery of arms shipments to the Assad's regime which uses them to indiscriminately bomb liberated areas across Syria - 19 juillet 2016: Près de 60 civils, dont 11 enfants, morts et des dizaines de blessés mardi dans des raids de la coalition menée par les Etats-Unis près du village d'al-Toukhar tenu par Daech dans la province d'Alep, selon l'OSDH - 19 July 2016: As at least 500 civilians were killed in aerial attacks by the Assad regime and Russia forces on Aleppo and its countryside between 11-19 July mainly directed on the rebel-held areas, Syrian Coalition's Yahya says that the Syrian people lost confidence in the international community as more get killed every day - 20 July: Syrian Coalition's Anas Alabdah sent a letter to the foreign ministers of the USA-led coalition in the wake of the horrific massacres committed in the town of Manbij by aircrafts which claimed the lives of over 125 civilians, calling for suspension of the coalition’s airstrikes
October 2016: 11 October 2016: As British MPs debate the war in Syria and possible ways to end the bloodshed, in contrast to other European parliaments like the German that not by hazard never discussed Assad's war against the Syrian people since 2011, the medics and rescue teams of east Aleppo are going about their grim daily task of picking through rubble left by airstrikes and patching up survivors - 18 October 2016: The European Union's 28 foreign ministers on Monday condemned Russia's air campaign in Syria, saying it may be guilty of war crimes and that Russian atrocities in Syria should be referred to the International Criminal Court, also vowing to impose more sanctions on Bashar al-Assad's regime, after France and Britain pushed hard for the support of all the bloc's 28 governments, hoping that a unified chastisement of Russia would help bring an end to Russian- and Iranian-backed regime's offensive and France's foreign minister said that the EU had a moral obligation to act and 'to stop the massacre of the population of Aleppo' - 18/19 October 2016: Syrian opposition states that EU credibility at stake as Russia’s war crimes continue unchallenged, saying that in addition to the imposition of sanctions on the Assad regime, the EU needs to take restrictive measures against Russian regime, and that 'it is unacceptable that some member nations of the European Union continue to defend Russia against credible action and lighten pressure on it despite their ability to immediately stop the disaster occurring in eastern Aleppo' - 19 October 2016: Russian convoy of warships, including an aircraft carrier carrying fighter bombers, passes Britain, monitored by governments and politicians, since nearly 6 years concerned about their discussion threads with brutal criminals and Russian, Iranian and Assad terrorists and not about the victims, on its way to Syria where it is thought they will participate in a final assault on the besieged city of Aleppo, where children are coming as body parts to surviving doctors in out bombed hospitals - 21 October 2016: EU fails to agree on threatening Russia with sanctions over Aleppo as push by Britain, France and Germany to address Syrian bombing campaign lacks unanimous support at Brussels summit - 26 October 2016: 'Spain signed the EU statement on war crimes Russia in Aleppo last week, today helps refuel the fleet en route to commit more', European parliament's Guy Verhofstadt says, as Spain plans to let Russian warships refuel en route to Syria - 26 October 2016: First European lawsuit to target Assad regime for its involvement in the disappearance of two French nationals in Syria in 2013, as Syrian Coalition urges Syrian nationals holding a second European nationality to lodge complaints against the Assad regime for the war crimes and crimes against humanity its forces are committing against their loved ones in Syria
November 2016: 30 November 2016: Syrian Coalition's Fahd calls upon the European Union to intervene urgently to save the lives of hundreds of thousands of civilians currently trapped in eastern Aleppo, also calling on the EU to play a more effective role commensurate with its position in the international community - 30 November 2016: 'As Assad’s forces, backed by the Russians, make their final move on Syria’s second city, the world can only count the cost of a humanitarian and military disaster it failed to stop', the British newspapter Guardian says
December 2016: 1 December 2016: Syrian Coalition's Anas Abdah urges 15-member group of friends of the Syrian people as well as to international and regional organizations to press for stopping the brutal bombing campaign by the Assad regime and Russia air forces - 14 December 2016: Syrian Coalition's Abdul Ilah Fahd calls upon the European countries and the USA to take urgent, concrete action to stop the massacres being committed by the Assad regime and its Russian and Iranian allies in besieged eastern Aleppo - 15 December 2016: ‘More than words are needed to save civilians’, the mayor of east Aleppo Brita Hagi Hasan says as he arrives in Brussels to address the EU summit, wanting European countries to send monitors to ensure thousands of residents trying to flee the besieged Syrian city make it out safely - 16 December 2016: EU leaders condemn Russia and Iran over Aleppo carnage, as German chancellor accuses the Kremlin and Tehran of 'crimes' that 'must be avenged'
January/February 2017: 4 January 2017: European Parliament's Dutch MP Marietje Schaake criticizes the failure of European countries to stand by the Syrian people in the war that has been waged on them by the Assad regime since 2011, calling the situation in Syria is 'a disgrace to our current generation' - 16 January 2017: After nearly six years of Assad's ongoing war against the Syrian people, European Union foreign ministers in Brussels discuss to continue discussions on the EU's role in supporting a full ceasefire and a genuine political transition in Syria - 14 February 2017: Syrian National Coalition calls on the EU to assume a more active role in pushing forward the negotiations for a political solution in Syria - 21 February 2017: Demanding support of the the EU and the USA, the Syrian Network for Human Rights calls for a preliminary prosecution of the users of chemical weapons in mandated regional tribunals
April 2017: 5 April 2017: Syrian Coalition sent letters to 26 countries and international organizations, including the UN, the EU, and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, explaining the repercussions of the chemical attack by the Assad regime against civilians in the town of Khan Sheikhoun in rural Idlib on Tuesday - 26 April 2017: French intelligence has proof that Assad forces were behind Khan Sheikhoun sarin attack
May 2017: 8 May 2017: Syrian Coaltion's Riad Seif stresses need to develop relations with the EU in meeting with EU foreign affairs advisor Lara Scarpitta - 9 May 2017: Almost four years ago, Italian forces ignored a sinking ship full of Syrian refugees and let more than 250 including 60 children drown, says leaked audio - 17 May 2017: EU's Federica Mogherini said that the entire EU 'is united behind the goal of a political solution to the war, and the means to achieve it' as she stressed accountability for war crimes as key to resolving the conflict in Syria and as Syrian Coalition's Nazir Hakim warned that international inaction towards the Assad regime’s use of chemical and non-conventional weapons against the Syrian people risks creating security threats affecting the whole world - 29 May 2017: Syrian Coalition's Riad Seif met with Netherlands Special Envoy for Syria Gerard Steeghs and Renko Verheij to discuss the latest developments in Syria, urging support for basic services projects, as France's Macron hosts Russia's war criminal Putin in Versailles - 30 May 2017: EU extends sanctions on Assad regime for another year, adds 3 ministers to list
June 2017: 5 June 2017: In Brussels Syrian Coalition calls for greater EU role in Syria to curb regime violence, saying that Europe has failed to take action to end the crimes of the Assad regime, Russia and Iran - 22 June 2017: Meeting with a delegation of British diplomats and talking about the need to support the Syrian Interim Government SIG to be able to provide services to civilians in the liberated areas, to administer the liberated areas and restore security and stability, the Syrian Coalition says that the international community should have courage to admit failure to protect Syrians instead of inventing excuses
July 2017: 10 July 2017: Dutch and French activists call for an international investigation into the death of Syrian refugees under torture in Lebanon and for holding perpetrators to account - 17 July 2017: EU imposes sanctions against 16 additional persons of the Assad regime, including 8 high-ranking military officials and 8 'scientists', for their role in the development and use of chemical weapons against the civilian population
October 2017: 9 October 2017: EU Officials reportedly urging Syrian opposition to accept war criminal Assad remaining, pursuing 'normalization' with Assad through the diplomatic and security fields - 11 October 2017: USA urges allies to sanction Hezbollah and disrupt its activities, as Iran-backed group has been heavily involved in the crimes against the Syrian people - 28 October 2017: Human Rights Watch has urged the international community to slap sanctions on the Assad regime after UN investigators blamed Assad regime forces for a sarin gas attack that killed dozens back in April 4
January/February 2018: 23 January 2018: About 10,900 persons reportedly killed by the International Coalition’s warplanes in 40 months including thousands of civilians including hundreds of children and women - 21 February 2018: France says that the bombings on eastern Ghouta by the Assad regime and its allies targeting 'inhabited areas and civilian infrastructure, including medical facilities ... constitute a serious violation of international humanitarian law' - 22 February 2018: Germany's Angela Merkel calls for end to 'massacre' in Syria, condemning the Syrian regime for targeting 'its own people', 'the killing of children, the destruction of hospitals' - 25 February 2018: The response to years of atrocities enacted by the Syrian Assad regime and his allies has been shameful, European, North American countries and their allies should reconsider their policy and change their response to brutality and impunity, the director of foreign policy at the Centre for European Reform Ian Bond says
March 2018: 16 March 2018: Members of the European Parliament have called for the establishment of a Syrian war crimes tribunal and the referral of Syria to the International Criminal Court as attacks by the Assad regime continue to cause mounting civilian casualties in many areas across Syria, particularly in eastern Ghouta, as rights group slams seven years of 'catastrophic failure’ of the international community in Syria - 17 March 2018: Syrian Kurds call the EU to condemn Turkey
April 2018: 4 April 2018: British, French, German and USA's joint statement marking the first anniversary of the chemical massacre in Khan Shaykhun, as Russian-backed Assad regime forces carry out raids on areas in Idlib province, amid increased aerial bombardments - 25 April 2018: As an EU donor conference aims to raise up to $6bn to help Syrians displaced both inside and outside the country, head of the UN’s humanitarian task force for Syria Jan Egeland warns Idlib could be next Syrian disaster zone in 'marathon of pain', now lasting 'two years longer than the second world war' - 25 April 2018: Donor conference for Syrian refugees falls $5bn short of UN target - 30 April 2018: SNHR documents in a report the deaths of 64 civilians, including 12 children, at the hands of regime forces and their Russian allies in the two weeks since the USA-British-French military strike, that has done little to stem the flow of civilian deaths
May 2018: 2 May 2018: In a documenting report SNHR says that the Assad regime and its backers killed dozens of civilians across Syria in April 2018, adding at a meeting that brought together seven European countries, that accountability for war crimes in Syria is essential to bring an end to 'hopelessness and exhaustion that have afflicted the Syrian society' - 13 May 2018: As SOHR says that about 85% of more than half a million people killed in Syria since 2011 were civilians killed by Assad, his Iranian, Hezbollah and Russian allies, and after Europe has done nothing to end the war crimes, German chancellor Angela Merkel, receiving a peace award from Franciscan monks, says on 12 May 2018 that Europe needs to do more to end the war in Syria, while neo-Nazi linked 'Alternative for Germany' speaks at Catholic Convention in the city of Münster
9 September 2018: 9 September 2018: As Putin incites more atrocities in Syria, Europe is exposed as craven, the Guardian's Nick Cohen says
10 September 2018 price of non-intervention in Assad's war unacceptably high: 10 September 2018: Foreign affairs committee report says the price of non-intervention in Assad's seven-year war has been unacceptably high in terms of lost lives, increased Russian and Iranian influence and severe consequences for Europe
March 2019 Europe’s role crucial: 1 March 2019: Assad can still be brought to justice and Europe’s role is crucial, British Guardian's Natalie Nougayrède Says
July 2019 seized Iranian supertanker violated sanctions: 4 July 2019: Gibraltar detains Syria-bound supertanker with Iranian oil, as Panamanian-flagged carrier is believed to be in violation of EU sanctions against war-ravaged Assad regime - 5 July 2019: Nearly 30 British troops working with the Gibraltarian police have helped seize Iranian supertanker suspected of carrying 2m barrels of oil to Syria off the coast of Gibraltar, in a dramatic manoeuvre Spain said had been conducted at the request of the USA, as Iranian regime responded by summoning Britain’s ambassador to its foreign ministry to explain what it described as an 'illegal seizure', which had been earlier described by the UK as enforcing the EU’s sanctions regime against Syria
July 2019: 9 July 2019: Britain has agreed to deploy additional special forces in Syria alongside France to allow the USA to withdraw its ground troops from the ongoing fight against the remaining Isis forces in the country
September 2019: 23 September 2019: Syrian Negotiations Commission's delegation met the EU foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini on the sidelines of UN General Assembly meetings in New York, discussing the humanitarian catastrophe unfolding in Idlib resulting from the brutal bombardment being carried out by Assad regime and Russia forces in northwestern Syria
21/22 October 2019 'Europe cannot simply be an onlooker' in the current Syria situation: 22 October 2019: Expected to be put forward at the meeting of NATO defense ministers, scheduled from October 24-25, Germany's Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer said that she would table a plan for an internationally managed safe zone to be established in northern Syria, pointing out that 'Europe cannot simply be an onlooker' in the current Syria situation, as SPD and Greens contradict, saying the proposition damages 'Deutschlands Ruf als zuverlässigen Partner'
24 October 2019: Mazloum Abdi, head of the Syrian Democratic Forces, welcomed a German proposal for an international force to establish a security zone in the north of the country
5 November 2019 ex-UN Syria envoy says he quit to avoid having to shake Assad's hand: 5 November 2019: Saying EU’s failure to address Syria crisis led to Brexit vote, ex-UN Syria envoy Staffan de Mistura says he quit to avoid having to shake Assad's hand
10 November 2019 Kurdish leaders warn EU over Islamic State terrorists: 10 November 2019: Kurdish leaders tell EU to get tough with Turkey or face Islamic State terrorist fighters, also saying the West should investigate Turkey's alleged use of chemical weapons against the Kurds
29 December 2019 EU demands an end of Assad's and Putin's crimes against civilians: 29 décembre 2019: L'Union européenne a appelé Damas et ses alliés à mettre un terme à 'l'escalade de la violence' et aux 'bombardements indiscriminés' de civils dans le nord-ouest de la Syrie. Elle a aussi exigé 'un accès humanitaire rapide, sûr et sans entrave'
4 January 2020 EU fawns on Putin, Khamenei and Assad: 4 janvier 2020: Le secrétaire d'Etat des Etats-Unis Mike Pompeo a reproché aux Européens de ne pas avoir été 'aussi utiles' qu'ils auraient dû l'être dans l'affaire du général iranien Qassem Soleiman tué lors d'un raid en Irak, disant 'c'était une bonne chose pour le monde entier et nous appelons chacun dans le monde à soutenir l'action des Etats-Unis pour faire en sorte que la République islamique d'Iran se comporte simplement comme une nation normale' - 3 janvier 2020: La principale coalition de l'opposition syrienne en exil a salué la mort du général iranien, y voyant dans un communiqué 'la fin d'un des criminels de guerre les plus importants de Syrie et de la région' aprés son unité a joué un rôle incontournable pour soutenir et consolider le pouvoir de Bachar el-Assad depuis 2011, fort de ce soutien iranien, de l'appui de la Russie et du Hezbollah libanais
January 2020 'letting the world know you cannot kill an American without impunity', raises question who will do this for other citizens and children worldwide: 4 January 2020: South Carolina Senator Lindsey Graham told TV news 'I really appreciate President Trump letting the world know you cannot kill an American without impunity', raising the question who will promise and do this for other citizens and children worldwide - 4 January 2020: Five children and four adults have been killed by a missile that hit a school and a camp for displaced people in Syria’s Idlib region, and 19 people were injured, including a teacher who is in a critical condition, the latest attack on civilian infrastructure in opposition held areas, as spokesman for the civil defence office in the town of Sarmin Mustafa Al Rashid said 'fortunately, most students had left only 10 minutes before the bombing, but there were some still playing in front of the school'
February 2020 Greece and Bulgaria crack down on Turkish borders as refugees arrive: 28 February 2020: Despite effectively opposing Russian and Assad regime's war crimes, Greece and Bulgaria crack down on Turkish borders as refugees arrive following Russian and Assad's murderous offensive in north-west Syria - 29 February 2020: Greek police fired teargas toward refugees who were gathered on its border with Turkey, as Greek government reiterated its threat to keep refugees and migrants out - 29 février 2020: Des milliers de migrants aux portes de l'Europe
1 March 2020 UN says 13,000 refugees amass at Greek border: 1 March 2020: UN says 13,000 refugees amass at Greek border after Turkey opens frontier to Europe, aS Greek authorities fired tear gas and stun grenades through Saturday to prevent repeated attempts by more than 4,000 people massed at the border crossing in Kastanies to cross, and fought a cat-and-mouse game with groups cutting holes in a border fence along the border to crawl through, amid Assad's and Russian escalation in northwestern Syria that has forced hundreds of thousands of Syrian civilians to flee fighting there
3 March 2020 Syrian man shot and killed by Greek border guards: 3 March 2020: Young Syrian man was shot and killed by Greek border guards as he attempted to cross the border into Greece
6 March 2020 murder of Syrian refugee by Greek border guards: 6 March 2020: London-based research group Forensic Architecture released an investigative video confirming that 22-year-old Syrian asylum seeker Muhammad al-Arab was killed by Greek border guards, indicating that the shooting of the asylum-seeker took place at about 8:00 am last Monday
10 March 2020 first Syrian born on the Turkish-Greek border: 10 March 2020: A Syrian child has been born on the border between Turkey and Greece, and his father has promised to try and make the crossing into Europe
21 March 2020 Greek Cyprus prevented boat carrying Syrian refugees from reaching coasts: 21 March 2020: SOHR reports that forces of the Greek Cyprus prevented a boat carrying 175 Syrian refugees (30 women, 69 children, 76 men) from reaching the state’s coasts yesterday, called a part of precautionary measures against the spread of coronavirus, as Cypriot police gave the refugees cloths, fuel and food, asking them to go back, and as the refugees were taken this morning to a sports arena in Turkish Cyprus Island
23 March 2020 SOC sends letter urging European Council to assist against coronavirus in Syria: 23 March 2020: Syrian Opposition Coalition sends letter urging European Council action to prevent coronavirus outbreak in Syria - 24 March 2020: Regime's health ministry announced first case of coronavirus, a woman in her 20s who had recently travelled from Europe
30 March 2020 EU calls for a full ceasefire in Syria: 30 March 2020: EU's office for foreign policy called for an immediate ceasefire in Syria because of the coronavirus, saying the northwestern ceasefire needed to be generalized across Syria because of the coronavirus, also also calling for an evacuation of prisoners from all its prisons, as two deaths confirmed in Daraa due to covid-19 and regime announced a total ban on all travel between governorates
29 May 2020 EU to extend sanctions on the Assad regime: 29 May 2020: EU foreign ministers decided to extend sanctions on the Assad regime and its supporters by one more year over the regime's continued crackdown on civilians
27 June 2020 SOC appeals to free world to save detainees from Assad regime’s prisons: 27 June 2020: SOC issued an appeal to the free world to save detainees and force the Assad regime and its backers to release them from the death cells, in an appeal marking the 'International Day in Support of Victims of Torture' which falls on June 26, as France's Macron wants closer cooperation with war criminal Putin, and as SNHR said that about 14,235 detainees, including many children and women, have been killed under torture in the prisons of the Assad regime since March 2011
15 September 2020 UN peacekeepers rescued refugees mostly Syrians from a boat off the Lebanese coast as one passenger had already passed away: 15 September 2020: A UN peacekeeping force rescued 36 people, mostly Syrians, and recovered the body of a passenger from a boat off the Lebanese coast on Monday, according to the UN refugee agency, as the destination of the boat was not immediately clear, but Lebanon and neighboring Cyprus have reported several migrant vessels trying to leave the Middle Eastern country in recent weeks
15 September 2020 USA's Pompeo warns France over Iran-backed Hezbollah's weaponry: 15 September 2020: USA Secretary of State warned France that efforts to resolve the crisis in Lebanon would be in vain without immediately tackling the issue of Iran-backed Hezbollah's weaponry, after French president said Hezbollah's elected arm has a legitimate political role, as Pompeo added that the USA 'has assumed its responsibility and we will stop Iran buying Chinese tanks and Russian air defence systems and then selling weapons to Hezbollah'
18 January 2021 EU has imposed sanctions on Syrian regime's FM: 18 January 2021: EU has imposed sanctions on Syrian regime's FM following his recent appointment, as Faisal Mekdad was added to the EU sanctions and restrictions list after a decision by the European Council, now subject to a travel ban and having his assets frozen, and as measure brings the total number of persons targeted by EU sanctions to 289
20 January 2021 Syria's Civil Defense awarded £1.17m from a nonprofit organisation to make PPE for their rescue efforts: 20 January 2021: Syria’s Civil Defense activists, who rescue victims from the rubble of Russian and Assad's airstrikes, have added making personal protective equipment to their efforts saving lives in areas of the country outside Bashar al-Assad’s control, as defence service’s uniform-making unit has recently pivoted to manufacturing PPE with the help of a £1.17m award from a nonprofit organisation funded by the UK, USA, Canadian and Dutch governments
24 February 2021 Germany convicts former Assad regime agent in historic Syria torture verdict: 24 February 2021: A court in Germany has found former colonel al-Gharib in the Syrian intelligence service, carried out orders in one of Bashar al-Assad’s notorious prisons guilty of being an accomplice to crimes against humanity, in a historic first victory for efforts worldwide to bring legal accountability for atrocities committed in Syria’s long war
4 March 2021 Danish government refuses to communicate with Assad regime: 4 March 2021: Danish government refuses to communicate with Assad regime regarding refugee file, refusing to acknowledge Assad as the victor of his war in Syria, writes Sowt Al-Asima
21 April 2021 survivors of Assad's chemical weapons attacks filed lawsuit in Sweden, and EU ... welcomes CWC's intention: 21 April 2021: Survivors of chemical weapons attacks in Syria - including those with Sarin gas in Ghouta 2013 and Khan Shaykhun 2017 - have filed a lawsuit in Sweden against the Assad regime using the principle of universal jurisdiction - 21 April 2021: EU's Josep Borrell welcomes the decision adopted today by CWC states suspending the voting rights and privileges of the Syrian Arab Republic due to its failure to comply with the Convention, saying the decision is a strong message by the international community against impunity for the use of chemical weapons, as Denmark faces international criticism after pushing to send refugees back to Syria
1 December 2021 Syrian refugees forced to claim asylum in ‘jail-like’ camps as Greece tightens system: 1 December 2021: Refugees forced to claim asylum in ‘jail-like’ camps as Greece tightens system, as aid agencies fear plans to scrap applications via Skype are an attempt to control and contain rather than help asylum seekers, and as Syrian and Kurdish refugees protest at the EU offices in Athens
European Union/Taiwan relations: European Union/Taiwan relations
3 November 2021 EU legislators make historic visit to Taiwan amid China concerns: 3 November 2021: A European Parliament delegation has arrived in Taiwan to discuss the self-ruled island’s experience in fighting disinformation and foreign interference in its democracy, media, culture and education, as Taiwan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs welcomed the group, describing it as the 'first official delegation dispatched by the European Parliament to Taiwan in history, which is of great significance'
23 April 2023 top EU diplomat calls for European navy patrols in Taiwan Strait: 23 April 2023 European navies should patrol the disputed Taiwan Strait, according to EU's foreign policy chief Josep Borrell echoing earlier comments stressing how crucial Taiwan is to Europe, saying that Taiwan 'concerns us economically, commercially and technologically'. 'That’s why I call on European navies to patrol the Taiwan Strait to show Europe’s commitment to freedom of navigation in this absolutely crucial area'.
European Union/Thailand relations: European Union/Thailand relations
April 2016: 28 April 2016: EU-Thailand relations after the military coup in May 2014, as country’s key fishing and fruit industries have come under the spotlight from Brussels, whilst human rights activists and lawyers allege a crackdown on any dissent to the junta
January 2019: 10 January 2019: EU under fire after lifting threat to ban Thai seafood imports over illegal fishing as campaigners claim Thailand has failed to address labour abuses
European Union/Togo relations: Relations entre le Togo et l'Union européenne
European Union/Tunisia relations: The European Union is Tunisia's first trading partner with a total trade amounting to approximately €20.6 billion in 2012 - Association Agreement with the EU since July 1995
2018 growing unemployment, dwindling wages and tax hikes in Tunisia trigger rise in illegal migration: 12 February 2018: Growing unemployment, dwindling wages and tax hikes in Tunisia trigger rise in illegal migration and concerns over terrorism, as downturn drives European exodus
June 2018 dozens drown: 3 June 2018: Dozens drown and rescuers save at least 60 lives after vessel with about 180 people onboard sank off Tunisia coast
30 September 2020 rise in Tunisian migrants crossing to Europe: 30 September 2020: Rise in Tunisian migrants crossing to Europe
29/30 October 2020 Tunisian committed Islamist terror attack in Nice: 29 October 2020 Nice stabbing, as three people were killed in a stabbing attack at Notre-Dame de Nice including a woman beheaded by the attacker, and as several additional victims were injured - 29 October 2020: Citizens killed, including a woman whose throat was slit by the assailant, shouting 'Allahu akbar', several injured in stabbing attack at Nice church, as suspected assailant detained after the apparent terror attack, third victim in life-threatening condition, amid high alert in France following 'protests' over 'prophet' Muhammad cartoons - 29 October 2020: Nice church attacker identified as 21-year-old Tunisian man Aouissaoui, who arrived on the Italian island of Lampedusa in late September, when authorities placed him in covid-19 quarantine before releasing him with an order to leave Italian territory, and he arrived in France in early October - 30 October 2020: Politicians from around the world have offered condolences and expressed their solidarity with the people of France after the nation suffered a second brutal Islamist terror attack on its soil in a fortnight
4 June 2021 migrant crisis and EU-Tunisia relations: 4 June 2021: How can Tunisia and Europe solve the migrant influx, as a solution to the crisis cannot just come from Europe, Tunisian president Saied said in Brussels when he met with the presidents of the European Commission and European Council
14 July 2023 EU to give Tunisia €1bn to fight trafficking and prop up ailing economy: 14 July 2023: EU to give Tunisia €1bn to fight trafficking and prop up ailing economy, as a group of politicians in the European parliament warned that Tunisia should not be handed a deal on a 'silver plate' amid fears of a 'breakdown' of democracy in the country
European Union/Turkey relations: European Union/Turkey relations - accession to the European Union fraught with obstacles by Turkey - 22 October 2013: The EU has agreed to resume long-running talks on Turkey’s membership, scheduled for November 5 - 7 June: Turkey must investigate the excessive use of force by police against anti-government protesters, EU Enlargement Commissioner Stefan Fuele says in Istanbul
2015: 15 April 2015: Turkey's Erdogan says Turkey would disregard the European Parliament's vote later on Wednesday on the 1915 mass killings of Armenians - 6 October 2015: EU and Turkey join forces to thwart Russia's Syria intervention - 11 novembre 2015: Quatorze réfugiés et migrants, dont sept enfants, sont morts noyés mercredi à l'aube au large de la Turquie lors du naufrage de leur embarcation qui se dirigeait vers l'île grecque de Lesbos - 30 November 2015: EU has offered Turkey three billion euros to help Syrian refugees in Turkey in return for Turkish help in stemming migrant flows
2016: 19 February 2016: EU and Turkey to hold special summit on the international refugee and migrant crisis in early March - 6/7 March 2016: Refugee 'bottleneck' in Greece leads to warning of humanitarian crisis, as EU-Turkey summit to focus on stemming flow of refugees and migrants to Europe - 23 March: Turkey prepares list of 25,000 Syrian refugees to send to Europe in 'exchange' for refugees and migrants to be returned from Greece to Turkey - 24 April 2016: After facing judge and arrest ('Police at the door. No joke') over tweets deemed critical of president Erdogan, Dutch journalist Ebru Umar blocked from leaving Turkey, a country wanting accession to the EU - 6 May 2016: Visa-free travel deal between the EU and Turkey on the brink of collapse, after Erdogan insisted he would not change Turkey’s anti-terrorism laws, a key condition of the agreement because used in the country to prosecute journalists and government critics - 20 May 2016: The EU-Turkey migration deal has been thrown further into chaos after an independent authority examining appeals claims in Greece ruled against sending a Syrian refugee back to Turkey, potentially creating a precedent for thousands of other similar cases - 18 July 2016: European politicians urge Turkey's government to respect rule of law after failed coup
24 novembre 2016: Les députés du Parlement européen demandent le gel des négociations d'adhésion avec la Turquie et dénoncent le recul des droits de l'homme et la répression 'disproportionnée' en cours depuis le coup d'Etat manqué
2017: 13 March 2017: Turkey threatens to re-evaluate a key deal to halt the flow of migrants to Europe in a dramatic escalation of its diplomatic row with EU member states, as Erdogan defies pleas from Brussels to tone down his rhetoric, repeating accusations of European 'nazism' and support of terrorism and suspends high-level political contacts with the Netherlands - 18 April 2017: European Commission calls on Turkey to investigate alleged irregularities in Sunday's referendum boosting the powers of Turkish president Erdogan, also urging him to show restraint after his narrow victory
March 2018: 17 March 2018: Syrian Kurds call the EU to condemn Turkey - 16/17 March 2018: At least 16 casualties, including 2 pregnant women, and more injured people in a massacre by Turkish forces targeting the only hospital in Afrin city, as Turkish forces try to break into the city from its north - 17 March 2018: More than 150,000 people reportedly displaced in the last few days from Syria’s Afrin town
July 2019 EU will sanction Turkey over gas drilling: 16 July 2019: EU agrees to sanction Turkey over gas drilling off Cypriot coast despite repeated warnings - 16 July 2019: Turkey says EU funding cuts won’t affect drilling off Cyprus, accusing bloc’s FMs of being ‘prejudiced and biased’ for sanctions in protest of Turkish operations in occupied waters
11 October 2019 Sweden demands EU weapons embargo against Turkey: 11 October 2019: Sweden will push for a EU weapons embargo against Turkey at an EU foreign ministers meeting on Monday, as FM Ann Linde condemnded Turkey's military offensive in northeastern Syria, saying 'it violates international law, destabilises the situation and risks having great humanitarian consequences'
17 October 2019 German arms exports to Turkey rising: 17 October 2019: German arms exports to Turkey at 14-year high, data shows, despite an EU resolution to limit arms sales to Turkey's regime, on track to top the list of countries buying German weapons
18 October 2019 Europe demanded to stop war against Kurds: 18 October 2019: An appeal to Europe to stop Turkish war against Kurds
February 2020: Greece and Bulgaria crack down on Turkish borders as refugees arrive: 28 February 2020: Greece and Bulgaria crack down on Turkish borders as refugees arrive following Russian and Assad's murderous offensive in north-west Syria
2 March 2020: Erdogan puts EU's failure to agree a common migration policy in spotlight: 2 March 2020: Erdogan puts EU's failure to agree a common migration policy in spotlight, the British 'Guardian' says, after 2016 EU-Turkey deal was 'celebrated by people who are dancing on the grave of refugee protection', according to Amnesty International
4 March 2020 Europe must stand with Turkey over Putin’s war crimes in Syria: 4 March 2020: Europe must stand with Turkey over Putin’s war crimes in Syria, as focusing on the refugee crisis Russia has created addresses symptoms not the cause, George Soros writes in the 'Financial Times'
5 March 2020 Turkey deploys police forces along its border with Greece to halt violent pushback of migrants: 5 March 2020: Turkey is deploying 1,000 special police forces along its border with Greece to halt the pushback of migrants towards its territory, Suleyman Soylu said, adding that 164 migrants had been wounded by Greek authorities
6 March 2020 unteachable EU critizised by human-rights organisations for crackdown on refugees: 6 March 2020: While Greek riot police have been using teargas and water cannon to repel refugees and migrants trying to get into the country, while Turkish police have been firing volleys of teargas towards Greece in return, the EU is critizised by 85 charities and human-rights organisations for accepting Greece’s decision to suspend asylum applications
9 March 2020 Erdogan holds talks with EU over border opening: 9 March 2020: Turkey's Erdogan holds talks with EU leaders over border opening, as EU will re-home up to 1,500 child refugees living in Greek camps
26 March 2020 Turkey’s two-level game in the refugee dispute: 26 March 2020: Turkey’s two-level game in the refugee dispute with the EU, as Turkey faces refugee and migrant pressure on a very large scale from a wide range of origins, including Africa, and as, according to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Turkey is home to the world’s largest refugee population, with almost 3.6 million Syrians under temporary protection, shielding Europe influenced by Putin-backers and neo-fascist movements
24 October 2021 Erdogan's call to expel ambassadors attempt to distract attention from economic difficulties: 24 October 2021: Erdogan's political opponents said his call to expel the ambassadors of 10 Western allies was an attempt to distract attention from Turkey's economic difficulties, as opposition's activist Osmal Kavala in prison since late 2017 without conviction, as Turkish lira has lost nearly quarter of value this year, as polls show support for Erdogan falling ahead of 2023 elections, reportedly once again trying to distract Turkish attention from problems at home
European Union/Ukraine relations: European Union/Ukraine relations
2012/2013: 3. Mai 2012: Die EU-Kommission boykottiert die EM in der Ukraine - Plan on Priority Measures for European Integration of Ukraine for 2013 - 24 novembre: Des dizaines de milliers d'Ukrainiens manifestent pour un rapprochement avec l'UE - 28 November: Eastern Partnership Summit in Vilnius in the shadow of Ukraine’s decision to scrap deal with the EU following pressure from Moscow - 29 novembre: L'Europe ne convainc pas le gouvernement de l'Ukraine de se tourner vers l'Ouest - 30 November: Tear gas fills Kiev's Liberty Square as critics of president's decision to block EU trade deal are dispersed by force - 1 December: Yanukovych government's bloody crackdown leads to call for sanctions - 10 décembre: Attendue à Kiev, Ashton redoute un 'déraillement' de la crise - 12 December: Ukraine diplomatic battle heats up over Yanukovych EU agreement claim
2014: 20 February 2014: EU and US consider sanctions against Yanukovich after Kiev crackdown - 21 février: Face aux violences à Kiev l'Union européenne annonce les premières sanctions - 24 February: European nations scramble to support Ukrainian democracy - 24 February 2014: USA and European allies warn Putin regime against Ukraine grab amid break-up fears - 4 March: USA-Europe rifts surfacing as Putin regime tightens Crimea grip and EU ministers spare trade sanctions - 5 March: EU offers Ukraine $15 billion, but help hinges on IMF deal - 6 March: EU leaders to hold emergency talks to decide how strongly they should respond to Russia's troop deployment in Ukraine's Crimea region - 6/7 March: USA and EU impose sanctions for Russia's 'violation of sovereignty' of Ukraine and warn Russia to seek a diplomatic solution - 17 March: USA and EU expected to announce sanctions against Putin regime after Crimean referendum on joining Russia - 21 March: EU signs landmark association agreement with Ukraine - 7 April: Ukraine's president to address parliamentary assembly of the Council of Europe over pro-Russian threats to the democratic institutions and attacks in eastern Ukraine - 17 April: EU to launch free trade with Ukraine on 1 November 2014 - 24 April: All persons illegally detained by armed groups in Eastern Ukraine must be immediately released and separatists must immediately hand in arms, EU says - 24 April: EU recognizes the right of the Ukrainian authorities to take security measures to protect the sovereignty of the state - 2 May: Ukraine, EU, Russia fail to agree on price for Russian gas for Ukraine - 8 May: Unauthorized local referenda have no democratic legitimacy and can only lead to further escalation in Ukraine, EU's Maja Kocijancic says - 13 May: EU has officially announced that it will not recognize 'illegal and illegitimate referenda' of separatists in Donetsk and Luhansk regions of Ukraine - 13 May: EU gives Ukraine 1 bln euros in macro-financial aid - 14 May: Pro-Russian separatists kill seven Ukrainian soldiers in a bloody ambush questioning new Europe push for Ukraine talks - 15 May: EU opens market for Ukrainian goods and services with about 98% of duties nullified - 23 June: EU to send security mission to Ukraine - 24 June: EU completed technical preparations for signing association deal with Ukraine on June 27 - 28 June: Ukraine signs historic trade and economic pact with EU - 12 July: EU imposes sanctions on A. Borodai, leader of Donetsk 'republic', and 10 others, facing travel bans and asset freezes, as clashes continue in east - 26 July: EU sends advisers to assist the Ukrainian government in imposing the rule of law in rebel areas - 18 August: In a meeting of foreign ministers of France, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, discussing in a difficult conversation the situation in eastern Ukraine, some progress reportedly achieved - 12 September: Expressing support for all defenders of Ukraine's sovereignty, EU Commissioner Stefan Fule asks Ukrainian authorities to support residents of Donbas - 7 October: EU sends in drones to save Ukraine truce - 18 October: Ukraine-Russia peace hopes rise as gas deal edges closer - 22 October: Ukraine to get about EUR 2 bln in EU financial assistance - 29 November: EU acts against pro-Russia separatists and their political parties with more sanctions
2015: 10 February 2015: A meeting of representatives of 'Norman Quartet' in Berlin has yielded 'some tangible results' for the negotiations of the leaders of the four states in Minsk on February 11 concerning eastern Ukraine, Ukraine's Andriy Melnyk says - 11 February: Ukraine's president Poroshenko to address EU summit on Thursday, EU's Donald Tusk says adding that the summit will assess the situation in Ukraine, relations with Russia and discuss 'appropriate actions' - 12 February: Ceasefire for eastern Ukraine agreed in Minsk - Minsk II - on 11/12 February 2015 Ukraine, Russia, France and Germany agreed in Minsk to a package of measures to alleviate the ongoing war in the Donbass region of Ukraine - 13 February: In Brussels European worries voiced about potential escalation of fighting before truce on Sunday - 17 February: French, Ukrainian presidents and German chancellor discussed ceasefire violations on telephone stressing that OSCE observers must have free access to the Donbas conflict zone, also calling Russia's Putin to withdraw heavy weapons from the frontline - 19 February: Ukraine and EU agree on immediate response to further Russian-backed aggression against Ukraine after brutal seizure of Debaltseve - 25 February: Partnership with Ukraine determined priority in new EU energy strategy - 3 March: New talks of the 'Normandy Four' in Berlin on March 6 suggested - 19 March: EP International Trade Committee approves allocation of EUR 1.8 billion to Ukraine - 21/22 May: 4th Summit of Eastern Partnership begins, as the EU's approach to the eastern partnership including Ukraine is high on agenda in Riga - 22 May: EU leaders and their colleagues of six former Soviet republics concluded Riga summit by issuing a joint declaration on maintaining their 'Eastern Partnership', but EU membership of eastern partners not considered in Riga - 21 September: EU's Federica Mogherini says Donbas elections must be organised by Ukraine - 3 October: France's Hollande and Germany's Merkel address the press after so-called 'Normandy Four' Paris summit, saying France, Germany, Russia and Ukraine had agreed that local elections in eastern Ukraine planned by Russia-backed separatists on 18 October could not go ahead, as Ukraine's president Poroshenko and Russia's Murder-Putin leave Ukraine ceasefire talks in Paris without comment - 26 October: Ukraine's local elections are democratic, EU says - 9 November: EU foreign affairs chief Federica Mogherini due in Ukraine for talks, saying that Ukraine remains top priority of the European agenda and re-affirming the EU's committment to sanctions on Russia - 12 November: An IMF mission and EU's commissioner for trade Cecilia Malmström in Kyiv to discuss Ukraine-EU free trade zone
2016: 1 February 2016: Ukraine's Petro Poroshenko urges Europe to keep sanctions in place until Russia 'gets out of Donbas' - 14 February: EU's Mogherini supports anti-Russian sanctions until Minsk deal fully implemented - 28 May: Representatives of the EU and the UN Development Programme have signed an agreement with the governors of Donetsk and Luhansk regions to allocate EUR 10mln for the restoration of effective management and development of local communities - 30 September 2016: EU Commissioner for Trade Cecilia Malmström announces additional market access preferences for Ukraine - 15 October 2016: Ukrainian president Poroshenko believes that Russia will not terminate its policy of aggression until the world is united to stop Russian Putin regime, calling 'to make every effort to unmask the manifestation of Russian aggression wherever we only can – in Donbas, in the case of the downed MH17, and in Aleppo', emphasizing the importance of solidarity of the whole world in this issue and further extension of sanctions against Russia - 20 October 2016: 'Normandy Four' states agree to develop a 'road map' of the implementation of the Minsk agreements till November, Ukrainain president says, and Ukraine should regain control of its eastern border with Russia at the end of Minsk - 17 November 2016: EU states give conditional approval to visa-free travel for Ukraine
2017: 10 May 2017: The EU will announce the simplification of the visa regime with Ukraine in a few days, according to EU's Federica Mogherini also saying the EU would never recognize the illegal annexation of Crimea by Russia
February 2018: 28 February 2018: The EU, EU Member States, the European Parliament and International Organizations were today in Brussels briefed on the dire humanitarian situation faced by 4.4 million conflict-affected people in eastern Ukraine
April 2018: 3 April 2018: Former Ukrainian president Viktor Yushchenko urges Europe to unite and wake up to Russia's 'medieval policy', following the Salisbury poisoning using 'novichok' - 3 April 2018: 'Normandy Four' summit reportedly may take place without Russia in May to discuss deployment of a UN peacekeeping mission in Donbas - 29 April 2018: Ukraine calls on international community to put more pressure on Russia over escalation in Donbas
June 2018: 13 June 2018: EU Parliament supported the European Commission's proposal to allocate the fourth package of macro-financial assistance to Ukraine, amounting to EUR 1 billion
February 2019: 9 February 2019: Two EU states Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland allocate aid for Donbas, aiming to help the population affected by aggression and hostilities and marking the beginning of efforts to resolve key issues in Donetsk and Luhansk regions
18 June 2019: 18 June 2019: In an interview with a German newspapter Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky calls for tougher sanctions against the Russian Federation to liberate the occupied Ukrainian territories, namely Crimea and parts of Donbas
25 June 2019: 25 June 2019: Ukrainian president Zelensky is disappointed by the decision of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe PACE to reinstate the voting rights of the Russian Federation's delegation, saying he 'tried to convince Mr. Macron and Mrs. Merkel that the return of the Russian delegation to the PACE is possible only after Russia fulfills the Assembly's fundamental requirements. It is a pity that our European partners haven't heard us' - 25 June 2019: Ukraine walks out of Europe human rights body as Russian regime returns
August 2019 EU against Russia's return to G7: 22 August 2019: EU against Russia's return to G7 world leaders' talks, official says
7 October 2020 Ukraine could join Russia sanctions waiting when details of the case are disclosed by the German side: 7 October 2020: Ukrainian president Zelensky says that Ukraine is ready to join international partners' sanctions against the Russian Federation over the poisoning of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny, announcing this at a joint press conference with EU's Josep Borrell in the wake of the 22nd Ukraine-EU summit - 7 octobre 2020: L’Allemagne a menacé mercredi la Russie de «sanctions ciblées et proportionnées» si Moscou n’apportait pas d’éclaircissements sur les conditions de l’empoisonnement de l’opposant russe Alexeï Navalny
14 January 2021 most blatant example of violation of international law remains crisis in and around Ukraine: 14 January 2021: Territorial integrity of Ukraine must be respected, including Crimea, according to OSCE chair-in-office, saying the most blatant example of violation of international law remains the crisis in and around Ukraine - 14 January 2021: Russia must be held accountable for crimes against Ukraine, committed against the civilian population and military personnel, Ukrainian Commander-in-Chief says
5 April 2021 EU pledges backing to Ukraine after Russian military buildup: 5 April 2021: The EU has pledged its 'unwavering' support for Ukraine’s government amid concerns of a military escalation in the east of the country or a possible new offensive against the Nato ally after recent Russian troop movements
9 May 2021 Ukraine's Zelensky says victory over Nazism in WWII would be impossible without Ukrainians' contribution: 9 May 2021: Ukrainian president Zelensky says victory over Nazism in WWII would be impossible without Ukrainians' contribution as the country celebrates the Day of Victory over Nazism on May 9
15 May 2021 on Europe day Ukrainian president is sure Ukraine will definitely be in the EU: 15 May 2021: Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky is sure Ukraine will definitely be in the EU, saying 'Ukraine is Europe. We're Europeans, the center and heart of Europe by geography, spirit, values and aspirations. We proved it on Maidan and we prove it every day changing our state, building independence and our future, defending the eastern border of Europe'
22 January 2022 German Navy commander Schönbach said Ukraine has lost temporarily occupied Crimea: 22 January 2022: Ukraine demands public refutation of statement by German Navy commander Kay-Achim Schönbach that Ukraine has lost temporarily occupied Crimea as categorically unacceptable, and demanded that they be publicly refuted
9 February 2022 European citizens remarkably united with majorities supporting Nato/EU response: 9 February 2022: Most Europeans want to stand with Kyiv against Russia's Putin regime, as more than 60% of people surveyed believe Nato should come to Ukraine’s defence if Russia invades, according to ECFR study, which carried out the polling in seven countries, accounting for two-thirds of the EU’s population
24 February 2022 Russian aggression against Ukraine, 'ukrinform' reports with live updates: 24 February 2022: Ukrainian multimedia platform for broadcasting 'ukrinform' reports with live updates at 13:18 that Mariupol has comes under Smerch MLRS fire, killing three civilians, wounding seven others, as Russian armed formations have fired Smerch multiple launch rocket systems at the residential areas and airport of Mariupol, killing three and wounding seven civilians, as Ukrainian defense forces shots down seventh Russian plane
1 March 2022 aamid Russian aggression Ukraine urges European leaders to ‘prove that you are with us’: 1 March 2022: Ukraine's president Zelenskiy urges European leaders to ‘prove that you are with us’ in face of Russian onslaught, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates
27 March 2022 Spanish choirs lead global 'Singalong for Peace in Ukraine': 27 March 2022: As Spanish choirs lead global 'Singalong for Peace in Ukraine' more than 1,000 local choirs in towns and cities across the world sang out in unison on Sunday to call for peace in the European country, as the event, run by Spanish organisation 'Choirs for Peace', saw groups in countries including Spain, Portugal, Britain, Italy and Mexico livestreamed on YouTube as they sang together
4 April 2022 German CDU's Merkel believes she made right decision to block Ukraine's NATO membership in 2008: 4 April 2022: Germany CDU's former chancellor Angela Merkel believes she made the right decision to block Ukraine's NATO membership in 2008, as press secretary said that to DPA in response to president Zelensky’s criticism that Russia’s atrocities in Ukraine are the result of Europe’s years-long concessions to Moscow. She did not respond to Zelensky’s 2022 invitation to visit Bucha to see how Ukrainian civilians were tortured and murdered, discovered as Russian criminals now withdrawing from attacked towns near Kyiv in 2022, as Poland today in 2022 blames Germany for failure to impose tougher sanctions on Russia
Since February 2022 European Union's support including military aid to Ukraine against Russian aggression: European Union's support including military aid to Ukraine since February 2022 Russian aggression against independent Ukraine, increase of military aid under the 'European Peace Facility' to €1 billion, announced on 23 March 2022, military aid increased to €1.5 billion under the 'European Peace Facility' on 13 April 2022, assistance includes personal protective equipment, first aid kits and fuel, as well as military equipment. - 27 March 2022: Ukrainian president Zelensky asked NATO to send Ukraine '1 percent' of the alliance's tanks and aircraft and said his country has 'already been waiting 31 days' for this much-needed equipment. According AP, Zelensky also criticized the West for what he described as its indecisive 'ping-pong about who and how should hand over jets'. Earlier this month, Poland offered to transfer 27 MiG-29 fighter jets to Ukraine via the American military, but USA officials quickly rejected the plan, fearing that Poland's proposal risked drawing NATO into a direct conflict with Russian forces.
26 April 2022 NATO meeting at Ramstein Air Base to support Ukraine with urgently needed weapons: On 26 April 2022 a NATO meeting is being held at Ramstein Air Base. It is 'not a NATO ministerial' as it involves non-NATO countries like Sweden, Georgia and Finland and the European Union who have supplied aid to Ukraine. The purpose is to work out ongoing aid to Ukraine. Emphasis is on 'lethal aid' to help with the ongoing war. The meeting will be lead by Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin.
22 May 2022 France's European minister says Ukraine EU bid would take at least 15-20 years: 22 May 2022 France’s European affairs minister said that any bid for Ukraine to join the EU would take at least 15 to 20 years to complete, putting a damper on Ukrainian president Zelenskiy's hopes of gaining a quick entry into the bloc
Since summer 2022 EU states called for an accelerated Ukrainian accession process: Since summer 2022 accession of Ukraine to the European Union, after in February 2022, shortly after it was invaded by Russia, Ukraine applied for membership of the EU. Ukrainian president Zelenskyy requested immediate admission under a 'new special procedure' and the presidents of eight EU states called for an accelerated accession process, according to 'Wikipedia'. On 23 June 2022, the European Parliament adopted a resolution calling for the immediate granting of candidate status for EU membership to Ukraine. On the same day, the European Council granted Ukraine the status of a candidate for accession to the EU. - 23 June 2022; At EU summit in Brussels European leaders are poised to grant Ukraine candidate status, in a historic decision that opens the door to EU membership for the war-torn country and deals a blow to Vladimir Putin, 'The Guardian' reports - 23 June 2022: EU leaders are gathering on Thursday and Friday for a summit in Brussels with Ukraine’s bid to join the bloc at the top of the agenda, 'Politico' reports
29 August 2022 EU’s Borrell says EU's visa ban - speaking with one voice - for Russians would lack support: 29 August 2022: EU’s Borrell says visa ban for Russians would lack support, saying says he 'favours' being more 'selective' about granting visas to Russians, admitting there is no 'one voice'
19 February 2023 Shell and Vitol accused of prolonging Ukraine war with sanctions ‘loophole’: 19 February 2023: Oil company Shell and energy trader Vitol have been accused of prolonging the war in Ukraine by exploiting a 'loophole' in the EU sanctions regime to bring products derived from Russian oil into Europe through Turkey, as Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskiy’s economic adviser Oleg Ustenko has urged the energy companies to commit to a deadline to halt the trade of a 'Russian-origin oil products' to reduce Vladimir Putin’s war coffers, involving EU countries Latvia, Cyprus and the Netherlands since the start of the war one year ago Ukraine, as Shell announced record annual profits of £32bn earlier this month, and as Swiss-based multinational Vitol has seen record profits during the energy crisis
14 December 2023 deal reached to open EU accession talks with Ukraine and Moldova, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates: 14 December 2023: Deal reached to open EU accession talks with Ukraine and Moldova, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates
European Union/United Kingdom relations: European Union/United Kingdom relations
Since June 1944 final stage during the liberation of Europe: June 1944 'Gold Beach', the code name for one of the five areas of the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in the Normandy landings, as 'Gold', the central of the five areas, was located between Port-en-Bessin on the west and La Rivière on the east, as taking 'Gold' was to be the responsibility of the British Army, with sea transport, mine sweeping, and a naval bombardment force provided by the Royal Navy as well as elements from the Dutch, Polish and other Allied navies - Bayeux War Cemetery, the largest Second World War cemetery of Commonwealth soldiers in France, as the cemetery contains 4,648 burials, mostly of the Invasion of Normandy, as opposite this cemetery stands the Bayeux Memorial which commemorates more than 1,800 casualties of the Commonwealth forces who died in Normandy and have no known grave
Since 1975: June 1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum - Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom - United Kingdom and the euro
31 January 2004 UK's tutoring as Haiti marks the bicentenary of its birth: 1er janvier 1804 Jour de l’indépendance en Haïti - 31 January 2004: The black Spartacus Toussaint L'Ouverture defeated Britain, France and Spain to create a country free from slavery, as now Haiti marks the bicentenary of its birth and Ian Thomson hails its founder - Seit 1. Jahrhundert vor Christus Spartakus, gefallen 71 v. Chr., seine Bedeutung in der römischen Geschichte, in der europäischen Aufklärung, und seit dem 18./19. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart
2014/2015: 9 January 2014: NSA and GCHQ activities appear illegal, says EU parliamentary inquiry, demanding end to indiscriminate collection of personal data by British and USA agencies - 2 June 2014: British PM Cameron accused of blackmail and threats as he tries to stop Jean-Claude Juncker becoming president of the European commission - 24 October 2014: EU demand for extra £1.7bn from UK prompts emergency meeting as PM Cameron says the demand is 'unacceptable' - 16 December 2015: Flirting with leaving the EU 'very dangerous', John Major says
2016: 15 mai 2016: Pour défendre une sortie de l'Europe l'ex-maire de Londres et chef de file du camp pro-Brexit Boris Johnson compare l'UE à Hitler
June 2016 'Brexit': 23 June 2016 UK EU membership referendum - United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union - 24 June 2016: We want Britain out as soon as possible, EU parliament leader says after UK 'Brexit' voting - 25 June 2016: Emergency meetings as EU pushes for UK to act on leave vote
March 2017: 25 March 2017: Britain’s decision to leave the EU has been described by the Italian PM Paolo Gentiloni as 'closed nationalism' that belongs in the past, during a summit in Rome, where prime ministers and presidents reaffirm commitment to unity - 29 March 2017: Leaked European parliament resolution and EU response to article 50 takes tough line on transitional deal with the UK
April 2017: 10 April 2017: In a letter to Holyrood signed by 26 MEPs as well as members of national and regional parliaments in Germany, Ireland, Greece, Spain and Belgium, European politicians say that Scotland would be 'most welcome' to rejoin the EU as a full member if it voted for independence - 28 April 2017: Europe could allow a united Ireland to join EU after Brexit
May 2017: 27 May 2017: We need deal with the EU to combat terror, experts tell UK prime minister Theresa May
Since 19 June 2017 Brexit negotiations: Brexit negotiations between the United Kingdom and the European Union - UK's invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union - EU negotiating directives for Brexit - 20 June 2017: UK caves in to EU demand to agree Brexit divorce bill before trade talks - 23 June 2017: UK plan for EU citizens' rights is vague and inadequate, EU officials say, as May urged by campaign groups to match EU's offer on rights of Britons living in Europe - 8 December 2017: 'Progress' in Brexit talks announced after May's dash to Brussels
Since May 2018 D-Day Museum (The D-Day Story): Since May 2018 D-Day Museum (The D-Day Story), a visitor attraction located in Southsea, Portsmouth, telling the story of Operation Overlord during the Normandy D-Day landings, originally opened as the D-Day Museum in 1984 - May/June 2019 Portsmouth D-Day 75th anniversary ceremony
2 August 2018 EU worries about its future: 2 August 2018: UK's Brexit proposals threaten future of EU, EU negotiator says, as British PM May is cutting short the first leg of her holiday to meet France’s president Macron at the medieval fortress Fort de Brégançon on a Mediterranean islet, built in 1483 as part of the French monarchy's coastal defence efforts
November 2018: 20 November 2018: British PM May is to travel to Brussels to finalise a proposed Brexit deal in a meeting with the European commission president ahead of crucial European and British decisions - 25 November 2018: EU backs Theresa May's deal in Brussels, marking 'moment of deep sadness’, as Brexiters accuse May of betrayal after giving way to Spain’s demands over the future of Gibraltar, a disputed British overseas territory of the iberian peninsula, and as Brexiter Boris Johnson in a provocative speech warns at DUP conference in Belfast that the UK is 'on the verge of making a historic mistake'
February 2019: 24/25 February 2019: Brexit could be delayed until 2021, as EU reportedly determined to avoid uncertainty of three-month extension requests - 12 March 2019: Saying EU ‘has done everything it can', EU warns no-deal Brexit likely after UK Parliament shoots down May again
3 July 2019 Black MEP asked to leave: 3 July 2019: Black MEP Magid Magid, who represents Yorkshire and the Humber for the Green party, and former lord mayor of Sheffield, claims he was asked to leave the European parliament building in Strasbourg by an official on his first day
August 2019 EU citizens demand clarity on their status: 20 August 2019: Citizens from other EU member states living in Britain have called on the government to provide more clarity urgently on their status in the event of a sharp end to free movement following a no-deal Brexit
9 October 2019 Brexit talks come to a halt: 9 October 2019: Brexit talks in Brussels between EU and the UK come to a halt, as both sides confirm that no further negotiations are scheduled
15 October 2019 EU's Barnier demands UK's answer: 15 October 2019: EU's Barnier has set UK's Johnson a midnight deadline to concede to European Union demands and agree to a customs border in the Irish Sea or be left with nothing to take to the Commons, as Republic of Ireland says 'big step forward' needed today for deal to be agreed at EU summit
17 October 2019 Democratic Unionist party's refusal: 17 October 2019: UK PM announces 'great deal that takes back control’ despite refusal of DUP to back agreement
23 October 2019 EU leaders back call to grant Brexit delay: 23 October 2019: European leaders back call to grant Brexit delay to end of January 2020
28 October 2019 Brexit extension to 31 January agreed: 28 October 2019: EU agrees Brexit extension to 31 January
November 2019 EU launches legal action against UK: 14 November 2019: EU launches legal action after UK fails to nominate commission candidate
February 2020 EU coastal states with fishing interest seek tough stance on access to UK waters: 6 February 2020: EU countries and coastal states with strong fishing interest seek tough stance on access to UK waters
February 2020 EU demands UK keep chlorinated chicken ban to get trade deal: 25 February 2020: EU demands UK keep chlorinated chicken ban, to maintain 'health and product sanitary quality in the food and agriculture sector', to get trade deal
1 May 2020 migrant farm workers in Spain for UK supermarkets at crisis point: 1 May 2020: Migrant workers on Spanish farms that provide fruit and vegetables for UK supermarkets are trapped in dire conditions under lockdown, living in cardboard and plastic shelters without food or running water
2 May 2020 UK seeks access to EU health cooperation in light of covid-19: 2 May 2020: UK seeks access to EU health cooperation in light of covid-19, as government now wants close links with early warning system despite Brexit
4 August 2020 number of UK citizens emigrating to EU has risen by 30% since Brexit vote: 4 August 2020: Number of UK citizens emigrating to EU has risen by 30% since Brexit vote, as membership crisis has led to 500% increase in Britons taking up citizenship in an EU state
5/6 December 2020 Brexit negotiations to restart in Brussels after Johnson call: 5 December 2020: Brexit negotiations to restart in Brussels after Johnson call, after 4 years of promises, misleading of citizens, endless debates, negotiations, illusions, deceptions, costs, instead of advancing democracy, EU's internal and foreign policy including transparency, inclusion, participation, promoting peace, and making its European territory of 28 states and countries, including Eire (Ireland), England, Scotland and Wales, a better place for the working people and all citizens including immigrants
17 December 2020 after years European parliament sets Sunday deadline for post-Brexit trade deal: 17 December 2020: After deadlines have come and gone throughout the Brexit talks since 2016 European parliament has set a Sunday deadline for agreement on a post-Brexit trade and security deal if it is to stage a vote of consent this year, after being briefed by the EU’s chief negotiator Michel Barnier on the latest in the talks with the UK and the British political 'Struwwelpeter'
24 December 2020 UK and EU reach breakthrough post-Brexit trade agreement: 24 December 2020: UK and EU reach breakthrough post-Brexit trade agreement, as sides - averting chaos - agree on deal that ensures they can continue to trade in goods without tariffs or quotas, even after Britain leaves single market, customs union
2020 Brexit withdrawal agreement: 2020 Brexit withdrawal agreement
Since 24 December 2020 Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the EU, Euratom and the UK: Since 24 December 2020 Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the EU, Euratom and the UK and areas covered by the agreement
1 January 2021 Brexit 'not something to celebrate' Ireland’s FM Coveney declared: 1 January 2021: Brexit is 'not something to celebrate', Ireland’s FM Simon Coveney declared after the UK formally severed ties with the EU, as he warned of trading disruptions due to fresh red tape
7 February 2021 British exports to the EU fell by a staggering 68% last month: 7 février 2021: Chute de 68% des exportations des ports britanniques vers l’UE - 7 February 2021: Exports from UK to EU down 68% last month compared with January last year, mostly as a result of problems caused by Brexit, media reveal
11 February 2021 tensions escalate over post-Brexit problems in Northern Ireland: 11 February 2021: Ireland’s PM Micheál Martin has called for the EU and UK to 'dial down the rhetoric' before crisis talks in London between the European commission vice-president Maroš Šefcovic and Michael Gove, as tensions escalate over post-Brexit problems in Northern Ireland - 11 February 2021: Currently engaged in a process of recalling the transformative events of a century ago Ireland's president Michael D Higgins says only by remembering complex, uncomfortable aspects of Britain and Ireland’s shared history can we forge a better future, making a sharp critique of British imperialism and the 'feigned amnesia' of academics and journalists who refuse to address its legacy
13 May 2021 EU citizens arriving in UK being locked up and expelled: 13 May 2021: EU citizens are being sent to immigration removal centres and held in airport detention rooms as the UK government’s “hostile environment” policy falls on them after Brexit, according to campaigners and travellers interviewed by the Guardian, as Europeans with job interviews are among those being denied entry and locked up, speaking of being subjected to the traumatic and humiliating experience of expulsion
12 June 2021 UK's Johnson gets an EU earful on Northern Ireland, pushing him to fully implement Brexit agreement: 12 June European leaders push UK to fully implement Brexit agreement on Northern Ireland while it holds G7 presidency, also during G7 Cornwall Summit on the beaches of the UK - Since 1974 'Overlord Embroidery', echoing the Bayeux Tapestry, and depicting the story of the D-Day Landings of 6 June 1944 and the subsequent Battle of Normandy, in 34 extraordinary hand-stitched panels with a total length of 83 metres - In 2021 since nearly 1,000 years 'Bayeux Tapestry'
13 October 2021 EU says new Northern Ireland protocol will make ‘real, tangible difference on the ground’: 13 October 2021: EU says new Northern Ireland protocol will make ‘real, tangible difference on the ground’, 'The Guardian' reports live
29 October 2021 Northern Ireland protocol talks stuck in deadlock: 29 October 2021: Talks between the EU and the UK on the dispute over the Northern Ireland Brexit protocol have ended the week without a breakthrough, as both sides have indicated that serious gaps remain on thinking. The EU said it believed the UK was not taking its proposals, which it described as 'unprecedented and far-reaching', seriously enough
14 November 2021 UK's Remembrance Sunday: 14 November 2021: UK's people has fallen silent as it remembers those who died in past conflicts this Remembrance Sunday, as national two-minute silence was held at 11:00 GMT, with similar ceremonies taking place at war memorials across the country, and as events have seen the return of pre-pandemic numbers of veterans, military personnel and crowds
24 November 2021 at least 30 people reported dead after dinghy capsizes in Channel: 24 November 2021 English Channel disaster near Calais, causing the deaths of 27 of the 30 people on board and believed to be the deadliest incident in the English Channel since IOM began collecting data in 2014 amid the European refugee and migrant crisis since 2011, after the Arab Spring - 24 November 2021: UK's PM Boris Johnson ‘shocked and saddened’ after at least 30 people reported dead after dinghy capsizes in Channel, 'The Guardian' reports with updates
25 November 2021 Channel crossing tragedy after refugee boat capsized, 'The Guardian' reports: 25 November 2021: Channel crossing tragedy after refugee boat capsized, UK's 'The Guardian' reports live on the second day
26 November 2021 deadly flow of migrants, UK's blame game: 26 November 2021: French and British press are widely covering Wednesday’s migrant drownings in the Channel amid a British/French blame game - at the same time citing 'l'obligation de s'entendre', 'c'est la faute des passeurs'. - 26 November 2021: France reacted with anger and dismay to Britain's latest proposals for dealing with the deadly flow of migrants between their shores, ramping up a battle of wills over dangerous crossings, as France24's Angela Diffley explains - 26 November 2021: 'The Guardian' continues live reporting amid continuing lack of serious cooperation due to involvement in the 'Middle East' and North African crises and UK's opposition against EU - 26 November 2021: As officials in Iraqi Kurdistan grapple with what is driving a crisis that is thought to have led to scores of citizens drowning in the English Channel on Wednesday, and thousands of others to brave precarious migrant routes to Europe, even more are preparing to leave
27 November 2021 Kurdish woman from northern Iraq first identified victim of Channel drowning: 27 November 2021: A Kurdish woman from northern Iraq has become the first victim of this week's mass drowning in the Channel to be identified, as Maryam Nuri Mohamed Amin was one of 27 people who died while attempting to cross to Britain and as her fiancé, who lives in the UK, told the BBC she was messaging him as the group's dinghy started deflating, but help came too late and she and 17 men, six other women - one of whom was pregnant - and three children died after their inflatable boat sank into the sea off the northern French coast, and as there were only two survivors, an Iraqi and a Somali, and as Maryam's family said she had tried to reach the UK legally twice and that she had been to the British embassy but the process was 'delayed', forcing her instead to take the route she did
29 March 2023 Europe’s human rights watchdog warns UK over illegal migration bill: 29 March 2023: Europe’s human rights watchdog has warned the UK government that its plans to curb the rights of trafficking victims in its illegal migration bill is a 'significant step backwards' in the fight against human trafficking and modern slavery and demonstrates a lack of compliance with international law
European Union/United Nations relations: European Union/United Nations relations
Since 1961 WEOG: Since 1961 Western European and Others Group WEOG with 28 member states, one of five unofficial Regional Groups in the UN that act as voting blocs and negotiation forums formed since 1961 to encourage voting to various UN bodies from regional groups - List of members of the UN Security Council and members of Regional Groups
2014/2015 marking International Romani Day: 8 April 2014: UN urges full inclusion of Roma people in decision-making in Europe, marking International Romani Day
2015/2016 Mediterranean refugee and migrant crisis: 12 May 2015: EU urges UN to back its plan to confront the Mediterranean migrant crisis by using military force against smugglers - 27 May: Europe must do more to help migrants crossing the Mediterranean, UN's Ban Ki-moon says ahead of a visit to Brussels, as a planned EU naval operation awaits approval, adding that any approach should also look at the 'roots' of the problem in countries of origin - 17 September 2015: Hungary's treatment of refugees is shocking and unacceptable, UN secretary general Ban Ki-moon says - 17 November 2015: UN blasts Hungary for 'disgusting' demonisation of refugees - 22 November 2015: UNHCR, UNICEF and IOM criticise the newly imposed restrictions in the Balkans, saying that profiling of refugees and migrants on the basis of nationality is creating an increasingly untenable situation
2016 Ban Ki-moon urges European countries to keep borders open for refugees: 27/28 February: UN's Ban Ki-moon urges European countries to keep borders open for refugees, as humanitarian challenges mount at Greek/Macedonian border and as refugees continue to pour into the area but Macedonia is refusing to allow them to pass following refusals of other European countries - 8 March 2016: The UN high commissioner for refugees Filippo Grandi questions the legality of an outline deal struck by the EU and Turkey saying he is very concerned that a hasty EU deal with Turkey could leave Syrian refugees unprotected and at risk of being sent back to a war zone
12 October 2020 EU asked to reject UN council's kneeling: 12 October 2020: China, Russia and Saudi Arabia set to join UN human rights council, as rights campaigners voice concerns as Cuba and Pakistan also expected to be elected, pleading with EU states to commit to withholding their support, and as Geneva-based monitoring NGO UN Watch describes the situation as the equivalent of allowing five convicted arsonists to join the fire brigade
22 October 2020 EU wants WHO to become more transparent about how states report emerging health crises: 22 October 2020: The EU wants the WHO to become more transparent about how states report emerging health crises, a draft proposal on reforming the UN agency says, following criticism of China's initial handling of the covid-19 pandemic
5 November 2020 with European votes UN passed a series of resolutions critical of Israel: 5 November 2020: A committee at the UN General Assembly passed with overwhelming majorities a series of resolutions critical of Israel, lambasting the Jewish state, among other things, for ostensible human rights violations against Palestinians and 'repressive measures' against Syrians in the Golan Heights, as 3 Arab countries with which Jerusalem recently signed normalization agreements supported all resolutions, and as motions are passed annually by the 'UN’s Special Political and Decolonization Committee', with minor adjustments, and ratified by member states in December, with nearly all European countries, including staunch allies of Israel such as Germany and the Czech Republic, traditionally supporting most of these resolutions, and as UN Watch, a Geneva-based nonprofit monitoring the world body’s alleged anti-Israel bias, released a long statement decrying the resolutions passed Wednesday, saying 'world body now adds insult to injury' 'just two weeks after the Palestinian Islamic Jihad terrorist group assaulted Israeli civilians with a barrage of rockets from Gaza — while the UN’s General Assembly and Human Rights Council stayed silent', and as 'same European nations have failed to introduce a single UNGA resolution on the human rights situation in China, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, Turkey, Pakistan, Vietnam, Algeria, or on 175 other countries'
European Union and the International Criminal Court: European Union and the International Criminal Court
January 2020 'letting the world know you cannot kill an American without impunity', raises question who will do this for other citizens and children worldwide: 4 January 2020: South Carolina Senator Lindsey Graham told TV news 'I really appreciate President Trump letting the world know you cannot kill an American without impunity', raising the question who will promise and do this for other citizens and children worldwide - 4 January 2020: Five children and four adults have been killed by a missile that hit a school and a camp for displaced people in Syria’s Idlib region, and 19 people were injured, including a teacher who is in a critical condition, the latest attack on civilian infrastructure in opposition held areas, as spokesman for the civil defence office in the town of Sarmin Mustafa Al Rashid said 'fortunately, most students had left only 10 minutes before the bombing, but there were some still playing in front of the school'
European Union/USA relations: European Union/USA relations
2012/2013: 13 December 2012: European Court of Human Rights rules that Khaled el-Masri was an innocent victim of extraordinary rendition, torture and ill-treatment by US CIA-agents - 7 June 2013: Europeans call for answers over US web spying - 8 June 2013: European Union concerned by US surveillance revelations showing the US government organising a huge dragnet of Internet and phone data, tapping servers of nine Internet giants - 30 June: US bugged European Union offices, computer networks, according to cited secret NSA documents calling the EU a 'target' - 30 June: Angry European Union demands answers over alleged US bugging - 2 July 2013: Amid reports that the US did not spare even its allies and friends from its spying operations, USA President Obama responds that all nations spy on each other - 4 July 2013: EU seeks dual talks on US surveillance, free trade deal - 6 septembre: Le secrétaire d'Etat américain John Kerry part pour l'Europe pour vanter auprès de ses homologues de l'UE le projet de frappes contre le régime d'Assad - 24 October: Immigration and US spying to dominate EU summit - 25 October: EU leaders warn USA 'spying' and damaged trust could harm fight against terror - 29 octobre 2013: Les Etats-Unis face à la colère des Européens visés par les opérations d'espionnage de l'administration Obama - 2 November: Europe's spies reportedly work together on mass surveillance - 20 December: GCHQ and NSA targeted charities, Germans, Israeli PM and EU chief
2014/2015: 9 January 2014: NSA and GCHQ activities appear illegal, says EU parliamentary inquiry, demanding end to indiscriminate collection of personal data by British and US agencies - 26 March 2014: EU-USA summit in Brussels - 20 January 2015: Rights group calls on European countries to admit CIA cooperation and to detail their roles in operations involving torture - 23 October 2015: EU appears to have broken a promise to reinforce environmental protections in a leaked draft negotiating text submitted in the latest round of TTIP talks in Miami
TTIP and TiSA: 'Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership TTIP' is a proposed trade agreement between the European Union and the USA - Trade in Services Agreement TiSA is a proposed international trade treaty between 23 Parties, including the EU and the USA
2016: 3 mars 2016: Des ONG portent plainte contre Monsanto et l'Autorité européenne de sécurité des aliments pour distorsion d'analyses afin de prouver l'innocuité du pesticide glyphosate - 13 April 2016: Whistleblowers fear prosecution under new European Trade Secrets law - 1 May: Leaked negotiating texts for TTIP deal between Europe and the USA show USA's attempts to lower or circumvent EU protection for environment and public health, Greenpeace says - 20 September: Far-reaching global trade deal 'Trade in Services Agreement Tisa' being negotiated in secret could threaten the goals of the Paris climate deal by making it harder for governments to favour clean energy over fossil fuels, a leak of the latest negotiating text shows
2017: 2 February 2017: European parliament’s main political parties are making an unprecedented attempt to block USA's Trump’s likely choice as ambassador to the European Union from EU buildings, who said 'I helped bring down the Soviet Union', 'so maybe there’s another union that needs a little taming' - 3 February 2017: Arriving at a summit in Malta French president Hollande described recent comments by the USA's Trump as unacceptable and warned there would be no future for Europe’s relations with the USA 'if this future isn’t defined in common' - 3 February: Europeans critizise USA's Trump over his anti-EU rhetoric, accusing him of a lack of respect, as Theresa May’s attempts to position herself as a bridge with the new USA president were roundly rejected at a summit in Malta
June 2018 EU opens WTO case against steel and aluminium tariffs: 1 June 2018: EU opens WTO case against Trump's steel and aluminium tariffs
February 2019 German Rommel supporting CDU chancellor criticises USA warning that EU must not be excluded from discussions on future nuclear disarmament: 16 February 2019: German chancellor criticises USA isolationism, urging 'win-win solutions', warning that Europe must not be excluded from discussions on future nuclear disarmament
4 January 2020 'hunch up kicking down' EU fawns on Putin, Khamenei and Assad: 4 janvier 2020: Le secrétaire d'Etat des Etats-Unis Mike Pompeo a reproché aux Européens de ne pas avoir été 'aussi utiles' qu'ils auraient dû l'être dans l'affaire du général iranien Qassem Soleiman tué lors d'un raid en Irak, disant 'c'était une bonne chose pour le monde entier et nous appelons chacun dans le monde à soutenir l'action des Etats-Unis pour faire en sorte que la République islamique d'Iran se comporte simplement comme une nation normale' - 3 janvier 2020: La principale coalition de l'opposition syrienne en exil a salué la mort du général iranien, y voyant dans un communiqué 'la fin d'un des criminels de guerre les plus importants de Syrie et de la région' aprés son unité a joué un rôle incontournable pour soutenir et consolider le pouvoir de Bachar el-Assad depuis 2011, fort de ce soutien iranien, de l'appui de la Russie et du Hezbollah libanais
12 March 2020 amid Coronavirus crisis USA suspends European travel as global recession fears intensify: 12 March 2020: Trump suspends European travel as global recession fears intensify, and as Italy’s PM brings in further quarantine measures in wake of WHO declaring a pandemic
8 October 2020 majorities in seven EU countries favour Joe Biden and rate Donald Trump poorly: 8 October 2020: Fewer than one in 10 Europeans expect next month’s USA presidential election to be completely free and fair, and an overwhelming majority say they would like Joe Biden to triumph over Donald Trump, according to a YouGov tracker survey
16 January 2021 complete Nuremberg Trials recordings online for the first time: 16 January 2021: Complete Nuremberg Trials recordings online for the first time, as USA Holocaust Memorial Museum uploads over 700 hours of audio recordings, many of them in German without translation, as well as 37 reels of film introduced as evidence
6/7 May 2021: Germany/France and the USA at odds on the issue of waivers for patents on covid-19 vaccines: 6/7 May 2021: Germany and the USA are at odds on the issue of waivers for patents on covid-19 vaccines, as Merkel led government argued that a waiver would not increase production and would inhibit future private sector research, as the disagreement is the first major rift between the two economic powers since Joe Biden took office, and threatens to deadlock discussions at the WTO and sour relations within the G7 group of major industrialised democracies, and as France's Macron voices concerns over covid vaccines patent waiver
3 July 2021 Biden to nominate daughter of Holocaust survivor as USA Ambassador to Germany: 3 July 2021: USA's president Joe Biden will nominate University of Pennsylvania president Amy Gutmann, the daughter of a Holocaust survivor, as USA Ambassador to Germany, as Gutmann will be the first woman to ever hold the post, and will be counted on to use her academic expertise in political and democratic philosophy to stabilize USA-German relations following the Trump years
European Union/Vatican (Holy See) relations: European Union/Vatican (Holy See) relations
5 December 2021 Pope Francis called refugee crisis in the EU 'shipwreck of civilisation': 5 December 2021: Pope Francis condemned the exploitation of migrants for political purposes on Sunday during a visit to the Greek island of Lesbos, branding the global indifference to their plight the 'shipwreck of civilisation', walking through the Mavrovouni camp, which holds about 2,300 people, stopping to greet dozens of refugees
European Union/Venezuela relations: European Union/Venezuela relations
January/February 2019: 31 January 2019: EU parliament recognizes Guaido as Venezuelan interim president - 4 February 2019: EU countries recognise Juan Guaidó as interim Venezuelan leader after deadline for Maduro to call presidential elections expired - 7 février 2019: L'Union européenne, huit pays européens et cinq d'Amérique latine se réunissent dans la capitale uruguayenne pour tenter de trouver une issue négociée à la crise au Venezuela - 18 février 2019: Cinq députés européens qui se rendaient au Venezuela à l'invitation de Juan Guaido, reconnu par leurs pays respectifs comme président, ont dénoncé dimanche le refus des autorités vénézuéliennes de les laisser entrer - 24 février 2019: L'UE a condamné les actes de violence et le recours à des groupes armés par le régime au pouvoir au Venezuela pour empêcher l'entrée de l'aide humanitaire dans ce pays
European Union/Vietnam relations: European Union/Vietnam relations
October 2018 EU-Vietnam trade and investment agreements: 17 October 2018: EU-Vietnam trade and investment protection agreements
March 2019 children trafficking: 7 March 2019: Thousands of children trafficked from Vietnam to the UK are being abused and exploited in transit through Europe because governments are 'passing the buck' on their protection, research has found
June 2019 free-trade deal with Vietnam: 30 June 2019: Following deal with South American bloc 'Mercosur', EU has signed a landmark free-trade deal with Vietnam, the first of its kind with a developing country in Asia, paving the way for tariff cuts on almost all goods
European Union/Yemen relations: European Union/Yemen relations
8 December 2020 Yemeni woman makes epic eight-month journey to reach UK: 8 December 2020: Yemeni woman makes epic eight-month journey to reach UK, walking across deserts and crossing seas on small boats, as ‘Mary’ wants to reveal the plight of women and girls in Yemen after escaping from Yemen when her life was threatened
3 March 2021 Italian judge extends inquiry into Yemen deaths involving Rheinmetall AG: 3 March 2021: A judge in Rome has ordered a six-month extension of an investigation into a bombardment that killed a family of six in Yemen on 6 October 2016 when their home in Deir al-Jari village in north-west Yemen was destroyed, as fragments of the bomb that killed the family were traced back to a unit of the German arms manufacturer Rheinmetall AG called RWM Italia, as the Italian export authority UAMA is also under investigation
Transatlantic relations and Nato: Transatlantic relations - North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO
2008 Bucharest Summit - June 2021 Brussels Summit NATO's decision that Ukraine would become NATO member: At the June 2021 Brussels Summit, NATO leaders reiterated the decision taken at the 2008 Bucharest Summit that Ukraine would become a member of the Alliance with the Membership Action Plan as an integral part of the process and Ukraine's right to determine its own future and foreign policy course without outside interference. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg also stressed that Russia will not be able to veto Ukraine's accession to NATO, as we will not return to the era of spheres of interest, when large countries decide what smaller ones should do, saying 'each country chooses its own path, and this also applies to joining NATO. It is up to Ukraine and the 30 NATO members to decide whether it aspires to be a member of the Alliance'
2013 after Assad's chemical weapons attack near Damascus NATO's Rasmussen said it would send a dangerous signal to dictators if the world did not respond firmly: 2 September 2013: NATO's secretary-general Rasmussen claimed he had seen evidence convincing him Assad regime was behind the deadly chemical weapons attack near Damascus and said it would send a dangerous signal to dictators if the world did not respond firmly
March 2014: NATO meets on Ukraine: 2 March 2014: NATO meets on Ukraine, says Russia risks destabilizing Europe - 15 March: NATO's Anders Fogh Rasmussen says a planned referendum in Ukraine's Crimea region would violate international law - 16 March: Hackers calling itself 'cyber berkut' in Russian rather than Ukrainian brought down several public NATO websites with cyber-attacks on Saturday - 29 March: Norway's Stoltenberg to become next NATO chief - 1 April: NATO to bolster its military presence in eastern Europe as it sees no sign that Putin regime is withdrawing tens of thousands of troops from the Ukrainian border - 2 April: NATO suspends cooperation with Russia over its annexation of Crimea and will draft measures to strengthen its defences and reassure Eastern European countries - 8 April: NATO's chief warned Russian regime that it would be committing a historic mistake if it intervened further in Ukraine, urging it to step back after pro-Kremlin militants seized government buildings in several cities in the east - 10 April: As Russian military amassing near Ukraine border are 'ready to go,' NATO's Europe commander says USA troops may be sent to alliance member states in Eastern Europe now feeling at risk - 11 April: NATO satellite photos show Russian military build-up near Ukraine - 15 May: Russia has not taken one single step to fulfill its Geneva commitments of April 17, NATO's Rasmussen says - 24 July: NATO continues to see evidence of weapons being moved into Ukraine from Russia since the downing of Malaysian MH17 airliner - 8 August: NATO ready to help Ukraine reform defense - 20/21 September: NATO's General Breedlove hopeful about Saturday's announced agreement saying that Ukraine ceasefire is 'in name only' and Russian forces still operating in Ukraine - 24 September: Situation in Ukraine will be a priority for new NATO secretary general Stoltenberg in October - 30 September: Over half of Ukrainians see Ukraine in NATO, poll says - 1/2 October 2014: Taking up office as NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg says that NATO wishes to achieve a constructive relationship with Russia but that the prerequisites for such a relationship are currently not present, adding that the crisis in Ukraine, caused by Russia’s military intervention, is a major challenge to Euro-Atlantic security and that Russia remains in breach of international law - 30 October: Nato jets intercept Russian warplanes following 'unusual level of air activity' over Atlantic, North Sea, Baltic and Black Sea - 2 December: NATO, Ukraine concerned about build-up of Russia's military presence in Black Sea - 3 December: NATO steps up actions to deal with Ukraine crisis, announcing the establishment of an interim spearhead force
2015: 22 January 2015: NATO confirms Russian troops shift to Ukraine - 5 February: Russian-backed separatists trying to occupy new territories in Donbas, NATO's Jens Stoltenberg says - 7 February: Nato's Philip Breedlove not ruling out delivery of weapons and military equipment by member states to Ukraine - 20 February: Ceasefire in Ukraine observed 'in name only' and Russian regime has created a formidable army in eastern Ukraine, says Nato's Philip Breedlove, as leaders of France, Germany, Ukraine and Russia speak on the phone once again and discuss the crumbling ceasefire once more - 9 March: Nato's Philip Breedlove warns that Russian army is still in Ukraine despite Minsk peace deal - 21 March: NATO ready to consider Ukraine's bid for membership, if Ukraine decides to submit it - 24 April: No third party has the right to interfere in a decision for membership, Nato says, repeating that it is ready to consider Ukraine's bid - 23 June: USA pledges support for NATO rapid response force to protect Europe - 23 November: Today Inter-Parliamentary Council Ukraine-NATO will discuss the escalation of the security situation in Ukraine, as well as challenges created by Russia by its hybrid warfare technology faced by NATO Member States and its partner countries, and will consider further political and practical support to counter Russian aggression in Ukraine - 1 December 2015: NATO invites Montenegro to join security alliance
2016: 31 May 2016: Defence spending by Europe's NATO states reportedly set to rise for the first time in nearly a decade, figures show, as fears over Russian aggression and the migrant crisis in the Mediterranean stoke anxiety over security across the continent - 22 June 2016: Nato's Jens Stoltenberg says UK staying in the EU is key to fighting terrorism
2017: 25 May 2017: Video shows Montenegro PM at Nato photocall in the new headquarters in Brussels pushed aside by USA's Trump
February 2018: 1 February 2018: 'The silence of the Nato members is unacceptable when one of their members is killing civilians by the dozens', Afrin's Syrian Democratic Council's Ilham Ahmad says after Turkish regime’s assault, criticized as illegal under international law also by German lawmakers, has killed dozens of civilians, including women and children, wounded several hundred, and led thousands of locals and displaced refugees to flee - 2 February 2018: Syrian Kurds outraged over Turkish and allied Islamic forces' mutilation of female fighter Barin Kobani, who took part in a USA-backed campaign to drive the Islamic State terrorists from the northern town of Kobani
March 2018: 18 March 2018: NATO eyes changes at July summit in Brussels after novichok nerve agent attack in Salisbury blamed on a 'more aggressive' Russian regime showing 'a pattern we’ve observed for some years'
April 2018: 14 April 2018: All NATO allies have expressed their full support for last night's military actions to degrade the Syrian regime's chemical weapons capability, according to Jens Stoltenberg
11/12 July 2018 Brussels NATO Summit: 11/12 July 2018 Brussels NATO Summit - 10/11 July 2018: Europe worries as USA's Trump heads to NATO Summit ahead of his upcoming sit-down with 'Novichok'-Putin, as Trump slams German government, saying 'Germany is a captive of Russia', and as European politicians and energy experts believe Nord Stream 2 will make Europe dependent on Russian gas
October 2018: 2 October 2018: NATO accuses Russia of violating nuclear treaty - 24 October 2018: Jens Stoltenberg says European NATO-members are unlikely to deploy new nuclear weapons on their soil in response to the alleged Russian breach of medium-range missiles treaty - 24 October 2018: Nato allies to meet over USA plan to leave nuclear missile treaty
November 2018: 29 November 2018: Ukrainian president Poroshenko is urging NATO to deploy naval ships to the Sea of Azov amid a standoff with Russia, as USA calls on European allies to consider further sanctions against Russia
August 2019: 2 August 2019: Key international nuclear disarmament INF treaty has formally collapsed amid mutual recriminations between the west and Russia, and with Nato pledging to boost Europe’s military defences
20 November 2019 NATO foreign ministers gathering in Brussels: 20 November 2019: NATO foreign ministers are gathering in Brussels to prepare a leaders’ summit in two weeks amid tensions over France's Macron’s complaints about the 'brain death' of the alliance
28 February 2020 Nato will consider strengthening Turkey’s air defences but will not establish a no-fly zone: 28 February 2020: Nato allies will consider strengthening Turkey’s air defences in response to the strike that killed 33 Turkish troops in rebel-held Syria overnight, seeking shelter, and alliance could strengthen reconnaissance missions to limit threat from Russian murderous planes, but despite Turkey has called to establish a no-fly zone, that would also protect hundreds of thousands of civilians, Nato sources stressed that this project, which could lead to direct conflict with the Russian air force, was not seriously discussed
3 July 2020 Saudi officials on Istanbul trial in absentia over Khashoggi killing 2018 in attack of Nato member: 3 July 2020: 20 Saudi officials will go on trial in absentia in Turkey accused of the killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi, almost two years after his disappearance in Istanbul shocked the world and irreparably tarnished the image of Saudi crown prince Mohammed bin Salman as a liberal reformer, and as fiancee of late journalist hopes Istanbul trial reveals circumstances of death and location of remains
25 July 2020 NATO’s at war with itself as al-Sisi calls for Beijing to help stop Turkey support for UN-backed Libya: 25 July 2020: NATO’s at war with itself, as Turkey’s Erdogan is mercurial and bombastic at the best of times, but France's Macron has not let his own rhetoric fall below the bar set in Ankara - 25 July 2020: Egypt's al-Sisi regime calls for Beijing regime to help stop Turkey support for UN-backed Libya government
Februar/March 2021 NATO Secretary General to take part in Conference on European security: 26 February 2021: NATO Secretary General to take part in the Inter-Parliamentary Conference on European security on 3 March 2021, as President Charles Michel says 'I am totally convinced that the new Biden administration offers a unique opportunity to renew the strong trans-Atlantic alliance between Europe and the USA
3 April 2021 military from at least 5 NATO member states will take part in coming Ukrainian-British exercises: 3 April 2021: Military from at least five NATO member states will take part in the Ukrainian-British exercises Cossack Mace 2021, that will take place in several months in Ukraine's Mykolaiv region, as the operational and strategic background of the drills takes into account the probabilistic nature of the development of the military and political situation around Ukraine, and as the multinational brigade's headquarters and units are involved in repelling a large-scale offensive by the armed forces of the conditional aggressor state
14 June 2021 30-member alliance declares China presents security risk: 14 June 2021: Nato leaders have declared China presents a security risk at their annual summit in Brussels, the first time the traditionally Russia-focused military alliance has asserted it needs to respond to Beijing regime’s growing power, as the final communique, signed off by leaders of the 30-member alliance at the urging of the new USA administration, said China’s 'stated ambitions and assertive behaviour present systemic challenges to the rules-based international order'
18 December 2021 NATO calls on Russia to withdraw troops from Ukraine: 18 December 2021: North Atlantic Council, the principal political decision-making body within NATO, calls on Russia to withdraw troops from Ukraine - 18 December 2021: NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg rejects Russia's right to demand that NATO should deny membership to Ukraine
21 December 2021 Zelensky wants to know when Ukraine will join NATO: 21 December 2021: President Zelensky wants to know in 2022 when Ukraine will join NATO
2022–present Ukraine–EU relations actually shaped through the Ukraine–EU Association Agreement and DCFTA: 2022–present Ukraine–European Union relations, actually shaped through the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement and the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area DCFTA, as on 7 March EU said it will formally assess Ukraine's application, as on 8 April, European Commission president and EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell visited Kyiv, as on 24 May the Council of the European Union adopted a regulation enabling for temporary trade liberalisation with Ukraine, interrupting all tariffs under Title IV of the association agremeent, anti-dumping duties and the enforcement of common rules for imports
4 April 2022 German CDU's Merkel believes she made right decision to block Ukraine's NATO membership in 2008: 4 April 2022: Germany CDU's former chancellor Angela Merkel believes she made the right decision to block Ukraine's NATO membership in 2008, as press secretary said that to DPA in response to president Zelensky’s criticism that Russia’s atrocities in Ukraine are the result of Europe’s years-long concessions to Moscow. She did not respond to Zelensky’s 2022 invitation to visit Bucha to see how Ukrainian civilians were tortured and murdered, discovered as Russian criminals now withdrawing from attacked towns near Kyiv in 2022, as Poland today in 2022 blames Germany for failure to impose tougher sanctions on Russia
28-30 June 2022 Madrid NATO summit in Madrid: 28-30 June 2022 Madrid NATO summit, an ongoing meeting of the heads of state and heads of government of member states and partner countries being held in Madrid, as secretary general Jens Stoltenberg preparing the summit reported that key areas to be addressed include 'strengthened deterrence and defence, support for Ukraine and other partners at risk, a new NATO Strategic Concept, better burden-sharing and resourcing, and Finland and Sweden's historic applications for membership' - Wednesday 29 June 2022 NATO Summit programme and timeline, ending at today 19:00 with 'Informal Working Dinner(s) of the North Atlantic Council at the level of Ministers of Foreign Affairs' and 'at the level of Ministers of Defence' - 29 June 2022: Turkey says it will now be pushing for the extradition of 33 'terror' suspects from Finland and Sweden, under a deal that lifted Ankara's objections to the two Nordic states' bids to join Nato
10 March 2023 Zelensky expects that NATO will make steps towards providing Ukraine with security guarantees in July: 10 March 2021 president Zelensky expects that NATO will make steps towards providing Ukraine with security guarantees in July
11–12 July 2023 NATO summit in Vilnius: 11–12 July 2023 NATO summit in Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. The summit will be held in the context of an ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. In his January 2023 address to the Lithuanian parliament, president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy described the summit as fateful. Ukraine expressed the desire to be formally invited to NATO at the Vilnius summit. By 8 July 2023, there were 24 member states that declared their support for Ukraine's NATO membership. Before the summit, on 4 July 2023, the former president of Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaite has criticized the Western leaders who failed to prevent the Russian aggression and said that the refusal to invite Ukraine to NATO would be a mistake.
11 July 2023 USA's CNN reports from NATO summit in Vilnius: 11 July 2023: 'Ukraine’s future is in NATO', 31 alliance members reaffirm in joint declaration at Vilnius summit in Lithuania, as NATO allies stressed that 'Iran’s support to the Russian war of aggression against Ukraine' is impacting Euro-Atlantic security, calling 'upon Iran to cease its military support to Russia', as Ukraine reaches agreement on coalition to train pilots on F-16 fighter jets, as Ukrainian military claims further success against Russian positions around Bakhmut, as Swedish PM happy with Turkey's agreement to back Sweden's NATO membership bid, 'CNN' reports with live updates on day 503 of the invasion and Putin's war crimes

Common Security and Defence Policy of the EU, involving the deployment of military or civilian missions for peace-keeping, conflict prevention and strengthening international security in accordance with the principles of the UN Charter - European External Action Service, the diplomatic service and foreign and defence ministry of the EU, led by the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, who is also President of the Foreign Affairs Council and Vice-President of the European Commission, and carries out the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy, including the Common Security and Defence Policy
Defence forces of the European Union: Defence forces of the European Union - Military history of the European Union
Since 1992/1995 European Corps (Eurocorps): Since 1992/1995 European Corps (Eurocorps), an intergovernmental military corps of approximately 1,000 soldiers stationed in Strasbourg in France, with five countries participating in the corps as member nations and five associated nations
Since 2004 EU Military Staff: Since 2004 EU Military Staff
Since 2005/2007 EU Battlegroup: Since 2005/2007 EU Battlegroup, a military unit adhering to the Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union
Since 2017 European Defence Fund: Since 2017 European Defence Fund
History and planning of the EU's defence policy: History and planning of EU's Common Security and Defence Policy
Since June 2017 'Military Planning and Conduct Capability': Since June 2017 'Military Planning and Conduct Capability', a permanent operational headquarters at the military strategic level for military operations of up to 2500 troops (i.e. the size of one battle group) deployed as part of the Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union by the end of 2020
June 2018 Macron's military project and EU members: 25 juin 2018: La France et 7 autres pays européens (l'Allemagne, la Belgique, le Danemark, les Pays-Bas, l'Estonie, le Portugal, l'Espagne) vont lancer lundi un nouveau mécanisme de coopération européenne de défense
March 2020 France dramatically increased major arms exports as Haftar supporting UAE received arms also from Spain and Sweden: 9 March 2020: USA and France dramatically increased major arms exports during the past five years, when USA, Russia, France, Germany and China were the largest exporters and the flow of arms to the Middle East, facing brutal and endless wars, has increased, as war crimes committing Russia came to Syrian with its own arms, as Saudi Arabia, India and Egypt are the largest arms importers, and as in 2019, when foreign military involvement in Libya was condemned by the UN Security Council, the UAE had major arms import deals ongoing with Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the UK and the USA, says SIPRI

Since 2004 European Border and Coast Guard Agency 'Frontex': Since 2004 European Border and Coast Guard Agency 'Frontex', an agency of the EU headquartered in Warsaw and tasked with border control of the European Schengen Area, in coordination with the border and coast guards of Schengen Area member states
24 October 2020 EU border force 'complicit' in illegal campaign to stop refugees landing: 24 October 2020: EU’s border agency 'Frontex' has been accused of complicity in illegal and often dangerous pushbacks aimed at preventing asylum seekers crossing the Aegean Sea, and even as evidence of an aggressive maritime campaign by Greece has emerged, Frontex has denied knowledge of, or involvement in, pushbacks, but new evidence, including video footage showing a Frontex ship manoeuvring dangerously near a crowded dinghy full of people and creating waves that drove them back, appears to contradict the EU agency
19 January 2021 EU border force head faces calls to quit over allegations he 'misled' MEPs: 19 January 2021: The head of the EU’s border force Frontex is under growing pressure to stand down after being accused by the European commission of acting unlawfully and giving misleading evidence to MEPs, as the allegations against former French civil servant Fabrice Leggeri relate to the agency’s failure to recruit any of the 40 officers it is obliged to employ to protect the rights of people crossing into Europe






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