Middle Eastern and North African countries (Algeria - Yemen)

In January 2011 called: 'Eine sich verändernde Welt - Demokratie in Tunesien', eine Chance auch für ein sich veränderndes Europa

(Artikel vom 21. Januar 2011)





Als eine Folge der Weltwirtschaftskrise ab 2007 erleben wir im Winter 2010/2011 in der - seit 1956 von imperialer Protektoratsmacht, nämlich Frankreich (vgl. aktuelle Äußerungen der französischen Außenministerin M. Alliot-Marie) unabhängigen - Präsidialrepublik Tunesien eine Revolution gegen das Regime des Jahrzehnte regierenden Präsidenten Ben Ali und seine Quasi-Staatspartei "Rassemblement constitutionnel démocratique" RCD. Stark gestiegene Lebenshaltungskosten, mangelnde Zukunftsperspektiven insbesondere der Jugend (auch deren gut ausgebildeter Teile) bei hoher Arbeitslosigkeit, das korrupte, autokratische Regime und dessen Unfähigkeit, auf Krisenerscheinungen und Proteste anders als mit Repressalien und Gewalt gegen Demonstranten (nach UN-Angaben mehr als 100 Tote auf der Seite der Opposition) zu reagieren, sind die Ursachen der Revolution (vgl. den Wikipedia-Artikel Revolution in Tunesien 2010-2011 mit einer Chronologie der Ereignisse) und der Flucht Ben Alis nach Saudi-Arabien am 14. Januar 2011. Die Forderungen der Oppositionsbewegung: Entmachtung der Partei RCD, Demokratisierung von Staat und Gesellschaft (daher eine neue Verfassung), Freiheit der Meinungsäußerung, Versammlungs- und Organisationsfreiheit, Neuwahlen.

Aufgrund des nicht nachlassenden Drucks beginnt die amtierende Übergangsregierung ab Mitte Januar unter Präsident Mebazaa (und Ministerpräsident Ghannouchi) sich von der Partei RCD zu lösen, verspricht einen "vollständigen Bruch mit der Vergangenheit" und kommt mit einer Staatstrauer für die Opfer des Aufstands, einer Amnestie für politische Gefangene, mit Strafverfolgung für den geflohenen Machthaber, Schutz des tunesischen Eigentums (Auslandskonten Ben Alis etc.), der Ankündigung von Kommissionen für demokratische Reformen, Korruptionsaufklärung etc. den Forderungen der Revolutionsbewegung noch weiter entgegen.

Die Partei RCD, der zunächst noch ein Großteil der Minister der Übergangsregierung angehört hatten, wird am 17. Januar 2011 nach sage und schreibe 22 Jahren Vollmitgliedschaft aus der "Sozialistischen Internationale" (des 1914 zerbrochenen und 1951 wiederbelebten Zusammenschlusses sozialdemokratischer und sozialistischer Parteien und Organisationen mit 168 Organisationen weltweit) ausgeschlossen.

In den Tagen darauf folgen Rücktritte aus der Übergangsregierung aus Protest gegen die alte Regierungspartei RCD, vor allem seitens der Gewerkschafter (Mitglieder der UGTT und der Partei FDLT). Oppositionspolitiker wie Moncef Marzouki kehren ebenfalls in diesen Tagen aus dem Exil zurück.

Bemerkenswert ist, daß die Europäische Union Tunesien Hilfe für die sofortige Organisation von Wahlen angeboten hat. Es wird sich darum handeln, nicht nur mit Worten sondern mit Tatkraft die tunesische Revolution in ihrer demokratischen und sozialen Zielsetzung, für die sie im übrigen keinen Souffleur braucht, zu unterstützen. Daß die tunesische Revolution bereits nach Ägypten, Algerien (vgl. Wikipedia: Unruhen in Algerien 2011), Jemen, Jordanien, Kuwait, Mauretanien, Saudi-Arabien, Syrien - d.h. in die gesamte arabische und islamische Welt - ausstrahlt, unterstreicht die Bedeutung einer solchen praktischen Hilfe.



Mit den Ereignissen in den islamisch geprägten Ländern der letzten Wochen läuft eine Entwicklung parallel, die Europa (seine wirtschaftlich stärkeren Länder wie die Bundesrepublik, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Italien) und die sog. "Sozialistische Internationale" ebenfalls und mehr oder weniger direkt betrifft: Zur gleichen Zeit, seit dem 17. Januar 2011, steht die sozialdemokratische "Awoda" (Israelische Arbeitspartei) unmittelbar vor der Spaltung. Der Parteichef der Awoda Ehud Barak - und Verteidigungsminister der Regierung Netanjahu/Liebermann (vgl. den Artikel "Der Gazakrieg 2008/2009 ist eine Krise Europas und Deutschlands" - hat seinen Parteiaustritt und die Gründung einer neuen Partei "Azmaut" (Unabhängigkeit) bekanntgegeben. Unabhängig werden will Barak vor allem von der Partei "Awoda" (der er sein Mandat und seinen Ministerposten verdankt), in der die Kritik über den brachliegenden Friedensprozeß mit den Palästinensern immer lauter wird.

Die Europawahlen 2009 (Wahl vom 4. bis 7. Juni 2009 in den 27 EU-Staaten zum europäischen Parlament) und folgende nationale Wahlen mit der Niederlage erstarrter, deformierter sozialdemokratischer Parteien wie der britischen Labour Party (und mit Erfolgen rechtspopulistischer Bewegungen) in Großbritannien, in den Niederlanden, in Schweden, in Ungarn (Parlamentswahlen vom 11. April 2010) hatten ernüchternde Ergebnisse. Wie steht es mit der erforderlichen Erneuerung der betroffenen Organisationen? Wir werden es weiter beobachten können und beeinflussen. (Vgl. die Parlamentswahlen in der EU seit Juni 2009 mit teilweise großen Besonderheiten wie z.B. in Belgien 2010 - aufgrund des Nationalitäten- und Sprachenkonflikts sind die gesamten Parteien entsprechend gruppiert -, Bulgarien 2009, Griechenland 2009, in der Lettischen Republik 2010, in Portugal 2009, in der Slowakischen Republik 2010 und in der Tschechischen Republik 2010.)





Aktualisierungen seit 26. Januar 2011:



Algeria - Geography of Algeria - History of Algeria - French conquest of Algeria 1830-1847 - French Algeria 1830-1962 - Algerian War of Independence 1954-1962 - Demographics of Algeria
Economy of Algeria: Economy of Algeria - main industries include petroleum, natural gas, light industries, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processing, steel - Companies of Algeria by industry - Companies of Algeria
Industry in Algeria: Industry in Algeria
Motor vehicle manufacturers of Algeria: Motor vehicle manufacturers of Algeria - Algerian Tractors Company - Since 1967 SNVI Société Nationale des Véhicules Industriels, an Algerian company that has produced trucks and buses
Mining in Algeria: Mining industry of Algeria - Mines in Algeria, including feldspar, gold, iron, lead, phosphate, silver and zinc - List of mines in Algeria
Energy in Algeria: Energy in Algeria - Fossil fuels in Algeria
Natural gas in Algeria: Natural gas fields in Algeria
Natural gas pipelines in Algeria: Natural gas pipelines in Algeria
Since 1983/1994 Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline: Since 1983/1994 Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline, a natural gas pipeline from Algeria via Tunisia to Sicily and thence to mainland Italy, as an extension of the TransMed pipeline delivers Algerian gas to Slovenia
Since 1996/1997 Maghreb–Europe Gas Pipeline: Since 1996/1997 Maghreb–Europe Gas Pipeline, a natural gas pipeline, which links the Hassi R'mel field in Algeria through Morocco with Cordoba in Andalusia, Spain, where it is connected with the Spanish and Portuguese gas grids, supplying mainly Spain and Portugal, as well as Morocco with natural gas
Since 2011 Medgaz is a submarine natural gas pipeline: Since 2011 Medgaz is a submarine natural gas pipeline between Algeria and Spain
Petroleum in Algeria: Petroleum in Algeria - Oil fields in Algeria - Oil and gas companies of Algeria
Sonatrach Algerian government-owned company: Sonatrach, an Algerian government-owned company formed to explore the hydrocarbon resources of the country, with concessions in Libya, Mauritania, Peru, Yemen and Venezuela, and diversified activities covering all aspects of production including exploration, extraction, transport, and refining, also petrochemistry and the desalination of seawater
Since 1969 Sonelgaz: Since 1969 Sonelgaz, a state-owned utility in charge of electricity and natural gas distribution in Algeria
Electric power in Algeria: Electric power in Algeria - List of power stations in Algeria
Nuclear energy in Algeria: Nuclear energy in Algeria
Renewable energy in Algeria: Renewable energy in Algeria ranges from hydropower, solar and wind energy - Solar power in Algeria
Agriculture in Algeria: Agriculture in Algeria - products include cotton, tobacco, olive (fruit and oil), figs, dates, esparto grass, cork, and oat
Algerian wine: Algerian wine
Water in Algeria: Water in Algeria - Bodies of water of Algeria
Rivers of Algeria: Rivers of Algeria - List of rivers of Algeria
Chelif River: Chelif River, the longest river in Algeria, rising from the Saharan Atlas near the city of Aflou, flowing through the Tell Atlas and emptying into the Mediterranean Sea north of the city of Mostaganem, as its water is being used for irrigation
Water supply and sanitation in Algeria: Water supply and sanitation in Algeria - Water privatization in Algeria
Transport in Algeria: Transport in Algeria - Transport infrastructure in Algeria - Public transport in Algeria
Aviation in Algeria: Aviation in Algeria
Rail transport in Algeria: Rail transport in Algeria - Rail infrastructure in Algeria
Road transport in Algeria: Road transport in Algeria - Algeria East–West Highway
Water transport in Algeria: Water transport in Algeria - Ferry companies of Algeria
Port of Wahran (Oran) and Sonatrach: Port of Wahran, an Algerian port in the west of the country and exactly in the city of Oran, an important port in each of the fields of trade and marine transportation
Port of Annaba: Annaba seaport city in the northeastern corner of Algeria, a leading industrial center in eastern Algeria
Port of Skikda: Skikda city in northeastern Algeria and a port on the Mediterranean's Gulf of Stora
Tourism in Algeria: Tourism in Algeria - Visitor attractions in Algeria - World Heritage Sites in Algeria
Banking and banks in Algeria: Banks of Algeria - List of banks in Algeria
Bank of Algeria: Bank of Algeria, the central bank of Algeria located in Algiers
Economic history of Algeria and economic cycles: Economic history of Algeria
April 2018: 21 April 2018: Algeria’s economic growth decelerated in 2017, as the country’s hydrocarbon revenues have been halved in the recent years, contributing to a rapid decrease in its currency reserves, and structural challenges are constraining growth for the non-hydrocarbon sector and inflation continues to rise
Labor in Algeria: Labor in Algeria - Trade unions in Algeria
Employees' rights in Algeria: Employees' rights in Algeria
Unemployment and poverty in Algeria: Poverty in Algeria
October 2016: 17 October 2016: About 10% of Algeria’s population, or almost 4 million people, were seen as vulnerable to falling back into poverty if circumstances conspired against them, as unemployment could play such a role with high unemployment levels among women (16.6%) or youth (29.9%)
April 2018: 21 April 2018: Algeria's unemployment rate increased by almost 1.5%, reflecting the sluggish non-hydrocarbon growth, standing at 11.7% in September 2017, an increase from 10.5% in September 2016, as unemployment is particularly high among the educated, the youth, and women
Military of Algeria: Military of Algeria
Military history of Algeria: Military history of Algeria
Algerian Air Force: Algerian Air Force
April 2018: 11 April 2018: More than 180 people have been killed after a military Il-76 transport plane carrying soldiers crashed in a field in northern Algeria soon after takeoff
Taxation in Algeria: Taxation in Algeria


Politics of Algeria: Politics of Algeria - Algerian Constitution, first adopted by a referendum in 1963 following the Algerian War of Independence 1954–1962, last modified in 2008 and in 2016 - Algerian Constitution of 2016
Political parties in Algeria: Political parties in Algeria - List of political parties in Algeria - Political movements in Algeria - Algerian democracy movements
1954-1962 Algerian War of Independence: Algerian War of Independence, or the Algerian Revolution, was a war between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria gaining its independence from France
September 1963 referendum and Algerian Constitution: 8 September 1963 Algerian constitutional referendum, new constitution approved by 98% of voters, with a turnout of 82.7% - Algerian Constitution, first adopted by a referendum in 1963 following the Algerian War of Independence 1954–1962, last modified in 2008 and in 2016 - Algerian Constitution of 2016
'People's National Assembly' and 'Council of the Nation' (Algerian Parliament): People's National Assembly, the lower house of the Algerian Parliament, composed of 462 members directly elected by the population through proportional representation in multiple-member districts and serve terms lasting five years at a time - Council of the Nation, the upper house of the Algerian Parliament, composed of 144 members, 2/3 of which are elected indirectly and 1/3 of which are appointed by the president
Elections and politics in Algeria: Elections in Algeria - Algerian history since War of Independence
December 1988 Algerian presidential election: 22 December 1988 Algerian presidential election
February 1989 Algerian constitutional referendum: 23 February 1989 Algerian constitutional referendum, coming after the 1988 October Riots and proposing to remove constitutional references to socialism and to allow for multi-party democracy, proposed amendments were approved by 73.4% of voters with a 79% turnout despite calls for a boycott by radical Islamists and opposition from trade unions and FLN members
December 1991 Algerian legislative election: 26 December 1991 Algerian legislative election
1991-2002 Algerian Civil War: Algerian Civil War 1991-2002 - Since 1991 Algerian Civil War following decades of stagnant economy and failure to supply jobs, housing, food and urban infrastructure to massive numbers of young in the urban areas, amid rule of military and party nomenklatura - Massacres during the Algerian Civil War - Algerian massacres of the 1990s
September 2005 Algerian national reconciliation referendum: 29 September 2005 Algerian national reconciliation referendum held on a 'Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation' which had been drawn up to try to bring closure to the civil war, the official results showed an overwhelming vote in favour on a high turnout
May 2012 Algerian legislative election: Algerian legislative election 10 May 2012 - 10 mai: Pour la première fois depuis le printemps arabe, les Algériens sont appelés aux urnes - 12 May: FLN won 220 out of 462 seats, RND came second with 68 seats and Green Algeria, a three-party Islamist alliance, came third with 48 seats
November 2013: 17 November 2013: Algeria’s President Bouteflika to run for 4th term
17 April 2014 Algerian presidential election: Algerian presidential election 17 April 2014 - 18 April: Algeria's Bouteflika wins a fourth presidential term taking more than 81% of the vote, but turnout is said to be 51.7% of the country's 23 million registered voters down from the 75% in 2009
May 2017 Algerian legislative election: 4 May 2017 Algerian legislative election - 5 May 2017: Algeria's ruling coalition wins majority in parliament
October 2017: 22 October 2017: Several Algerian opposition parties have denounced the 'arbitrary' rejection of many of their lists for the municipal and provincial elections of November 23, accusing the power of wanting to take control of local assemblies
November 2017 Algerian municipal, provincial elections: 23 November 2017 Algerian municipal, provincial elections
Since February 2019 protests: 4 March 2019: Algeria's Bouteflika, facing mass protests over his 20 years in power, will run in April’s elections, his campaign manager said on Sunday, with Ennahar TV saying he had offered to step down after a year if re-elected
11 March 2019: 11 March 2019: Bowing to weeks of mass demonstrations against his 20-year rule by people demanding a new era of politics, Algerian president Bouteflika abandoned his bid for a fifth term in power, also postponing the presidential election that had been set for April and promising social and economic reform - Noureddine Bedoui Algerian PM since 11 March 2019
Since 26 March 2019: 26 March 2019: Le chef d'état-major de l'armée algérienne Ahmed Gaïd Salah invoque l’article 102 de la Constitution pour déclarer le président Bouteflika inapte, 'pour cause de maladie grave et durable' - 27 March 2019: The coalition ally of Algeria’s ruling party has called for the country’s ailing president to resign, piling pressure on Abdelaziz Bouteflika after the army chief also demanded he be declared unfit for office - 30 mars 2019: L'armée réitère son appel contre Bouteflika, affaibli par la maladie et contesté par des millions d'Algériens descendus dans la rue pour la sixième semaine consécutive
2/3 April 2019 Bouteflika resigns: 3 April 2019: Algerian protesters have vowed to continue their uprising after president Bouteflika bowed to weeks of mass demonstrations and resigned, abruptly ending two decades in power
9-17 April 2019: 9 April 2019: Algeria’s lawmakers appointed the upper house chairman Abdelkader Bensalah as interim president following the resignation of Bouteflika after weeks of mass protests, demanding sweeping democratic reforms and opposed to figures like Bensalah, a close associate of Bouteflika - 9 avril 2019: Président algérien par intérim Bensalah, rejeté par la rue, a promis d'organiser sous 90 jours une élection présidentielle - 15 April 2019: About 40 mayors in Algeria have joined the protest movement to reject the upcoming July 4 elections, saying the elections cannot be free and fair if they are held under the same judicial framework and institutions as those of the Bouteflika regime - 16 avril 2019: Incarnation d'un 'système' dont la contestation algérienne réclame la fin, le président du Conseil constitutionnel algérien Tayeb Belaiz a à son tour démissionné, deux semaines après le chef de l'Etat dont il était un très proche
23/24 April 2019: 23 April 2019: 32 candidates to run in Algeria’s presidential elections amid controversial meeting and discussion by some political parties on the mechanism for the formation of an independent national body that will be engaged in the preparation and conduct of elections, as male members of Algeria's ruling party battle to replace ousted president Bouteflika
1 May 2019: 1 mai 2019: L'armée reste opposée aux revendications des manifestants concernant la transition vers l'après-Bouteflika en Algérie - 2 May 2019: Algeria’s army chief of staff said the military will ensure the country does not 'descend into violence', state TV reported, as mass protests that prompted Bouteflika to quit on April 2 continu
5 May 2019: 5 mai 2019: Saïd Bouteflika, frère et puissant ex-conseiller du président Bouteflika, a été arrêté ainsi que deux anciens hauts responsables du renseignement, selon une source sécuritaire, un jour après de nouvelles manifestations massives contre le régime Bouteflika - 26 May 2019: A deadline to register for Algeria’s controversial presidential election has passed without a single candidate putting themselves forward
2 June 2019: 2 June 2019: Algeria’s constitutional council has concluded it will not be possible to hold presidential elections on July 4 as planned, prolonging the country’s transition
1-3 July 2019: 1 July 2019: Algeria was left in shock after war of liberation icon Lakhdar Bouregaa was arrested and taken to an intelligence services base Saturday for making statements against the army and its general Salah, accused of 'insulting authorities' - 3 July 2019: Algeria’s parliamentary president Mouad Bouchareb quit his post on Tuesday after prolonged demands for his removal by protesters
12 July 2019: 12 July 2019: Lawmakers in Algeria have elected an opposition's Slimane Chenine as chairman of parliament to replace Moad Bouchareb under pressure from mass protests demanding the departure of the ruling elite
24 July 2019: 24 July 2019: Algeria’s Constitutional Council amends some presidency candidacy rules
30 July 2019 'Commission for Dialogue and Mediation': 30 July 2019: Algerian presidency set up a National Commission for Dialogue and Mediation to end the political crisis, neither including individuals of the ruling class nor the military, as the team 'enjoy credibility, competency and acceptability among the people, (having) no party affiliation or electoral ambition'
Postponed July 2019 Algerian presidential election: 18 April, 4 July 2019 scheduled Algerian presidential election, but postponed several times - Candidates for the 2019 Algerian presidential election
3 November 2019 5 candidates in Algeria’s presidential election: 3 November 2019: Five candidates will run in Algeria’s presidential election next month, including two former PMs, according to the election authority, amid mass protests rejecting the vote
17 November 2019 amid sustained protests presidential campaign kicked off: 17 November 2019: Amid sustained protests, Algeria’s presidential campaign officially kicked off Sunday with five candidates vying to replace the country’s longtime leader, who was pushed out in April
1 December 2019 Algeria’s presidential campaign in trouble: 1 December 2019: Algeria’s presidential campaign is in trouble, as candidates are struggling to fill rally venues, campaign managers have quit, voters have pelted campaign headquarters with tomatoes and eggs, and the country’s 9-month-old pro-democracy movement calls the whole thing a sham
10 December 2019 opposition says poll cannot be seen as free or fair: 10 December 2019: Protest movement likely to shun Algeria's controversial election, as opposition says this week’s poll cannot be seen as free or fair with ruling elite still in power
December 2019 Algerian presidential election: 12 December 2019 Algerian presidential election - Boycott of 12 December election - 12 December 2019: Police and protesters clash as Algeria holds disputed election - 13 December 2019: Low voter turnout in Algeria's disputed presidential election
18/19 December 2019 pro-democracy protesters reject Tebboune’s inauguration: 19 December 2019: After eight months without president but with police, Algeria inaugurated its new president Thursday during a pomp-filled ceremony that pro-democracy protesters rejected as a charade
24 December 2019 death of army chief Salah: 24 December 2019: Death of Algeria's army chief Gaid Salah leaves uncertainty, after months of anti-regime protests and a rejected presidential electio with low voter turnout
28 December 2019 new PM Abdelaziz Djerad named: 28 décembre 2019: Succédant à Sabri Boukadoum, Djerad a été choisi comme Premier ministre par le président algérien Abdelmadjid Tebboune
5 April 2020 Algeria will extend curfews against covid-19 spread: 5 April 2020: Algeria will extend curfews it has put in place to limit the spread of the coronavirus from Sunday, as the number of confirmed cases rose to 1,251, and as Algeria's economic fallout from covid-19 and measures to contain it may accelerate a looming crisis in state finances after years of high deficits and last month’s oil price crash
27 July 2020 Algerian government and anti-regime movement urged to avoid major economic crisis: 27 July 2020: International Crisis Group has urged dialogue between the Algerian government and the anti-regime movement ‘‘Hirak’‘ to avoid what it calls a major economic crisis, now amid covid-19
10 August 2020 journalist Khaled Dareni sentenced to 3 years in prison: 10 August 2020: Freelance journalist and symbol of free speech in Algeria, Khaled Dareni, sentenced to 3 years in prison based on accusations of undermining the 'integrity of the national territory'
23 October 2020 government and protestors mobilize ahead of constitutional referendum: 23 October 2020: Algerians are being urged to vote yes to a new constitution in a November 1 referendum the government has touted as the foundation for a new state
30 October 2020 referendum leaves Algerians divided: 30 October 2020: Many Algerians are divided over a constitutional revision by which president Tebboune intends to move the country forward, as some citizens even refuse to go to the polls on Sunday to vote on this national decision
1 November 2020 Algerian constitutional referendum: 1 November 2020 Algerian constitutional referendum
2 November 2020 with a turnout of just under 40% Algerian constitutional reform 'approved': 2 November 2020: After record low turnout of just under 40% in the previous day's referendum, revised text passed with 66.8% of the vote, ANIE chief Mohamed Charfi told a news conference
2 January 2021 Algeria approves constitutional review with lowest turn out by 23.84% in history: 2 January 2021: Algeria approves constitutional review with lowest turn out by 23.84% in history, as according to a statement from the presidency, the reform will come into force as soon as it is published in the official gazette, and while emphasizing a series of rights and freedoms, the new fundamental law, extends the prerogatives of the military and the presidency
4 January 2021 Algerian protester Kechida sentenced to 3 years in jail for satirical social media posts: 4 January 2021: Algerian supporter of the Hirak protest movement Walid Kechida was sentenced to three years in jail for satirical social media posts mocking the government and religion, according to Kaci Tansaout from the CNLD prisoners' rights group, adding that lawyers would appeal after Kechida has already spent eight months in detention awaiting trial
7 February 2021 torture inquiry: 7 février 2021: Le parquet général auprès de la cour d’Alger a ordonné dimanche l’ouverture d’une enquête après le témoignage de l'étudiant algérien Walid Nekkiche, qui affirme avoir été torturé par des membres des services de sécurité
19 February 2021 Algerian president calls early election, pardons jailed protesters: 19 February 2021: Algerian president calls early election, pardons jailed protesters, as Tebboune dissolved parliament and announced a government reshuffle in a highly anticipated address to the nation, announcing new elections likely to take place by the end of the year
20 February 2021 Algeria on Friday released more than 30 pro-democracy activists from jail: 20 February 2021: Algeria on Friday released more than 30 pro-democracy activists from jail, including a prominent journalist, in the first batch freed under presidential pardons issued ahead of the second anniversary of a popular uprising
22 May 2021 hundreds arrested as authorities crack down on protest movement: 22 May 2021: Algerian authorities put down weekly pro-democracy protests in the capital Algiers and across the country on Friday, detaining hundreds of demonstrators, according to human rights activists, also saying almost 500 people taken in for questioning in around 15 provinces
12 June 2021 Algerian legislative election: 12 June 2021 Algerian legislative election and background, as according to preleminary results National Liberation Front wins 105 seats (–56), Movement of Society for Peace 64 seats (+30), Democratic National Rally 57 seats (–43), Future Front 48 seats (+34), and El Binaa 40
13 June 2021 boycotted by Hirak protest movement Algerian elections face record low turnout: 13 June 2021: Algerian elections face record low turnout as voters lose hope of reform - 13 June 2021: Algeria on Sunday awaited the results of a parliamentary election boycotted by the long-running Hirak protest movement and marked by widespread abstention
24 June 2021 Algeria’s authorities launched a repressive crackdown since spring: 24 June 2021: Algeria’s authorities launched a repressive crackdown that has seen scores of people detained for peacefully exercising their rights to freedom of expression and assembly in the months ahead of legislative elections that took place on 12 June, according to AI in a detailed analysis published today, rights group has documented 37 cases of activists who were unfairly detained for participating in protests or for expressing dissenting opinions between 26 March and 26 May
2 July 2021 Algeria's authorities arrest opposition leader: 2 July 2021: Algerian authorities have arrested the coordinator Fethi Ghares of the Democratic and Social Movement opposition party and put him in pre-trial detention on charges that include insulting president Abdelmadjid Tebboune
27 November 2021 local elections: 27 novembre 2021 élections municipales algériennes afin de renouveler pour cinq ans les conseils municipaux des municipalités de l'Algérie
27/28 November 2021 Algerians vote in local elections: 27 November 2021: Algerians vote on Saturday in local elections seen as key in Tebboune's push to turn the page on the two-decade rule of Bouteflika, but despite official campaigns urging Algerians to 'make their mark' the vote for municipal and provincial councils has sparked little public interest - 28 novembre 2021: Quelque 35% des électeurs algériens ont voté pour désigner leurs représentants communaux et départementaux, un taux de participation supérieur à celui des élections législatives de juin resté 'en-deçà' des espérances
Social movements and protests in Algeria: Protests in Algeria
2011/2012 Arab spring demonstrations: Algerian protests 2011-2012 - 2011 Algerian self-immolations - 30. April 2011: Unruhen nach versuchter Selbstverbrennung in Algerien
2013 protests against unemployment and corruption: 14 March 2013: Estimated 10.000 gather in the desert town of Ouarglain to protest lack of employment opportunities and corruption in oil-rich region, chanting 'the people want the downfall of corruption'
August 2013 protest against religious persecution: 4 August 2013: About 300 people in the Kabylie region joined a public lunch on Saturday to protest persecution of people who refuse to observe the religious fast during Ramadan
Since 16 February 2019 Algerian democracy protests and against Bouteflika’s fifth term: Since 16 February 2019 Algerian protests, as ten days after Abdelaziz Bouteflika announced his candidacy for a fifth presidential term in a signed statement peaceful protests, without precedent since the Algerian Civil War, led the military to insist on Bouteflika's immediate resignation, which took place on 2 April 2019 - 22 February 2019 protests in Algiers, Oran, Sétif and other Algerian cities against Bouteflika’s fifth term bid, amid internet censorship and internet disruptions - 24 February 2019: Algerian police use tear gas as rare anti-government protests enter third day - 25 February 2019: Fresh demonstration in Algiers against Bouteflika’s fifth term bid, as police sprayed tear gas, brought in a water cannon and rounded up several people and as shops were closed in Algiers - 26 February 2019: Algeria students to join massive protests - 26 février 2019: Les étudiants algériens se sont à leur tour mobilisés en masse contre la perspective d'un 5e mandat du président Bouteflika - 28 February 2019: Algerian protesters plan more action and call for regime change
March 2019: 1 mars 2019: Plusieurs milliers d'Algériens défilaient en début d'après-midi en différents points du centre d'Alger, contre la perspective d'un 5e mandat du président Bouteflika, ont constaté des journalistes de l'AFP - 2 March 2019: Tens of thousands of people in cities across Algeria called on President Abdelaziz Bouteflika to leave office on Friday in the biggest anti-government demonstrations there since the Arab Spring eight years ago, as police fired teargas - 3 mars 2019: Canon à eau utilisé contre des étudiants à Alger - 5 mars 2019: Un millier d'étudiants venus des différentes universités d'Alger défilent à nouveau en plein centre de la capitale algérienne contre la candidature du président Bouteflika à un 5e mandat, selon AFP - 8 March 2019: Large demonstrations against the Algerian president are expected on Friday as Bouteflika issues warning to protesters against his fifth term bid - 8 mars 2019: Milliers de manifestants dans le centre d'Alger - 8 March 2019: Protesters marched in the street of the Algerian capital, calling for a regime change, as massive protests in the North African nation enters its third week - 9 mars 2019: Les quotidiens algériens consacraient de nombreuses pages aux centaines de milliers de manifestants qui ont défilé vendredi dans le pays contre Bouteflika - 10 March 2019: Algerians continue protests to force the veteran president Abdelaziz Bouteflika to abandon his bid to win a fifth five-year term in power at elections next month - 10/11 March 2019: Protest greets Bouteflika's return from Switzerland's Geneva - 12 mars 2019: 'Les étudiants résistent à la prolongation du 4e mandat', scandent les manifestants brandissant de nombreux drapeaux, selon AFP - 15 March 2019: Thousands of protesters gathered in central Algiers to keep pressing Bouteflika to step down, as ruling FLN party showed more signs of turning its back on the long-serving president - 16 March 2019: As hundreds of thousands of people staged protests in central Algiers on Friday in the biggest protests against Bouteflika’s 20-year rule, a total of 75 protesters were arrested and 11 policemen were slightly injured, police say - 19 mars 2019: Des milliers d'étudiants rejoints par des professionnels de la Santé manifestent à Alger mardi, jour anniversaire de la fin de la guerre d'indépendance, pour réclamer à nouveau le départ du président Bouteflika - 22 mars 2019: Les Algériens restent fortement mobilisés, manifestations dans de nombreuses villes
25-30 March 2019: 25-30 March 2019 Algerian protests - 29 mars 2019: Une foule énorme a réclamé vendredi à Alger, pour la sixième semaine consécutive, le départ du 'système' au pouvoir, quelques jours après la proposition du chef d'état-major de l'armée d'écarter le président Bouteflika du pouvoir, semblant indiquer que l’offre n’a pas calmé la contestation - 30 March 2019: Hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets of Algiers to demand the resignation of President Bouteflika in the biggest peaceful demonstration since protests erupted six weeks ago, as police used water cannon
3/4 April 2019: 3 April 2019: Algerians took to the streets of the capital on Tuesday night, waving flags and chanting in celebration at Bouteflika’s departure, vowing to continue their uprising and saying that the political system can’t change in a week - 3 April 2019: Bouteflika's resignation, greeted with celebrations by street protesters who spent weeks demanding his departure, does not signify the end of the Algerian revolt against the country’s oligarchic, elitist governmental system, according to 'The Guardian' - 4 April 2019: After Algeria's constitutional council confirmed the resignation of Bouteflika, protesters expressed concerns over the caretaker government, saying the entire ruling regime should be replaced
5-17 April 2019: 5 avril 2019: Après la démission du président Bouteflika, les Algériens continuent de défiler pour réclamer le départ de ses derniers fidèles et la fin du 'système' - 10 avril 2019: La police charge les manifestants à coups de gaz lacrymogènes et de jets d’eau - 12 avril 2019: En marge d'un gigantesque défilé dont les participants ont réclamé le départ du président par intérim Abdelkader Bensalah, des centaines de jeunes affrontent la police en plein coeur d'Alger, renvoyant les grenades lacrymogènes que tirent les policiers tentant de les disperser - 17 April 2019: A new win for Algerian protesters, as the head of the country’s Constitutional Council, tasked with vetting election candidates as well as ensuring the regularity of the polls, Tayeb Belaiz stepped down and protesters continue demanding the departure of leaders in the old regime
19 April 2019: 19 avril 2019: Une foule immense remplit à nouveau sur plusieurs kilomètres les rues du centre d'Alger, pour un 9e vendredi consécutif de manifestations réclamant le départ du pouvoir de l'ensemble de l'appareil lié au président déchu Bouteflika - 20 April 2019: Tens of thousands of Algerians took to the street on Friday, demanding more concessions concerning the country's government
27 April 2019: 27 April 2019: A day after hundreds of thousands marched peacefully for the tenth consecutive Friday demanding the departure of Algeria’s ruling elite, a protest leader said on Saturday Algeria needs six months to prepare free elections, called for the transition to be managed by a former minister respected by protesters as well as Islamists
11 May 2019: 11 May 2019: Tens of thousands demonstrated in Oran, Tizi Ouzou and Constantine as well as the capital, continuing their battle to dismantle 'Le Pouvoir', the corrupt network of political, military and business elites that has ruled the country - 11 May 2019: In Algiers protesters renew rejection of elections in presence of old guard and demanding for the resignation of acting head of state Abdelkader Bensalah
17 May 2019: 17 mai 2019: Des foules nombreuses ont marché à Alger, Oran et Constantine, à Béjaia, Tizi Ouzou et Bouira, dans la région de Kabylie, à Tiaret, Relizane, Mostaganem et Mascara, à Mila et Jijel contre le gouvernement, demandant avant tout scrutin le départ de toutes les figures associées à M. Bouteflika, dans une ambiance tendue, mais les policiers ont finalement quitté les lieux
1 June 2019: 1 June 2019: Demonstrators filled avenues in central Algiers chanting slogans against a push to hold regime-controlled presidential elections in July and rejecting calls by the armed forces chief for dialogue, despite dozens detained after police earlier rounded up some 50 people in the heart of Algiers ahead of the planned protest, and as local journalists reported that people were out in force in the country's other biggest cities of Oran, Constantine and Annaba
7 June 2019: 7 June 2019: With banners reading 'You all go' and 'We need new figures', tens of thousands of protesters gathered in the Algerian capital on the 16th consecutive Friday for what has become a regular demonstration demanding the removal of the officials belonging to Bouteflika's old guard
14 June 2019: 14 June 2019: Tens of thousands of protesters gathered in the Algerian capital, demanding the prosecution of former officials linked to former president Bouteflika, keeping up their demands for the ouster of all officials linked to Bouteflika unappeased by the detention of two ex-premiers as part of investigations into corruption
21 June 2019: 21 June 2019: Algerian regime continues to arrest protesters during peaceful demonstrations, marking the 18th week of protests demanding radical change, including the sacking of military chief, General Gaid Salah
28/29 June 2019: 29 June 2019: Withstanding extreme heat Algerians went out to demonstrate for the 19th Friday in a row, demanding change to the regime, as regime launched a campaign of arrests in Algerian capital Algiers after large demonstrations began, amid high 'security'
5 July 2019: 5 July 2019: Algerians protest, celebrate independence day amid tensions
12 July 2019: 12 July 2019: Tens of thousands of Algerians rallied to push for reforms and the departure of the ruling elite, as a man sought unsuccessfully to set himself ablaze on Friday
21 July 2019: 21 July 2019: Tens of thousands of Algerians returned to the streets in the capital Algiers and other cities on Friday to demand radical political reforms and the departure of the ruling elite
2 August 2019 protest: 2 août 2019: Massivement mobilisés pour un 24e vendredi consécutif, les Algériens ont, pour la première fois, appelé à la 'désobéissance civile', après le refus par l'armée des 'mesures d'apaisement' demandées et le maintien d'un très fort déploiement policier
9/10 August 2019 protests: 10 août 2019: Les manifestations continuent à attirer les protestataires à Alger et dans d’autres villes du pays alors que le pouvoir et l’armée répugnent à accéder aux revendications du mouvement
16/17 August 2019 protests: 17 August 2019: The popular movement in Algeria continues for the 26th Friday in a row, calling for the departure of the remnants of the regime of ousted president Bouteflika amid tight security reinforcements
22 August 2019 protest: 22 août 2019: Les Algériens continuent à manifester contre un pouvoir qui reste inflexible
6 September 2019 protests: 6 September 2019: Tens of thousands of protesters piled once again onto the streets of the Algerian capital and other cities with many rejecting the army chief’s call for presidential elections before the end of the year
13/14 September 2019 protests: 14 September 2019: Algerian protesters target army chief of staff general Salah amid concerns that the regime has no genuine will to retreat from political life once the transitional period is over
20 September 2019 protests: 20 septembre 2019: Des milliers de personnes manifestent à Alger pour le 31e vendredi consécutif de mobilisation malgré un important déploiement des forces de l'ordre et quelques jours après l'annonce d'une présidentielle en décembre, un scrutin rejeté par le mouvement de contestation
14 October 2019 protest against proposed energy law: 14 October 2019: Algerians protested in front of parliament on Sunday against a proposed energy law that they say the caretaker government has no right to pass
15 October 2019 protest: 15 octobre 2019: Les jeunes ont envahi les rues de la capitale pour le 34e mardi consécutif, défiant les autorités qui avaient interdit leur présence la semaine dernière
26 October 2019 protest: 26 October 2019: Protesters hit the streets of Algiers on Friday, vowing to keep up rallies against the country’s ruling elite and denouncing the impending December 12 presidential election
17 November 2019 protest: 17 November 2019: Algerian protesters attack 'garbage' presidential campaign, as opposition movement, which emerged this year from weekly mass protests demanding the entrenched ruling hierarchy quits power, says it will not support any election until more senior officials stand aside
23 November 2019 protest: 23 November 2019: Protesters thronged the Algerian capital for the 40th consecutive week Friday as they railed against next month's presidential election they say will only keep the old guard in power
29 November 2019 protest: 29 November 2019: Algerian protesters keep up pressure on authorities as election nears
11 December 2019 protest against regime: 11 décembre 2019: Dans le centre de la capitale algérienne, des milliers de manifestants protestent contre l'élection présidentielle qui se tiendra normalement jeudi
14 December 2019 protest and arrests: 14 December 2019: Algerian police arrest 400 in protest calling for overhaul of political system
17 December 2019 protest against Abdelmadjid Tebboune: 17 December 2019: Thousands of students, teachers and other protesters rallied in Algeria's capital on Tuesday against the new president, after turnout in his election was 39.9%
25 December 2019 pro-democracy demonstrators continue calls for reforms: 25 December 2019: Pro-democracy demonstrators have not relented in their calls for reforms, again on the streets of Algiers capital on Tuesday despite it being gazetted as the day of mourning in memory of the deceased army chief of staff
10 February 2020 protest: 10 February 2020: Algerians rally for release of left-wing party leader, calling for freedom of expression and freedom of the press
26 May 2021 Algeria's Hirak movement returns in force ahead of elections: 26 May 2021: Algeria's Hirak movement returns in force ahead of elections, as protests led by the pro-democracy Hirak movement have once again spread across Algeria, despite president Tebboune's attempts to repress them
21 February 2020 protests in Algeria: 21 février 2020: Des marches imposantes se sont déroulées à Alger, Oran, Constantine et Annaba, localités les plus peuplées, ainsi que dans plusieurs autres villes de province, lorsque la mobilisation populaire a été massive ce vendredi lors de la 53e semaine consécutive de marches hebdomadaires pour demander un changement de gouvernement, mais n'a pas réussi à abattre le 'système' au pouvoir depuis l'indépendance
14 March 2020 Algerians defied the threat of coronavirus to march for change: 14 March 2020: Thousands of Algerians defied the threat of Chinese coronavirus to march against the ruling elite, as Algeria has confirmed 26 cases of the coronavirus and two deaths, and as in neighboring Libya schools, in areas controlled by both the UN-recognized government and interim government in Benghazi, will close for two weeks
16 February protest two years since the start of the 'Hirak' protests: 16 February 2021: Several thousand Algerians rallied in a northern town Tuesday, almost two years since the start of the 'Hirak' protests which swept former strongman Bouteflika from power , as demonstrators shouted slogans against the military and current president Tebboune in the rally in Kherrata, including banner saying 'A civilian state, not military. Freedom of the press and of expression. An independent judiciary'
22 February 2021 Algerians March on the 2-Year Anniversary of the Hirak Movement: 22 February 2021: Thousands of protesters took to the streets of Algiers to commemorate the second anniversary of the Hirak movement, on the brink of a full-blown revival after a year of interruption brought about by the onset of the covid-19 pandemic
27 February 2021 Algeria anti-government protesters hit streets after year-long hiatus: 27 February 2021: Thousands of anti-government protesters took to the streets across Algeria on Friday, as the 'Hirak' pro-democracy movement gathers renewed momentum after a year-long hiatus due to the coronavirus pandemic
2 March 2021 thousands defy Algeria curfew as protests resurge: 2 March 2021: For the second consecutive week, young protesters accompanied by lecturers and other supporters poured through central Algiers, shouting slogans demanding 'a free and democratic Algeria' and an end to the military's domination of the North African country
13 March 2021 thousands protest in Algiers demanding 'a civil not a military state': 13 March 2021: Thousands demonstrated in Algiers on Friday, rejecting early legislative elections announced the day before, as weekly rallies by the resurgent Hirak pro-democracy movement gain momentum, and as protesters defied a covid-19 related ban on gatherings to rally from different parts of the capital, converging on the central post office
27 March 2021 Algerians protest against government in new Hirak demonstration: 27 March 2021: Thousands of the Hirak movement returned to the streets of the Algerian capital on Friday as they demanded significant changes to the country's government and political system, chanting slogans such as 'let the system fall'
22 May 2021 hundreds arrested as authorities crack down on protest movement: 22 May 2021: Algerian authorities put down weekly pro-democracy protests in the capital Algiers and across the country on Friday, detaining hundreds of demonstrators, human rights activists said
24 June 2021 Algeria’s authorities launched a repressive crackdown since spring: 24 June 2021: Algeria’s authorities launched a repressive crackdown that has seen scores of people detained for peacefully exercising their rights to freedom of expression and assembly in the months ahead of legislative elections that took place on 12 June, according to AI in a detailed analysis published today, rights group has documented 37 cases of activists who were unfairly detained for participating in protests or for expressing dissenting opinions between 26 March and 26 May


Society, demographics. culture and human rights in Algeria: Algerian society
Human rights in Algeria: Human rights in Algeria
Events of 2020 Human rights in Algeria: Events of 2020 Human rights in Algeria, Freedom of Assembly, Freedom of Speech, Judicial Independence, Constitutional Reform, Women's Rights, Migrants and Asylum Seekers, Presidential Election, reported by Human Rights Watch
Religion and freedom of religion in Algeria: Religion in Algeria - Since 647 Muslim conquest of the Maghreb - Berbers and Islam - Freedom of religion in Algeria
2017: 25 August 2017: Algeria’s Ahmadis, pacifist Muslim sect, accused of heresy by Islamist extremists and targeted by the authorities, forced to go underground to worshipis
Provinces, districts and municipalities of Algeria: 48 Provinces of Algeria - 547 Districts of Algeria - 1,541 Communes (municipalities) of Algeria
List of cities in Algeria: List of cities in Algeria
Algiers Province: Algiers Province, named after the national capital Algiers, with a population of about 3 million residents in 2008 the most densely populated province of Algeria, but the smallest by area - Algiers province is divided into 13 districts and 57 communes or municipalities
Algiers city: Algiers, located on the Mediterranean Sea, is the capital and largest city of Algeria, an estimate puts the population of the larger metropolitan city to be around 5,000,000 inhabitants - History of Algiers - Education in Algiers
Economy of Algiers: Economy of Algiers, an important economic, commercial and financial center, and the highest cost of living of any city in North Africa - Companies based in Algiers - Transport in Algiers
Timeline of Algiers: Timeline of Algiers since 3rd century BC
Since 3rd century BC Icosion: Since 3rd century BC Icosium (Ikosion), a Punic and Berber city in the casbah area of Algiers
Since 1510 battle and bombardments of Algiers: Battle and bombardments of Algiers since 1510
1515-1830 regency of Algiers: 1515-1830 regency of Algiers, a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire
1830 bombardment and invasion of Algiers by the Kingdom of France: 1830 Bombardment and invasion of Algiers by the Kingdom of France, ruled by Charles X
1954-1962 Algiers during the Algerian War of Independence: Algiers during the Algerian War of Independence - 1956-1957 Battle of Algiers between the National Liberation Front and the French colonial forces
Algiers during the crisis of the 1990s: Algiers during the crisis of the 1990s, when in the 1992 elections for the Algerian National Assembly Islamists garnered a large amount of support and the city became the theatre of many political demonstrations of all descriptions until 1993
2019 Algerian democracy protests: Since 16 February 2019 Algerian democracy protests
Oran province: Oran province in Algeria whose seat is the city of the same name, as the province is divided into 9 districts, which are further divided into 26 communes or municipalities
Oran city: Oran coastal city located in the north-west of Algeria, the second most important city of Algeria after the capital Algiers, due to its commercial, industrial, and cultural importance, with a population of approximately 1,500,000 residents in 2008 - Histoire d'Oran
Economy of Oran and Sonatrach: Economy of Oran, today a major trading centre for the wider area, serving Arzew, the area's oil/gas port as well as Sonatrach, the country's biggest oil and gas company
Port of Oran: Port of Wahran or Port of Oran in the west of the country and exactly in the city of Oran, overlooking the Mediterranean Sea and is considered one of the important ports in each of the fields of trade and marine transportation
Timeline of Oran: Timeline of Oran since 903 CE, when Ouahran was founded by Andalusian Umayyad traders
1556/1563 sieges of Oran by Ottoman forces: 1556 Siege of Oran by Ottoman forces - 1563 sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir by Ottoman forces
Constantine province: Constantine province of Algeria, whose capital is the city of the same name, divided into 6 districts or daïra, which are subdivided into 12 communes or municipalities
Constantine city: Constantine, the capital of Constantine Province in northeastern Algeria, located about 80 kilometres from the Mediterranean coast, on the banks of the tiny Rhumel River, regarded as the capital of eastern Algeria and the commercial center of its region with a population of about 450,000 inhabitants in 2018 (938,475 with the agglomeration), making it the third largest city in the country - History of Constantine
Economy of Constantine: Economy of Constantine - Companies based in Constantine
Annaba province: Annaba province in the north-eastern corner of Algeria with its capital Annaba, Algeria's main port for mineral exports - the province is divided into 6 districts and 12 municipalities
Annaba city: Annaba seaport city in the northeastern corner of Algeria, close to Tunisia, with a population of about 260,000 residents in 2008 the fourth largest city in Algeria and a leading industrial center in eastern Algeria - History of Annaba
Economy of Annaba: Economy of Annaba, producing iron, zinc, cork, livestock, and cereal, as the city is an important hub of the world steel industry with the steel complex of El Hadjar, phosphate and metal industries now include the Seybousa complex and the metallurgical complex of Allelik - Since 1969 El Hadjar Complex, a large steel plant located on the boundary between historical provinces of Annaba and El Taref Province
Batna province: Batna province of Algeria in the Aures region, made up of 21 districts and 61 municipalities
Batna city: Batna, the main city of Batna Province, with a population of 290,645 inhabitants in 2008 the fifth largest city in Algeria
Timeline of Batna: Chronologie de la ville de Batna
Since 1830 resistance against the French colonization: Since 1830 the inhabitants of the city revolted against the French authorities at the beginning of colonization, thereafter they organized the Algerian revolution against French colonialism, and in 1954 the Algerian revolution started at Batna
Skikda province: Skikda province of Algeria, on its eastern Mediterranean coastline, divided into 13 districts, which are further divided into 38 communes or municipalities
Skikda city: Skikda city in northeastern Algeria and a port on the Mediterranean's Gulf of Stora, the capital of Skikda Province and Skikda District, with a population of 250,000 residents in 2008
Economy of Skikda: Economy of Skikda, including natural gas, oil refining, and petrochemical industries, developed in the 1970s, and pipelines for their transportation - Économie de Skikda, qui est devenue l'un des bastions de l'industrie pétrolière du pays puisqu'elle abrite une plateforme pétrochimique qui comprend deux raffineries de pétrole, deux centrales électriques, un terminal de gazoduc et un d'oléoduc, deux unités de liquéfaction de gaz et une unité chimique de polymères
Mostaganem province: Mostaganem province in western Algeria with its capital Mostaganem, divided into 10 districts (daïras), which are further divided into 32 communes or municipalities
Mostaganem city: Mostaganem, a port city in and capital of Mostaganem province in the northwest of Algeria with 245,330 inhabitants in 2014
Economy of Mostaganem: Économie de Mostaganem, située dans une zone à vocation agricole de premier rang et à proximité du premier pôle gazier et pétrolier d’Arzew
Tizi Ouzoua province and Kabyle people: Tizi Ouzoua province of Algeria in the Kabylie region with its capital Tizi Ouzou, divided into 21 districts, which are further divided into 67 communes or municipalities - Kabyle people, a Berber ethnic group indigenous to Kabylia, spreading across the Atlas Mountains east of Algiers and representing the largest Berber-speaking population of Algeria and the second largest in the continent of Africa
Tizi Ouzou city: Tizi Ouzou or Thizi Wezzu city in north central Algeria, the capital and largest city of Tizi Ouzou Province and the second most populous city in the Kabylie region behind Béjaïa - Since 1977 University of Tizi Ouzou
Since 1830 history of Kabylie and resistance: Since 1830 history of the Kabylie, a natural, cultural and historical region in northern Algeria, that was the last stronghold against French colonization when the area was gradually taken over by the French military despite vigorous local resistance by the local population
Since April 1980 'printemps berbère': Depuis avril 1980 printemps berbère, l'ensemble des manifestations réclamant l'officialisation de la langue tamazight et la reconnaissance de l'identité et de la langue berbère en Algérie, le premier mouvement populaire d'opposition aux autorités depuis l'indépendance du pays en 1962
April 2019: 15 avril 2019: Le Rassemblement pour la culture et la démocratie RCD, qui contrôle 37 Assemblées populaires communales, principalement à Tizi Ouzou et Béjaïa, a exprimé le 'refus collectif et catégorique de tous ses élus» d'organiser et encadrer cette élection' du 4 juillet
Adrar province: Adrar province in southwestern Algeria, named after its capital Adrar, the second-largest Algerian province with an area of 424,948 km² and 402,197 inhabitants in 2008
Adrar city: Adrar, the administrative capital of Adrar Province sited around an oasis in the Tuat region of the Sahara Desert, with a population of 64,781 residents in 2008, as Adrar is mainly an agricultural town, characterized by its traditional irrigation system, the Foggara - Qanat or kariz is a gently sloping underground channel to transport water from an aquifer or water well to surface for irrigation and drinking, acting as an underground aqueduct
1960s French nuclear tests: Adrar was the site of one of the In Ekker series, French nuclear tests during the 1960s
Tamanrasset province: Tamanrasset province, the largest province in Algeria named after its province seat, making up almost a quarter of the country's area with 556,200 km², divided into 7 districts which are further divided into 10 communes or municipalities
Water resources and agriculture in Tamanrasset: Water resources and agriculture in Tamanrasset - Tourist attractions in Tamanrasset Province
Tamanrasset city: Tamanrasset, an oasis city and capital of Tamanrasset Province in southern Algeria in the Ahaggar Mountains, also the chief city of the Algerian Tuareg with a population of 92,635 inhabitants in 2008


Demographics of Algeria: Demographics of Algeria - Ethnic groups in Algeria, including Berbers, Arabs, French people, Turks and Saharan Africans - Arab-Berber make up a majority of about 99% of Algeria's inhabitants, only a minority identify themselves as Berber, although almost all Algerians are Berber in origin and not Arab)
Arabs in Algeria: Arabs in Algeria - Arab Berber - Arabized Berber
Berbers: Berbers ethnolinguistic group indigenous to North Africa - Berbers in Algeria - Berberism, a Berber political-cultural movement of ethnic, geographic, or cultural nationalism - Algerian nationalism and Algerianism, one during the French colonial era, and another one after the independence of Algeria
Since 1st century CE Jews and history of the Jews in Algeria: History of the Jews in Algeria, dating to the 1st century CE - Berber Jews - 1934 Constantine pogrom, an anti-Jewish riot that erupted in the Algerian city of Constantine - Holocaust in Algeria under the Vichy regime since 1940 - Persecution of Jews following Algerian Independence Algeria, only 50 Jews remained in Algeria in the 1990s
Turks in Algeria: Turks in Algeria
Culture of Algeria: Culture of Algeria - Languages of Algeria - Algerian Arabic derived from a variety of the Arabic languages spoken in northern Algeria - Berber languages - Algerian literature
World Heritage Sites in Algeria
Women and women's rights in Algeria: Women in Algeria - Women's rights in Algeria - Polygamy in Algeria - polygamous marriages may be legally contracted in Algeria and a man may take up to four wives, however, recent amendments to the Algerian Family Code have made it increasingly more difficult to contract such a marriage and reports of polygamous marriages occurring have been notably rare - Women's sport in Algeria
1954-1962 women during Algeria's war for independence: 1954-1962 women during Algeria's war for independence, as the majority of Muslim women who became active participants did so on the side of the National Liberation Front FLN
8 March 2019: 8 March 2019: Unlike previous years, International Women’s Day this year was marked by demonstrations in which unprecedented numbers of women and men marched in cities throughout Algeria to demand freedom, democracy, dignity, government transparency and an end to corruption
15 octobre 2022 Ryma Anane brûlée vive pour avoir refusé de se marier: 15 octobre 2022: Ryma Anane, enseignante de 28 ans, a été brûlée vive par un homme qui l'avait demandée en mariage en Algérie. Grâce à l'aide de ses proches, la jeune femme a été hospitalisée en Espagne, mais est toujours entre la vie et la mort. Cette nouvelle tentative de féminicide a provoqué une onde de choc dans le village natal de la victime et sur les réseaux sociaux.
Children and children's rights in Algeria: Children's rights in Algeria - Youth in Algeria
May 2020 10-year-old girl died in Algeria while undergoing 'faith healing': 31 May 2020: A 10-year-old girl who died in eastern Algeria while undergoing 'faith healing' appeared to suffer blows and burns, a prosecutor said, sparking angry reactions online after the arrest of a man by public prosecutors in Guelma, announcing a 28-year-old man had been arrested after the death of the girl 'who was abused during a ruqya (faith healing permitted in Islam), to which she was subjected in her family home'
Education in Algeria: Education in Algeria
Schools in Algeria: Schools in Algeria - High schools in Algeria
Universities in Algeria: Universities in Algeria - Universities in Algeria by province - University of Algiers - University of Oran - University of Batna
11 February 2021 students protest against unsafe student housing: 11 février 2021: Depuis le week-end, des manifestations ont eu lieu dans plusieurs résidences universitaires d’Algérie pour dénoncer la mort accidentelle de la jeune femme à la suite d’un court-circuit dans sa chambre d’étudiante
Health in Algeria: Health in Algeria
Medical outbreaks in Algeria: Medical outbreaks in Algeria - Man-made disasters in Algeria
2020 Chinese coronavirus outbreak in Algeria: 2020 Chinese coronavirus outbreak in Algeria
February 2020 first Algerian covid-19 case: 25 February 2020: Algerian health minister confirms first covid-19 case
3 April 2020 105 victims and 1,171 cases of covid-19: 3 avril 2020: 185 nouveaux cas confirmés de covid-19 et 22 nouveaux décès ont été enregistrés durant les dernières 24 heures en Algérie, portant le nombre de cas confirmés à 1171 et celui des décès à 105
10 April 2020 Algeria has 1,666 covid-19 cases with 235 deaths as South Africa has 1,934 cases and 18 deaths: 10 April 2020: Algeria has 1,666 cases with 235 deaths, South Africa has 1,934 cases and 18 deaths, while Egypt has 1560 confirmed cases with 103 deaths, as Africa’s most populous nation, Nigeria has 288 cases and 7 deaths, according to WHO
22 September 2020 50,214 total covid-19 cases in Algeria and 1,689 deaths: 22 September 2020: 50,214 total covid-19 cases in Algeria and 1,689 deaths
Healthcare in Algeria: Healthcare in Algeria
Medical and health organisations in Algeria: Medical and health organisations based in Algeria
Hospitals in Algeria: Hospitals in Algeria
Water supply and sanitation in Algeria: Water supply and sanitation in Algeria
Media of Algeria: Media of Algeria - Censorship in Algeria
October 2019 detained journalists: 17 October 2019: Algerian authorities should immediately release journalists Said Boudour, Abdelmoundji Kheladi, and Adel Azeb Chikh, who covered protests and alleged corruption, from pretrial detention and drop all charges against them, the CPJ said today
26 March 2020 journalist Khaled Drareni jailed without serious charges: 26 March 2020: Algerian freelance journalist and correspondent for the NGO 'Reporters Without Borders' Khaled Drareni jailed after an Algiers court quashed his judicial appeal, after Drareni was arrested on 7 March while covering the start of an anti-regime demonstration in Algiers, charged of 'inciting an unarmed gathering and undermining the country’s territorial integrity'
4 April 2020 Algerian, international NGOs, call for release of jailed reporter: 4 April 2020: Algerian, international NGOs, call for release of jailed reporter Khaled Drareni, as authorities are accused of taking advantage of the covid-19 pandemic to settle scores with independent journalism
20 April 2020 media censorship: 20 avril 2020: Après Maghreb Emergent et Radio, le site Interlignes est à son tour inaccessible en Algérie, depuis ce dimanche matin
Newspapers in Algeria: Newspapers in Algeria
9 mars 2019 les quotidiens algériens en compagnie des manifestants contre Bouteflika: 9 mars 2019: Les quotidiens algériens consacraient de nombreuses pages aux centaines de milliers de manifestants qui ont défilé vendredi dans le pays contre Bouteflika
28 juillet 2023 suite à son acharnement sur l’Algérie, l’APS qualifie 'France24' de 'chaine poubelle': 28 juillet 2023: L’agence de presse algérienne - Algérie Presse Service - est revenu sur les récents agissements visant l’Algérie de la chaîne française 'France24', en qualifiant cette dernière de 'chaîne poubelle'.
Algerian broadcasting: Algerian broadcasting - Entreprise nationale de télévision - Nessma TV - Entreprise nationale de Radiodiffusion sonore
Internet in Algeria: Internet in Algeria
August 2018: 7 août 2018: Un militant des droits de l'homme algérien a été condamné à un an de prison pour avoir exprimé sa solidarité pour une minorité berbère sur Facebook
February 2019 internet disruptions: 22 February 2019: Multiple targeted internet disruptions in Algeria amid mass-demonstrations ahead of presidential elections in April 2019
March 2019 Algerians use humour and creativity to force Bouteflika to stand aside: 13 March 2019: Flooding the web with positive messages, Algerians used humour and creativity to force Abdelalziz Bouteflika to stand aside


Crime in Algeria: Crime in Algeria
Terrorism in Algeria: Terrorism in Algeria
Al-Qaida au Maghreb islamique: Al-Qaida au Maghreb islamique - 27 août 2011: Attentat suicide meurtrière à l'entrée de l'école militaire de Cherchell
January 2013 Aménas hostage crisis: In Aménas hostage crisis January 2013 - 17 janvier 2013: Dans une attaque meurtrière des islamistes ont pris en otage 41 Occidentaux sur un site gazier, demandant 'l’arrêt immédiat' des opérations françaises au Mali - 17 January: Algeria troops surround Islamist hostage-takers - 18 January: Fate of hostages unclear after reports that at least 30 were killed in military operation that ended a 36-hour standoff - 19 January 2013: While Algerian media says hundreds of hostages have been freed at the remote In Amenas desert gas facility, an American, a French, two British and two Japanese hostages have been confirmed dead and nations with hostages being held by militants express concern at the ongoing siege - 19 janvier: L'ultime assaut lancé par les forces spéciales algériennes à In Amenas - 20 January: Final assault on gas plant 'In Amenas' putting a bloody end to a stand-off that left at least 23 hostages and 32 militants dead, the Algerian government says - 21 janvier: Témoignages de rescapés: 'Ils ont mis une bombe sur lui, comme un collier'
September 2014 French tourist mountain guide Gourdel beheaded by Isis-linked jihadis: 24 September 2014: French tourist mountain guide Hervé Gourdel beheaded in Algeria by Isis-linked jihadis
July 2015 many Algerian soldiers killed by Islamist militant gunmen: 19 July 2015: At least 11 Algerian soldiers were killed after they were attacked by Islamist militant gunmen west of the capital Algiers
Corruption and white collar crimes in Algeria: Corruption in Algeria
10 April 2019: 10 April 2019: Algeria’s army chief Gaid Salah urged Algeria's judiciary to reopen a corruption case against oil and gas giant Sonatrach, an object of resentment for many Algerians who accuse their leaders of stealing the North African nation’s wealth, saying he expected to see members of the ruling elite in the major oil and natural gas-producing country prosecuted for corruption and that he would support a transition toward July elections
22 April 2019: 22 April 2019: Five Algerian billionaires, some of them close to former president Abdelaziz Bouteflika who quit over mass protests, have been arrested as part of an anti-graft investigation and appeared in court on Monday to face charges from the general prosecutor, state TV said
23 avril 2019: Issad Rebrab, PDG du premier groupe privé d'Algérie, Cevital, et considéré comme la première fortune du pays, a été incarcéré dans la nuit, à l'issue de sa présentation au parquet dans le cadre d'une enquête anticorruption, selon APS - 23 avril 2019: Arrestations des quatre frères, qui ont la nationalité suisse, de la puissante famille Kouninef en Algérie, propriétaire de l'important groupe KouGC spécialisé notamment dans le génie civil, l'hydraulique et le BTP
July 2019: 19 July 2019: Algerian authorities placed in preventive detention former cabinet minister Amar Ghoul under ousted president Abdelaziz Bouteflika, the latest in a crackdown on corruption, according to APS
October 2019 Baha Eddine Tliba detained over money laundering: 18 October 2019: Algerian member of parliament Baha Eddine Tliba has been detained over money laundering and secretly financing political parties
Human trafficking in Algeria: Human trafficking in Algeria
Law and legal history of Algerian: Algerian law - Constitutions of Algeria since 1963 - Human rights in Algeria
Since 1962 Algerian judiciary: Since 1962 Algerian judiciary and court system
Since 1963 Constitutional Council in Algeria: Since 1963 Constitutional Council in Algeria - History of the Constitutional Council in Algeria
Since 2003 Commission of Inquiry in Algeria: Since 2003 Commission of Inquiry in Algeria, a truth commission to investigate the forced disappearance of people during civil conflict in order to give people the truth about what happened in the 1990s, however, its report was not made public and consequently Algerians are not aware of the fate of their relatives
Courts and cases in Algeria: Courts and cases in Algeria
April 2019: 28 April 2019: The Algerian justice system has summoned former police chief General Abdelghani Hamel, dismissed in June 2018, with one of his sons in a case of 'influence peddling', according to official media, saying they must be heard in the context of judicial investigation for 'illegal activities, influence peddling, misappropriation of land and abuse of office'
August 2019 arrest of former Defense Minister Nazar: 6 August 2019: An Algerian military court reportedly ordered the arrest of former Defense Minister Khaled Nazar, accusing him and two others of conspiring against the army and disrupting public order
26 March 2020 Algerian justice in spotlight after controversial rulings: 26 March 2020: Algerian justice in spotlight after controversial rulings, and after Algiers court quashed judicial appeal of jailed freelance journalist and RSF correspondent Khaled Drareni, arrested on 7 March while covering the start of an anti-regime demonstration in Algiers, charged of 'inciting an unarmed gathering and undermining the country’s territorial integrity'
25 November 2022 49 people sentenced to death for mob killing in Algeria: 25 November 2022: An Algerian court has sentenced 49 people to death for the brutal mob killing of painter Djamel Ben Ismail who was suspected of starting devastating wildfires, but had actually come to help fight them, according to defence lawyers and the state news agency. The killing in 2021 in the Kabyle region of north-east Algeria shocked the country after graphic images of it were shared on social media. It came soon after wildfires in the mountainous Berber region that killed about 90 people, including soldiers trying to tame the flames
26 March 2020 Algerian appeals court upholds anti-corruption sentences for two former PMs: 26 March 2020: Algerian appeals court has upheld sentences of over 10 years in prison for two former PMs under ex-President Abdelaziz Bouteflika following an unprecedented corruption trial, a judicial source said
2 January 2021 Algerian military court acquitted Saïd Bouteflika but pending trial in other cases relating to corruption: 2 January 2021: A military court in Algeria on Saturday acquitted Saïd Bouteflika, the brother and former advisor to deposed president Abdelaziz Boutfekila for conspiracy against the army and the state, after Bouteflika and his three co-defendants had been sentenced to 15 years in prison, as Saïd Bouteflika will be transferred to another prison pending trial in other cases relating to corruption during his brother’s 20 year rule, according to a judicial source
Since 1963 Supreme Court of Algeria: Since 1963 Supreme Court of Algeria, the highest court of appeal in Algeria, that can only review lower court decisions on questions of procedure, and will return overruled cases to the lower courts for retrial
Law enforcement in Algeria: Law enforcement in Algeria


Foreign relations of Algeria: Foreign relations of Algeria
Treaties of Algeria: Treaties of Algeria
Algeria and the United Nations: Algeria and the United Nations
Bilateral relations of Algeria: Bilateral relations of Algeria
Algeria/Angola relations: Algerian/Angola relations
Algeria/European Union relations: Algeria/European Union relations
26 September 2020 755 migrants arrested as three drowned: 26 septembre 2020: Les gardes-côtes algériens ont repêché trois corps et intercepté 755 migrants qui se trouvaient à bord de plusieurs embarcations au large des côtes algériennes, entre le 20 et 25 septembre, selon un bilan du ministère de la Défense publié samedi
Algeria/France relations: Algeria/France relations
1830-1962 French rule in Algeria: French rule in Algeria - 1954-1962 Algerian War of Independence
French nuclear test site during colonial rule: French nuclear test site during colonial rule Reggane - France and weapons of mass destruction - French nuclear weapons
Since 1962 post-colonial relations: Post-colonial relations
2012: 11 avril 2012: Ahmed Ben Bella, le premier président de l'Algérie indépendante, est décédé mercredi à Alger à l'âge de 95 ans - 15 juillet: Pour sa première visite dans un pays arabe Laurent Fabius en Algérie - au premier plan le passé et le Mali - 20 December 2012: Visiting Algeria French President Hollande refuses to apologise for Algerian colonial past - 20 December 2012: President Hollande tells Algeria's parliament French rule in Algeria was 'brutal and unfair'
2014: 24 September 2014: French tourist mountain guide Hervé Gourdel beheaded in Algeria by Isis-linked jihadis
February and December 2017: 17 February 2017: Macron calls France’s colonial past a 'crime against humanity’, as over the past 60 years France has maintained disproportionate influence over its former African colonies including control over their military and currencies - 6 December 2017: Visiting Algeria France's Macron didn't say sorry after he earlier described France’s colonial rule as a 'crime against humanity', now demanding to look to the future, as people in the streets say 'Excuse me but France will have to apologize for the martyrs we lost'
22 December 2020 Algeria demands for all archives over more than 130 years of colonial history with France: 22 December 2020: Algeria demands for all of its archives over more than 130 years of colonial history with France, as Algerian archives director Abdelmadjid Chikhi said the demand is only necessary in the logic of building peaceful and balanced relations the two countries
3 February 2021 Macron admits French soldiers tortured and killed a well-known Algerian lawyer in 1957: 3 February 2021: Macron has admitted French soldiers tortured and killed a well-known Algerian lawyer and activist during the country’s independence war, as Ali Boumendjel died after falling from a sixth-floor window in 1957 during the Battle of Algiers, and until now his death has been recorded as suicide
3 October 2021 Algeria closes airspace to French military as row grows: 3 octobre 2021: L'Algérie interdit le survol de son territoire aux avions militaires français à la suite de propos critiques d'Emmanuel Macron - 3 October 2021: Algeria has closed its airspace to French military planes, escalating the biggest row between the countries in years
10 October 2022 Algeria welcomes French PM Elisabeth Borne, signs new bilateral agreement to deepen relations: 10 October 2022: Algeria welcomes French PM Elisabeth Borne, signs new bilateral agreement to deepen relations, as they discussed ways of encouraging student, scientific and artistic mobility and economic mobility. French PM Borne mentioned three pillars for this 'strengthened' partnership, the economy to 'develop trade, innovation and create jobs', mobility, visas and youth
Algeria/Germany relations: Algeria/Germany relations
Since 1940/2017: 24 August 2017: Algeria, under the control of German client regime Vichy France since 1940, was introducing a series of anti-Semitic laws which stripped Jews of their French citizenship, barred Jewish children from public schools, and prevented Jewish doctors, lawyers, pharmacists and other professionals from working in their trades
20 February 2020 Algeria orders to deport Qatari company's German national Nikolai Beckers for sacking 900 Algerian workers: 20 February 2020: Algeria issued an order to deport the country head of the Qatari telecommunications company Ooredoo for sacking 900 Algerian workers, as newspaper said German national Nikolai Beckers was firing workers at a time when the company 'was not suffering any financial problems and was making profits'
Algeria/Israel relations: Algeria/Israel relations
Since 1962 history of Israel-Algeria relations: History of Israel-Algeria relations, as shortly after Algeria gained its independence in 1962, Israel recognized the country's independence
Since 2020 Israel-Algeria relations: Since 2020 history of Israel-Algeria relations, as amidst Gulf states' call to normalise relations, and the Hirak political renewal impact on the country's internal affairs, some voices were calling on reviewing the country's bilateral relations in a way that benefits the country
Algeria/Japan relations: Algeria/Japan relations - 19 January 2013: While Algerian media says hundreds of hostages have been freed at the remote In Amenas desert gas facility, an American, a French, two British and two Japanese hostages have been confirmed dead and nations with hostages being held by militants express concern at the ongoing siege
Algeria/Libya relations: Algeria/Libya relations - 7 septembre: Renforcement d'instabilité du Sahel depuis l'arrivée de combattants kadhafistes - conférence à Alger
September 2019 Algeria calls for an immediate ceasefire in Libya and arms embargo: 14 September 2019: Algeria has called for an immediate ceasefire in Libya, an inter-Libyan solution and an adherence to UN Security Council arms embargo on the country
20 February 2020 Algeria ready to act as a mediator in any Libya ceasefire talks: 20 February 2020: Algeria is ready to act as a mediator in any Libya ceasefire talks, according to president Tebboune, saying 'if we are given a mandate by the UN Security Council, we are capable of quickly bringing peace to Libya since Algeria is a sincere and credible mediator, and one that is accepted by all Libyan tribes', in an interview aimed at reaching Algeria’s large expatriate population in France
12 October 2020 Algeria confirms readiness to assist Libya at all levels: 12 October 2020: Algeria confirms readiness to assist Libya at all levels
19 June 2021 Sonelgaz to supply Libya with electricity: 19 June 2021: The Algerian national company for electricity and gas, Sonelgaz, announced that it would start supplying Libya with its electricity needs through the Tunisian network, as Sonelgaz affirmed Algeria's intention to back Libya in its new economic launch as a source of constructive support to the Libyans in the upcoming path of development, as Libyan warlord Haftar shuts border with Algeria
Algeria/Mali relations: Algeria/Mali relations
2012/2013: 2 September 2012: Islamist militant group in Mali says it has killed one of the Algerian diplomats it seized five months ago - January 2013 In Amenas hostage crisis - 17 January 2013: At least two people killed and dozens abducted by terrorists in a raid near an Algerian gas field, demanding end to French operations in Mali
2014: Air Algérie Flight 5017 crash on 24 July 2014 - 25 July 2014: Wreckage of an Air Algerie plane missing with 116 people on board found in Mali's Gossi region
Algeria/Morocco relations: Algeria/Morocco relations
19 July 2021 amid Western Sahara dispute Algiers decided to recall its ambassador in Rabat for 'consultations': 19 July 2021: Algiers decided on Sunday to recall its ambassador in Rabat for 'consultations with immediate effect', against the backdrop of a new diplomatic crisis between the two Maghreb countries caused by the Western Sahara dispute
3 November 2021 3 Algerians killed in bombing in border area between Mauritania and Western Sahara: 3 November 2021: Three Algerians were killed in a bombing this week in the border area between Mauritania and the disputed territory of Western Sahara, the Algerian presidency has said in a statement, blaming Morocco for the attack
Algeria/Niger relations: Algeria/Niger relations
Algeria/SADR relations: Algeria/Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations - RASD TV Sahrawi state-owned broadcaster located in the Sahrawi refugee camps of Tindouf Province Algeria
Algeria/Qatar relations: Algeria/Qatar relations
20 February 2020 Algeria orders to deport Qatari company's German national Nikolai Beckers for sacking 900 Algerian workers: 20 February 2020: Algeria issued an order to deport the country head of the Qatari telecommunications company Ooredoo for sacking 900 Algerian workers, as newspaper said German national Nikolai Beckers was firing workers at a time when the company 'was not suffering any financial problems and was making profits'
Algeria/Sudan relations: Algeria/Sudan relations
May 2017: 7 May 2017: Sudan and Algeria agree on bilateral coordination on peace and stability in Libya
Algeria/Switzerland relations: Algeria/Switzerland relations
April 2019: 23 avril 2019: Arrestations des quatre frères, qui ont la nationalité suisse, de la puissante famille Kouninef en Algérie, propriétaire de l'important groupe KouGC spécialisé notamment dans le génie civil, l'hydraulique et le BTP
Algeria/Tunisia relations: Algeria/Tunisia relations
August 2015: 24 August 2015: A Tunisian border guard was killed and three wounded on Sunday in a shootout with jihadists on the border with Algeria
Algeria/United Kingdom relations: Algeria/United Kingdom relations - 18 January 2013: The hostage crisis at a gas facility operated by the Algerian state oil company along with BP and Norway's Statoil, where Islamist militants were holding foreign hostages has yet to be resolved, the UK says
Algeria/USA relations: Algeria/USA relations - 29 October: In a bid to win Algerian support for an intervention in northern Mali, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton met with Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika - 19 January 2013: While Algerian media says hundreds of hostages have been freed at the remote In Amenas desert gas facility, an American, a French, two British and two Japanese hostages have been confirmed dead and nations with hostages being held by militants express concern at the ongoing siege
Algeria/Vietnam relations: Algeria/Vietnam relations
2015: 3 June 2015: Vietnam and Algeria agree to increase bilateral trade from US$250 million to US$1 billion in the coming years
2017: 20 July 2017: Vietnam’s export revenue to Algeria rose 37% year-on-year to US$190 million in the first half of 2017, including export of coffee, telephones and rice
Environment of Algeria: Environment of Algeria - Natural history of Algeria - Geology of Algeria - Climate and hydrology in Algeria - Deserts of Algeria
Ecoregions of Algeria: List of ecoregions in Algeria
Water in Algeria: Water in Algeria - Bodies of water of Algeria - Rivers of Algeria
Environmental issues in Algeria: Current environmental issues in Algeria
Natural disasters in Algeria: Natural disasters in Algeria
Climate change, heatwaves and droughts in Algeria:
2015: 24 August 2015: As Algeria is not responsible for a large amount of greenhouse gases, it will still suffer greatly from the impact of climate change as heatwaves are on the rise in the country due to climate change, expert says
10 August 2021 at least seven people killed, two injured in Algeria forest fires: 10 August 2021: At least seven people killed, two injured in Algeria forest fires, as firefighters and helicopters are trying to contain several blazes threatening residents in Tizi Ouzou province, 'Al Jazeera' reports
11 August 2021 more than 60 people killed in Algerian wildfires: 11 August 2021: Firefighters, troops and civilian volunteers battled blazes in forests across northern Algeria on Wednesday as the country reeled at a death toll of at least 69 people in the latest wildfires to hit the Mediterranean
13 August 2021 fire crews make headway as Algerians pray for 71 dead: 13 August 2021: Fire crews make headway as Algerians pray for 71 dead - 13 August 2021: Wildfires continue to rage across Algeria
18 August 2022 at least 38 people killed as ‘tornado of fire’ rages in northern Algeria's El Tarf province: 18 August 2022: Algerian firefighters were on Thursday battling a string of blazes, fanned by drought and a blistering heatwave, that have killed at least 38 people and left destruction in their wake mostly in El Tarf province near Algeria’s eastern border with Tunisia, after deadly forest fires have become an annual scourge in the north African country, where the climate crisis is turning large areas into a tinderbox
22 August 2022 wildfires mainly hit El Tarf, Souk Ahras and Sétif provinces: 22 août 2022: La plupart des gigantesques incendies qui ont notamment touché El Tarf, Souk Ahras et Sétif, ont été maitrisés, ce qui n'écarte pas pour autant le risque de nouveaux départs, selon France24
24 July 2023 Algeria wildfires kill dozens of people including 10 soldiers: 24 July 2023: Ten soldiers are among 25 people to have been killed by wildfires in the mountainous Béjaïa and Bouïra regions of Algeria, as a heatwave spreads across north Africa and southern Europe. About 7,500 firefighters were trying to bring the flames under control, and about 1,500 people had been evacuated, as Algeria’s interior ministry said operations were under way to put out fires in six provinces
Earthquakes in Algeria: Earthquakes in Algeria


Bahrain - Geography of Bahrain - History of Bahrain - Demographics of Bahrain
Economy of Bahrain: Economy of Bahrain - main industries include petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, iron pelletization, fertilizers, islamic and offshore banking, insurance, ship repairing, tourism - List of companies of Bahrain
Energy in Bahrain: Energy in Bahrain
Bahrain Petroleum Company and Banagas: Bahrain Petroleum Company wholly owned by the government of Bahrain, a fully integrated oil company - Banagas - Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company
2017: 12 November 2017: Bahrain blames main oil pipeline explosion on Iran-backed 'terrorism', as residents close to the incident near Buri village near Manama were being evacuated to a safe shelter
Agriculture in Bahrain: Agriculture in Bahrain, before the development of the oil industry, date palm cultivation dominated Bahrain's agriculture, since 1980s a significant number of palm groves had been replaced by new kinds of agricultural activities, including vegetable gardens, nurseries for trees and flowers, poultry production, and dairy farms, of approximately 2,400 farmers 70% do not own the land they cultivate, approximately 800 owners and absentee landlords control about 60% of all cultivable land, the ruling Al Khalifa own the greatest number of plots, including the largest and most productive ones
Banking and banks in Bahrain: List of banks in Bahrain - Central Bank of Bahrain
Financial services companies of Bahrain: Financial services companies of Bahrain
Labour relations in Bahrain: Since September 2002 'Workers Trade Union Law', passed by Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain - Labour relations and migrant workers in Bahrain
Trade unions in Bahrain: Trade unions in Bahrain
2013: 12 January 2013: Firefighters locate remains of 13 people in three-storey building that caught fire at labour camp in Manama - 12 January 2013: Eleven Bangladeshi workers were among the 13 killed in a fire that gutted a labour camp in Manama
Military of Bahrain: Military of Bahrain
Politics of Bahrain: Politics of Bahrain - King of Bahrain 2002–Present - Cabinet of Bahrain
Political parties in Bahrain: Political parties in Bahrain
Trade unions and human rights organisations in Bahrain: Trade unions in Bahrain - Human rights organisations based in Bahrain
Bahraini opposition: Bahraini opposition - Bahrain Freedom Movement - February 14 Youth Coalition since 2011 - National Democratic Action Society - Progressive Democratic Tribune
National Assembly of Bahrain: National Assembly of Bahrain - 40 royally-appointed members of the Consultative Council, the upper house
2010: Bahraini general election December 2010
2014: 22 November 2014 Bahraini general election
November 2018 Bahraini general election: 24 November 2018 Bahraini general election for the 40 seats in the lower house, following a crackdown on dissent that included prohibiting members of dissolved opposition groups from running
10 November 2020 for first time ever Bahraini Jews mark anniversary of 1938 'Kristallnacht': 10 November 2020: For first time ever, Bahraini Jews mark anniversary of 'Kristallnacht', as Kingdom’s only synagogue lit up to remember 1938 assault by Nazis on Jews and their property in Germany, part of global ‘Let There Be Light’ campaign against anti-Semitism, racism
Protests, social and political movements and repression in Bahrain: Protests in Bahrain
March/April 1965 uprising and independence of Bahrain in 1971: March/April 1965 Intifada, uprising calling for the end of the British presence in Bahrain, sparked by the laying-off of hundreds of Bahraini workers at the Bahrain Petroleum Company on 5 March 1965, resulting in the independence of Bahrain in 1971
1990s uprising in Bahrain: 1990s uprising in Bahrainan between 1994 and 1999 in which leftists, liberals and Islamists joined forces to demand democratic reforms and the reinstatement of parliament
2011-present Bahraini protests and uprising: Bahraini protests and uprising 2011–present - Timeline of the 2011/2012 Bahraini uprising
April 2011: 3 April 2011: Bahrein bans main opposition newspaper - 28 April: Bahrein sentences protesters to death
June 2011: 2 June: Security forces attack Bahraini protesters
July 2011: 1 July: Saudi troops quietly pull out of Bahrain after crackdown on anti-government protests - 3 July: 200 German tanks 'Leopard' to Saudi-Arabia - 4 July: Saudi sources confirm German tanks deal - 44 tanks already bought - Bahrain opposition to join dialogue process 2 July - 17 July: Opposition 'quits Bahrain-talks' - Human Rights Watch report: Violence to stop protesters from receiving treatment - doctors and nurses targeted - Protesters reject Bahrain dialogue results July 29
August 2011: 13 August 2011: Bahrains's main opposition Al-Wefaq to boycott September 24 by-polls demanding a representative, elected parliament and civil rights - 31 August: Bahraini teenage boy killed in protest by police
September 2011: 1 September: Thousands march at Bahraini boy's funeral - 2 September: Bahrain medics go on hunger strike over trials - 3 September: More detainees join Bahrain hunger strike - 17 September: Bahrain forces fire tear gas at funeral - 23 September: Again Bahrain forces fire tear gas on protesters - 29 September: Bahrain sentences medics who treated protesters - 29 September: Medics who treated protesters jailed for 5,10 and 15 years
October 2011: 2. Oktober: Internationale Kritik an Sondergericht in Bahrain - verurteilte Ärzte fordern UN-Untersuchung - 3 October: 36 Bahrainis given prison sentences of between 15 and 25 years for taking part in rallies - 5 October: Bahrain retrial for 20 medics jailed over protests as 19 more activists are jailed over protests - 8 October: US politicians seek to halt Bahrain arms deal - 18 October: US plan to sell more weapons to Bahrain - 20 October: US suspends Bahrain arms deal ahead of probe
November 2011: 4. November: Panzerfahrzeuge und Tränengas gegen Trauerzug für einen nach Oppositionsangaben durch Polizeigewalt getöteten Mann - 23 November: Commission says in a report accepted by government that Bahrain forces used 'excessive force' and tortured detainees in 2011 - 24 November: Police fire tear gas and rubber bullets as around 2000 Bahrainis protest against monarchy in the wake of the report into government human-rights abuses
January 2012: 7 January: Bahraini activist beaten by 'riot police' - NZZ 7. Januar 2012: Tausende trotzen dem Demonstationsverbot in Manama am Samstag - 10 January: Thousands Bahrainis protest outside the UN's office in Manama calling for intervention to protect civilians - 26 January: Bahrain confirms teen Mohammed Yaaqub died in police custody - opposition says cause of death war torture
February 2012: 4 February: Bahrain protests grow ahead of anniversary - 14 February: Bahrain police repel protesters in Manama
March 2012: 9 March: Tens of thousands of Bahrainis have demonstrated outside the capital Manama demanding reform and more democracy - 13 March: Bahrain added to web censorship blacklist - 23 March: Activists and opposition supporters demonstrate in locations across nation to demand equal rights for Shias
April 2012: 6 April: Thousands protest in support of hunger striker Abdulhadi al-Khawaja moved to army hospital after nearly two months - 18 April: Thousands of pro-democracy protesters marched through a village outside the Bahraini capital on Wednesday - 20 April: Thousands of Bahrain Formula One race protesters dispersed - 21 April: Protester Salah Abbas Habib killed during Bahrain clashes - 22. April: Proteste in Bahrain vor Formel-1-Rennspektakel, der Demonstrant Salah Abbas Habib tot und eilige königliche Versprechungen - 23 April: Funeral for killed Salah Abbas Habib and thousands of protesters as Bahrain court delays ruling in activists case - 30 April: Jailed opposition activist Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja is to have his case retried, an appeal court has ruled
May 2012:4. Mai: Tausende fordern in Bahrain Reformen und Wahl einer Regierung - 11. Mai: Erneut Gewalt gegen Demonstranten, die die Freilassung inhaftierter Oppositioneller fordern - 19 May: Tens of thousands Bahrain protesters decry unity plans with Saudis - 28 May: Bahrain activist Al-Khawaja to end hunger strike following the release on bail of detained activist, Nabeel Rajab - 28 May: Bahrain activist Rajab released on bail
June 2012: 8 June: Police break up pro-democracy mass protests in Bahrain - 12 June: An 11-year-old boy chased down while playing in street and detained for nearly a month describes his time in custody, saying that police accused him of taking part in violent protests - 14 June: Bahrain court convicts medics for role in uprising - 27 June: Three policemen accused of killing three people during pro-democracy protests
July 2012: 10 July: Jail for Bahrain protest leader over tweet - 12 July: Huge crowds throng funerals for two Shia demonstrators killed by security forces in rallies following arrest of cleric
August 2012: 3 August: Activists say Zainab al-Khawaja was held along with dozens of protesters demanding political reforms in Gulf kingdom - 16 August: Bahraini activist Nabeel Rajab jailed for three years - 18 August: 16-year-old Husam al-Haddad died of injuries suffered after he was beaten by security forces in a confrontation late Friday night - 31 August: Tens of thousands join protest demanding release of prisoners and chanting anti-government slogans
September 2012: 4. Dezember: Manama Strafgericht verurteilt sieben bahrainische Regimegegner wegen ihrer Beteiligung an Strassenprotesten im Februar 2011 zu lebenslangen Haftstrafen - 8 September: Police fire tear gas at protesters calling for prisoner releases in Manama - 18 September: Seven lieutenants are charged with torturing Shia medics to obtain confessions - 29 September: Seventeen-year-old dies after police fire shotgun pellets at anti-government rally in Manama - 29 September: Police opens fire to disperse angry Shiite protesters following the funeral of the youth who was shot dead a day before
October 2012: 2 October: Bahrain medics jailed after losing appeal - 3 October: Rights activist Zainab al-Khawaja released from prison after a two-month jail term in an ongoing arbitrary political prosecution - 3 October: Protesters clashed with riot police after the funeral of a man jailed for taking part in last year's pro-democracy demonstrations - 6 October: Police use water cannon and tear gas to disperse mainly Shia protesters after memorial for Mohammed Ali Ahmed Mushaima who died in jail - 12 October: Police fire teargas and stun grenades to disperse hundreds of stone-throwing anti-government protesters - 30 October: Interior ministry imposed emergency-style rules banning all protest gatherings and threatening legal action against groups considered backing escalating demonstrations and clashes
November 2012: 2 November: Small demonstrations in support of a jailed opposition leader break out three days after the monarchy forbids them - 11 November: Government deploys paramilitaries to patrol city
December 2012: 1 December: Bahraini police fired tear gas and stun bombs to break up protests overnight in Shiite-populated villages around Manama, leading to arrests and injuries - 10 December: A court has sentenced pro-democracy activist Zainab al-Khawaja to one month in prison
January 2013: 7 January: Bahrain's highest appeal court has upheld the sentences of 13 activists for their part in anti-government protests last year
February 2013: 10 February: Bahrain crisis talks to begin as Shiite envoys remain wary of opening a process that they believe has no chance of reaching their goals: forcing the ruling monarchy to give up its monopoly on power and allow an elected government - 14 February: 16-year-old Hussain al-Jaziri shot at close range and killed during a protest in Al-Daih near Manama, marking the second anniversary of the country's pro-democracy rallies
March 2013: 14 March 2013: Anti-government protesters clash with riot police, two years after Saudi-led force quelled Gulf island's uprising - 28 March: Defence lawyer says, 21 medical personnel have been cleared of charges linked to anti-government protests but cases remain open against two others
April 2013: 21 April: Ongoing pro-democracy protests against Formula One Grand Prix 2013
May 2013: 10 May: The blogger Ali Abdulemam has been smuggled out of the troubled Gulf kingdom and taken refuge in the UK
2016: 2 avril 2016: Après le soulèvement de 2011 sur fond de printemps arabes, la répression dénoncée par les opposants se poursuit à Bahreïn - 13 June 2016: Bahrain detains rights activist Nabeel Rajab in raid that coincides with UN meeting in Geneva, as other activists were barred from attending and as UN official criticises repression - 18 July 2016: Bahraini authorities have stepped up their pressure on Nazeeha Saeed, the France24 correspondent who was detained and tortured 2011, now prosecuted for 'illegal reporting' on behalf of foreign media in what appears to be a renewed crackdown on free expression
2017: 26 January 2017: Bahraini human rights activist Nabeel Rajab accused at a court hearing, from which he and his lawyer were excluded, is facing a lengthy prison sentence simply for stating that journalists and international NGOs cannot enter Bahrain - 6 March 2017: Justice ministry files lawsuit to dissolve secular Wa’ad group, the main opposition party, and transfers many civilian judicial cases to a military court, amid fresh crackdown on dissent and human rights
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Bahrain: Bahraini society - Demographics of Bahrain
Demographics and ethnic groups in Bahrain: Demographics of Bahrain - Ethnic groups in Bahrain - Ethnic, cultural and religious groups of Bahrain
Bahrani people: Bahrani people
Filipinos in Bahrain: Filipinos in Bahrain
Indians in Bahrain: Indians in Bahrain, today numbering at an estimated 400,000 people or 31% out of the country's total population of 1.3 million, making them the largest expatriate group in the country
Jews in Bahrain: Jews in Bahrain
History of the Jews in Bahrain: History of the Jews in Bahrain, as history of the Jews in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to Biblical times
10 November 2020 for first time ever Bahraini Jews mark anniversary of 1938 'Kristallnacht': 10 November 2020: For first time ever, Bahraini Jews mark anniversary of 'Kristallnacht', as Kingdom’s only synagogue lit up to remember 1938 assault by Nazis on Jews and their property in Germany, part of global ‘Let There Be Light’ campaign against anti-Semitism, racism
Pakistanis in Bahrain: Pakistanis in Bahrain
Migrant workers in Bahrain: As of 2011 there were more than 458,000 migrant workers in Bahrain, many of whom experience prolonged periods of withheld wages, passport confiscation, unsafe housing, excessive work hours and physical abuse, according to Human Rights Watch
Culture of Bahrain: Culture of Bahrain
Religion and freedom of religion in Bahrain: Religion and freedom of religion in Bahrain
Languages of Bahrain: Languages of Bahrain - Bahrani Arabic
Women and women's rights in Bahrain: Women in Bahrain - Polygamy - legal in Bahrain - Women's rights in Bahrain
Education in Bahrain: Education in Bahrain
Health in Bahrain: Health in Bahrain
Media of Bahrain: Media of Bahrain
Censorship in Bahrain: Censorship in Bahrain, notorious for jailing journalists, deemed ‘Not Free’ in terms of Net Freedom and Press Freedom by Freedom House, and the 2016 World Press Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders ranked Bahrain 162nd out of 180 countries
Journalist arrests: Journalist arrests, escalating during the uprisings of 2011
Newspapers in Bahrain: Newspapers in Bahrain
Internet in Bahrain: Internet in Bahrain - Internet surveillance and filtering - Arrested bloggers in Bahrain
Human rights in Bahrain: Human rights in Bahrain - Human rights organisations based in Bahrain
Since 2011 Human rights reports on the Bahraini uprising: Since 2011 Human rights reports on the Bahraini uprising
2017 'grand prix' protest: 15 April 2017: If F1 can't help protect ordinary Bahrainis, stop the grand prix, Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy's Alwadaei says, as the race exacerbates the human rights abuses that take place in Bahrain, with any protest or criticism being silenced to protect financial interests
Crime in Bahrain: Crime in Bahrain
Torture and police brutality in Bahrain: Torture in Bahrain
2012: 29 April 2012: Bahrain's police continues to beat and torture detainees including minors, Human Rights Watch says
2011/2016: 30 May 2011 - 20 January 2016: France 24 correspondent Nazeeha Saeed tortured for covering pro-democracy demonstrations
Prisons in Bahrain: Prisons in Bahrain
Corruption in Bahrain: Corruption in Bahrain
Human trafficking in Bahrain: Human trafficking in Bahrain
Law of Bahrain: Law of Bahrain - Constitutions of Bahrain - 'Amiri Decree', the decree of an Emir in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates - 1974 'State Security' decree law in Bahrain
Judiciary of Bahrain: Judiciary and court system of Bahrain
Court of Cassation (supreme court) in Bahrain: Since 1989 Court of Cassation, established as a supreme court of appeal, as the judges for the court are appointed and removed by royal decree and the current Chief Justice of Bahrain and president of the Court of Cassation is Khalifa bin Rashid Al Khalifa, a cousin of King Hamad and the prime minister, and a member of the Al Khalifa ruling family of Bahrain
December 2018 rights activist Nabeel Rajab case: 31 December 2018: Bahrain’s supreme court, whose verdicts are final, upheld a five-year jail term against high-profile rights activist Nabeel Rajab for writing tweets deemed offensive to the state and who is already serving a two-year term in another case
Law enforcement in Bahrain: Law enforcement in Bahrain
Prisons in Bahrain: Prisons in Bahrain
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Capital punishment in Bahrain: Capital punishment in Bahrain
July 2019 Bahrain executions: 27 July 2019: Bahrain executes 2 in terrorism case decried by activists, despite last minute appeals by UN's Agnès Callamard and Human Rights Watch, citing allegations of torture - 27 July 2019: Bahrain executes three people, despite human rights outcry
Foreign relations of Bahrain: Foreign relations of Bahrain
International reactions to the 2011-2013 Bahraini uprising
Bahrain and the United Nations: Bahrain and the United Nations
July 2019: 26 July 2019: A last-minute appeal to stop the imminent execution of two men in Bahrain has been issued by the UN special rapporteur on extrajudicial killings, Agnès Callamard, also saying the men were allegedly tortured, prevented from attending their trial and sentenced to death in absentia, as pressure mounts on the country’s king to revoke the death sentences
Bilateral relations of Bahrain: Bilateral relations of Bahrain
Bahrain/Argentina relations:
July 2019 Hezbollah a terrorist organization: 19 July 2019: Bahrain on Friday joined Israel in commending Argentina for branding the Hezbollah a terrorist organization and freezing its assets, 25 years to the day after a bombing blamed on the Iran-backed group destroyed a Jewish community center
Bahrain/India relations: Bahrain/India relations
Indians in Bahrain: Indians in Bahrain
Bahrain/Iran relations: Bahrain/Iran relations - Arab-Iran relations: Bahrain - Safavid dynasty, Shia Islam state religion and Safavid rule in Bahrain 1602–1717
Relations since 1979 Islamic regime in Iran: Bahrain-Iran relations since 1979 Islamic regime in Iran and its intention to export its Islamic revolution throughout the Muslim world, especially in the Arab world
Bahrain/Israel relations: Bahrain/Israel relations
2018: 7 January 2018: With rare Israel visit, Bahraini delegation - including Sunni and Shiite Muslims, as well as Buddhists, Christians, Hindus and Sikhs - seeks new dialogue for coexistence
June 2019 Bahrain backs Israel’s right to exist: 26 June 2019: Israel is here to stay, and we want peace with it, Bahrain FM says to 'Times of Israel', also saying Manama conference could be 'gamechanger’
12 September 2020 Bahrain normalizes ties with Israel: 12 September 2020: Bahrain normalizes ties with Israel weeks after UAE deal
Bahrain/Oman relations: Bahrain/Oman relations
1717: 1717 Omani invasion of Bahrain
Bahrain/Pakistan relations: Bahrain/Pakistan relations - Pakistanis in the Middle East - Pakistanis in Bahrain
Bahrain/Philippines relations: Bahrain/Philippines relations
Filipinos in Bahrain: Filipinos in Bahrain
Bahrain/Portugal relations: Portuguese rule in Bahrain 1521-1602
Bahrain/Saudi Arabia relations: Bahrain/Saudi Arabia relations - Bani Utbah federation of Arab tribes, which originated from Najd - 1783 Bani Utbah invasion of Bahrain - House of Khalifa, the ruling family of Bahrain and belonging to the Utub tribe that migrated from Najd to Kuwait in the early 18th century
Bahrain/United Kingdom relations: Bahrain/United Kingdom relations - Signing the General Maritime Treaty with the United Kingdom in 1820, Bahrain became a British protectorate - General Maritime Treaty of 1820 - After a plebiscite Bahrain declared independence on 15 August 1971
10 May 2019: 10 May 2019: I’m fasting in protest outside Royal Windsor Horse Show to save my father in Bahrain', Ali Mushaima says, whose father Hassan Mushaima, a major opposition party's leader and a lifelong campaigner for democracy in Bahrain, was arrested, tortured and jailed for life by military tribunal and is still denied medical care, as human rights groups have condemned his cruel and humiliating treatment and called for his release
Bahrain/USA relations: Bahrain/USA relations - 12 May 2012: USA partially resumes military supplies to Gulf Arab ally Bahrain


Djibouti - Geography of Djibouti - History of Djibouti - Demographics of Djibouti
Economy of Djibouti: Economy of Djibouti is derived in large part from its strategic location on the Red Sea, unemployment is extremely high - main industries are dairy, fishing, salt, construction, mining - List of companies based in Djibouti
Mining in Djibouti: Mining and manufacturing in Djibouti accounted for 3% of the gross domestic product in 2004, which stood at around $1.6 billion, as Djibouti has been known to produce occasional small quantities of clays, granite, limestone, marble, salt, sand and gravel, and crushed and dimension stone for domestic construction projects
Energy in Djibouti: Energy in Djibouti
Agriculture in Djibouti: Agriculture in Djibouti, the third economic activity in Djibouti, employing 10% of the Djiboutian workforce, as agriculture makes up 3% of the wider economy value in Djibouti, that depends on imports in most foods, as climatic conditions and poor soils limit farm output, and as domestic food production meets about 15% of demand
Water in Djibouti: Water in Djibouti
Transport in Djibouti: Transport in Djibouti, including highways, airports, railways and seaports
Water transport in Djibouti: Water transport in Djibouti
Ports and harbours of Djibouti: Ports and harbours of Djibouti
Port of Djibouti and Doraleh, part of the Port of Djibouti: Port of Djibouti, located at the crossroads of one of the busiest shipping routes in the world, linking Europe, the Far East, the Horn of Africa and the Persian Gulf, serving as a key refueling and transshipment center, and the principal maritime outlet for imports to and exports from neighboring Ethiopia - Port of Doraleh is an extension of the Port of Djibouti, located 5 km west of Djibouti City. The multipurpose port has terminals for handling oil, bulk cargo, and containers. It was partially owned and operated by DP World and China Merchants Holdings, until its container facility was seized by the government of Djibouti in February 2018 - Since 2009 Doraleh Container Terminal
Rail transport in Djibouti: Rail transport in Djibouti
Since January 2018 Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway: Since January 2018 Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway, a new standard gauge international railway that serves as the backbone of the new Ethiopian National Railway Network, as more than 95% of Ethiopia's trade passes through Djibouti, accounting for 70% of the activity at the Port of Djibouti - Since 1917 Ethio-Djibouti Railway, a metre gauge railway in the Horn of Africa that once connected Addis Ababa to the port city of Djibouti
Labour and trade unions in Djibouti: Trade unions in Djibouti
Djibouti Armed Forces: Djibouti Armed Forces - Military history of Djibouti
Politics of Djibouti: Politics of Djibouti
Political parties in Djibouti: Political parties in Djibouti
May 1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum: Afars and Issas independence referendum 8 May 1977
2011 Djiboutian presidential election: Djiboutian presidential election 2011
February 2013 Djiboutian parliamentary election: Djiboutian parliamentary election 22 February 2013
April 2016 Djiboutian presidential election: 8 April 2016 Djiboutian presidential election - 9 April: Djibouti incumbent president Guelleh wins a fourth five-year term, according to provisional results
February 2018 Djibouti legislative election: 23 February 2018 Djibouti legislative election
April 2021 president Ismaïl Omar Guelleh 're-elected' for his fifth five-year term: 9 April 2021 presidential elections in Djibouti, as incumbent president Ismaïl Omar Guelleh was re-elected for his fifth five-year term, having served in the role since 1999, as opposition boycotted the election
Social movements and protests in Djibouti:
2011 Djiboutian protests: 2011 Djiboutian protests
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Djibouti: Djiboutian society - Demographics of Djibouti
Culture of Djibouti: Culture of Djibouti - Languages of Djibouti - Somali language - Afar language - Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic - Arabic language - French language
Education in Djibouti: Education in Djibouti
Health in Djibouti: Health in Djibouti
Djiboutian media: Djiboutian media
Human rights in Djibouti: Human rights in Djibouti - Religion in Djibouti
Minority and women's rights in Djibouti: Minority and women's rights - Polygamy in Djibouti
Crime in Djibouti: Crime in Djibouti
Human trafficking in Djibouti: Human trafficking in Djibouti
Law enforcement in Djibouti: Law enforcement in Djibouti
Foreign relations of Djibouti: Foreign relations of Djibouti
Djibouti/China relations: Djibouti/China relations
2015: 7 December 2015: China plans to build its first overseas military outpost in the east African nation of Djibouti, a move analysts say is part of a broader global economic and political strategy and reflects Chinese interests in Africa
Since 2017 Chinese naval base in Djibouti: Chinese naval base in Djibouti
July 2017: 12 July 2017: China sends troops to open first overseas military base in Djibouti
Djibouti/Eritrea relations: Djibouti/Eritrea relations - Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict June 2008
Djibouti/Ethiopia relations: Djibouti/Ethiopia relations
Since January 2018 Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway: Since January 2018 Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway, a new standard gauge international railway that serves as the backbone of the new Ethiopian National Railway Network, as more than 95% of Ethiopia's trade passes through Djibouti, accounting for 70% of the activity at the Port of Djibouti - Since 1917 Ethio-Djibouti Railway, a metre gauge railway in the Horn of Africa that once connected Addis Ababa to the port city of Djibouti
Djibouti/France relations: Djibouti/France relations, since independenc of Djibouti in 1977 the largest French military base in Africa is located in Djibouti's territorial waters in the Red Sea
1881-1914 'Scramble for Africa': 'Scramble for Africa' invasion, occupation, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers between 1881 and 1914
1883-1967 'French Somaliland': 1883-1967 'French Somaliland' was a French colony in the Horn of Africa - March 1967 French Somaliland independence referendum - 1967-1977 French Territory of the Afars and the Issas, the name given to present-day Djibouti
May 1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum: May 1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum
December 2018: 21 December 2018: French terror suspect Peter Cherif, also known as Abou Hamza, linked by police to the 2015 attack on Charlie Hebdo that killed 12 people has been arrested in Djibouti
Djibouti/Somalia relations: Djibouti/Somalia relations
Djibouti/USA relations: Djibouti/USA relations - 'Camp Lemonnier' USA Naval Expeditionary Base, the only permanent USA military base in Africa, situated at Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport and home to the Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa
Djibouti/Yemen relations: Djibouti/Yemen relations - Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic
Environment of Djibouti: Environment of Djibouti - Geology of Djibouti - Climate of Djibouti
Ecoregions of Djibouti: Ecoregions of Djibouti - Landforms of Djibouti
Water in Djibouti: Water in Djibouti
Ports and harbours of Djibouti: Ports and harbours of Djibouti
Natural disasters in Djibouti: Natural disasters in Djibouti
November 2019 Djibouti floods: 28 November 2019: Flash flooding has hit the East African nation of Djibouti, where the government and UN say the equivalent of two years’ rain fell in a single day, as several regional countries including Kenya are struggling after heavy rains, with more to come


Egypt - History of Egypt - Geography of Egypt - Ancient Egyptian agriculture - Recent history of Egypt - Demographics of Egypt
Economy of Egypt: Economy of Egypt - main industries include textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures - Companies of Egypt by industry
Manufacturing in Egypt: Manufacturing companies of Egypt - List of companies of Egypt
Military industry in Egypt: Egyptian military industry
Telecommunications in Egypt: Telecommunications in Egypt
Tourism in Egypt: Tourism in Egypt
Modern times tourist destinations in Egypt, millennia-old monuments and pyramids: Major attractions and tourist destinations in Egypt include the millennia-old monuments in the Nile Valley. Principal among them are the Pyramids and Great Sphinx at Giza, the Abu Simbel temples south of Aswan and the Karnak Temple Complex and Valley of the Kings near Luxor.
20th/21st centuries treatment of ancient mummies linked to commercial tourism industry: Treatment of ancient mummies in modern times, as first - following the spread of Islam, its 'Golden Age' and based on a mistranslation from the Arabic term for bitumen, it was thought that mummies possessed healing properties - it became common practice to grind Egyptian mummies into a powder to be sold and used as medicine. Then - when actual mummies became unavailable - the sun-desiccated corpses of criminals, slaves and suicidal people were substituted by mendacious merchants. The trade in mummies - i.e. deceased humans who wanted to be protected against unwanted observation, visits, sacrileges - seems to have been frowned upon by Turkish authorities who ruled Egypt. Several Egyptians were imprisoned for boiling mummies to make oil in 1424. However, mummies were in high demand in Europe and it was possible to buy them for the right amount of money. During the 19th century, following the discovery of the first tombs and artifacts in Egypt, egyptology was a huge fad in Europe, especially in Victorian England. European aristocrats would occasionally entertain themselves by purchasing mummies, having them unwrapped, and holding observation sessions. The pioneer of this kind of entertainment in Britain was Thomas Pettigrew known as 'Mummy' Pettigrew due to his 'work'. Such unrolling sessions destroyed hundreds of mummies, because the exposure to the air caused them to disintegrate. While mummies were used in medicine, some researchers have brought into question these other uses such as making paper and paint, fueling locomotives and fertilizing land.
17 June 2019 'Bandages, Bitumen, Bodies and Business', Egyptian mummies as raw materials: 17 June 2019: 'Bandages, Bitumen, Bodies and Business', Egyptian mummies as raw materials, by Chris Elliott, University of Southampton
Since January 2011 impact of Egypt's Revolution and Counter-revolution on Tourism: Since January 2011 impact of Egypt's Revolution and Counter-revolution on Tourism
June 2013 Egypt’s tourism minister resigns, links to Islamic militants: 19 June 2013: Egypt’s tourism minister resigns over appointment of new governor of Luxor province Al-Khayat, who is linked to Islamic militant's Al-Gamaa Al-Islamiya, the group behind the Luxor massacre 1997 - 30 June 2013: Morsi’s policies failed to revive Egypt's suffering tourism sector - 11 February 2014: Egypt's tourism industry is battling to recover from its 'worst year in modern history', after millions of tourists were put off visiting resorts and heritage sites in 2013
September 2015, 2016 Egyptian forces bombed a convoy of Mexican tourists: 18 September 2015: Egyptian forces bombed a convoy of Mexican tourists about five times over a period of three hours, even after local security forces on the ground had stopped them twice and cleared their passage, according to a survivor - 9 January 2016: Police kill attacker as 3 tourists stabbed at Egyptian resort
March 2020 new threat from Chinese coronavirus: 12 March 2020: Just when Egypt’s crucial tourism sector was recovering from the 2011 revolution, a 2013 coup, consistent Islamist threats and suppression of democracy, the billion dollar industry finds itself preparing for a possible attack from the new coronavirus
Banking in Egypt: Central Bank of Egypt - List of banks in Egypt
Egypt's state budget and crisis:
2011-2012: Deficit in 2011-12 budget revised to 8,6% - 22 August 2012: Egypt requests IMF loan
2013: 5 January 2013: Egypt's uprising against the regime of Mubarak has not been accompanied by an economic boom - 15 April 2013: 9.5% deficit forecast for Egypt's 2013/14 state budget - 16 May 2013: Egypt sees major decline in consumer confidence in Q1/2013 - 3 June 2013: Egypt’s budget deficit estimated to hit EGP 197.5bn by end of June
Agriculture in Egypt: Agriculture in Egypt - Category: Agriculture in Egypt
2013: 2 October 2013: Egypt aims for revolution in desert farming promoting 'Aquaponics', an ancient form of cultivation that originated with the Aztecs and enables farmers to increase yields by growing plants and farming fish in the same closed freshwater system - Aquaponics
Irrigation in Egypt: Irrigation in Egypt
Water supply, management and sanitation in Egypt: Water supply and sanitation in Egypt - Water resources management in modern Egypt - Alexandria Water Company
Water in Egypt: Water in Egypt - Bodies of water of Egypt - List of rivers of Egypt - there is only one year-round river in Egypt, the Nile
Nile: Nile - Nile basin - Nile Basin Initiative - Water politics in the Nile Basin
Aswan Dam, Lake Nasser, irrigation projects: Aswan Dam - Aswan Low Dam
Lake Nasser
Three mega-projects were initiated in the mid-1990s to irrigate so-called 'New Lands' outside the Nile River Valley - The North Sinai Development Project
New Valley Project
Transport in Egypt: Transport in Egypt
Transport disasters in Egypt: Transport disasters in Egypt
Water transport in Egypt: Water transport in Egypt
Suez Canal: Suez Canal
2013/2014: 1 September 2013: Suez Canal Authority says attack attempted on container ship - 1 September 2013: Egypt arrests three who machine-gunned ship in Suez Canal and captures suspected mastermind of ambush that killed 25 police in Sinai - 6 August 2014: Egypt to build second, parallel Suez Canal
Maritime incidents in Egypt: Maritime incidents in Egypt
Since 23 March 2021 Suez Canal obstruction: Since 23 March 2021 Suez Canal obstruction, an ongoing maritime incident involving 'Ever Given', a 400-metre-long container ship - 26 March 2021: Urgent salvage efforts are continuing along the banks of the Suez canal to free a container ship that has been stuck there for nearly four days causing a major jam of hundreds of vessels and blocking a key artery of the global economy - 26 March 2021: At least 20 of the boats delayed due to a stricken container ship in the Suez canal are carrying livestock, according to marine tracking data, raising concerns about the welfare of the animals if the logjam becomes protracted
Rail transport and Egyptian National Railways: Rail transport in Egypt - Egyptian National Railways
Railway accidents and incidents in Egypt: Railway accidents and incidents in Egypt
26 March 2021 dozens killed in train crash in southern Egypt: 26 March 2021: Two trains have collided in southern Egypt, causing three passenger carriages to flip over and killing 32 people, health authorities have said, as 66 people were reportedly injured
Foreign Trade of Egypt: Foreign Trade of Egypt - 23 July 2013: The European Union, traditionally Egypt's main trading partner, covering 23% of Egypt's trade volume in 2012 and ranking first both as Egypt's import and export partner
Banking in Egypt: Banking in Egypt - List of banks in Egypt
Central Bank of Egypt and currency: Central Bank of Egypt and currency
Economic history and economic cycles in Egypt: Economic history of Egypt
Since 2007/2008 global financial crisis and Egypt's response: Global financial crisis since 2007/2008 and Egypt's response
April 2020 lockdowns amid covid-19 pandemic threaten Egypt’s residents: 15 April 2020: Egypt's partial lockdown amid covid-19 pandemic threatens the livelihoods of many of Egypt’s 100 million residents, one of three of whom were already living in poverty, according to government figures
1 April 2022 Egypt's currency loses 17% of its value: 1 April 2022: Egypt's currency loses 17% of its value ahead of Ramadan, as prices of food are going up in many countries in North Africa and the Middle East
Poverty, income distribution and unemployment in Egypt: Poverty and income distribution in Egypt - 25 July 2013: Unemployment Rate in Egypt increased to 13.20 percent in the first quarter of 2013
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Egypt: Egyptian society
Human rights in Egypt: Human rights in Egypt - Political repression in Egypt
August 2015 police brutality thrives in Egypt: 21 August 2015: Police brutality thrives in Egypt, as four years after the Egyption uprising police brutality and abuse have only gotten worse
2016 persisting police brutality: 26 January 2016: Five years after the Egyptian revolution, police brutality persists
November 2018 ongoing crackdown on civil society: 1 November 2018: Egyptian authorities have arrested 19 rights lawyers and activists, including eight women, as part of the country’s ongoing crackdown on civil society, rights group says - 19 November 2018: Egyptian police and NSA have arrested more than 40 human rights activists, lawyers and political activists since late October, as many as 80 people may have been arrested, but so far only 40 names were able to be verified by Human Rights Watch
December 2018 EU urges ban on security, surveillance exports to Egypt: 13 December 2018: Human rights groups estimate that as many as 60,000 political prisoners languish in Egyptian jails, significantly more than under Mubarak's dictatorship, as EU parliament urges ban on security, surveillance exports to Egypt over dire human rights record
11 December 2020 'not just Giulio Regeni', hundreds have died in Egyptian custody, report says: 11 December 2020: The number of people dying in Egyptian detention centres rose by a further 100 in 2020, taking the total number of deaths over 1,000 since the Egyptian dictatorship seized power in 2013, a new Geneva-based 'Committee for Justice' report says
Governorates of Egypt: 27 governorates of Egypt
List of cities and towns in Egypt: List of cities and towns in Egypt - List of towns and villages in Egypt
Cairo city: Cairo city, the capital and largest city of Egypt, as its metropolitan area, with a population of 21.3 million, is the largest in Africa, in the Arab world, and the 6th-largest in the world, and as Cairo is associated with ancient Egypt
Economy of Cairo: Economy of Cairo
History of Egypt and Cairo: History of Egypt and Cairo
Timeline of Cairo since 1st century BCE: Timeline of Cairo since 1st century BCE
Since 1st century BCE Babylon Fortress in the Nile Delta: Since 1st century BCE Babylon Fortress in the Nile Delta, located in the area situated in the former area of the Heliopolite Nome (known today as Coptic Cairo) upon the east bank of the Nile, and near the commencement of the Pharaonic Canal from the Nile to the Red Sea
From 4th church to 7th century CE mosque: 4th–5th centuries CE Saints Sergius and Bacchus Church built, 6th century church of Saint Menas established, 642 Mosque of Amr ibn al-As built
Since 972 Al-Azhar University in Cairo: Since 972 Al-Azhar University in Cairo, renowned as the most prestigious university for Sunni Islamic learning, as later and in addition to higher education Al-Azhar oversees a national network of schools with approximately two million students, and as of 1996 over 4,000 teaching institutes in Egypt were affiliated with the University
1798 French military leader Napoleon arrives: 1798 French military leader Napoleon arrives, later self declared emperor imitating Caesar and Augustus - March 1801 Battle of Alexandria, fought Napoleon's army and the British empire's expeditionary corps near the ruins of Nicopolis, as the fighting now was parts of the French campaign in Egypt and Syria against the Ottoman Empire, which began in 1798 - May-June Siege of Cairo (also known as the Cairo Campaign), as the evening of the 28th August (!) the British and the Ottoman empires took possession of Giza and Cairo where the British and Turkish colours were conjointly hoisted - August-September 1801 Siege of Alexandria, as by 2 September 10,000 French surrendered under terms which allowed them to keep their personal weapons and baggage, and to return to France on British ships, but all French ships and cannons at Alexandria were surrendered to the British and to the Turks under Capitan Pacha (!) - 1805 Muhammad Ali's seizure of power, who became Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha, known as Muhammad Ali of Egypt and the Sudan until March 1848
1892 Ben Ezra Synagogue (re)built: Since Middle Ages Ben Ezra Synagogue, whose geniza or store room was found in the 19th century to contain a treasure of forgotten, stored-away Hebrew, Aramaic and Judeo-Arabic secular and sacred manuscripts, as the collection, known as the Cairo Geniza, was brought to the University of Cambridge at the instigation of Solomon Schechter, and is now divided between several academic libraries, with the majority being kept at the Cambridge University Library
Since 1908 Cairo University, known as the Egyptian University from 1908 to 1940, until the campaigns by Nazi Germany: Since 1908 Cairo University, known as the Egyptian University from 1908 to 1940, and King Fuad I University from 1940 to 1952, is Egypt's premier public university, as its main campus is in Giza, immediately across the Nile from Cairo
November (!) 1918 - July 1919 Egyptian Revolution: November (!) 1918 - July 1919 Egyptian Revolution, a countrywide revolution against the British occupation of Egypt and Sudan, carried out by Egyptians from different walks of life in the wake of the British-ordered exile of the revolutionary Egyptian Nationalist leader Saad Zaghlul, and other members of the Wafd Party in 1919, as the revolution led to the UK's later recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922 as the Kingdom of Egypt, and the implementation of a new constitution in 1923, as the British Empire, however, refused to recognise full Egyptian sovereignty over Sudan, or to withdraw its forces from the Suez Canal Zone, factors that would continue to sour Anglo-Egyptian relations in the decades leading up to the Egyptian revolution of 1952
Since January-February 2011 Egyptian revolution and oppression: January-February 2011 Egyptian revolution, that started on 25 January 2011 and spread across Egypt, as the date was set by various youth groups to coincide with the annual Egyptian 'Police holiday' as a statement against increasing police brutality during the last few years of Mubarak's presidency, as now joining the 'Arab Spring' the revolution consisted of demonstrations, marches, occupations of plazas, non-violent civil resistance, acts of civil disobedience and strikes, as millions of protesters from a range of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of Egypt's Hosni Mubarak, and as violent clashes resulted in at least 846 people killed and over 6,000 injured
Since 2011 international reactions to the Egyptian revolution and solidarity protests: Since 2011 international reactions to the Egyptian revolution of 2011 and solidarity protests
15 February 2021 an apartment building partially collapsed in Cairo: 15 February 2021: An apartment building partially collapsed during the night in the Egyptian capital Cairo in the Roud el-Farag neighbourhood — killing at least three people from the same family, as per reports on Monday
27 March 2021 nine-storey apartment building deadly collapse: 27 March 2021: A nine-storey apartment building collapsed in the Egyptian capital early Saturday, killing at least five people and injuring about two dozen others, as rescue workers were searching for any survivors trapped under the rubble of the building in the el-Salam neighbourhood
Alexandria city: Alexandria city, the third-largest city in Egypt after Cairo and Giza, seventh-largest city in Africa, and a major economic centre, with a total population of 5,200,000 citizens, Alexandria is the largest city on the Mediterranean - History of Alexandria
Alexandria Port: Alexandria Port
Since 331–30 BCE timeline of Alexandria, Greek era since 331 BCE: Timeline of Alexandria since Greek era 331–30 BC
Since 331 BCE Greek era and 'Alexandria' Capitol of Egypt: 331 BC Rhacotis renamed 'Alexandria' by Alexander the Great, 330 BC Cleomenes of Naucratis appointed Governor of Egypt by Alexander, begins to turn the small village into the Capitol of Egypt
4th/3rd century BC Greek mathematician Euclid of Alexandria: Mid-4th century until mid-3rd century BC Euclid of Alexandria, a Greek mathematician and a founder of geometry. His 'Elements' is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics from the time of its publication until the early 20th century. Euclid deduced the theorems of what is now called Euclidean geometry from a small set of axioms. - Euklids überlieferte Werke umfassen sämtliche Bereiche der antiken griechischen Mathematik, die theoretischen Disziplinen Arithmetik und Geometrie, Musiktheorie (z.B. 'Die Teilung des Kanon'), methodische Anleitung zur Findung von planimetrischen Problemlösungen von bestimmten gesicherten Ausgangspunkten aus (Porismen) sowie weitere physikalischen bzw. angewandungsbezogene Werke - Euklids musiktheoretischer Schrift 'Die Teilung des Kanon' greift die Musiktheorie des Archytas auf und stellte sie auf eine solidere akustische Basis, nämlich auf Frequenzen von Schwingungen und verallgemeinerte dabei den Archytas' Ansicht über Quadratwurzeln. Der Grund für diese Verallgemeinerung ist seine Antithese gegen die Harmonik des Aristoxenos, die auf rationalen Vielfachen des Tons aufbaut. Denn in der pythagoreischen Harmonik hat der Ton (Ganzton) die Proportion 9:8, was Euklid zu seiner Antithese 'Der Ton ist weder in zwei noch in mehrere gleiche Teile teilbar' veranlasste. Sie setzt allerdings kommensurable Frequenzen voraus, die in der pythagoreischen Harmonik bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts - der beginnenden Zeit des 'Wohltemperierten Klaviers' - angenommen wurden. Die Antithese 'Die Oktave ist kleiner als 6 Ganztöne' stützte er auf die Berechnung des pythagoreischen Kommas. Ferner enthält Euklids Teilung des Kanons – wie ihr Titel signalisiert – die älteste überlieferte Darstellung eines Tonsystems am Kanon, einer geteilten Saite, und zwar eine pythagoreische Umdeutung des vollständigen diatonischen Tonsystems des Aristoxenos. Euklids Tonsystem wurde durch Boethius tradiert und wurde in der Tonbuchstaben-Notation Odos zur Grundlage des modernen Tonsystems - Buchstabentonschrift, die älteste bekannte Art der Notenschrift seit der antiken Griechischen Musik, Artikel im Musik-Lexikon von Hugo Riemann
Since about 285 BCE 'Great Library of Alexandria' until 48 BCE: Since about 285 BCE 'Great Library of Alexandria' in Alexandria, one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world. The Library was part of a larger research institution called the Mouseion, which was dedicated to the Muses, the nine goddesses of the arts. The Library was burned by Roman military's general Julius Caesar during his war in 48 BCE during conquests by the emerging Roman empire based on slavery
July 30 BCE Battle of Alexandria, the final battle of the Roman Republic: July 30 BCE Battle of Alexandria, fought 1-30 July between the forces of Octavian and Mark Antony during the final battle of the Roman Republic after Antony had lost the majority of his fleet and had been forced to abandon the majority of his army in Greece, but still managed to narrowly defeat Octavian’s forces in his initial defence. Then Octavian launched a second invasion of Egypt, after which Antony and his lover, Cleopatra, committed suicide.
1st century Alexandrian pogrom directed against Jews and later riots 38-40 CE: Alexandrian pogrom, attacks directed against Jews in 38 CE in Roman Alexandria in Egypt. Riots again erupted in Alexandria in 40 CE between Jews and Greeks
115–117 CE 'Kitos War' in Alexandria, Trajan sent new troops: 115–117 'Kitos War', one of the major Jewish–Roman wars 66–136 including the conquest, destruction of Jerusalem, and then leading to genocide of the Jewish people. The rebellions in the second century erupted in 115, when most of the Roman armies were fighting Trajan's Parthian War on the eastern border of the Roman Empire. Major uprisings by Jews in Cyrenaica, Cyprus and Egypt were later suppressed by the imperial military using Roman empire's methods of warfare
2023-2029 ESA's 'Euclid spacecraft/space telescope mission' to better understand dark energy and matter: February 2023-2029 named after the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid of Alexandria, Euclid spacecraft and space telescope currently under development by the European ESA and the Euclid Consortium. The objective of the Euclid mission is to better understand dark energy and dark matter by accurately measuring the acceleration of the universe
Sharm El Sheikh city: Sharm El Sheikh city on the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula, in South Sinai Governorate, on the coastal strip along the Red Sea. Its population is approximately 73,000 as of 2015. Egypt's South Sinai Governorate includes the smaller coastal towns of Dahab and Nuweiba as well as the mountainous interior, St. Catherine and Mount Sinai. The city and holiday resort is a significant centre for tourism in Egypt, while also attracting many international conferences and diplomatic meetings.
From a fishing village into a major port and naval base, Sharm El Sheikh history: Geography and history of Sharm El Sheikh, located on the Egyptian Red Sea coast, at the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula on a promontory overlooking the Straits of Tiran at the mouth of the Gulf of Aqaba. Its strategic importance led to its transformation from a fishing village into a major port and naval base for the Egyptian Navy. It was conquered by Israel during the Suez Crisis of 1956 and returned to Egypt in 1957. A UN peacekeeping force was stationed there until the 1967 Six-Day War when it was reoccupied by Israel
2022 UN Climate Change Conference COP27 6 November - 18 November in Sharm El Sheikh: 2022 UN Climate Change Conference COP27 from 6 November until 18 November 2022 in Sharm El Sheikh, with more than 90 heads of state and representatives of 190 countries expected to attend
7 November 2022 Egyptian demand that West pays global south to deal with climate crisis: 7 November 2022: Egyptian president al-Sissi called for a 'historic agreement' in which richer countries provide assistance to emerging economies in accelerating their transition to renewable energies. Officials from western countries at the conference, meanwhile, said that the Egyptian hosts 'are not even trying to reach the 1.5 degree Celsius target'
7 novembre 2022 Guterres appelle à choisir entre 'solidarité' et 'suicide collectif': 7 novembre 2022: À la COP 27 en Egypt sur le climat Guterres appelle à choisir entre 'solidarité' et 'suicide collectif'
Demographics of Egypt: Demographics of Egypt
Ethnic groups in Egypt: Egyptian people by ethnic or national origin - Ethnic minorities in Egypt include Bedouin Arab tribes of the Sinai Peninsula and the eastern desert, the Berber-speaking community of the Siwa Oasis and the Nubian people along the southern Nile - Immigrants to Egypt
Sudanese refugees and migrants in Egypt: Sudanese refugees and migrants in Egypt
Syrian refugees in Egypt: Syrian Refugees in Egypt, caused by Assad's war against the Syrian people and the Arab Spring movement since 2011
Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis - UNHCR documents 'Syria Regional Refugee Response'
2016/2017: 26 March 2017: A court in Egypt has sentenced 56 people to prison terms of up to 14 years over a boat that capsized on 21 September 2016, killing more than 200 onboard as about 170 passengers were rescued
January 2020 migrants find racism and violence in Egypt: 2 January 2020: Fleeing poverty and war in Africa, migrants find racism and violence in Egypt
Culture and languages in Egypt: Culture of Egypt - Languages of Egypt - Egyptian Arabic - Varieties of Arabic - Egyptian language - Coptic language
Ancient Egyptian art and architecture: Ancient Egyptian architecture - Referring to production in ancient Egypt between the 31st century BC and the 4th century AD, ancient Egyptian art includes paintings, sculptures, drawings on papyrus, faience, jewelry, ivories, architecture, and other art media, as it is very conservative meaning the art style changed very little over time, as much of the surviving art comes from tombs and monuments, giving more insight into the ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs
Ancient Egyptian technology: Ancient Egyptian technology, as the Egyptians invented and used many simple machines, such as the ramp and the lever, to aid construction processes, also using rope trusses to stiffen the beam of ships, and as Egyptian paper, made from papyrus, and pottery were mass-produced and exported throughout the Mediterranean Basin
Contemporary art in Egypt: Contemporary art in Egypt
Women, polygamy and women's rights in Egypt: Women in Egypt - Polygamy in Egypt - Women's rights in Egypt - Egyptian Centre for Women's Rights
12 November 2013: Sexual harassment, high rates of female genital cutting and a surge in violence and Islamist feeling after the Arab Spring uprisings have made Egypt the worst country in the Arab world to be a woman, a Thomson Reuters Foundation survey says - 14 March 2014: A doctor and the father of 13-year-old Sohair al-Bata'a are the first to be prosecuted in Egypt for deadly practice of FGM - 6 June 2014: Egypt makes sexual harassment of women a crime for the first time but campaigners remain concerned about whether the law will be enforced by police - 16 July 2014: Egyptian court jails 7 men for life for sexually assaulting several women during a rally in Tahrir Square on 8 June - 17 August 2015: Photojournalist and activist Esraa El Taweel, taken by force from an outing with her friends on 1 June and detained, faces greater harassment after posting latest letter from prison, sister says
Women's role in the Egyptian revolution since 2011: Women's role in the Egyptian revolution since 2011 - 13 December 2013: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood turns to sisters in fight against government in 2013 - 2 March 2014: First woman to head a political party in Egypt says it proves the revolution has changed attitudes
Children's rights in Egypt: Children's rights in Egypt - Child right's non-governmental organization 'Plan Egypt'
March 2020 el-Sissi forces arrested, forcibly disappeared and tortured children: 23 March 2020: Egyptian security forces under president el-Sissi have arbitrarily arrested, forcibly disappeared and tortured children as young as 12 while prosecutors and judges turned a blind eye, international rights group 'Human Rights Watch' said
Education in Egypt: Education in Egypt
Schools in Egypt: List of schools in Egypt
Universities in Egypt: Universities in Egypt
2017: 25 September 2017: Egyptian students told to respect the flag or risk a year in prison, as crackdown by education minister, which includes fine threat, prompts ridicule on social media
Health in Egypt: Health in Egypt
Medical outbreaks and man-made disasters in Egypt: Medical outbreaks in Egypt - Man-made disasters in Egypt
2020 Chinese coronavirus outbreak in Egypt: 2020 Chinese coronavirus outbreak in Egypt
7 March 2020 45 people on cruise ship tested positive over Chinese coronavirus: On 7 March 2020, health authorities announced that 45 people on board of MS River Anuket had tested positive over Chinese coronavirus, and that the ship had been placed in quarantine at a dock in Luxor
15 July 2020 doctors targeted for highlighting covid-19 working conditions: 15 July 2020: Egypt doctors targeted for highlighting covid-19 working conditions, as overwhelmed staff detained by state security agency after voicing concerns about lack of PPE, as Egyptian Center for Public Opinion Research has estimated that at least 616,000 Egyptians were infected with covid-19, and at least 131 doctors have died from covid-19 pandemic
Healthcare in Egypt and history: Healthcare in Egypt - Timeline of healthcare in Egypt since ancient period, as Egypt is considered to be the first civilization to develop what today we call a healthcare system, and ancient Egyptians document their research, knowledge, and practises, and as documented ancient Egyptian medical literature is among the oldest in existence today
2630–2611 BC first recorded examples of medical diagnosis: 2630–2611 BC first recorded examples of medical diagnosis, found in the writings of Imhotep in ancient Egypt, as Babylonian medical textbook, the Diagnostic Handbook written by Esagil-kin-apli, introduced the use of empiricism, logic and rationality in the diagnosis of an illness or disease
2613 BC - 2494 BC Peseshet the earliest known female physician in ancient Egypt: 2613 BC - 2494 BC Peseshet, who lived under the Fourth Dynasty, credited with being the earliest known female physician in ancient Egypt
641–1517 medieval Egypt after Muslim conquest of Egypt: 641–1517 medieval Egypt after Muslim conquest of Egypt
1135-1204 Sephardic Jewish philosopher, astronomer and physician Moses ben Maimon: 1135-1204 Moses ben Maimon, commonly known as Maimonides, a medieval Sephardic Jewish philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages, who also a preeminent astronomer and physician - Medical works of Maimonides, who wrote ten known medical works in Arabic that have been translated by the Jewish medical ethicist Fred Rosner into contemporary English - Since 1995 Maimonides Foundation in London
Since 1928/1947 Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine in Cairo: Since 1928/1947 public Ain Shams (Eye of the Sun) University Faculty of Medicine in Cairo - Since 1984 Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine's school hospitals and intensive care units - List of medical schools in Egypt
Hospitals, medical and health organisations based in Egypt: List of hospitals in Egypt - Medical and health organisations based in Egypt
15 July 2020 doctors targeted for highlighting covid-19 working conditions: 15 July 2020: Egypt doctors targeted for highlighting covid-19 working conditions, as overwhelmed staff detained by state security agency after voicing concerns about lack of PPE
Media in Egypt: Media in Egypt - Egyptian media by medium - Media in Egypt by city
Freedom of speech and repression in Egypt: Freedom of speech in Egypt
April-June 2013 Morsi critics prosecuted: 1 April 2013: Popular Egyptian TV satirist Bassem Youssef released on bail after turning himself in for questioning over allegations he insulted Islam and Mohamed Morsi - 3 June 2013: Opposition youth activist Ahmed Duma sentenced by a Cairo court to 6 months in prison for insulting Morsi
November 2013 Bassem Youssef suspended: 2 November 2013: Channel suspends satirist Bassem Youssef's show after he pokes fun at army chief
June 2014: 5 June 2014: Egyptian prosecutors seek 15-year prison sentence for Al Jazeera journalists - 16 June: Egypt to free Al Jazeera journalist on hunger strike - 23 June: Egypt court sentences Qatar-based Al-Jazeera journalists to seven years for 'publishing lies'
November/December 2014 journalists reject banning criticism of police and army: 2 November 2014: Several hundred Egyptian journalists reject declaration by newspaper editors pledging support to government and banning criticism of police and army - 29 December 2014: Protests outside Egyptian embassy in London against imprisonment of journalists one year behind bars
June 2015 jailed journalists: 25 June 2015: Committee to Protect Journalists prison census found at least 18 Egyptian journalists were being held in jail for reasons related to their reporting, most since 1990
August 2015 Karim Hamdy case: 12 August 2015: Human rights groups fear for rule of law in Egypt as lawyer Karim Hamdy died after two days in police detention, having signs of torture including broken ribs and bleeding in the brain
August 2015 jailed journalists: 17 August 2015: Photojournalist and activist Esraa El Taweel, taken by force from an outing with her friends on 1 June and detained, faces greater harassment after posting latest letter from prison, sister says - 29 August 2015: Australian journalist Greste as well as his two Qatar-based Al Jazeera colleagues Canadian-Egyptian Fahmy and Baher Mohamed found guilty and sentenced to at least three years jail for broadcasting material harmful to Egypt and operating with no press license
May 2016 court seeks death penalty against journalists: 7 May 2016: Egyptian court seeks death penalty against three journalists Alaa Omar Sablan, Ibrahim Mohammed Helal, and Asmaa al-Khateeb
2017 jailed journalists: 15 December 2017: Egypt has 20 journalists in jail as of December 2017 according to the Committee for the Protection of Journalists CPJ, saying that a dozen had not been convicted or sentenced for any crime, as the commonest type of charge is flouting of anti-state laws
March 2018 threats against journalist: 24 March 2018: Egyptian authorities threatened British journalist Bel Trew, a correspondent for the Times, with a military trial and expelled her from the country with no stated cause, in advance of the country’s upcoming presidential election
March 2019 singer banned from performing: 23 March 2019: An Egyptian singer has been banned from performing in her home country after she suggested it does not respect free speech
September 2019 Sissi regime warns media: 23 September 2019: Egypt's Sissi regime warns media it’s monitoring coverage of anti-Sissi protests
January 2020 journalist Mohamed el-Garhy's brother arrested: 2 January 2020: Egyptian journalist Mohamed el-Garhy known for his critical views of el-Sissi regime said that police raided his parents' house the previous night and arrested his brother after his parents told the police that he was not at home
3 May 2020 journalism in Egypt has become a crime rights group says: 3 May 2020: Journalism in Egypt has effectively become a crime over the past four years, as authorities clamp down on media outlets and muzzle dissent, Amnesty International said in a report
3 May 2020 Shady Habash critical of Sissi dies in jail: 3 May 2020: Young Egyptian filmmaker who mocked Sissi dies in jail, as Shady Habash was arrested in 2018 for ‘spreading fake news’ after directing a music video critical of the Egyptian leade
Newspapers in Egypt: Newspapers in Egypt
January 2015 'Islamic State' affiliate's el-Arish attack: 29 January 2015: Egyptian state newspaper office destroyed in 'Islamic State' affiliate's el-Arish attack, six people dead
March 2015 censorship: 11 March 2015: Censors have forced regime-friendly Egyptian newspaper Al-Watan to rewrite its front-page after it claimed that key state institutions and politicians owe billions of Egyptian pounds in taxes
Broadcasting in Egypt: Broadcasting in Egypt - Radio stations in Egypt - Television in Egypt - Egyptian Radio and Television Union, operated by the Egyptian government
2013/2014: 9 July 2013: Qatari-owned media company Al-Jazeera saw 22 members of its staff in Egypt resign on Monday over biased Egypt coverage - 11 February 2014: Al-Jazeera correspondent's trial set for next week, charged with having links to the Muslim Brotherhood and airing false news - 5 June 2014: Egyptian prosecutors seek 15-year prison sentence for Al Jazeera journalists - 16 June: Egypt to free Al Jazeera journalist on hunger strike - 23 June: Egypt court sentences Qatar-based Al-Jazeera journalists to seven years for 'publishing lies' - 2 November 2014: Several hundred Egyptian journalists reject declaration by newspaper editors pledging support to government and banning criticism of police and army - 29 December 2014: Protests outside Egyptian embassy in London against imprisonment of journalists one year behind bars
2015: 1 January 2015: Egyptian court cancels jail sentences against three Al Jazeera journalists - 1 February: Australian journalist Greste released from a Cairo jail and left Egypt for his native country - 25 June: Committee to Protect Journalists prison census found at least 18 Egyptian journalists were being held in jail for reasons related to their reporting, most since 1990 - 17 August 2015: Photojournalist and activist Esraa El Taweel, taken by force from an outing with her friends on 1 June and detained, faces greater harassment after posting latest letter from prison, sister says - 29 August 2015: Australian journalist Greste as well as his two Qatar-based Al Jazeera colleagues Canadian-Egyptian Fahmy and Baher Mohamed found guilty and sentenced to at least three years jail for broadcasting material harmful to Egypt and operating with no press license
18 July 2023 representative of striking BBC Cairo staff accuses broadcaster of ‘gross discrimination’: 18 July 2023: A representative of BBC staff in Cairo on a three-day strike for equal pay with colleagues across the Middle East accused the broadcaster of 'gross discrimination', as the North African country is in the midst of spiraling economic crises, with inflation running at a record high and the currency depreciating
Internet and censorship: Internet in Egypt - Internet censorship - Internet censorship in the Arab Spring
Religion and freedom of religion in Egypt: Religion in Egypt - Freedom of religion in Egypt
2013: 17 June 2013: A Cairo court sentenced an Egyptian Muslim preacher to 11 years in jail for blasphemy for burning a Bible during a protest last year outside the US embassy
2015: 23 February 2015: Head of Al-Azhar muslim cleric Ahmed al-Tayeb urges education reform to counter extremism saying that there is a link between extremism and bad interpretations of the Koran
Crime in Egypt: Crime in Egypt
Since 1550–1175 BC slavery in ancient Egypt, at least since the New Kingdom: Slavery in ancient Egypt existed at least since the New Kingdom 1550–1175 BC
Economy and slavery in ancient Egypt:
Corruption in Egypt: Corruption in Egypt - 5 December 2012: Annual Corruption Perceptions Index says Egypt had fallen six places to 118th out of 176 countries as levels of bribery, abuse of power and secret dealings remain high
Murder in Egypt: Murder in Egypt
December 2017: 24 décembre 2017: Des hommes masqués ont ouvert le feu sur un café du sud du Caire tuant au moins trois personnes
Religiously motivated violence and suicide bombings in Egypt: Religiously motivated violence in Egypt
2013: 19 août 2013: Les attaques contre la minorité chrétienne d’Égypte se sont multipliées depuis la dispersion sanglante des manifestations pro-Morsi - 21 October 2013: Gunmen riding a motorbike shot and killed three people, including an 8-year-old girl, when they fired on a group leaving a wedding at a Coptic Christian church in Cairo late on Sunday
2017: 23 December 2017: Hundreds of Muslim demonstrators attacked an unlicensed church south of Cairo wounding three people, an Egyptian Coptic Christian diocese said on Saturday, in the latest assault on members of the country’s Christian minority - 29 December 2017: A gunman opened fire on a church south of Cairo on Friday, killing 10 people before policemen shot him dead
November 2018: 2 November 2018: Islamic terrorists ambushed a bus carrying Christian pilgrims on their way to a remote desert monastery south of the Egyptian capital Cairo, killing at least seven people and wounding 12
Terrorism in Egypt: Terrorism in Egypt - Terrorist incidents in Egypt by year - Suicide bombings in Egypt - Timeline of the Sinai insurgency 2011-2015
2011-2014: 2011 Alexandria bombing - 17 August 2013: Brother of al-Qaeda chief Ayman al-Zawahiri arrested in Egypt - December 2013 Mansoura bombing - 24 décembre 2013: Au moins 14 personnes tuées et une centaine d'autres blessées dans un attentat contre la police à Mansoura - 25 December 2013: An Al-Qaeda-inspired group based in Sinai claims Mansura police headquarters suicide bombing - 24 January 2014 Cairo bombings
2015: Terrorist incidents in Egypt in 2015 - 23 August 2015: With ongoing terrorism, journalists and activists jailed and a new terrorism law in effect, a culture of fear is growing in Egypt
2016: 8 January 2016 Hurghada attack, as two Islamic State terrorists armed with a melee weapon and a signal flare stormed a hotel in Hurghada, stabbing three foreign tourists from Austria and Sweden - 11 December 2016 Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral bombing - 11 December 2016: Cairo's main Coptic cathedral bomb blast kills at least 25 people and injures dozens
April/May 2017: 9 April 2017 Palm Sunday twin suicide bombings, detonating at St. George’s Church in Tanta on the Nile delta and Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Alexandria and killing at least 45 people and injuring more than 136 - 9 avril 2017: Un attentat à la bombe a fait au moins 13 morts dimanche près d'une église dans la ville de Tanta, au nord du Caire - 9 avril 2017: Un attentat à la bombe a fait au moins 13 morts dimanche près d'une église dans la ville de Tanta, au nord du Caire - 26 May 2017: 23 people were killed and 25 wounded in an attack by gunmen on a bus carrying Coptic Christians south of Cairo
July 2017: 15 July 2017: Two German tourists stabbed to death at Egyptian beach resort, four others wounded
December 2018: 29 December 2018: A day after a deadly bombing on a Vietnamese tourist bus in Giza killed four people, Egyptian security forces reportedly killed 40 suspected militants in three separate incidents in North Sinai and Giza
Sinai, Sinai insurgency and terrorism in Egypt: Sinai 'insurgency' - Sinai Peninsula - South Sinai regional development programme - Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
Since July 2011 Timeline of the Sinai insurgency: Since July 2011 Timeline of the Sinai 'insurgency', which was invigorated by a period of relative instability and political turmoil in Egypt, beginning with the 2011 uprising against former autocrat Hosni Mubarak, as insurgent attacks, however, intensified significantly following the July 2013 coup that ousted Muslim Brotherhood-backed president Mohamed Morsi and subsequent crackdown on his supporters
2004: 2004 Sinai bombings
2011/2012: Operation Eagle 2011/2012 - Operation Sinai since 2012
2013: May 2013 hostage crisis - 22 May 2013: After the intervention of tribal leaders, heavily armed kidnappers released three Egyptian policemen and four soldiers captured last week in the Sinai peninsula - 5 July: In Sinai, Islamist militants fired rockets and directed heavy machine gun fire at a police base and attacked military - 6 July: Coptic priest killed in Sinai - 10 juillet: Des attaques dans le Sinaï font deux morts - 15 July: Militants killed at least three people and wounded 17 when they fired on a bus carrying workers in the North Sinai town of Al-Arish - 22 July: Six Egyptians were killed and 11 others wounded in several attacks by militants in the Sinai peninsula near Egypt's borders with Israel and the Palestinian Gaza strip - 24 July: A car bomb exploded near a police base and two soldiers were killed in separate, multiple attacks in the Sinai peninsula - 19 August: Militants kill 24 Egyptian policemen in Sinai - 8 septembre: L'attentat du Caire auquel a échappé le ministre de l'Intérieur revendiqué par des djihadistes du Sinaï - 8 septembre: L'armée égyptienne poursuit ses opérations au Sinaï - 11 September: At least three soldiers were killed and at least 10 others were wounded when a suicide car bomb targeted an intelligence outpost in Egypt’s Sinai - 21 September: Roadside bomb wounds two soldiers in Egypt's Sinai as security forces arrested 16 suspected militants - 27 September: Gunmen kill policeman in Sinai - 10 October: Egypt troops killed in Sinai suicide bomb attack - 21 October: Jihadists claim Egypt canal city car bombing - 6 November: Sniper kills Egypt soldier in Sinai - 20 novembre: Un attentat à la voiture piégée a visé un convoi militaire dans le Sinaï et tué au moins 10 soldats
2014: 25 January 2014: An Al Qaeda-inspired group, based in Sinai Peninsula, claimed responsibility for Friday's Cairo attacks which killed six people
February 2014 Taba bus bombing: February 2014 Taba bus bombing - 16 February: A bomb attack on a tourist bus in the Sinai peninsula has killed at least three South Korean tourists and an Egyptian driver - 2 May: Suicide bomber kills soldier in Sinai, second blast wounds 3 targeting security checkpoint on road to tourist resort - 21 May: One Egyptian killed and six others injured in a bomb attack on a security vehicle in Sinai, near the Israeli border - 14 July: Militants fire mortar rounds at military post in el-Arish near Israel border, killing a soldier as well as seven civilians, including two children
October-November 2014 Sinai attacks: October 2014 Sinai attacks - 24 October: Militants killed at least 26 people at a military checkpoint in the northern Sinai peninsula
1 November: Seven Egyptian security personnel were injured on Friday, after a blast near El-Arish - 23 December: Suspected Islamist militants blow up natural gas pipeline in North Sinai
2015: 5 January: Bomb wounds four policemen in Egypt's Sinai - 29 January: Six people killed and an office of Egypt's state newspaper al Ahram destroyed in an attack by suspected Islamists in North Sinai's provincial capital el-Arish - 30 January: 'Islamic State' affiliate claims responsibility for coordinated attacks that struck more than a dozen army and other targets in the three Sinai towns of el-Arish, Sheik Zuwayid and Rafah, killing at least 26 security officers - 1 February: Three women killed as violence continues in Sinai - 6 March: Egyptian military air strikes reportedly killed 25 Islamist militants in Northern Sinai near the town of Sheikh Zuweid over the last two days - 10 March: 25 Egyptian policemen wounded by suicide car bomber targeting compound in the city of el-Arish - 2 April: Gunmen attacked several checkpoints in Sinai, killing at least five soldiers - 12 April: An explosion targeting a military vehicle kills five soldiers near Sheikh Zuweid on Sunday - 20 April: Three Egyptian soldiers killed in blast claimed by ISIS affiliate in Rafah - 7 May: Two Egyptian police recruits were killed on Thursday when unidentified gunmen shot them in Northern Sinai - 1/2 July: At least 70 Egyptians including soldiers and civilians killed in Islamic State terrorists' offensive in Sinai, as ties to Hamas’ military wing suspected - 9 July: 20 Egyptian policemen wounded in Sinai bombing in the provincial capital of el-Arish - 18 July: 'Islamic State' terrorists in Sinai attacked two Egypt military checkpoints, killing five soldiers and wounding at least seven near town of Sheikh Zuweid - 23 July: Four Egyptian soldiers killed in Sinai bombing claimed by Islamic State loyalists - 15 October: A roadside bomb by unknown assailants in the northern Sinai city of el-Arishhas has left one civilian and one soldier dead, also injuring six policemen - 4 November: At least 3 Egyptian police killed in Sinai bombing, claimed by Islamic State terrorists - 15 November 2015: Egyptian police found the bodies of 15 African migrants who appeared to have been shot dead in northern Sinai near the border with Israel - 24 November: At least three people have died after two bombs exploded in al-Arish outside a hotel where election judges were staying
2016: 21 January 2016: Unknown assailants shot dead five Egyptian policemen in an attack on a security checkpoint in el-Arish - 14 October 2016: Islamic State terrorists killed 12 members of Egypt's military in North Sinai province and wounded six more in an attack on a checkpoint, the military said, adding that it killed 15 militants in return
2017: 9 January 2017: At least 9 Sinai troops killed in bomb-laden garbage truck attack on checkpoint in northern city of el-Arish - 23 January 2017: Assailants kill 5 Egyptian soldiers in Sinai - 7 July 2017: At least 10 security troops killed when a suicide bomber rams vehicle into checkpoint in southern Rafah in northeastern Sinai Peninsula, followed by heavy gunfire from dozens of masked fighters - 20 October 2017: Armed militants killed at least 30 police officers in a shootout during a raid on a suspected militant hideout in Egypt’s western desert
November 2017 Bir al-Abed attack: 24 November 2017 Bir al-Abed attack in North Sinai Governorate - 25 November 2017: Terrorists killed more than 230 people at a mosque in North Sinai on Friday, detonating a bomb and gunning down worshippers in the deadliest such attack in Egypt’s modern history, according to state media and witnesses - 25 November 2017: Egyptian warplanes strike 'terrorist' targets after mosque attack kills worshippers
March 2018: 19 March 2018: 4 Egyptian soldiers and 36 Islamic militants have died in the past five days of fighting in the restive Sinai Peninsula, as military claims it destroyed hundreds of hideouts, munition and weapons depots during the operation and arrested 345 suspected militants
January-February 2021 Sinai Peninsula attacks: January-February 2021 Sinai Peninsula attacks
Human trafficking in Egypt: Human trafficking in Egypt
Egyptian law and legal history in Egypt: Egyptian law - Legal history of Egypt - History of the Egyptian Constitution - List of written constitutions in Egypt - Human rights in Egypt
Judiciary of Egypt: Judiciary of Egypt
Courts in Egypt: Courts in Egypt
Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt: Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt
Law enforcement and law enforcement agencies of Egypt: Law enforcement in Egypt - Law enforcement agencies of Egypt - Egyptian Police - Central Security Forces
Police brutality in Egypt: 2006-2011 Police brutality in Egypt - during the Mubarak regime and in the five years before the revolution, claims by domestic and international groups provided cellphone videos or first-hand accounts of hundreds of cases of police brutality
2011: 28 January 2011: Police brutality in Egypt is 'routine and pervasive' and the use of torture widespread, according to leaked USA cables released today by WikiLeaks
2012: 15 October 2012: In a report of Cairo-based Nadim Centre for the Rehabilitation of Torture Victims over 200 cases of police brutality, 34 cases of death, 88 cases of torture, and 7 cases of sexual assault at the hands of Egyptian police were recorded during President Morsi's first 100 days in office - 25 October 2012: Egyptian police brutality continues, according to human rights groups
2016: 13 February 2016: Thousands of Egyptian doctors protest over alleged police brutality after accusations that two doctors were beaten up by policemen in a Cairo hospital
August 2018: 14 août 2018: Des ONG de défense des droits ont dénoncé l'impunité dont bénéficient les forces de sécurité en Egypte, cinq ans après un assaut contre deux sit-in lors duquel des centaines de personnes ont été tuées
Military of Egypt: Military of Egypt
Military history of Egypt: Military history of Egypt
Wars and conflicts involving Egypt: List of conflicts in Egypt - List of wars involving Egypt
May 2019 alleged war crimes in Sinai: 28 May 2019: Human Rights Watch accuses Egypt, Sinai militants of war crimes in their confrontation in the restive North Sinai region, saying 'while Egyptian military and police forces were responsible for the majority of abuses documented in the report, extremist militants have also committed horrific crimes'
Egyptian Army: The Egyptian Army, the largest service branch within the Egyptian Armed Forces and the largest army in Africa - Structure of the Egyptian Army - Equipment of the modern Egyptian Army - Egyptian military personnel
Military industry and budget in Egypt: Military budget rank 41 - Egyptian military industry
List of conflicts in Egypt: List of conflicts in Egypt - List of wars involving Egypt
July 2013 Egyptian coup d'état: July 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Egyptian army chief General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi led a coalition to remove the President of Egypt Mohamed Morsi from power and suspended the Egyptian constitution - August 2013 Rabaa massacre, Egyptian security forces raided two camps of protesters in Cairo, one at al-Nahda Square and a larger one at Rabaa al-Adawiya Square - 2013-2014 Post-coup unrest in Egypt - Egyptian Crisis (2011–present)
International reactions to the July 2013 Egyptian coup d'état: International reactions to the July 2013 Egyptian coup d'état
Politics of Egypt: Politics of Egypt - Emergency law in Egypt - History of the Egyptian Constitution - Egyptian Constitution of 2014
Political parties and trade unions in Egypt: List of political parties in Egypt - Egypt national association for change - Freedom and Justice Party - Workers Democratic Party - April 6 Youth Movement - Hizb el-Dostour (Constitution Party) - 1 March 2014: Hala Shukhrallah is the first woman and Copt to head Constitution Party, a major Egyptian political party - 2 March 2014: First woman to head a political party in Egypt says it proves the revolution has changed attitudes
Trade unions in Egypt - Federation of Egyptian Trade Unions - Egyptian Trade Union Federation
Domestic responses to the Egyptian revolution - elections 2011- 2015: Domestic responses to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 - Constitutional referendum 2011 - Results, 20.03.2011 - Egyptian parliamentary election October 2011 - Presidential elections by end of 2011 - 17 September 2011: Election for the lower house of parliament begins on November 28, for the upper house on January 22 - 20. September 2011: Ägypten verbietet Gründung einer Islamisten-Partei - 2. Oktober 2011: Militärrat stellt Zeitplan für die Machtübergabe an zivile Regierung vor - 1 décembre: Le parti Liberté et Justice PLJ affirme avoir obtenu plus de 40% des voix aux législatives - Egyptian parliamentary election 2011/January 2012 - Egyptian presidential election May 2012
2014: Egyptian presidential election 26 and 27 May 2014 - Egyptian parliamentary election 2014 postponed
October/November 2015 Egyptian parliamentary election: 17/18 October - 23 November Egyptian parliamentary election (21 March 2015 - 27 April 2015)
Egyptian Revolution since January 2011 and July 2013 Egyptian coup d'état (ongoing): Egyptian Revolution 2011 (ongoing) - Trials and judicial hearings following the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 - Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces - Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under Mohamed Morsi - 2012–2013 Egyptian protests - June 2013 Egyptian protests - 2013 Egyptian coup d'état - Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–14) - Egyptian Crisis (2011–present)
June 2011: 29 June 2011: Fresh clashes in Cairo
July 2011: 8. Juli 2011: Unzufriedene Aufständische protestieren in Kairo und anderen Städten am 8. Juli - 10. Juli 2011: Ägyptische Regierung macht Demonstranten Zugeständnisse - 13 July 2011: Egyptian protesters call for end to army rule - 15. Juli 2011: Proteste gegen Ägyptens Militärregierung auch am 15. Juli - 16. Juli 2011: Demonnstranten vertreiben General Mahdi (Mitglied des regierenden Obersten Militärrats) vom Tahrir-Platz - 17. Juli: Ägyptens Außenminister tritt zurück - 17. Juli 2011: Verwirrspiel um Mubaraks Gesundheit - nach Schlaganfall im Koma? - New cabinet sworn in amid continuing protests 21 July - 24. Juli 2011: Angriffe auf Demonstration der Demokratiebewegung am 23. Juli - 28. Juli 2011: Mubarak ab 3. August vor Gericht in Kairo - Friday 29 July: Islamists lead Tahrir Square rally in Cairo
August 2011: 3. August: Mubarak und zwei Söhne vor Gericht in Kairo, Prozeßfortsetzung 15. August - 15 August: Mubarak due back in court as trial resumes in Cairo - 15 August: Judge adjourned Mubarak trial until September 5 and halts live TV coverage
September 2011: 5 September: Police testify in Mubarak trial amid clashes - 8 September: Egypt's ex-interior minister told police to use live ammunition against protesters, witness says during Mubarak trial - 9 September: Egyptians protest against military rule pressing to keep promises of political reform - 10 September: Crowds attack Israel embassy in Cairo in overnight clashes - 11 September: Military leader Tantawi says he is 'too busy' to testify in Mubarak trial - 30. September: Demonstranten in ganz Ägypten fordern Aufhebung der Notstandsgesetze der Mubarakzeit
October 2011: 10 October: Egypt's PM Sharaf urges calm after Cairo clashes between Coptic Christians and security forces - 11 October: Egypt army seeks probe into Cairo clashes - 18 October: Mubarak sons have $340m in Swiss banks - 26. Oktober: Tod eines Bloggers zählt nicht viel vor ägyptischem Gericht - 29 October: Egypt prison guards accused of torture death - 30 October: Mubarak trial once more adjourned until December
November 2011: 1. November: Demonstration in Kairo für verhafteten Blogger - 18 November: Tens of thousands protest in Egypt demanding to hand power to promised civilian government - 20 November: Deadly clashes follow Egyptian protests against military rule, deaths and hundreds of protesters injured ahead of elections - 20 November: Thousands of protesters are regrouping in central Cairo after day of clashes - 21 November: Egypt protesters against military rulers in Cairo's Tahrir Square for third day, after the deaths of at least 13 people over the weekend - 21 November: Egypt cabinet resigns as protests intensify - 22 November: Activists demanding end to military rule call for a mass demonstration - 22 novembre: L'armée promet une élection présidentielle avant juillet 2012 - 22 November: Ruling generals say being prepared to hold a referendum on power transfer if people demand it - 27 November: Activist killed near Tahrir Square as death toll rises to 42 in another week of opposition against military rule, now ahead of elections - ElBaradei 'willing' to head Egypt's interim cabinet - 28 November: Large numbers, including a high turnout of women, go to the polls on the first day of post-Mubarak elections - 29 November: Egypt votes in Alexandria, Cairo and seven more provinces continue after big turnout on day one
January 2012: 3 January: Third and final round of Egyptian parliamentary poll - 7. Januar: Muslimbrüder vor Wahlsieg bei Parlamentswahl - 17 January: Mubarak trial set to resume in Cairo - 21. Januar: Islamistische Parteien (Muslim-Bruderschaft und Nur-Partei) gewinnen zwei Drittel der Parlamentssitze - 30 January: Egyptians vote in upper house elections
February 2012: 3/4 February: Deaths in Egypt protests over football riot - 5 February: Egypt clashes rage into fourth day - 6 February: Protests continue as activists demand early presidential elections and swift handover of power by military - 11 February: Activists plan a day of civil disobedience in Egypt on Saturday to mark the first anniversary since they toppled Mubarak - 15 February: Egypt to hold presidential poll 'in May'
March 2012: 24 March: Parliamentarians meet to name 100-member panel to write constitution, but liberals say Islamists are dominating process
April 2012:10. April: Der frühere Chef der IAEA Mohammed al-Baradei will mit weiteren Vertretern der ägyptischen Opposition eine neue Partei gründen - 10 April: Egypt court suspends constitutional panel after political groups charged that 100-member panel did not represent Egypt's diversity - 13 April: Cairo protests against Mubarak-era candidates for the presidential election - 14. April: Ägyptens Wahlkommission schließt u.a. den Muslimbruder Chairat al-Shater und den früheren Geheimdienstchef Omar Suleiman von der Präsidentschaftswahl aus
May 2012: 2 May: At least 20 killed as attackers target Cairo protest - 2 mai: En raison des violences certains candidats à la présidentielle suspendent leur campagne - 5 mai: Les dirigeants militaires ont imposé un couvre-feu au Caire - 20. Mai: Ägyptischer Präsidentschaftskandidat Chaled Ali schliesst sich Hungerstreik aus Protest gegen die Inhaftierung hunderter Demonstranten an
Egyptian presidential election 23/24 May 2012 - 23 May: Egyptians to choose president in historic vote - 25 May: Brotherhood claims lead as Egypt vote count begins - 26 May: Hamdin Sabbahi, who is said to have come third, seeks recount in Egypt's election, citing many 'violations' - 29 May: Thousands demonstrate at Tahrir Square to protest the outcome of the presidential election as some protesters torch HQ of presidential candidate Shafiq
June 2012: 2 June: Egypt's ex-president Mubarak and his interior minister given life term for protester deaths - 3 June: Mubarak sentenced, the acquittal of police officers, the quashing of a set of corruption charges against Mubarak's sons evoke spate of protests - 4 June: Protesters return to Tahrir Square - 6 June: Thousands descend on Cairo square for the fourth straight night to demand Ahmed Shafiq's removal from presidential race - 8 June: Egypt's political parties agreed on the formation of a commission tasked with drafting a new constitution - 9 June: Several thousand gather in Tahrir Square to oppose Mubarak-era prime minister Ahmed Shafiq's bid for presidency - 14 June: Egypt military police gets sweeping powers ahead of polls - 15 June: Constitutional court dissolves Muslim Brotherhood-led parliament and approves candidacy of Mubarak-era PM Ahmed Shafik
Egyptian presidential election, runoff 16-17 June 2012 - 16 juin: Les Égyptiens élisent leur président ce week-end - 16 June: Amid deep political uncertainty, without parliament and constitution Egyptians are voting in the first day of the presidential runoff - 17 June: Egyptians are voting in a presidential runoff that pits the Muslim Brotherhood's candidate against the last Mubarak prime minister - 18 juin: Les Frères musulmans revendiquent la victoire de Mohammed Morsi - 18 June: Egypt's military grants itself sweeping powers - 21 June: Egyptian election result announcement delayed - no date for a decision - 22 June: Tahrir Square fills up as Egypt awaits result - 23 June: Tens of thousands protest disputed court rulings and moves by military - 25 June: Egypt's first elected president Morsi says 'national unity is the only way out' - 26 juin: L'armée n'est plus autorisée à arrêter des civils - 28 June: Egypt’s ex-oil minister jailed for 15 years - 30 June: Morsi, received with applause by tens of thousands at Tahrir Square, vows to be president for all Egyptians promising a 'civilian state'
July 2012: 7 July: Egypt's president Morsi has ordered a fresh investigation into the killing of anti-government protesters over the past 16 months - 9 July: Egypt's president orders return of parliament - 10 July: After the Supreme Constitutional Court rejected the President's order to reconvene the parliament, Egypt's military 'warns' President Mursi over parliament decision - 11 July: After Egypt's parliament reconvened on Tuesday the Supreme Constitutional Court overruled President Mursi over parliament - 11 July: Thousands in Cairo protest high court ruling - 11 July: President Mursi seeks talks with other institutions to resolve constitutional crisis - 14 July: Visiting Egypt US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton urges full civilian rule - 17 July: Egypt court to rule on drafting of new constitution - 18 July: Around 23.000 employees of Misr Spinning and Weaving, Egypt's biggest textile company, took their strike for better pay into a fourth day and were joined by some 12.000 workers at other state firms - 22 July: Attack on Egypt-Israel-Jordan pipeline - 24 July: Egypt's outgoing irrigation minister Hisham Qandil named as new Prime Minister
August 2012: 2 August: Egypt's President Morsi has sworn in a new cabinet that retained military chief Tantawi as defence minister - 6 August: Egypt's military has pledged to hunt down those behind the killing of its 16 soldiers at a checkpoint along the Sinai border with Israel - 8 August: Egypt has launched air strikes in the Sinai region close to the border with Gaza, killing more than 20 people - 9 août: De nouveaux affrontements auraient éclaté dans le Sinaï - 13 August: Egypt’s President Morsi has ordered the retirement of the Defence Minister Tantawi and Chief of Staff - 14 August: Egyptian media hails president's decision to dismiss powerful defence minister and curb military's sweeping powers
September 2012: 2 September: Egypt retires 70 army generals - 14 September: An Egyptian court has convicted the former prime minister Ahmed Nazif - already serving a seven-year term - on corruption charges and sentenced him to three years in prison - 30 September: Muslim television preacher to face charges after being video-taped burning a copy of the Bible
October 2012: 5 October: Doctors in Egypt have gone on strike to protest against low wages and badly equipped, unclean hospital facilities - 9 October: One hundred days into his term President Mursi has pardoned all those arrested during the revolution that toppled Mubarak and up until June this year - 12 October: Egypt prosecutor-general vows to keep post despite president's attempt to remove him after acquittals in Camel Battle case - 12 October: Egypt tensions spark clashes in Cairo's Tahrir Square - 13 October: President Morsi agrees prosecutor-general to stay - 20 October: France 24 TV-correspondent Sonia Dridi in Cairo was 'savagely attacked' near Tahrir Square by a crowd of men and later rescued by a colleague and other witnesses
November 2012: 22 November: President Morsi sacks prosecutor general ordering new investigations into the deaths of protesters killed during last year's popular revolt and gives himself judicial powers on top of legislative ones - 23 November: Opposition calls for protests to denounce President Morsi after he sacks prosecutor general Mahmoud responsible for the failure of prosecutions and acquittals of Mubarak-era officials - 24 November: Egypt's president defends granting himself sweeping new powers, saying they would help root out corruption, as angry youths hurled rocks at security forces, burned a police truck and thousands gathered in central Cairo to protest at President Mursi's 22 November declaration and Muslim Brotherhood offices were torched in cities across Egypt in violent protests in Alexandria, Port Said and Suez - 24 November: 'Resistance fighter' sacked prosecutor general Mahmoud - discovering judicial independence - rejects the president's decree - 25 November: Signing an open letter Egyptian rights groups call on President Mursi to withdraw the decree granting himself extensive new powers as some hundred demonstrators outside the high court building in Cairo rallied against Morsi on Saturday - 26 November: President sticks by disputed decree after meeting judges, and rival forces plan a mass protest on Tuesday - 28 November: Protests in Cairo against President Morsi's decision to grant himself sweeping powers continue - 29 November: New constitution in final draft as protests sweep Egypt - 30 November: Egypt's constituent assembly approves articles of disputed new constitution, as opposition continue protests
December 2012: 1 December: Supporters and opponents of Egypt's president are planning mass, rival rallies on Saturday over new draft constitution - 2 December: President Morsi announces a December 15 vote on new draft constitution amidst ongoing protests in Cairo - 2 December: Morsi supporters gather outside Egypt's top court - 3 décembre: Les juges de l'ancien Mubarak régime refusent de superviser le référendum - 3 December: Supreme Judicial Council has agreed to oversee the referendum on a draft constitution - 5 décembre: Au Caire, le palais présidentiel est toujours encerclé par les opposants - 5 December: Clashes outside Egypt's presidential palace - 6 December: At least five people have been killed and over 400 injured in overnight clashes outside the presidential palace in Cairo, in the morning at least four tanks were deployed - 7 décembre: Président Morsi a invité l'opposition à un dialogue le 8 décembre - 7 December: Activists denounce president's call for dialogue as he refuses to delay constitutional referendum - 8 December: Egypt delays early voting on new Constitution - 8 décembre: Vice-président Mahmoud Mekki laisse entrevoir l'éventualité d'un report du référendum sur la nouvelle Constitution - 8 December: President Morsi expected to press ahead with dialogue on ways to end crisis despite main factions vowing to stay away - 9 December: President Morsi has annulled the decree he issued last month expanding his powers - Opposition says President Morsi's decision to rescind controversial decree 'falls short of expectations' - 10 December: Coalition of opposition parties calls for demonstrations against President Morsi's plans for vote on draft constitution - 11 December: Rival rallies planned in Cairo over President Morsi's decision to go ahead with Saturday's vote on draft constitution - 11 December: Morsi approves army's unity talks as rival protests grow - 12 décembre: L'opposition appelle à voter 'non' au référendum - 14 December: Protesters clash over draft charter in Alexandria
2012 Draft Constitution of Egypt - Egyptian constitutional referendum 15 and 22 December 2012 - 16 December: Egypt referendum vote count under way - 18 December: Egypt's opposition has called for mass protests in Cairo and elsewhere over alleged polling violations - 20 December: Official overseeing referendum on draft constitution resigns amid allegations of irregularities - 20 December: Egypt's new public prosecutor Talaat Ibrahim retracts resignation offer - 22 December: Egyptians have begun voting in the second stage of the constitutional referendum that has sparked weeks of unrest - 22 December: Egypt vice-president Mekki resigns on final day of referendum - 23 December: Egyptians appear to have approved a controversial new constitution in a referendum as Egypt's Islamists claim victory with about 64% percent of voters - 24 December: Egypt set to declare constitutional poll result as the opposition is demanding to investigate the irregularities - 24 December: The result of a controversial referendum on Egypt's new constitution has been delayed as officials check allegations of fraud - 25 décembre: Les résultats officiels du référendum sur la Constitution attendus mardi - 25 December: Charter drafted by Islamist supporters of President Morsi wins 63.8 percent of votes in two-round referendum - 25. Dezember: Mubarak-Vertrauter Ex-Senatspräsident Safwat al-Sherif kommt nach Gerichtsentscheidung auf Kaution frei - 26 December: President Morsi promises to take necessary steps to fix economy, as Shura Council convenes with full legislative powers until elections for a new lower house is called within two months - 28 December: Investigation ordered into accusations of treason by opposition leaders as country faces constitutional dispute
January 2013: 6 January: Finance portfolio and interior ministry, which controls police, change hands as part of measures to salvage economy - 13 January: At least 14 people have been injured when unknown assailants attacked opponents of Egyptian President Mohammed Morsi who were camping outside the presidential palace in Cairo - 13 January: Egyptian court orders re-trial for Mubarak - 25 janvier: Dans une grave crise économique, l'opposition appelle à descendre dans la rue à l'occasion du 2e anniversaire de la révolution égyptienne - 25 January: Police and protesters clash as opposition groups call for rallies to mark second anniversary of 2011 revolution - 26 January: An Egyptian court has sentenced to death at least 20 defendants over clashes between rival football fans in which 74 people were killed last year - 26 January: Six people were killed in Suez and one in Ismailia as police clashed with protesters in several towns and cities - 26 janvier: L’armée égyptienne se déploie à Suez après de violentes manifestations - 27 January: At least 30 people have died in Port Said in clashes sparked by the sentencing to death of 21 local people over football riots in Egypt - 28 January: President Morsi declares state of emergency in Port Said, Ismailia and Suez, scenes of major and deadly protests in recent days - 28 January: Egypt’s main opposition coalition rejected President Morsi’s invitation to take part in talks amid ongoing unrest, calling instead for fresh protests nationwide - 29 January: Thousands of protesters have taken to the streets of the cities of Port Said, Ismailiyah and Suez in defiance of President Morsi's declaration of a curfew and a state of emergency after days of deadly unrest - 31 January: Egyptian parties and groups cutting across political lines condemn violence at meeting called by country's top Islamic scholar
February 2013: 2 February: Protesters denouncing Egypt's Islamist president hurled stones and firebombs through the gates of his palace gates on Friday, clashing with security forces who fired tear gas and water cannons, as President Morsi calls on all factions to condemn the violence - 2 February: Egypt's new 'bodyguards' - women and men - to protect women protesters and to end a surge in sexual assaults on women that activists say has become the darkest stain on the country's opposition street movement - 3 February: Egypt to probe controversial police brutality case of Hamada Saber, who says he was undressed by rioters and that army soldiers were helping him after he had been attacked by protesters who mistook him for police - 4 February: Egyptian Popular Current opposition party on Monday claimed police tortured Mohammed el-Gindy, one of its members, to death, electrocuting him and beating him repeatedly on the head - 7 February: Thousands of men and women march in Cairo against increasing instances of sexual harassment of female protesters - 12 February: Police fired tear gas and used water cannons at stone-throwing protesters outside the presidential palace as the opposition held rallies to mark the second anniversary of Mubarak's overthrow - 12 February: Protesters took to the street again on Tuesday to demand an end to sexual violence, as campaigns against the repeated attacks in central Cairo pick up steam - 17 February: Thousands of protesters have blocked access to the harbour and rallied outside state buildings in Port Said to demand justice over the deaths of dozens of people killed in riots last month - 21 February: Egypt will hold parliamentary elections in several stages beginning April 27
March 2013: 4 mars 2013: Un policier tué et un officier blessé, tous deux touchés par des coups de feu tirés par des inconnus à Port-Saïd, où des affrontements ont opposé les habitants à la police, faisant plusieurs dizaines de blessés - 7 March: Electoral commission cancels timetable for parliamentary elections following a court ruling that threw the entire polling process into confusion - 8 March: Government wants corruption cases settled out of court - 9 March: After a court confirmed the death sentences against 21 people for taking part in deadly soccer riot 2012 but acquitted seven police officials for their role in the violence, enraged suspected fans torched the soccer federation headquarters and a police club in Cairo - 10 March: Egypt raises alert level in Sinai - 14 March: Egyptian policemen were to blame for the deaths of more than 800 protesters during Egypt's 2011 uprising, according to a leaked report commissioned by president Morsi - 22 March: Dozens injured as protesters clashed with supporters of Muslim Brotherhood - 27 March: Egypt court reinstates fired prosecutor Mahmoud - 29 March: Protests and clashes in Cairo and two other cities between supporters and opponents of the Muslim Brotherhood
April 2013: 1 April 2013: Popular Egyptian TV satirist Bassem Youssef released on bail after turning himself in for questioning over allegations he insulted Islam and Mohamed Morsi - 6 April: Five Egyptians were killed and eight wounded in clashes between Christians and Muslims in El Khusus near Cairo - 8 avril: Les affrontements entre coptes et musulmans se poursuivent au Caire - 19 April: Pro- and anti-Morsi demonstrators clash in Cairo
May 2013: 11 May: Police forces have detained prominent activist Ahmed Maher, who leads the April 6 Youth Movement, on suspicion of inciting an anti-government protest
June 2013: 2 juin: Le Sénat et la commission constituante jugés illégaux - 8 June: President Morsi dismisses calls for early vote - 10 June: The Egyptian court retrying Hosni Mubarak for conspiracy to murder hundreds of demonstrators unsealed new evidence, including CCTV video and logbooks taken from Cairo security forces' armouries - 21 June: Egyptians rally on streets of Cairo to show solidarity with President ahead of planned protests against leader's rule - 28 juin: L'Egypte sous tension avant des manifestations pro et anti-Morsi - 29 June: Two Egyptians and a US citizen killed in protests and deadly clashes as Egypt's clerics warn of civil war - 29 June: At least eight Egypt MPs quit parliament in support of anti-Morsi movement, after 22 million signatures were collected to demand Morsi's departure and a snap presidential election
2013 Egyptian parliamentary election (April-June) cancelled timetable: 22 April 2013 Egyptian parliamentary election, cancelled timetable - 7 March: Electoral commission cancels timetable for parliamentary elections following a court ruling that threw the entire polling process into confusion - 27 March 2013: Egypt could hold delayed election in October, Morsi says
July 2013: July 2013 Egyptian protests - Tamarod collected more than 22 million signatures against Morsi as of 29 June 2013 - 1 July: At least seven people were killed and more than 600 wounded on Sunday in clashes between supporters and opponents of Morsi - 1 July: Protesters overrun Muslim Brotherhood headquarters and four ministers quit Morsi's government - 1 July: Egypt's army gives Morsi 48 hours to meet the demands of the people or it would intervene with a roadmap - 3 July: Defiant president Morsi says he won't step down - 3 July: The death toll in violence involving Islamist supporters of President Morsi near Cairo University rose to 16 on Wednesday and 200 people were wounded - 4 July: 14 people dead in Egypt as Morsi opponents and supporters clash - 4 July: Egypt's military has ousted Morsi, calling for early presidential election, suspending the Islamist-backed constitution and names an interim government presided by the chief justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court - 5 July: In Sinai, Islamist militants fired rockets and directed heavy machine gun fire at a police base and attacked military - 5 July: Islamist supporters of Morsi will rally to express their outrage at his overthrow and to reject an interim government backed by their liberal opponents - 6 July: Deadly clashes and fighting across Egypt after Muslim Brotherhood's spiritual leader Badie told followers to continue protesting until return of ousted president Morsi - 6/7 July: The choice of Mohamed ElBaradei as interim PM following talks of the Tamarod campaign with interim president Mansour is thrown into doubt by Islamist objections - 7 July: Mohamed ElBaradei called for the Muslim Brotherhood to be included in Egypt's political future, in a media interview conducted before his candidacy as interim PM hit opposition - 8 July: A group of Egyptian activists on trial for inciting violence during protests against former President Morsi were acquitted by a court in Cairo - 8 juillet: Les salafistes d'Al-Nour se retirent des négociations pour mener la transition politique en Égypte - 8 juillet: Au moins 34 partisans de Morsi ont été tués par l’armée égyptienne devant le siège de la Garde républicaine au Caire, selon un responsable du ministère de la Santé - 8 July: Islamists call for uprising after at least 51 people were killed including an army officer - 9 juillet: Le président intérimaire Adly Mansour a fixé par décret un calendrier pour la tenue d'élections législatives avant la fin de 2013 - 9 July: Egypt's interim president named liberal economist Hazem al-Beblawi, a former finance minister, as the country's new prime minister - 10 juillet: El-Beblaoui va tendre la main aux Frères musulmans - 10 juillet: Les Frères musulmans rejettent le plan de transition politique, le FSN et le mouvement Tamarrod exigent que des amendements soient apportés à la 'déclaration constitutionnelle' - 11 juillet: Hazem Beblawi espère former un gouvernement d'ici la semaine prochaine - 11 July: Egypt's public prosecutor's office ordered the arrest of Muslim Brotherhood leader Mohamed Badie on charges of inciting violence outside the Republican Guard headquarters where 51 people were killed - also other top leaders charged, investigation - 13 July: On Tahrir, thousands gathered to attend a celebration of Ramadan, as thousands of Morsi supporters marched along streets in Cairo and US seeks Morsi's release - 13 July: Egypt PM edges closer to forming cabinet - 13/14 July: Egypt announces criminal investigation against Morsi including complaints of spying, inciting violence and ruining the economy - 14 July: ElBaradei sworn in as Egypt's interim vice president for foreign relations - 16 July: Clashes return to streets of Cairo - 16 July: Egypt's interim president swears in new Cabinet by PM Hazem el-Beblawi, an economist - 18/19 July: Adly Mansour in first public address vows to protect the country against those who seek chaos and violence, hours before pro-Morsi rallies - 20 July: Three people killed and at least six others injured during clashes in the Nile Delta town of Mansoura as thousands rally in support of Morsi in Cairo and elsewhere and opponents also hold demonstrations - 21 July: New Egyptian PM Hazem el-Beblawi seeks dialogue to drive back the nation's divisions - 23 July: Rallies of supporters and opponents of Morsi turn violent and deadly, as interim president renews calls for reconciliation - 24 July: Unknown gunmen who shot at supporters of Morsi have killed at least one person, witnesses and health officials confirm - 24 July: A bomb exploded at a police station in Mansoura, the capital of Dakhalia province north of Cairo early on Wednesday, killing one person and wounding 17 others - 24 July: Egypt's army chief called for public rallies this week to give him a mandate to fight terrorism and violence - 26 July: Ousted President Morsi is under investigation for an array of charges including that he conspired with Hamas to flee jail during the 2011 uprising, killing some prisoners and officers, kidnapping soldiers and torching buildings - 27 July: Egypt suffers night of deadly violence as hundreds of thousands come out for rallies in a divided country - 27 July: Over 100 supporters of Morsi claimed dead as soldiers are accused of shoot-to-kill policy to clear protest urging his release - 28 July: Egypt's interior minister pledged to deal decisively with any attempts to destabilize the country, a thinly veiled warning to supporters of Morsi occupying two squares in Cairo in a month-long stand-off with the security forces - 29 July: At least 12 people have been killed in a fight in central Cairo caused by a dispute between street vendors over spaces - 30 July: Morsi in good health, has access to news and follows developments, says EU's Ashton - 31 July: Egypt's cabinet orders police to end pro-Morsi sit-ins in Cairo - 3 top Muslim Brotherhood leaders referred to court on charges of inciting violence
August 2013: 1 août: Les plaintes de voisinage pourraient justifier l'expulsion des pro-Morsi et les sit-ins - 2 August: Egypt's government tells pro-Morsi protesters to quit camps - 2 August: Morsi supporters defy warnings, plan fresh rallies - 2 August: Egypt's government tells pro-Morsi protesters to quit camps - 3 August: Rallies continue and clashes with police erupt in Egypt's capital even as foreign pressure to solve crisis mounts and rights groups demand an investigation into allegations that Morsi's supporters tortured opponents - 3 Augaust: Allies of deposed Egyptian President Morsi told mediators on Saturday they respected the popular will expressed in mass protests that led to his downfall - 4 August: Muslim Brotherhood leaders' trial on charges related to the killing of protesters to open on August 25 - 4/5 August: Efforts to resolve Egypt political crisis intensify as al-Sisi meets Islamist leaders and William Burns and Western and Arab envoys visit jailed Muslim Brotherhood leader El-Shater - 6 August: The EU's Bernardino Leon and US William Burns extend their stay in Cairo to hold a series of talks in the ongoing crisis - 8 August: On the eve of Eid interim President Mansour says that the government will press on with its own plan to hold new elections in nine months - 12 August: Islamist al-Nour Party to help shape new Egyptian constitution - 14 August: Egyptian troops swoop on pro-Morsi camps, many feared killed - 14 August: Egypt declares month-long state of emergency as scores confirmed dead - 15 August: Pessimism as Egypt counts its dead and Muslim Brotherhood vows revenge - 16 August: UN Security Council calls for 'maximum restraint' in Egypt and end to violence spreading across the country, also calling for national reconciliation - 17 August 2013: Egypt Islamists vow fresh marches and plan new actions as security forces surround the al-Fath mosque in Cairo full of incited Morsi-supporters on Saturday, after new destructive street battles that left more than 80 dead on Friday - 17 August: Egyptian police exchanged gunfire Saturday with armed Islamist Morsi-supporters, surrounded in the al-Fath mosque - 18 August: After a gunbattle with followers of the Muslim Brotherhood - witnesses saw gunmen shoot from a window of the al-Fath mosque - on Saturday, security forces cleared the mosque, while Egypt's government considers banning the Islamist group and as Islamists announce fresh demonstrations for several days - 19 août: Au moins 36 prisonniers islamistes meurent lors d'un transfert en prison près du Caire dans des circonstances encore confuses - 19 August: Morsi accused of complicity in the deaths and torture of protesters outside his presidential palace in late 2012, judicial sources say - 20 August: Egypt arrests Muslim Brotherhood chief Mohamed Badie accused by authorities of inciting the violence causing the death of protesters - 21 August: Interim PM al-Beblawi says his country could live without aid from the USA as Washington and the EU review ties with Cairo after arrest of Islamist chief - 22 August: Egypt to put ex-leader Hosni Mubarak under house arrest - 23 August: On Friday some thousands in Egypt join fresh protests against Mohamed Morsi's ouster - 24 August: Mubarak and Brotherhood chiefs due in court - 27 August: Fugitive Muslim Brotherhood leader denies terror charges despite Morsi supporters attacked police stations, government buildings and churches - 29 August: Senior Muslim Brotherhood official Beltagi arrested - 30 August: On Friday once again thousands of supporters of Morsi marched through Cairo and cities across Egypt amid heavy security, but numbers less than hoped for
September 2013: 2 September: Deposed president Morsi is to stand trial on charges of inciting the killing of opponents protesting outside his palace while he was in office - 3 September: As a bomb attack on a police station hits central Cairo, a judicial panel supports a legal challenge to the status of the Muslim Brotherhood - 3 September: An Egyptian military court has sentenced 11 Muslim Brotherhood members to life in prison for violence targeting the army in the port city of Suez - 5 September: Egypt's interior minister Ibrahim survives an assassination attempt when a bomb targeted his convoy near his house in Cairo wounding many guards - 6 September: Morsi supporters hold new protests in Cairo after Friday prayers - 8 September: Sinai islamic militants claim bomb targeting Egypt minister - 13 September: Egypt extends state of emergency by two months - 13 September: Mohamed Morsi remanded to a further 30 days in custody on charges of jailbreak and espionage during the 2011 uprising - 16 septembre: L'armée égyptienne reprend Delga, ville tenue par les islamistes - 17 September: Muslim Brotherhood spokesman arrested as assets frozen - 19 septembre: L'armée égyptienne donne l'assaut contre des islamistes près du Caire - 24 September: Egyptian court bans Muslim Brotherhood and orders its funds seized - 29 September 2013: Egypt's latest political transition, including presidential and parliamentary elections, will end 'by next spring', foreign minister Nabil Fahmy says at UN
October 2013: 4/5 October: Five people were killed in clashes on Friday as supporters of Morsi took to the streets and places of Cairo and other cities - 6 October: 44 people dead as divided Egypt marks 40th anniversary of Yom Kippur War and supporters and opponents of Morsi took to the streets - 7 octobre: Le jour de commémoration tourne au bain de sang - 7 octobre: Deux attaques contre les forces de sécurité en bordure du canal de Suez et dans le Sinaï, tuant sept soldats - 19 October: Car bomb near Egypt army intelligence building in Ismailia wounds at least six soldiers - 21 October: Gunmen riding a motorbike shot and killed three people, including an 8-year-old girl, when they fired on a group leaving a wedding at a Coptic Christian church in Cairo late on Sunday
November 2013: 4 November: On the eve of the trial of deposed president Morsi on Monday over the deaths of protesters, gunmen shot dead two policemen and injured a third near Ismailia on the west bank of the Suez Canal - 5 novembre: Entrant sous les applaudissements et aux cris de 'À bas le régime militaire', le procès de Mohamed Morsi a été ajourné au 8 janvier 2014 - 8 November: FM Nabil Fahmy says, Egypt would hold parliamentary elections between February and March 2014, followed by presidential polls in early summer, and that Freedom and Justice Party could take part - 13 novembre: L'Égypte lève l'état d'urgence en vigueur depuis trois mois - 20 November: Car bomb kills ten Egyptian soldiers in Sinai - 26 novembre: Dix membres du comité pour réviser la constitution ont suspendu leur participation pour protester contre l'arrestation de manifestants - 27 November: Egypt's new constitution is still in the drafting stage but has already disappointed rights groups and activists who had hoped it would curb the military's wide-ranging powers and privileges - 29 novembre: Un étudiant a été tué, lors d'une manifestation islamiste à l'Université du Caire après la condamnation des jeunes filles à 11 ans de prison - 29 November: Egypt police arrest nearly 200 protesters defying draconian protest ban - 30 November: Egypt panel votes on draft constitution that enshrines army's role in politics and bans religious parties
December 2013: 2 December: Egypt’s draft constitution approved for referendum - 8 décembre: Condamnées à 11 ans de prison pour avoir manifesté pour Morsi, 21 jeunes Égyptiennes ont été remises en liberté - 19 December: Egypt's public prosecutor charges Mohamed Morsi and 35 other top Islamists with conspiring with foreign groups to commit terrorist acts in Egypt - 22 December: New charges against Morsi in a third trial include spreading chaos and abducting police officers in collaboration with foreign militants - 24 December: A powerful car bomb at the police headquarters in Mansoura early Tuesday kills at least 14 people, mostly policemen, and wounds more than 100 people - 25 December: Egypt arrests Mohamed Morsi's ex-prime minister Hisham Kandil on his way to Sudan - 25 December: An Al-Qaeda-inspired group based in Sinai claims Mansura police headquarters suicide bombing - 26 décembre: Les Frères musulmans déclarés 'organisation terroriste' en Égypte - 26 December: Five people have been injured in Cairo bus bomb blast - 27 December: Police fired tear gas at stone-throwing Islamist protesters in two cities - 28 December: Four people killed, scores wounded in clashes across Egypt - 28/29 December: After student Muslim Brotherhood supporters stormed a faculty building at Cairo's Al-Azhar University where exams were being taken and set it on fire, an Islamist student was killed and scores were arrested in clashes with Egyptian police - 29 December: Blast damage military facility in north Egypt, wounding four people - 31 December: Egypt sentences 139 pro-Morsi protesters
January 2014: 2 January: Two people killed in violent clashes between pro-Islamist protesters and police in Alexandria - 4 January: At least 13 Morsi supporters were killed in clashes during nationwide protests in Cairo, Alexandria, Ismailia, Fayoum and Minya - 10 January: At least three people killed in clashes between supporters and opponents of Morsi - 11 January: Egypt army chief al-Sisi eyes presidency bid - 14 January: A bomb exploded outside a Cairo court just before polling stations were to open for the constitutional referendum boycotted by Morsi supporters
Egyptian constitutional referendum 14/15 January 2014: Egyptian constitutional referendum 14/15 January 2014 - 15 January: Second day of voting on new constitution after nine people died in clashes involving Morsi supporters on Tuesday
18 January 2014: Egypt's new constitution gets 98% 'yes' vote, turnout 38.6% - 19 January: Morsi faces a fourth trial on charges of insulting the judiciary - 23 January: Five policemen have been killed in Egypt in an armed attack on a checkpoint in Beni Suef province south of Cairo - 24 January: A car bomb outside the police headquarters in Cairo followed by a second blast near a city metro station has killed at least five people and wounded dozens more on Friday - 25 January: A bomb exploded near Cairo police academy on Saturday, wounding one person - 26 January: At least 49 people reportedly killed in clashes on the third anniversary of the popular uprising in Egypt - 26 January: Egypt to hold presidential poll before parliamentary vote, the interim government says - 28 janvier: L'armée égyptienne donnne mandat à al-Sissi pour briguer la présidentielle - 30 janvier: Vingt journalistes d'Al-Jazira devant la justice égyptienne
February 2014: 6 February: Army chief al-Sisi reportedly said he will run for president - 7 February: A bomb has targeted a police checkpoint on a flyover in Cairo's twin city of Giza, wounding three police - 24 February: Egypt interim government resigns - 25 February: Egypt courts sentence 220 Morsi supporters to prison for inciting violence - 25 February: New army-backed PM Mahlab vows to 'crush terrorism' hoping improved security will lead to economic recovery - 26 February: 26 people sentenced to death over Suez 'terror plot' - 26 February: Egypt army chief Sissi won't run for president, official source says
March 2014: 8 March: Three protesters killed and dozens wounded as Islamists and police clashed across Egypt on Friday - 15 March: Six Egyptian military police killed as gunmen attack Cairo checkpoint - 17 March: Interim president Mansour says public opposes the Muslim Brotherhood - 21 March: Egyptian court sentences 17 people to 14 years in jail each on charges including assault and occupying public buildings during protests at Cairo's Al-Azhar University last year - 24 March: A court in southern Egyptian convicts 529 Morsi supporters, sentencing them to death on charges of murdering a policeman and attacking police - 24 March: Anger in Egypt as 529 Morsi supporters sentenced to death and fears for the integrity of Egypt's legal system deepened - 25 March: The wife of the policeman whose murder led to death sentences for 529 Egyptians has suggested that only two men may be responsible for his killing, who were still in hiding - 26 March: Egypt's Abdel Sisi to resign as minister and declares candidacy for presidency - 28 March: At least three people killed in Cairo as Brotherhood supporters protest following sentencing of over 500 Islamists to death, and the army chief announcing he will run for president - 30 March: An Egyptian court sentenced two supporters of Morsi to death for committing murder during violence that broke out in Alexandria last year - 30 March: Egypt presidential election set for May 26, 27
April/May 2014: 2 April: Two bombs targeting security posts near Cairo University killed a police general, followed by a third blast as police and journalists gathered - 7/8 April: An Egyptian appeals court upheld the jailing of three leading figures of the 2011 pro-democracy uprising, tightening a crackdown on secular activists opposed to the army-backed government - 16 April: An Egyptian court sentenced 119 supporters of Morsi to three years each in prison in connection with protests last October - 19 April: An explosion rocked a busy square in Cairo, killing one police officer, wounding three and causing panic - 19 April: Hamdeen Sabahi enters Egypt's presidential race - 27 April: 13 Morsi supporters sentenced to prison terms ranging from five to 88 years for rioting - 28 April: Death sentence for the leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and 682 supporters - 29 April: Even the dead are sentenced to death by Egyptian courts - 2 May: A bomb blast in Cairo kills one policeman, wounds three, shortly after double suicide attack strikes Sinai Peninsula - 6 May: In first campaign TV interview al-Sissi says uncovered two assassination plots - 18 May: A bomb wounded at least three people at a Cairo election rally for al-Sissi on Saturday - 20 May: A drive-by shooting reportedly killed three policemen during a rally by Islamist students in Cairo - 21 May: Egyptian court sentences ousted president Mubarak and sons to 3 respectively 4 years in prison on charges of stealing public funds - 26 May: Egyptians go to the polls to elect new president
26/27 May 2014 Egyptian presidential election: Egyptian presidential election 26/27 May 2014 - 27 May: Egyptian presidential election extended to third day in an attempt to encourage more people to vote - 29 May: As turnout nationwide was around 44%, Sissi reportedly wins 92% of votes in Egypt election - 3 June: Election Commission officially announced el-Sissi's victory with 96.9% of the vote
June 2014: 7 June: Egypt bans unauthorized preachers from giving sermons or teaching Islam in mosques and other public places - 8 January: Egyptian court sentenced ten Islamist supporters of Morsi’s Muslim Brotherhood to death in absentia on charges of inciting violence and blocking a road last July as an appeals court overturned the sentences given to four police officers over the deaths of 37 detainees - 9 June: Al-Sisi promised to rule Egypt in an inclusive manner after he was sworn in as president but gave no indication he would reconcile with the Muslim Brotherhood - 21 June: Egyptian court confirms death sentence for Muslim Brotherhood leader Badie and at least 182 of his supporters - 24 June: Facing a huge unemployment problem and widening budget deficit, al-Sissi prepares Egyptians for austerity cutting own pay - 28 June: A girl reportedly killed and her mother wounded by the explosion of a homemade bomb on the outskirts of Cairo - 30 June: Days after militant group Ajnad Misr claimed planting bombs, blasts near Egypt's presidential palace kill 2 police officers
July/August 2014: 4 July: Five people killed in Cairo clashes marking anniversary of Morsi ouster - 16 July: Egyptian court jails 7 men for life for sexually assaulting several women during a rally in Tahrir Square on 8 June - 9 August: An Egyptian court has dissolved the Freedom and Justice party, the political wing of the banned Muslim Brotherhood - 12 August 2014: Rabaa killing of 817 people a year ago was a premeditated attack on largely unarmed protesters, HRW says
October/November 2014: 15 October: A strong blast hit a busy district in central Cairot, leaving 12 wounded, as a court sentenced seven Islamic militants to death over earlier terror attacks - 23 October: A bomb outside Cairo University reportedly wounded 11 people, among them several police officers - 25 October: Egypt declares state of emergency in Sinai after checkpoint bombing - 28 November: At least two protesters and three officers killed in separate incidents, over 100 Islamists arrested - 29 November: Mubarak, his sons and former aides acquitted from charges of murdering protesters during the 2011 uprising and of corruption - 30 November: Two people killed and nine wounded as police disperse protests against Mubarak's acquittal
December 2014: 3 December: Egypt court sentences 188 people to death for attack on police station that left 11 police officers and two civilians dead in August 2013 - 6 December: Egypt court sentences seven jihadists to death in Sinai case
January 2015: 6 January: Gunmen kill 2 Egyptian policemen guarding Coptic church south of Cairo - 6 January: Egyptian police officer killed while trying to defuse a bomb outside a petrol station in Cairo, with jihadis claiming responsibility - 9 January: Egypt said it is to hold parliamentary elections from March 21 - 13 January: Egyptian court orders retrial in embezzlement case against Mubarak, dropping the only remaining conviction - 23 January: An Egyptian student killed on Friday during clashes between Muslim Brotherhood protesters and local residents in Alexandria - 25 January: At least 15 killed in Egypt protests marking 2011 uprising, gunmen in a car opened fire on a security checkpoint near the Pyramids, killing two policemen - 26 January: Images of killed Egypt protester revive criticism of police - 27 January: One person killed by a car bomb, parked near a police station by suspected Islamists in Alexandria
February 2015: 3 February: Homemade bomb explodes in central Cairo, two bombs found in Cairo airport - 9 February: Egyptian authorities say that 19 people had been killed in clashes at a Cairo stadium, adding that none of the victims had been killed by police - 16 February: Thousands mourn Egyptian victims of 'Islamic State' killings, who paid a gruesome price for simply seeking work in Libya - 26 February: One person killed and five others wounded including policemen when five bombs exploded in Cairo on Thursday
March-June 2015: 1 March: A bomb went off near a police station and mosque in the southern city of Aswan, killing two civilians and wounding a soldier and four others - 1 March: Egypt parliamentary poll looks set for delay after court ruling - 14 March: One killed in Cairo bombing as Gulf leaders make $12 billion pledge - 21 April: Ousted Egyptian president Morsi gets 20 years in prison over conviction finding him responsible for deaths of protesters in 2012 - 7 May: Two Egyptian police recruits were killed on Thursday when unidentified gunmen shot them in Northern Sinai - 9 May: Mubarak sentenced to 3 years in prison for corruption after former Egyptian president and two sons convicted of embezzling millions of dollars of state funds over decade - 16 May: Islamists warn of backlash over Mohamed Morsi death sentence calling it an act of revenge by Egyptian regime - 9 June 2015: 11 men sentenced to death over 2012 football stadium killings in Egypt - 11 June: Egyptian police officer jailed for 15 years over death of protester Shaimaa el-Sabbagh at peaceful demonstration in Cairo in January - 16 June: Egypt's Morsi sentenced to death and 25 years in prison in two different cases along with Muslim Brotherhood spiritual leader - 29 June: Egypt's public prosecutor targeted by deadly car bomb
July-September 2015: 1 July 2015: At least 30 Egyptian soldiers killed in terror attacks as suspected Islamist militants attacked several military posts in Egypt's North Sinai area - 1 July: Egypt cabinet passes anti-terrorism laws amid deadliest Sinai battle in 40 years - 11 July 2015: At least one civilian killed, several others and at least two police officers wounded in explosion witnesses said caused massive destruction to Italian Consulate in Cairo - 17 August 2015: Egyptian President al-Sissi approved an anti-terrorism law that sets up special courts and provides protections to its enforcers - 30 August: Egypt will hold a long-awaited parliamentary election in two phases starting on 18-19 October and on 22-23 November - 12 September 2015: After authorities arrested Egypt’s agriculture minister over corruption allegations, Egypt’s cabinet resigns but will stay on in a caretaker role until a new government is formed - 14 September: After Egyptian security forces killed 12 Mexicans and Egyptians and injured 10, targeting Mexican tourist convoy in the country's western desert, Egyptian authorities claim tourist convoy was in area illegally
October/November 2015 Egyptian parliamentary election: 17 October - 23 November Egyptian parliamentary election (initially expected to be held before the end of March 2015) - 19 October: In absence of opposition parties in Egypt shun elections, the result will be a foregone conclusion but a low turnout suggests that the strongman president is losing popularity - 22 November: Egyptians vote in the second phase of elections that are meant to restore parliament but which critics say have been undermined by widespread repression
November/December 2015: 28 November 2015: 4 Egyptian policemen killed in drive-by shooting on checkpoint near the 4,600-year-old Step Pyramid near Cairo - 4 December 2015: At least 16 people were killed and two wounded in a petrol bomb attack on a Cairo disco in the early hours of Friday
January/February 2016: 9 January 2016: Gunmen shot dead an Egyptian police colonel and a conscript west of Cairo as they traveled to work - 13 February 2016: Thousands of doctors in Egypt have staged a rare protest against police abuses after accusations that two doctors were beaten up by policemen in a Cairo hospital
April/May 2016: 15 April 2016: Thousands in Egypt take to the streets of Cairo against el-Sissi’s decision to hand over two Red Sea islands to Saudi Arabia in first significant protest against government since Sissi’s takeover - 15 avril: La police égyptienne a fait usage de gaz lacrymogènes pour disperser au Caire et à Alexandrie des centaines de manifestants contre la rétrocession de deux îles à l'Arabie saoudite - 27 April: Around 100 Egyptian journalists staged a protest in Cairo against the arrest of colleagues for covering demonstrations opposing President al-Sisi - 8 May: Eight Egyptian policemen gunned down in the Helwan district south of Cairo - 15 mai: 152 manifestants sont condamnés à des peines de 2 à 5 ans de prison pour avoir protesté contre le régime et la cession par l'Egypte de deux îles de la mer Rouge à l'Arabie saoudite
July 2016: 13 July 2016: Hundreds of Egyptians have been forcibly disappeared and tortured in a campaign by 'security' forces in Egypt to wipe out peaceful dissent, rights group says
March/April 2017: 8 March 2017: Some of Egypt’s major cities have been paralysed by rare protests in response to a cut in bread subsidies - 13 March 2017: An Egyptian prosecutor allowed for former president Hosni Mubarak to be released, after an appeals court acquitted him of involvement in the killing of protesters during the 2011 uprising - 10 April 2017: Egypt under emergency rule after church terror attacks, as during funerals for 45 victims killed in Palm Sunday bombings, mourners denounce security services for failing to protect Christians
January 2018: 24 January 2018: Egyptian presidential hopeful and rights lawyer Khaled Ali has quit the race, becoming the latest would-be candidate who either has bowed out or been forced to abandon a challenge to president al-Sisi before the March election - 29 January 2018: Mousa from the pro-government Ghad party, now sole challenger to Sisi, registers at last minute after any candidate representing genuine opposition to Sisi has either been arrested or intimidated into dropping out
March 2018 Egyptian presidential election: 26–28 March 2018 Egyptian presidential election - 29 March 2018: Preliminary results showed that Sisi won about 92% of the vote with turnout at around 41.5%, after an election campaign in which five of his potential challengers were prevented from getting on the ballot
April 2018: 3 April 2018: Spoiled ballots seen as silent protest after challengers to Sissi were forced and citizens were told to vote or face fines, as Sissi reelected to presidency with 97% at 41% turnout
September 2018: 8 September 2018: An Egyptian court sentenced 75 people to death, including top leaders of the outlawed Muslim Brotherhood, for their involvement in a 2013 sit-in protest that was broken up by security forces in an operation that left hundreds dead, as photojournalist Mahmoud Abu Zaid, whose detention has been decried by rights groups at home and abroad, received five years in prison for doing his job
November 2018 ongoing crackdown on civil society: 1 November 2018: Egyptian authorities have arrested 19 rights lawyers and activists, including eight women, as part of the country’s ongoing crackdown on civil society, rights group says - 19 November 2018: Egyptian police and NSA have arrested more than 40 human rights activists, lawyers and political activists since late October, as many as 80 people may have been arrested, but so far only 40 names were able to be verified by Human Rights Watch
April 2019: 15 April 2019: Egypt’s parliament is to vote on a bill of sweeping constitutional changes this week that would increase President Abdel Fatah al-Sisi’s power and allow him to rule until 2030 - 19 April 2019: Egypt holds snap vote on extending president's term limit to begin just four days after MPs backed constitutional changes, as online petition against the changes was repeatedly blocked by the government and Civil Democratic Movement's Khaled Dawoud said 'we see [the changes] as a major setback for the achievements made by the Egyptian people during the 2011 revolution'
20-22 April 2019 Egypt constitutional referendum: 20-22 April 2019 Egypt constitutional referendum, as the proposed changes would allow president and former army chief Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, who came in power in the military July 2013 coup d'état, to remain in power until 2030, under the existing constitution he would be barred from contesting the next elections, which are due in 2022 - 23 April 2019: Turnout is just 44% as Egyptians approve extending Sissi’s rule until 2030, as critics warn move will cement authoritarian rule eight years after a pro-democracy uprising - 24 April 2019: Egyptian referendum was held in an 'unfair and unfree' environment and has 'no pretense to legitimacy', according to Human Rights Watch, saying constitutional referendum was 'marred by serious flaws', including reports of citizens being forced or bribed to vote with food and money
17 June 2019 death of Mohamed Morsi: 17 June 2019 death of Mohamed Morsi after he collapsed during a court hearing on espionage charges in Cairo - 17 June 2019: Egypt’s first democratically elected civilian president Mohamed Morsi died almost six years after he was forced from power amid protests against his rule, demanding fresh elections, and a bloody coup by Egypt’s military on 3 July 2013, bringing the then defence minister Abdel-Fatah al-Sisi to power
Since 20 September 2019 Egyptian protests and crack down: Since 20 September 2019 Egyptian protests in Cairo, Alexandria, Damietta and five other Egyptian cities in which the protestors called for Egypt's Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to be removed from power, and security forces responded with tear gas, rubber bullets and live bullets, and, as of 6 October 2019, 3000 arrests had been made, based on data from the Egyptian Center for Economic and Social Rights, the Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms and the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information
21/22 September 2019 protests against government corruption: 21 September 2019: Egyptian forces fire teargas on anti-government protesters and arrest at least 55 people as hundreds of Egyptians took to the streets in Cairo and other cities in rare protests against al-Sisi, responding to an online call for a demonstration against government corruption - 22 September 2019: Protesters and police clash in Egypt for second day running, as teargas and live rounds fired at demonstrators in Suez after they called for the removal of general-turned-president al-Sisi
23 September 2019 police rounded hundreds over protest: 23 September 2019: Egyptian rights lawyers say security forces have rounded up hundreds of people following small but rare anti-government protests, that broke out in several Egyptian cities including the capital, calling for el-Sissi to step down, as internet monitoring group Netblocks said there had been disruption starting on Sunday to social media platforms and news sites
26 September 2019 mass arrests: 26 September 2019: Over 1,900 arrested as Egypt braces for more protests
27 September 2019 renewed anti-Sissi protests: 27 September 2019: Renewed anti-Sissi protests hit Egypt in several cities, as his supporters stage their own rallies, Egypt's Tahrir Square on lockdown, and as regime moves to stifle protests
29 September 2019: 29 septembre 2019: Environ 2000 personnes ont été interpellées au cours de la semaine passée, des journalistes, des avocats, des intellectuels, et Alaa Abdel Fattah, qui se retrouve derrière les barreaux, après il avait commenté sur Twitter de récentes manifestations anti-Sissi
8 October 2019 children swept up in crackdown on anti-Sisi protests: 8 October 2019: More than 100 children are among thousands of people detained in Egypt in an effort to prevent further protests against the rule of Abdel-Fatah al-Sisi, as rights group said arrested children 'as young as 11, with several detained on their way home from school'
6 July 2020: Egypt arrests doctors, silences critics over covid-19 outbreak: 6 July 2020: Egypt arrests doctors, healthcare workers, journalists and silences critics over covid-19 outbreak, as at least 10 doctors and six journalists have been arrested since the virus first hit Egypt in February, according to rights groups
14 July 2020 jailed Egyptian journalist dies of covid-19 on Bastille day: 14 July 2020: Prominent Egyptian journalist Mohamed Monir who had been jailed on charges of broadcasting not wanted news has died of covid-19, raising fears that the pandemic may be spreading undetected in Egypt’s notoriously crowded prisons, as even brief detentions amid the pandemic can mean a death sentence, Committee to Protect Journalists says
'Early' 2020 Egyptian municipal election: 'Early' 2020 Egyptian municipal election - 1 October 2019: Presidential directive to freeze Parliament, as sources told Mada Masr that al-Sisi has issued a directive to freeze the operations of Parliament, as the president is unsatisfied with the performance of the legislative body and its speaker, coming at the start of the fifth and final legislative session of the current parliamentary term, which is set to last until late June 2020
August 2020 Egyptian Senate election: 11/12 August 2020 Egyptian Senate election
November 2020 Egyptian parliamentary election: November 2020 Egyptian parliamentary election, as final results will be announced by the National Elections Authority on 14 December
11 December 2020 'not just Giulio Regeni', hundreds have died in Egyptian custody, report says: 11 December 2020: The number of people dying in Egyptian detention centres rose by a further 100 in 2020, taking the total number of deaths over 1,000 since the Egyptian dictatorship seized power in 2013, a new Geneva-based 'Committee for Justice' report says
24 January 2022 prisoner’s secret filming appears to show torture in Cairo police station: 24 January 2022: A video obtained by the Guardian appearing to show Egyptian police torturing detainees in a Cairo police station confirms the extent to which officers appear able to inflict violence on civilians with near total impunity, according to human rights groups
10-12 December 2023 Egyptian presidential election: 10-12 December 2023 Egyptian presidential election
19 December 2023 Egypt’s Sisi wins third term as president after amending constitution: 19 December 2023: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi wins Egypt election after facing no serious challengers and after taking 89.6% of the vote, as Egypt struggles with a slow-burning economic crisis and tries to manage the risk of spillover from the Israel-Gaza war adjacent to Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula
Foreign relations of Egypt: Foreign relations of Egypt - International reactions to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 - International reactions to the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 - NZZ 20. Mai 2011: USA-Finanzhilfe für Ägypten, Tunesien (Rede Obamas) - NZZ 27. Mai 2011: G8 - Milliardenhilfe für arabische Länder - NZZ 5. Juni 2011: Aussicht auf IWF-Kredit von 3Mrd. $ für Ägypten - 25 June 2011: Egypt drops plan for International Monetary Fund (IMF) loan - deficit in 2011-12 budget revised to 8,6%
29 September 2013: Egypt wants a Middle East region 'free from weapons of mass destruction, as well as from nuclear, chemical and biological weapons', says foreign minister Nabil Fahmy at UN
Egypt/Ethiopia relations: Egypt/Ethiopia relations
Egypt/European Union relations: Egypt/European Union relations
Egypt/Ireland relations: Egypt/Ireland relations
Egypt/Iran relations: Egypt/Iran relations
Since 2005 rocket attacks on Eilat and Aqaba: Rocket attacks on Eilat and Aqaba since 2005
Since 2011 history of Egypt/Israel relations: History of Egypt/Israel relations since 2011
21 February 2021 Egyptian minister makes rare visit to Israel to talk energy cooperation: 21 February 2021: Egyptian minister makes rare visit to Israel to talk energy cooperation
Egypt/Italy relations: Egypt/Italy relations
10 December 2020 Italian prosecutors charge 4 members of Egypt’s 'security' agency with the kidnapping and murder of Giulio Regeni: 10 December 2020: Italian prosecutors have officially charged four members of Egypt’s national 'security' agency with the kidnapping and murder of Italian doctoral student Giulio Regeni in Cairo, as prosecutors in Rome accused Tariq Saber, Athar Kamel Mohamed Ibrahim, Capt Uhsam Helmi and Maj Magdi Ibrahim Abdelal Sharif of kidnapping the young student in 2016, while Sharif is also accused of grievous bodily harm and murder, as 'Egyptian Commission for Rights and Freedoms' revealed last September that 'security' forces have forcibly 'disappeared' 2,723 people since 2015, and as enforced disappearances, where citizens are secretly detained by security agents without access to lawyers or their families, are associated with frequent use of torture
Egypt/North Korea relations: Egypt/North Korea relations
Egypt/Libya relations: Egypt/Libya relations
25 July 2020 al-Sisi calls for Beijing to help stop Turkey support for UN-backed Libya: 25 July 2020: Egypt's al-Sisi regime calls for Beijing regime to help stop Turkey support for UN-backed Libya government
Egypt/Mexico relations: Egypt/Mexico relations
Egypt/Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) relations: Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Egypt/Palestinian territories relations: Egypt/Palestinian territories relations - History of the Middle East
Egypt/Saudi-Arabia relations: Egypt/Saudi-Arabia relations
Egypt/Spain relations: Egypt/Spain relations
Egypt/Sudan relations: Egypt/Sudan relations
Egypt/Switzerland relations: Egypt/Switzerland relations
Egypt/Syria relations: Egypt/Syria relations - 30 August 2012: Assad's delegation walks out after Egypt's president Morsi calls for 'solidarity with struggle' against 'oppressive regime' at NAM summit - 7 February 2013: At the summit of 57-member Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Egyptian in Cairo president Morsi urges Assad regime not to put its interests above those of the nation - 16 June 2013: President Morsi announces closure of embassies in Damascus and Cairo, calls for the imposition of a no-fly zone against the Assad regime and demands that Hezbollah must leave Syria - 28 September 2013: Egypt wants a Middle East region 'free from weapons of mass destruction, as well as from nuclear, chemical and biological weapons', says foreign minister Nabil Fahmy at UN - 17 October: Egypt denies it was mistreating Syrian refugees following a report by Amnesty International accusing authorities of unlawfully detaining and deporting hundreds of Syrians fleeing civil war
Egypt/Turkey relations: Egypt/Turkey relations
Egypt/United Kingdom relations: Egypt/United Kingdom relations
1956 Suez Crisis: Suez Crisis 1956
2012 UK 'fails to freeze' Mubarak-era assets: 3 September 2012: UK 'fails to freeze' Mubarak-era assets
Egypt/USA relations: Egypt/USA relations - 7 December 2011: Rights group condemns US arms sales to Egypt - 14 July 2012: Visiting Egypt US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton urges democratic transition - 16 juillet: En visite en Egypte Hillary Clinton a rencontré le nouveau président Mohammed Morsi ainsi que des généraux - 13 September: Despite the Morsi government's call for calm, demonstrations over foreign film are ongoing outside the US embassy in Cairo - 19 September: Italy's highest court confirmes the guilty verdicts of 23 CIA agents tried in absentia for the 2003 abduction of Egyptian imam Osama Mustafa Hassan in Milan - 3 March 2013: Arrived in Egypt on his first visit to Arab world US secretary of state Kerry releases $190m for Cairo and urges rival factions to unite - 29 June: US warns against Egypt travel, after a US citizen died in deadly clashes between supporters and opponents of Morsi - 19 July 2013: Ex-CIA Milan chief held in Panama over cleric Abu Omar abduction - 10 octobre: Les États-Unis ont gelé une partie de leur aide à l’Égypte - 13 February 2014: Egypt detained local USA Embassy staffer for nearly three weeks without charges
Ecoregions in Egypt: List of ecoregions in Egypt
Environmental issues in Egypt: Environmental issues in Egypt
Air pollution in Egypt: Air pollution in Egypt
Nile, Nile Basin Initiative and water politics in the Nile Basin: Nile - Nile Basin Initiative - Water politics in the Nile Basin
River regulation and dams in Egypt: River regulation in Egypt - Dams in Egypt
Water supply and water resources management in modern Egypt: Water supply and sanitation in Egypt - Water resources management in modern Egypt
Natural disasters in Egypt: Natural disasters in Egypt - Geography of Egypt


Iran - Geography of Iran - History of Iran - 1953 Iran coup d'etat - role of USA and UK - Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution 1979 - History of the Islamic Republic of Iran (since 1979) - Demographics of Iran
Industry of Iran: Industry of Iran
Steel industry of Iran: Steel industry and companies of Iran
List of military equipment manufactured in Iran: List of military equipment manufactured in Iran
April 2020 Iranian regime launched military satellite:
22 April 2020: Iran's Revolutionary Guard says it successfully launched military satellite, raising concerns among experts on whether the technology used could help regime develop intercontinental ballistic missiles
Mining in Iran: Mining in Iran is underdeveloped, yet the country is one of the most important mineral producers in the world - the most important mines in Iran include coal, metallic minerals, sand and gravel, chemical minerals and salt
May 2017 Zemestan-Yurt coal mine disaster: 3 May 2017 Zemestan-Yurt coal mine disaster, killing 42 people and injuring at least 75 - 3 May 2017: At least 33 miners dead after methane gas ignited in tunnel 1,200 metres underground at the Zemestan-Yort mine in Golestan in northern Iran
Energy in Iran: Energy in Iran - List of power stations in Iran - gas was the dominant fuel in Iran in 2009, accounting for an estimated 56.8% of primary energy demand, followed by oil at 40.8% and hydro with a 1.4% share of PED - Iran exports annually 5.5 TWh of electricity to seven surrounding countries, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan
Petroleum industry in Iran: Petroleum industry in Iran - 'National Iranian Oil Company' ranks as the world's third largest oil company - Oil reserves in Iran
March 2019: 24 March 2019: At least two tankers have ferried Iranian fuel oil to Asia in recent months despite USA sanctions against such shipments, according to a Reuters analysis, as some traders have revived tactics that were used to skirt sanctions against Iran between 2012 and 2016
Natural gas in Iran: Natural gas reserves in Iran - National Iranian Gas Company
Nuclear facilities in Iran: Nuclear facilities in Iran - Iran's nuclear program has included several research sites, two uranium mines, a research reactor, and uranium processing facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants
Renewable energy in Iran: Renewable energy in Iran - Hydroelectric power stations in Iran - Solar power in Iran - with about 300 clear sunny days a year and an average of 2,200 kilowatt-hour solar radiation per square meter, Iran has a great potential to tap solar energy, but has only two plants using solar power, Shiraz solar power plant, 'pilot' power station with a capacity of 250 kilowatt (!) since 2008, 'Yazd integrated solar combined cycle power station', using natural gas and oil as primary fuels
Chemical and pharmaceutical industry of Iran: Pharmaceutical companies of Iran
Construction industry of Iran: Construction industry of Iran
Construction and civil engineering companies of Iran: Construction and civil engineering companies of Iran
Man-made disasters in Iran: Man-made disasters in Iran including explosions and fires - Fires in Iran
1976, 1990 and 1997 Azadi Cinema Complex fires: 1976, 1990 and April 1997 Azadi Cinema Complex fires, causing its closure for eleven years
2004 Nishapur explosion and train disaster: February 2004 Nishapur train disaster was a large explosion in the village of Khayyam, near Nishapur, four villages were later described as 'totally destroyed'
January 2017 Tehran skyscraper collapse: 19 January 2017 Plasco Building fire and collapse - 19 January 2017: Iranian skyscraper Plasco, an iconic structure in central Tehran, collapses in massive fire, killing at least 30 firefighters
May 2017 Zemestan-Yurt coal mine disaster: 3 May 2017 Zemestan-Yurt coal mine disaster, killing 42 people and injuring at least 75
7 July 2020 explosion reportedly damages factory near Tehran: 7 July 2020: Explosion reportedly damages factory in Iran, the latest in series of blasts, as 2 people said killed and 3 injured at facility in Kahrizak, south of Tehran, and as local governor says incident caused by human error as oxygen tanks were being filled
2 May 2021 chemical factory fire in Qom: 2 May 2021: Six people injured in Iran chemical factory fire, as more than 100 firefighters arrived to the scene in Qom, with authorities warning locals of potential health risks due to the materials burnt in the fire
Agriculture in Iran: Agriculture in Iran - crops including cereals (wheat, barley, rice, and maize), fruits, vegetables, cotton, sugar beets, sugarcane and pistachios, nuts, olives, spices e.g. saffron, raisin, tea, tobacco, Berberis and medicinal herbs
Iranian fruit production: Iranian fruit production ranking 1st in the Middle East and North Africa - Persian walnut, melon, tangerine, citrus fruits, Kiwifruit, dates, cherries, pomegranates, peach, oranges and raisins
Irrigation in Iran: Irrigation in Iran
Livestock in Iran: Livestock in Iran
Food and drink companies of Iran: Food and drink companies of Iran
Fishing in Iran: Fishing in Iran
Water in Iran: Water in Iran - Bodies of water of Iran - List of rivers of Iran
Water supply and sanitation in Iran: Water supply and sanitation in Iran
21st century water crisis in Iran: Water crisis in Iran refers to the problems which due to the water scarcity occur in Iran - as of 2014, Iran is using 70% of its total renewable freshwater, far above the upper limit of 40% recommended according to international norms
2016 fears of growing dichotomy of water management: 9 May 2016: Ambitious water transfer projects look attractive for tens of millions of people in the desert cities of central Iran worried about drought, but there are fears of a growing dichotomy of water management and environmental sustainability
Transport in Iran: Transport in Iran - Transport companies of Iran
Transport disasters in Iran: Transport disasters in Iran
Aviation accidents and incidents in Iran: Aviation accidents and incidents in Iran - Since 1952 list of Iranian aviation accidents and incidents - Airlines of Iran accidents and incidents - Accidents and incidents involving the Ilyushin Il-76, including accidents in Iran
11 March 2018 Iran Bombardier Challenger crash: 11 March 2018 Iran Bombardier Challenger crash
8 January 2020 plane crash near Tehran: 8 January 2020 Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 crash shortly after takeoff from Tehran Khomeini airport - 8 January 2020: Ukrainian passenger plane Boeing 737-800 soon after taking off from Tehran crashed, killing all 176 on board - 8 January 2020: Some commercial airlines reroute flights after Iranian regime launched rocket barrage at USA bases in Iraq, and Ukrainian plane crashed outside Tehran Khomeini International Airport
Since 8 January 2020 investigation of 'International Airlines Flight 752' crash: 8 January 2020: Under international rules Ukraine will participate in the investigation as the state of registry and state of operator, as will the USA as the state of design and manufacture of the Boeing aircraft
Aviation accidents and incidents in Iran: Aviation accidents and incidents in Iran - Since 1952 list of Iranian Aviation Accidents and Incidents
Airlines of Iran accidents and incidents: Airlines of Iran accidents and incidents - Iran Air accidents and incidents - Kish Air accidents and incidents
14 January 2019 Saha Airlines Boeing 707 crash: 14 January 2019 Saha Airlines Boeing 707 crash, killing fifteen of the sixteen people on board
Railway accidents and incidents in Iran: Railway accidents and incidents in Iran - List of Iranian rail accidents
February 2004 Neishabur train disaster: 18 February 2004 Neishabur train disaster, a large explosion in the village of Khayyam, near Nishapur in Iran, killing over 300 people were killed and destroying the entire village when runaway train wagons crashed into the community in the middle of the night and exploded
November 2016 Semnan–Damghan train collision: 25 November 2016 Semnan–Damghan train collision, resulting in 49 deaths and 103 injuries
Road incidents in Iran: Road incidents in Iran
Banking, insurance and financial services in Iran: Banking and insurance in Iran - Banks of Iran
Central Bank and currency of Iran: Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran - Iranian rial - currency of Iran
Financial services and stock exchange: Financial services companies of Iran - Iranian oil bourse - Tehran Stock Exchange
Foreign trade of Iran and foreign investment: Foreign trade and economic relations - Foreign direct investment in Iran
Sanctions against Iran: Sanctions against Iran
Iranian trade in oil and oil products: Iranian trade in oil and oil products
March 2019 Iranian fuel oil to Asia in recent months: 24 March 2019: At least two tankers have ferried Iranian fuel oil to Asia in recent months despite USA sanctions against such shipments, according to a Reuters analysis, as some traders have revived tactics that were used to skirt sanctions against Iran between 2012 and 2016
October 2019 Iranian oil tanker hit by suspected missile: 11 October 2019: An Iranian oil tanker reportedly hit by suspected missile strikes near the Saudi port of Jeddah on Friday, causing oil to leak into the Red Sea
Foreign trade of Iran and foreign investment: Foreign trade and economic relations - Foreign direct investment in Iran
Sanctions against Iran: Sanctions against Iran
Iranian trade in oil and oil products: Iranian trade in oil and oil products
March 2019 Iranian fuel oil to Asia in recent months: 24 March 2019: At least two tankers have ferried Iranian fuel oil to Asia in recent months despite USA sanctions against such shipments, according to a Reuters analysis, as some traders have revived tactics that were used to skirt sanctions against Iran between 2012 and 2016
October 2019 Iranian oil tanker hit by suspected missile: 11 October 2019: An Iranian oil tanker reportedly hit by suspected missile strikes near the Saudi port of Jeddah on Friday, causing oil to leak into the Red Sea
Iranian arms sales:
2006: Iran's military industry exported weapons to 57 countries as of 2006 and is composed of the following main components: Iran Electronics Industries, Defense Industries Organization - tanks, rockets, bombs, guns, armored vehicles, etc., Iranian Space Agency - guided missiles systems etc., Iran Aviation Industries Organization - aircraft, UAV, helicopters, etc., Naval industry - ships, hovercrafts, submarines, etc.
2017: 13 September 2017: North Korea singled out alongside Saudi Arabia and Iran as one of the world’s most secretive major exporters of small arms, including Kalashnikovs, rockets and machine guns, according to the Small Arms Survey Trade Update 2017
Economic history, business cycles and unemployment in Iran: Economic history of Iran - Iran's successive economic plans 1991-2010, growth and unemployment
2012: 3 October 2012: Riot police in Iran have clashed with protesters in Tehran over sharp falls in the currency - 7 October: Most money changers refuse to comply with government's demand for a fixed dollar rate to reverse currency collapse
2017 unemployment: 5 July 2017: Iran’s unemployment rate in the March-June quarter of 2017 stood at 12.6%, registering a 0.4% rise compared with last year's corresponding period and a 0.1% increase compared with the previous quarter, as the youth unemployment rate, i.e. the proportion of population of ages between 15 and 29, stood at 26.4% in spring
June 2019 unemployment and inflation: 24 June 2019: Inflation is over 37%, according to Iranian regime's statistics, and more than 3 million people, or 12% of working-age citizens, are unemployed, a rate that doubles for educated youth, as Iranians are feeling the pinch of Trump’s foreign policy, but many also blame government corruption
Military of Iran and 'Guardians of the Islamic Revolution': Military of Iran
Military budget of Iran: Military budget
Since 1979 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps IRGC: Since 1979 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps IRGC
Since 1980 Quds Force: Since 1980 Quds Force, a unit of Iran's Revolutionary Guards IRGC directed to carry out 'unconventional' warfare and intelligence activities and responsible for extraterritorial operations, supporting non-state actors in many foreign countries that include Lebanese Hezbollah, Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, Yemeni Houthis, and Shia militias in Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan - List of wars and battles involving the Quds Force
December 2014: 25 December 2014: Iran’s national army has begun a massive military drill near the strategic Strait of Hormuz, saying that the maneuvers were aimed at 'transferring experiences' to a younger generations of Iranian soldiers
July 2015: 7 July 2015: Iran's Revolutionary Guards stand to profit from emerging nuclear deal
September 2018: 22 September 2018: Gunmen have attacked a military parade in the south-west Iranian city of Ahvaz, killing at least eight members of the Revolutionary Guard and wounding 20 people, according to Iranian regime's media
February 2019: 2 February 2019: Two attackers scaled the wall of a Basij paramilitary base and opened fire Saturday, killing one member of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and wounding five others in the southeastern town of Nikshahr
April 2019: 21 April 2019: Iranian regime appoints fiery general Hossein Salami who vows to destroy Israel as new IRGC head
Military equipment of Iran: Military equipment of Iran - List of military equipment manufactured in Iran - Equipment of the Iranian Army
September 2013: 29 September 2013: Iranian army unveils home-made combat drone
September 2017: 17 September 2017: Iranian Revolutionary Guard says it has 'father of all bombs’, comparable to the USA's so called 'Mother Of All Bombs', the world’s largest non-nuclear bomb
March 2019 armed drones: 15 March 2019: Iran tests armed drones and UAVs in unprecedented ‘Towards Jerusalem’ drill
Iranian regime's navy: Islamic Republic of Iran Navy - History of the Iranian Navy
Navy of the 'Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps': Navy of the 'Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps' and equipment, including watercraft, aircraft, coastal anti-ship missiles and facilities on islands
Iranian regime's navy ships and equipment: List of current ships of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy, including submarines, destroyers, frigates, corvettes, missile craft, coastal patrol, mine layers, and support ships
February 2019 submarine cruise missile: 24 February 2019: In first, Iran says cruise missile launched from new Fateh submarine during 3-day exercise in Persian Gulf, also including destroyers, surveillance planes and helicopters, as range of projectile is unknown by possibly targeted countries
11 May 2020 many sailors killed and wounded by Iranian missile during exercise: 11 May 2020: 19 sailors killed and a further 15 wounded when an Iranian missile fired during a training exercise in the Gulf of Oman struck a support vessel near its target, the Iranian army said
2 June 2021 Iranian Mullah regime's largest navy ship sank: 2 June 2021: Iranian Mullah regime's largest navy ship sank after catching fire near the mouth of the Gulf, but the entire crew was able to safely disembark, according to semi-official news agencies saying 'all efforts to save the vessel were unsuccessful and it sank'
Iranian navy aviation and equipment: Islamic Republic of Iran Navy Aviation and equipment
Iranian regime's air force: Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force - History of the Iranian Air Force - List of Iranian Air Force bases
List of aircraft of the Iranian air force: List of aircraft of the Iranian Air Force
August 2018: 21 août 2018: Le régime iranien dévoile son premier avion de combat
September 2019 Iranian regime's new drone: 2 September 2019: Amid tensions with Israel and USA, Iran on Sunday unveiled a jet-propelled drone it said is capable of finding and attacking targets far from the country’s borders with precision
25 December 2019 Iranian Russian built MiG fighter jet crashed: 25 December 2019: An Iranian regime's Russian built MiG fighter jet crashed in the northwest of the country on Wednesday, killing both pilots
Iran's missile forces: Iran's missile forces - Guided missiles of Iran
2012/2013: 7 August 2012: Iran test fires short-range missile equipped with guidance system - 21 August: Iran unveils new missile, other weapons - 25 September: Iran unveils domestically made drone aircraft - 28 January 2013: Iran sends monkey into space, showing missile progress - 22 septembre 2013: Les forces armées iraniennes présentent 30 missiles balistiques d'une portée de 2.000 kilomètres lors de leur défilé annuel - 9 November 2013: Iran starts producing new missile system
2014/2015: 10 February 2014: Iran claims successful ballistic missiles test, described as a 'new generation' - 5 March: Iranian Revolutionary Guard has multiple-warhead missiles - 16 May 2014: Despite apparently reducing illicit purchases that breach UN sanctions, Iran is pursuing development of ballistic missiles, a confidential UN report says - 22 January 2015: Satellite images reportedly show Iranian missile that 'can reach far beyond Europe' - 25 February 2015: Iran tests naval missiles as part of fresh war games 'Great Prophet 9' in Persian Gulf - 5 July 2015: Iran unveils new long-range radar system - 13 October 2015: USA says missile test by Iran 'likely' violated UN resolution related to the use of ballistic missiles
2016: 1 janvier 2016: Les Gardiens de la révolution iranienne possèdent tellement de missiles qu'ils ne savent pas où les stocker - 10 February 2016: Iran to upgrade missiles, set to receive Russian S-300 within two months - 8/9 March: Iran launches ballistic missiles during military exercise in possible volation of UN resolution, with the phrase 'Israel must be wiped out' written on them in Hebrew and designed to demonstrate to Israel that it is within Iranian missile range, according to an Iranian commander - 9 May 2016: Iran claims to successfully test highly accurate ballistic missile that can reach Israel
2017: 4 February 2017: Defiant Iran in missile exercise day after USA sanctions over a ballistic missile test launch - 9 March 2017: Defiant Iran successfully tests another ballistic missile despite sanctions - 22 July 2017: Iranian regime announces production of new missile, claiming 'completely indigenous’ Sayyad-3 an upgrade over previous version of air-to-surface missile - 29 July 2017: Iran vows to continue missile program ‘with full power’ - 22 September 2017: At a military parade Iranian regime shows a new ballistic missile with range of 2,000 km, capable of carrying several warheads and of reaching much of the Middle East, including Israel, according to an Iranian news agency - 23 September 2017: Iran tests new missile capable of reaching Israel - 14 December 2017: UN secretary general Antonio Guterres has warned that Iran may be defying a call to halt ballistic missile development and may have passed ballistic missiles to Yemen's Houthis, also saying that the Simorgh space launch vehicle that Iran launched on 27 July, if configured as a ballistic missile, is 'inherently capable of delivering nuclear weapons'
2018: 7 March 2018: Senior Iranian military official Hajizadeh said the regime has tripled its missile production, amid efforts by the international community to curb it - 2 June 2018: Iran reportedly still working to acquire WMD technology, trying to acquire software, sophisticated vacuum and control engineering technologies, measurement devices, advanced electrical equipment and conducting of missile tests - 11 August 2018: For the first time in 2018, Iran reportedly carried out a Fateh-110 short-range ballistic missile test at the Strait of Hormuz during a naval exercise, watched by the USA - 19 August 2018: Iranian regime says that the Islamic state was set to unveil a new fighter jet and, despite new USA sanctions, will continue developing its missile program - 1 December 2018: USA's Mike Pompeo said Iran tested multiple warhead missile which can hit Middle East and Europe, violating UN Security Council Resolution 2231, which was adopted as part of the 2015 nuclear deal, also warning that Iran’s missile testing and missile proliferation is growing
February 2019: 2 February 2019: Iranian regime unveils new cruise missile 'Hoveyzeh' on 40th anniversary of political overthrow, allegedly a high-precision weapon capable of carrying a large payload for up to 1,350 kilometers, after 'Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps' said Thursday his country has developed a 'strategic capacity' to destroy Israel - 4 February 2019: Iranian regime has equipped its most advanced, longest-range missiles Khoramshahr 2, which can hit Israel and USA bases in the Gulf, with new precision guided warheads, state media reported - 8 February 2019: Iranian regime unveils new ballistic surface-to-surface missile with a range of 1,000 kilometers and called Dezful, in secret 'underground city’ facility - 16 February 2019: Iran confirms second failed satellite launch - 24 February 2019: In first, Iran says cruise missile launched from new Fateh submarine during 3-day exercise in Persian Gulf, also including destroyers, surveillance planes and helicopters, as range of projectile is unknown by possibly targeted countries
November 2019 Iran's missile force 'largest' in the Middle East: 20 November 2019: Iran's missile force 'largest' in the Middle East, says the Pentagon, as Iranian regime will seek new fighter jets, tanks as 2020 UN Security Council embargo lifts
January 2020 technology that can be used to develop Iranian regime's long-range missiles: 19 January 2020: Iran says two new satellites ready for launch, as other countries are suspicious of the satellite program because the same technology can be used to develop long-range missiles
9 February 2020 Iranian rocket failed to put a satellite into orbit: 9 February 2020: An Iranian rocket failed to put a satellite into orbit on Sunday as spacecraft falls short of orbital speed, the latest setback for a program the USA claims helps regime's advance its ballistic missile program
9 February 2022 Iran unveils new missile that can reach targets in Israel: 9 February 2022: Iran unveils new missile that can reach targets in Israel, touting its high-accuracy 'Khaibar-buster' missile, named after a Jewish castle overrun by Muslim warriors in the early days of Islam
6 June 2023 Iran’s claims to have created hypersonic missile alarm Israel: 6 June 2023: Iran has alarmed Israel by unveiling what it claims is its first domestically made hypersonic missile, that would be able to hit Israel within 400 seconds. It is claimed to have a range of 1,400km, to be able to travel at up to 15 times the speed of sound and to bypass air defence systems.
Iran and weapons of mass destruction: Iran and weapons of mass destruction
Nuclear program of Iran: Nuclear program of Iran - 10 June 2013: Iran's Russian-built Bushehr nuclear power plant has suffered a malfunction in its main generator - 27 December: Iran develops new generation of centrifuges - 28 October 2015: Former Iran leader Akbar Rafsanjani tells state-run news agency country pursued nuclear weapon, in contravention of repeated assurances by the regime that its enrichment program is and always has been peaceful - 3 December 2015: Iran worked on developing nuclear weapons, with some activities continuing up to 2009, according to IAEA report, after Iran has consistently denied any interest in nuclear arms or past work on such weapons
2016: 14 May 2016: Iranian regime says it is 'enhancing' nuclear activities and uranium enrichment, hailing technological progress and adding that Iran is establishing itself as an exporter of nuclear products - 19 July 2016: Iranian regime defends international deal's secret document easing nuke program restrictions, as FM Zarif says paper obtained by AP that shows Iran will be able to get within 6 months of a bomb in a decade is a 'matter of pride’ - 13 December 2016: Iran’s Hassan Rouhani on Tuesday ordered the country’s scientists to start work on nuclear-powered ships in response to the expected renewal of sanctions by the USA
2017: 13 August 2017: Israel's Mossad chief Cohen noted that in the two years since the signing of the Iran nuclear deal, known formally as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, Tehran regime has not abandoned its desire to develop nuclear weapons, and that the agreement 'only reinforced that trend and strengthened Iranian aggression in the region'
April 2018: 4 April 2018: Mossad chief '100 percent certain' Iran still seeks nuclear bomb, also saying nuke deal a 'terrible mistake', must be 'completely changed or scrapped'
June 2018: 5 June 2018: Iran's Khamenei orders preparation for uranium enrichment - 7 June 2018: Iran won’t cooperate fully with nuke inspectors until deal impasse resolved - 28 June 2018: Iran reopens uranium plant after 9 years to step up enrichment
July 2018: 15 July 2018: Seized archive shows Iran nuke project was larger than thought and had foreign help, as Israel showcases to USA reporters parts of trove Mossad spirited out of Tehran
September 2018: 10 September 2018: New Natanz nuclear facility producing advanced centrifuges, according to Iranian nuclear chief Salehi
May 2019: 5 May 2019: Iranian regime vows to keep enriching uranium despite USA move, acting on Friday to force regime to stop producing low-enriched uranium and expanding its only nuclear power plant, intensifying a campaign aimed at halting regime's ballistic missile program
June 2019: 17 June 2019: Head of atomic research institute Larijani calls IAEA inspectors ‘cockroaches', says Iranian regime should quit NPT, the international treaty aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons - 17 June 2019: Iranian regime says it will break nuclear deal’s uranium stockpile limit in 10 days, also saying that it has the need for uranium enriched up to 20%, just a step away from weapons-grade levels
July 2019: 1 July 2019: Iranian regime breaks nuclear deal
August/September 2019: 3 August 2019: Iranian regime will take ‘third step’ to reduce nuclear deal commitments, saying it is response to pact not being implemented by 'others’ - 10 September 2019: UN atomic watchdog confirms Iran installing advanced centrifuges, urging regime to ‘respond promptly’ to concerns over its breaches of limits set down in fast-unraveling nuclear deal with major powers
6 November 2019 Iran breaks nuclear deal: 6 November 2019: Iran starts injecting uranium gas into Fordo centrifuges, breaking nuke deal
10 November 2019 2nd Bushehr nuclear power reactor with Russian regime's help: 10 November 2019: Iran begins building 2nd nuclear power reactor at Bushehr with Russian regime's help
Since 2 July 2020 Natanz fuel enrichment plant explosion and major damage: In July 2020, the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran released photos of Natanz fuel enrichment plant building, presumed to be a centrifuge assembly facility, after a recent explosion, as an unnamed Middle Eastern intelligence official later claimed that damage to the facility was caused by an explosive device - 2 July 2020 Natanz incident, as a fire and explosion hit the centrifuge production plant at a nuclear enrichment facility in Natanz, and as a group known as the 'Cheetahs of the Homeland' claimed responsibility for the attack - 5 July 2020: Iran admits incident at Natanz nuclear site caused major damage
27/28 October 2020 UN watchdog says Iran building new underground nuclear facility: 27 October 2020: UN watchdog says Iran building new underground nuclear facility, as inspectors confirmed regime has started building an underground centrifuge assembly plant - 28 October 2020: Iran has begun construction at its Natanz nuclear facility, satellite images released Wednesday showed, just as the UN’s nuclear agency acknowledged Tehran was building an underground advanced centrifuge assembly plant - 28 October 2020: UN nuclear agency says Iran is building underground advanced centrifuge assembly plant
Military budget of Iran: Military budget
Taxation and budget in Iran: Taxation in Iran
Tax advantages and exemptions in Iran: Tax advantages and exemptions in Iran
Public finance and fiscal policy in Iran: Public finance and fiscal policy in Iran
Politics of Iran: Politics of Iran - Political parties in Iran - List of political parties in Iran
Iranian reform movement - Combatant Clergy Association, founded in 1977 - Association of Combatant Clerics, founded in 1988
Ideology, constitution and Iran's network of elected and unelected institutions since 1979: Since 1979 ideology of the Iranian Revolution, a combination of Shia Islamic religious radicalism, militarism, antisemitism, nationalism, political populism and authoritarian system - Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution 1979 - Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists - Guardian Council - Islamic Revolutionary Court - Expediency Discernment Council
Elections in Iran: Elections in Iran
20th/21st century elections and appointments in Iran: Elections in Iran
Pre-Islamic Arabia, robber tribes and looting: Pre-Islamic Arabia, as its economy was based on agriculture, and foreign trade was based on the export of frankincense and myrrh, a major intermediary linking East Africa and the Mediterranean world, therefore a target for robber tribes and looting, the act of stealing, or the taking of goods by force only made possible by military superiority
Since ancient times rock set into the eastern corner of the Kaaba, place of worship: Black Stone, a rock set into the eastern corner of the Kaaba, the ancient building in the center of the Grand Mosque in Mecca in Saudi Arabia - Culte des pierres
Quraysh a mercantile Arab tribe and military, cruel traditions and following dynasties: Quraysh a mercantile Arab tribe that historically inhabited and controlled the city of Mecca and its Ka'ba, as all medieval Muslim sources agree that Qusayy unified Fihr's descendants, and established the Quraysh as the dominant power in Mecca - Since 305 Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy, born in in Mecca, an ancestor of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Islamic tradition - Banu Hashim, the clan of the Quraysh tribe, to which the Islamic prophet Muhammad belonged, as his great-grandfather was Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, after whom the clan is named, and birth legend, as Islamic hagiographers give an exotic narration concerning the birth of Hashim, considered it to be a very bloody and cruel one, as narration states that Hashim and 'Abd Shams were conjoined twins born with Hashim's leg attached to his twin brother's head, and they had struggled in their mother's womb seeking to be firstborn - Dynasties of following Royal and Imperial dynasties claiming descent from Hashim in Arabia, Africa, Indo-Persia, East Asia
314-535 Roman empire's Diocese of the East following the destruction of Juda and Israel: 314-535 Roman empire's Diocese of the East, incorporating the provinces of the western Middle East, between the Mediterranean Sea and Mesopotamia, following empire's conquests since 1st century BCE and the destruction of Juda and Israel
Control of Meccan trade as toward the end of the 6th century: Control of Meccan trade as toward the end of the 6th century, the Fijar War broke out between the Quraysh and the Kinana on one side and various Qaysi tribes on the other, including the Hawazin, Banu Thaqif, Banu Amir and Banu Sulaym, the war broke out when a Kinani tribesman killed an Amiri tribesman escorting a Lakhmid caravan to the Hejaz, as the attack took place during the holy season when fighting was typically forbidden, as the Kinani tribesman's patron was Harb ibn Umayya, a Qurayshi chief
Since 122 BCE to 570 CE family tree of Muhammad comprising 21 generations: Family tree of Muhammad known as a family member of the family of Hashim and the Qurayshs tribe which is ‘Adnani - According to Islamic tradition, Muhammad was descended from Adnan, as tradition records the genealogy from Adnan to Muhammad comprises 21 generations, as Muhammed himself - following the fall of the Roman empire - recognized his opportunity to become an 'emperor' himself
7th century list of expeditions and battles of Muhammad and Abrahamic religion: 7th century list of expeditions and battles of Muhammad and legitimation by the assimilation of a stolen Abrahamic religion - Caliphates in the Arabian Peninsula after Muhammad's death in 632
Since 7th century territorial rule by tribal successors of military caliphates: Caliphates in the Arabian Peninsula after Muhammad's death in 632, continued male domination, miraculous belief (Mohammed's ascension to heaven where he was instructed, ironically in Jerusalem), conflict for regional predominance
'Assembly of Experts': Assembly of Experts
2016: 24 May 2016: Hard-line Iranian cleric Jannati has become the speaker of the Assembly of Experts, that is mainly tasked with selecting the country's supreme leader
Islamic Consultative Assembly (Iranian Parliament): Islamic Consultative Assembly (Iranian Parliament)
Iranian legislative election 2 March 2012: Iranian legislative election 2 March 2012 - 2 March 2012: Iran's ruling political and religious hardliners face off in vote, echoing a deepening rift in a conservative establishment - 4 March: Loyalists of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei have won more than 75% of the seats in Iran's parliament, dealing a severe blow to President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad - 4 May: Polls open in Iran's run-off parliamentary election - 5. Mai 2012: Ahmadinejad bei Stichwahlen in Iran abgestraft - Bündnis um Parlamentspräsident Larijani mit den meisten Mandaten
Cabinet of Iran: Cabinet of Iran, a formal body composed of government officials, ministers, chosen and led by a President, as its composition must be approved by a vote in the Parliament
Government ministries and ministers of Iran: Government ministries of Iran - Government ministers of Iran
Since 2001 Ministry of Agriculture Jihad: Since 2001 Ministry of Agriculture Jihad
Ministry of Energy in Iran: Ministry of Energy in Iran
Since 1951 Ministry of Petroleum in Iran: Since 1951 Ministry of Petroleum in Iran
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance in Iran: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance in Iran
2007 Management and Planning Organization of Iran and PBO: Management and Planning Organization of Iran, an organization of the Government of Iran, first established after the decision of president Ahmadinejad for terminating the 'Plan and Budget Organization (PBO)' in 2007
Since 2011 Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade: Since 2011 Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade, responsible for the regulation and implementation of policies applicable to domestic and foreign trade and also regulation and implementation of policies applicable to industrial and mine sectors, resulting from the merger of the Ministry of Industries and Mines and Ministry of Commerce
Since 2011 Ministry of Roads and Urban Development: Ministry of Roads and Urban Development
Since 2000 Ministry of Science, Research and Technology: Since 2000 Ministry of Science, Research and Technology in Iran
Since 1908 Ministry of Information and Communications Technology of Iran: Since 1908 Ministry of Information and Communications Technology of Iran
Since 2011 Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour, and Social Welfare: Since 2011 Ministry of Cooperatives, Labour, and Social Welfare, responsible for the oversight of Cooperative business, regulation and implementation of policies applicable to labour and social affairs and oversight of Social security
Since 1964 Ministry of Education: Since 1964 Ministry of Education
Since 1904 Ministry of Health and Medical Education: Since 1904 Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Since 1901 Ministry of Interior: Since 1901 Ministry of Interior
Since 1983 Ministry of Intelligence: Since 1983 Ministry of Intelligence in Iran, finally founded in August 1983, either abandoning, silently subsuming, or relegating to hidden existence many small intelligence agencies that had been formed in different governmental organizations,
'Chain' assassinations and foreign executions: 'Chain' assassinations and foreign executions
Since 1988 chain murders of Iran: Since 1988 chain murders of Iran, a series of 1988–98 murders and disappearances of certain Iranian dissident intellectuals who had been critical of the Islamic Republic system, as the murders and disappearances were carried out by Iranian government internal operatives
Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Iran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Iran
Iranian presidential election 14 June 2013: Iranian presidential election 14 June 2013 - 16 May 2013: Ayatollah Mohammad Yazdi says women cannot be presidential candidates, as 30 women seek to run in the June 14 election - 22 May: Iran's Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani barred from standing for president - 11 June: The sole reformist candidate in the June 14 presidential election Mohammad Aref quits presidential race, a move in favour of the moderate candidate Hassan Rowhani - 12 June: Four years after Iranians took to the streets to demonstrate against the results of the presidential election 2009, the authorities are taking no chances this time, keeping opposition leaders confined under house arrest with doors and windows welded shut - 12 June: Ahmadinejad's legacy - unemployment, international isolation and nuclear standoff - 14 June: Iran begins voting to elect new president - 15 June: Early vote count in Iran gives Hasan Rowhani wide lead - 15 June: Hassan Rowhani secured just over 50 percent of the ballot based on a 72 percent turnout of 50 million eligible voters, a mandate of the Iranian people for change, which will not be betrayed - 30 June: Rohani hints he will balance hard-line, reformist demands - 4 August 2015: New president Rouhani will be publicly inaugurated on Sunday after he was formally endorsed by Khameini on Saturday
2015: 2 June 2015: Murderous Rouhani vows Iran will support Syrian regime's Assad 'until the end of the road' - December 2015: Financing terror – the economic impact of Iran’s nuclear programme and its support to paramilitary groups across the Middle East
January 2016: 19 January 2016: Reformist hopefuls banned from Iran's parliamentary poll, as only 1% of the moderate candidates have been allowed to run
February/April 2016 Iranian legislative election: 26 February 2016 Iranian legislative election - the Islamic Consultative Assembly and the Assembly of Experts will be elected simultaneously for the first time - 26 February: Iranians turn out to vote without real choices - 26 February: Analyst Zibakalam, acknowledging the checkered past of 'new' conservative allies, including former intelligence ministers, linked to the death of dissidents and intellectuals, sentencing thousands to death, says on Iranian elections 'we had to choose between bad and worse' - 27 February: Early results show 'reformists' and so-called 'moderates' lead in Iran elections - 29 February: Iran's citizens turn to social media to take aim at conservative hardliners, sharing celebratory jokes and mocking memes
April 2016: 15 April 2016: Newly elected female MP Minoo Khaleghi in Iran is to be barred from entering the next parliament apparently because she is alleged to have shaken hands with an unrelated man during a trip abroad
29 April 2016: 30 April 2016: So-called reformist and moderate politicians allied with regime's Rouhani secure up to 40 of the 68 parliament seats up for grabs, unofficial results show, while conservatives gain 21 spots
2016: 28 mai 2016: Le nouveau Parlement iranien est entré en fonction samedi lors d'une cérémonie au cours de laquelle l'ayatollah Ali Khamenei a estimé dans un message aux nouveaux députés que leur devoir était de résister aux 'ruses' des ennemis de l'Iran
2017: 2017 Candidates of Iranian presidential election
April 2017: 12 April 2017: In surprise move, Iran’s Ahmadinejad registers to run for president
May 2017 Iranian presidential election: 19 May 2017 Iranian presidential election - 20 May 2017: With nearly all votes counted, incumbent president Rouhani has a commanding lead over his chief rival Raisi - 20 May 2017: Iranians have chosen the 'path of engagement with the world' and rejected extremism, Rouhani says, re-elected with 57% of the vote, writing on Twitter that 'I will remain loyal to my promises to you'
August 2017: 9 August 2017: A day after coming under fire from reformists for nominating no women ministers, Rouhani appoints two female vice presidents but still no women in cabinet
February 2020 Iranian legislative election: 21 February 2020 Iranian legislative election - 17 February 2020: Following regime's brutal downing of a Ukrainian passenger jet last month, large protests in November over rising prices in which hundreds were murdered, and after 9,000 out of some 16,000 candidates were eliminated, Iranian Islamic regime campaign has targeted young voters, most hurt and frustrated by restrictions on freedom
22 February 2020 frustration at collapsing living standards and regime's terrorism: 22 February 2020: Regime supporters heading for majority within a minority, as national turnout close to 40% (in Tehran 22%) and likely outcome reflect frustration at collapsing living standards, regime's terrorism and relations with the west - 23 February 2020: Reflecting on the sweeping gains made by regime supporters on a record low turnout of 42% at the parliamentary elections, Yasser Rafsanjani says Iranian society is physically and politically sick
24 August 2020 Iran sets June 2021 date for presidential election to choose Rouhani successor: 24 August 2020: Iran sets June 2021 date for presidential election to choose Rouhani successor, as president under pressure over economic fallout of USA sanctions and pandemic, and cannot run for a third term
5 June 2021 from threatening prosecution to exchanging allegations aspirants do not hold back any punches in first debate: 5 Jnue 2021: 7 candidates 'approved' to run in Iran’s June 18 presidential election have gone head-to-head in a televised debate, as controversy over the disqualification of other hopefuls persists, as Saturday’s three-hour event focused on the economy, which has taken a big hit in the past three years under sanctions and is characterised by rampant inflation and high unemployment, as two more debates are due to be held on Tuesday and next Saturday
13 June 2021 Iran’s voters do not have much of a choice 18 June presidential election: 13 June 2021: Iran’s beleaguered voters do not have much of a choice in this Friday’s presidential election, as the regime, dominated by the supreme leader Khamenei has cynically manipulated the contest to ensure that a like-minded hardliner, most probably Ebrahim Raisi, head of the judiciary, wins, while the result may be far-reaching in Iran and internationally, the British 'Observer' reports
16 June 2021 Iranian regime has gone further than ever to engineer election's result: 16 June 2021: Polls are predicting a turnout as low as 40%, down from the previous 73% in 2017, partly because the Iranian regime has gone further than ever to engineer the result
18 June 2021 Iranian presidential election: 18 June 2021 Iranian presidential election - Potential candidates
18 June 2021 'elections' in a country ruled by an autocracy of Mullahs: 18 June 2021: Iranians vote on Friday in a presidential election likely to be won by a hardline judge subject to USA sanctions for alleged involvement in executions of political prisoners, though many are expected to ignore the ballot amid economic hardship and calls for a boycott by citizens at home and abroad, knowing they have no real choice in a country ruled by an autocracy of Mullahs - 18 June 2021: The 2021 Iranian presidential election will mark a turning point in the country’s history and a fundamental crisis of legitimacy for the regime if turnout fed by disillusionment falls below 50%, according to leading experts
19 June 2021 hardliner Ebrahim Raisi hailed as Iran’s new president: 19 June 2021: Ebrahim Raisi, the hardline head of Iran’s judiciary, has been hailed the country’s new president after his three main rivals congratulated him on his victory and preliminary results showed he had secured 17.8m votes, a huge 14.5m more than his nearest rival - 19 June 2021: Iran’s president-elect, Ebrahim Raisi, is hardliner linked with mass executions, as he was youngest member of the 1988 Tehran death committee, systematically sending as many as 3,000 people to slaughter, and when he was head of the judiciary floggings and executions flourished
2 March 2024 Iran election turnout drops to 41% as reformists criticise poll: 2 March 2024: The turnout in Iran’s parliamentary elections appears to have dropped to 41%, a record low, but according to the official figures, not quite to the levels of mass abstention that some surveys had predicted. Polls closed at midnight on Friday, six hours later than planned due to what officials claimed was a second surge in polls in the evening, but Tehran’s middle class stayed away, fewer than 24% of the 8 million eligible to vote bothering to do so, 'The Guardian' reports.
'Supreme Leader', guardian council, president, government and politics of Iran: 'Supreme Leader' of Iran - Guardian Council - President of Iran - Government of Iran - Cabinet of Iran
2011: 25. August 2011: Irans Präsident Ahmadinejad ruft 2011 erneut zur Auslöschung Israels auf - das feste Ziel iranischer Politik
2012: 17 August 2012: 'Cancerous tumour' Israel will soon be destroyed, says Ahmadinejad in Tehran marking Iran's Quds Day
27 December 2012: Iran's Ahmadinejad dismisses health minister, who was Islamic Republic's first woman cabinet member, for criticising colleagues
2013: 5 February: President Ahmadinejad is accusing parliamentary speaker's family of corruption - 5 February: Former Tehran prosecutor Saeed Mortazavi, dismissed from his judicial post over the torture deaths of three protesters in custody after the 2009 elections and considered to be a close aide of President Ahmadinejad, has been arrested on Monday - 6 February: Saeed Mortazavi has been released after two days in prison, state media say - 27 February: Saeed Mortazavi, accused of being involved in deaths of anti-government protesters in 2009, appears in court - 2 August 2013: In Quds Day remarks broadcast on state TV and in one of his last public speeches Iran's outgoing President Ahmadinejad warns Israel will be 'uprooted' - 2 août: Le nouveau président iranien Rohani a affirmé vendredi qu'Israël était un corps étranger qui devait être extirpé de la région, à la veille de sa prise de fonctions - 2 August: After Israeli criticism, Iran's media changed their version of Rohani remarks, that Israel had inflicted a 'wound' on the Muslim world and that the Israeli wound 'must be cleansed', now taking out the reference to 'cleansing'
Since August 2013 Government of Hassan Rouhani: Government of Hassan Rouhani 2013–present - Confirmations of Hassan Rouhani's Cabinet
5 August 2013: Iran's supreme leader today appointed Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to the Expediency Council, the country's top political arbitration body
September 2013: 28 September 2013: Nearly 60 gathered chanting "Death to America" and "Death to Israel" and eggs and shoes were thrown at Iranian President Hassan Rouhani's motorcade as he arrived home from New York to a mixed reception after his historic call with Barack Obama - 30 septembre: Le chef des Gardiens de la révolution critique le contact Rouhani-Obama
October 2013: 5 October: Iran's Ayatollah Khamenei hints at disapproval over Hassan Rouhani's phone call with Barack Obama - 20 October: Iran's Rouhani names three new ministers to replace nominees rejected by the conservative-dominated parliament in August
November 2013: 10 November: Iranian deputy minister of industries Rahmatabadi shot dead in Tehran by unidentified assailant - 13 novembre: Selon une enquête publiée par l’agence Reuters, l’actuel Guide de la révolution islamique, Ali Khamenei, est à la tête d’un vaste empire économique d’environ 95 milliards de dollars - 25 novembre: Les Iraniens saluent l'accord sur la régulation du nucléaire iranien
2014: 11 May 2014: Calling for mass-production of missiles, Khamenei says Western expectations that Iran will limit its missile program are 'stupid and idiotic', and Rouhani says Iran won't accept 'nuclear apartheid' - 11 August 2014: Saying he will continue a policy of moderation and 'constructive engagement' with West Iran president Rouhani tells nuke hard-liners to go 'to hell'
2015: 10 January 2015: Condemning 'extremism, violence, and terrorism whether in Palestine, Lebanon and the Levant or in Paris and the United States', Rouhani likens Paris terrorist attacks with Israel's policies toward Palestinians - 18 April: Iran marks Army Day with cries of 'Death to America' and 'Death to Israel' and a truck carrying banner calling for destruction of Jewish state
June 2015: 2 June 2015: Murderous Rouhani vows Iran will support Syrian regime's Assad 'until the end of the road'
October 2015: 14 October: Iran's Revolutionary Guard opens the doors of a secret underground missile base to state TV, showing off medium- and long-range missiles, as Syrian Assad regime's army begins an offensive backed by Iranian soldiers and Russian jets - 28 October 2015: Former Iran leader Akbar Rafsanjani tells state-run news agency country pursued nuclear weapon, in contravention of repeated assurances by the regime that its enrichment program is and always has been peaceful
December 2015: December 2015: Financing terror – the economic impact of Iran’s nuclear programme and its support to paramilitary groups across the Middle East
2016: 3 January 2016: Iran's Ayatollah Khamenei's threat of 'divine vengeance' for the execution of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr in Saudi-Arabia - 17 April 2016: As Iranian regime parades parts of advanced S-300 missile battery in Tehran marking the country’s annual Army Day, regimes' Rouhani says that Iran will aid countries seeking to combat Israel - 29 mai 2016: Mettant en œuvre une décision prise lors d'une réunion du Haut conseil du cyberespace dirigé par le président Hassan Rohani, l'Iran exige des réseaux sociaux étrangers de lui transférer d'ici un an leurs serveurs contenant les informations des utilisateurs iraniens
June 2016: 14 June 2016: Seventy distinguished academics from North American universities urge Iran's Hassan Rouhani in a letter, to break his silence over the ongoing house arrests of the country’s opposition leaders Mir Hossein Mousavi, Zahra Rahnavard and Mehdi Karroubi, as in a separate letter Narges Mohammadi, a prominent human-rights activist who is currently imprisoned, asks Rouhani to protest against the continuing harassment and persecution of civil-rights activists
July 2016: 1 July 2016: Iranian al-Quds Day resolution demands elimination of ‘cancerous’ Israel, as President Rouhani, attending the Tehran rally, says regional conflicts were making it increasingly difficult to address the Palestinian issue, 'we are far away from the ideal of liberating Palestine'
December 2016: 14 December 2016: Iranian regime claims a military victory in Aleppo boasting that dictator Assad’s forces would have been unable to retake the besieged city without support from Tehran, and Iran’s Rouhani phones Bashar Assad to congratulate him on the impending defeat of rebel forces as a planned ceasefire to allow civilians to leave last rebel-held pocket of Aleppo collapsed, leaving tens of thousands of civilians stranded in the besieged city under heavy bombardment
February 2017: 10 février 2017: Aux cris de 'Mort à l'Amérique', des millions d'Iraniens sont descendus dans les rues pour marquer le 38e anniversaire de l'état islamique
April 2017: 18 April 2017: At annual military parade, Iranian regime shows off new air defense systems and banners displayed alongside various offensive and defensive weapons with the slogan 'Death to Israel' in Persian
June 2017: 7 June 2017 2017 Tehran attacks - 7 June 2017: Two people were confirmed killed and several others were reported injured after armed men burst into Tehran’s parliament building and the mausoleum of revolutionary founder Ruhollah Khomeini, with state media reporting at least two suicide bombings, claimed by Islamic State terrorists
June 2017: 23 June 2017: Iranian regime and supporters hold annual anti-Israel rallies to mark al-Quds day, chanting 'Death to Israel' and displaying surface-to-surface ballistic missiles
August 2017: 13 August 2017: Iran’s parliament voted to allocate $520 million to develop its missile program to fight USA’s 'adventurism' and sanctions, and to boost the foreign operations of the country’s Revolutionary Guards
October 2017: 20 October 2017: Iran’s powerful Revolutionary Guards pledge to accelerate missile development, put up 'relentless' battle against Jewish state
January/February 2018: 3 January 2018: Tens of thousands said to gather across Iran for pro-regime rallies - 12 February 2018: Leading academics in Iran have written to the country’s president Rouhani to demand answers after renowned environmentalist Kavous Seyed Emami, a professor at Imam Sadegh University and founder of the Persian Wildlife Heritage Foundation, allegedly killed himself in prison two weeks after his arrest, as seven other members of wildlife NGO are still behind bars - 24 February 2018: Three more Iranian environmentalists arrested
June 2018: 8 June 2018: Chanting 'Death to Israel', demonstrators protested Israel’s control of Jerusalem, the city where followers of Muhammad believe he began his journey to heaven, after Iranian regime's Hassan Rouhani called on Iranians to attend rallies marking anti-Israel 'Quds Day' in large numbers
September 2018: 22 September 2018: Rouhani says Iran will beat Trump, won't abandon missiles, and 'America will suffer the same fate as Saddam Hussein'
February 2019: 1 February 2019: Crowds chant 'death to Israel’ as Iranian regime starts celebrating the 40th anniversary of its seizure of power and death chants - 11 February 2019: State TV showed large crowds carrying Iranian flags and chanting 'Death to Israel, Death to America', trademark chants of the 1979 seizure of power, as supporters of the regime held rallies on Monday to mark its 40th anniversary and Rouhani says regime to continue expanding its military might
31 May 2019: 31 May 2019: As many high-ranking Iranian officials attended the rally on anti-Israel Quds Day in Tehran, including president Hassan Rouhani and FM Mohammad Javad Zarif, Iranians burn an effigy of USA President Donald Trump during a parade
June 2019: 9 June 2019: Iran said to add 2,000 morality police units to counter hijab protests
2 July 2019: 2 July 2019: A day after Iranian regime said it had breached an agreed-upon limit on its stocks of low-enriched uranium, which Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu described as a 'significant step' toward building a nuclear weapon, Israel’s foreign minister said that regime was sliding toward a war and that Israel could take unilateral action against the regime if needed to keep it from getting nuclear weapons
7 July 2019 violation of 2015 nuclear deal: 7 July 2019: Iranian regime says it is breaking nuclear deal’s limit on uranium enrichment, as violation of the 2015 pact comes a week after regime announced it had exceeded its caps on stockpiling low-enriched material
27 August 2019 Rouhani steps back from possible Trump talks: 27 August 2019: Iranian regime's FM Zarif announced that regime will further curb its adherence to the international agreement limiting its nuclear program next week, as regime's Rouhani steps back from possible Trump talks appearing to shut door on Trump-Rouhani meeting, demanding USA to end sanctions before he’ll talk to Trump
November 2019 uranium gas into 1,044 centrifuges: 5 November 2019: Iranian Islamic regime’s Rouhani has announced that regime will begin injecting uranium gas into 1,044 centrifuges, in the latest step away from its nuclear deal with world powers - 6 November 2019: Iran starts injecting uranium gas into Fordo centrifuges, breaking nuke deal
17 November 2019 Khamenei urges armed forces to 'implement their tasks’: 17 November 2019: Iranian regime's Khamenei said to call demonstrators protesting 50% increase in fuel costs ‘thugs’ who are backed by regime’s foreign enemies, urges security forces to 'implement their tasks’
24 November 2019 online Iran protest videos show regime's violence: 24 November 2019: After internet restored, online Iran protest videos show machine gun fire answering rock-throwing protesters, motorcycle-riding Revolutionary Guard volunteers chasing after demonstrators, plainclothes regime forces grabbing, beating and draging people off the street to an uncertain fate
3 December 2019 for first time regime acknowledges killing protesters: 3 December 2019: For first time, Iranian regime acknowledges killing protesters during fuel price protests. providing accounting of violence used to quash recent unrest, in which over 200 reported killed, as rights group says families forced to pay for bodies and that the number of deaths 'evidence that Iran’s security forces went on a horrific killing spree', calling on the international community to ensure those responsible are held accountable
6 December 2019 Iranian forces were 'shooting to kill’ protesters, UN says: 6 December 2019: Iranian regime's armed forces were 'shooting to kill' in their deadly crackdown against protesters in recent weeks, according to credible video footage, according to UN human rights chief Bachelet, saying demonstrators were shot 'directly in the face and vital organs’
16 December 2019 Iranian regime orchestrated clampdown to cover up deaths: 16 December 2019: Amnesty revises up Iran protest crackdown death toll to 304, detailing harrowing testimony suggesting that after authorities massacred protesters, they orchestrated a wide-scale clampdown to cover up deaths
21 December 2019 UN experts slam Iran over reported torture of detained protesters: 21 December 2019: UN experts slam Iranian regime over reported torture of detained protesters, as independent UN rights experts believe thousands still being held after deadly crackdown on mass protests last month, saying regime's forces ‘were aiming to kill or at least cause serious injury’, warning thousands could still be detained after a deadly crackdown on mass protests, and voicing alarm at reports that inmates have been tortured
23 December 2019 about 1,500 people were killed during November unrest, Reuters says: 23 December 2019: About 1,500 people were killed during less than two weeks of unrest that started in November, as the toll, provided to Reuters by three Iranian interior ministry officials, included at least 17 teenagers and about 400 women as well as some members of the security forces and police
25 December 2019 amid ongoing protests, Iranian city council member arrested for sharing a video online: 25 December 2019: Amid ongoing protests, Iranian city council member arrested for sharing a video online, comparing the ages of Finnish and Iranian leaders, that authorities have deemed as 'insulting' to the country’s dictator Ali Khamenei, state media confirmed
25 December 2019: Iranian regime starts internet shutdown: 25 December 2019: Iranian regime starts internet shutdown ahead of expected new protests in the Alborz, Kurdestan and Zanjan provinces in central and western Iran and in Fars in the south, also affecting other areas
5 January 2020 Iranian regime's revenge policy: 5 January 2020: Refusing to learn, Iranian regime pushes back after USA warned against regime's revenge policy - 5 January 2020: Iran threatens big step away from nuclear deal after Soleimani killing, marking fifth major withdrawal from terms of 2015 nuclear deal after breaking limits on enrichment, centrifuges and uranium stockpiles, 'Times of Israel' reporting
7 January 2020 dozens killed, injured in stampede at terrorist's funeral: 7 January 2020: Dozens killed in stampede at terrorist Soleimani's funeral and 190 more injured in incident in hometown of Kerman, causing Iranians to flee for surrounding hills, showing Iranian regime's inability to organize peaceful events for own purposes at home, as dictator Khamenei said to insist on direct Iranian revenge against USA, not by proxy, and as - in the past - Iran-backed terror groups, frustrated at not being able to inflict military damage, have instead targeted civilians
11 January 2020 Iranian regime’s belated admission it downed Ukrainian plane on 8 January and killed 176 citizens of 6 countries: 11 January 2020: Iranian regime’s belated admission it downed Ukrainian plane on 8 January raises new questions on its criminal conduct, after regime repeatedly denied notion missile struck jet though general says he notified leaders Wednesday, and as regime’s failure to close airspace during peak tensions also scrutinized - 11 January 2020: Hundreds protest against regime in Tehran after it admits it shot down plane, and crowds call for supreme leader to resign as anger mounts over government’s conduct, and as police said to use force to quell demonstration
12 January 2020 Iranian Khamenei, Rouhani, Zarif regime deploys riot police as it braces for further democratic protests over plane shootdown: 12 January 2020: Iranian Mullah regime deploys riot police as it braces for further protests over plane shootdown, amid circulating calls for protests later in the day, and after a large black banner unveiled in Vali-e Asr Square in Tehran bore the names of those killed in the plane crash
13 January 2020 Mullah regime continues to terrorize the Iranian people exercising 'their constitutional right to peaceful assembly': 13 January 2020: After killing 176 citizens of 6 countries including many Iranians, Mullah regime continues to terrorize the Iranian people documented in videos, using live fire and tear gas against protesters, as rights group says 'Iranians shouldn’t have to risk their lives to exercise their constitutional right to peaceful assembly' - 13 January 2020: Iranian police shoot at those protesting plane shootdown, video shows
15 January 2020 rights group slams regime’s use of force against plane shootdown protesters: 15 January 2020: Rights group slams Iranian regime’s use of force against plane shootdown protesters, saying it has evidence Islamic regime’s forces used rubber bullets, tear gas and pepper spray, along with pointed air-gun pellets normally used for hunting
22 January 2020 Soleimani associate paramilitary forces' Abdolhossein Mojaddami killed: 22 January 2020: Two shooters armed with rifles fire at Abdolhossein Mojaddami, head of Basij paramilitary forces in the town of Darkhoein and an associate of slain general Soleimani, after Basij units had been involved in violent clashes with demonstrators in the area in November in which many protesters were injured and killed
27 January 2020 for three days, Iranin regime's government issued false statements, denying any responsibility for attack on Ukrainian airliner: 27 January 2020: For three days, Iran's military officials knew they had shot down a Ukrainian airliner while the government issued false statements, denying any responsibility, covered up downing of Ukrainian airliner
3 February 2020 leaked recording shows Khamenei/Rouhani regime immediately knew missile downed Ukrainian jetliner: 3 February 2020: Leaked recording shows that authorities immediately knew a missile had downed a Ukrainian jetliner after takeoff from Tehran, killing all 176 people aboard, despite days of denials by the Iranian Khamenei and Rouhani regime
11 February 2020 Iranian Expediency Council's Mohsen Rezaei threatens to 'raze Tel-Aviv to the ground': 11 February 2020: Secretary of Iran’s powerful Expediency Council Mohsen Rezaei, speaking to Hezbollah-affiliated al-Mayadeen TV station, has warned that Iran is just looking for an excuse to attack Israel and 'raze Tel-Aviv to the ground'
24 March 2020 Iranian regime rejects international solidarity amid corona crisis: 24 March 2020: Iranian Mullah regime has reportedly kicked out a team from the medical aid group 'Doctors Without Borders' that arrived to set up a field hospital amid the outbreak of the deadly Chinese coronavirus that has already killed at least 1,800 people in the country
22 May 2020 Ali Khamenei says Zionism ‘a virus that must be eliminated’: 22 May 2020: On Quds Day, Iran’s Ali Khamenei says Zionism ‘a virus that must be eliminated’, claiming Jewish state is a ‘creation of Westerners and Jewish corporation owners'
9 June 2020 Iran will execute Mahmoud Mousavi Majd: 9 June 2020: Iran announced that it will execute a man convicted of allegedly providing information to the USA and Israel about General Qassem Soleimani, who was punished in a USA drone strike in Baghdad in January, but judiciary spokesman Esmaili offered little information about the man beyond giving his name as Mahmoud Mousavi Majd
13 June 2020 after months Iranian regime asks France to analyze downed flight black boxes: 13 June 2020: After for months, Canada has been calling on Iranian regime, which does not have the technical capabilities to extract the flight data from downed UIA Flight 752, to hand over the black boxes to Ukraine or France for analysis, Iran asks France to analyze flight black boxes, probe officials say
15 July 2020 Iran’s judiciary has upheld the death penalty for 3 protesters: 15 July 2020: Iran’s judiciary has upheld the death penalty for three men accused of involvement in last November’s massive anti-government protests, sparking an outcry from human rights groups and a swell of activism against capital punishment on social media
7 November 2020 UN agency ICAO calls on Iranian regime to speed probe into downing of Ukraine-bound plane: 7 November 2020: UN Agency calls on Iranian regime to speed probe into downing of Ukraine-bound plane, killing 176 people - 7 novembre 2020: L’Organisation de l’aviation civile internationale a appelé vendredi l’Iran à 'accélérer son enquête' et à publier son rapport final sur le crash d’un Boeing ukrainien abattu en janvier au-dessus de Téhéran, tuant les 176 personnes à bord, en majorité des Iraniens et des Canadiens
25 November 2020 Iran introducing bill demanding construction of heavy water reactor: 25 November 2020: Iranian regime introducing bill demanding construction of heavy water reactor in defiance of international sanctions on nuclear program and amid international and European criticism, as bill also calls for operating metal uranium production plant
27/28 November 2020 regime’s Rouhani blames 'mercenary' Israel for killing of Fakhrizadeh: 28 November 2020: As Iranian regime’s Rouhani blames ‘mercenary’ Israel for killing of top nuclear scientist, another victim of regime's worldview, privileges and responsible one for regime's terror activities, Iran’s supreme leader Khamenei, vows revenge over slain 'Revolutionary Guard', calling for ‘punishing the perpetrators', saying Fakhrizadeh’s 'scientific' work will continue - On 27 November 2020 Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, Iranian nuclear physicist and brigadier general in the 'Iranian Revolutionary Guard', was ambushed while traveling in a vehicle on a rural road in Absard near Tehran and died - 21st century assassinations of Iranian nuclear 'scientists' preparing nuclear weapons and therefore destruction and mass murder
1 December 2020 Mullah regime's MPs chant 'Death to Israel’, advancing bill to stop UN nuclear inspections, stepping up enrichment: 1 December 2020: Iranian Mullah regime's MPs advance bill to stop UN nuclear inspections, step up enrichment, as lawmakers chant 'Death to Israel’ during session
8 December 2020 regime upheld death penalty of journalist Ruhollah Zam over his online work: 8 December 2020: Iranian regime upheld the death penalty of once-exiled journalist Ruhollah Zam over his online work that helped inspire nationwide economic protests three years ago, according to semiofficial Tasnim news agency quoting judiciary spokesman as saying that the country’s Supreme Court confirmed Zam’s death sentence
8 December 2020 Iran's Rohani urges Assad to confront Israel 'until liberation of all occupied lands': 8 December 2020: Iran's Rohani urges Assad to confront Israel 'until liberation of all occupied lands', saying his country will continue to 'support' Syria
9 December 2020 UN presses Iran on 1988 massacres of dissidents and nuclear/ballistic missile concerns: 9 December 2020: Amnesty International hailed as a long-awaited breakthrough a letter sent by UN experts to the Iranian government pressing for accountability over the notorious 1988 prison massacres of dissidents and warning the killings may constitute crimes against humanity - UN urges Iran to address nuclear, ballistic missile concerns and return to deal, notes Israeli intel about probable Iranian missiles in Libya, as council scheduled to discuss report on December 22
12 December 2020 Mullah regime executes journalist Zam in 'a shocking escalation in the use of the death penalty as a weapon of repression': 12 December 2020: Mullah regime executed journalist Ruhollah Zam, marking 'a shocking escalation in the use of the death penalty as a weapon of repression'
2 January 2021 Mullah regime says has 'finger on trigger’ to enrich uranium to 20% ‘as soon as possible’: 2 January 2021: Iranian regime says has 'finger on trigger’ to enrich uranium to 20% ‘as soon as possible’, well beyond the threshold set by the 2015 Vienna accord and a short jump from weapons-grade material, as its nuclear chief issues warning amid heightened tensions
14 January 2021 Mullah regime advances research on uranium metal, a key component in nuclear weapons: 14 January 2021: Iran's Mullah regime told the UN nuclear watchdog that it was advancing research on uranium metal production, in what would be a fresh breach of the limits in Iran’s 2015 deal at a facility in the city of Isfahan - 14 January 2021: Iran's Mullah regime fires cruise missiles during naval drill in Gulf of Oman
15 January 2021 Iran regime launches ballistic missiles amid USA's presidential transition and commemorations of Tunisia's and 'Arab Spring' revolutions: 15 January 2021: In fourth large-scale exercise in recent weeks, Iran regime's IRGC launches ballistic missiles with 700-km range against simulated ‘enemy bases’ amid heightened tensions over regime’s advancing nuclear weapons efforts and amid commemoration of Tunisia's and 'Arab Spring' revolutions since 2011
16 January 2021 Iran's Mullah regime says ballistic missiles destroy target 1,800 km away: 16 January 2021: Iran's Mullah regime says ballistic missiles destroy target 1,800 km away in 'anti-warship' drill and have range that could hit Israeli targets, now missiles fired at ‘hypothetical hostile enemy ships’ in Indian Ocean
19 January 2021 Iranian Mullah regime convicted an USA-Iranian businessman on spying charges: 19 January 2021: Iranian authorities have convicted an American-Iranian businessman on spying charges, USA media reports, in a recently revealed case that comes amid high tensions between the two countries
2 February 2021 Mullah regime installing second batch of advanced centrifuges at Natanz: 2 February 2021: IAEA, in a confidential report obtained by Reuters, says Iran has installed a second cascade of advanced IR-2m centrifuges at the Natanz site to enrich uranium and will soon add a third
6 February 2021 IAEA inspectors in Iran said to find evidence of possible nuclear weapons work: 6 February 2021: IAEA inspectors in Iran said to find evidence of possible nuclear weapons work, as diplomats tell Wall Street Journal UN agency seeking explanations for radioactive materials found in locations where Tehran blocked access last year
8 February 2021 Iranian Mullah regime says there’s ‘no need for a mediator’: 8 February 2021: Iranian Mullah regime declines French mediation offer on renewed nuclear deal dialogue, saying there’s ‘no need for a mediator’
9 February 2021 Iran may pursue nuclear weapons, its intelligence minister warns: 9 February 2021: Iranian Mullah regime’s intelligence minister has warned the West that his country could push for nuclear weapons if crippling international sanctions on regime remain in place, state TV reported
16/17 March 2021 Mullah regime enriching uranium with new advanced machine type: 16/17 March 2021: Iran enriching uranium at its underground Natanz plant with a second type of advanced centrifuge IR-4, UN nuclear watchdog said, in a further breach of Tehran regime’s deal with major powers
19 March 2021 Iran will cold test its redesigned Arak nuclear reactor: 19 March 2021: Iran will cold test its redesigned Arak nuclear reactor as prelude to fully commissioning it later in the year, Iran’s Atomic Energy Organization said on Friday
3 April 2021 Iran's Mullah regime rejects any 'step-by-step' easing of restrictions: 3 April 2021: Iran's Mullah regime wants the USA to lift all sanctions and rejects any 'step-by-step' easing of restrictions, the foreign ministry said ahead of planned talks in Vienna next week on reviving the 2015 nuclear deal between regime and global powers, as the comments came after France urged Mullahs to show a constructive stance in the indirect talks with the USA
10 April 2021 regime had begun second stage of producing heavy water needed to produce nuclear weapons: 10 April 2021: Iranian Mullah regime's Rohani said that regime had begun feeding uranium hexafluoride gas feedstock into about 30 uranium-enriching centrifuges installed at its underground nuclear plant at Natanz, the second stage of producing heavy water needed to produce nuclear weapons at Arak Nuclear Plant, as country with a suppressed population of more than 83 million inhabitants and its aggressive regime is not attacked, but certainly not for fun either
11 April 2021 'accident’ at Iran’s Natanz nuclear plant as new uranium enrichment starts: 11 April 2021: Iranian regime’s spokesman said an 'accident' struck the electrical distribution grid of the Natanz nuclear facility, a day after Rohani announced it was starting up new uranium enrichment centrifuges in a 'ceremony' broadcasted by state television
26 April 2021 Iranian regime sentences Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe to further one-year jail term: 26 April 2021: Iranian regime sentences Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe to further one-year jail term, as British-Iranian aid worker has also been banned from leaving country for a year, her lawyer has said
23 May 2021 Iran says it will end UN watchdog’s access to nuclear sites, explosion in Isfahan: 23 May 2021: Iran says it will end UN watchdog’s access to nuclear sites, as deal allowing the IAEA to inspect images of nuclear facilities won’t be renewed - 23 May 2021: Blast at Iranian complex housing drone factory, as Iran has provided no information about cause of explosion in Isfahan that injured at least nine workers
25 May 2021 Iranian regime’s leadership accused of fixing presidential election: 25 May 2021: Iran’s leadership has been accused of a transparent fix after most prominent reformists were barred from running in next month’s presidential elections, leaving one of the most politically constrained fields in the 41-year history of the Mullah regime
31 May 2021 IAEA report says Iran fails to explain uranium traces found at several sites: 31 May 2021: Iran fails to explain uranium traces found at several sites, IAEA report says
8 June 2021 Iran's policy to revive the 2015 nuclear accord will remain unchanged because the issue is decided by its highest leadership: 8 June 2021: Iran's policy in talks with world powers to revive the 2015 nuclear accord will remain unchanged after a June 18 presidential election because the issue is decided by its highest leadership, a regime spokesman said on Tuesday
15 June 2021: Iran says it produced 6.5 kg of uranium enriched to 60%: 15 June 2021: Iran says it produced 6.5 kg of uranium enriched to 60%, detailing a move that rattled the country's nuclear talks with world powers, democracies by taking the fissile material a step towards nuclear weapons-grade of 90%
17 September 2021 Iran joined central Asian security body led by Russia and China: 17 September 2021: Iran joined a rapidly expanding central Asian security body led by Russia and China on Friday, calling on the countries in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to help it form a mechanism to avert sanctions imposed by the West
10 October 2021 Iran has amassed more than 120kg of 20% enriched uranium: 10 October 2021: Iran has amassed more than 120kg of 20% enriched uranium, well above the level agreed to in the 2015 deal with world powers, the head of the country’s atomic energy agency has told state TV
3 December 2021 talks with Iran on restoring 2015 nuclear deal suspended, EU says Iranian regime has walked back: 3 December 2021: Talks with Iran on restoring 2015 nuclear deal suspended, as Europe says new Iranian regime has walked back on previous progress and advanced its nuclear programme
9 February 2022 Iran unveils new missile that can reach targets in Israel: 9 February 2022: Iran unveils new missile that can reach targets in Israel, touting its high-accuracy 'Khaibar-buster' missile, named after a Jewish castle overrun by Muslim warriors in the early days of Islam
23 May 2022 Iranian Mullah regime vows to avenge killing as it buries Revolutionary Guard colonel Khodayari: 23 May 2022: Iranian Mullah regime vows to avenge killing as it buries Revolutionary Guard colonel Hassan Sayad Khodayari, the highest-profile killing of an Iranian official since the violent death of top Iranian nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh in November 2020
4 June 2022 Iran's Khamenei accuses 'enemy' of stirring up protests: 4 June 2022: Iranian Mullah regime's Ayatollah Khamenei, has accused 'enemies' of Iran of stirring up unrest to try to overthrow the Islamic Republic saying those who opposed Tehran hoped to use protests to strike a blow at the country, as comments come after several weeks of demonstrations in cities over the rising cost of basic foods, and as a deadly building collapse in the south sparked further protests blaming authorities for the incident
9 July 2022 politician Tajzadeh and two film directors arrested in Iran: 9 July 2022: Prominent reformist politician Mostafa Tajzadeh has been arrested in Iran and accused of conspiring against the country's security. A staunch critic of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, he is also accused of 'publishing false information designed to disturb public opinion' and spent 7 years in jail in 2009-2016, as two Iranian film directors have also been arrested for a separate protest
3 September 2022 Iran equipped 51 cities and towns with civil defense systems against attacks: 3 September 2022: Iran has equipped 51 of its cities and towns with civil defense systems to thwart any possible foreign attack, amid an escalation of tensions with Israel and the USA, as the defense equipments enable Iran’s armed forces to 'identify and monitor threats by using round-the-clock software according to the type of the threat and risk', according to deputy defense minister Farahi
7 September 2022 IAEA said it could not guarantee the peaceful nature of Iran’s nuclear programme: 7 September 2022: UN’s nuclear watchdog IAEA said it could not guarantee the peaceful nature of Iran’s nuclear programme, saying it was 'not in a position to provide assurance that Iran’s nuclear programme is exclusively peaceful'. There had been 'no progress' in resolving questions about the past presence of nuclear material at undeclared sites. Iran’s stock of uranium enriched to 60% - never within the limits for peaceful use - and in the form of uranium hexafluoride, the gas that centrifuges enrich, was estimated to be 55.6kg, an increase of 12.5kg from the previous quarterly report.
23 September 2022 pro-government rallies have taken place in several cities across Iran: 23 September 2022: Pro-government rallies have taken place in several cities across Iran in an attempt to counter a week of mounting unrest triggered by the death of a woman in police custody. Marchers called for anti-government protesters to be executed, while the army signalled that it was prepared to crush dissent by telling Iranians that it would confront 'the enemies' behind the unrest. Demonstrators condemned the anti-government protesters as 'Israel’s soldiers', also shouting 'offenders of the Qur’an must be executed', 'death to America', and 'death to Israel', common slogans the country’s clerical rulers use to try and stir up support for authorities, who claimed the demonstrations of support were spontaneous.
9 October 2022 Iranian schoolchildren were being arrested inside school premises: 9 October 2022: Iranian schoolchildren were being arrested inside school premises on Sunday by security forces arriving in vans without licence plates, according to social media reports emerging from the country as protests against the regime entered their fourth week. The authorities also shut all schools and higher education institutions in Iranian Kurdistan on Sunday, a sign that the state remains concerned about dissent after weeks of protests over the death of Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old Kurdish woman. Footage showed protests in dozens of cities across Iran early on Sunday, with hundreds of high-school girls and university students participating in the face of teargas, clubs, and, in many cases, live ammunition by the security forces, rights groups said.
10 October 2022 gunshots and blasts heard at Mahsa Amini protests in Iran: 10 October 2022: Gunshots and explosions were heard in the Iranian Kurdish city of Sanandaj on Monday as the protests over the death of a 22-year-old Kurdish woman Mahsa Amini continued to unfold across the country and for first time spread to Iran’s crucial oil industry. Government officials are struggling to end the protests led by young Iranians, especially women, previously regarded as uninterested by politics.
11 October 2022 Iranian regime's forces intensify crackdown in Kurdistan: 11 October 2022: Rights groups have sounded the alarm over an intensifying crackdown by Iranian 'security' forces against protesters in the western province of Kurdistan, as Tehran summoned the British ambassador in response to UK sanctions against the morality police. Mullah regime's forces in the provincial capital Sanandaj have used firearms and fired teargas 'indiscriminately' including into people’s homes. A female protester in the city told the Guardian that a 'massacre' by the IRGC was taking place. 'They have shut down the city and are slaughtering people inside with guns and bombs just because they are chanting for freedom'.
15 October 2022: Iran police investigate video of officer’s alleged sexual assault of protester: 15 October 2022: Iran police investigate video of officer’s alleged sexual assault of protester, as footage appears to show member of riot police grabbing detained woman from behind - 15 October 2022: Iran and EU on collision course over sanctions tied with protests, as Tehran has signalled it will respond to any EU action on the protests, but has not divulged the nature of its countermeasures
2 November 2022 videos showing Iranian crackdown on protesters go viral as anger grows: 2 November 2022: Videos on social media showing Iranian security forces severely beating protesters have gone viral as anger grows at a widening crackdown with arrests of prominent figures from rappers to economists and lawyers aimed at ending seven weeks of unrest
12 December 2022 scores of executions feared in Iran as 23-year-old hanged in public killing: 12 December 2022: Fears are growing that Iran is preparing to execute scores more protesters after authorities hanged 23-year-old Majidreza Rahnavard from a crane, in a public killing carried out less than a month after he was arrested and following a secretive trial. The activist and protester Rahnavard was sentenced to death by a court in the city of Mashhad, a centre of the protests, for allegedly killing two members of the paramilitary Basij force and wounding four others. The Basij, affiliated with the country’s feared 'Revolutionary Guards', has been at the forefront of the state crackdown. The director of the Oslo-based group Iran Human Rights, Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam, warned that the public execution of a young man so soon after his arrest indicated 'a significant escalation of the level of violence against protesters'. 'Rahnavard was sentenced to death based on coerced confessions, after a grossly unfair process and a show trial,” said Amiry-Moghaddam, a leading activist in exile. 'This crime must be met with serious consequences for the Islamic republic', also sayiang there was 'a serious risk of mass execution of protesters' as thousands were in custody.
8 April 2023 Iran installs cameras to find women not wearing hijab, protesting against the Mullah regime: 8 March 2023: As thousands of protesters in Iran - in protests sparked last year by the death in police custody of Mahsa Amini arrested for allegedly violating the hijab rule - have been arrested and four have been executed since December, as hardliners have continued to insist that more be done to enforce the law, Iranian authorities have begun installing cameras in public places to identify unveiled women, saying tis would help prevent 'resistance against the hijab law'
6 May 2023 Iran has executed Swedish-Iranian Habib Farajollah Chaab for alleged terrorism: 6 May 2023: Iran has executed Swedish-Iranian Habib Farajollah Chaab who was allegedly behind an attack that killed dozens of people at a military parade in the southern province of Khuzistan in 2018, state media have reported
8 May 2023 Iran hangs two men for blasphemy as executions rise amid unrest: 8 May 2023: Iran hanged two men convicted of blasphemy, authorities said, carrying out rare death sentences for the crime as the number of executions surges across the Islamic Republic after months of unrest, and as Iran remains one of the world’s top executioners, having put to death at least 203 prisoners since the start of this year
19 May 2023 Iran has executed Saleh Mirhashemi, Majid Kazemi and Saeed Yaqoubi: 19 May 2023: Iran has executed Saleh Mirhashemi, Majid Kazemi and Saeed Yaqoubi it said were implicated in the deaths of three members of the security forces during anti-government protests, drawing condemnation from rights groups and the EU and risking further international isolation
3 September 2023 Iran jails two female journalists over ‘conspiracy and collusion’: 3 September 2023: Iran jails two female journalists over ‘conspiracy and collusion’, as Negin Bagheri and Elnaz Mohammadi receive three-year sentences but will spend about a month in prison
20 May 2024 ruthless prosecutor Ebrahim Raisi's obituary, linked to thousands of executions: 20 May 2024: The career of Iran’s president, Ebrahim Raisi, who has been killed in a helicopter crash aged 63, was defined by violent events. With the theocratic Islamic regime in its infancy, tottering in the face of often violent internal opposition and military attack from Saddam Hussein’s Iraq, which invaded Iran in September 1980, the young Raisi cut his political teeth in the fledgling system’s judiciary, administering revolutionary justice to political opponents. He apparently did so with precocious aplomb and a ruthlessness that some say bordered on cruelty.


Repression, social movements and protests in Iran: Protests in Iran - Provisions in violation of human rights in Iran - Extralegal violations of human rights in Iran
1988: 1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
1988-1998: Series of murders and disappearances from 1988 to 1998 by Iranian government operatives of Iranian dissident intellectuals
1998: Narges Mohammadi, first arrested in 1998 for her criticisms of the Iranian government and spending a year in prison
2009-2010: 2009/2010 Iranian election protests - 2009 Iran poll protests trial - Prisoner abuse
2011: 2011 Iranian protests, Protestations iraniennes de 2011 - 1. Juni 2011: Parlament - juristische Schritte gegen Verfassungsverstoß Ahmadinedschads - 12. Juni 2011: Demonstrationen und Festnahmen in Teheran am 12. Juni
2012: 8 March 2012: Mehdi Khazali, given 14 years for criticising government, begins 60th day without food - Mehdi Khazali - 4 October: Police fires tear gas to disperse demonstrators as they protest against the collapse of rial
26 April 2012: Human rights activist Narges Mohammadi whose contribution to the campaign against juvenile executions in Iran is internationally recognised has been arrested to serve her six-year prison term
25 October 2012: Set up by victims of political crimes committed in the wake of Iran's 1979 Islamic Revolution a tribunal held in the library of the Peace Palace in The Hague began hearings in a bid to highlight killings ignored by international justice
26 December 2012: Arrested and tortured by 'Fata', blogger Sattar Beheshti's death stirs political hornet's nest in Iran
2013: 28 January 2013: Authorities accuse 14 journalists of co-operating with foreign media, a charge tantamount to 'serving the enemy's purpose' - 22 August: Victory for Iran protesters as govt closes polluting factory - 5. November: Hungerstreik politischer Gefangener in Irans Gefängnissen gegen die schlechte medizinische Versorgung und dubiose Sterbefälle - 5 December: Iran's Revolutionary Guards have carried out a new wave of arrests of cyber activists and members of pro-opposition social networking websites
2014: 3 February 2014: Iran opposition leader Mehdi Karroubi remains under house arrest - 11 February 2014: Iran has executed an Arab-Iranian poet and rights activist for 'waging war on God' and 'acting against national security' - 20 May: Hundreds of Iranian women are posting pictures of their bare heads in call for change to Iranian restriction on women attire in public - 1 June 2014: Iranian court sentences 8 Facebook users to up to 20 years in prison for criticizing the regime on Facebook - 9 June 2014: More than 140 Iranian journalists call on authorities to release Saba Azarpeik, who was picked up last month from the offices of a magazine in Tehran and is currently being held incommunicado - 9 July: Iranian journalist Marzieh Rasouli sentenced to 50 lashes and two years in prison over charges of spreading anti-government propaganda - 29 October 2014: After public outrage about a string of acid attacks in Isfahan, Iranian journalists detained after reporting on acid attacks
2015: 6 May 2015: Iranian rights activist Narges Mohammadi, a close associate of Nobel peace laureate Shirin Ebadi, arrested in Tehran at her home - 16 July: Warning from Iran's hardliners mars celebrations of July 2015 Vienna nuclear deal to end sanctions - 23 July 2015: More than 200 teachers were arrested by riot police during a protest outside the parliament in Tehran demanding the release of their colleagues such as Esmael Abdi, the head of the teachers union, from jail, activist group says - 12 August 2015: Iran refuses to free student activist Bahareh Hedayat after six years in jail despite the fact she should have been freed in June, while her husband is threatened for speaking out - 21 October 2015: Filmmaker Emad Tayefen, imprisoned several times and severely tortured, left Iran in August risking his life to complete 'Public Enemies', a documentary showcasing activists who don’t have the power to get heard - 29 October: Iran poets sentenced to 99 lashes for holding women’s hands amid widespread crackdown on free expression by judiciary and regime security services targeting activists, journalists and artists
2016: 18 January 2016: Iranian poets Fatemeh Ekhtesari and Mehdi Mousavi, facing lashings and prison sentences, have fled Iran, a rare escape for local artists and activists ensnared in an ongoing crackdown on expression in the country, as USA and European governments lift sanctions on Iran - 1 February 2016: A group of activists believe their collective experience in Iranian jails can help others and steer citizens away from recurrent pitfalls, since the Islamic regime expanded its use of tools after the unrests of 2009 to silence dissidents, including torture and capital punishment - 29 February: Iran's citizens turn to social media to take aim at conservative hardliners, sharing celebratory jokes and mocking memes - 27 April 2016: Three Iranian journalists Afarin Chitsaz, Ehsan Mazandarani and Saman Safarzaee given lengthy prison sentences, after a court in Tehran found the journalists guilty of charges including spreading propaganda against the ruling system, conspiring against officials and insulting authorities, and as the regime’s hardline judiciary tightens its grip on press freedom - 19 May 2016: 16-year-sentence against critically ill Iranian human rights activist Narges Mohammadi, for her work defending human and women’s rights, signals all-out repression
October/November 2016: 31 October 2016: Iranian regime cracks down mass protest against its restrictive policies, after thousands attending annual celebration of pre-Islamic ruler Cyrus demand more freedoms, saying 'freedom of thought impossible with the mullahs' - 17 November 2016: In rare dissent, Iran scholar slams regime’s anti-Israel rhetoric, as Sadegh Zibakalam takes on Khamenei in clip posted by independent, but state-sanctioned website
February-May 2017: 17 February 2017: Human rights campaigners have accused Iran of silencing Shahnaz Akmali, the mother of a protester who was killed in post-election unrest in 2009 - 8 May 2017: Angry coal miners besieged a car carrying Iranian president Rouhani after he visited the site of the mine explosion that reportedly killed at least 35 miners Wednesday in northern Golestan province, a rare protest targeting the nation’s top elected official as he campaigns for re-election
August 2017: 16 August 2017: Mehdi Karroubi, one of the opposition leaders of Iran’s Green Movement who has been under house arrest since 2010, goes on hunger strike in protest to the conditions of his arrest, demanding a public trial
September 2017: 13 September 2017: Labour activist Reza Shahabi and a group of about 50 others, including teachers and other labour movement prisoners in Iranian jails, now on hunger strike for almost a month in protest about the legality of their imprisonment and prison conditions
2017–2018 Iranian protests: 2017–2018 Iranian protests in Mashhad, in Tehran, in Neyshabour, Kashan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Kashmar, Rasht, Esfahan, Arak, Bandar Abbas, Ardabil, Qazvin,Hamedan, Sari, Babol ,Amol, Shahinshahr, Shahrekord, Shiraz, Khorramabad, Zanjan, Gorgan, Zahedan, Urmia, Dorud, Yazd and Shahroud
December 2017: 29 December 2017: Hundreds of people took to the streets of Mashhad, Iran's second largest city, to protest against high prices and the dire economic situation, shouting slogans against Rouhani and denouncing the regime’s intervention in neighboring countries - 30 December 2017: Demonstrators chanted anti-government slogans in several cities across Iran on Friday, as protests turned into the largest wave of demonstrations since nationwide pro-reform unrest in 2009, reflecting growing discontent over rising prices and alleged corruption, as well as concern about the regime’s costly involvement in regional conflicts such as those in Syria, Iraq and Yemen - 30 December 2017: Three Iranian protesters were shot dead by the regime's 'Revolutionary Guards' at a Saturday night demonstration in Doroud, in the Lorestan province in central Iran - 31 December 2017: 2 protesters confirmed killed and dozens arrested as demonstrations against cost of living, unemployment spread in Iran, where regime warns protesters will 'pay’, after there have been anti-Khamenei and anti-Suleimani chants and slogans opposing Iran’s regional policy, including 'Let go of Syria, think about us'
January 2018: 1 January 2018: At least 12 people have been killed in the ongoing protests in Iran, and armed protesters reportedly tried to take over police stations and military bases, according to state TV - 1 January 2018: More protesters killed in Iran as Rouhani's plea fails to dampen unrest - 2 January 2018: Nine more people reported dead in Iran and 450 arrested in the capital alone, as protests enter sixth day and Iranian regime blocks access to social networks - 3 January 2018: From headscarf politics to economic protests, Iranian women are leading from the front, as fearless females have been willing to confront the Islamic regime since it first came to power in 1979 - 3 janvier 2018: Même si Téhéran est peu touchée par les manifestations contre le pouvoir qui agitent depuis jeudi plusieurs villes d'Iran, les habitants de la capitale se plaignent de leur situation économique et réclament des actes au gouvernement - 9 January 2018: Human rights activists in Iran have raised concerns about mass arrests during the country’s largest protests in nearly a decade after at least three demonstrators believed to have been killed in custody in a notorious Tehran jail - 18 January 2018: An Iranian protester who died in custody was forced to take pills that made him sick, his family have claimed, as secrecy shrouds the similar deaths of other prisoners - 23 January 2018: Human rights attorney Nasrin Sotoudeh raised concern on Monday over the fate of a woman she said was arrested for posing without a headscarf in Tehran in an image that went viral around the world
February 2018: 2 février 2018: La police iranienne a arrêté une trentaine de femmes à Téhéran pour avoir enlevé leur voile en public pour protester contre son port obligatoire depuis la prise de pouvoir islamique de 1979 - 2 February 2018: Women across the country have been protesting by climbing onto telecom boxes, taking off their headscarves and waving them aloft on sticks, as new wave of protests is sparking personal freedoms debate
March 2018: 7 March 2018: Due to 'moderate' Rouhani, Iranian woman who removed headscarf jailed for two years, after previously women showing their hair in public in Iran were usually sentenced to far shorter terms of two months or less, and fined $25 - 14 March 2018: Outspoken professor of Tehran university Sadegh Zibakalam, who is a well-known figure in the country’s political commentariat, has been sentenced to 18 months in prison for spreading anti-state propaganda
March 2018 Khuzestan protests: March 2018 Khuzestan protests are a series of ongoing protests by Iranian Arabs located in the Khuzestan province of Iran
May 2018: 19 May 2018: Two people have been killed and 48 injured in a violent protest in southwest Iran, after previously peaceful protests had been taking place for weeks in Kazeroon against a regional decision to divide some districts of the city and merge them into a new town
25 May 2018: Monitors at Iranian Mashhad’s airport were reportedly hacked in protest of the Iranian regime and the cost of its regional interventionism
June 2018: 13 juin 2018: L'avocate iranienne des droits de l'Homme Nasrin Sotoudeh, récompensée à l'étranger pour son engagement, a été arrêtée mercredi et transférée à Evin
June 2018 protests over failing economy: 26 June 2018: Thousands protest in Iran over failing economy, a day after protests forced two major shopping centres for mobile phones and electronics to close in Tehran and after demonstrators earlier closed its Grand Bazaar
July 2018 Khorramshahr protests: 1 July 2018: At least four protesters were reported killed in Iran as regime forces opened fire on demonstrators rallying against a water shortage in the city of Khorramshahr - 12 July 2018: Iranian police kill demonstrator during protest over water scarcity
August 2018: 4 August 2018: Largely unmentioned by Iranian authorities, protests against the regime have been raging for several days in several major cities, including Isfahan, Shiraz, Mashhad and Tehran, driven by concerns over the economy as well as wider anger at the political system, as many protesters stressed that they blame their government, not the USA, for effects of sanctions - 20 August 2018: Iranian regime detains outspoken lawyer Ghasem Sholeh-Saadi, a former lawmaker banned from running in 2017 presidential elections, planning a sit-in protest outside parliament and calling for free elections
August 2018: 25 August 2018: Jailed Iranian rights lawyer Nasrin Sotoudeh, who has defended journalists, rights activists, and juveniles, starts hunger strike
August 2018: 27 August 2018: Ex-mayor of Tehran Karbaschi sentenced to year in jail for panning Iran’s actions in Syria, telling rally in Isfahan in 2017 there must be better way to help Syrians than by 'killing and pounding' - 29 August 2018: Iranian activist Farhad Meysami jailed over hijab protests goes on hunger strike - 29 August 2018: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe, the British-Iranian woman who was taken back to a Tehran jail on Sunday after spending three days on temporary release, has been taken to a prison clinic after falling unconscious
November 2018: 1 November 2018: Truckers in Tehran, Zanjan, Isfahan, Asaluyeh, Nahavand, and Shahrud went on strike for the fourth time this year in protest to the arrest of hundreds of truckers in October
December 2018 Iranian strikes and protests: December 2018 Iranian strikes and protests
4 December 2018 Ahvaz protest: 4 December 2018: Ahvaz' workers protest for the 25th straight day, chanting 'Palestine and Syria are the root of our problems'
11 December 2018: 11 December 2018: Iran has sentenced two human rights lawyers to six years in prison, after they took part in a protest outside parliament in August calling for free elections, and a third lawyer Mohammad Najafi to 13 years for support of opposition
12/20 December 2018 death of Vahid Sayadi Nasiri: 20 December 2018: Human rights Watch urged the Iranian regime to investigate and find an explanation for the death of Vahid Sayadi Nasiri who had been jailed for insulting Ali Khamenei and denied medical attention before he died on hunger strike
21 December 2018 truck drivers strike: 21 December 2018: Truck drivers' nationwide strike in protest to inflation and rising expenses
27 December 2018 Isfahan teachers protest: 27 December 2018: Police use tear gas against teachers holding a protest in Isfahan for low salaries, pensions and demanding the release of teacher activists from prison
January 2019 protests: On 2 January 2019 farmers gathered in Isfahan to protest the lack of water in the Zayanderud, met by security forces who fired tear gas and live rounds into the air to disperse the crowds, on 22 January, retirees gathered in front of the parliament building in Tehran and chanted 'torture and forced confessions, have no effect anymore'
24 January 2019: 24 January 2019: Rights group has accused Iranian regime of arresting more than 7,000 people last year in a 'shameless campaign of repression'
February 2019: 3 February 2019: Tehran's court sentences eight citizens to six months and five other protesters to one year in prison, including five women, and arrested during the August 2017 demonstrations over economic hardships, according to Iran’s state-run IRNA news agency
March 2019 Iran protests: March 2019 Iran workers, teacher and retirees protests
8 March 2019 International Women's Day protest: 8 March 2019: Activists appear unveiled in Tehran on International Women's Day, calling on Iranians to support their defiance of mandatory veiling in the Islamist ruled nation
13 March 2019 Nasrin Sotoudeh jailed for 10 extra years: 13 March 2019: Iran rights lawyer Nasrin Sotoudeh, who had taken on the cases of women arrested for appearing in public without headscarves, jailed for 10 extra years and also sentenced to 148 lashes, as UN's Javaid Rehman said the reported conviction was 'a crystal-clear illustration of an increasingly severe state response'
1 May 2019 protests: 1 May 2019: Workers, students, and teachers gathered in front of the parliament building in Tehran to protest poor economic conditions, and lack of individual rights, chanting 'high costs and inflation are hurting people's lives', as security forces clamped down on the protests arresting 40 demonstrators
May 2019 Tehran students attacked: 13 May 2019: Vigilantes attack Tehran University students protesting strict hijab
August 2019 Saba Kord Afshari sentenced to 15 years for taking off her hijab: 29 August 2019: Iranian civil rights activist Saba Kord Afshari has been sentenced to 24 years behind bars, including a 15-year term for taking off her hijab in public
16/17 November 2019 protests in over a dozen cities over decision to cut gasoline subsidies: 16 November 2019: Showing the widespread anger among the country’s 80 million people who have seen their savings evaporate amid scarce jobs and the national rial currency’s collapse, demonstrations took place in over a dozen cities in the hours following Rouhani’s decision at midnight Friday to cut gasoline subsidies, as some protesters expressed anger at government spending on 'Gaza, Lebanon’, and as at least one person said killed by regime's forces - 17 November 2019: Iran supreme leader backs petrol price rises as protests spread
18 November 2019: 18 November 2019: Protesters angered by Iran raising government-set gasoline prices by 50% blocked traffic in major cities and occasionally clashed with police after demonstrations punctuated by gunfire, in violence that reportedly killed at least one person, as videos circulate on social media showing protesters burning images of Iranian regime's Khamenei - 18 November 2019: At least 40 people have been killed in Iran since anti-protests erupted across the country on Friday, according to a report by opposition website Radio Farda which cites human rights organizations and videos on social media
19 November 2019 protests and regime's violence: 19 November 2019: As protests appeared to be ongoing on Tuesday in some areas of Iran, Keyhan newspaper reports that those who led violent demonstrations over a rise in government-set gasoline prices will be killed by hanging, after Iranian regime shut down the internet Saturday, stopping protesters from sharing information and their videos online - 19 November 2019: At least 106 Iranians killed as regime forces get ‘green light to crush’ protests, as Amnestý International rights group warns real death toll could be closer to 200 with video showing snipers firing into crowds, and UN urges Tehran to stop using live ammunition against demonstrators
24 November 2019 online Iran protest videos show regime's violence: 24 November 2019: After internet restored, online Iran protest videos show machine gun fire answering rock-throwing protesters, motorcycle-riding Revolutionary Guard volunteers chasing after demonstrators, plainclothes regime forces grabbing, beating and draging people off the street to an uncertain fate
1 December 2019 report of Iranian regime's brutal crackdown in Shiraz: 1 December 2019: Report of Iranian regime's brutal crackdown in Shiraz, after an internet blackout hid the regime’s response to unrest over raising fuel prices, interviews with activists and an analysis of social media posts reveal what happened
2 December 2019 massacre in city of Mahshahr: 2 December 2019: During protests, Iran Guards said to massacre up to 100 people, opening fire on demonstrators in city of Mahshahr and then gunned down those who fled to nearby marsh, as relatives told not to hold funerals or give interviews
23 December 2019 about 1,500 people were killed during November unrest, Reuters says: 23 December 2019: About 1,500 people were killed during less than two weeks of unrest that started in November, as the toll, provided to Reuters by three Iranian interior ministry officials also describing how Iranian supreme leader ordered to have protests crushed, included at least 17 teenagers and about 400 women as well as some members of the security forces and police
January 2020 Iranian protests: January 2020 Iranian protests against Mullah regime
11 January 2020 protest against regime after admission it shot down plane, calling for Khamenei to resign: 11 January 2020: Iranians protest against regime in Tehran after admission it shot down plane, as crowds call for 'supreme leader' to resign, saying 'down with dictator', as anger mounts over government’s conduct, and as police said to use force to quell demonstration
12 January 2020 more Iranian protests against regime's killing of 176 foreign and Iranian civilians: 12 January 2020: Iranian Mullah regime deploys riot police as it braces for further protests over plane shootdown, amid circulating calls for protests later in the day, and after a large black banner unveiled in Vali-e Asr Square in Tehran bore the names of those killed in the plane crash - 12 January 2012: Iranians step up anti-regime protests as protesters chant in the Iranian capital 'they are lying that our enemy is America, our enemy is right here', also gathering in other cities, as Iran's moderate Etemad daily wrote in a banner headline on Sunday 'apologize and resign', saying the people's demand is for those responsible for mishandling the plane crisis to quit
13 January 2020 Mullah regime continues to terrorize the Iranian people exercising 'their constitutional right to peaceful assembly': 13 January 2020: After killing 176 citizens of 6 countries including many Iranians, Mullah regime continues to terrorize the Iranian people documented in videos, using live fire and tear gas against protesters, as rights group says 'Iranians shouldn’t have to risk their lives to exercise their constitutional right to peaceful assembly' - 13 January 2020: Iranian police shoot at those protesting plane shootdown, video shows - 13 January 2020: Mullah regime struggles to contain anger over downed jet, British 'Guardian' reports live
14 January 2020 Iranians gathered for a fourth day in Tehran: 14 January 2020: Iranians gathered for a fourth day in Tehran on Tuesday to demonstrate against the regime's way handling its last week's brutal shooting down of a Ukrainian airliner, videos posted on social media show
30 June 2020 Iran journalist who inspired 2017 rallies sentenced to death: 30 June 2020: Iran journalist who inspired 2017 rallies sentenced to death, as Ruhollah Zam had been living and working in exile in Paris before being convinced into returning to Iran, where he was arrested in October 2019 - 30 June 2020: Iranian authorities move to block release of female rights activists, as new charges brought to circumvent covid-19 prison release scheme, say human rights groups
15 July 2020 Iran’s judiciary has upheld the death penalty for 3 protesters: 15 July 2020: Iran’s judiciary has upheld the death penalty for three men accused of involvement in last November’s massive anti-government protests, sparking an outcry from human rights groups and a swell of activism against capital punishment on social media
28 February 2021 Mullah regime shuts down internet in southeast province amid protests, harsh crackdown: 28 February 2021: Iran’s impoverished southeast has been experiencing wide disruptions of internet services, according to experts, as unrest gripped the remote province after fatal border shootings, and as several rights groups reported in a joint statement that authorities shut down the mobile data network in the restive province of Sistan and Baluchestan, calling the disruptions an apparent 'tool to conceal' the government’s harsh crackdown on protests convulsing the area
21 July 2021 civilians died during protests over water shortages: 2 1 July 2021: Civilians died during protests over water shortages in Iran’s southwestern Khuzestan province, authorities confirmed
19 November 2021 protesters in Isfahan demand the revival of Zayandeh Rud River: 19 November 2021: Thousands of protesters have gathered in Isfahan in central Iran to demand the revival of Zayandeh Rud River that has dried up, as footage broadcast by state television and dozens of videos circulating on social media on Friday showed a sea of farmers and other people standing on a huge barren strip of dirt where the major Zayandeh Rud River used to flow, near the iconic Khaju Bridge in Isfahan province
Since 16 September 2022 Mahsa Amini ongoing series of protests and civil unrest against the Tehran regime: Since 16 September 2022 ongoing series of protests and civil unrest against the Iranian Mullah regime, that began in Tehran on 16 September as a reaction to the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini in police custody, after she was arrested by the Guidance Patrol for wearing an 'improper' hijab—in violation of Iran's mandatory hijab law—while visiting Tehran from Saqqez. According to eyewitnesses, Amini was severely beaten by Guidance Patrol officers.
17 September 2022 Iranian police fire tear gas at rally after funeral of woman who died after Hijab arrest: 17 September 2022: Iranian police fired tear gas on Saturday to disperse a protest rally in the country's west following the funeral ceremony for a young woman who died while in police custody in Tehran earlier this week, the semi-official Fars news agency reported - 16 September 2022: Mullah regime orders an inquiry after Mahsa Amin died after being detained by Iranian morality police, sparking fury on social media
19 septembre 2022 après la mort de Mahsa Amini, la colère gagne les universités en Iran: 19 septembre 2022: La colère gronde dans les universités iraniennes. La mort de Mahsa Amini, une jeune femme de 22 ans arrêtée mardi 13 septembre à Téhéran par la police des mœurs, a provoqué une forte émotion dans le pays, et elle ne retombe pas. Interpellée parce que la police considérait qu’elle portait mal le voile, obligatoire pour les femmes dans tous les lieux publics, Mahsa Amini est décédée après avoir passé trois jours, plongée dans le coma.
21 septembre 2022 en Iran plusieurs morts dans les manifestations après le décès de Mahsa Amini: 21 septembre 2022: Les manifestations se sont étendues en Iran pour la cinquième nuit consécutive contre la mort de Mahsa Amini, une jeune femme de 22 ans arrêtée par la police des moeurs chargée de faire respecter un code vestimentaire strict pour les femmes, plusieurs morts ont déjà été recensés depuis le début des manifestations samedi 17 septembre
26 September 2022 Iranians protest for a 10th consecutive night against the death of Mahsa Amini: 26 September 2022: Iranians have taken to the streets for a 10th consecutive night to protest against the death of Mahsa Amini in defiance of a warning from the judiciary, as Norway-based group 'Iran Human Rights' said that the death toll was at least 57, but noted that ongoing internet blackouts were making it increasingly difficult to confirm fatalities in a context where the women-led protests have spread to scores of cities
28 September 2022 Iran sisters' version of 'Bella Ciao' adopted as resistance anthem by Mahsa Amini protesters: 28 September 2022: Iran sisters' version of 'Bella Ciao' adopted as resistance anthem by Mahsa Amini protesters
1 October 2022 protests enter 15th day in Iran amid lingering internet curbs, recorded across several cities: 1 October 2022: Protests enter 15th day in Iran amid lingering internet curbs, recorded across several cities, including Tehran, on Saturday, with Iranians abroad also organising demonstrations, following the the death of Mahsa Amini on September 16 after being in a coma that lasted three days. She had earlier suffered an apparent stroke after being detained by the country’s so-called morality police for wearing an 'improper hijab'.
5 October 2022 Iranian police deploy at universities as unrest over Mahsa Amini's death churns on: 5 October 2022: Iranian police deploy at universities as unrest over Mahsa Amini's death churns on
7 October 2022 Iran’s fierce protests are in their third week with no sign of slowing down: 7 October 2022: Nationwide protests in Iran, sparked by the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini after she was detained by morality police, have entered their third week and they show no signs of slowing down
10 October 2022 gunshots and blasts heard at Mahsa Amini protests in Iran: 10 October 2022: Gunshots and explosions were heard in the Iranian Kurdish city of Sanandaj on Monday as the protests over the death of a 22-year-old Kurdish woman Mahsa Amini continued to unfold across the country and for first time spread to Iran’s crucial oil industry. Government officials are struggling to end the protests led by young Iranians, especially women, previously regarded as uninterested by politics.
11 October 2022 videos show 16-years-old Iranian teenager Nika Shakarami protesting hours before her death: 11 October 2022: Videos posted online show 16-years-old Iranian teenager Nika Shakarami protesting hours before her death, her mother has told BBC Persian. Nika is seen standing on a dumpster and burning her headscarf in Tehran on 20 September, as others chant slogans against the Islamic Republic. She later disappeared after telling a friend she was being chased by police. Her mother, Nasrin, also denied she was in a CCTV video put out by officials to support their claim that her death was not connected to the protests that day.
12 October 2022 around the world women are uniting in protest against the Iran's regime by cutting their hair: 12 October 2022: Around the world women are uniting in protest against the Iranian government by cutting their hair, as the protests started after the death of Mahsa Amini who was arrested by Iranian morality police, and as Abir Al-Sahlani, a Swedish Member of the European Parliament also cut hers during an EU Parliament speech.
12 October 2022 'You know that you might never come back' but protests in Iran continue: 12 October 2022: Protests in Iran are continuing despite a crackdown by security forces that one human rights group says has killed at least 201 people. The unrest erupted in response to the death in custody of Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old woman detained by the morality police for allegedly breaking the strict hijab rules. There are heavy restrictions on independent and foreign reporting in the country. But the BBC Today programme's Nick Robinson was able to interview Fawaz - not his real name - who has been protesting on the streets in Tehran. - 12 October 2022: Tales of bloody Iran protest crackdown at border crossing, as Soran raises two fingers to his left temple and motions firing a gun. 'If you talk, they will put a bullet in your head'.
15 October 2022 death toll climbs to 233 as protests in Iran enter ffth week: 15 October 2022: Death toll climbs to 233 as protests in Iran enter ffth week. According to USA-based human rights monitor HRANA, 32 of those among the dead were below the age of 18 as protests have spread to at least 19 cities becoming one of the greatest challenges to Iran’s theocracy.
19 October 2022 Iranian climber who competed without hijab met by jubilant crowds in Tehran: 19 October 2022: Iranian competitive climber Elnaz Rekabi has received a hero’s welcome on her return to Tehran after competing in South Korea without wearing a headscarf as required of female athletes from the Islamic Republic, with large crowds at Imam Khomeini international airport terminal outside Tehran despite the 4am arrival time of Rekabi’s flight. People clapped and chanted the 33-year-old’s name and handed her flowers inside the terminal.
21 October 2022 almost 12,500 people arrested in Iran protest crackdown, says rights group: 21 October 2022: Almost 12,500 people have been arrested and nearly 250 killed since the street protests began in Iran, according to a prominent human rights group, with thousands of anxious families struggling to make contact with loved ones who have gone missing and presumed to be in jail
21 October 2022 Iranian climber Elnaz Rekabi reportedly under house arrest: 21 October 2022: Iranian climber Elnaz Rekabi who received a hero’s welcome on her return to Tehran after competing in South Korea without wearing a headscarf has reportedly been placed under house arrest, as human rights groups and activists have repeatedly accused the Islamic republic of coercing people into making statements of contrition on TV or social media, also calling on the International Federation of Sport Climbing to do more to protect her
27 October 2022 mourning of Mahsa Amini shows 'it's about a nation's quest for regime change': 27 October 2022: The mourning of Mahsa Amini shows 'it's beyond women's rights, it's about a nation's quest for regime change'
28 October 2022 deaths as regime opened fire on protesters in Zahedan, people in Mahabad also fired on: 28 October 2022: Iranian regime's forces have opened fired on protesters in Zahedan a month after a massacre that killed scores of people in the restive south-eastern city. There were reports of as many as six killed in Zahedan on Friday, including a 12-year-old boy. In a desperate attempt calm local anger, at midnight on Thursday the provincial authorities had suddenly sacked the chief of Zahedan police and a second senior officer due to 'deficiencies' in their handling of protests in the city on 30 September. In a highly unusual admission of fault on the part of Iran’s security apparatus, the provincial authorities admitted that police had been responsible for the death of as many. Crowds were also fired on in Mahabad, another city with a long history of resistance against the regime, in renewed deadly violence at the end of the sixth week of unrest sparked by the death in police custody of Mahsa Amini on 16 September.
29 October 2022 Revolutionary Guards chief tells protesters today is last day on streets: 29 October 2022: Revolutionary Guards chief tells protesters today is last day on streets, as Hossein Salami’s tough language raises fears security forces may be about to intensify crackdown on unrest
31 October 2022 protests continue to be documented in cities across Iran this week: 31 October 2022: Protests that began last month in Iran after the death of a young woman in police custody continue to be documented in cities across the country this week, even as the first court hearings of protesters have been held and internet restrictions remain in effect. Videos posted on social media showed more protests at universities, especially in the capital Tehran and Sanandaj, the capital of the northwestern province Kurdistan, where 22-year-old Mahsa Amini was from. An unknown number of protesting students was suspended from universities this week, reports on social media and foreign-based outlets said. It prompted their fellow students to demonstrate on Monday in their support, according to images on social media.
4 November 2022 dozens arrested as regime forces attack university campuses, detained students could face death penalty: 4 November 2022: Iran’s security forces have launched a series of attacks on university students at campuses across the country with dozens of students being arrested, according to the Students’ Union of Iran. According to student organisations and human rights groups, the attacks on universities intensified this week as young people gathered to mark 40 days since Mahsa Amini died in the custody of Iran’s morality police.
3 December 2022 Mullah regime says more than 200 killed in country’s continuing unrest: 3 December 2022: A regime's body in Iran has given its first official assessment of continuing unrest across the country, saying more than 200 people have been killed since September, providing - in a statement published on Saturday - its first report of opposition's death toll that it said has come as a result of 'riots'
4 December 2022 Iran to disband morality police amid ongoing protests, says attorney general: 4 December 2022: Iran's morality police, which is tasked with enforcing the country's Islamic dress code, is being disbanded, the country's attorney general Mohammad Jafar Montazeri reportedly says. Montazeri's comments, yet to be confirmed by other agencies, were made at an event on Sunday. Iran has seen months of protests over the death of Mahsa Amini in custody, who had been detained by the morality police for allegedly breaking strict rules on head coverings. Montazeri was at a religious conference when he was asked if the morality police was being disbanded, and ansered 'the morality police had nothing to do with the judiciary and have been shut down from where they were set up'. Even if the morality police is shut down this does not mean the decades-old law will be changed. Amini's death was the catalyst for the unrest but it also follows discontent over poverty, unemployment, inequality, injustice and corruption.
4 December 2022 Iranian protesters call for three-day strike as pressure on regime builds: 4 December 2022: Protesters in Iran have called for a three-day strike this week amid conflicting reports that its 'morality police' had been shut down, and as the USA said the leadership in Tehran had locked itself into a 'vicious cycle' that had cut it off from its own people and the international community
17 December 2022 oil workers reportedly protesting wages in Iran amid nationwide unrest: 17 December 2022: Oil workers reportedly protesting wages in Iran amid nationwide unrest, as the workers are said to be calling for wage increases, as well as improved welfare services and health conditions. Mass protests and oil worker strikes helped sweep Iran’s clergy to power four decades ago.
19 December 2022 protesters regroup in Iraq after perilous journey, dissent against repressive clerical rule continues: 19 December 2022: Protesters regroup in Iraq after perilous journey. as daily shows of dissent against repressive 43-year clerical rule continue, with exiled demonstrators asking for help from the west
7 January 2023 Iran condemned for executing two men over alleged crimes during protests: 7 January 2023: Iran condemned for executing two men over alleged crimes during protests, as campaigners call for greater global action after deaths of Mohammad Mahdi Karami and Seyyed Mohammad Hossein
9 January 2023 protesters gather at Iranian prison in attempt to stop ‘imminent executions’: 9 January 2023: Protesters have gathered outside a prison near the Iranian capital in an attempt to prevent the rumoured imminent execution of two young detainees found guilty of running over a police officer in a car during protests in November. Footage posted on social media showed the mother of one of the men, 22-year-old Mohammad Ghobadlou, pleading for her son outside Rajaei-Shahr prison in Karaj, a satellite city west of Tehran. She said it had been established that her son had not been at the scene when the police officer died. Human rights activists had raised the alarm after Ghobadlou and fellow prisoner Mohammad Boroughani were taken to solitary confinement, which is often a preliminary step before execution.
20 January 2023 fears grow of security crackdown in Zahedan as anti-regime protests persist: 20 January 2023: Protesters say they fear Iran’s security services may be planning an assault in the city of Zahedan – the site of a deadly attack on civilians last year – as reports emerge that there are thousands of armed police on the streets. Fifteen checkpoints have been put up in the past week across the city, the capital of Sistan-Baluchistan province, and several people have been detained by security forces.
17 February 2023 Iran protests flare in several cities amid continuing unrest: 17 February 2023: Iran protests flare in several cities amid continuing unrest, as online videos showed demonstrations in Iran’s capital, Tehran, as well as in the cities of Arak, Isfahan, Izeh in Khuzestan province and Karaj, including anti-government chants as execution of protesters commemorated
8 April 2023 Iran installs cameras to find women not wearing hijab, protesting against the Mullah regime: 8 March 2023: As thousands of protesters in Iran - in protests sparked last year by the death in police custody of Mahsa Amini arrested for allegedly violating the hijab rule - have been arrested and four have been executed since December, as hardliners have continued to insist that more be done to enforce the law, Iranian authorities have begun installing cameras in public places to identify unveiled women, saying tis would help prevent 'resistance against the hijab law'


Society, demographics, human rights and culture in Iran: Iranian society - Social class in Iran
Regions, provinces and counties of Iran: In 2014 Iran was administratively divided into five regions - Iran is subdivided into 31 provinces, each governed from a local center, usually the largest local city - Counties of Iran are administrative divisions of larger provinces
Rural Districts of Iran: Rural Districts of Iran
List of cities in Iran: List of cities in Iran
Ardabil province and city in northwestern Iran: Ardabil city in northwestern Iran, and the capital of Ardabil Province. As of the 2022 census, Ardabil's population was 588,000 citizen. The dominant majority in the city are ethnic Iranian Azerbaijanis and the primary language of the people is Azerbaijani. Ardabil is known for its trade in silk and carpets. Ardabil rugs are renowned and the ancient Ardabil carpets are considered among the best of classical Persian carpets. Ardabil is also home to a World Heritage Site, the Ardabil Shrine.
18 October 2022 Iranian schoolgirl ‘beaten to death for refusing to sing’ pro-regime anthem in Ardabil: 18 October 2022: Another schoolgirl has reportedly been killed by the Iranian security services after she was beaten in her classroom for refusing to sing a pro-regime song when her school was raided last week, sparking further protests across the country this weekend. According to the Coordinating Council of Iranian Teachers’ Trade Associations, 16-year-old Asra Panahi died after security forces raided the Shahed girls high school in Ardabil on 13 October and demanded a group of girls sing an anthem that praises Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. When they refused, security forces beat the pupils, leading to a number of girls being taken to hospital and others arrested. On Friday, Panahi reportedly died in hospital of injuries sustained at the school.
Khuzestan Province: Khuzestan Province, one of the 31 provinces of Iran, in the southwest of the country, bordering Iraq and the Persian Gulf - History of Khuzestan Province
Economy of Khuzestan province: Economy of Khuzestan province, that is the major oil-producing region of Iran, and as such is one of the wealthiest provinces in Iran, ranking third among Iran's provinces in GDP - Oil reserves in Iran - Al-Fakkah oil field and Iraq-Iran dispute
Khuzestan the major oil-producing region of Iran: Khuzestan is the major oil-producing region of Iran
Ahvaz and Yadavaran oil fields: Ahvaz Field, discovered in 1953 and developed by Anglo-Persian Oil Company, one of the richest oil fields in the world with an estimated proven reserves are around 65.5 billion barrels - Yadavaran oil field, one of the NIOC recent discoveries located in Khuzestan, is currently at an early production of 16,000 bbl/d after 16 months development by the Chinese contractor
Agriculture of Khuzestan province: Agriculture of Khuzestan province - the abundance of water and fertility of soil has transformed the region into a rich and well-endowed land with a variety of agricultural products such as wheat, barley, oily seeds, rice, eucalyptus, medicinal herbs, with palm and citrus farms, olives, and sugar cane—from which Khuzestan takes its name
Politics of Khuzestan Province: Politics of Khuzestan Province - Arab separatism in Khuzestan, refers to a decades-long separatist movement in the western part of Iranian Khuzestan, which seeks to establish a separate independent state for its Arab residents, from what they define as 'Iranian occupation', often defined as an ethno-religious dispute between predominantly Arabs from the western part of Khuzestan and the Iranian Revolutionary Shi'a government
April-December 1979 Khuzestan uprising: April-December 1979 Khuzestan uprising, one of the nationwide uprisings in Iran, which erupted during the establishment of the Iranian regime, fed by Arab demands for autonomy but quelled by regime forces
Since 1999 Civil unrests in Khuzestan province: Since 1999 Civil unrests in Khuzestan province - Since 1999 'Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz', an Arab nationalist insurgent group that advocates for a separate Arab state in Khuzestan Province from Iran - Ahvaz National Resistance, an ethnic Arab opposition movement and umbrella group which seeks a separate state in oil-rich Khuzestan Province
April 2005 Ahvaz unrest: April 2005 Ahvaz unrest, violent riots, initiated by Iranian Arabs in the city of Ahvaz in southwestern Iranian province of Khuzestan
2005-2006 Ahvaz bombings: 2005-2006 Ahvaz bombings were a series of bomb explosions, that took place mostly in Ahvaz and were blamed on Ahvaz separatist organizations of Arabs
April 2011 Khuzestan protests: April 2011 Khuzestan protests erupted on 15 April 2011 in Khuzestan Province to mark an anniversary of the 2005 Ahvaz unrest and as a response to the regional Arab Spring, lasting for days and resulting in 12 to 15 protesters killed and many wounded and arrested
Ahvaz city, capital of Khuzestan province: Ahvaz city, the capital of Khuzestan province, with a population of about 1,300,000 inhabitants (its built-up area with the nearby town of Sheybani is home to 1,136,989 inhabitants), and home to Persians, Arabs, Lurs (Bakhtiaris), Dezfulis, Shushtaris, etc. and different languages such as Persian, Arabic, the Persian dialects of Luri (Bakhtiari), Dezfuli, Shushtari, etc.
Modern history and timeline of Ahvaz: Modern history and timeline of Ahvaz
2005 Ahvaz unrest: April 2005 Ahvaz unrest, violent riots, initiated by Iranian Arabs in the city of Ahvaz in southwestern Iranian province of Khuzestan
July 2015 Iran's Ahvaz among the world's hottest cities: 22 July 2015: Iranian city of Ahvaz among the world's hottest cities, combined with poor air quality and planning
September 2018 Iranian regime's military parade attack in Ahvaz: 22 September 2018 Iranian regime's military parade attack in Ahvaz, claimed by the Islamic State terrorist group and the Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz and claimed responsibility for the attack
Abadan city in Khuzestan Province: Abadan city, the capital of Abadan County in Khuzestan Province, which is located in the southwest of Iran, with a urban population of 231,476 citizens in 2016. It lies on Abadan Island bounded in the west by the Arvand waterway and to the east by the Bahmanshir outlet of the Karun River (the Arvand Rood), 53km from the Persian Gulf, near the Iran–Iraq border. Abadan is 140km from the provincial capital city of Ahvaz
Economy of Abadan city and oil industry: Economy of Abadan city as major corporations include Major corporations Abadan Oil Refining Co, Abadan Petrochemical Company, Iranol Oil Company, Pasargad Oil, Pars Opal Co, U-PVC Novin, KPC Karun, Yekta Tahviyeh Arvand Co, Vina Naghsh Industrial Group
20th/21st century history of Abadan city: History of Abadan city, as in the 20th century during World War II, Abadan was the site of brief combat between Iranian forces and British and Indian troops during the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. Later, Abadan was a major logistics centre for Lend-Lease aircraft being sent to the Soviet Union by the USA, as in 1951, Iran nationalised all oil properties and refining ground to a stop on the island. Rioting broke out in Abadan, after the government had decided to nationalise the oil facilities, and three British workers were killed. It was not until 1954 that a settlement was reached, which allowed a consortium of international oil companies to manage the production and refining on the island. In September 1980, Abadan was almost overrun during a surprise attack on Khuzestan by Iraq, marking the beginning of the Iran–Iraq War. For 12 months, Abadan was besieged, but never captured, by Iraqi forces, and in September 1981, the Iranians broke the siege of Abadan. Much of the city, including the oil refinery, which was the world's largest refinery with capacity of 628,000 barrels per day, was badly damaged or destroyed by the siege and by bombing. Prior to the war, the city's civilian population was about 300,000, but at the war's end nearly the entire populace had sought refuge elsewhere in Iran. After the war, the biggest concern was the rebuilding of Abadan's oil refinery. By 1997, the refinery reached the same rate of production as before the war. In the 21st century Abadan has been the site of major labour activity as workers at the oil refineries in the city have staged walkouts and strikes to protest non-payment of wages and the political situation in the country
23 May 2022 deadly building collapse in Abadan city amid heatwave and dust storms: 23 May 2022: At least ten people have been killed and dozens more are feared trapped after a 10-story building collapsed in Iran’s southwestern city of Abadan, as the head of the local branch of the Red Crescent said 32 people have been rescued from under the rubble so far and several taken to local hospitals, as large parts of the commercial Metropol building at the centre of the city were reduced to rubble, and TV were told up to 80 people may still be trapped, as rescue forces have been mobilised from across several provinces including Tehran, but the climate and weather are proving a real obstacle with dense, orange clouds of dust and pollutants permeating the air on a hot day reaching temperatures of about 45 degrees Celsius
Hormozgan province: Hormozgan province in the south of the country, in Iran's Region 2, facing Oman, UAE and the Hormuz Straits. Its area is 70,697 km2 and its provincial capital is Bandar Abbas. The province has fourteen islands in the Persian Gulf and 1,000 km of coastline. The province has 13 major cities including Bandar Abbas, Bandar Lengeh, Hajiabbad, Minab, Qeshm, Sardasht, Sirik, Jask, Bastak, Bandar Khamir, Parsian, Rudan, and Abumusa. The province has 13 counties, 69 municipalities, and 2,046 villages. In 2011 a little more than 1.5 million people resided in Hormozgan Province. The counties of Hormozgan Province are Parsian County, Bastak County, Bandar Lengeh County, Abumusa County, Qeshm County, Khamir County, Bandar Abbas County, Hajjiabad County, Rudan County, Minab County, Sirik County, Bashagard County and Jask County.
History of Hormozgan province: History of Hormozgan province, as Hormozgan is known to have been settled during the Achaemenid era when Nearchus passed through the region, but recorded history of the main port of Hormozgan (Bandar-e Hormoz) begins with Ardashir I of Persia of the Sassanid empire. The province is said to have been particularly prosperous between 241 BC and 211 BC, as 1497 Europeans landed in the region for the first time, headed by Vasco da Gama. In 1508 the Portuguese invaded the area with seven warships, under the pretext of protecting their interests from Egypt and Venice. The port of Hormuz at the time was considered strategically positioned for commercial interests in the Persian Gulf, later Britain took control over the entire Persian Gulf via the British East India Company. The British adopted policy encouraging local autonomy throughout the Persian Gulf to in order to prevent a formidable unified force. The strategic importance of the Persian Gulf further increased after World War I with the discovery of oil in the region.
Geography, climate and cities of Hormozgan province: Geography, climate and cities of Hormozgan province
Bandar Abbas city: Bandar Abbas city, an important port city and capital of Hormozgan Province on the southern coast of Iran on the Persian Gulf. The city occupies a strategic position on the narrow Strait of Hormuz - just across from Musandam Governorate in Oman - and is the location of the main base of the Iranian Navy. Bandar Abbas is also the capital and largest city of Bandar Abbas County. At the 2016 census, its population was 526,648 citizens
History of Bandar Abbas since ancient times: History of Bandar Abbas since ancient times, as the earliest record of Bandar Abbas is during the reign of Darius the Great between 522 and 486 BCE. Darius's commander, Silacus, embarked from Bandar Abbas to India and the Red Sea. During Alexander's conquest of the Persian Empire, Bandar Abbas was known under the name of Hormirzad. In 1622 CE Shah Abbas defeated Portuguese troops with the help of English troops and Iranian commander Imam Quli Khan. In honor of this victory Gumbroon was renamed Bandar Abbas Port. In the current division of Bandar Abbas in Hormozgan province and one of the most important strategic and commercial center is in the vicinity of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea.
Timeline of Bandar Abbas since 16th century: Timeline of Bandar Abbas since 16th century, when in 1514 the Portuguese came in power and named the settlement 'Comorão'
Bandar Lengeh harbour city: Bandar Lengeh city, a harbour city and capital of Bandar Lengeh County, in Hormozgan province on the coast of the Persian Gulf. The harbor is 280 km from Lar, 192 km from Bandar Abbas, and 420 km from Bushehr. The weather in Bandar Lengeh is hot and humid, typical of coastal cities in southern Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 25,303 inhabitants.
1/2 July 2022 Hormozgan earthquakes: 1/2 July 2022 Hormozgan earthquakes, a doublet earthquake that struck southern Iran around two hours apart, killing several people and injured dozens more. At least 270 homes were damaged and several power outages were reported. The village of Sayeh Khvosh was completely destroyed. The earthquakes were also felt in the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, Pakistan and Afghanistan. - 2 July 2022: At least five people have died and dozens of others injured after at least three earthquakes with a preliminary magnitude of more than six hit the province of Hormozgan in southern Iran, as two of the strongest shocks were registered at magnitude 6.3, but the one that inflicted all the casualties is thought to be an initial magnitude 6.1 quake
Sistan and Baluchestan Province: Sistan and Baluchestan Province, the second largest province of the 31 provinces of Iran, after Kerman province. It is in the southeast of the country, bordering Pakistan and Afghanistan, and its capital is Zahedan city. The province has an area of 180,726 km2 and a population of 2.78 million inhabitants. The Baloch form a majority of the population and the Persian Sistani a minority. Smaller communities of Kurds in the eastern highlands and near Iranshahr, the expatriate Brahui on the border between Iran and Pakistan, and other resident and itinerant ethnic groups, such as the Romani, are also found within the province.
Zahedan city: Zahedan city and capital of Sistan and Baluchestan Province in Iran. At the 2016 census, its population was 587,730 citizens. The city was the site of a deadly crackdown in October 2022, with dozens citizens killed by pro-governmental forces. Over 90 people were killed. Two senior police officials were fired in the aftermath of the crackdown. On 28 October, there were protests in Zahedan and security forces fired on protestors, killing 1 and injuring 14. On 3 November 2022, the Shi'i cleric and Khamenei loyalist Sajjad Shahraki was assassinated in Zahedan. The next day, there were widespread protests in the city and Revolutionary Guards and other armed forces fired on protestors.
2 December 2022 women in Sistan-Baluchistan province and Zahedan city join Mahsa Amini protests: 2 December 2022: Black-clad women in Iran’s Sistan-Baluchistan province have joined nationwide protests on Friday sparked by the death of Mahsa Amini, in what a rights group called a rare move in the staunchly conservative region. Videos online showed dozens of women on the streets of the provincial capital, Zahedan, holding banners that declared 'Woman, life, freedom' – one of the main slogans of the protest movement that erupted in mid-September.
Zanjan Province: Zanjan Province, a Northwestern Iranian province hosting a more than a million people. It is a mountainous province with close to 22,000 km2 of land placed in Iran's third region. Most of the inhabitants live in the two major cities of Zanjan and Abhar. One third of the population live in rural areas. Agriculture is the principal occupation, and crops include rice, corn (maize), oilseeds, fruits, and potatoes. Poultry, cattle, and sheep are raised. Manufactures include bricks, cement, milled rice, and carpets. Chromium, lead, and copper are mined, as Zanjan is also the home of IASBS, one of the most productive research centers of the country. Many villagers today are traditional carpet weavers. The province economy is benefiting from its location that connects central Iran to the northwestern provinces. The railway and highway that connects Iran's capital city Tehran to Tabriz, and Turkey passes through Zanjan Province.
Zanjan city: Zanjan city in northwest Iran, serving as the capital of Zanjan Province. It lies 298km north-west of Tehran on the main highway to Tabriz and Turkey and approximately 125km from the Caspian Sea. The city is located about 20km south of the Qaflankuh Mountain Range. At the 2016 census, its population was 521,302 which is the 20th largest city in Iran. The population of Zanjan consists mostly of Iranian Azeris who are bilingual in Azerbaijani and Persian.
Geography, climate, agriculture, industries of Zanjan city: Geography, climate, agriculture, industries and main sights of Zanjan city, as according to UN's FAO rainfed agriculture makes up around 42% of Zanjan's land cover and grasslands account for another 37%. The remainder is bareland, irrigated agriculture, forest, orchard and riverbanks. Only 1.07% of the land is urban development.
Demographics, education, and sport of Zanjan city: Demographics, education, and sport of Zanjan city, as approximately half of the population of Zanjan Province lives in Zanjan city, home to several universities, and as Zanjan is also known for having one of the best indoor sport climbing walls in the Middle East, located in Enghelab sports complex
Since October 2022 Zanjan climber Rekabi's Hijab controversy: Since October 2022 Hijab controversy, after climber Elnaz Rekabi's return from IFSC climbing competition in Seoul, without Iran's mandatory headscarf. Tehran's Mullah regime threatened to take her family's property if she did not agree to make a 'forced confession', then on 3 December 2022 the home was demolished, according to the BBC
Isfahan Province: Isfahan Province located in the center of the country in Iran's Region 2. To its north, stand the Markazi Province and the provinces of Qom and Semnan. To its south, it is bordered by the provinces of Fars, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. Aminabad is the most southern city of Isfahan province just 2 km north of the border. To the east, it is bordered by the province of Yazd. To the west, it is bordered by the province of Lurestan and to the southwest by the province of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiyari.
21 July 2021 civilians died during protests over water shortages: 2 1 July 2021: Civilians died during protests over water shortages in Iran’s southwestern Khuzestan province, authorities confirmed
19 November 2021 protesters in Isfahan demand the revival of Zayandeh Rud River: 19 November 2021: Thousands of protesters have gathered in Isfahan in central Iran to demand the revival of Zayandeh Rud River that has dried up, as footage broadcast by state television and dozens of videos circulating on social media on Friday showed a sea of farmers and other people standing on a huge barren strip of dirt where the major Zayandeh Rud River used to flow, near the iconic Khaju Bridge in Isfahan province
Isfahan city: Isfahan city in Greater Isfahan Region, located 406 kilometres south of Tehran and is the capital of Isfahan Province. Isfahan has a population of approximately 1.5 million citizens making it the third-largest city in Iran, after Mashhad and Tehran, and the second-largest metropolitan area, located at the intersection of the two principal north–south and east–west routes that traverse Iran
Timeline of Isfahan since 538 BC: Timeline of Isfahan since 538 BC, when Jews settled in Isfahan
29 January 2023 drones target Iranian weapons factory in Isfahan, as attack appears to fit a pattern of strikes against strategic sites: 29 January 2023: A series of powerful explosions have damaged an Iranian government weapons factory in the central city of Isfahan, according to witnesses and footage from the scene, in what officials said was a coordinated drone attack. The overnight strikes left flames billowing from a military industrial complex thought to be a production hub for drones and missiles that have been used across the Middle East and by Russian forces in Ukraine.
Tehran city and province: Tehran Province is located to the north of the central plateau of Iran - Tehran city, the capital of Iran and Tehran Province, with a population of around 8.8 million in the city and 15 million in its larger metropolitan area, Tehran is the most populous city in Iran and Western Asia - Demographics of Tehran, one of the most ethnically diverse cities in Asia
Economy, environment and education in Tehran: Economy of Tehran, the country's main economic centre hosting 45% of Iran's industries, as its present-day modern industries include the manufacturing of automobiles, electronics and electrical equipment, weaponry, textiles, sugar, cement, and chemical products, and as Iran's oil refining companies of Pars Oil, Speedy, and Behran are based in Tehran - Since 1948 National Iranian Oil Company, ranked as the world's second largest oil company after Saudi Arabia's state-owned Aramco - Transport in Tehran - Environmental issues in Tehran - List of colleges and universities in Tehran
Timeline of Tehran: Timeline of Tehran since 1533
June 1908 bombardment of Iranian parliament by Russian forces: June 1908 bombardment of the Majlis of Iran in Tehran, during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution, when the Persian Cossack forces, commanded by Russian colonel Vladimir Liakhov and the other Russian officers, bombarded and by that suppressed the Iranian parliament 'Majles' - 1905-1911 Persian Constitutional Revolution - Persian Constitution of 1906
November/December 1943 Tehran Conference: November/December 1943 Tehran Conference, World War II conference of the Soviet Union, the USA, and the United Kingdom after the Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran
August 1953 Iranian coup d'état: August 1953 Iranian coup d'état, the overthrow of the democratically elected PM Mohammad Mosaddegh in favour of strengthening the monarchical rule of Mohammad Reza Pahlav
March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum: March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
2009/2010 Iranian presidential election protests: 2009-2010 Iranian presidential election protests
2011–12 Iranian protests: 2011–12 Iranian protests in solidarity with demonstrators in Egypt and Tunisia, including civil disobedience, civil resistance, demonstrations, riots, strike actions, online activism
December 2015: 21 décembre 2015: Pour le troisième jour consécutif les écoles à Téhéran fermées à cause de la pollution qui affecte la capitale et d'autres régions d'Iran
August 2018: 27 August 2018: Ex-mayor of Tehran Karbaschi sentenced to year in jail for panning Iran’s actions in Syria, telling rally in Isfahan in 2017 there must be better way to help Syrians than by 'killing and pounding'
June 2019: 9 June 2019: Iranian regime shutters 547 eateries in Tehran for breaking ‘Islamic principles’, also asking citizens in the capital to report people for ‘hosting mixed dance parties', posting ‘immoral content’ to Instagram
November 2019 officials close schools in Tehran amid pollution: 30 November 2019: Iran officials close schools in Tehran because of pollution, as Iranian capital has suffered dangerous levels of smog in recent weeks and is among the most polluted cities in the world
1 July 2020 gas leak at Sina At’har clinic in Tehran kills 15 women and 4 men: 1 July 2020: Gas leak at Sina At’har clinic in northern Tehran kills 15 women and four men, say fire officials
23 September 2020 large fire breaks out in factory outside Tehran: 23 September 2020: A large fire erupted in an Iranian dairy factory near Tehran, Iranian State TV reported, following a number of mysterious blasts and blazes throughout Iran
3 June 2021 huge fire at refinery near Tehran extinguished: 3 June 2021: A massive fire that broke out at an oil refinery near Iran’s capital and sent a huge plume of black smoke into the sky over Tehran was extinguished on Thursday, after more than 20 hours, a news agency reported
22 May 2022 Revolutionary Guard colonel killed by motorbike gunmen in Tehran: 22 May 2022: Unidentified gunmen on a motorbike have killed a senior member of Iran’s powerful Revolutionary Guard outside his home in Tehran, as the corps gave only scant detail about the killing, which occurred in broad daylight in the heart of the Iranian capital, but blamed it on 'global arrogance', typically code for the USA and Israel
13-16 September 2022 arrest and death of Mahsa Amini, sparking protests in Iran and the world: 13 September 2022 Iranian woman Mahsa Amini suffered skull fractures and brain death after being arrested by the Guidance Patrol in Tehran. She died three days later, on 16 September 2022, in a hospital in Tehran, due to the severity of her injuries. Her death sparked widespread reactions and protests in various parts of Iran and the world.
8 October 2022 female students chant ‘get lost’ at Iranian president on campus i Tehran: 8 October 2022: Female students in Tehran have chanted 'get lost', according to activists, as the Iranian president, Ebrahim Raisi, visited their university campus on Saturday and condemned protesters enraged by the death of a young woman in custody. As nationwide demonstrations that have rocked Iran entered a fourth week, Raisi addressed professors and students at Alzahra University in Tehran, reciting a poem that equated “rioters” to flies.
18 October 2022 Evin prison fatal blaze and gunshots in Evin prison: 18 October 2022: Gunshots and explosions were heard during the fatal blaze on Saturday night in Evin prison, the notorious complex which holds political prisoners and foreign detainees, according to AFP


Demographics, ethnic groups and languages in Iran: Demographics of Iran - Ethnic groups in Iran - Ethnicities in Iran - Iranian peoples - Ethnic minorities in Iran
Afro-Iranians: Afro-Iranians are concentrated in Hormozagan, Sistan and Baluchestan and Khuzestan
Iranian Arabs: Iranian Arabs are the Arab speaking peoples of Iran forming 2% of its population - Arabic language
Iranian Armenians: Iranian-Armenians are mostly concentrated in Tehran, Tabriz and Jolfa district, Isfahan, and an estimated 150,000-300,000 currently reside in Iran
Assyrians in Iran: Assyrians in Iran numbered approximately 200,000 prior to the Islamic Revolution of 1979, 1996 Iranian census counted only 32,000 Assyrians
Iranian Azerbaijanis: Azerbaijan region's population consists mainly of Azerbaijanis - Iranian Azerbaijan region in northwestern Iran
Iranian Balochis: The Balochi people of Iran live in southern and central parts Sistan and Baluchistan province - Baloch people living mainly in the Balochistan region of the Iranian plateau in Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan - Balochi language
Iranian Georgians: Iranian Georgians living mainly in the Fereydan area
Iranian Jews: Iranian Jews (Persian Jews) have had a continuous presence in Iran since the Achaemenid Empire 550–330 BCE, according to the 2012 Iranian census, the Jewish population of Iran is 8,756 - History of the Jews in Iran
March 2019: 1 March 2019: The Jewish community in Iran, which numbered 80,000 prior to 1979, in 2019 numbers between 5,000 and 8,000, after the Iranian regime’s late dictator Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini took power in Iran 40 years ago followed by anti-Semitism, violence, imprisonment, and total chaos
Iranian Kurdistan: Iranian Kurds make up the majority of the population of Kordestan province and together with the Azaris, they are one of the two main ethnic groups in West Azarbaijan province - Kurdestan Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, not to be confused with the greater geographical area of Iranian Kurdistan - Kurds of Khorasan
1979-1983: 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran since mid-March 1979, some two months after the completion of the Iranian Revolution, and became the largest among the nationwide uprisings in Iran against the new regime
2011: 18. Juli 2011: Iranische Truppen erobern drei kurdische Lager im Irak - 21. Oktober 2011: Gemeinsames Vorgehen von Iran und Türkei gegen PKK
2015: 7 May 2015: Tensions are on edge in the ethnically Kurdish city of Mahabad where protesters earlier torched a hotel over the unexplained death one of its female employees Farinaz Khosravani - 11 May 2015: Two people reported killed in Mahabad demonstrations after Farinaz Khosravani fell to her death from fourth floor in the city’s Tara Hotel due to a suspected attack by an Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps soldier
Lurs: Lurs people estimated at around five million living mainly in south-western Iran's Lorestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Khuzestan, Fars, Bushehr, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Hamadan, Ilam and Isfahan provinces and are the demographic majority of the provinces of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Lorestan and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari - Luri language
Persian people: Persian people, Iranian people who speak the modern Persian language and closely related Iranian dialects and languages - Iranian languages
Gilani people native to the northern Iran province of Gilan - Gilaki language
Mazanderani people's homeland is the North of Iran (Tabaristan) - Mazanderani language
Qashqai people: Qashqai people live in the Iranian provinces of Fars, Khuzestan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Bushehr and southern Isfahan - Qashqai language
Romani in Iran: Romani in Iran - Persian Romani
Talysh people: Talysh people indigenous to a region shared between Azerbaijan and Iran which spans the South Caucasus and the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea - Talysh language
Iranian Tats: Tats of Iran living near Alborz Mountains in Iran, especially in the south of Qazvin province - Tati language
Iranian Turkmen: Iranian Turkmen living mainly in Northern and Northeastern of Iran - Turkmen language
Culture of Iran: Culture of Iran - Cultural history of Iran - Religion and culture in ancient Iran
1979 Khomeini flew to Iran in chartered Air France plane and 'God's government': On 1 February 1979 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini flew to Iran in a chartered Air France plane after political exile in France, accompanied by supporters as well as 120 international journalists, greeted by crowds of Iranians and fast appointing 'God's government' on 11 February
28 November 2022 43 years after Khomeini's return Iranian artists call for an international boycott: 28 November 2022: 43 years after Khomeini's return to Tehran, Iranian artists have called for an international boycott of cultural institutions run by or affiliated with the Islamic Republic in protest against the regime’s worsening human rights abuses. The call by artists, writers, film-makers and academics living in Iran and among its diaspora comes amid growing anti-government art activism by Iranians inside and outside the country after the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini. More than 6,000 Iranian cultural figures have signed a statement in support of art students in the country who are facing arrest and intimidation for taking part in the protests, which began 10 weeks ago.
Languages of Iran: Languages of Iran
Iranian and Persian literature: Iranian literature - Persian literature - Book censorship in Iran
24 December 2020 Anne Frank (1929-1945) in Tehran among top foreign authors for Iran’s women: 24 December 2020: Diarist Anne Frank (1929-1945) in Tehran among top foreign authors for Iran’s women, as Israeli academic Yuval Noah Harari’s history of mankind, translated into Persian, can also be found on display tables of book shops in Iranian capital
Theatre in Iran: Theatre in Iran
September 2018 Shakespeare’s 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream' and detention: 10 September 2018: Iranian authorities have detained two artists over a theater production of Shakespeare’s 'A Midsummer Night’s Dream'
Music of Iran: Music of Iran
Since 1979 Mullah regime and abrupt decline of music: Nach dem Aufstand seit 1963 und internationalen Protesten gegen Schah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi zur Beendigung der britisch-USA gestützten Monarchie im Iran, dann der schließlichen Machtergreifung des bis heute fortbestehenden antisemitischen Mullah Regimes nach Ajatollah Chomeinis Rückkehr aus französischem Exil im Februar 1979, wurden im Iran viele Kunstorganisationen aufgelöst und die Orchester und Musikschulen geschlossen mit der Folge, daß viele Musiker emigrierten und nur ein 'Sinfonieorchester' mit zehn Musikern fortbestand, die es durch ihre Eigeninitiative mit 'revolutionären' Hymnen und Gelegenheitsauftritten am Leben erhielten
Architecture of Iran: Architecture of Iran
Unesco Heritage Sites in Iran: List of World Heritage Sites in Iran
Women in Iran: Women in Iran
Women's rights and women's rights movement in Iran: Women's rights in Iran - Women's rights movement in Iran
Voting rights, marriage law, divorce law: Voting rights, marriage law, divorce law
September 2008 Iranian parliament delays vote on bill that upset judiciary, women's activists: 3 September 2008: Iranian parliament delays vote on bill that upset judiciary, women's activists opposing polygamy
Women's education in Iran, economic and political rights: Women's education in Iran, economic and political rights, Hijab
September 2012 36 universities ban women from 77 different majors: 22 September 2012: Thirty-six universities across Iran have banned women from 77 different majors, including accounting, counselling, and engineering
2013 women cannot be presidential candidates: 16 May 2013: Ayatollah Mohammad Yazdi says women cannot be presidential candidates, as 30 women seek to run in the June 14 election - 29 May: UN criticises Iran for excluding women candidates, saying the move violated international law - 18 septembre: Après trois ans passés en prison pour son action en faveur des droits de l'Homme, l'avocate iranienne Nasrin Sotoudeh libérée - 28 octobre 2013: L'actrice Pegah Ahangarani condamnée à 18 mois de prison en raison 'des déclarations politiques et des interviews accordées à des médias hostiles étrangers' selon le régime
May and October 2014: 20 May: Hundreds of Iranian women are posting pictures of their bare heads in call for change to Iranian restriction on women attire in public - 25 October 2014: Execution of Reyhaneh Jabbari
April-May 2016 many Iranians have come to hate the hijab: 28 April 2016: Many Iranians have come to hate the hijab - 17 May 2016: Iranian regime had carried out a crackdown on female models who had appeared on Instagram and other social media without wearing their legally mandated Islamic head coverings, also targeting photographers, fashion designers, and makeup artists
May 2016 Narges Mohammadi sentenced to many years for her work defending human and women’s rights in Iran: 19 May 2016: The prominent Iranian human rights activist Narges Mohammadi has been sentenced to serve ten years of a 16-year prison sentence, for her work defending human and women’s rights in Iran
- 20 May 2016: Iranian painter and women’s rights campaigner Atena Farghadani held in Tehran’s Evin prison is on trial in Tehran on charges of spreading propaganda against the ruling establishment
June 2016 social anthropologist Hoodfar jailed in Evin prison after conducting academic research on women in Iran: 8 June 2016: Montreal's Concordia University professor of social anthropology Homa Hoodfar has been jailed in Iran’s notorious Evin prison after conducting academic research on women in Iran
October 2016 female writer to serve 6-year jail term for writing an unpublished fictional story: 6 October 2016: Iranian judges have ordered female writer and activist Golrokh Ebrahimi Iraee to serve a six-year jail term for writing an unpublished fictional story, said to have been found in her home, about stoning to death in her country
January/February 2018 from headscarf politics to economic protests Iranian women are leading from the front: 3 January 2018: From headscarf politics to economic protests, Iranian women are leading from the front, as fearless females have been willing to confront the Islamic regime since it first came to power in 1979 - 29 January 2018: A second woman has been arrested in Iran for protesting against the country’s compulsory hijab rules after taking off her headscarf in Tehran and holding it aloft on a stick - 2 février 2018: La police iranienne a arrêté une trentaine de femmes à Téhéran pour avoir enlevé leur voile en public pour protester contre son port obligatoire depuis la prise de pouvoir islamique de 1979 - 2 February 2018: Women across the country have been protesting by climbing onto telecom boxes, taking off their headscarves and waving them aloft on sticks, as new wave of protests is sparking personal freedoms debate
February 2018 theatened Jewish grandmother activist for housing solutions: 25 February 2018: A Jewish grandmother, who was sentenced in absentia to death by public execution in 2013 by a Tehran court that convicted her of 'violating Islamic rules [of the] Islamic Revolution' for running an organization that found housing solutions for women with abusive husbands who could not obtain a divorce, won’t granted asylum by the Netherlands
April 2018 woman wrestled to the floor by Iranian 'morality police': 19 April 2018: Shocking video footage of a young woman being wrestled to the floor by Iranian 'morality police' because her hijab was loose has sparked outrage after it was posted online
July 2018 headscarf protest and repression: 9 July 2018: Iranian woman Shapark Shajarizadeh who removed her obligatory Islamic headscarf out of protest in December says she has been sentenced to 20 years in prison - 9 July 2018: Iranian women post video of themselves dancing in public after the hardline judiciary arrested teenage girl Maedeh Hojabri for posting on Instagram videos of herself dancing in her room
March 2019 women defender years in prison for her work: 6 March 2019: An activist group says human rights lawyer Nasrin Sotoudeh, who previously served three years in prison for her work in Iran and who defended women protesting against the Islamic Republic’s mandatory wearing of a headscarf, or hijab, has been convicted and faces years in prison
April 2019 woman who took off her headscarf sentenced to one year: 14 April 2019: Iranian woman Vida Movahed who took off her headscarf sentenced to year in prison
July 2019 headscarf protest: 15 July 2019: Iranian women take off their hijabs in evidence that more women are pushing back against the dress code, trying to redefine red lines as they test the response of the ruling Shiite Muslim clergy and their 'security' agencies
August 2019 Saba Kord Afshari sentenced to 15 years for taking off her hijab: 29 August 2019: Iranian civil rights activist Saba Kord Afshari has been sentenced to 24 years behind bars, including a 15-year term for taking off her hijab in public
September 2019 Kylie Moore-Gilbert in Tehran’s notorious Evin prison, Rouhani's guesthouse: 14 September 2019: Third foreign national revealed this week to be imprisoned in Iran, in Tehran’s notorious Evin prison for almost a year, has been named by the Australian government as Dr Kylie Moore-Gilbert, a Melbourne academic who has published work on the 2011 Arab uprisings, on authoritarian governments and on the role of new media
November 2019 Bahareh Zare Bahari pursued by Iranian regime for criticising: 6 November 2019: Bahareh Zare Bahari pursued by Iranian regime fears for her health and is in limbo in Manila’s airport, saying Tehran wants her back to punish her for criticising regime
24 Februar 2021 abused Iranian woman dies of heart attack before execution, still gets hanged: 24 February 2021: Iranian Zahra Ismaili who died of a heart attack, forced to wait behind 16 men who were executed and watch, shortly before her execution, but was hanged anyway to placate her alleged victim’s mother, as Ismaili’s lawyer Omid Moradi, said her husband, who was a high ranking intel official, was abusive and that she killed him out of self-defense, 'The Times' reported
30 April 2021 female rights activists imprisoned in Iran face increased jail terms and transfers: 30 April 2021: Female human rights activists imprisoned in Iran face increased jail terms and transfers to prisons with 'dangerous and alarming' conditions, hundreds of miles away from their families, according to campaigners, also saying that in the past six months increasing numbers of Iranian women jailed for human rights and political activism had been moved from Evin prison in Tehran to prisons outside the capital city without warning
8 September 2022 two Iranian women condemned to death because of their links to the LGBTQ+ community on social media: 8 September 2022: Two women have been condemned to death in Iran because of their links to the LGBTQ+ community on social media, human rights groups have reported, as Zahra Seddiqi Hamedani and Elham Choubdar were found guilty of a number of charges by a court in Urmia, in the Iranian province of West Azerbaijan
8 October 2022 female students chant ‘get lost’ at Iranian president on campus i Tehran: 8 October 2022: Female students in Tehran have chanted 'get lost', according to activists, as the Iranian president, Ebrahim Raisi, visited their university campus on Saturday and condemned protesters enraged by the death of a young woman in custody. As nationwide demonstrations that have rocked Iran entered a fourth week, Raisi addressed professors and students at Alzahra University in Tehran, reciting a poem that equated “rioters” to flies.
23 August 2024 fears grow for women’s rights activists jailed in Iran after 87 executions in one month: 23 August 2024: Fears grow for women’s rights activists jailed in Iran after at least 87 people were reportedly executed in July, with another 29 executed on one day this month. The mass executions included Reza Rasaei, a young man sentenced to death for his participation in the Woman, Life, Freedom protests. Human rights organisations fear further executions in the lead-up the second anniversary of Mahsa Amini’s death in custody and the unprecedented nationwide protests that followed. Amini, who was 22, had been arrested for allegedly violating Iran’s strict dress code before she died in September 2022. About 70 women are now reported to be held as political prisoners in Iran’s notorious Evin prison, including two who have been given death sentences: the Iranian Kurdish journalist Pakhshan Azizi and the industrial engineer and women’s rights activist Sharifeh Mohammadi. A further two activists – Varisheh Moradi and Nasim Gholami Simiyari – have been given the same charges but are still to discover if they will be sentenced to death.
18 October 2024 mother of 16-year-old Nika Shakarami killed by Iran’s security forces arrested: 18 October 2024: The mother of 16-year-old Nika Shakarami, who became one of the faces of the unprecedented nationwide protests against the regime and was killed by the Mullah regime, has reportedly been arrested. She had rejected official claims that Nika’s death was caused by falling from a building and insisted she was beaten to death by regime forces.
Violence against women and domestic violence in Iran: Violence against women and domestic violence in Iran - Violence against women in Asia
2014 acid attacks on women in Isfahan: October 2014 series of acid attacks on women in Iran's city of Isfahan, raised fears and prompted rumours that the victims were targeted for not being properly veiled, as at least one woman is dead and many more have severe burns to their faces and hands, and as none of the perpetrators were ever found as of July 2018
Children and children's rights in Iran: Children and children's rights in Iran
28 May 2020 outcry in Iran over so-called 'honour killing' of 14-year-old girl: 28 May 2020: Outcry in Iran over so-called 'honour killing' of 14-year-old girl, after Iranian police let teenager who ran away be taken back home by father despite her fears he would be violent
August 2020 Iranian beheaded his 14-year-old daughter and court’s ruling 'caused fear and panic' for mother: 28 August 2020: An Iranian man who beheaded his 14-year-old daughter has been sentenced to only nine years in jail, in a case that has sparked outrage at the way Iranian law appears to enshrine supposed male rights over women’s lives, as Rana Dashti, the mother of 14-year-old Romina Ashrafi, expressed fury at the lenient sentence in an interview with the Iranian Labor news agency and said the court’s ruling had 'caused fear and panic for me and my family'
18 October 2022 Iranian schoolgirl ‘beaten to death for refusing to sing’ pro-regime anthem in Ardabil: 18 October 2022: Another schoolgirl has reportedly been killed by the Iranian security services after she was beaten in her classroom for refusing to sing a pro-regime song when her school was raided last week, sparking further protests across the country this weekend. According to the Coordinating Council of Iranian Teachers’ Trade Associations, 16-year-old Asra Panahi died after security forces raided the Shahed girls high school in Ardabil on 13 October and demanded a group of girls sing an anthem that praises Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei. When they refused, security forces beat the pupils, leading to a number of girls being taken to hospital and others arrested. On Friday, Panahi reportedly died in hospital of injuries sustained at the school.
Military use of children in Iran: Military use of children in Iran
2016: 9 December 2016: At Iran amusement park, kids as young as 8 can fire plastic bullets at Netanyahu effigy
Child labor in Iran: Child labor in Iran
Early marriage in Iran: Early marriage in Iran
Children and gender discrimination in Iran: Children and gender discrimination in Iran
2017: 9 August 2017: Iranian children arrested for teaching Zumba and 'western' dance, charged with dancing and failing to wear proper hijab
Education in Iran: Education in Iran
Schools in Iran: Schools in Iran
2014 Iranian teacher builds robot to teach prayer: 25 February 2014: Iranian teacher builds robot to teach prayer
Science and technology in Iran: Science and technology in Iran
Health in Iran: Health in Iran
Health disasters and medical outbreaks in Iran: Health disasters in Iran - Medical outbreaks in Iran
Water supply, sanitation and water crisis in Iran: Water supply and sanitation in Iran - Water crisis in Iran
Medical schools in Iran: Medical schools in Iran
Iranian boycotts of Israel in sports: Boycotts of Israel in sports by country
2013-2015: 28 August 2013: More than 40 percent of Iranians watch TV channels beamed into Iran and accessible only by illegal but widespread satellite dishes, media reports say - 28 October: Iran bans reformist newspaper 'Bahar' for publishing an article seen by critics as questioning the beliefs of Shia Islam - 11 November 2013: Iran arrests Ali Asghar Gharavi, the author of Bahar daily's article on Shiite Islam - 9 June 2014: More than 140 Iranian journalists call on authorities to release Saba Azarpeik, who was picked up last month from the offices of a magazine in Tehran and is currently being held incommunicado - 9 July: Iranian journalist Marzieh Rasouli sentenced to 50 lashes and two years in prison over charges of spreading anti-government propaganda - 29 October 2014: After public outrage about a string of acid attacks in Isfahan, Iranian journalists detained after reporting on acid attacks - 1 February 2015: Iranians could get the truth about Holocaust as documentary airs over satellite TV after the first Iranian film crew visited Auschwitz in January 2015 - 31 March 2015: A Canada-based Iranian writer and television producer was put into Tehran's notorious Evin prison soon after his return to his home country - 18 November 2015: Iranian journalist Reyhaneh Tabatabaei sentenced to jail after being found guilty of spreading propaganda against the Islamic Republic - 22 November: An Iranian court has sentenced Washington Post reporter Jason Rezaian to a prison term
2016: 22 February 2016: Forty state-run media outlets in Iran have pooled together to raise $600,000 to add to the fatwa on writer Salman Rushdie, 27 years after Iran’s first supreme leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, called for Rushdie’s assassination - 27 April 2016: Three Iranian journalists Afarin Chitsaz, Ehsan Mazandarani and Saman Safarzaee given lengthy prison sentences, after a court in Tehran found the journalists guilty of charges including spreading propaganda against the ruling system, conspiring against officials and insulting authorities, and as the regime’s hardline judiciary tightens its grip on press freedom - 29 mai 2016: Mettant en œuvre une décision prise lors d'une réunion du Haut conseil du cyberespace dirigé par le président Hassan Rohani, l'Iran exige des réseaux sociaux étrangers de lui transférer d'ici un an leurs serveurs contenant les informations des utilisateurs iraniens - 24 juillet 2016: Les autorités iraniennes ont détruit 100'000 antennes paraboliques et autre matériel de réception de la télévision par satellite
Broadcasting in Iran: Radio in Iran - Television in Iran
Internet and internet censorship in Iran: Internet in Iran
Internet censorship in Iran: Internet censorship in Iran - Iranian Cyber Police
Iranian news websites: Iranian news websites
Blogging in Iran - timeline since 2001: Blogging in Iran - timeline since 2001
Since 2004 Iran Human Rights Documentation Center: Since 2004 Iran Human Rights Documentation Center
2017/2018 HRW Iran report: Human Rights Watch 2017/2018 Iran report
Secularism in Iran: Secularism in Iran
Persecution of Christians in Iran: Persecution of Christians in Iran
Stoning in Iran: Stoning in Iran
2016: 26 February 2016: Iran executed all adult men in one village for drug offences, official reveals, as rights group says it had recorded 'a staggering execution rate' in the Islamic republic in 2015 - 10 March 2016: Executions in Iran surged to nearly 1,000 in 2015, UN special rapporteur for human rights in Iran Ahmed Shaheed, says in a report to the organization’s Human Rights Council, the highest level in more than a quarter-century - 15 May 2016: In the past three days, Iran's clerical regime has put four more prisoners to death as the regime’s judiciary roles ahead full force with capital punishment for even petty charges - 6 August 2016: Mass executions continue under 'moderate' Rouhani, as regime carried out execution of 33 Sunni Kurds behind closed doors, not even allowing many families a chance to say goodbye - 7 August 2016: Iranian nuclear scientist Shahram Amiri, whose disappearance in Saudi Arabia in 2009 and subsequent return was shrouded in mystery, has been executed in Iran after returning to Iran from USA, receiving a hero’s welcome in Tehran and being portrayed as someone who had fled the enemy's captivity
12 September 2020 Iranian champion wrestler Navid Afkari executed despite global outcry: 12 September 2020: Iranian champion wrestler Navid Afkari executed despite global outcry
Crime in Iran: Crime in Iran
Corruption and fraud in Iran: Corruption in Iran
Smuggling in Iran: Smuggling in Iran
Iranian regime's use of 'targeted killing' and assassinations conducted by the Islamic Republic of Iran: Iranian regime's use of 'targeted killing' - List of Iranian assassinations, conducted by the Islamic Republic of Iran
Iran and state-sponsored terrorism: Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
Man-made disasters in Iran: Man-made disasters in Iran
Foreign relations of Iran: Foreign relations of Iran
Treaties of Iran: Treaties of Iran
International views on the nuclear program of Iran: International views on the nuclear program of Iran
Iran International organization participation: Iran International organization participation
1980-1991 UN Security Council resolutions concerning the Iran–Iraq War: UN Security Council resolutions concerning the Iran–Iraq War
UN and EU sanctions against Iran - meetings, negotiations and conferences: Sanctions against Iran
2012/2013: 14 April 2012: The five permanent members of the UN Security Council and Germany will meet the Iranian delegation again in the Iraqi capital Baghdad on May 23 - 22. August 2012: Sucht Ban Ki Moon mit seiner Iran-Reise Ende August das besorgte 'Fachgespräch' über Krebsgeschwüre und Chemotherapie? - 26 February 2013: Iran, world powers begin nuclear talks in Kazakhstan - 27 February: Iran nuclear talks end without progress - 5 April: World powers resume talks with Iran in the Kazakh city of Almaty, aiming to resolve dispute over Iranian nuclear programme - 6 April: World powers and Iran failed again to ease their decade-old dispute over Tehran's disputed nuclear programme - 2 October: Iran now has a window of opportunity to prove its nuclear program is for peaceful purposes, UN's Ban Ki-moon reportedly told PM Benjamin Netanyahu during their meeting in New York - 24 October: No progress for now on Iran rights situation, UN envoy Ahmed Shaheed wrote in a report
14 July 2015 Comprehensive agreement on the Iranian nuclear program: 14 July 2015 Comprehensive agreement on the Iranian nuclear program
2016: 16 January 2016: IAEA satisfied with Iranian regime’s moves to comply with some UN nuclear watchdog's demands, but hopes that it would bring movement in other realms remain unfulfilled, nevertheless USA and European officials in Vienna immediately announced that deal was officially implemented, and that nuclear sanctions on the regime had been removed - 11 March 2016: As Iranian regime insists missiles emblazoned with 'Israel must be wiped out' are 'for legitimate defense', UN's Ban Ki-moon urges Iranian 'moderation' after missile tests, calling on the Iranian regime and its 'moderates' 'not to increase tensions through hasty actions' so soon after nuclear deal 'and so soon after the positive news of the lifting of sanctions against Iran' - 30 March: By launching nuclear-capable missiles Iran has defied a UN Security Council resolution that endorsed last year's historic nuclear deal, the USA and its European allies say in a joint letter - 19 July 2016: Iranian regime defends international deal's secret document easing nuke program restrictions, as FM Zarif says paper obtained by AP that shows Iran will be able to get within 6 months of a bomb in a decade is a 'matter of pride’
Bilateral relations of Iran: Bilateral relations of Iran
Iran/Afghanistan relations: Iran/Afghanistan relations
Afghan and Taliban opium smuggling into Iran: Afghan and Taliban opium smuggling into Iran
Iran/Albania relations: Iran/Albania relations
Iran/Arab relations: Iran/Arab relations
Iran/Argentina relations: Iran/Argentina relations
Iran/Australia relations: Iran/Australia relations
Iran/Canada relations: Iran/Canada relations
Iran/P.R. of China relations: Iran/P.R. of China relations
Since the 1980s Chinese-Iranian nuclear and nuclear weapons cooperation: Since the 1980s Chinese-Iranian nuclear and nuclear weapons cooperation
Since 1970s Chinese-Iranian oil and gas trade: Since 1970s Chinese-Iranian oil and gas trade
PRC-Iran economic, military and nuclear relations: PRC-Iran economic, military and nuclear relations
Since 1970s Chinese-Iranian oil and gas trade: Since 1970s Chinese-Iranian oil and gas trade
Since the 1980s Chinese-Iranian nuclear and nuclear weapons cooperation: Since the 1980s Chinese-Iranian nuclear and nuclear weapons cooperation
Iran/Cyprus relations: Iran/Cyprus relations
Iran/Denmark relations: Iran/Denmark relations
Iran/Egypt relations: Iran/Egypt relations
Iran/European Union relations: Iran/European Union relations
21 December 2024 Iranian Mullah regime is hiring minors to attack Israeli, Jewish targets in Europe: 21 December 2024: Iranian Mullah regime is hiring minors to attack Israeli, Jewish targets in Europe, as Iranian-linked operatives have been recruiting minors for attacks on Israeli and Jewish institutions across Europe. A troubling pattern of incidents in Sweden, Belgium, and Norway has exposed a covert campaign by Tehran to expand its proxy war against Israel into European territories. In Stockholm, a 15-year-old boy boarded a taxi in May with a loaded gun and asked to be taken to the Israeli embassy. However, the teenager, unaware of the embassy’s exact location, had to call an associate for directions. Swedish police, who had been monitoring the boy, stopped the cab before it reached the destination
Iran/France relations: Iran/France relations
2012/2013: 19 février 2012: Téhéran stoppe ses ventes de pétrole à la France et au Royaume-Uni - 8 novembre 2012: La France demande des explications à Téhéran sur la mort d'un blogueur emprisonné - 14 novembre 2012: La justice iranienne a annoncé l'arrestation de 'plusieurs personnes' à la suite de la mort en détention du blogueur Sattar Beheshti - 15 June 2013: As jubilant supporters took to the streets of Teheran to celebrate a victory of the Iranian people and the dawning of a new era, France and Britain acknowledged Hassan Rohani’s election as Iran’s next president, looking ahead to establishing a relationship with him - 15 octobre 2013: La France doute des bonnes intentions à l’égard des négociations sur le nucléaire iranien - 9 November 2013: France’s FM Fabius accused by Iranian regime of defending Israel after he said that Israel’s 'concerns' needed to be taken into consideration in nuclear talks
December 2019 French pair held in Iran lose bid for bail: 11 December 2019: French pair held in Iran on spying charges lose bid for bail
4 February 2021 Iranian official Assadi convicted of masterminding a thwarted bomb attack against opposition group in France in 2018: 4 February 2021: Iranian official Assadollah Assadi was convicted of masterminding a thwarted bomb attack against an exiled Iranian opposition group in France in 2018 and sentenced to 20 years in prison by a Belgian court that rejected his claim of diplomatic immunity, as three other defendants also received jail sentences, after Vienna-based diplomat Assadi, earlier detained in Belgium but refused to testify during his trial last year invoking his diplomatic status, did not attend the hearing at the Antwerp courthouse - 4 February 2021: Iranian 'diplomat' Assadi who masterminded a failed bomb attack at a rally outside Paris attended by five British MPs has been sentenced to 20 years in jail by a Belgian court for attempted murder and involvement in terrorism
Iran/Germany relations: Iran/Germany relations
Iran/Greece relations: Iran/Greece relations
27/28 May 2022 Iranian regime boarded and captured two Greek ships worth carrying $1.8 million of oil: On 27 May 2022 Iranian Mullah regime's 'NEDSA' boarded and captured two Greek ships worth carrying $1.8 million of oil after USA seized Russian oil tanker transporting Iranian oil near Greece - 28 May 2022: Iran’s paramilitary Revolutionary Guard seized two Greek oil tankers Friday in helicopter-launched raids in the Persian Gulf. The action appeared to be retaliation for Athens’ assistance in USA's seizure of crude oil from an Iranian-flagged tanker this week in the Mediterranean Sea over violating Washington’s crushing sanctions on the Islamic Republic. The Mullah regime's raid also marks the first major incident at sea in months as tensions remain high between Tehran regime and the West over its tattered nuclear deal with world powers.
Iran/India relations: Iran/India relations
July 2012 India bans USA-sanctioned Iranian ships from its waters: 27 July 2012: India bans USA-sanctioned Iranian ships from its waters
11 April 2021 Iranian terror is an immediate threat to Israeli interests in India: 11 April 2021: Iranian terror is an immediate threat to Israeli interests in India, according to 'Haaretz'
2014-present Iranian intervention in Iraq: Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
2014: 5 janvier: L'Iran a annoncé être prêt à fournir des équipements militaires et des conseils à l'Irak pour l'aider dans sa lutte contre Al-Qaïda - 13 June: Iran's regime sends top general to Baghdad as Obama contemplates air strikes against Sunni insurgents - 14 June: Iran's regime has sent 2,000 advance troops to Iraq to fight against Isis insurgency - 25 June: Gunmen kill three Iranian security guards in an ambush near the Iraqi border - 26 June: Iran reportedly sends drones, arms to Iraq - 3 July: Iran has supplied Iraq with Russian-built Sukhoi SU-25 attack jets - 6 July: Iranian pilot killed fighting against Sunni Muslim militants in Samarra north of Baghdad - 3 December: Iran has flown missions against ISIS, USA confirms - 6 December: Iran says it carried out air strikes against 'Islamic 'State' in Iraq
Iran/Israel relations: Iran/Israel relations
2013: 21 March 2013: Iran's clerical leader Khamenei said the Islamic Republic would destroy the cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa if it came under Israeli attack - 2 August 2013: In Quds Day remarks broadcast on state TV and in one of his last public speeches Iran's outgoing President Ahmadinejad warns Israel will be 'uprooted' - 2 August: After Israeli criticism, Iran's media changed their version of Rohani remarks, that Israel had inflicted a 'wound' on the Muslim world and that the Israeli wound 'must be cleansed', now taking out the reference to 'cleansing' - 29 August: Iran's army chief of staff Hassan Firouzabadi threatens that any military action against Syria will have consequences beyond the region and leave Israel in flames - 19 September: Rohani says Iran wants peace, but slams Israel as 'occupier that does injustice to the people of the region' - 25 September: During the 68th Session of the UN General Assembly Obama and Rowhani offer hope for peace - 25 September: Israel says Iran president offered 'zero' in UN speech - 2 October: PM Netanyahu at UN makes strongest-ever Israeli public threat to attack Iran’s nuclear facilities - 2 October: Iran now has a window of opportunity to prove its nuclear program is for peaceful purposes, UN's Ban Ki-moon reportedly told PM Benjamin Netanyahu during their meeting in New York - 9 November: France’s FM Fabius accused by Iran of defending Israel after he said that Israel’s 'concerns' needed to be taken into consideration in nuclear talks
2014: 18 February: Iranian animated film depicts how the Islamic regime might respond against Israel to an American or Israeli strike on its nuclear facilities - 5 March: Israel seizes ship in the Red Sea with medium-range missiles heading from Iran to Gaza as USA military was prepared to get involved in the seizure - 9 March: Israeli troops in Eilat unload 40 short-range rockets from Gaza-bound ship - 11 March: Iran's finger on trigger to destroy Israel, warns senior Revolutionary Guards commander Salami - 15 March: Iranian Defense Minister Hossein Dehqa praises Palestinians for firing on Israel and says they have yet to display their actual missile capabilities - 5 May: Senior military aide of Khamenei boasts West's failure in Syria is Iran's victory, saying that Iran's frontline has now reached Israeli border - 25 July 2014: Keep arming Palestinians until Israel is destroyed, Iran's Khamenei says - 28 July: PFLP chief says Syria, Iran, Hezbollah armed Hamas - 30 July: Iranian official says, regime will arm West Bank with missiles because Tel Aviv and Haifa will be much easier to hit from Judea and Samaria - 5 October: Iran's Khamenei vows on Friday 'Zionist regime and its supporters will go extinct' - 12 October: Iran warns USA that toppling Assad would put Israel at risk
2015: 19 January: Six Iranians killed in Israeli strike in Syria, including commanders and Revolutionary Guards general, as well as six members of Hezbollah - 21 February 2015: As upcoming Tehran competition to offer first place prize of $12,000 for best drawing on Shoah denial, Israel asks UN to condemn Iran Holocaust cartoon contest - 26 February: Iranian military chief threatens to 'wipe Tel Aviv off the map' - 28 March: On the Syrian Golan, unlike in Yemen, an Iranian offensive fails, as joint operation by Hezbollah, Revolutionary Guards, and Syrian forces, designed to clear opposition near Israel’s border, grinds to halt - 3 April 2015: Tehran crowds welcome returning FM after Lausanne e3+3 and Iran agreement, chant 'condolences' to Israel - 5 April 2015: Iran transfers millions to Hamas for the rebuilding of tunnels and restocking of missile arsenals destroyed by Israel during 2014 Operation Protective Edge - 21 July 2015: Iran brusquely dismissed German Vice Chancellor’s appeal that it recognize the State of Israel’s right to exist, saying its stance is not going to change following the signing of Vienna nuclear accord with world powers - 30 August 2015: Iran has not softened its position on Israel and will not recognize Israel, top Khamenei adviser says - 1 September 2015: Iran walks out on speech, as Knesset Speaker Yuli Edelstain calls on Israel’s Arab neighbors at a global conference to visit Israel and discuss environmental cooperation 'people to people', urging leaders not to wait for peace agreements but rather to build up confidence from the ground up - 9 September 2015: Iran's Ayatollah Khamenei says that Israel will not exist in 25 years, in remarks to the Iranian people in Tehran, after the nuclear deal reached with the West - 14 September: As Iranian regime continues to deny Israel's right to exist and to support anti-Israeli militant groups like Hamas and Hezbollah, Iran's Hassan Rohani wishes Jews a Happy New Year on Twitter
2017: 21 February 2017: Addressing a regime’s sixth international conference, Iran’s supreme leader Khamenei backs 'holy intifada' to destroy 'cancer' Israel - 6 August 2017: Israel will allow entry to Iranian journalist Neda Amin, fleeing persecution in her home country, and who could face the death penalty in Iran after writing op-eds for an Israeli news site, according to Interior Minister Arye Dery - 23 August 2017: Iranian Islamic Republic’s regional expansion in Syria raises concern in Israel of its efforts 'to entrench itself militarily on Israel’s border’ - 22 September 2017: Iran reveals new missile that can reach Israel - 26/27 September 2017: Iran’s chief of staff general Bagheri says Kurdish referendum an Israeli 'plot’, as Turkish nationalists protest against a 'second Israel' and Iranians and cleric Ali Reza Pahanhian call for the destruction of Israel, and as Iranian regime is building new destroyer to be ready by next year, developing nuclear-fueled ships and submarines - 24 October 2017: Iran’s judiciary said a court sentenced an alleged agent for Israel’s Mossad intelligence agency to death
28 November 2020 Iranian regime just a border fence away from Israel: 28 November 2020: Creeping in through Syria, Iranian regime is just a border fence away from Israel
7 January 2021 air strikes in Syria reportedly left several fighters from Iran-backed groups dead: 7 January 2021: Strikes conducted overnight by Israel in Syria left several fighters from Iran-backed groups dead, war monitor SOHR claimed Thursday
21 May 2021 Iran's regime says 'in the future the Zionists (Israel) can expect to endure deadly blows from within the occupied territories': 21 May 2021: Iranian Mullah regime's - which does not recognise Israel but supports the Islamist militants of Hamas, who rule the Gaza Strip, and after Hamas and the Islamic Jihad group fired hundreds of rockets into Israel before Friday's truce - leader urges Muslim states to back Palestinians militarily, financially, saying 'All influential elements of (Israel's) regime and the criminal (Prime Minister Benjamin) Netanyahu must be prosecuted by international and independent courts', as regime's Foreign Ministry earlier said Palestinians had won a 'historic victory' over Israel, as Iran's Revolutionary Guards said 'The intifada (Palestinian uprising) has gone from using stones to powerful, precise missiles ... and in the future the Zionists (Israel) can expect to endure deadly blows from within the occupied territories', after leaders of Hamas and Islamic Jihad have praised Iran’s financial and military support, after regime's Khamenei last year hailed Tehran's supply of arms, saying Iranian regime had transformed the military balance of power between Israel and the Palestinians, and as regime now on Friday displayed an Iranian-made combat drone that it said had a range of 2,000 km, naming it 'Gaza' in honour of the Palestinians' struggle against Israel, state media reported
Iran/Italy relations: Iran/Italy relations
Iran/Jordan relations: Iran/Jordan relations
History of Jordanian-Iranian relations since 1949: 27 December 2016: Evolution of the Jordanian-Iranian relations since 1949
Iran/Kenya relations: Iran/Kenya relations
Iran/North Korea relations: Iran/North Korea relations
Arms production and weapons sales between North Korea and Iran: Weapons sales between North Korea and Iran
Iran/South Korea relations: Iran/South Korea relations
Iran–South Korea economic relations: Iran–South Korea economic relations
15 November 2020 Iran pounds rebels in second day of Northwestern border clashes: 15 November 2020: Iran pounds rebels in second day of Northwestern border clashes, state media reports
Iran/Kuwait relations: Iran/Kuwait relations
Iran/Lebanon relations: Iran/Lebanon relations
Since 1980s Iranian funding of Hezbollah and Russian and Iranian weapons for Hezbollah: Iranian military funding of Hezbollah - Russian and Iranian weapons for Lebanese Hezbollah
2017 Iran established factories in Lebanon under control of Hezbollah terror group: 13/14 March 2017: Iran has established factories in Lebanon under the full control of the Hezbollah terror group, that can produce different types of missiles and firearms, a top Iranian general told a Kuwaiti newspaper - 6 May 2017: Lebanese Forces' Samir Geagea blames Iran for several regional conflicts, saying that Iran’s actions breach the legitimacy of countries in the region, also stressing that Hezbollah has made a strategic mistake by getting involved on the side of Assad - 9 July 2017: Iran-backed Hezbollah terrorist group reportedly constructing at least two underground facilities in Lebanon for manufacturing missiles and other weaponry - 27 September 2017: Iran is working tirelessly to outfit the Hezbollah terrorist group with more accurate missiles for a future war with Israel, according to IDF
Iran/Marshall Islands relations: 28 April 2015: Iran seizes Marshall Islands cargo ship in Gulf waters, USA says
Iran/Netherlands relations: Iran/Netherlands relations
Iran/Norway relations: Iran/Norway relations
Iran/OIC Organisation of Islamic Cooperation relations: Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Iran/Palestinian territories relations: Iran/Palestine relations
2014/2015: 5 March 2014: Israel seizes ship in the Red Sea with medium-range missiles heading from Iran to Gaza as USA military was prepared to get involved in the seizure - 15 March 2014: Iranian Defense Minister Hossein Dehqa praises Palestinians for firing on Israel and says they have yet to display their actual missile capabilities - 25 July 2014: Keep arming Palestinians until Israel is destroyed, Iran's Khamenei says - 28 July: PFLP chief says Syria, Iran, Hezbollah armed Hamas - 6 August: Saying Hamas should let civilians hide in its tunnels Iran's Mohsen Rezai criticizes Gaza’s rulers over casualties, but stresses support for ‘resistance’ against Israel - 5 April 2015: Iran transfers millions to Hamas for the rebuilding of tunnels and restocking of missile arsenals destroyed by Israel during 2014 Operation Protective Edge - 13 November 2015: Iran reportedly builds a Hezbollah-style terror group in the Gaza Strip, as 'Al-Sabirin' has begun recruiting an intended initial force of 400 fighters, and is directly funded by the regime in Tehran
11 June 2020 Hamas outraged after discovering Iran spied on its deputy leader: 11 June 2020: Hamas outraged after discovering Iran spied on its deputy leader
4 November 2022: Iran reportedly approached Russia for help developing its nuclear program: 4 November 2022: Iran reportedly approached Russia for help developing its nuclear program, according to USA intelligence officials
6 April 2023 Iran/Saudi-Arabia relations and the democracy in the 21st century: 6 April 2023: People dismembering Saudi-Arabia and protesters murdering Iranian Mullah regime came to an agreement to restore diplomatic relations, as USA tried to downplay any suggestion that the Beijing-brokered agreement represented a blow to USA’s influence in the Middle East. But it has also been sidelined since the Arab spring in the Middleeast in early 2011, when the brutal Assad regime - already supported by Iran's Mullah regime - was protected in all sessions of the UN security council by a Russian-Chinese alliance, in the summer 2013 during Assad's mass murder with chemical weapons, during and since Russian regime's destruction of Syrian cities like Aleppo in 2015/2016, in subsequent regional 'negotiations', such as Russian-mediated talks between Saudi Arabia and Syria. USA's William Burns was in Saudi Arabia this week, where he reportedly expressed his frustration that Riyadh was reopening dialogue with countries - Iran and Syria – subject to USA sanctions.
Iran/Serbia relations: Iran/Serbia relations
Iran/Somalia relations: Iran/Somalia relations
Iran/Sweden relations: Iran/Sweden relations
Iran/Switzerland relations: Iran/Switzerland relations
2015: 1 April 2015: National Coalition's Bassam al-Malek says that Assad's regime depends on Iran's military and economic support and that it is on the brink of economic collapse - 21 April 2015: Syria, Iran discuss boosting cooperation - 9 May 2015: Islamic Revolution Guards Corps commander Jafari says, that Iran's intervention in Yemen and Syria comes within the framework of the expansion of the Shiite Crescent in the region - 19 May 2015: Iran extends new credit line to Syria's Assad regime - 21 May: New evidence of Iran’s increasing influence in Syria - 2 June 2015: Murderous Rouhani vows Iran will support Assad 'until the end of the road' - 8 July 2015: Assad signs $1 billion credit line from Iran - 8 August 2015: Iran reportedly continues to send mercenaries to Syria to support Assad regime - 28 August: A top commander in the Iranian regime’s Revolutionary Guards was killed fighting in Syria’s war, along with 17 Iranian-recruited Afghan militants killed in the month of August, according to Iranian officials - 7 September 2015:: Iran’s Zarif blames Syria bloodshed on those calling for Assad’s ouster - 8 September 2015: Iran has established subsidiary military battalions in central Syria, specifically in the province of Hama, in an attempt to strengthen its military influence in western Syria - 10 September: Iran has deployed hundreds of elite fighters in Syria, unprecedentedly deepening its involvement on behalf of Assad in his war against Syrians, Israeli security officials say - 17 September 2015: Under relentless assault led by the Iranian Revolutionary Guards and the Hezbollah militias, the medical staff working in the town of Zabadani sent an urgent appeal for help to humanitarian and medical organizations to protect what remained of civilians and medical personnel trapped inside the town - 6 October 2015: Iranian General Qassem Soleimani's July visit to Moscow reportedly the first step in planning for a Russian military intervention that has reshaped the Syrian war and forged a new Iranian-Russian alliance in support of Assad - 8 October 2015: After Iran lobbied in the summer for Russian campaign in Syria, Russian cruise missiles fired from ships in Caspian Sea and aimed at Syria land in Iran and may have caused injuries - 16 October 2015: Assad's army launches Aleppo offensive with Iranian support, the first time Iranian fighters take part on such a scale in war in Syria - 16 October 2015: Russian-Iranian aggression on Syria has killed 878 civilians, including 86 children and 65 women, since 30 September, the largest number of victims recorded in Aleppo, where 301 civilians were killed, mostly as a result of the Russian aerial bombardment, in addition 142 people were killed in Homs, 137 Damascus and its suburbs, 100 in Dara’a, and 94 in Hama - 28 October 2015: Some 2,000 Iranian troops in Syria, USA military head Joseph Dunford says, adding that with Russian and Iranian regime boosting Assad, the ‘balance of forces’ is in his favor - 5 November 2015: Iran is recruiting Afghan refugees to fight in the foreign military contingent supporting Assad's regime in Syria, promising a monthly salary and residence permits - 20 November: A senior Israeli military officer cited Israeli intelligence findings that "55-plus" Iranian military personnel, including elite troops and senior officers, had been killed in clashes with Syrian rebels, in addition to a Hezbollah death toll he put at between 1,000 and 2,000
March-August 2016: 9 March 2016: Wide dissatisfaction exists among Alawites and military leaders regarding Iranian regime's hegemony over political and military decisions in Syria, Assad regime sources claim - 17 March: Iran signaled Wednesday that it was training commandos and snipers to send to Syria, days after Russia announced it was pulling some fighter jets out of the country - 21 March 2016: Media in Iran broadcast Assad’s words on Iran being considered the chief supporter for his war against the Syrian people since 2011, including support of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps IRGC, special IRGC unit Quds Force and militias employed by the Iranian administration - 29 March 2016: Iran's plan to seize Damascus continues with support from Assad regime, as research shows a wave of purchases by Iranian traders involving a large amount of Syrian real estate in a number of cities including Damascus and Homs - 21 April 2016: Iran, in complicity with the Assad regime, is trying to bring about demographic change in Syria through the systematic displacement of residents in areas in and around Damascus, Syrian Coalition's Adnan Rahmoun says - 25 April: Syrian activists accuse Iran of deliberately starting fire in UNESCO-listed site of the Asruniyeh market of the Old City of Damascus in an attempt to force out locals from around the Umayyad Mosque - 8 May: Thirteen Iranian soldiers were killed in a battle with Islamist militants over a village near the Syrian city of Aleppo, Iranian regime says on Saturday - 16 May 2016: 1,200 Iranian 'revolutionary guards' killed in Syria in past four years, according to IRGC commander Tabrizi - 20 June 2916: A coalition of rebel and FSA groups has captured four militants affiliated with the Iranian-backed foreign militias fighting alongside regime forces in southern rural of Aleppo - 30 June 2016: Iranian regime covertly recruits Afghan soldiers to fight in Syria and to support the Assad regime - 30 June 2016: Russian, Iranian backed militias in Homs provine increasingly devoting themselves to the interests of Iranian and Russian regime often at the expense of the Assad regime in the central province of Syria - 13 July 2016: Iranian regime reportedly sent up to 1,000 Iranian military personnel to the Syrian capital to help lay siege to rebel-held Aleppo - 11 August 2016: The number of Iranian soldiers killed in Aleppo has raised to eight after the death of two senior Iranian Revolutionary Guard officers, Qolam Hussein Mousavii and Ali Nazari, was revealed
September 2016: 13 September 2016: Iranian commander Ataiyeh of the key Afghan Fatimid Brigade killed by opposition forces in Syria's coastal Lattakia region, as the Fatimid Brigade number more than 25,000, most of them recruited from Iran and distributed throughout most Syrian cities, as some areas and districts in the Damascus countryside are completely under the brigade’s administration, and as a number of its fighters’ families have been brought from Iran and settled in the Damascus countryside within a systematic settlement project which aims at demographic change in the Syrian capital - 29 September 2016: Shia Islamic fighters from Iraq, Iran, Lebanon and Afghanistan have converged on Aleppo's outskirts to prepare for a clash that they see as a pre-ordained holy war that will determine the future of the region
October/November 2016: 10 October 2016: Under the guise of helping liberate the Iraqi city of Mosul from the Islamic State terrorists, Iranian murderous forces in Syria advancing regime’s plan to establish a corridor between Iran and the Mediterranean - 22 November 2016: Syrian Coalition’s Mohammed Jojah says that the Assad regime’s stepping up of bombardment on the besieged neighborhood of Alwaer in Homs and other besieged areas across Syria is mainly aimed at forcing residents of these areas out of their homes to bring about a demographic change in line with Iran’s project and plans in the region - 23 November 2016: Providing military and political backing to Assad's regime more than 1,000 fighters sent from Iran have been killed in Assad's war against the Syrian people so far, according to figures of an Iranian official - 26 November 2016: Iranian army chief says naval platforms in war-torn regional countries Syria and Yemen no less important than nuclear power
Iran/Ukraine relations: Iran/Ukraine relations
14 September 2022 families take fight for truth of flight 752 to ICC, saying our lives are destroyed’: 14 September 2022: Families take fight for truth of flight 752 to ICC, saying our lives are destroyed’, after Ukraine International Airlines flight 752 was shot down over Tehran by Iranian anti-aircraft missiles in January 2020, killing all 176 people on board, but this was just the beginning of an ongoing ordeal for the victims’ families. In the 32 months since, they have faced obstruction and hostility from the Iranian authorities, which initially sought to deny their forces were responsible. When bodies were finally returned, they were often mixed with the remains of other victims, the personal effects of the dead were looted, and in some instances their funerals were commandeered by the Tehran regime for propaganda purposes. Grieving relatives have been assaulted, harassed and threatened.
Iran/United Arab Emirates relations: Iran/United Arab Emirates relations
1971 Iranian seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs islands: 1971 Iranian seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs islands
February 2020 UAE reportedly held talks with Iran behind USA's back: 14 February 2020: UAE reportedly held talks with Iran behind USA's back
Iran/United Kingdom relations: Iran/United Kingdom relations
July-September 2016: 2 July 2016: Renowned Iranian artist Parviz Tanavoli wanting to fly to London to speak at the British Museum has his passport confiscated without explanation and is barred from leaving the country - 11 July 2016: Iran indicts three dual nationals including British-Iranian Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe, who has been held in solitary confinement, reports say - 9 September 2016: British-Iranian mother Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe detained in Iran for more than 150 days has been sentenced to five years in prison on charges that 'remain secret', despite an online petition launched by her husband Richard Ratcliffe urging both the British Prime Minister and Iran's Supreme Leader to take appropriate action to secure the safe return of his wife and his baby daughter Gabriella, that has been signed by over 800,000 supporters in over 155 countries
2017: 24 April 2017: Iran’s supreme court has upheld the conviction of British-Iranian Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe sentenced to five years in jail on non-specific charges, dashing her hopes of overturning the verdict through legal avenues - 2 July 2017: British-Iranian Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe serving a five-year jail sentence in Tehran on unspecified charges relating to national security is losing her hair and experiencing 'low and despairing' moods as her incarceration lasts far beyond her family’s expectation and as husband calls for UK government’s aid - 14 October 2017: Iran to blame for cyber-attack on MPs' emails, according to British intelligence - 25 October 2017: After Iranian authorities have imposed an asset freeze on at least 152 BBC Persian journalists and former contributors, preventing them from conducting financial transactions or selling properties in their homeland because of their affiliation with the broadcaster, BBC appeals to UN over Iran’s crackdown
14 January 2020 'Vienna convention' and Iran's criminal foreign ministry signaling it could expel Britain’s ambassador: 14 January 2020: Iran's criminal foreign ministry signaled it could expel Britain’s ambassador in case of further 'interference' in its affairs after a row over a vigil he attended for those killed, including UK's citizens, in last week’s downing of a Ukrainian plane by the murderous Mullah regime - 14 January 2020: Israel's FM Katz expressed 'support and solidarity' after Iran arrested UK ambassador, saying 'ambassador Macaire’s detention was undoubtedly a flagrant violation of the Vienna convention and as such was not just an assault on the UK but an attack upon the rules based international system as a whole', adding 'this behavior by the Iranian regime deserves the unreserved condemnation by all responsible members of the international community'
2 November 2019 student regrets 1979 USA embassy attack: 2 November 2019: Iran student leader says he regrets 1979 USA embassy attack
Since 1980 USA support for Iraq during the Iraq/Iran war: United States of America support for Iraq during the Iraq/Iran war 1980-1988
2013 Iranian military supporting Assad: 1 February 2013: Washington accuses Tehran of sending personnel to help President al-Assad's forces in their fight against opposition - 16 June 2013: As positive reactions emerge from governments in France, the UK and the US following Hassan Rohani's victory in Iran's election, the Syrian National Coalition calls on Iran’s president-elect to reconsider the country’s position on Assad's war against democracy and his people - 6 September 2013: USA intercepts an order from an Iranian official instructing militants in Iraq to attack USA interests in Iraq - 18 septembre 2013: La justice américaine saisit un gratte-ciel à New York détenu par l'Iran et qui blanchit de l’argent avant de le renvoyer - 25 September 2013: During the 68th Session of the UN General Assembly Obama and Rowhani offer hope for peace - 27 septembre: Le secrétaire d'Etat américain John Kerry et son homologue iranien Mohammad Javad Zarif se sont rencontrés jeudi en tête-à-tête à l'ONU pour discuter du dossier nucléaire iranien - 5 November 2013: Nobel winner Shirin Ebadi urges EU, USA to ban Iran from using USA and European satellites to broadcast Islamic Republic's propaganda
2016: 10 January 2016: Following Iranian denial USA releases black-and-white video taken by a navy helicopter and showing an Iranian Revolutionary Guards vessel firing unguided rockets on 26 December near USA ships - 21 February: Iran refuses lawyer for dual USA-Iranian citizen Siamak Namazi detained by Iran’s 'Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps' since October, while visiting family - 10 April: Iranian foreign minister Zarif dismisses USA counterpart’s suggestion of negotiations on ballistic rockets as 'baseless', as Iranian defense minister calls plan 'nonsense’ - 24 July 2016: USA citizen Robin Reza Shahini reportedly detained while visiting his mother in Iran is the latest in string of arrests of dual nationals - 7 August 2016: Iranian nuclear scientist Shahram Amiri, whose disappearance in Saudi Arabia in 2009 and subsequent return was shrouded in mystery, has been executed in Iran after returning to Iran from USA, receiving a hero’s welcome in Tehran and being portrayed as someone who had fled the enemy's captivity - 3 October 2016: Washington Post reporter Jason Rezaian detained for 18 months sues Iranian government after suffering 'irreparable harm' being subject to ‘torture and other cruel treatment’ during his detention in a Tehran prison
2017: 12 January 2017: Iran and Syria ordered by Washington D.C. District Court to pay $178m to family of American-Israeli infant Chaya Zissel Braun killed in 22 October 2014 Jerusalem terror attack by member of the Hamas terrorist organization al-Shaludi, because the two countries financially back Hamas and as the 'criminal regimes in Tehran and Damascus are the biggest state sponsors of terrorism in the world', according to chairwoman Darshan-Leitner - 20 June 2017: USA shoots down second Iran-made armed drone over Syria in 12 days, as it approached outpost near borders of Syria, Iraq, and Jordan
7 February 2021 president Biden says USA won’t lift sanctions before Iran stops uranium enrichment: 7 February 2021: President Biden says USA won’t lift sanctions before Iran stops uranium enrichment
Iran/Uruguay relations: Iran/Uruguay relations
Iran/Venezuela relations: Iran/Venezuela relations
History of Iran-Venezuela relations: History of Venezuela-Iran relations since 2001
Iran-Venezuela economic relations: Venezuela-Iran economic relations
Iran/Yemen relations: Iran/Yemen relations
Since March 2015 Yemeni Civil War following Houthis' coup d'état: Since March 2015 Yemeni Civil War following Iran-backed Houthis' coup d'état
Environmental issues in Iran: Environmental issues in Iran
Zayanderud river: Zayanderud river, the largest river of the Iranian Plateau in central Iran, starting in the Zard-Kuh subrange of the Zagros Mountains in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. It flows 400 kilometres eastward before ending in the Gavkhouni swamp, a seasonal salt lake, southeast of Isfahan city. The Zayandeh used to have significant flow all year long, unlike many of Iran's rivers which are seasonal, but today runs dry due to water extraction before reaching the city of Esfahan. In the early 2010s, the lower reaches of the river dried out completely after several years of seasonal dry-outs. - Gavkhouni located in the Iranian Plateau in central Iran, east of city of Isfahan, is the terminal basin of the Zayandeh River. Gavkhouni is a salt marsh with a salinity of 31.5% and an average depth of about 1 m. The salt marsh can dry up in summer. The Zayandeh River originates in the Zagros mountains and travels around 300 km, before terminating in Gavkhouni. Gavkhouni receives pollution from Isfahan and other urban sources. Isfahan is a major oasis city on the Zayandeh River with a population over 1.5 million
Air pollution in Iran: Air pollution in Iran
Natural disasters in Iran: Natural disasters in Iran
Earthquakes in Iran: Earthquakes in Iran - Geology of Iran
Droughts and water crises in Iran: Water crisis in Iran
18 July 2023 as water shortages intensify Iran’s 2023 heat wave, authorities shift blame: 18 July 2023: In summer 2023 Iranian heat wave, a record-breaking confluence of heat and humidity translated to an off-the-charts heat index value of more than 150 degrees, at the very limits of human survival, measured at Iran’s Persian Gulf International Airport. Earlier in July, more than 1,000 people sought medical treatment after dust storms ravaged the country’s water-starved southeast. From Tehran to rural regions, people are posting videos to social media complaining of days on end in the heat without running water, their faucets emitting nothing but murky drops. The water shortages, which experts say are driven in large part by decades of mismanagement, are a long-standing problem. For decades, Iran’s authorities have tried to appease the immediate demands of the agricultural sector - a bedrock of political support - by building tens of dams that divert the natural flow and accumulation of water. The policies have taken a toll. Agriculture is sapping Iran’s surface water, stored in rivers, lakes, wetlands and reservoirs, UN's Kaveh Madani said, but most worrying is the depletion of groundwater reserves, deep below the surface and slow to replenish, which have fallen into 'bankruptcy'. Experts say the damage is irreversible. - 3 July 2023: Within the past 25 years almost 25 million Iranians have been displaced amid water scarcity worries. Scientist Mehdi Zare said water scarcity and the subsidence of the earth have deteriorated in Iran and according to geologists, seven provinces now face dire situations.
Storms and cyclones in Iran: Tropical cyclones in Iran
3 October 2021 deadly cyclone Shaheen strikes Iran and Oman: September/October 2021 cyclones Gulab and Shaheen
Floods in Iran: Floods in Iran


Iraq - Geography of Iraq - History of Iraq - Demographics of Iraq
Since 2003 sectarian violence, attacks, terrorism and continued war in Iraq: List of suicide bombings in Iraq since 2003 - Terrorist incidents in Iraq by year
2012: 5 January: New bombings target mainly Shia area of the Iraqi capital - 5 January: Wave of bombings leave scores dead across the country - 10 January: Many deaths in series of Iraq attacks - 14 January: Suicide bomb kills dozens in Basra Shia pilgrim attack - 15 January: A series of car and roadside bombs strike Ramadi, targeting the police - 24 January: Deadly blasts in Baghdad's Sadr City - 26 January: Deaths in attacks on Iraq's Sunni districts - 23 February: Car bombings, shootings and explosions target mostly Shia neighbourhoods, leaving at least 55 dead across the country - 5 mars: 26 policiers tués dans une série d'attaques coordonnées à Haditha - 20 March: Deadly explosions in series of attacks on Iraqi cities - 19 April: Several blasts in Iraq capital and northern city leave several people dead and dozens injured - 31 May: Six blasts across Baghdad kill at least 17 - 4 June: Blast strikes Shia charity office in Iraq - 13 June: Cities of Hilla and Baghdad hit by wave of deadly bomb attacks - 31 December: Car bombing kills two people south of Baghdad - 31 December: At least 23 people have been killed and scores injured in shootings and bombings in several cities and towns
March 2013: 1 March: At least 22 people were killed in a series of blasts in Shi'ite neighbourhoods of Baghdad - 12 March: Attacks across Iraq killed 12 people, including three people who died in a suicide bombing at a police station near a school that also wounded 165 others - 14 March: At least 20 people killed and 50 others injured after after three car bombs and a suicide attack hit the Green Zone of Baghdad - 17 March: Car bomb kills ten people, wounding 16, near the outskirts of the south Iraq city of Basra - 19 March 2013: A series of coordinated car bombs and roadside blasts hit Shi'ite districts across Baghdad and south of the Iraqi capital, killing at least 25 people and wounding 88 others ten years after the beginning of US-led invasion - 26 March: Explosion rips through armoured car, killing two local politicians in town of Tuz Khurmatu - 29 March: Four Shia mosques in Baghdad and one in Kirkuk struck by car bombs, with reports of at least 18 dead and dozens hurt
April 2013: 6 April: A coordinated attack involving a suicide bomber at an open-air election campaign meeting in Baquba in central Iraq kills 25 people - 12 avril: Sept morts dans un attentat contre une mosquée sunnite au nord de Bagdad - 15 April: Seven killed, 118 wounded in a series of car bomb blasts across the country - 19 April: At least 27 people were killed and dozens more wounded when a suicide bomber blew himself up inside a Baghdad cafe - 23 April: Bomb attacks on Sunni mosques in Iraq killed 13 people and wounded dozens of other people - 24 avril: Après plusieurs jours de violences intercommunautaires où près de 125 personnes sont mortes, des hommes armés ont pris le contrôle de Souleimane Bek au nord de Bagdad - 26 April: Nearly 50 people were killed in clashes on Thursday in the northern Iraqi city of Mosul - 27 April: Bomb blasts in Baghdad killed at least 20 more people on Friday - 29 April: Three car bombs exploded south of Baghdad on Monday, killing nine people and wounding 70 others
May 2013: 2 May: At least 22 people were killed in attacks across Iraq on Wednesday - 6 May: A series of attacks including a blast near an Internet cafe in a Sunni area killed nine people and wounded dozens on Sunday in and around Baghdad - 7 May: Shootings and bombings in Iraq, including one targeting a provincial council member, killed seven people and wounded two others - 15 mai: Des vendeurs dans des magasins d'alcool à Bagdad disent craindre pour leur vie au lendemain d'une attaque d'inconnus contre des échoppes vendant de la bière et des spiritueux qui a fait douze morts - 15 May: Bomb attacks in Shi'ite areas of Baghdad and in northern Iraq killed more than 30 people on Wednesday - 16 May: A suicide bomber attacked a Shiite place of worship in Kirkuk, killing 12 people - 18 May: Bombs targeting Sunnis, including two outside a mosque in Baquba and one at a funeral procession, killed 67 people in Iraq on Friday, after dozens died in two days of attacks on Shiites - 18 May: Gunmen raid the house of an anti-terrorism police officer in the southern suburbs of Baghdad, killing five people including him and his sleeping family - 18 May: A string of attacks killed at least 16 people on Saturday, while gunmen abducted eight policemen guarding a post on Iraq's main highway to Jordan and Syria - 20 May: 10 Iraqi policemen killed by militants in attacks on checkpointsin the West of the country - 20 May: Wave of attacks hits Shiite and Sunni areas of Iraq, killing at least 86 people - 21 May: Four bombings in a Turkmen Shiite area of Tuz Khurmatu and in Kirkuk killed five people and wounded 69 today - 27 May: More than 70 people were killed in a wave of bombings in markets in Shi'ite neighbourhoods across Baghdad - 28 May: Bombings and gunfire in central and northern Iraq killed at least 11 people and wounded 35 others on Tuesday - 29 May: After 27 people killed in wave of violence in Iraq, United Nations urges talks to resolve crisis - 30 May: Car bombs and roadside explosions hit mainly Sunni Muslim districts of Baghdad and a northern city, killing at least 27 people - 31 May: Bombs kill 25 in Sunni-Shiite neighbourhoods across Iraq, three policemen killed by gunmen in Fallujah
June 2013: 6 June: Iraqi officials say two car bomb explosions in Baghdad have killed at least six people and wounded more than two dozen - 7 June: Car bomb in Najaf kills 10 Iranian pilgrims - 10 June: At least 12 people have been killed in a series of bombings in a market north of Baghdad - 10/11 June: A wave of bombings and attacks rocked central and northern Iraq on Monday, targeting market-goers, police posts including an assault on police headquarters in Mosul and killing more than 70 people - 16 June: At least 10 apparently coordinated car bombs and a shooting across Iraq have killed at least 24 and wounded dozens - 17 June: At least 12 people were killed in three bomb attacks in Iraq today, police said - 20 June: A suicide bombing in northern Iraq killed a provincial political party leader and four relatives, ahead of elections - 25 June: Baghdad car bombs kill 23, injures 81 - 25 June: Suicide bombers target Iraqi Turkmen, killing eight - 29 June: A series of bombs near a bakery, at a funeral, inside a senior police officer's car and at a football stadium killed at least 22 people across Iraq - 29 June: Attacks in Sunni Arab areas of Iraq killed 10 people on Saturday
July 2013: 1 July: A bomb planted near a yard where people were playing soccer in Nahrawan, south of Baghdad, killed 12 and wounded 24 people on Sunday - 2 July: More than 2,500 people were killed in Iraq in the past three months, the UN said on Monday as new attacks left 41 people dead - 3 July: Suicide attacks, bombings and shootings erupted across Iraq today, killing at least 17 people - 8 July: In two days of violence 19 people were killed, including six family members shot dead while returning from a wedding - 12 July: Militants killed 25 Iraqi security forces in a wave of attacks, and 15 other people died in other attacks including 10 mourners in twin bombings - 13 July: Bomb attack on a tea house in Kirkuk kills 31 people - 14 July: Two bomb attacks near Sunni mosques in the Iraqi capital killed at least 23 people who had gathered to pray - 19 July: Suicide bomber kills 20 people in a Sunni mosque in the town of Wajihiya - 21 July: A wave of bombings killed 65 people in Baghdad province and the commercial areas of the capital, without a claim of responsibility for the attacks - 22 July: Gunmen raid Iraq's Abu Ghraib and Taji jails, as bombings and shootings kill 13 people on Sunday - 22 July: A suicide bomber attacks an army convoy in the eastern Kokchali district of Mosul, killing at least eight soldiers and two passers-by - 23 July: At least 500 escape in deadly assaults on Iraq prisons - 23 July: Bombs targeting worshippers gathered for evening prayers at three Sunni mosques in Iraq killed nine people on Tuesday - 25 July: Militants killed nine police in an attack with mortars and automatic weapons, while 14 people including six soldiers died in other violence - 25 July: 14 Shia truck drivers shot dead after being stopped by gunmen on main road leading north of Baghdad - 26 July: At least 28 people killed in bombings and shootings across Iraq, including a car bomb that exploded in a busy market killing 14 people in central Muqdadiya - 28 July: A suicide car bomber rammed his vehicle into a Kurdish security patrol in northern city of Tuz Khormato killing eight people and wounding five more - 29 July: At least 22 killed and more than 100 injured in coordinated bombings targeting mainly Shia areas in Baghdad and Basra - 31 July: A Shiite and a Sunni mosque in Baghdad have been targeted in bombings that killed at least nine people, officials say
August 2013: 1 August: July deadliest month in Iraq since 2008, UN says - 4 August: Bombings and shootings across Iraq killed 19 people, including an ambush that targeted a military convoy - 7 August: A series of car bombs targeting busy markets and shopping streets in and around Baghdad killed at least 51 people and wounded more than 100 on Tuesday - 11 August: Baghdad car bombs kill dozens in attacks on Shia neighbourhoods - 15 August: Car bombs across Baghdad kill at least 33 people - 22 août: Dix-huit personnes ont été tuées jeudi dans de nouveaux attentats en Irak, notamment lors d'une attaque contre une fête de mariage - 24 August: Suicide bombing in a park in northern Baghdad crowded by cafe- and restaurant-goers the bloodiest attack in a day of violence that killed at least 36 people across the country - 28/29 August: Baghdad bomb attacks extending the wave of sectarian bloodshed killed 86 people and wounded 263, police and medical sources say - 30 August: Iraqi officials say bomb blasts at a market north of Baghdad and another on the outskirts of the capital have killed 23 people - 30 August: Two roadside bombs exploded on the edge of the north Iraq town of Tuz Khurmatu, killing at least 13 people, most of them children - 31 August: Gunmen killed five worshippers at a Sunni mosque in Baghdad on Saturday
September 2013: 3/4 September: A series of car bombs exploded across Iraqi capital, killing nearly 60 people in predominantly Shi'ite districts - 10 septembre: Au moins 16 personnes ont été tuées, dont six alors qu'elles lavaient le corps d'un mort avant de l'enterrer - 12 September: Bombings at Shi'ite mosque in Baghdad kill at least 33 - 13 September: A pair of roadside bombs exploded outside of a Sunni mosque in Baquba, killing at least 30 people as they left the building after Friday prayers - 15 September: A suicide bomb attack at a funeral held by members of Iraq’s Shabak ethnic minority near the city of Mosul in northern Iraq killed 26 people and left 46 others injured - 16 September: A wave of car bombings and other attacks in Iraq killed at least 58 people in mostly Shiite-majority cities in south and central Iraq - 22 September: At least 56 killed in Baghdad bombings - 23 September: A suicide bomber struck a Sunni funeral in Baghdad on Sunday, killing at least 12 people - 23 septembre: Au moins neuf personnes ont été tuées et 27 blessées lundi dans un attentat contre des funérailles sunnites à Adhamiya, dans le nord de la capitale - 25 September: Militants attacked local government and police buildings in Hawijah with suicide bombings and mortar fire, sparking clashes that killed 14 people, among 24 deaths nationwide - 26 September: Bombs ripped through outdoor markets in and near Baghdad on Thursday, killing at least 21 people and wounding dozens - 29 September: At least 40 people were killed when a suicide bomber blew himself up at a Shi-ite Muslim funeral in Mussayab, 60km south of Baghdad, on Sunday - 29 septembre: Au moins six personnes ont été tuées dans une série d’attentats à Erbil, au Kurdistan irakien
October 2013: 2 October: Militants shoot down military helicopter in the region of Kirkuk and Salahuddin province, killing all four crew members - 5 October: Gunmen killed two Iraqi journalists in the city of Mosul, as other violence including a suicide bombing at a cafe left 20 people dead - 8 October: Eight explosions in mainly Shi'ite districts in Baghdad, one explosion in a mixed area and another in the predominantly Sunni Muslim neighbourhood of Doura kill at least 38 people - 10 October: 20 people killed on Thursday, among them four anti-Al-Qaeda fighters shot dead by gunmen, eight militants killed by security forces, civilians and police killed by bombings in Baghdad and northeast of Baquba - 12 octobre: Une voiture piégée a explosé au nord de Bagdad, faisant au moins 12 morts - 13 October: More than a dozen bombs exploded in Iraq on Sunday, killing at least nine people and wounding more than 70 others - 15 octobre: Neuf personnes ont été tuées dans un attentat ayant visé mardi des fidèles à Kirkouk, après la prière marquant le début de l'Aïd al-Adha - 17 October: Seven car bombs exploded in Baghdad province, killing at least 24 people and wounding at least 70 - 20 October: Dozens killed in bomb attack on Baghdad cafe while at least another 12 died in a spate of bomb attacks on security personnel and government buildings - 24 October: Iraqi journalist Bashar Abdulqader killed in Mosul - 26 October: Bombings in central Iraq that targeted a market, a cafe and the homes of police officers killed 13 people on Friday - 27 October: Ten bombings mainly targeting Shiite-majority areas of Baghdad province killed at least 41 people, while 20 died in bombings and shootings elsewhere in Iraq
November 2013: 5 novembre: Treize personnes, la plupart des membres des forces de sécurité, ont été tuées mardi en Irak - 8 November: Attacks in Iraq, including a double suicide car bombing targeting a military base in Tarmiyah, kill 30 people across the country - 10 novembre: Au moins sept morts dans des violences dans le nord du pays, principalement à Mossoul - 13 November: Violence across Iraq, including bombings against Shiites, kills twenty three people on the eve of rituals - 17 novembre: Au moins 17 morts dans des attaques à Bagdad - 22 November: A truck bomb tore through an outdoor vegetable market in Sadiyah, the deadliest of a series of attacks that killed at least 48 people - 26 novembre: Un attentat suicide à l'entrée d'une base de l'armée au nord de Bagdad a fait au moins 7 morts et 22 blessés - 29 November: Market bombings, attacks across Iraq kill 29 people - 30 November: 52 people dead in throwback to Iraq's sectarian bloodshed - 30 novembre: Sept personnes morts samedi dans de nouvelles attaques qui ont frappé la périphérie de Bagdad et les environs de Mossoul et Touz Khoumartou
December 2013: 7 décembre: Attaques contre des commerces de boissons alcoolisées, 9 morts - 8 December: 35 people killed in wave of Baghdad area bombings - 13 December: Oil workers massacred in Iraqi town of Muqdadiya in al-Qaida-style attack - 15 December: At least 17 people, most of them Shi'ite Muslims, killed in a wave of bombings and shootings across Iraq - 19 December: Suicide bombers, militant attack kill 41 across Iraq - 20 December: Two bombings in a market and another in a cemetery as people buried victims of the first blasts killed at least 11 people in Tuz Khurmatu - 21 December: At least 18 Iraqi military officers were killed in an ambush in the province of Anbar - 25 December: At least 34 people killed in bomb attacks in Christian areas of Baghdad on Wednesday, some by a car bomb exploding near a church after a Christmas service - 30 December: At least 18 people including soldiers were killed in attacks across Iraq on Sunday
2014-present Iraq War: Iraq War (2014–present)
January 2014: 2 January: Violence in Iraq surged in 2013 to its worst level in five years, fuelled by discontent among the Sunni Arab minority and the civil war in neighbouring Syria - 2 January: Iraqi security forces and armed tribesmen battle al Qaeda-linked jihadist militants who reportedly seized swathes of the two Sunni-majority cities of Fallujah and Ramadi - 3 January: Clashes kill 62 Al Qaeda militants in the Ramadi area - 4 janvier: La ville de Fallouja est passée aux mains des islamistes - 5 janvier: Les autorités irakiennes veulent reprendre la cité de Fallouja à Al-Qaïda - 6 January: Residents are fleeing Fallujah - 13 January: Bomb attacks kill at least 18 in Baghdad and Tuz Khurmatu - 19 January: Attacks across Baghdad, including car bombs at an up-scale shopping mall and near a juvenile detention centre, kill 21 people - 25 January: Shelling against a Shiite Muslim village killed six people on Saturday, including a young boy - 30 January: Baghdad bombs and shooting kill at least 19 people - 31 January: Six suicide bombers burst into a Ministry of Transportation building, took hostages and killed at least 24 people including themselves
June 2014: 8 June: A wave of car bombs exploded across Baghdad, killing more than 60 people, and militants stormed Anbar university campus - 2014 Northern Iraq Isis offensive since 5 June - 10 June: Isis insurgents seize control of Iraqi city of Mosul - 11/12 June: 500,000 people flee Iraq's second city of Mosul after Islamist militants took control and Iraq army capitulates in more cities - 12 June: Isis forces take Tikrit, a day after 35,000 Iraq soldiers reportedly fled an Isis force of 800 in Mosul - 12 June: Iraqi Kurdish forces take Kirkuk after central government's army abandons posts and Isis captured towns - 13 June: Iraq's senior Shi'ite cleric urges followers to fight Sunni militants, who captured two more Iraqi towns - 14 June: Iraqi forces massing in Samarra - 15 June: Series of explosions kills 15 people, wounds 30 in Baghdad as followers of Shia group heading to Baghdad to join the Iraqi army and fight against Sunni insurgents - 17 June: Residents flee as insurgents take the northern Iraqi city of Tal Afar after a two-day battle with security forces - 17 June: Scores of Iraqis killed during battle for provincial capital of Baquba, that also shuts main oil refinery - 19 June: Iraqi forces battle Islamists for control of country's largest refinery Baiji, as 250-300 workers are evacuated - 20 June: Iraqi militants seize Saddam's top chemical weapons facility used to make chemical agents including sarin during the Iran-Iraq war, but any weapons found inside reportedly useless - 21 June: Sunni militants seize Syrian border crossing after killing some 30 Iraqi troops in a day of clashes - 24 June: Islamists launch push to seize Baiji oil refinery as Kerry visits Irbil and Maliki agrees to set up new government by 1 July - 24 June: Iraqi air strikes killed at least 32 people as security forces held off attacks on Haditha and Baiji - 26 June: Iraqi Kurds strengthen their positions while Isis advances and Maliki insists that any new government must be based on an election he won - 26 June: With USA troops now deployed in Iraq, the Iraqi army is making a push to drive ISIS back from Baghdad and launches aerial assault against ISIS - 28 June: Thousands from a predominantly-Christian town south of Mosul flee from fighting between Isis and Kurdish forces - 28/29 June: Iraqi army makes push to retake Tikrit from Islamists, claiming Tikrit retaken
July 2014: 4 July: Iraq army reportedly retakes Awja - 6 July: Iranian pilot killed fighting against Sunni Muslim militants in Samarra north of Baghdad - 9 July: The Islamic State extremist group, formerly known as ISIS, has taken control of a vast former chemical weapons facility northwest of Baghdad, where remnants of 2,500 degraded chemical rockets filled decades ago with the deadly nerve agent sarin are stored along with other chemical warfare agents - USA now says it would be very difficult to use the materials - 11 July: Iraq's security forces and allied Shiite militias executed at least 255 Sunni prisoners as they fled a lightning jihadist-led advance last month, Human Rights Watch says - 12 July: Iraq battles assault on the city of Ramadi while the Kurds claim disputed oilfields - 18 July: The escalating violence in Iraq has killed more than 5,500 civilians over the first six months of 2014, UN says - 19 July: Baghdad bombings kill dozens
August 2014: 6 August: Kurds, Islamic State clash near Kurdish regional capital Arbil - 8 August: USA's Barack Obama orders air strikes against IS terrorists in northern Iraq, humanitarian aid drops to threatened people - 9 August: USA forces bomb IS/Isis militant positions targeting frontlines around Kurdish capital of Irbil, food for civilians dropped on Mount Sinjar to help encircled refugees - 10 August: Obama warns of long campaign as Iraq strikes continue against Isis, as minorities flee Islamist onslaught and British planes join relief effort - 10 August: Aided by USA air strikes, Peshmerga forces liberate Zamar, Makhmour and al-Gweir areas northern Mosul, near Irbil - 11 August: USA conducts fourth food, water drop for civilians besieged by jihadists - 12 August: USA urges Abadi to form new government swiftly as fears grow for the besieged Yazidi community and the resistance movement against IS depends on solidarity and inclusion - 13 August: As UN's Ban Ki-moon urges countries to do more for threatened civilians in Iraq, USA sends more 130 troops to support the resistance in the Irbil area - 14 August: USA team in Iraq assesses that there are far fewer Yazidis on Mount Sinjar than feared adding that the USA will continue to provide humanitarian assistance - 14 August: Thousands of Iraqi refugees reportedly 'still at risk' despite ending of Mount Sinjar siege, as hundreds of thousands driven from their homes by IS terrorists - 15 August: IS militants reportedly murdered some 80 Yazidis in a village in Iraq's north - 17 August: As part of a joint Iraq-USA plan, USA air strikes targeting Islamic State militants near Iraq's Mosul dam - 17/18 August: Key facility retaken by Kurdish forces after major campaign of USA airstrikes near Mosul Dam began
September/October 2014: 11 September: Obama announces expansion of USA campaign against terrorist 'Islamic State' in Iraq and Syria - 12 September 2014: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Gulf states agree to join USA-led military campaign against Islamic State terror group - 16 September: USA begins expanded air strikes on Islamic State in Iraq - 30 September/1 October: Retaking lost ground in August, Iraqi Kurdish forces capture a strategic border crossing and several villages from Islamic State terrorists, with new signs of cooperation in the border region of northern Iraq - 1 October: As Australia sends two unarmed planes to support USA air strikes in Iraq, British jets bomb Islamic State for first time - 11/12 October: At least 45 people killed in bombings in Baghdad and its rural outskirts as the government continues to fight against jihadists and USA defense secretary says Iraqi forces are in full control of Baghdad - 12 October: Islamic State suicide bombers kill 28 Kurds in an attack on a Kurdish security headquarters and a provincial police chief - 14 October: Rights group accuses Iraqi government of supporting and arming groups of Shiite fighters carrying out kidnappings and killings against Sunni civilians in response to Islamic State - 16 October: Islamic State terrorists target Baghdad with deadly wave of car bombs and mortar attacks - 20 October: After seizing two Kurdish villages, Islamic State terrorists reportedly advanced on the Iraqi town of Qara Tappa disguised as Kurdish peshmerga fighters, new deadly attacks in Bagdad and Kerbala - 24 October: Iraqi forces must be trained, armed and ready before major advances, USA says - 25 October: Kurdish regional forces retook the northern Iraqi town of Zumar and several nearby villages - 26 October: Iraq government forces and militias take control of strategic town of Jurf al-Sakhar south of Baghdad, breaking the grip of Islamic State terrorists after months of fighting - 28 October: As a car bomb kills at least eight people in Baghdad and a suicide bombing left dead at least 14 pro-government fighters south of the capital, the US-led coalition carries out fresh air strikes against terrorists in Iraq and Syria
November/December 2014: 2 November: Islamic State terrorists executed 67 people from a pro-government Sunni tribe in the western Iraqi province of Anbar - 27 November: Iraqi forces backed by tribesmen hold off 'Islamic State' attack on Ramadi - 28 November: New series of USA military air strikes hit 'Islamic State' in Iraq and Syria - 4 December: 'Islamic State' cedes little ground despite coalition's air attacks - 17 December: Iraqi Kurdish forces launch offensive to retake 'Islamic State' held areas - 18 December: Iraqi Kurds backed by USA air strikes reportedly free 'vast area' of Mt Sinjar freeing trapped Yazidis - 21 December: Iraq Kurds deliver aid to Mt Sinjar, expand their offensive against 'Islamic State' and push its militants out of a large area around Mt Sinjar, backed by USA-led air strikes - 28 December: Hundreds of executions by 'Islamic State', also killing its own members, in Syria reported, as Iranian general killed by sniper bullet in embattled Iraqi city - 29 December: Iraqi forces launch offensive on 'Islamic State' in Dhuluiyah
2015: 1 February: Iraq Kurdish forces retake oil field, villages in Kirkuk province from 'Islamic State' terrorists, freeing also 24 workers who had been taken captive - 8 February: At least 40 people killed in Baghdad 'Islamic State's' bombings as decade-old nightly curfew ends, 'Islamic State' claims responsibility for one attack - 9 February: At least 13 civilians killed in a suicide bombing at a security checkpoint in western Baghdad's Shi'ite neighborhood of Kadhamiya - 14 February: Sunni tribal leader and seven others killed in Baghdad ambush - 20 February: Expected operation to retake Mosul from 'Islamic State' terrorists will likely begin in April or May - 24 February: Wave of bombings around Baghdad kills 28 people - 26 February: A USA-led coalition air strike near the Iraqi border town of Al-Qaim reportedly killed at least 17 'Islamic State' terrorists and nine civilians overnight - 28 February: Kurdish fighters rout 'Islamic State' terrorists from Tel Hamees in Syria’s northeastern Hassakeh region near Iraq - 28 February: Iraq bombs kill dozens in attacks north of Baghdad - 2 March: Iraqi forces begin assault on 'Islamic State' stronghold Tikrit - 3 March: USA-led coalition conducts more airstrikes on 'Islamic State' targets in Syria and Iraq, as at least four Shi’ite militias will help try to liberate Mosul - 6 March: Islamic State terrorists 'bulldozed' ancient city of Nimrud, Iraqi ministry says - 9 March: Backed by coalition airstrikes, Kurdish forces attack 'Islamic State' terrorists around Kirkuk - 12 March: Iraqi forces enter 'Islamic State' held Tikrit after 10-day push - 14 March: Evidence that IS used chemical weapons, Iraqi Kurds say - 22 March: Iraqi Sunnis accuse Shi'ite paramilitaries of burning homes outside Tikrit - 1 April: Iraq's defense ministry declares 'magnificent victory' over Islamic State terrorists in Tikrit - 4 April: Shi'ite fighters leave Tikrit under government deal after looting - 14 April: A car bomb in a commercial area in Mahmoudiyah south of Baghdad killed at least seven civilians and wounded 13 others - 16 April: IS terrorists clash with security forces inside Iraq's largest refinery in Anbar province - 18 April: Iraqi forces reportedly retake most of Baiji refinery - 19 April: More than 90,000 people fleeing violence in Iraq's Anbar province as bombings and mortar fire targeting public places kill 14 people around the capital Baghdad, UN says - 28 April: 3 car bombs on busy streets and marketplaces in Baghdad kill at least 19 people, a day after a wave of bombings hit the capital - 1 May: Five car bombs exploded across Baghdad on Thursday evening, killing at least 17 people - 14 May 2015: Five members of one family, including a pregnant woman and girl aged eight, died in Fadhiliya in suspected USA-led air strike, as other victims of the anti-IS air campaign may go unrecorded - 18 May: Ramadi falls to IS terrorists after Iraq military forces have fled abandoning their weapons, dozens of army vehicles and Iraqi PM's calls for reinforcement - 18 May: About 500 people — both civilians and Iraqi soldiers — are estimated to have been killed and thousands fled as Ramadi fell to the IS terrorists - 24 May: Iraqi forces regain ground from Islamic State terrorists east of Ramadi - 29 May: Bombings targeting two top hotels in Baghdad kill 15 people, with another 42 wounded - 4 June: UN appeals for half a billion dollars in international aid to help tackle worsening humanitarian crisis in Iraq triggered by the conflict with Islamic State - 10 June: USA's Obama weighs sending several hundred more USA troops to Iraq - 11 June: USA's expanded military campaign will set up a new base in Anbar Province to advise Iraqi forces on how to plan and organize operations and help them reach out to Sunni tribes and bring them into the battle
12 June 2015 - present 'Battle of Mosul', offensive launched by the Iraqi government and Kurdish forces against 'Islamic State' terrorists - 15 June: Seventeen people killed in battles between 'Islamic State' terrorists and pro-government forces near Iraq's Baiji refinery - 6 July: Heavy fighting as Iraqi Shi'ite fighters and army troops try to surround Falluja - 13 July: Baghdad bombings in Shia Muslim neighbourhoods and blamed on 'Islamic State' terrorists, reportedly kill at least 21 and wound 62 during Ramadan - 13 July: Iraq says operation to retake the country's largest province Anbar from 'Islamic State' underway - 14 July 2015: Iraq conflict leaves nearly 15,000 civilians dead over last 16 months, as UN report estimates death toll is in addition to 30,000 wounded and multiple gross human rights abuses - 18 July: A car bomb claimed by 'Islamic State' terrorists killed at least 80 people including children in a busy market in Iraqi town of Khan Bani Saad, about 20 miles northeast of Baghdad, while Muslims were celebrating end of Ramadan - 22 July: At least 32 people killed in bomb attacks across Iraq, the deadliest incident in northeastern Baghdad - 11 August: Three explosions, two of them suicide bombings, killed at least 33 people near Baquba, the capital of Iraq's eastern province of Diyala - 13 August: 'Islamic State' terrorists' truck bomb attack in the Iraqi capital's Jameela market kills 58 people also wounding at least 89 - 16 August: A series of bombings across Baghdad have killed at least 24 people on August 15 - 26 August: Kurds launch new assault on 'Islamic State' terrorists in northern Iraq - 30 September 2015: Kurds take ground from Islamic State terrorists in north Iraq, driving them out of several villages near the oil city of Kirkuk - 10 October: Iraq says forces advancing in several areas north and west of Ramadi - 17 October: Iraqi forces in huge anti-terrorist push in Baiji as part of their biggest advance against the Islamic State - 22 October: In a raid by Kurdish troops and USA special forces in northern Iraq nearly 70 hostages facing 'imminent mass execution' have been rescued from an Islamic State terrorists' jail, also leading to the first USA combat death since 2011
November/December 2015: November 2015 Sinjar offensive of Kurdish Peshmerga forces to recapture the city of Sinjar from the Islamic State terrorists - 12 November: Kurdish forces launch an extensive push to retake Sinjar city in northern Iraq, 15 months after it was seized by Islamic State terrorists - 13 November: Kurdish forces seize Iraq's Sinjar town from IS terrorists - 22 décembre: L'armée irakienne est entrée dans le centre de Ramadi - 27 décembre: Les forces kurdes ont arrêté et tué plusieurs membres du groupe Etat islamique à Riyadh en Irak - 28 December: Iraqi forces seize key base in Ramadi from 'Islamic State' terrorists - 29 December: Iraq's army will need Kurdish fighters' help to retake Mosul, Iraqi Finance Minister Zebari says, adding that its liberation would mark the end of the caliphate proclaimed by the 'Islamic State' terrorists
2016: 4 January 2016: At least two Sunni Muslim mosques have been attacked in Iraq in apparent retaliation for the execution of a Shi'ite cleric in Saudi Arabia - 11 January 2016: Dozens dead in spate of attacks by 'Islamic State' terrorists suicide bombers and gunmen in Iraq - 19 janvier: L'Etat islamique continue à mener des actes qui pourraient constituer des crimes de guerre, contre l'humanité et potentiellement un génocide, selon un rapport de l'ONU, qui cible aussi des violations de tous les autres acteurs - 22 January 2016: Kurds and Shias face off over Kirkuk in vacuum left by Iraqi army - 28 February: Bombings claimed by the Islamic State terrorists killed at least 33 and wounded at least 79 people in a Shiite area of Baghdad on Sunday - 6 March: Devastating busy checkpoint crowded with traffic in Hilla, 'Islamic State' terrorists' truck bomb kills 47 people south of Baghdad - 25 mars 2016: Double offensive à Palmyre et Mossoul contre le groupe Etat islamique - 25 March: Suspected 'Islamic State' suicide bomber kills 29 at football match in Iskanderiyah near Baghdad, as Iraqi forces recapture territory in western and northern provinces - 11 mai 2016: Au moins 34 personnes ont été tuées et une cinquantaine blessées mercredi dans un attentat à la voiture piégée ayant visé un marché à Bagdad - 15 May: Bomb attacks against a state-run cooking gas factory in Baghdad's northern outskirts on Sunday killed at least 11 people, including policemen, and wounded 21 others - 17 May: Two bombs went off in Baghdad on Tuesday, killing at least 13 people and wounding more than 40 - 24 mai: Les forces irakiennes poursuivaient leur vaste offensive pour reprendre la ville de Fallouja au groupe Etat islamique, une bataille qui met la population civile en grave danger - 29 May: Fears for civilians trapped inside Fallujah and in northern Syrian Islamic State terrorists' areas - 29 May: Servicemen from the USA-led coalition are assisting Kurdish Peshmerga forces in a new offensive in Iraq that aims to retake a handful of villages from Islamic State terrorists east of their Mosul stronghold - 30 May: Iraqi army enters Falluja in attempt to drive out Islamic State terrorists - 5 juin: Les forces irakiennes impliquées dans les opérations pour la reprise de Fallouja au groupe terroriste Etat islamique ont découvert dimanche une fosse commune qui contiendrait des centaines de corps - 9 June 2016: Two separate terror attacks targeting commercial street and army checkpoint in Baghdad kill at least 22 and wound more than 70 - 12 June: Iraqi forces gain ground against Islamic State terrorists south of Mosul - 17 June: Iraqi forces reportedly seized a tactically significant district in the embattled city of Falluja - 26 June 2016: Iraqi forces recaptured the last remaining district held by Islamic State terrorists in Falluja on Sunday, declaring the battle complete - 3 July 2016: At least 83 people were killed and 176 wounded in two separate bomb attacks in the Iraqi capital early Sunday, as one blast targets busy shopping center in Karada, killing 78 and wounding scores, claimed by Islamic State terrorists - 8 July 2016: Islamic State terrorists claim a triple suicide attack on Thursday evening near a Shia mausoleum north of Baghdad that killed at least 35 people and wounded 60 others - 9 July: Shia militias rule after battle to free Falluja, a city of ghosts and graffiti and a uncertain future for the people - 24 July: A suicide bomber struck near a checkpoint in a Shiite area of northern Baghdad, killing at least 12 and wounding at least 22 people - 25 juillet: Un attentat-suicide à la voiture piégée a fait au moins 12 morts et 37 blessés lundi matin à l'entrée de la ville de Khales au nord-est de Bagdad - 31 July: Thousands are fleeing Shirqat controlled by Islamic State terrorists, as Iraqi forces eye the northern Iraqi town, one of the last steps before Mosul - 14 August: Kurdish peshmerga forces in fresh push to recapture Mosul from Islamic State terrorists
October 2016: Since October 2016 Battle of Mosul, a joint offensive by Iraqi forces with allied militias, Kurdish Peshmerga of Iraqi Kurdistan, and international forces to retake the city of Mosul from Islamic State terrorists, following March-September 2016 Mosul offensive against the the so-called Islamic State in the region in a joint effort by Iraqi forces and Kurdish Peshmerga, limited USA ground forces, and USA and allied air support - 14/15 October 2016: Iraqi and Kurdish forces are finalising plans to attack the last urban stronghold Mosul of Islamic State terrorists in Iraq, which after a month-long buildup is now largely surrounded by a 60,000-strong force, as terrorists have banned civilians from leaving the city, setting up checkpoints on roads out and blowing up the homes of those who do flee as punishment and to deter others - 15 octobre: Au moins 27 fidèles chiites, qui étaient rassemblés pour la fête de l'Achoura dans le quartier d'Al Chaab, dans le nord de la capitale irakienne, ont été tués dans un attentat-suicide revendiqé par 'l'Etat islamique' - 17 October 2016: Iraqi and Kurdish forces launch assault on Mosul, which has been in the hands of Islamic State terrorists since 2014 - 19 October: Mosul residents who have fled Islamic State say a homegrown resistance, raised over the past six months, has made plans to launch coordinated attacks against the group as Iraqi and Kurdish forces close in - 20 October: After 'Islamic State' terrorist leaders reportedly have begun to flee Mosul, Iraqi army, special forces and Kurdish peshmerga launch 'large-scale' operation to retake Mosul - 21 October: Islamic State terrorists launch a commando raid on Kirkuk as concerns mount over fate of civilians in Mosul - 22 October: Nearly 1,000 people have been treated for breathing problems linked to toxic gases from a sulphur plant which Islamic State terrorists are suspected to have set on fire near the city of Mosul - 28 octobre: Au moins 232 personnes ont été exécutées par le groupe Etat Islamique il y a quelques jours, près de Mossoul, alors que les troupes irakiennes s'approchaient de cette ville, selon l'ONU
November/December 2016: 2 November 2016: Iraqi special forces are holding their positions in Mosul a day after entering the Islamic State-held city for the first time since 2014 - 2 November: Mosul civilians flee heavy fighting and Islamic State terrorists - 4 November: Heavy fighting in Mosul as Iraqi forces launch assault - 7 November 2016: Peshmerga liberate Bashiqa in the joint offensive to liberate Mosul and its countryside - 12 November 2016: As Iraqi troops battle IS terrorists in Mosul, UN reports terrorists's executions, over 47,000 displaced people, and USA-backed forces in Syria advance on jihadist bastion of Raqqa - 15 November 2016: In cleared areas of Mosul, Iraqi troops struggle to provide civilians with food - 24 November 2016: Dozens of people, many of them Iranian Shia pilgrims, have been killed by a suicide bombing claimed by Islamic State terrorists near the Iraqi city of Hilla, 60 miles south of Baghdad - 21 décembre 2016: Des combattants du groupe Etat islamique ont 'délibérément' attaqué des civils refusant de leur servir de 'boucliers humains' dans leur fuite face aux forces irakiennes à Mossoul - 29 December: Iraqi troops resume push to take Mosul from Isis after two-week lull - 31 December 2016: Two bombs explode in a busy market area in Baghdad's central al-Sinek neighborhood on Saturday, killing at least 18 people and wounding dozens
March/April 2017: 4 March 2017: Thousands flee Iraq’s Mosul overnight, as fighting rages on to recapture it from Islamic State terrorists - 4 March 2017: UN raises fears of chemical attack in Mosul as patients exhibit 'severe signs associated with exposure to a blister agent' - 24 March 2017: For almost a week desperate neighbours had scraped through the rubble, searching for shouting children and as many as 130 people who lay buried after three homes in a west Mosul suburb were destroyed by coalition airstrikes, raising fresh questions about USA rules of engagement - 25 March 2017: Iraq suspends Mosul offensive after USA-led coalition airstrike atrocity - 28 March 2017: Residents in Mosul were instructed not to leave their homes ahead of airstrikes last week that are reported to have killed more than 150 civilians, rights group says
May/June 2017: 30 May 2017: A suicide bomber detonated an explosives-rigged vehicle at a popular Baghdad ice cream shop killing 15 people and wounding 24 and claimed by 'Islamic State' terrorists - 30 mai 2017: Les forces irakiennes continuant de progresser dans l'ouest de Mossoul où quelque 200.000 civils piégés sont en grand danger selon l'ONU - 4 June 2017: Isil has surrendered the key town of Baaj in north-west Iraq, a known hideout of the terrorist group’s leader which had been under Islamist militants’ control throughout 14 years of war and insurgency - 13 June 2017: Contaminated food supplied by a UK charity has made hundreds of people severely ill at a camp for Iraqi civilians who have fled Islamic State terrorists and fighting in Mosul - 18 June 2017: Iraqi troops move into Mosul’s Old City, last Islamic State stronghold, as UN says over 100,000 civilians are trapped in battle zone, where terror group is using them as human shields - 22 June 2017: With IS terrorists close to defeat in Mosul, its various opponents are already competing to define what will happen next
October 2017 Battle of Kirkuk: October 2017 Battle of Kirkuk, Iraqi offensive to retake Kirkuk Governorate from the Kurdish Regional Government - 13 October 2017: Kurdish and Iraqi government forces have squared off south of Kirkuk rushing troops and armour to the oil-rich city, two weeks after the country’s Kurds voted for independence from Baghdad and after Baghdad government forces, that failed to resist Islamic State terrorists 2013-2016, took positions on the city’s approaches, prompting fears of fresh violence in one of the most bitterly contested corners of Iraq - 16 October 2017: Iraqi federal troops have seized several parts of the disputed Kurdish-controlled province of Kirkuk, as Kurds claim Iraqi troops 'burnt houses and killed many' in battle for oil-rich Kirkuk, supported by the Iranian-backed mainly Shiite Hashd al-Shaabi - 16 October 2017: USA military rushes to defuse looming crisis in Kirkuk after Iraqi army advances - 17 October 2017: Iraqi forces and Shia-led militia drive Kurdish fighters out of town of Sinjar
Oil and gas companies of Iraq: Oil and gas companies of Iraq
Hydroelectric power stations in Iraq: Hydroelectric power stations in Iraq
February 2013 large loss of fresh water reserves in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins: 12 February 2013: A large loss of fresh water reserves in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins since 2003 detected
World Heritage and archaeological sites in Iraq: World Heritage Sites in Iraq - Archaeological sites in Iraq
External trade of Iraq: External trade of Iraq
Federal government and budget: Federal government of Iraq
Elections and politics in Iraq: Elections in Iraq
July 2014: 1 July: Iraqi parliament session collapses amid political standoff - 2 July: Control of rivers and dams reportedly has become a major tactical weapon for Isis and water supply one key to outcome of conflicts in Iraq and Syria - 8 July: Iraq’s new parliament postponed its next session for five weeks, extending the country’s political paralysis in the face of Sunni Islamist aggression - 10 July: Kurdish ministers boycott Iraqi cabinet meetings in response to prime minister Nouri al-Maliki's branding of Kurdish capital Irbil as haven for Isis militants - 16 July: Iraq's parliament elects new speaker al-Jabouri as Iraqi forces withdraw from Tikrit after heavy resistance - 25 July: USA congratulates Iraq on electing new president Fuad Masum, urging him to form a 'cohesive government' to help fight Islamic militants
May 2018 Iraqi parliamentary election: 12 May 2018 Iraqi parliamentary election - 13 May 2018: Updates in first Iraqi election since IS terrorists defeat, as turnout was 44.52% with 92% of votes counted - 14 May 2018: With 95% of the votes counted in 10 of Iraq’s 18 provinces, Iraq’s Sadr supporters gathered in Tahrir Square in Baghdad to celebrate and chanted against Iran and corruption and in support of the independence of the Iraqi decision, saying 'Iran is out, Baghdad remains free' - 19 May 2018: According to official results the political coalition led by Muqtada al-Sadr won the most seats in Iraq's national parliamentary elections, after Sadr led insurgencies against USA-led forces following the ouster of Saddam Hussein and is against Iranian and USA's influence in Iraq - 20 May 2018: Iraq’s election winner al-Sadr promises reforms but is constrained by the expansionist Iranian regime
4 October 2019 government admits 'legitimate demands' but kills protesters: 4 October 2019: After riot police have fired live rounds and tear gas every day to disperse protesters, leaving 33 people dead and hundreds wounded, Iraq’s premier Abdul-Mahdi said their 'legitimate demands' have been heard, now pledging to work on laws granting poor families a basic income and fight corruption - 4 October 2019: Police shot at a group of protesters in Baghdad on Friday after three deadly days of anti-government protest that left 44 dead and after authorities cut internet access in a desperate move to curb the rallies - 4 October 2019: Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani criticized the government, as well as the leaders of the two biggest parliament blocs, saying they failed to fulfill their promises to the people, calling on political leaders to take 'practical and clear steps' toward combatting corruption and on the government to 'carry out its duty' to diminish people’s suffering - 4 October 2019: Iraqi police open fire on protesters in Baghdad on fourth day of unrest
2 January 2020 Iran-backed 'Hashed al-Shaabi' (Popular Mobilization Forces) influences Iraqi government: 2 January 2020: Iran-backed Hashed al-Shaabi force, that besieged the USA embassy in Baghdad, also with close relations to the Syrian Assad regime tries to exert its will on Baghdad government and to control events on the ground - Since 2003 'Kata'ib Hezbollah' (Brigades of the Party of God), an Iraqi Shia paramilitary group which is part of the Popular Mobilization Forces supported by Iran, active in the Iraqi Civil War and Assad's war against the Syrian people since 2011 - Since 2014 'Hashed al-Shaabi' (Popular Mobilization Forces), an Iraqi state-sponsored umbrella organization composed of some 40 militias, trained and supported by military advisers from Turkey (for Sunni and Turkmeni troops), by Iran and Lebanese Hezbollah, including Qasem Soleimani, also said to have their own military intelligence, administrative systems, and a sort of 'media war team' that provides morale boosting, battlefield updates and propaganda videos, and a court of law, as PM Haider al-Abadi in 2015 placed the Popular Mobilization Forces under the direct command of PM's office, thus giving a further official status to the militia, and as chairman of the Popular Mobilization Committee in the Iraqi government is Falih al-Fayyadh, who is also the 'National Security Adviser'
3 January 2020 Iraq paramilitary chief slain alongside Soleimani was Iranian regime’s man in country: 3 January 2020: Iraq paramilitary chief Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, a sworn enemy of the USA, slain alongside Soleimani was Iranian regime’s man in country
Social movements and protests in Iraq: Protests in Iraq - 2011 Iraqi protests - 2012–14 Iraqi protests
2013: 4 January: Tens of thousands of Sunni Muslims in Iraq have been staging anti-government protests in Baghdad and other cities - 11 January: Tens of thousands of people continue to protest in numerous cities, including Ramadi, Samara and Mosul - 26 January: Thousands of mourners gathered in the Iraqi city of Fallujah on Saturday at the funerals of Sunni protesters killed by army troops a day earlier - 1/2 February: Hundreds of thousands of Iraqis protesting against alleged discrimination and PM Nuri al-Maliki in new rallies in Sunni-majority parts of the country - 22 February: Anti-al-Qaeda fighters targeted near Baghdad as fresh demonstrations are held against Maliki's Shia-led government - 24 April: After Iraqi forces raided a Sunni protest camp and deadly clashes between security forces and protesters in a wave of revenge attacks, gunmen seized control of Sulaiman Bek north of Baghdad - 31 August: Thousands of protesters in and around Baghdad and south Iraq angrily railed against lawmakers' lavish benefits
Since July 2018 Iraqi protests: July 2018 Iraqi protests - 14 July 2018: Iraq protests spread to several cities including Najaf, Nasiriya, Baghdad and Amara - 15 juillet 2018: Deux personnes ont été tuées dans le sud de l'Irak au cours d'un mouvement de contestation sociale qui gagne du terrain, poussant les autorités à décréter un couvre-feu à Bassora - 15 July 2018: Iraqis demanding better public services and jobs took to the streets again on Sunday in the southern oil-rich province of Basra, as authorities put security forces on high alert and blocked internet - 16 July 2018: Mass protests sweep Iraq, target pro-Iran militias and parties, as Baghdad government shuts Internet and sends USA-trained elite counter-terror units to quell economic unrest - 19 July 2018: Protests over widespread unemployment, pollution, dirty drinking water and electricity failures during a stifling heat wave spread through cities in Iraq's oil-rich Shia south, where residents are some of the country’s poorest
September 2018: 1 September 2018: Iraqis clash with security forces in southern oil hub of Basra in protest over neglect, demanding for better public services and an end to pervasive corruption - 5 September 2018: Seven dead, more than 30 wounded, as government forces respond to demonstrators in Basra because of lack of public services - 8 September 2018: Protesters in Basra have attacked or set fire to nearly every government building, including the headquarters of the ruling Da’wa Party, the offices of the state-run Iraqiya TV station, as well as the Iranian consulate and the headquarters of almost every Iranian-backed militia in the city - 25 September 2018: Masked gunmen shot dead human rights activist and mother of four Soad al-Ali, who has been involved in organizing protests demanding better services in the city, outside a supermarket in Basra on Tuesday
Since October 2019 protests: October 2019 Iraqi protests, an ongoing series of protests that consisted of demonstrations, marches, sit-ins and civil disobedience, starting on 1 October 2019 - 2 October 2019: Security forces fired in the air and used tear gas to disperse groups of demonstrators in Baghdad, killing one and wounding six in renewed protests after violent confrontations between protesters and police a day earlier, officials said - 3 October 2019: The death toll from mass rallies in Iraq against corruption and unemployment rose to 18 on Thursday, as the leaderless protest movement spread to virtually all of the south, and as the internet is down across most of Iraq on the third day of protests that were called for on social media, with a monitor saying 'intentional restrictions' have caused the near-blackout, and as Iraqi authorities don't comment on the blackout following a similar pattern in 2018 - 6 October 2019: At least 18 Iraqis killed in anti-corruption protests, as death toll nears 100 and as cabinet, responsible for the killing of citizens, presents reform plan to try to quell anger over corruption and unemployment
26 October 2019 protests and killed protesters: 26 October 2019: Renewed anti-government protests across Iraq left more than 40 people dead on Friday through tear gas, live rounds and fires, a watchdog and security sources told AFP, as twelve people died in the southern city of Diwaniyah alone, while setting fire to the headquarters of the powerful Iran-backed Badr organization, and several died while trying to storm the offices of Asaib Ahl al-Haq, another Iran-backed armed faction, and as World Bank says one of five Iraqis still lives in poverty and youth unemployment amounts 25%, in OPEC’s second-biggest oil producing and the 12th most corrupt nation in the world - 26 octobre 2019: Des centaines d'Irakiens manifestent samedi à Bagdad sous les gaz lacrymogènes, peu avant une réunion du Parlement
Iraqi society, culture, religion and human rights in Iraq: Iraqi society
Governorates and districts of Iraq: Governorates (provinces) of Iraq - Districts of Iraq
Baghdad Governorate: Baghdad Governorate
Since 1792 BC Baghdadu city becoming a major capital city in the Babylonian Empire: Since 1792 BC Babylonian city of Baghdadu becoming a major capital city in the Babylonian Empire, at the time of Hammurabi's reign, as Babylonia was called 'the country of Akkad', that was often involved in rivalry with the older state of Assyria - including Assyria to the north (today Hassakh province and ancient city of Nineveh, today on the outskirts of Mosul in northern Iraq, located on the eastern bank of the Tigris river, formerly the capital and largest city of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, as well as the largest city in the world for several decades), Andarig (including towns of Andarig and Kurds), Yamad (today Idlib, Hama, Lattakia and Aleppo provinces), Mari (an ancient Semitic city-state 11km north-west of Abu Kamal on the Euphrates River western bank, some 120km southeast of Deir ez-Zor, and today approximately al-Raqqah, Deir Ezzor provinces in Syria), Qatna (today Rif Damasqh province, including Damascus), and Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar in Iraq's Diyala governorate, an ancient Sumerian and later Akkadian city and city-state in central Mesopotamia) to the east, neighbouring ancient Iran
January–July 1157 siege of Baghdad, the last Seljuq attempt to capture Baghdad from the Abbasids: January–July 1157 siege of Baghdad, the last Seljuq attempt to capture Baghdad from the Abbasids. Caliph al-Muqtafi successfully defended his capital against the coalition armies of Seljuq Sultan Muhammad of Hamadan and Qutb ad-Din of Mosul, after in 1133 the caliph, deserted by his troops, was taken prisoner. Left in the caliphal tent, in the sultan's absence, he was found murdered while reading the Quran. To avenge his father's death, the new Caliph Al-Rashid Billah insulted the envoy of sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud. In January 1157, Muhammad reached the walls of western Baghdad. The following Siege of Baghdad was a fifty-day blockade of Baghdad, Later Al-Muqtafi eventually realized that the siege was useless, so he preferred to fight for his throne. Thus the Siege of Baghdad came to end on 13 July 1157
20th century timeline of Baghdad: 21st century timeline of Baghdad
21st century in Baghdad: 21st century in Baghdad
February 2015 Baghdad’s first female mayor Zekra Alwach: 21 February 2015: Baghdad’s first female mayor Zekra Alwach to take reins
Akkad area and distribution of land in the 'Old Babylonian Empire': Location of Akkad city, as many older proposals put Akkad on the Euphrates, but more recent discussions conclude that a location on the Tigris is more likely. Based on an Old Babylonian period itinerary from Mari, Akkad would be on the Tigris just downstream of the current city of Baghdad. Mari documents also indicate that Akkad is sited at a river crossing. On the Land grant to Marduk-apla-iddina I by Meli-Shipak II the recipient is given land in of the city of Agade located around the settlement of Tamakku adjacent to the Nar Sarri (Canal of the King) in Bit-Piri’-Amurru, north of the 'land of Istar-Agade' and east of Kibati canal, by the Kassite ruler Meli-Shipak II ca. 1186–1172 BC - 1894 BC – c. 1595 BC 'Old Babylonian Empire' coming after the end of Sumerian power with the destruction of the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the subsequent Isin-Larsa period - 626 BC - 539 BC 'Neo-Babylonian Empire', the last of the Mesopotamian empires to be ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia. Beginning with Nabopolassar's coronation as King of Babylon in 626 BC and being firmly established through the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 612 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Empire and its ruling Chaldean dynasty were short-lived, conquered after less than a century by the Persian Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC. The defeat of the Assyrians and the transfer of empire to Babylon marked the first time the city, and southern Mesopotamia in general, had risen to dominate the Ancient Near East since the collapse of Hammurabi's Old Babylonian Empire nearly a thousand years earlier.
Timeline of Basra since 638 CE: Timeline of Basra since 638 CE
Basra in the 21st century: Timeline of Basra in the 21st century
December 2007 UK troops 'return' Basra to Iraqis: 17 December 2007 UK troops 'return' Basra to Iraqis
History and timeline of Nasiriyah: History and timeline of Nasiriyah city
History and timeline of Baqubah cityHistory and timeline of Baqubah city
History of Ramadi: History of Ramadi
Nineveh Governorate: Nineveh Governorate
History of Mosul: History of Mosul
Timeline of Erbil since 1232: Timeline of Erbil since Middle Ages
Demographics and minorities in Iraq: Demographics of Iraq - Ethnic groups in Iraq - Minorities in Iraq
Shia–Sunni relations in modern Iraq: Shia–Sunni relations in modern Iraq
Children in Iraq:
Education in Iraq: Education in Iraq
Schools in Iraq: List of schools in Iraq
Universities in Iraq: Universities in Iraq
Violence against academics in post-invasion Iraq: Violence against academics in post-invasion Iraq since 2003
Health in Iraq: Health in Iraq
Water supply, quality and sanitation in Iraq: Water supply and sanitation in Iraq
Medical outbreaks, disasters and man-made disasters in Iraq: Medical outbreaks in Iraq - Disasters in Iraq - Man-made disasters in Iraq
2007 Iraq cholera outbreak: 2007 Iraq cholera outbreak
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Iraq: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Iraq
14 April 2020 Iraq reports 1,378 covid-19 cases and 78 victims: 14 April 2020: Iraq reports 1,378 covid-19 cases and 78 victims
Media in Baghdad, Basra, Erbil, Mosul and Sulaymaniyah: Media in Baghdad - Economy and media of Basra - Media in Erbil - Media in Mosul - Media in Sulaymaniyah
Newspapers in Iraq: Newspapers in Iraq
Religiously motivated violence in Iraq: Religiously motivated violence in Iraq
Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2016: Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2016
Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2017: Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2017
Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2018: Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2018
Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2019: Terrorist incidents in Iraq in 2019
2014: 25 September 2014: ISIS kill lawyer Samira Salih al-Nuaimi for 'apostasy' when she criticised them on Facebook for being religious bigots - 4 October 2014: Isis video shows murder of British hostage Alan Henning, who had gone to Syria to help victims of conflict by joining an aid convoy and was taken captive on December 26
2021 list of terrorist incidents linked to ISIL also in Iraq: 2021 list of terrorist incidents linked to ISIL, committed in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan
Persecution of Yazidis and Assyrians by the 'Islamic State': Persecution of Yazidis by Islamic State - Persecution of Assyrians by the Islamic State
Destruction of cultural heritage by 'Islamic State' terrorists: Destruction of cultural heritage by Islamic State terrorists
Corruption in Iraq: Corruption in Iraq
Human trafficking in Iraq: Human trafficking in Iraq
Law enforcement in Iraq: Law enforcement in Iraq
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1918-2003, disputed territories and regional government: Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 1918-2003 - Disputed territories of Northern Iraq - Kurdistan Regional Government
Kurdistan Regional Government and disputed territories of Northern Iraq: Kurdistan Regional Government - Disputed territories of Northern Iraq
Timeline of Erbil since 1232: Timeline of Erbil since Middle Ages
Economy of Iraqi Kurdistan, society, politics and human rights: Economy of Iraqi Kurdistan - Iraqi society - Human rights in Iraqi Kurdistan
Elections and politics in Iraqi Kurdistan: Iraqi Kurdistan legislative election 25 July 2009
2012/2013: 28 July 2012: Kurd leader Massoud Barzani warns against budget cuts by Iraq - 10 January 2013: Syrian Kurds find refuge in northern Iraq - camp Domiz is home to about 30.000 Syrian Kurds who are allowed to move freely and work in the region - 14 mai: Les premiers rebelles du PKK arrivent en Irak après leur retrait de Turquie - 11 June 2013: More than 1,000 Kurdish career soldiers in the Iraqi army have deserted and want to be integrated into the Kurdish former rebel peshmerga militia - 26 June 2013: A Kurdish bloc won the most seats in one of two provinces that held delayed elections last week, surprisingly beating out the governor's Sunni Arab party - 28 July: A suicide car bomber rammed his vehicle into a Kurdish security patrol in northern city of Tuz Khormato killing eight people and wounding five more - 18 août 2013: Des milliers de Kurdes syriens affluent dans la région autonome du Kurdistan irakien en quête d'un peu de répit, loin des privations et des combats contre les jihadistes
Kurdistan Region/Israel relations: Kurdistan Region/Israel relations
Kurdistan Region/European Union relations: Kurdistan Region/European Union relations
Since July 2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis: Since July 2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis
Kurdistan Region/Syria relations: Kurdistan Region/Syria relations
Foreign relations of Iraq: Foreign relations of Iraq
Treaties of Iraq: Treaties of Iraq
Iraq/Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) relations: Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
2014: 12 June 2014: UN official to Iraq briefs Security Council saying there is no immediate threat to Baghdad - 2 July: UN and USA sharply criticised Iraqi leaders, warning time is running out after chaos in parliament despite calls for unity in the face of Isis offensive - 15 August: Iraq PM al-Maliki's decision to step down welcomed by UN's Ban Ki-moon, who urges meeting on nuclear-free Mideast - 20 September 2014: UN urges global support for Iraq to fight terror, reaffirms support for its force in Golan - 24 September 2014: As USA-led coalition's campaign against 'Islamic State' continues in Iraq and Syria, a UN Security Council committee blacklists more than a dozen foreign extremist fighters, fundraisers and recruiters tied to militant groups in Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Tunisia and Yemen - 18 October 2014: UN Security Council urges the international community to further strengthen support for the Iraqi government including Security Forces in the fight against Islamic State
Bilateral relations of Iraq: Bilateral relations of Iraq
Iraq/Australia relations: Iraq/Australia relations
Iraq/Bahrain relations: Iraq/Bahrain relations
Iraq/PR of China relations: Iraq/PR of China relations
Since February 2020 Chinese 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Iraq: Since February 2020 Chinese 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Iraq
2014-present Iranian intervention in Iraq: Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)
Iraq/Turkey relations: Iraq/Turkey relations - Euphrates river
Iraq/United Kingdom relations: Iraq/United Kingdom relations
British/USA-led Iraq War (2003-2011) and aftermath: Iraq War (2003-2011) - Category: Iraq War since 2003 - Bush and Blair determined to go to war regardless of the facts - memo of the meeting 31 January 2003 - Besetzung des Irak seit 2003 - "Iraq War Logs" (Tagebuch des Irakkriegs) - 104.924 recorded Iraqi deaths including 66.081 civilian deaths until 2009 - 20 October 2012: The families of two soldiers killed in Iraq have been told they can sue the Ministry of Defence for negligence - 21 December: Britain has paid out $22.7m to Iraqis who accused UK troops of illegally detaining and torturing them following the 2003 invasion - 29 January 2013: British troops in Iraq killed civilians including women, the elderly and children and committed 'terrifying acts of brutality', the British High Court heard today - 1 June 2013: Britain must investigate torture in Iraq, Afghanistan, UN says
Environment of Iraq: Environment of Iraq
Natural disasters in Iraq - heatwaves, droughts, dust storms, flooding:
23 August 2021 water crisis and drought threaten more than 12 million in Syria and Iraq: 23 August 2021: Water crisis and drought threaten more than 12 million in Syria and Iraq, Norwegian Refugee Council says
116 May 2022 Iraq's eighth sandstorm since mid-April: a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-61469512">16 May 2022: Iraq has been engulfed by dust and sand once again, hospitalising hundreds with breathing difficulties and forcing flights to remain grounded, in Iraq's eighth sandstorm since mid-April aa the red haze reduced visibility to just a few hundred feet in In Baghdad and southern Iraqi cities
Earthquakes in Iraq: Earthquakes in Iraq


Jordan - Geography of Jordan - History of Jordan - Demographics of Jordan
Industry in Jordan: Industry in Jordan
Agriculture in Jordan: Agriculture in Jordan
Tourism in Jordan: Tourism in Jordan
Central Bank of Jordan: Central Bank of Jordan
Amman Stock Exchange: Amman Stock Exchange
Economic history of Jordan and economic cycles: Economic history of Jordan - Since 1995 Jordan Investment Commission
1980–2017 main economic indicators in Jordan: Jordanian main economic indicators in 1980–2017
Labor in Jordan: Labor in Jordan
Taxation in Jordan: Taxation in Jordan
Jordanian Armed Forces: Jordanian Armed Forces
Trade unions in Jordan: Trade unions in Jordan
June 2018 protests: 2 June 2018: After angry protests across the cash-strapped country burdened by poverty and unemployment, Jordan’s King Abdullah II ordered the government on Friday to freeze new price hikes on fuel and electricity - 3 June 2018: Protests have taken place in cities across Jordan against IMF-backed austerity measures including a new income-tax draft law and price-hikes, hours after the government and unions failed to reach an agreement to end the standoff - 5 June 2018: As protests persist, Jordan’s king backs reforms but won’t nix tax hike, wishing to find solution 'away from traditional approach' but avoiding specifics, as protesters return to streets even after PM sacked - 7 June 2018: Doctors, lawyers and teachers staged a strike across Jordan on Wednesday in protest over IMF-backed austerity measures including a proposed income tax law that have sparked a week of angry demonstrations - 9 June 2018: Despite shelving of tax hike in wake of demonstrations, Jordan’s poor have little hope of change
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Jordan: Jordanian society - Human rights in Jordan
Cities in Jordan: List of cities in Jordan
Demographics of Jordan: Demographics of Jordan
Ethnic groups in Jordan: Ethnic groups in Jordan
Culture of Jordan: Culture of Jordan
Languages of Jordan: Languages of Jordan - Jordanian Arabic
Women in Jordan: Women in Jordan
Education in Jordan: Education in Jordan
Universities in Jordan: Universities in Jordan
Health in Jordan: Health in Jordan
Disease outbreaks in Jordan: Disease outbreaks in Jordan
2012-2014 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak: 2012-2014 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak also in Jordan
Religion and freedom of religion in Jordan: Religion in Jordan - Jordan's state religion is Islam
Crime in Jordan: Crime in Jordan
Corruption in Jordan: Corruption in Jordan
Violence and terrorism in Jordan: Terrorism in Jordan
Human trafficking in Jordan: Human trafficking in Jordan
Foreign relations of Jordan: Foreign relations of Jordan
Treaties of Jordan: Treaties of Jordan
Refugee camps in Jordan: Refugee camps in Jordan
Jordan and the United Nations:
Jordan is an active member of the United Nations and several of its specialized and related agencies, including the Food and Agriculture Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, World Health Organization. the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
Bilateral relations of Jordan: Bilateral relations of Jordan
Jordan/France relations: Jordan/France relations
Jordan/Israel relations: Jordan/Israel relations
Water politics in the Jordan River basin: Jordan River - Water politics in the Jordan River basin
1949 Armistice Agreements: 1949 Armistice Agreements
1994 Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace: Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace 1994
July 2017: 24 July 2017: Israeli government says, Israeli Embassy guard is protected from arrest and investigation by Vienna Convention, as Jordan won’t let him leave the country after he shot dead a Jordanian man who attacked him with a screwdriver at Israel’s embassy compound in Amman - 25 July 2017: Jordan investigation concludes Jordanian teen attacked Amman security officer, who then shot his assailant, killing him and another Jordanian national by accident - 28 July 2017: Jordan king visits slain embassy stabber’s family, after 17-year-old Jordanian Mohammed Mohammed al-Jawawdeh attacked Israeli security guard Ziv, whose last name has not been cleared for publication, and was shot dead by him acting in self-defense, and after family of Jordanian stabber demanded death penalty for Israeli guard, also saying if he did carry out attack, he’s 'a martyr’
Jordan/Pakistan relations: Jordan/Pakistan relations
Jordan/Palestinian territories relations: Jordan/Palestinian territories relations - Jordan River
Since 1949 Palestine refugee camps in Jordan: Palestine refugee camps in Jordan since 1949
Jordan/Qatar relations: Jordan/Qatar relations since 1972
2014: 6 April 2014: Syrian refugee killed and dozens wounded in riot at Zaatari refugee camp after the detention of a refugee family and a driver - 21 May: As Assad's war has forced two and a half million Syrians to flee, journalist and photographer visits two refugee camps in Jordan run by UNHCR - 27 May 2014: Jordan gives Assad regime's ambassador 24 hours to leave after violation of diplomatic protocol, in response Assad regime expels Jordan's ambassador - 31 July 2014: At Jordan's Zaatari refugee camp near the border with Syria, the horror of the neighboring country's civil war can be seen in the faces of its youngest refugees - 24 December: 'Islamic State' captures Jordan pilot after coalition warplane crashed in Syria, UN urges to treat the pilot in accordance with international humanitarian law
Jordan/United Kingdom relations: Jordan/United Kingdom relations
Jordan/USA relations: Jordan/USA relations
Environment of Jordan: Environment of Jordan
Natural disasters in Jordan: 2013 Middle East cold snap and floods


Kuwait - Geography of Kuwait - History of Kuwait - Demographics of Kuwait
External trade and finance of Kuwait: External trade and finance of Kuwait
Society, demographics and human rights in Kuwait: Kuwaiti society - Human rights in Kuwait
Nepalis in Kuwait: Nepalis in Kuwait
Freedom of religion and repression in Kuwait: Freedom of religion in Kuwait
Women and women's rights in Kuwait: Women in Kuwait - Women's rights in Kuwait - Polygamy in Kuwait
Migrant workers in Kuwait: Migrant workers in Kuwait
Health in Kuwait: Health in Kuwait
Kuwaiti media: Kuwaiti media - Radio stations in Kuwait - TV in Kuwait
Crime in Kuwait: Crime in Kuwait
Antisemitism in the Arab world and in Middle East countries: Antisemitism in the Middle East by country - Antisemitism in the Arab world - Islam and antisemitism
Terrorism in Kuwait: Terrorism in Kuwait
Human trafficking in Kuwait: Human trafficking in Kuwait
Elections and politics in Kuwait: Elections in Kuwait - Kuwait National Assembly
Since 2011 Kuwaiti protests, repression and politics: 2011/2012 Kuwaiti protests
Foreign relations of Kuwait: Foreign relations of Kuwait
Kuwait/Germany relations: Kuwait/Germany relations
Kuwait/India relations: Kuwait/India relations - 26 January 2013: Indian community in Kuwait celebrate Republic day
Kuwait/Pakistan relations: Kuwait/Pakistan relations
Kuwait/Saudi Arabia relations: Kuwait/Saudi Arabia relations
Kuwait/United Kingdom relations: Kuwait/United Kingdom relations
Kuwait/USA relations: Kuwait/USA relations
Environment of Kuwait: Environment of Kuwait
Water in Kuwait: Water in Kuwait - Biota of Kuwait


Lebanon - Geography of Lebanon - History of Lebanon - Lebanese Civil War 1975-1990 - Demographics of Lebanon
Tourism in Lebanon: Tourism in Lebanon
Agriculture in Lebanon: Agriculture in Lebanon - Lebanese wine
Water supply and sanitation in Lebanon: Water supply and sanitation in Lebanon
Banking and financial services in Lebanon: List of banks in Lebanon - Banque du Liban - Beirut Stock Exchange
Economic history of Lebanon and economic cycles: Economic history of Lebanon
Since 1975-1990 economic history of Lebanon, civil war and external trade: 1975-90 Lebanese civil war, seriously damaging Lebanon's economic infrastructure, and external trade
Military history of Lebanon: Military history of Lebanon
Taxation, fiscal haven and budget of Lebanon: Inequality in Lebanon and fiscal haven - Taxation in Lebanon
Elections and politics in Lebanon: Elections in Lebanon - Lebanese general election 2013
Ruling coalition since June 2011: Ruling coalition since June 2011: March 8 Alliance - March 8 Alliance member: Hezbollah - March 8 Alliance member: Syrian Social Nationalist Party - 13 June 2011: Lebanese new cabinet Miqati, dominated by Hezbollah - 19 October 2012: Prominent Lebanese security official Wissam al-Hassan, ally of opposition leader Saad Hariri, is among the dead in a car bombing in the capital Beirut that has killed at least eight people and wounded up to 80 others - 20 octobre: Au lendemain de l'attentat attribué par les experts et l'opposition au régime syrien le Premier ministre Mikati a annoncé qu’il resterait à la demande du président - 23 March 2013: PM Najib Mikati steps down after impasse in his cabinet over election preparations and senior security officials' dispute - 23 March: Lebanese president accepts Mikati's resignation over divisions on several domestic issues, asking him to continue in caretaker capacity
May 2017 Lebanese general election: 21 May 2017 Lebanese general election
November 2017: 4 November 2017: Lebanon’s PM Hariri resigns fearing for his life, slams Iran and Hezbollah, saying Tehran spreading chaos and destruction, accuses terror group of holding country hostage - 12 November 2017: In a Lebanese TV live interview Lebanon’s PM Saad Hariri said he was ready to die for Lebanon, remembering his father and former PM Rafik Hariri, who was killed by a car bomb in Beirut in 2005, but adding that he didn’t want his children to go through that kind of ordeal, after terrorist Hezbollah's Hassan Nasrallah said on Friday that Hariri was 'detained in Saudi Arabia' and 'banned from returning to Lebanon' - 22 November 2017: Back in Lebanon and holding first meeting with president since announcing surprise resignation from Saudi Arabia, PM Hariri delays resignation, after saying more than a week ago he could walk back from his resignation if Hezbollah withdrew from regional conflicts, including Syria
11 September 2020 Nasrallah boasts about stretching the Israeli army to the limit: 11 September 2020: Nasrallah boasts about stretching the Israeli army to the limit
10 December 2020 Lebanon's caretaker PM and ex-ministers charged over Beirut blast: 10 December 2020: Lebanon's caretaker PM and ex-ministers charged over Beirut blast
11 April 2021 more than 50% of Lebanon's population now trapped in poverty: 11 avril 2021: Plus de 50% des Libanais vivent sous le seuil de pauvreté
14 July 2021 Lebanon’s Hariri presents cabinet to president to end deadlock: 14 July 2021: Lebanon’s Hariri presents cabinet to president to end deadlock
29 July 2021 Lebanon parliament ready to lift immunity for Beirut blast probe: 29 July 2021: Lebanon parliament ready to lift immunity for Beirut blast probe
10 August 2021 Lebanon’s worsening fuel crisis spurs violence, leaves three dead: 10 Aaugust 2021: Lebanon’s worsening fuel crisis spurs violence, leaves three dead
22 October 2021 gunfire and sectarian anger renew civil war fears in Lebanon: 22 October 2021: Gunfire and sectarian anger renew civil war fears in Lebanon
23 April 2022 Lebanese opposition election candidates face threats and attacks: 23 April 2022: Lebanese opposition election candidates face threats and attacks in the upcoming parliamentary election campaign, accusing supporters of traditional parties of disrupting their campaigns
15 May 2022 Lebanese general election: 15 May 2022 Lebanese general election, after country has for several years been the subject of chronic political instability as well as a serious economic crisis aggravated by the explosions that hit the port of Beirut in 2020 and faced large-scale demonstrations against the political class - Political parties and coalitions, as on 24 January 2022 Saad Hariri announced his withdrawal from Lebanese politics and that he would not run in the 2022 general elections, also calling on the Future Movement to follow suit and not run in the upcoming parliamentary elections nor nominate anyone to run on its behalf - Opinion polls for the 2022 Lebanese elections found in December that nearly 40% of the people polled are willing to vote for an independent or 17 October Revolutionary candidate, Hezbollah and Amal with around 17% combined
August/September 2015 and 2015/2016 protests: 2015/2016 Lebanese protests, series of protests in response to the government's failure to dispose accumulated waste after the capital's main landfill was closed a month ago - 23 August 2015: Lebanese police fired tear gas and water cannon and shot in the air to try to disperse thousands of protesters in Beirut calling on the Salam government to step down for mishandling a dispute which left rubbish uncollected in the streets for weeks - 29 August: Thousands of protesters waving Lebanese flags took to the streets of Beirut for an unprecedented mobilisation against sectarian politicians they say are incompetent and corrupt - 5 September: Thousands of protesters rally in Beirut over politician's call to elect Lebanon's president by popular vote to address the crisis that has paralysed government and parliament
22-28 November 2019 sixth week of Lebanese protests: 22-28 November 2019 sixth week of Lebanese protests
Since June 2021 Lebanese protests: Since June 2021 Lebanese protests
Society, demographics, culture, religion and human rights in Lebanon: Lebanese society - Human rights in Lebanon
Governorates, districts and municipalities of Lebanon: 8 Governorates of Lebanon - 26 Districts of Lebanon - List of municipalities of Lebanon
July 2006 Jiyeh Power Station oil spill: July 2006 Jiyeh Power Station oil spill
Timeline of Beirut: Timeline of Beirut
Since 1920 Beirut Stock Exchange: Since 1920 Beirut Stock Exchange
Since 1933 Parliament of Lebanon: Since 1933 Parliament of Lebanon building erected
Since 1942 National Museum of Beirut: Since 1942 National Museum of Beirut
1975-1990 Lebanese Civil War: 1975-1990 Lebanese Civil War
8 August 2020 sunken Russian ship that brought ammonium nitrate to Beirut and never left: 8 August 2020: Sunken hull of Cyprus-based Russian businessman Igor Grechushkin owned MV 'Rhosus', whose cargo of thousands of tons of ammonium nitrate was responsible for the huge explosion that devastated Beirut last week, and which arrived in Lebanon in November 2013 while sailing from Georgia and bound for Mozambique, making the unscheduled detour to Beirut as the Russian shipowner was struggling with debts and hoped to earn some extra cash through picking up cargo in Lebanon, but 'Rhosus', reportedly unseaworthy, was soon impounded by the Lebanese authorities for failing to pay port fees and the dangerous cargo was impounded and unloaded by Lebanese authorities, as Russian shipowner Igor Grechushkin later abandoned crew members without paying their wages or the debt he owed to the port
29 July 2021 Lebanon parliament ready to lift immunity for Beirut blast probe: 29 July 2021: Lebanon parliament ready to lift immunity for Beirut blast probe
4 August 2020 - 4 August 2021 testimonies and commemoration: 4 August 2021: After on 4 August 2020 the city of Beirut was rocked by an enormous blast as hundreds of tons of improperly stored ammonium nitrate exploded - one of the largest non-nuclear explosions ever recorded, killing more than 200 people, wounding thousands, and devastating swathes of Beirut - and after no one has yet been made accountable, the British 'BBC' spoke to survivors of the devastating blast, as France24 2:10 p.m. to 2:50 p.m. reported live from Beirut, saying the grim anniversary, marked with a national day of mourning, comes amid an unprecedented economic and financial meltdown, and a political stalemate that has kept the country without a functioning government for a full year, and presenting an interview with Lebanon's Lynn Tehini
June 2013 in Baalbek incidents Hezbollah terrorist group slays dozen Syrian rebels: 2 June 2013: During Baalbek incidents Hezbollah terrorist group slays dozen Syrian rebels in Lebanon ambush
Demographics of Sidon: Demographics of Sidon
Port of Sidon: Port of Sidon
History and timeline of Sidon: History and timeline of Sidon
Economy of Tripoli: Economy of Tripoli
Oil pollution from ships at Lebanese ports: Oil pollution from ships at Lebanese ports
Since 1982 University of Tripoli Lebanon: Since 1982 University of Tripoli Lebanon
August 2012 August Tripoli clashes: August 2012 August Tripoli clashes
June/July 2019 Islamic terrorists claim June attack in Tripoli that killed four: 5 July 2019: Islamic terrorists claim June attack that killed four on patrol in Lebanon’s Tripoli
Demographics and ethnic groups in Lebanon: Demographics of Lebanon - Ethnic groups in Lebanon
Culture and languages of Lebanon: Culture of Lebanon - Languages of Lebanon
Lebanese Arabic: Lebanese Arabic
Women and women's rights in Lebanon: Women in Lebanon and women's rights
2012 Gender Index in Lebanon: Gender equality in Lebanon, Gender Index 2012
25 March 2012 over 30 NGOs demonstrate in Beirut for women's rights: 25 March 2012: Over 30 NGOs demonstrate in Beirut for women's rights
9 March 2014 people march through Beirut demanding law against domestic violence: 9 March 2014: Thousands of people march through Beirut to demand politicians pass a law against domestic violence
Children, children's rights, child labor in Lebanon: Children, children's rights, child labor in Lebanon
Schools in Lebanon: List of schools in Lebanon
Since February 2020 Chinese covid-19 pandemic in Lebanon: Since February 2020 Chinese covid-19 pandemic in Lebanon and timeline
Broadcasting in Lebanon: Radio in Lebanon - Television in Lebanon
Internet in Lebanon: Internet in Lebanon
Christianity and Islam in Lebanon: Christianity in Lebanon - Orthodox Christianity in Lebanon - Maronites in Lebanon
Druze: Druze
Crime in Lebanon: Crime in Lebanon
Violence and terrorism in Lebanon: Terrorism in Lebanon
Since 2004 Lebanon bombings and assassinations: Lebanon bombings and assassinations since 2004
August 2020 trial at tribunal at The Hague of four men accused of murdering Rafik Hariri ongoing: August 2020: The trial of four men accused of murdering former Lebanese PM Rafik Hariri at tribunal at The Hague trial is ongoing in August 2020
Since 2011 conflict in Lebanon and Syrian Assad regime's war spillover: Since 2011 conflict in Lebanon and Syrian Assad regime's war spillover
2013: 24 mai 2013: À Tripoli, sunnites et alaouites se déchirent comme en Syrie - 26 May: Firefights in northern Lebanon between Sunni Muslims and Alawites have killed 30 people - 26 May 2013: Four people were wounded on Sunday when two rockets exploded in the Shiite-majority Hezbollah heartland of south Beirut - 9 July 2013: A car bomb rocked Beirut's southern suburbs, a stronghold of Lebanon's Shiite Hezbollah movement, injuring at least 53 people - 15 August: Twenty people were killed in an explosion which struck the southern Beirut stronghold of Lebanon's militant Hezbollah group - 23 August: As locals were finishing Friday prayers in the largely Sunni Muslim city of Tripoli, bombs hit two mosques, killing at least 42 people and wounding hundreds - 30 August: Lebanon on Friday charged five men, including a Sunni Muslim cleric close to the Syrian government and a Syrian military officer, over bomb attacks on two mosques in the northern city of Tripoli last week that killed at least 42 people - 28 September: Gunbattles between Hezbollah fighters and local residents in the city of Baalbek in eastern Lebanon kill at least three people, including two Hezbollah members, leaving several others wounded - 19 November: The Iranian embassy in Beirut was the apparent target of two explosions on Tuesday, killing at least five people
2014: 3 January: Deadly car bomb strikes Hezbollah stronghold in Beirut - 16 January: At least three people killed and several more wounded when a car bomb exploded near a local government building in Hermel - 21 January: Suicide bombing kills four people in the Haret Hreik area of Beirut - 2 Februry: Deadly car bomb hits Hezbollah stronghold Hermel - 3 February: A suicide bomber blew himself up in a passenger van in Beirut, wounding at least six people - 19 February: A blast in the southern suburbs of Beirut on Wednesday reportedly killed four people and wounded 19 - 16 March: Suicide bomb kills three people in Nabi Osmane in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley - 23 March: One person was killed and 10 people wounded in clashes in Beirut between Assad loyalists and opponents - 24 June 2014: Beirut suicide bombing wounds 19 people as conflict in Syria causes unrest across border - 14 July: Six dead as Hezbollah battles Syria rebels on Lebanon border
August 2020 trial at tribunal at The Hague of four men accused of murdering Rafik Hariri ongoing: August 2020: The trial of four men accused of murdering former Lebanese PM Rafik Hariri at tribunal at The Hague trial is ongoing in August 2020
Lebanon's military courts:
Law enforcement in Lebanon: Law enforcement in Lebanon
Foreign relations of Lebanon: Foreign relations of Lebanon
Since 1982 Hezbollah's alleged suicide and terror attacks in the Middle East and worldwide: Since 1982 Hezbollah's alleged suicide and terror attacks in the Middle East and worldwide
Since 1982 Hezbollah military activities: Hezbollah military activities since 1982 - Hezbollah armed strength
Russian and Iranian weapons for Lebanese Hezbollah terrorists: Russian and Iranian weapons for Lebanese Hezbollah
June 2011 Hezbollah officials indictments in 2005 Hariri murder probe: 30 June 2011: Hezbollah officials receive indictments in 2005 Hariri murder probe
29 June 2022 Israel accuses Hezbollah of trying to hack UN Lebanon peacekeepers: 29 June 2022: Israel accuses Hezbollah of trying to hack UN Lebanon peacekeepers
Bilateral relations of Lebanon: Bilateral relations of Lebanon
Lebanon/Australia relations: Lebanon/Australia relations
Lebanon/Brazil relations: Lebanon/Brazil relations
Lebanon/France relations: Lebanon/France relations
Lebanon/Israel relations: Lebanon/Israel relations - Hasbani River
2014: 25 February: Israeli planes attack Hezbollah targets on Lebanon-Syria border - 28 February: Israel warns Lebanon to curb Hezbollah threats - 5 March: Israeli troops shot Hezbollah fighters near Golan Heights, trying to plant a bomb - 14 March: An explosive charge detonates near Har Dov in the vicinity of the Israel-Lebanon border targeting an IDF force - 15 March: Lebanon's new government agrees to a statement that fell short of explicitly enshrining Hezbollah's role in confronting Israel - 7 April: Nasrallah says March bombing of Israeli patrol was intended to highlight Hezbollah's ability to fight Israel despite battle in Syria - 14 July 2014: Rockets fired at Israel from southern Lebanon, drawing retaliatory artillery fire from Israeli forces, in the third such rocket attack from Lebanon since Friday - 7 October: Hezbollah claims responsibility for blasts near Israel-Lebanon border, after two Israeli soldiers wounded
2017: 16 July 2017: Israel won’t tolerate Iranian bases in Lebanon and Syria, Israeli PM Netanyahu says in Paris after a ceremony earlier in the day marking 75 years since the roundup and deportation of more than 13,000 French Jews during the Holocaust, also saying that Syria ceasefire deal, hammered out by the USA and Russia, will create a long-term threat on Israel’s northern border by cementing Tehran’s presence - 1 October 2017: Lebanon’s Hezbollah terror group's Nasrallah on Sunday warned Jews living in Israel to leave the country as soon as possible before a destructive war between the Jewish state and his organization takes place - 28 December 2017: Lebanese lawmakers call for FM Gebran Bassil to resign after stating in a TV interview that Beirut has no ideological problem with the Jewish state
1 February 2021 Israeli drone crashes in southern Lebanon as Hezbollah terror group says it shot it down: 1 February 2021: An Israeli drone crashes in southern Lebanon, as the Hezbollah terror group says it shot it down
List of Lebanese rocket attacks on Israel: List of Lebanese rocket attacks on Israel
Lebanon/Japan relations: Lebanon/Japan relations
Lebanon/Saudi Arabia relations: Lebanon/Saudi Arabia relations
Since 4 November 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute: Since 4 November 2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute
Lebanon/Serbia relations: Lebanon/Serbia relations
Lebanon/Syria relations: Lebanon/Syria relations
1976-2005 Syrian occupation of Lebanon: Syrian occupation of Lebanon 1976-2005
Since 2011 Iranian-backed Hezbollah's involvement in Assad's war against the Syrian people: Since 2011 Iranian-backed Hezbollah's involvement in Assad's war against the Syrian people and timeline of Hezbollah's deployment in Syria
Since 2011 Syrian Assad regime's war spillover in Lebanon: Syrian Assad regime's war spillover in Lebanon June 2011 – present
Since 2011 refugees of Assad's war against the Syrian people in Lebanon: Since 2011 Refugees of Assad's war against the Syrian people in Lebanon
2012: 13. Mai 2012: Kämpfe in Syrien greifen auf Libanon über - Zwei Tote bei Gefechten zwischen Gegnern und Anhängern Asads - 7 July 2012: At least three people have been killed and nine injured in northern Lebanon in shelling from across the Syrian border - 7. Juli 2012: Das syrische Militär hat mehrere Dörfer im Norden Libanons beschossen und drei Menschen getötet und zahlreiche weitere verletzt - 10 juillet: Des obus du côté syrien s'abattent au Liban après échange de tirs - 11 août: Le patron de la Sécurité syrienne soupçonné de fomenter des attentats au Liban - 16 August: Lebanon revenge kidnappings raise tensions - 22 août: Touché par le conflit syrien neuf personnes tuées et 84 blessées à Tripoli - 24 August: Syria spillover clashes escalate in Lebanon - 20 October: Lebanese opposition politicians blame President Assad for bombing that kills senior security official Wissam al-Hassan and seven others in Beirut - 21 octobre: L'opposition libanaise appelle à un grand rassemblement contre le régime syrien - 23 October: Lebanon opposition MPs receive 'Syria threats' by SMS - 5 December: At least two people were killed in clashes between Sunni-dominated Bab al-Tebbaneh and Alawite-dominated Jabal Mohsen in Tripoli - 6 December: At least six people killed in two days of fighting between gunmen loyal to opposing sides in Syria's conflict - 10 December: Deadly clashes continue in Tripoli after Lebanon received bodies from a group of 14 Lebanese killed in Syria
2013: 5 February 2013: A Lebanese judge issues arrest warrant for top Syrian intelligence official Ali Mamlouk for his alleged involvement in bomb plot - 24 February: One killed in fierce Syria-Lebanon border fighting as Lebanese president Sleiman demanded that Syria 'refrain from firing towards Lebanese territory' - 19 March: Assad's Russian warplanes bomb Lebanon border area targeting Syrian opposition in Lebanese Arsal town - 3 April: Syrian Assad jet fires missile into Lebanon border town Arsal - 24 April: As fierce clashes continue in the border villages of al Qusayr, there are growing fears that Lebanon is being drawn further into the Syrian conflict - 20 May: As Assad's warplanes bomb Qusair and as his army is hitting the town with tanks and artillery from the north and east, Iran-backed Lebanese Hezbollah is firing mortar rounds and multiple rocket launchers from the south and west - 3 June: Lebanon sees worst clashes yet from Syria - 12 June: After a helicopter gunship attacked the eastern town of Arsal, Lebanon army warns will hit back against any new Assad raids - 20 June: As Iraq and Lebanon are alarmed at spreading Syria war, Lebanon's president urges his country's Hezbollah movement to pull its fighters out of the conflict - 23 June: Two Lebanese army officers and a soldier killed in a clash with supporters of a radical Sunni Muslim sheikh opposed to the Shiite movement Hezbollah - 18 juillet: Le fonctionnaire syrien Mohammad Darrar Jamo, pro-Assad, assassiné au Liban - 3 August: Near the border with Lebanon an Assad warplane has killed at least nine people including six members of the same family and wounded nine others, targeting the opposition-held Syrian town of Yabroud just across the border from the Lebanese town of Arsal - 24 August: Lebanon is to observe a day of national mourning Saturday for 42 people killed in powerful bombings outside two Sunni mosques in a city riven by strife over Syria's war - 30 August: Lebanon on Friday charged five men, including a Sunni Muslim cleric close to the Syrian government and a Syrian military officer, over bomb attacks on two mosques in the northern city of Tripoli last week that killed at least 42 people - 19 octobre: Libération de neuf otages libanais détenus en Syrie depuis mai 2012 - 30 November: Four people were killed in Tripoli on Saturday in exchanges of fire between neighborhoods that support rival sides in Syria's civil war - 2 December: Gun battles and rocket fire in Tripoli killed at least 10 people and wounded dozens more over the weekend - 5 December: Lebanese soldier killed in new Syria-related clashes in Tripoli - 31 December: Lebanese army fires at Syrian aircraft after border raid
2014: 17 January 2014: Assad rockets kill seven people in Lebanese border town of Arsal wounding at least 15 - 27 January: Syrian refugees in Lebanon exceed 890,000 - 2 February: Explosion kills four people in Hermel, a Hezbollah stronghold near Syria - 22 February: A suicide bomber killed two Lebanese soldiers and a civilian with a car bomb at an army checkpoint in Hermel - 16 March: Suicide bomb kills three people in Nabi Osmane in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley - 29 March: Car bomb kills three soldiers in attack on Lebanese army checkpoint in Arsal - 3 April: The number of Syrians registered as refugees in Lebanon has surpassed one million, UN says - 20 May: Lebanon is desperate for help as tens of thousands of Syrian refugees continue to stream into the small country that will have 1.5 million refugees by year end, UN says - 21 May: A shortfall in international support has left many Syrian refugees in Lebanon unable to access crucial medical care, rights group says - 21 July: Disturbing video of Syrian refugee child was instigated by Hezbollah's abusive sectarian prejudice, Syrian Coalition says - 3 August: Eight Lebanese soldiers have been killed in clashes with fighters in eastern Lebanon, near the border with Syria - 7 August: Syrian Coalition's Nora al-Ameer says that Hezbollah’s denial of any involvement 'as an unacceptable attempt to evade responsibility for the humanitarian catastrophe that afflicts the Syrian refugees in Arsal' - 18 October: Lebanon blocks Syrian refugees from entering, UN says - 25 October: Lebanon army fights gunmen in Tripoli, six soldiers killed
November 2016: 16 November 2016: Hezbollah staged a military parade in the Syrian town of Qusayr, which it retook from Syrian rebels in 2013 in its first major victory after it intervened in support of Assad’s regime, showing its advanced Russian and USA weaponry including tanks, armored vehicles and anti-aircraft batteries, as USA's Obama administration supplies equipment to Lebanon’s army saying that the USA would be 'gravely concerned' if it ended up in Hezbollah’s hands - 24 November 2016: Russia and terror organization Hezbollah have begun 'official' military coordination in Syria at the behest of Russian regime, establishing 'continual' communication and shared channels between the two sides over what’s happening on the battlefield, as Russia is especially interested in coordinating with Hezbollah’s infantry on the ground in Aleppo
July 2017: 10 July 2017: A young refugee, whose only crime was to cross paths with members of the Lebanese Army as he returned home from night shift at Al-Rahma Hospital in Arsal, reportedly killed under torture by Lebanese Army, as there are still around 400 other Syrian refugees detained by the Lebanese Army with unknown fate - 22 July 2017: Human Rights Watch renews its calls for an independent and transparent investigation into the recent deaths of Syrians in Hezbollah supported Lebanese army custody, as well as allegations of torture and ill-treatment of the detained - 24 July 2017: Lebanese Future Movement stresses that the Hezbollah militia does not have the legitimacy to intervene in Syria and participate in battles in which Syrian civilians are being killed, also saying that Hezbollah’s intervention in Syria serves Iranian and Assad regime
27 December 2020 Syrians refugees flee Lebanon camp after tents set on fire: 27 December 2020: Syrians refugees flee Lebanon camp after tents set on fire
Lebanon/Turkey relations: Lebanon/Turkey relations
Lebanon/Ukraine relations: Lebanon/Ukraine relations
9 August 2020 one Ukrainian citizen killed in massive Beirut explosion: 9 August 2020: One Ukrainian citizen killed in massive Beirut explosion, according to Ukraine's embassy
Lebanon/United Kingdom relations: Lebanon/United Kingdom relations
Lebanon/Yemen relations:
Environment of Lebanon: Environment of Lebanon
Climate of Lebanon: Climate of Lebanon
Marine environmental issues in Lebanon: Marine environmental issues in Lebanon
2006 Jiyeh Power Station oil spill: 2006 Jiyeh Power Station oil spill
Natural disasters in Lebanon: 2013 Middle East cold snap and floods


Libya - Geography of Libya - History of Libya - Post World War II - Cyrenaica - Fezzan - Tripolitania - Demographics of Libya
Energy in Libya: Energy in Libya
Oil reserves in Libya: Oil reserves in Libya
Transport in Libya: Transport in Libya
Aviation in Libya: Aviation in Libya
Rail transport in Libya: Rail transport in Libya
Road transport in Libya: Road transport in Libya
Water transport in Libya: Water transport in Libya
External trade and finance: External trade and finance
Taxation in Libya: Taxation in Libya
Libyan Armed Forces: Libyan Armed Forces
Libyan army equipment from Soviet-Union/Russia, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, USA: Libyan army equipment (states of origin: Soviet-Union/Russia and Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, USA etc.)
August 2011 German assault rifles for Gaddafi: 31 August 2011: German assault rifles for Gaddafi's army revealed
Libyan Air Force equipment from Soviet-Union/Russia, France, Italy, USA: Libyan Air Force equipment (states of origin: Soviet-Union/Russia, France, Italy, USA etc.)<
Politics of Libya: Politics of Libya
United Nations Support Mission in Libya since 2011: United Nations Support Mission in Libya since September 2011
Politics elections, and protests in Libya: Elections in Libya
Libyan Constituent Assembly election 20 February 2014: Libyan Constituent Assembly election 20 February 2014
June 2014 Libyan House of Representatives election: Libyan House of Representatives election 25 June 2014
11 January 2021 municipal elections in Libya see low turnout: 11 January 2021: Municipal elections in Libya see low turnout
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Libya: Libyan society
Human rights in Libya: Human rights in Libya
November 2019 crimes in Tripoli’s refugee detention camps: 3 November 2019: Torture, rape and murder inside Tripoli’s refugee detention camps
Religion in Libya: Religion in Libya
1951-1969 Tripoli/Benghazi capital cities of the Kingdom of Libya: 1951-1969 Benghazi and Tripoli were appointed as joint capital cities of the Kingdom of Libya
Since spring 2019 warlord Haftar's offensive against Libya's capital Tripoli, resistance: Since spring 2019 warlord Haftar's - supported by UAE, Russia's Putin regime, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, France, Jordan, Syria's Assad regime and groups, Iran (alleged) - offensive against Libya's capital Tripoli, resulting in severe human rights abuses, claims of war crimes, and thousands of casualties - 13 April 2019: Thousands of Libyans came out to demonstrate in Tripoli and Misrata yesterday afternoon against the war on Tripoli waged by Khalifa Hafter, his LNA and their allied forces, as demonstrations formed of people from all ages and walks of life objected to the war and Hafter himself, calling for a civilian state, objecting to possible military rule, and carrying placards not only denouncing Hafter but also his French, UAE and Saudi backers
Since February 2011 early phase of the 2011 Libyan Civil War: Since February 2011 early phase of the 2011 Libyan Civil War
History and timeline of Tobruk: History and timeline of Tobruk
Demographics of Libya: Demographics of Libya
Women and women's rights in Libya: Women in Libya - Women's rights in Libya
Children and youth in Libya: Youth in Libya
Education in Libya: Education in Libya
Schools in Libya: Schools in Libya
Since 1950s/1970s University of Tripoli: University of Tripoli with over 45,000 students in 2021 according to 'Unirank', as faculties and departments of the university apply and teach fundamental and applied sciences, in addition performing scientific research and studies in various scientific fields - University of Tripoli, a non-profit public higher-education institution located in the urban setting of Tripoli with campuses in Ben Gasher and Janzour. University of Tripoli (UoT) is a very large coeducational higher education institution, offering courses and programs leading to officially recognized higher education degrees such as pre-bachelor degrees, bachelor degrees, master degrees, doctorate degrees in several areas of study, with a selective admission policy based on entrance examinations. International students are welcome to apply for enrollment. UoT also provides several academic and non-academic facilities and services to students including a library, housing, sports facilities, financial aids and/or scholarships, study abroad and exchange programs, online courses and distance learning opportunities, according to 'Unirank' website 2005-2021
Health in Libya: Health in Libya
Medical outbreaks and disasters in Libya: Medical outbreaks in Libya - Disasters in Libya
Since March 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Libya: Since March 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Libya
Healthcare in Libya: Healthcare in Libya
Hospitals and schools of medicine in Libya: Hospitals in Libya - Schools of medicine in Libya
Newspapers and TV in Libya: Newspapers in Libya
Broadcasting in Libya: Radio stations in Libya - TV in Libya
Crime in Libya: Crime in Libya
Racism in Libya: Racism in Libya
Corruption in Libya:
Human trafficking in Libya: Human trafficking in Libya
November 2019 crimes in Tripoli’s refugee detention camps: 3 November 2019: Torture, rape and murder inside Tripoli’s refugee detention camps
Libyan membership in intergovernmental organisations: Libyan membership in intergovernmental organisations
Treaties of Libya: Treaties of Libya
2015: 18 January: UN Security Council threatens sanctions over Libya turmoil - 2 March 2015: Libya's elected House of Representatives agreed to go back to UN-brokered peace talks with rival government, a week after they pulled out over a militant suicide bombing - 8 March: UN says talks among warring Libyan factions make progress toward a unity government, and a Libyan delegate said they would resume discussions next week - 23 March: UN says Libya talks extended despite clashes - 8 June 2015: Officials say UN talks are the only hope of forming a unity government and halting the fighting among factions allied to either government, as UN to host new rounds of Libya talks in Morocco - 18 June: UN Security Council urges all Libyan parties to accept peace deal that requires the internationally recognized government to share power with rival Islamists who control Tripolis - 7 August: UN to host new round of Libya peace talks to reach political settlement between the country's rival factions - 22 September: UN hands Libya factions final text of peace deal - 10 October 2015: As the UN's proposed national unity government to end the war between the internationally recognised government and a competing self-declared administration faces resistance in Tripoli, Western countries are backing the proposal - 3 November: UN urges Libya's warring factions to agree on a unity government after they were offered proposals to ease concerns over regional distribution in a UN-backed power-sharing deal - 14 December 2015: International conference endorses UN-backed deal for unity government in Libya as Libyan factions declare readiness to sign - 23 décembre: Le Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU a adopté à l'unanimité une résolution pour soutenir le futur gouvernement libyen d'union nationale, demandant aux pays membres de l'aider à restaurer la stabilité en Libye
Bilateral relations of Libya: Bilateral relations of Libya
Libya/Ethiopia relations: Libya/Ethiopia relations
Libya/European Union relations: Libya/European Union relations
27 June 2020 Libya calls for EU and USA sanctions on Russian mercenaries and backers: 27 June 2020: Libya calls for USA, EU sanctions on Russian mercenaries and backers in the African country
Libya/France relations: Libya/France relations
Since 1989 UTA Flight 772 bombing, trial and Libyan compensation: 19 September 1989 UTA Flight 772 bombing, investigation, trial and Libyan compensation
Libya/India relations: Libya/India relations
Bilateral Indian-Libyan economic relations: Bilateral Indian-Libyan economic relations
Libya/Israel relations: Libya/Israel relations
Libya/Sudan relations: Libya/Sudan relations
Libya/Syria relations: Libya/Syria relations
Libya/Tunisia relations: Libya/Tunisia relations
Libya/Turkey relations: Libya/Turkey relations
Libya/USA relations: Libya/USA relations - 2 September: NTC must deal with Lockerbie bomber, Hillary Clinton says - NZZ 3. September: Enge Kooperation von amerikanischem CIA und britischem MI-6 Geheimdienst mit Gaddafis Verbrecherregime von 2002-2007 durch gefundene Dokumente aufgedeckt - Human Rights Watch 6 September 2012: USA Bush government tortured opponents of Muammar Gaddafi, then transferred them to mistreatment in Libya, according to accounts by former detainees and recently uncovered CIA and UK Secret Service documents - 12 septembre: Un film jugé 'anti-islam' entraîne la mort d'un Américain en Libye - 13 September: USA to investigate consulate attack in Benghazi - Libyans protest in Benghazi condemning the attack - 13 September: USA president says killing of ambassador and staff in Benghazi will not break the bonds between the two countries - 'How could this happen in a country we helped liberate, in a city we helped save from destruction,' Hillary Clinton asks the Islamists - 16 October 2012: The USA administration has won congressional approval to devote $8 million to helping Libya develop a commando force to fight terrorist groups - 6 October 2013: USA commando raids hit terror targets in Libya and Somalia
June 2011: 1. Juni 2011: Nato verlängert Libyen-Einsatz bis Ende September - 3. Juni 2011: Libysche Rebellen erobern wichtige Orte im Westen - 4. Juni: Nato-Einsatz von Kampfhelikoptern - 13. Juni: Emirate erkennen Übergangsrat an - 18. Juni 2011: Kämpfe um westliche Grenzstadt Nalut ... und Maizières "Kurzsichtigkeit" - 19. Juni 2011: Viele leere Versprechungen - Interview zur schwierigen Finanzlage der libyschen Opposition - 20. Juni: Nato gibt Bombardierung von Wohnhaus zu - 22. Juni: Italien stellt Nato-Einsatz in Frage - China stärkt Übergangsregierung den Rücken - 26. Juni 2011: Libyens Top-Fußballer zeigen Gaddafi die rote Karte - 26. Juni 2011: Offensive der Opposition südlich Tripolis - ICC issues Gaddafi arrest warrant - 29. Juni: Gaddafi-Gegner erobern Waffenlager - außerdem 40 Tonnen Kriegsmaterial aus Frankreich geliefert - keine deutschen Bauteile für Nato-Einsatz
July 2011: 1. Juli 2011: Gaddafi droht Europa mit Anschlägen - 4. Juli: Türkei erkennt Nationalen Übergangsrat als legitimen Vertreter Libyens an - Civilians killed in Misurata shelling by Gaddafi troops 5 July - 6. Juli 2011: Neue Offensive der Gaddafi-Gegner südlich von Tripolis - Libyan rebels take town of al-Qawalish - Libyan rebels advance towards town of Gharian south of Tripoli - 9. Juli: Gaddafi droht Europa erneut - 12. Juli 2011: Schweiz eröffnet Verbindungsbüro in Bengasi - Übergangsrat sei der legitime Ansprechpartner - Parlement francais approuve (482:27) la poursuite des opérations militaires en Libye - 'Libya Contact Group' discuss Libya in Istanbul 15 July - USA recognises 'Transitional National Council' as legitimate authority 15 July - 19. Juli: USA nach direkten Gesprächen - "Gaddafi muß gehen" - 27. Juli: Großbritannien anerkennt Nationalen Übergangsrat - Libyan rebels 'capture key supply route town of Ghazaya' - 29. Juli: Kommandeur der Gaddafi-Gegner Younes von Bewaffneten ermordet - Libyan rebels confirm Younes arrest warrant
August 2011: 6 August: Libyan opposition fighters capture the strategic town of Bir Ghanam - 8 August: National Transitional Council reshuffles team - 11 August: Fuel shortage slows Libyan oppositon fighters advance - 12. August: Gaddafi-Gegner melden Einnahme von Brega - 13 August: Opposition fighters advance in Brega to capture oil terminal - 13/14 August: Opposition launches offensive in Western Libya to cut supply routes - 14 August: Opposition forces fight for key towns near Tripoli - 15 August: Gaddafi urges his supporters to continue bloodshed 'inch by inch' - 16 August: Libyan opposition forces push to isolate Tripoli - 16 August: Gadhafi forces 'launched Scud missile' - 16 August: Opposition forces fight for control of Zawiya - 17 August: Libyans look to post-Gaddafi era - united against dictatorship - 17. August: Libyens Opposition rückt bis al-Heisha vor - 17 August: Opposition forces advance for control of a key costal oil refinery in Zawiya - 18. August: Gaddafi-Gegner erobern Sahara-Stadt Morsuk - 19. August: Nato bestätigt Tod des libyschen Geheimdienstchefs - blutige Kämpfe um die Stadt Slitan östlich Tripolis' - 20. August: Gaddafi-Gegner haben Ölhafen Brega unter Kontrolle - 21 August: Libyan uprising reaches streets of Tripoli - 21. August: Heftige Kämpfe in Tripolis - 21. August: Demonstrationen in Tripolis - Tunesien anerkennt Nationalen Übergangsrat - 21. August: Gaddafi-Gegner am westlichen Rand von Tripolis - 22. August: Heftige Kämpfe bei Gaddafis Führungsbunker - 22 August: NTC leader M. Jibril calls for restraint and compassion - 22. August: Verbrechen bis zum bitteren Ende - Gaddafi-Panzer und Scharfschützen in Tripolis - große Verluste der Gaddafi-Gegner - 23. August: Tripolis noch nicht völlig befreit - Angriffe auf Gaddafis befestigte Residenz mit Nato-Unterstützung - 23 August: Opposition fighters from the east press onwards to Tripoli - 23. August: Gaddafi-Gegner dringen nachmittags bereits in seine Residenz ein - abends Erstürmung - 24. August: Gaddafi ruft weiter zur Gewalt auf und versucht, noch möglichst viele in den Tod zu reißen - 24 August: Democratic forces pushing to secure Tripoli - 25 August: National Transitional Council tries to capture Gaddafi to stop the bloodshed - ongoing battles in Tripolis and other regions - 26. August: Nationaler Übergangsrat in Tripolis - andauernde Kämpfe - 27 August: Democratic forces consolidate control in Tripoli - security now a key concern - 28 August: Arab League recognises NTC African Union refuses - 28 August: Tripoli faces severe shortages of water, food, electricity, fuel - preparations for the assault of Sirte - 28. August: Demokratische Truppen nehmen weitere Städte im Westen ein - NZZ 29. August: In Libyen kommen weitere Grausamkeiten ans Licht - 29 August: United Nations Libya plan 'revealed in report' (elections, observers) - request by Libyan authorities needed - 29 August: Democratic forces surge towards Gaddafi's hometown Sirte - 29 August: Gaddafi family - wife, daughter, two sons - 'flee to Algeria', the Algerian foreign ministry says - 30. August: NTC fordert von Algerien Auslieferung der Gaddafi-Familie - 30 August: NTC gives ultimatum to Gaddafi forces to surrender until Saturday - 31. August: Der NTC lehnt Entsendung von UN-Truppen in das entstehende demokratische Libyen ab - 31 August: Gaddafi's son Saadi 'ready to surrender' - 31 August: Gaddaf's foreign minister A. Obeidi reportedly arrested on Tuesday - 31 August: Democratic forces 'encircling Gaddafi city of Sirte'
September 2011: 1 September: Gaddafi's sons differ over conflict - Saadi seeking negotiations - 1. September: Auch Rußland muß zum September den NTC anerkennen - 1 September: Summit on Libya in Paris over a further unfreezing of assets, Nato support, security and rebuilding - 1 September: NTC gives extra week to Gaddafi forces to surrender - 2. September 2011: Zeitplan des NTC - neue Verfassung innerhalb von 8 und Parlaments- und Präsidentenwahlen innerhalb von 18 Monaten - 3 September: NTC forces to lay siege on pro-Gaddafi cities supplying people with humanitarian aid - 4 septembre: L'étau se resserre autour des derniers bastions kadhafistes - 6 September: Large Libyan convoy of military vehicles arrives in Niger - UK to examine spy ties - 7 September: Gaddafi 'last tracked in southern Libya' - 7. September: Berichte von Umzingelung Gaddafis - 9 September: Libyan fighters enter Bani Walid - 11 September: Interim leader Abdul Jalil in Tripolis while Libyan democratic forces face fierce resistance in Bani Walid, Jufra, Sabha and Sirte - 12 September: Gaddafi's son Saadi in Niger - Mahmoud Jibril announces an interim government within ten days - 12. September: Gaddafi-Gegner stoßen weiter auf erbitterten Widerstand vor allem in Bani Walid - 13. September: Abdul Jalils erste öffentliche Rede - Libyen soll ein demokratischer Rechtsstaat mit gemäßigt islamischer Ordnung werden - 14. September: NTC strebt Vertretung in UNO an - 16 September: NTC fighters meet Sirte resistance - 17 September: NTC forces driven back from Bani Walid - 17 September: NTC fighters prepare for assault on Sirte - 18 September: Heavy resistance from Gaddafi forces in Bani Walid - NTC forces regrouping - NTC debates interim cabinet - 19 September: Libya's interim leaders fail to agree on a new cabinet on Sunday - 19 September: NTC forces capture parts of Sabha - fighting continues in Bani Walid, concern for civilians - Sirte residents flee - 20. September: Afrikanische Union erkennt NTC an - 21 September: Gaddafi 'losing control of Sabha' - 22 September: NTC fighters struggle to capture Sirte - 22 September: Gaddafi's last PM al-Mahmoudi 'jailed in Tunisia' near the border with Algeria - 22 September: NTC forces capture three southern towns, Al-Jufra, Waddan and Sokna - 24 September: NTC forces prepare for final Sirte assault evacuating residents - 25 September: NTC fighters gain ground in fight for Sirte - M. Jibril's speech at UN - 26 September: Notorious Abu Salim prison mass grave found - 26 September: Street battles rage in Sirte - 28 September: Libyan fighters are in control of Sirte airport - 30. September: M. Jibril will nur bis zur vollständigen Befreiung Libyens Vorsitzender des Exekutivrats des NTC bleiben
October 2011: 2 October: Sirte medical needs 'desperate' - 2 October: Hundreds of residents flee Sirte as NTC forces observe a ceasefire - 3 October: Civilians flee Sirte - 48-hour NTC suspension in fighting - 3 Oktober: Neue Übergangsregierung für November von NTC angekündigt - 6 octobre: À Syrte, un déluge de feu pour neutraliser les tireurs embusqués pro-Kadhafi - 8 October: At least 12 people killed in what NTC officials say is final assault to take Sirte - 9 October: Fierce street fighting in Sirte - 9 October: Sirte 'close to falling' - 11 October: Gaddafi fighters 'cornered' in Sirte, NTC says - 12. Oktober: Schwindender Widerstand der Gaddafi-Kämpfer in Sirte - 14. Oktober: Gaddafi-Kämpfer leisten weiter Widerstand - 17 October: NTC forces in Bani Walid - 17. Oktober: NTC Kämpfer kontrollieren Bani Walid - 20 October 2011: NTC forces say they have taken full control of Sirte - 21 October 2011: Former dictator Gaddafi killed as Sirte is liberated - 22. Oktober: Parlamentswahl spätestens in 8 Monaten angekündigt - Rücktritt Jibrils
September 2012: 6 September: Gaddafi's spy chief in custody in Tripoli after extradition from Mauritania - 12 September: US official dies in Libya consulate attack in Benghazi - US-produced film is said to be insulting to the Prophet Muhammad - NZZ 13. September: Mustafa Abu Shagur zum neuen Ministerpräsidenten gewählt - 21 September: Large pro-peace 'Save Benghazi' marchof tens of thousands of Libyans seeking to disband Islamist militias coincides with smaller Ansar Sharia protest - 22 September: Demonstrators in Libya have stormed the headquarters of the Islamist Ansar al-Sharia group and evicted its fighters from the site in a sweep of militia bases in the eastern city of Benghazi - 23 September: Two groups in eastern city of Derna announce they will lay down arms, as Tripoli bans all non-state-sanctioned militias - 30 September: Hundreds of Libyans turn in weapons
October 2012: 5 October: Mustafa Abushagur says he is ready to change nominations after protesters stormed national assembly over line-up - 7 October: Prime Minister-elect Abushagur dismissed, after failing for a second time to win parliamentary approval for a new cabinet - 14 October: Libya's national congress has elected new prime minister Ali Zidan - 21 October: Fightings in Bani Walid entering their fifth day kill 22 pro-government militiamen - 31 octobre: Malgré un vote perturbé par des manifestations contre la proposition d'un gouvernement de coalition, le Parlement approuve le nouveau gouvernement Ali Zeidan
November/December 2013: 8 November: Two Libyan militias clashed in Tripoli after the death of one of their leaders, leaving at least 10 people injured amid intense gunfire - 9 November: A string of attacks in the eastern towns of Derna and Benghazi killed a public prosecutor and three members of the security forces in less than 24 hours - 15 November: Militiamen attacked thousands of peaceful protesters demanding the disbanding of the country's rampant armed groups, killing at least 22 people as they opened fire on the march - 16 November: Fresh clashes erupt in Tripoli, as the death toll from the anti-militia protest rises above 40 and the government is contended with appeals for restraint - 17 November: State of emergency declared in Tripoli - 18 novembre: Grève générale de trois jours à Tripoli après les affrontements entre Tripolitains et miliciens qui ont fait plus de 40 morts - NZZ 23. November: Grosse Milizen aus Misrata und Zintan haben nach Demonstrationen der Bürger die libysche Hauptstadt Tripolis verlassen - 25 November: At least three people reportedly killed in clashes between the Libyan army and an Islamist militia in Benghazi - 22 December: Suicide attack on a security checkpoint near Libya's Benghazi kills seven people
April-June 2014: 13 April: Less than a week after parliament tasked him with forming a new cabinet, Libya's PM Abdullah al-Thani stepped down, saying he and his family had been the victims of a 'traitorous' armed attack the previous day - 13 April: Amid security fears Gaddafi sons' war crimes trial begins in Tripoli facing accusations of masterminding campaign of murder and torture during civil war - 5 May: Libyan Parliament reportedly does not recognise new PM Miitig - 8 May: Intelligence Chief in Libya's Benghazi shot dead - 19 May: Tripoli tense a day after forces loyal to a renegade general stormed the parliament challenging the legitimacy of the weak central government - 21 May: Libyan Interior Ministry reportedly backs ex-general in fight with Islamists - 25 May: Libya's Maiteeq wins congress confidence vote after militia threats - 26 May: Gunmen shot dead a newspaper editor in Benghazi who was an outspoken critic of Islamists - 2 June: Ansar al-Shariah and Khalifa Haftar's fighters clash in Benghazi - 4 June: Libya's Khalifa Haftar survived an assassination attempt in Benghazi, where he has been leading an offensive against Islamist militants - 7 June: Libyan warplanes raid Islamists in Benghazi as supporters and opponents of Khalifa Haftar scuffle in Tripoli's Martyrs' Square
September-December 2014: 11 September: CDA plans to publish draft constitution in December - 30 September: Amid the country's spiralling security, UN dialogue seeks to end Libya crisis - 3 October: Thirty-six soldiers were killed in car bomb attacks and fighting between the army and Islamists around Benghazi airport - 18 October: At least 17 people killed in Benghazi where pro-government forces backed by locals are fighting Islamists, rival Libyan governments claim to control oil policy - 2 November: Libya pro-government forces recapture parts of Benghazi - 11 December 2014: Libya's recognized government continues military campaign to claim back the capital Tripoli - 26 December: Islamists have killed at least 22 soldiers using speedboats and firing rockets in failed attempt to seize oil terminal
2015: 16 January: Libyan factions agree on 'agenda' for unity government - 27 January: Car bomb explodes outside hotel in Tripoli - 28 January: At least nine people killed, including four Europeans and a USA security contractor, in Tripoli hotel terrorist attack - 17 February: UN security council resolution demanded on international intervention in Libya - 8 March: Around 10 foreigners are missing after an attack on Al-Ghani oil field - 28 March: Forces loyal to rival government controlling Tripoli have withdrawn from frontline bases near the country's biggest oil ports, raising hopes the ports might soon be reopened - 2 May 2015: A rocket hit a medical centre for dispatching ambulances in Libya's eastern Benghazi on Friday, killing three people and wounding seven - 21 May: Ten people killed and almost 40 wounded when Libya's two rival governments clashed with Islamist fighters in the cities of Benghazi and Misrata - 30 May: Rocket attack in Libya's Benghazi targeting a residential district leaves 8 people dead, 8 wounded - 12 June: Seven people were shot dead on Friday at a protest against 'Islamic State' terrorists in the eastern Libyan city of Derna - 12 July: Tripoli parliament stays away from signing of Libya peace agreement - 29 August 2015: Libyans protest against smugglers after up to 200 refugees drown off coast - 5 September: Libyan deal on a unity government possible 'in coming days', UN envoy Leon says - 19 October: Internationally recognized parliament refuses to sign agreement over amendments added to UN proposal for a power-sharing arrangement by Islamist authorities without lawmakers’ consent - 20 October: Warplanes reportedly carried out air strikes on the Libyan city of Sirte targeting areas controlled by fighters loyal to Islamic State terrorists - 23 October: At least nine people were reported killed and dozens more injured in Benghazi on Friday when mortar shells fell on people protesting against a UN proposal for a unity government to end a political crisis - 27 October: Several military commanders from Libya’s self-styled government in Tripoli have been killed after their helicopter was shot down by another of the country’s armed factions, triggering clashes west of the capital between armed brigades - 11 novembre 2015: Au moins 13 soldats gouvernementaux tués par des attaques dans l'Est libyen - 6/7 décembre 2015: Les responsables des parties prenantes annoncent un accord en vue d'un règlement du conflit en Libye - 11 décembre: Le 16 décembre, les représentants des Parlements rivaux en Libye accepteront un texte pour sortir le pays de la crise politique
2016: 19 January 2016: Libyan factions have announced a unity government aimed at stemming the chaos that has engulfed the country since 2011 uprising toppled Gaddafi - 15 février 2016: Soutenu par les Nations unies, un gouvernement libyen d'union nationale est composé de factions rivales - 12/13 March: As Libya's UN-backed Presidential Council calls on the international community to stop dealing with any rival powers within Libya, Libyan unity government moves to start work - 2 April 2016: Libya's UN-backed unity government won the support of guards who secure the country's key oil terminals, the latest pledge of loyalty for a cabinet facing strong opposition from rival political forces - 17 avril 2016: Premiers affrontements depuis le nouveau gouvernement ont eu lieu dans la capital libyenne après une visite des ministres français et allemand des Affaires étrangères pour soutenir le gouvernement d'union nationale - 9 June 2016: After three-week offensive to enter the coastal city of Sirte Libyan forces claim to have ousted Islamic State terrorists from final stronghold - 25 juin 2016: Quatre civils ont été tués et 14 autres blessés vendredi par l'explosion d'une voiture piégée devant un hôpital de Benghazi - 2 August: A car bomb targeting security forces in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi reportedly killed 22 people and wounded 20 amid Libya clashes - 10 August 2016: Libyan forces battling to oust Islamic State terrorists from Sirte say they have made significant advances, gaining control of a large convention centre
2017: 7 March 2017: Libya falls back into civil war as rival sides fight to control oil terminals - 15 March 2017: Libya national army recaptures oil ports at Sidra and Ras Lanuf - 29 March 2017: Power struggle for control of Libya’s oil is threatening to deepen splits in the country and undermine the fragile authority of the UN-backed Libyan Government of National Accord - 24 April 2017: Libya's warring sides reach diplomatic breakthrough in Rome, that has the potential to bring the two main warring sides together in a new political agreement after years of division, fighting and economic misery - 25 July 2017: In an agreement Libyan PM Fayez al-Sarraj and General Hifter have committed themselves to a ceasefire, working towards presidential and parliamentary elections next year and finding a roadmap to secure the country against terrorism and trafficking of all kinds
April 2019 Haftar's LNA offensive: Since 4 April 2019 Western Libya Offensive, a military campaign by the 'Libyan National Army', which represents the Tobruk Government, to capture the western region of Libya - 4 April 2019: Libyan strongman Haftar orders troops to march on Tripoli - 5 April 2019: In a joint statement the USA, France, Italy, the UK and the UAE call for restraint and an end to military posturing, as advancing Haftar forces have sparked fears of military rule and militias in western Libya have vowed to confront his attempt to seize the capital Tripoli, the seat of the UN-backed government - 6 April 2019: Threat of Tripoli fighting raises atrocity concerns, according to Human Rights Watch, saying Haftar's LNA has a well-documented record of indiscriminate attacks on civilians, summary executions of captured fighters, and arbitrary detention - 6 April 2019: French FM Le Drian, whose country has been criticized for supporting Libyan eastern warlord Khalifa Haftar, said rival factions in Libya needed to hold back and that Haftar should accept a UN-backed peace effort, amid beginning evacuations of international powers - 8 April 2019: UK urges France to condemn Haftar’s assault on Tripoli, as EU foreign ministers are meeting in Brussels to condemn an assault on Tripoli by the Libyan warlord Khalifa Haftar and call for all sides to revert to UN-led political discussions about the riven country’s future, after UK-led moveto pass a security council statement condemning Haftar at the UN on Sunday was blocked by Russia - 8 April 2019: Airstrike shuts down Tripoli's only functioning airport as eastern warlord Haftar's forces advancing on Libya's capital disregarded global appeals for a truce and Tripoli-based Health Ministry said fighting in the south of the capital had killed at least 25 people, including fighters and civilians, and wounded 80 - 12 April 2019: WHO says it fears an outbreak of infectious diseases in Libya linked to poor water quality, among thousands of people fleeing their homes - 13 April 2019: Battles continue to rage between the forces of Libya’s internationally recognized government and warlord Haftar’s forces in the southern suburbs of Tripoli leaving dozens dead and thousands displaced - 14 April 2019: More than 120 people have been killed since Libyan military commander Haftar launched an assault on the capital 10 days ago including airstrikes, igniting clashes with rival militias, the UN health agency said - 15 April 2019: Some foreign states unified by aim of Libyan instability, Libyan government spokesperson says - 15 April 2019: Civilian casualties and displacement expected to increase in Libya due to continued use of air strikes and heavy artillery, UN report says - 16 April 2019: Libya’s UN backed government of National Accord has made a call for political dialogue with eastern commander Khalifa Haftar, also calling for an end to the fighting - 16 avril 2019: Au moins 174 personnes ont été tuées et 758 blessées, dont des civils, depuis le lancement d'une offensive de Khalifa Haftar pour conquérir Tripoli, selon OMS - 17 April 2019: Shells slammed into a Tripoli suburb overnight, killing at least four people, adding to a death toll the UN puts at more than 800, piling on the suffering to civilians from a two-week assault by commander Khalifa Haftar's forces to take Libya's capital from an internationally-backed government - 17 April 2019: Nearly 180 people have died as a result of warlord Haftar’s assault on Tripoli, with at least four civilians killed in aerial bombardment on the Libyan capital overnight, as residents protest and government denounces attacks as barbaric, saying evidence will be passed to ICC - 18 April 2019: An armed group on Thursday reportedly attacked a major air base in southern Libya controlled by eastern military commander Khalifa Haftar
25-30 April 2019: 25 April 2019: Young refugees held in the Qasr bin Ghashir detention centre in Libya have described being shot at indiscriminately by warlord Haftar's militias advancing on Tripoli, in an attack that reportedly left at least two people dead and up to 20 injured - 28 April 2019: Airstrikes by Khalifa Haftar's self-proclaimed Libyan National Army killed four people and wounded 20 others in Tripoli, according to Libya's internationally recognized unity government - 29 April 2019: UN envoy for Libya Salamé has made his strongest attack yet on the military strongman Khalifa Haftar as his forces intensify their assault on the capital Tripoli, saying Haftar is no democrat - 30 April 2019: Fierce fighting for control of Libya’s capital that has already displaced tens of thousands of people threatens to create a greater humanitarian crisis, senior UN official has warned
3-26 May 2019: 3 May 2019: Stalemate persists in Tripoli after overnight fighting, more civilians flee, as Haftar's offensive entered its fifth week - 6 May 2019: Nearly 200 people have been killed and more than 1,000 injured in the most recent wave of fighting in Libya, according to Libyan officials, as Abu Dhabi, Egypt, France and Saudi backed Haftar urges his forces to 'teach the enemy a greater and bigger lesson than the previous ones' during Ramadan, just hours after the UN called for a week-long humanitarian truce - 6 May 2019: Libyan journalists on Monday protested in the capital Tripoli against the abduction of two journalists who work for Libya’s Al-Ahrar TV kidnapped by an armed group said to be loyal to warlord Khalifa Haftar - 7 May 2019: Warlord Haftar's forces clash with government forces - 8 May 2019: Migrants suffer in ongoing skirmishes in Libya, as a detention center for migrants was damaged after a strike on Libya’s city of Tajoura - 11 May 2019: Libya neighboring countries seek to bring back the fighting parties to the negotiating table - 25 May 2019: Heavy fighting raged in the Libyan capital on Saturday as Haftar's forces made a new push to advance inside the city controlled by the internationally recognized government - 26 May 2019: The UN mission in Libya says two local TV reporters detained by Haftar's forces, have been released after three weeks in captivity, as Haftar has ruled out a ceasefire in his battle for Tripoli, accusing the UN of seeking to partition Libya
8/9 June 2019 Haftar airstrikes: 8 June 2019: Libya's PC condemns the airstrikes by Khalifa Haftar's Air Force on Tripoli vital facilities including field hospitals in Al-Swani and Ain Zara, causing injuries among medical staffers and civilians, saying the strikes have become systematically intentional, also condemning the international community's silence - 9 June 2019: More than 20 people have been killed in violent clashes between the tribal components of Murzuk, south-west of Libya, since the first days of Eid al-Fitr - 9 June 2019: Haftar forces launch airstrike near Libya's Tripoli - 9 June 2019: After over two months of fighting in southern Tripoli areas, people are suffering from a lack of services in all fields - 9 June 2019: Ajdabiya fighters reportedly abandon Haftar’s forces from fighting frontlines in Tripoli toward their city in eastern Libya over neglect, unfairness
29/30 June 2019: 29 June 2019: Following Libyan Army's seizure of Gharyan city from Haftar’s forces, cutting supply line to southern Tripoli, Haftar’s forces ban Libya-Turkey flights and will target Turkish ships, aircraft and citizens in Libya, as Turkey has voiced support for the UN-backed government, and after Haftar’s forces had lost 43 soldiers in the battle of Gharyan and fighters captured in the city also admitted that the operations room was managed by a number of UAE and French military experts - 30 June 2019: Libya fighters captured USA and Chinese rockets as well as drones from Haftar’s forces when they seized town from eastern forces last week, after UN reports have previously said that the UAE and Egypt have been arming Haftar’s forces since 2014 - 30 June 2019: Libyan government condemns Haftar’s threats to Turkey, saying that such threats promote sedition and hatred, and incites the killing on grounds of identity
3 July 2019 airstrike on migrant detention centre by warlord Haftar's forces: 3 July 2019 Tajoura migrant center airstrike and massacre by warlord Haftar's forces, backed by Egypt, France, Russia and the United Arab Emirates, after UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, on 8 May 2019 called for refugees and migrants in detention centres in conflict areas in Tripoli to be immediately evacuated to safety, after an airstrike hit a target less than 100 metres away from Tajoura detention centre, where over 500 refugees and migrants are being detained - 3 July 2019: An airstrike hit a detention center for migrants early Wednesday in the Libyan capital, killing at least 40 people, according to a health official in Libya's UN-supported government, blaming warlord Haftar for the airstrike, which destroyed centre holding mainly African migrants
14 July 2019: 14 July 2019: Some 95 migrants were rounded up from other detention centres in the city and moved to the Tajoura centre in Tripoli that was hit with an airstrike, according to Medecins Sans Frontieres, saying it was an 'outstanding contradiction' for migrants to be released from the unsafe centre, only for more to be brought in just days later - 14 July 2019: Libyan Interior Minister Fathi Bashagha said that the United Arab Emirates had provided Khalifa Haftar with mercenaries from Sudan’s Janjaweed and Chadian rebels for him to continue his offensive against Tripoli - 14 July 2019: Tribesmen of Murzuk town southwest of Libya agreed to stop the fighting and to lay the foundations for peaceful and secure coexistence, after the recent clashes in the town that broke out after Haftar's forces invasion of the town
19 August 2019 Haftar bombs Tripoli's zoo: 19 August 2019: Haftar’s air forces bomb zoo in Tripoli
21 September 2019 Haftar's airstrikes on Murzuq: 21 September 2019: Haftar's forces conduct 4 airstrikes on Murzuq
23 October 2019 civilians abandoned by the UN: 23 October 2019: Survivors of a deadly air strike on a migrant detention centre in Tripoli in July have told the BBC they feel abandoned by the UN, and are desperate to escape Libya - 23 October 2019: Libyan ambulance driver suffers head injury by shrapnel in an attack by Haftar's forces - 23 October 2019: Mitiga Airport attacked by F-16 with USA-made bombs, according to Major General Joueili, saying 'this attack is clear evidence of the direct intervention of the parties supporting Haftar in his aggression on Tripoli' - 23 October 2019: The opposing sides in Libya’s war, backed by their foreign state sponsors, are carrying out indiscriminate attacks on civilians, using high-explosive weapons in heavily populated areas, in what is likely to be war crimes, rights group says
5 January 2020 pro-Haftar airstrike kills at least 28 young people and leaves dozens injured in Tripoli: 5 janvier 2020: Au moment de la frappe contre l'école militaire de Tripoli à al-Hadba al-Khadra, un secteur résidentiel peuplé dans la capitale libyenne, qui a tué 28 cadets et blessé des dizaines d'autres, les jeunes hommes effectuaient leur dernier rassemblement de la journée dans la cour principale avant de regagner leurs dortoirs, après la mission de l’ONU en Libye, à plusieurs reprises, a demandé que les secteurs civils soient épargnés par les frappes qui 'pourraient constituer des crimes de guerre' - 5 January 2020: Deadly airstrike on young people in Tripolis occurred after ambulance service appealed for a temporary ceasefire to allow its crews to retrieve the bodies of five civilians killed on As Sidra Road in southern Tripoli and to evacuate families, coming under fire after their appeal
19 January 2020 pro-Haftar forces block oil exports: 19 January 2020: Pro-Haftar forces block oil exports
22 January 2020 French supported Haftar forces bomb Tripoli's Mitiga airport in a new breach of the January 12 cease-fire: 22 January 2020: Haftar forces bomb Tripoli's Mitiga airport in Libya in a new breach of the January 12 cease-fire
26/27 January 2020 Haftar's forces attack Abu Grein in violation of Berlin ceasefire: 26 January 2020: Khalifa Haftar's forces carried out an attack on Abu Grein town in a violation of the ink-on-papar ceasefire wishing to become positioned nearby Misrata city, as at least 20 fighters from Haftar's forces were killed and scores were injured, including foreign mercenaries, while GNA's Libyan Army suffered ten deaths and ten injuries, saying 'we didn't start this war but sure we are going to set the place and the time for its ending' - 26 January 2020: French newspaper reported that Saudi Arabia had funded the activities of Russian Wagner mercenaries in Libya in support of Khalifa Haftar - 27 January 2020: Libyan Army's Qanunu said that Haftar has demonstrated again that he is not a man to be trusted after his forces carried out a ground attack on Abu Grain area yesterday with the support of foreign aircraft - 27 January 2020: Haftar's spokesman says solution in Libya is through rifles not international conferences
10 March 2020 Haftar targets two schools with rockets: 10 March 2020: Haftar militants target two schools with rockets
9 April 2020 Haftar's militias target field hospital in Tajoura: 9 April 2020: Haftar's militias target field hospital in Tajoura
13 April 2020 Libya’s GNA forces seize control of towns from Haftar’s forces: 13 April 2020: Libya’s GNA forces seize control of Sabratha and Surman cities from Haftar’s forces
17 April 2020 Haftar' forces killed a doctor during an attack on Tripoli: 17 April 2020: Haftar' forces killed a doctor during an attack on southern Tripoli Friday
21 April 2020 EU's Cozzolino holds Haftar fully responsible for the crisis in Libya: 21 April 2020: EU official Andrea Cozzolino holds Haftar fully responsible for the crisis in Libya
5 June 2020 blow to warlord Haftar, UAE's Khalifa, Egypt's el-Sisi, Russian regime's Putin, and France's Macron: 5 June 2020: In a blow to warlord Haftar, UAE's Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Egypt's el-Sisi, Russian regime's Putin, and France's Macron, UN-backed Libyan forces oust renegade general from Tripoli after his 14-month siege of the south of the city, now ending in failure when his forces retreated from the south of the city toward his heartlands in the south and the east of the country, as UN-recognised government's interior minister Bashagha hailed 'the beginning of the end of the entire dictatorship project', urging cities under Haftar’s control to rise up against him and spare themselves further conflict, amid remaining uncertainty that the extent of Haftar’s retreat may depend on the point at which newly arrived Russian fighter jets intervene to shore up his lines of defence
27 June 2020 Libya calls for EU and USA sanctions on Russian mercenaries and backers: 27 June 2020: Libya calls for USA, EU sanctions on Russian mercenaries and backers in the African country
7 July 2020 UN's Stephanie Williams blames Haftar’s forces for the killing of civilians and mine clearance workers: 7 July 2020: UNSMIL's Stephanie Williams has blamed Khalifa Haftar’s forces for the killing of over 138 people in mine explosions in areas they fled in southern Tripoli, saying that the indiscriminate planting by forces affiliated with Haftar of explosive devices in civilian neighbourhoods, that have since late May reportedly killed and injured 81 civilians and 57 non-civilians, including mine clearance workers, is a potential violation of international law, and also expressing her deep sadness and regret over the recent death of two humanitarian mine clearance workers on Sunday in southern Tripoli - 7 July 2020: Turkish FM accuses France of supporting Haftar and providing a variety of military support to him, saying in a joint press conference with EU's Josep Borrell that France was not sincere regarding the Libyan issue
19 July 2020 Libya’s NOC says armed groups affiliated with Haftar are clashing inside oil facilities: 19 July 2020: Libya’s NOC says armed groups affiliated with Haftar are clashing inside oil facilities in areas surrounding Sirte
25 July 2020 al-Sisi calls for Beijing to help stop Turkey support for UN-backed Libya: 25 July 2020: Egypt's al-Sisi regime calls for Beijing regime to help stop Turkey support for UN-backed Libya government
28 July 2020 Russian military continues to provide supplies to Libya: 28 July 2020: USA says Russian military continues to provide supplies to Libya
10 August 2020 Russian military cargo planes land in Sirte: 10 August 2020: Russian military cargo planes land in Sirte, Libyan Army says
30 August 2020 Haftar deploys more mercenaries to Al-Jufra: 30 August 2020: Haftar deploys more mercenaries to Al-Jufra
11 January 2021 municipal elections in Libya see low turnout: 11 January 2021: Municipal elections in Libya see low turnout
26 April 2021 ‘War weary’ Libya reflects 10 years on from Gaddafi and Arab spring: 26 April 2021: ‘War weary’ Libya reflects 10 years on from Gaddafi and Arab spring


Mauritania - Geography of Mauritania - List of ecoregions in Mauritania - History of Mauritania - Demographics of Mauritania
Mining in Mauritania: Mining in Mauritania - Iron ore
Water in Mauritania: Water in Mauritania
List of rivers of Mauritania: List of rivers of Mauritania
Economic history of Mauritania and economic cycles: Economic history of Mauritania and economic cycles
Military of Mauritania: Military of Mauritania
1978-2008 Military coups in Mauritania: 1978-2008 Military coups in Mauritania
Taxation in Mauritania: Taxation in Mauritania
Political parties in Mauritania: Political parties in Mauritania
List of conflicts in Mauritania: List of conflicts in Mauritania
1235-1600 Mali emmpire and collapse: 1235-1600 Mali emmpire and collapse
Since the Middle Ages European powers in West Africa and 19th century colonization: Since the Middle Ages European powers were interested in coastal trade in West Africa, as European mercantile companies on the coast were charged with making the highest possible profit and 4 such French companies enjoyed an official French-government monopoly of the Senegal River trade from 1659 to 1798, as from the beginning French influence, competing with traditional trading partners north and east of Mauritania, came through Senegal, as in 1825 the new Emir of Trarza al Habib's efforts to reassert his sovereignty over the French-protected Oualo Kingdom to the south, which French authorities viewed as a hostile threat combined with the emir's efforts to sell gum arabic to the British, brought a strong French reaction and a large French expeditionary force defeated the emir's forces. then since 1840/1854 the French ordonance and governor of Senegal established Senegal as a permanent French possession with a government whose jurisdiction extended over all settlements then effectively under French control, including those in Mauritania
Since 1825 French colonization of Senegal and Mauritania until 1960: French colonization and 1903–1960 French colony of Mauritania
1960-1978 History of independant Mauritania: 1960-1978 History of Mauritania
Since 1978 military coups in Mauritania: Since 1978 military coups in Mauritania
1978-1991 History of Mauritania: 1978-1991 History of Mauritania
Since 1991 history of Mauritania: History of Mauritania 1991–present
2001 Mauritanian parliamentary election: Mauritanian parliamentary election 2001
2003 Mauritanian presidential election: Mauritanian presidential election 2003
2005 Mauritanian coup d'état: 2005 Mauritanian coup d'état
2007 Mauritanian presidential election: Mauritanian presidential election, 2007
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Mauritania: Mauritanian society
Human rights, religion, freedom of religion, repression and slavery in Mauritania: Human rights in Mauritania - Religion in Mauritania - Freedom of religion in Mauritania
Regions, departments and communes of Mauritania: 12 regions of Mauritania - 44 departments of Mauritania - 216 communes of Mauritania
Cities in Mauritania: List of cities in Mauritania
Timeline of Nouakchott: Timeline of Nouakchott since 1903
1981 University of Nouakchott: Since 1981 University of Nouakchott
Mauritania Railway: Mauritania Railway
Demographics and ethnic groups in Mauritania: Demographics of Mauritania - Ethnic groups in Mauritania
Culture and languages in Mauritania: Mauritanian culture - Languages of Mauritania
Education in Mauritania: Education in Mauritania
Schools in Mauritania: Schools in Mauritania
Health in Mauritania: Health in Mauritania
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Mauritania: Covid-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Mauritania in March 2020
Healthcare and hospitals in Mauritania: Healthcare and hospitals in Mauritania - Hospitals in Mauritania
Broadcasting in Mauritania: Radio in Mauritania - Television in Mauritania
Crime in Mauritania: Crime in Mauritania
Slavery in Mauritania: Slavery in Mauritania
Human trafficking in Mauritania: Human trafficking in Mauritania
Corruption in Mauritania: Corruption in Mauritania
2015 fighting corruption in Mauritania’s iron, gold, oil and fisheries sectors: 26 August 2015: Fighting corruption in Mauritania’s iron, gold, oil and fisheries sectors
Terrorism in Mauritania: Terrorism in Mauritania
Terrorist incidents in Mauritania: Terrorist incidents in Mauritania
February 2008 attack on the Israeli embassy in Mauritania: 1 February 2008 attack on the Israeli embassy in Mauritania
2009 Nouakchott suicide bombing: 2009 Nouakchott suicide bombing
Mauritanian law and legal history: Mauritanian law
Law enforcement in Mauretania: Law enforcement in Mauritania
National Guard in Mauritania: National Guard in Mauritania
Foreign relations of Mauritania: Foreign relations of Mauritania
Treaties of Mauritania: Treaties of Mauritania
Wars involving Mauritania:
2016 political economy and diplomacy of Mauritania: 26 January 2016: Political Economy and Diplomacy of Mauritania
Bilateral relations of Mauritania: Bilateral relations of Mauritania
Mauritania/Algeria relations: Mauritania/Algeria relations
Mauritania/EU relations: Mauritania/European Union relations
Mauritania/France relations: Mauritania/France relations
French West Africa 1895-1958: French West Africa 1895-1958
February 2008 attack on the Israeli embassy in Mauritania: February 2008 attack on the Israeli embassy in Mauritania, as at least three gunmen who allegedly belonged to the Islamic terrorist group Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb opened fire outside the Israeli embassy in Nouakchott, armed with rifles and grenades, injuring three bystanders, and as eight suspects were later arrested - 2 February 2021: In a wave of anti-Israel sentiment in the country, supported by opposition politicians who have criticized the government of Mauritania for recognizing Israel, investigators from Mauritania, Israel and the USA were searching for men who opened fire on the Israeli Embassy in Nouakchott, and struggling to determine the motive and target of the attack, after embassy guards returned the fire, a gun battle erupted and the assailants fled
Mauritania/Morocco relations: Mauritania/Morocco relations
Mauritania/USA relations: Mauritania/USA relations
Natural disasters in Mauritania:
Storm and floods in Mauritania:


Morocco - History of Morocco - Demographics of Morocco
Geography of Morocco: Geography of Morocco
Automotive industry in Morocco: Automotive industry in Morocco
Mining companies of Morocco: Mining companies of Morocco
Information technology in Morocco: Information technology in Morocco
Energy in Morocco: Energy Energy policy of Morocco
Renewable energy in Morocco: Renewable energy in Morocco
Supermarket chains in Morocco: List of supermarket chains in Morocco
Fishing industry in Morocco: Fishing industry in Morocco
Water transport in Morocco: Water transport in Morocco
Ports and harbours of Morocco: Ports and harbours of Morocco
Tourism in Morocco: Tourism in Morocco
Ecoregions in Morocco: Ecoregions in Morocco
High Atlas mountain range in central Morocco: High Atlas, a mountain range in central Morocco and the highest part of the Atlas Mountains. The High Atlas rises in the west at the Atlantic Ocean and stretches in an eastern direction to the Moroccan-Algerian border. At the Atlantic and to the southwest the range drops abruptly and makes an impressive transition to the coast and the Anti-Atlas range. The range includes Jbel Toubkal, which at 4,167m is the highest in the range and lies in Toubkal National Park. The range serves as a weather system barrier in Morocco running east–west and separating the Sahara from the Mediterranean and continental zones to the north and west. In the higher elevations of the massif, snow falls regularly, allowing winter sports. Snow lasts well into late spring in the High Atlas, mostly on the northern faces of the range. The High Atlas forms the basins for a multiplicity of river systems. The majority of the year-round rivers flow to the north, providing the basis for the settlements there. A number of wadis and seasonal rivers terminate in the deserts to the south and plateaux to the east of the mountains
Foreign trade of Morocco: Foreign trade of Morocco
Economic history of Morocco and economic cycles: Economic history of Morocco - Economy of Casablanca - Economy of Tangier
Labour and unemployment in Morocco: Labour and unemployment in Morocco
Trade unions in Morocco: Trade unions in Morocco
Military of Morocco: Military of Morocco
Military history of Morocco: Military history of Morocco - Wars involving Morocco
1 July 2011 referendum on constitutional reforms in Morocco: 1 July 2011 referendum on constitutional reforms in Morocco, called in response to a series of protests across Morocco since 20 February 2011 when over ten thousand Moroccans participated in demonstrations demanding democratic reforms, as draft released on 17 June foresaw requiring the King to name a PM from the largest party in Parliament, handing a number of rights from the monarch to the PM, including dissolution of parliament, allowing parliament to grant amnesty, previously a privilege of the monarch, making Berber an official language alongside Arabic, as the changes were reportedly approved by 98.49% of voters - despite protest movements calling for a boycott of the referendum - and officials claimed turnout was 72.65%., and as following the referendum, early parliamentary elections were held on 25 November 2011
Social movements and protests in Morocco: Protests in Morocco
2013 women's rights activists in Morocco have welcomed plans to change article 475: 23 January 2013: Women's rights activists in Morocco have welcomed plans to change article 475 of the penal code that allows rapists of underage girls to avoid prosecution by marrying their victims - 2 August: Tens of thousands of Moroccans, outraged by King Mohammed VI’s royal pardon of a Spanish paedophile who was convicted of raping 11 children between the ages of 3 and 14 from 2003 to 2010, are expected to converge outside the parliament for the first time directly contesting a particular decision of the king - 4 August: Morocco's king promises investigation into pardon of Spanish paedophile saying he did not know the gravity of the offences - 27 septembre: Une nouvelle manifestation s'est tenue jeudi à Rabat en faveur du journaliste Ali Anouzla inculpé pour 'terrorisme'
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Morocco: Moroccan society
Regions, prefectures, provinces, municipalities, communes, and arrondissements of Morocco: 12 Regions of Morocco - Prefectures and provinces of Morocco - Municipalities, communes, and arrondissements of Morocco
Populated places by province and raural communes of Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima: Populated places in Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima by province - Rural communes of Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima, listed by alphabet
Timeline of Tangier since antiquity: Timeline of Tangier since antiquity
Tangier in Ancient Ages: Tangier in Ancient Ages
929–1031 Caliphate of Córdoba: 929–1031 Caliphate of Córdoba
October 1956 Tangier cty becomes part of independent Morocco and Tangier International Zone disestablished: 8 October 1956 Tangier cty becomes part of independent Morocco and Tangier International Zone disestablished
History and timeline of Oujda city: History and timeline of Oujda city
Geography of Fes, climate and rivers: Geography of Fes el-Bali, Fes el-Jdid and the now much large Ville Nouvelle (New City) along with several outlying modern neighbourhoods, as the old city is located in a valley along the banks of the Oued Fes (Fez River) just above its confluence with the larger Sebou River to the northeast, taking its sources from the south and west and is split into various small canals which provide the historic city with water. These in turn empty into the Oued Bou Khrareb, the stretch of the river which passes through the middle of Fes el-Bali and separates the Qarawiyyin quarter from the Andalusian quarter - Climate of Fez, having a hot-summer Mediterranean climate with a strong continental influence, shifting from relatively cool and wet in the winter to dry and hot in the summer between June and September, as rainfall can reach up to 800 mm in good years
Timeline of Fez since Middle Ages: Timeline of Fez since Middle Ages
1912 Fes Riots, the 'Tritl' among the Jewish community, the Bloody Days of Fes: 1912 Fes Riots, the 'Tritl' among the Jewish community and the Bloody Days of Fes from French 'Les Journées Sanglantes de Fès', which started on 17 April 1912 in Fes, the then-capital of Morocco, when French officers announced the measures of the Treaty of Fes, which created the French protectorate in Morocco, viewed it as a betrayal by Sultan Abd al-Hafid (who had travelled to Rabat to ensure his safety), After the riots he was forced to abdicate in favour of his brother Yusuf, as most French troops left Fes, leaving behind 1,500 French troops and 5,000 Moroccan askars (local colonial infantrymen) commanded by French officers, as many units mutinied, causing a total loss of control, then soldiers attacked their French commanders, then left their barracks and attacked the European and Jewish quarters of the city until French artillery shelling was used to force the rebels to surrender after two days, and as the death toll included 66 Europeans, 42 Moroccan Jews and some 600 Moroccan Muslims
21st century Fez timeline: 21st century Fez timeline
Timeline of Rabat since citadel construction in 1150: Timeline of Rabat since citadel construction in 1150
Casablanca-Settat region: Casablanca-Settat region of Morocco
Timeline of Casablanca since antiquity: Timeline of Casablanca since antiquity
Timeline of Marrakesh in the 20th century: Timeline of Marrakesh in the 20th century
Timeline of Marrakesh in the 21st century: Timeline of Marrakesh in the 21st century
November 2016 UN Climate Change Conference in Marrakesh: November 2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Marrakesh
Sous River and generally fertile Sous region with a high agricultural production: Sous River, a river in mid-southern Morocco as the river originates in the High Atlas and flows west passing Aoulouz, Taroudannt, Oulad Teima, Inezgane and Aït Melloul. It forms a basin which is protected from the desertic climate of the Sahara by the Anti-Atlas mountains and is one of Morocco's most fertile regions - Sous region, an area in mid-southern Morocco and the alluvial basin of the Sous River, separated from the Sahara desert by the Anti-Atlas Mountains. The natural vegetation in the Sous region is savanna dominated by the Argan (Argania spinosa), a local endemic tree found nowhere else, as part of the area is now a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve to protect this unique habitat. The region of Sous is generally fertile and has a high agricultural production
1911 'Agadir Crisis' sparked by the deployment of a German gunboat to the Moroccan Atlantic port: April-November 1911 Agadir Crisis, sparked by the deployment of a German empire's gunboat to the Moroccan Atlantic port of Agadir and the deployment of a substantial force of French troops in the interior of Morocco, as German empire did not object to France's expansion but wanted territorial 'compensation' for itself. German empire threatened warfare, sent a gunboat, and stirred up German nationalists. Negotiations between Berlin and Paris governments resolved the crisis on 4 November 1911, as France took over Morocco as a protectorate in exchange for 'territorial concessions' to German empire from the French Congo in the southern part of Africa continuing 'Scramble for Africa', also called the Conquest of Africa, or the Rape of Africa. the invasion, occupation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by seven Western European powers known to historians as the 'New Imperialism'
Demographics in Morocco: Demographics of Morocco
Ethnic groups in Morocco: Ethnic groups in Morocco
Berbers in Morocco: Berbers in Morocco
Since antiquity history of the Jews in Morocco: Since antiquity history of the Jews in Morocco
Arabs in Morocco: Arabs in Morocco
680-900 establishment of Islamic institutions in Morocco: 680-900 establishment of Islamic institutions in Morocco
1600-1956 European expansion into North Africa, and Colonialism: 1600-1956 European expansion into North Africa, and Colonialism
Children in Morocco: Children in Morocco
Education in Morocco: Education in Morocco
Schools in Morocco: Schools in Morocco
Universities and colleges in Morocco: Universities and colleges in Morocco
Science and technology in Morocco: Science and technology in Morocco
Health in Morocco: Health in Morocco
Hospitals in Morocco: Hospitals in Morocco
Sport in Morocco: Sport in Morocco
Media of Morocco: Media of Morocco
Internet in Morocco: Internet in Morocco
Internet censorship in Morocco: Internet censorship in Morocco
Telecommunications in Morocco: Telecommunications in Morocco
Crime in Morocco: Crime in Morocco
Corruption in Morocco: Corruption in Morocco
People murdered in Morocco: People murdered in Morocco
Human trafficking in Morocco: Human trafficking in Morocco
Violence against women in Morocco: Violence against women in Morocco
Man-made disasters in Morocco: Man-made disasters in Morocco
Wars involving Morocco: Wars involving Morocco
Transport disasters in Morocco: Transport disasters in Morocco
'Sûreté Nationale', 'Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie' and 'Direction générale de la surveillance du territoire': 'Sûreté Nationale' is the authoritative and main State police body of Morocco - Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie - Direction générale de la surveillance du territoire
Police brutality in Morocco:
Foreign relations of Morocco: Foreign relations of Morocco
Treaties of Morocco: Treaties of Morocco
Morocco/United Nations relations: Morocco/United Nations relations
Diplomatic conferences in Morocco: Diplomatic conferences in Morocco
Bilateral relations of Morocco: Bilateral relations of Morocco
Morocco/Algeria relations: Morocco/Algeria relations
Morocco/Australia relations: Morocco/Australia relations
Morocco/Egypt relations: Morocco/Egypt relations
Morocco/European Union relations: Morocco/European Union relations
Morocco/France relations: Morocco/France relations
1912-1956 French 'protectorate' of Morocco: French 'protectorate' of Morocco 1912-1956
Morocco/Iran relations: Morocco/Iran relations
Morocco/Israel relations: Morocco/Israel relations
During 20th century and World War II history of the Jews in Morocco: During 20th century and World War II history of the Jews in Morocco
Morocco/Mauritania relations: Morocco/Mauritania relations
Morocco/Saudi Arabia relations: Morocco/Saudi Arabia relations
Morocco/Spain relations: Morocco/Spain relations
Since 1859 Spanish colonial wars in Morocco: Spanish colonial wars in Morocco since 1859
1913–1956 Spanish 'Protectorate' in Morocco: Spanish 'Protectorate' in Morocco 1913–1956
1497 Conquest of Melilla: 1497 Conquest of Melilla
1909-1910 Second Melillan campaign: 1909-1910 Second Melillan campaign
Morocco/Syria relations:
Morocco/Turkey relations: Morocco/Turkey relations
Morocco/Western Sahara relations:
Since 1975 Western Sahara conflict: Western Sahara conflict - Western Sahara War 1975-1991
Ecoregions in Morocco: Ecoregions in Morocco
High Atlas mountain range in central Morocco: High Atlas, a mountain range in central Morocco and the highest part of the Atlas Mountains. The High Atlas rises in the west at the Atlantic Ocean and stretches in an eastern direction to the Moroccan-Algerian border. At the Atlantic and to the southwest the range drops abruptly and makes an impressive transition to the coast and the Anti-Atlas range. The range includes Jbel Toubkal, which at 4,167m is the highest in the range and lies in Toubkal National Park. The range serves as a weather system barrier in Morocco running east–west and separating the Sahara from the Mediterranean and continental zones to the north and west. In the higher elevations of the massif, snow falls regularly, allowing winter sports. Snow lasts well into late spring in the High Atlas, mostly on the northern faces of the range. The High Atlas forms the basins for a multiplicity of river systems. The majority of the year-round rivers flow to the north, providing the basis for the settlements there. A number of wadis and seasonal rivers terminate in the deserts to the south and plateaux to the east of the mountains
Forests of Morocco: Forests of Morocco
Water in Morocco: Water in Morocco
Coalition marocaine pour la justice climatique: Coalition marocaine pour la justice climatique
Natural disasters in Morocco: Natural disasters in Morocco
Earthquakes in Morocco: Earthquakes in Morocco
Wildfires in Morocco: Wildfires in Morocco
Since mid July 2022 wildfires swept across parts of northern Morocco amid heatwave: July 2022 Moroccan wildfires in the forests of Taza, Tetouan and Larache at the same time with wildfires across Europe - 15 July 2022: Wildfires have swept across parts of northern Morocco in the last few days, in the forests of Taza, Tetouan and Larache, leading to scenes of raging infernos and plumes of thick smoke. The ferocious blazes have been blamed on soaring temperatures reaching around 45C° and droughts. - 16 July 2022: Morroccan firefighters battle infernos. Fires ravaging remote mountain forests in the northern region of the Kingdom have killed at least one person, authorities said. The corpse was found amid one of the blazes in the Larache region. In the north of Morocco, fires which are fanned by strong winds have forced more than 1,000 families to evacuate.


Oman - Geography of Oman - History of Oman - Demographics of Oman
Fishing in Oman: Fishing in Oman
Sultan of Oman's military: Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces
Governorates of Oman: 11 Governorates of Oman
Consultative Assembly of Oman: Consultative Assembly of Oman
October 2011 Omani general election: Omani general election 15 October 2011
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Oman: Omani society
Human rights in Oman: Human rights in Oman
Governorates and provinces of Oman: 11 Governorates of Oman - 61 Provinces of Oman
Cities in Oman: List of cities in Oman
History and timeline of Muscat: Timeline of Muscat since 550 BCE
Since 1985 Oman Natural History Museum: Since 1985 Oman Natural History Museum
2007 Cyclone Gonu: June 2007 Cyclone Gonu
Filipinos in Oman: Filipinos in Oman
Pakistanis in Oman: Pakistanis in Oman
Women in Oman: Women in Oman
Education in Oman: Education in Oman
Schools in Oman: Schools in Oman
Universities and colleges in Oman: List of universities and colleges in Oman
Health in Oman: Health in Oman
Media in Oman: Media in Oman
Newspapers in Oman: List of newspapers in Oman
Internet in Oman: Internet in Oman
Crime in Oman: Crime in Oman
Violence in Oman: Violence in Oman
Human trafficking in Oman: Human trafficking in Oman
Law enforcement in Oman: Law enforcement in Oman
Foreign relations: Foreign relations of Oman
Treaties of Oman: Treaties of Oman
Bilateral relations of Oman: Bilateral relations of Oman
Oman/Greece relations:
Oman/India relations: Oman/India relations
Oman/Iran relations: Oman/Iran relations
Oman/Israel relations: Oman/Israel relations
Oman/Pakistan relations: Oman/Pakistan relations
Pakistanis in Oman: Pakistanis in Oman
Oman/Qatar relations: Oman/Qatar relations
Oman/Saudi-Arabia relations: Oman/Saudi-Arabia relations
Oman/Syria relations: Oman/Syria relations
Oman/United Arab Emirates relations: Oman/United Arab Emirates relations
Oman/United Kingdom relations: Oman/United Kingdom relations
1892-1971 Sultanate of Muscat and Oman British Protectorate: Sultanate of Muscat and Oman British Protectorate 1892-1971
Oman/USA relations: Oman/USA relations
Since 2006 Oman–USA Free Trade Agreement: Oman–USA Free Trade Agreement 2006
Oman/Yemen relations: Oman/Yemen relations
Natural disasters in Oman:


Palestinian territories - Outline of the Palestinian territories - Gaza Strip - West Bank - History of Palestine (region) - History of the Palestinian people - Demographics of Palestine - Demographics of the Palestinian territories
Agriculture in the Palestinian territories: Agriculture in the Palestinian territories
Olive production in the Palestinian territories: Olive production in the Palestinian territories
Water supply effects of the Gaza war 2008/2009 and the Gaza blockade: Effects of the Gaza war 2008/2009 and the Gaza blockade
History of the economy of the Palestinian territories and economic cycles: History of the economy of the Palestinian territories
Employment in the Palestinian territories: Employment in the Palestinian territories
Palestinian workers in Israel: Palestinian workers in Israel
Poverty in the Palestinian territories: Poverty in the Palestinian territories
Palestinian society and demographics of the Palestinian territories: Palestinian society - Demographics of the Palestinian territories
Villages in the West Bank and Gaza Strip: Villages in the West Bank - Villages in the Gaza Strip
1995 Oslo II Accord divided the West Bank into three administrative divisions A,B, and C: The 1995 Oslo II Accord divided the Israeli-occupied West Bank into three administrative divisions, Areas A, B and C. The distinct areas were given different statuses, according to their governance pending a final status accord. Area A is exclusively administered by the Palestinian National Authority. Area B is administered by both the Palestinian Authority and Israel. Area C, which contains the Israeli settlements, is administered by Israel. Areas A and B were chosen in such a way as to just contain Palestinians, by drawing lines around Palestinian population centers at the time the Agreement was signed, all areas surrounding Areas A and B were defined as Area C. Area A comprises approximately 18% of the total territory of the West Bank and Area B about 22% of the territory, together home to some 2.8 million Palestinians. As of 2015, Area C is home to 150,000 Palestinians in 532 residential areas. It is also home to roughly 400,000 Israelis, in 135 settlements, as well as more than 100 outposts unrecognized by the Israeli government. Area C forms a contiguous territory, administered via the Judea and Samaria Area administration. In contrast, under the Oslo Accords Areas A and B were subdivided into 165 separate units of land that have no territorial contiguity


History and ancient period of Ein-Ganim: History and ancient period of Ein-Ganim - later known ss Jenin - believed to constitute the original settlement core of the city, located at the center of what is today Jenin's business district. Jenin has been identified as the place 'Gina' mentioned in the Amarna letters from the 14th century BCE. At the time, it was a vassal state of the New Kingdom of Egypt. The people of Gina managed to kill the warlord Labaya during the reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten, as later - according to the Hebrew Bible - Ein-Ganim is referred to as a Levite city belonging to the Israelite Tribe of Issachar. The Book of Judith renders its name as 'Gini'. as Roman-Jewish historian Josephus in the 1st-century CE - in the period of Roman empire's destruction of Israel, including the first genocide of Jews - mentions 'Ginea' as being in the northern border of Samaria.
11 April 2022 Palestinians shot dead and wounded in Jenin, al-Khader, Husan, Israelis injured in Nablus: 11 April 2022: Palestinians shot and injured Monday night two Israelis who went through an unmanned checkpoint in the West Bank city of Nablus, as the Israelis were on their way to Joseph's Tomb in Nablus, a flash point and holy site for Jews that was set ablaze last week by Palestinian rioters, as Palestinian Muhammad Zakarna who was shot by Israeli forces in Jenin on Sunday succumbed to his wounds a day later. The man was wounded during a raid intended to arrest two brothers of the terrorist who carried out a terror attack in Tel Aviv on Thursday, leaving three Israelis dead, as 17-year-old Muhammad Zakarna was now shot and wounded after opening fire on soldiers, according to the Israeli army. Disputing the army's account, his family and friends said that Zakarna was at work when he was hit by an expanding bullet. The 17-year-old worked selling hot drinks in Jenin's industrial zone, though he had nothing to sell that day due to the lockdown on the city. Also on Sunday, Israeli forces shot and killed a Palestinian man who was throwing Molotov cocktails at an Israeli vehicle near the town of al-Khader in the West Bank. This follows the fatal shooting of a Palestinian woman in Hebron, after she had stabbed an Israeli Border Police office. The officer was lightly wounded in the attack. Another Palestinian woman was shot dead on Sunday in Husan, near Bethlehem, who Israeli forces said approached them in a 'suspicious manner' before being fired at.
11 May 2022 Al Jazeera journalist Shireen Abu Akleh was shot dead in Jenin: On 11 May 2022 Al Jazeera journalist Shireen Abu Akleh was shot dead in West Bank during an Israeli raid in Jenin that targeted at capturing terror suspects - 11 May 2022: Israeli military said its forces came under attack with heavy gunfire and explosives while operating in Jenin, and that they fired back. The military is 'investigating the event and looking into the possibility that the journalists were hit by the Palestinian gunmen', AP reports. - 11 May 2022: 'I don't think we killed' Shireen Abu Akleh, a spokesman for the Israeli military says, as USA ambassador to Israel confirmed Abu Akleh was a USA citizen, and called for a 'thorough investigation into the circumstances of her death', as during the raid, according to IDF, militants opened fire at the Israeli forces and hurled explosives at them, before the soldiers returned fire, now saying 'we proposed to the Palestinians to open a swift joint probe. If we indeed killed her, we'll take responsibility, but it doesn't seem to be the case'.
Nablus city: Nablus city - Greek neápolis - in the West Bank approximately 49km north of Jerusalem, with a population of 126,132 citizens in the 21st century. Located between Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim, it is the capital of the Nablus Governorate and a commercial and cultural centre, home to An-Najah National University, one of the largest Palestinian institutions of higher learning, and the Palestine Stock Exchange and under the administration of the Palestinian National Authority as part of Area A of the West Bank. The city traces its modern name back to the Roman period, when it was named Flavia Neapolis by Roman emperor Vespasian in 72 CE. During the Byzantine period, conflict between the city's Samaritan and newer Christian inhabitants peaked in the Samaritan revolts that were eventually suppressed by the Byzantines by 573, which greatly dwindled the Samaritan population of the city. Following the Arab-Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 7th century, the city was given its present-day Arabic name of Nablus. After the First Crusade, the Crusaders drafted the laws of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Council of Nablus, and its Christian, Samaritan, and Muslim inhabitants prospered. The city then came under the control of the Ayyubids and the Mamluk Sultanate. Under the Ottoman Turks, who conquered the city in 1517, Nablus served as the administrative and commercial centre for the surrounding area corresponding to the modern-day northern West Bank. After the city was captured by British forces during Central Powers' - including the Ottoman empire - 1914-1918 World War I, Nablus was incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine in 1922. The 1948 Arab–Israeli War saw the entire West Bank, including Nablus, occupied and annexed by Transjordan. Since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, the West Bank has been occupied by Israel, and since 1995, it has been governed by the PNA as part of Area
Geography, demographics, economy and education, culture and local government of Nablus: Geography, demographics, economy and education, culture and local government of Nablus, as Nablus lies in a strategic position at a junction between two ancient commercial roads. One road links the Sharon coastal plain to the Jordan valley, the other linking Nablus to the Galilee in the north, and the biblical Judea to the south through the mountains. The city stands at an elevation of around 550 meters above sea level in a narrow valley running roughly east–west between two mountains, the northern mountain Mount Ebal and the southern mountain Mount Gerizim. Nablus is located 42km east of Tel Aviv, 110km west of Amman in Jordan and 63km north of Jerusalem. Nearby cities and towns include Huwara and Aqraba to the south, Beit Furik to the southeast, Tammun to the northeast, Asira ash-Shamaliya to the north and Kafr Qaddum and Tell to the west.
Economy and agriculture of Jericho: Economy and agriculture of Jericho
Economy of Ramallah: Economy of Ramallah
East Jerusalem: East Jerusalem, the sector of Jerusalem that was occupied by Jordan during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, following Axis powers' World War II and the Holocaust, as opposed to the western sector of the city, West Jerusalem, which was occupied by Israel. Since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, East Jerusalem has been considered to be occupied by Israel by the international community. East Jerusalem, in the early 21st century recognized as part of Palestine by 138 (out of 193) member countries of the UN, including Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Russia, Sweden, and 57 members countries of the 'Organisation of Islamic Cooperation'. In 2016, the population of East Jerusalem was 542,400, comprising 61% of Jerusalem's population. Of these, 327,700 (60.4%) were Arabs and 214,600 (39.6%) were Jews.
Bethlehem city, since 1350–1330 BCE documented and therefore proven, not fantasized history: Bethlehem city in the central West Bank, about 10 km south of Jerusalem and the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate. Its population is approximately 25,000 citizens in the 21st century as its economy is primarily tourist-driven. The important holy site of Rachel's Tomb is at the northern entrance of Bethlehem. The earliest known mention of Bethlehem was in the Amarna correspondence of 1350–1330 BCE when the town was inhabited by the Canaanites. The Hebrew Bible, which says that the city of Bethlehem was built up as a fortified city by Rehoboam, identifies it as the city David was from and where he was anointed as the king of Israel. Bethlehem was destroyed by the Emperor Hadrian during the second-century Bar Kokhba revolt. Bethlehem became part of 'Jund Filastin' following the Muslim conquest in 637 after the decline and dissolution of the Roman empire. Muslim rule continued in Bethlehem until its conquest in 1099 by a crusading army, who replaced the town's Greek Orthodox clergy with a Latin one. In the mid-13th century, the Mamluks demolished the city's walls, which were subsequently rebuilt under the Ottoman empire in the early 16th century. Control of Bethlehem passed from the Ottomans to the British at the end of German empire's and Central Powers World War I, followed by Axis Powers World War II and the Holocaust. Bethlehem came under Jordanian rule during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and was later captured by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, but since the 1995 Oslo Accords, Bethlehem has been administered by the Palestinian Authority.
1st century Matthew's massacre of children in Bethlehem allegation: In Matthäus’ Geschichte vom Kindermord in Bethlehem im 1. Jahrhundert wird entgegen aller Tatsachen behauptet, dass Jesus in Bethlehem geboren wurde. Dies ist Phantasie. Die wissenschaftliche Forschung sieht den tatsächlichen Geburtsort Jesu mehrheitlich in Nazareth, weil sich die Bethlehem-Geburtsgeschichten bei Matthäus und Lukas nicht in Einklang bringen lassen und auch der von Lukas (2,2 EU) behauptete reichsweite Zensus fragwürdig ist. Die erste nachweisbare Provinzzählung unter Publius Sulpicius Quirinius in der Provinz Judäa fand erst im Jahr 6 n. Chr. statt, also ein Jahrzehnt nach dem Tod des Herodes. Zu dessen Lebzeiten war Judäa noch nicht Teil der römischen Provinzialordnung. Bethlehem sei vermutlich erst aufgrund nachösterlicher Reflexion als angeblicher Geburtsort Jesu ins Spiel gekommen, da im Alten Testament geweissagt war, dass der Messias bzw. künftige Herrscher aus Bethlehem, der Stadt Davids, kommen sollte.
11 April 2022 Palestinians shot dead and wounded in Jenin, al-Khader, Husan, Israelis injured in Nablus: 11 April 2022: Palestinians shot and injured Monday night two Israelis who went through an unmanned checkpoint in the West Bank city of Nablus, as the Israelis were on their way to Joseph's Tomb in Nablus, a flash point and holy site for Jews that was set ablaze last week by Palestinian rioters, as Palestinian Muhammad Zakarna who was shot by Israeli forces in Jenin on Sunday succumbed to his wounds a day later. The man was wounded during a raid intended to arrest two brothers of the terrorist who carried out a terror attack in Tel Aviv on Thursday, leaving three Israelis dead, as 17-year-old Muhammad Zakarna was now shot and wounded after opening fire on soldiers, according to the Israeli army. Disputing the army's account, his family and friends said that Zakarna was at work when he was hit by an expanding bullet. The 17-year-old worked selling hot drinks in Jenin's industrial zone, though he had nothing to sell that day due to the lockdown on the city. Also on Sunday, Israeli forces shot and killed a Palestinian man who was throwing Molotov cocktails at an Israeli vehicle near the town of al-Khader in the West Bank. This follows the fatal shooting of a Palestinian woman in Hebron, after she had stabbed an Israeli Border Police office. The officer was lightly wounded in the attack. Another Palestinian woman was shot dead on Sunday in Husan, near Bethlehem, who Israeli forces said approached them in a 'suspicious manner' before being fired at.
Economy and urban development of Hebron: Economy and urban development of Hebron
990 BCE capital of Israel relocated from Hebron to Jerusalem by King David: 990 BCE capital of Israel relocated from Hebron to Jerusalem by King David
1834 Hebron massacre by Egyptian forces: 1834 Hebron massacre by Egyptian forces
1948 Transjordan forces in power: 1948 Transjordan forces in power
Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Hebron: Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Hebron


Governorates in the Gaza Strip: Governorates of the Gaza Strip
Economy and port of Gaza City: Economy of Gaza City - Port of Gaza
History and timeline of Gaza: History of Gaza settlement and city, as known history of Gaza spans 4,000 years. Gaza was ruled, destroyed and repopulated by various dynasties, empires, and peoples. Originally a Canaanite settlement, it came under the control of the ancient Egyptians for roughly 350 years before being conquered and becoming one of the Philistines' principal cities. Gaza became part of the Assyrian Empire around 730 BCE. Alexander the Great besieged and captured the city in 332 BCE. Most of the inhabitants were killed during the assault, and the city, which became a center for Hellenistic learning and philosophy, was resettled by nearby Bedouins. The area changed hands regularly between two Greek successor-kingdoms, the Seleucids of Syria and the Ptolemies of Egypt, until it was besieged and taken by the Hasmoneans in 96 BCE, then rebuilt under the rule of Roman general Pompey, and granted to Herod the Great thirty years later. Throughout the Roman period, Gaza maintained its prosperity, receiving grants from several different emperors. A 500-member senate governed the city, which had a diverse population of Greeks, Romans, Jews, Egyptians, Persians and Nabateans.
Bronze Age history of Gaza: Bronze Age history of Gaza
Ancient period history of Gaza: Ancient period history of Gaza
Classical antiquity history of Gaza: Classical antiquity history of Gaza, as in 634, Gaza was besieged by the Rashidun army under general 'Amr ibn al-'As, with assistance from Khalid ibn al-Walid, following the Battle of Ajnadayn between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate in central Palestine. The Muslims' victory at Ajnadayn gave them control over much of Palestine's countryside, but not the major cities with garrisons such as Gaza. With Umar succeeding Abu Bakr as caliph, the Rashidun forces began to make stronger efforts at conquering Byzantine territory. During the three-year siege of Gaza, the city's Jewish community fought alongside the Byzantine garrison. In the summer of 637, Amr's forces broke the siege and captured Gaza, killing its Byzantine garrison. - July-August 634 Battle of Ajnadayn in a location close to Beit Guvrin in present-day Israel, the first major pitched battle between the Byzantine (Roman) Empire and the army of the Arab Rashidun Caliphate
Since 1516 Gaza incorporated into the still expanding Ottoman Empire until November 1917: In 1516, Gaza - by now a small town with an inactive port, ruined buildings and reduced trade - was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman army quickly and efficiently crushed a small-scale uprising. Shortly after Palestine's quick submission to the Ottomans, it was divided into six districts, including the Gaza Sanjak (District of Gaza) which stretched from Jaffa in the north to Bayt Jibrin in the east and Rafah in the south. The sanjak was a part of the larger Damascus Eyalet or the 'Province of Damascus'. In the early 20th century Gaza was economically and politically dominated by a number of powerful clans, particularly the Shawa, Husseini, and Sourani families. When Central Powers' (including the Ottoman empire's) 1914-1918 World War I involved the the so-called 'Middle East', in March 1917 British forces were defeated by the Ottomans in the first and in April 1917 second Battle of Gaza. - In November 1917 UK's general Edmund Allenby (supported by Canada, Australia and New Zealand), leading the Allied Forces, defeated the Ottoman Empire supported by the German Empire and finally conquered Gaza in a third battle
1948-1967 occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt: At the conclusion of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Egypt was in control of Gaza and the surrounding area, that came to be called the Gaza Strip. Gaza's growing population was augmented by an influx of refugees fleeing nearby cities, towns and villages that were captured by Israel. From 1948 until 1959, Gaza was nominally under the jurisdiction of the All-Palestine Government, an entity established by the 'Arab League' during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, purportedly as the government for a 'liberated Palestine'. However, the government was ineffective with little or no influence over events in Gaza and was dissolved by Cairo in 1959. Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip was broken for four months during the 1956 Suez Crisis. Gaza officially became a part of the 'United Arab Republic', a union of Syria and Egypt, under the pan-Arab policy of Nasser. In reality, however, Gaza was under direct Egyptian military governorship, which also continued upon the withdrawal of Syria from the UAR shortly afterwards. When the 'Palestinian Liberation Organization' PLO was founded in 1964, Nasser formally, but not practically, proclaimed that it would hold authority over Gaza, and a year later, conscription was instituted for the 'Palestinian Liberation Army' - 1948-1967 occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt.
Since 1993 Palestinian control of the Gaza Strip: Since 1993 Palestinian control of the Gaza Strip


Palestinian women: Palestinian women
Education and children in the Palestinian territories: Education in the Palestinian territories - Education in Gaza - Education in the West Bank
Palestinian militant misuse of children and youths: Palestinian militant misuse of children
2013 Hamas to establish military academy for schoolkids: 24 January 2013: Hamas to establish military academy for schoolkids
Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict: Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
30 May 2021 health workers fear that effects of the latest violence will long linger among the children especially in Gaza strip: 30 May 2021: As Gaza's citizens try to recover from 11-day deadly rocket attacks and terrible Israeli defense and and even deadlier attacks, mothers and mental health workers have raised concerns that the effects of the violence will long linger among the children in the Strip
Health in the Palestinian territories: Health in the Palestinian territories
Medical outbreaks in the Palestinian territories: Medical outbreaks in the Palestinian territories
2020 coronavirus pandemic in the Palestinian territories: Since March 2020 coronavirus pandemic in the Palestinian territories
Taxation and budget in the Palestinian territories: Taxation in the Palestinian territories - International aid to Palestinians - Budget
2013 PA passes $3.9bn budget for 2013 with 25% is earmarked for military: 29 March 2013: Palestinian cabinet passes $3.9 billion budget for 2013, 25% is earmarked for defense
March 2015 Israeli decision to transfer Palestinian tax funds: 29 March 2015: Israeli decision to transfer Palestinian tax funds also welcomed by EU and USA
Elections and politics of the Palestinian National Authority: Elections in the Palestinian National Authority
August 2014: 8 August 2014: As Gaza rocket fire continues and Hamas rejects extending truce, a new poll says that 92% of Palestinians in Gaza are in favor of a long-term ceasefire between Israel and Hamas and 72% hope their leaders will work to achieve a lasting peace agreement - 10 August: Hamas threatens major escalation in rocket strikes on Israel as Gazans in addition to hundreds of victims, destruction and unemployment struggle with rising prices - 13 August: The annihilation of the state of Israel has begun, says the official PLO envoy Salah al-Zawawi in Tehran, as Hamas representative in Iran Khaled al-Kadoumi says, that he hopes its weapons will become more advanced with the help of the Iranians - 15 August: After weeks of war, some fearless Gazans are starting to speak out questioning Hamas’s handling of the crisis - 17 August: Hundreds of Fatah members under Hamas house arrest in Gaza - 18 August: Israel arrested 93 Hamas men in West Bank over terror network targeting Palestinian Authority
October 2016 Palestinian local elections, postponed: 8 October 2016 Palestinian local elections, postponed
Social movements and protests in the Palestinian territories: Protests in the Palestinian territories
March/April 2018 'Land Day' incidents: March/April 2018 'Land Day' incidents
March 2019 protests against high cost of living: 14 March 2019: Hamas’s security forces disperse rare Gaza protests against its rule - 15 March 2019: Hamas said to beat Gazans protesting dire economic conditions for second day amid reports of live fire against residents of Hamas-ruled enclave in Deir al-Balah and Khan Younis - 16 March 2019: Fierce clashes erupted between Hamas forces and hundreds of young demonstrators in Gaza as protests against the high cost of living in the Strip entered their third day, as Ramallah-based leadership asked Egypt to pressure Hamas over the violent suppression - 17 March 2019: Palestinian rights groups say Hamas briefly detained four of their researchers as it dispersed protests in Gaza against recent tax hikes - 21 March 2019: Hamas reportedly suppressed public dissent in Gaza, beating and arresting scores of people over the past week who were demonstrating against price rises and dire living conditions across the strip, as more protests are planned
Palestinian newspapers: Palestinian newspapers
Broadcasting in the Palestinian territories: Radio in Palestine - Television stations in Palestine
Internet in Palestine: Internet in Palestine
Cinema of Palestine: Cinema of Palestine
Religion in the Palestinian territories: Religion in the Palestinian territories
Human rights organizations in the Palestinian territories: Human rights organizations based in the Palestinian territories
Human rights in the Palestinian National Authority: Human rights in the Palestinian National Authority - Human rights in the Gaza Strip
Crime in the Palestinian territories: Crime in the Palestinian territories
Corruption in the Palestinian territories:
Palestinian domestic weapons production: Palestinian domestic weapons production
Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip: Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip
Palestinian law: Palestinian law
Law enforcement in the Palestinian National Authority: Law enforcement in the Palestinian National Authority
Foreign relations of the Palestinian National Authority: Foreign relations of the Palestinian National Authority
Palestinian emigration, diaspora and population: Palestinian emigration, diaspora and population
Palestine/United Nations relations: Palestine/United Nations relations
2014: 12 February 2014: The Syrian crisis that has left millions of people dependent on international aid has caused the reduction of funds to assist Palestinians, UN says - 13 March 2014: UN's Ban Ki-moon strongly deplores heavy rocket barrage on Israel from Gaza - 13/14 July 2014: Palestinian representative to the UN Human Rights Council Kraishi says every missile fired from Gaza at Israel is a crime against humanity because it is directed at civilian targets and, unlike IDF, 'we never warn anyone about where these missiles are about to fall' - 19 July: UN's Ban Ki-moon joins efforts for ceasefire negotiations after Hamas's rejection and as death toll reaches 350 - 20 July 2014: 'United' Nations agency UNRWA handed 20 missiles found in Gaza school back to Hamas, not to International Criminal Court - 22 July 2014: Israeli newspaper asks wether is was a war crime that UNRWA handed rockets over to Hamas - 22 July: For the second time in less than a week, rockets have been found in a school in Gaza operated by the UNRWA - 23 July 2014: UN's Ban Ki-moon is 'alarmed' to hear that rockets placed in UN-run school in Gaza now 'have gone missing', demanding a full review - 28 July 2014: Hamas fired anti-tank missile from UNRWA school in Beit Hanoun on Thursday, yard was empty when IDF responded, IDF investigation says - 30 July 2014: UN agency for Palestinian refugees admits that a stockpile of Hamas rockets for the third time since the onset of Operation Protective Edge was found in UNRWA’s Gaza schools, but was not publicized by UNRWA - 30 July 2914: Three Israeli soldiers were killed and 15 injured in an explosion at a booby-trapped UNRWA 'health clinic' in Gaza's Khan Yunis that housed the opening of a Hamas tunnel for terrorist attacks in Israel - 2 August 2014: UN's Ban Ki-moon condemns Hamas violation of humanitarian ceasefire in Gaza and demands the immediate, unconditional release of captured Israeli soldier Goldin - 18 December: Jordan formally submitted Palestinian-drafted resolution to the UN Security Council calling for peace between Israel and the Palestinians within one year and an Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank by the end of 2017 - 31 December: UN Security Council rejects resolution on Palestinian statehood, with the Palestinians failing to get the minimum nine yes votes
International recognition of the State of Palestine: International recognition of the State of Palestine - Proposals for a Palestinian state - 13 August 2011: Palestinians to bid for UN state recognition next month - 31 octobre 2011: La Palestine devient membre à part entière de l'Unesco - 107 countries voted in favour while USA, Israel, Germany and some others voted against membership - 7 January 2012: Hamas leader's Tunisia visit angers Palestinians - 29 June: Bethlehem sites given Unesco World Heritage status - NZZ 23. Juli: Arabische Liga unterstützt UN-Antrag der Palästinenser - 28 September: President Abbas says he will seek a vote at UN General Assembly to approve Palestine as a 'sovereign country' - 23 October: Qatar emir calls for Palestinian unity on visit to Gaza - 12 November: Palestinian Authority decides to move forward with a bid for elevated UN status - 30 November: In the UN General Assembly 138 countries voted (41 others abstained) to recognise Palestine as a non-member observer state, despite Israel and US criticism

Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Israeli-Palestinian conflict - Arab-Israeli conflict
5 May 2022 mass stabbing in El'ad during Israel's Independence Day: 5 May 2022 mass stabbing in El'ad, Central District, during Israel's Independence Day 'Yom Ha'atzmaut'. Three people were killed and four injured, as Israeli Police identified the perpetrators as two Palestinians from Rummanah, West Bank. As of 7 May they are being sought by the authorities. - 6 May 2022: Palestinian Arabs took to the streets to celebrate Thursday evening’s attack in the city of Elad, in which three Jews were murdered and four were wounded by two terrorists armed with an axe and a firearm. A video from Shechem (Nablus) showed children handing out candies to passers-by in celebration of the attack. In the Nur a-Shams camp in Tulkarm, masked men took to the streets to celebrate the attack with the public. Palestinian Arabs in the cities of Gaza and Khan Yunis fired into the air while candies were distributed to drivers and passers-by. Meanwhile, 'Allahu Akbar' was shouted from the mosques as a sign of joy at the 'success' of the attack. Expressions of joy were also reported in Palestinian Arab concentrations in Lebanon.
Violent incidents in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1878-2014 (ongoing)
Palestine/Brazil relations: Palestine/Brazil relations
Palestine/China relations: Palestine/China relations
Palestine/France relations: Palestine/France relations
Palestine/Indonesia relations: Palestine/Indonesia relations
Palestine/Iran relations: Palestine/Iran relations
Palestine/Iraq relations: Palestine/Iraq relations
Palestine/Jordan relations: Palestine/Jordan relations - Jordan River
Palestine/North Korea relations: Palestine/North Korea relations
Palestine/Pakistan relations: Palestine/Pakistan relations
Palestinian territories/Russia relations: Palestinian territories/Russia relations
Palestine/South Africa relations: Palestine/South Africa relations
Palestinian territories/Sudan relations: Palestinian territories/Sudan relations
Palestine/Turkey relations: Palestine/Turkey relations
Palestine/United Arab Emirates relations: Palestine/United Arab Emirates relations
Palestine/United Kingdom relations: Palestine/United Kingdom relations
Palestine/USA relations: Palestine/USA relations
Palestine/Vietnam relations: Palestine/Vietnam relations
Natural disasters in the Palestinian territories: Natural disasters in the Palestinian territories


Dawlat Qatar (Emirate) - Geography of Qatar - History of Dawlat Qatar (Emirate) - Demographics of Qatar
Energy in Qatar: Energy in Qatar
Agriculture in Qatar: Agriculture in Qatar
Transport in Qatar: Transport in Qatar
Aviation in Qatar: Aviation in Qatar
Tourism in Qatar: Tourism in Qatar
Wealth in Dawlat Qatar (Emirate): Wealth in Qatar - Qatari billionaires
Dawlat Qatar (Emirate) Sports Investments and competitions: Qatar Sports Investments - Sport competitions in Qatar
2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar controversies: 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar controversies
Since 2011 Qatar FIFA World Cup 2022 controversies and corruption allegations: List of 2022 FIFA World Cup controversies - 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar
2010-2021 temperatures reaching more than 50 °C in northern hemisphere's summer, Qatar a 'high risk': Climate and weather in Qatar remain a concern with temperatures reaching more than 50 °C in northern hemisphere's summer. Doctors from Qatar's Aspetar sports hospital in Doha said the climate would be an issue, stating that the region's climate would 'affect performance levels from a health point of view' of professional athletes, specifically footballers, that 'recovery times between games would be longer' than in a temperate climate and that, on the field of play, 'more mistakes would be made'. Additionally, one of the doctors said that 'total acclimation (to the Qatari climate) is impossible'. The inspection team for evaluating who would host the tournament said that Qatar was 'high risk' due to the weather.
2022 Qatar FIFA World Cup Human Rights issues in Qatar, migrant workers, slavery allegations and deaths: 2022 Qatar FIFA World Cup Human Rights issues in Qatar, migrant workers, slavery allegations and deaths
4 October 2022 French cities ditch World Cup festivities to protest Qatar’s record on human rights, environment: 4 October 2022: French cities ditch World Cup festivities to protest Qatar’s record on human rights, environment, directly aimed at Gulf state host Qatar and the steep human and environmental costs of the event that activists say Doha is doing everything to hide. According to Amnesty international, migrant workers account for more than half of Qatar’s population of 3 million and 90% of its total work force. Many of them, from impoverished South Asian nations like India, Nepal and the Philippines, arrived to work on the $220 billion World Cup infrastructure project. Despite Qatar being the fourth-richest country in the world, a migrant worker typically earns €1.30 per hour while working long hours and an average of six days a week. Although Qatar has now had five years to phase out the infamous kafala system, it is still very much in practice. In addition to that, European non-profit Carbon Market Watch CMW dismissed Qatar’s zero-carbon footprint claims, saying 'claims that the 2022 FIFA World Cup will not contribute additional carbon emissions to the atmosphere are completely unrealistic. The data already available today show that, contrary to predictions, the Qatari tournament’s climate impact will be unambiguously negative'.
Military of Dawlat Qatar (Emirate): Qatar Armed Forces - Qatar Air Force - Air Force equipment - origin
Politics of Dawlat Qatar (Emirate): Politics of Dawlat Qatar (Emirate)
Political parties are banned in Qatar: Political parties are banned in Qatar
Central Municipal Council: Central Municipal Council
8 December 2022 western banks funding Qatar’s carbon bombs: 8 December 2022: Qatar’s longest lasting legacy following the 2022 World Cup won’t be football or even its human rights record - it will be the climate crisis, according to a new report warning that its huge expansion of gas extraction could push the planet into catastrophic global heating. Should Qatar exploit all of its oil and gas reserves it will eventually add an enormous 50bn metric tons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere once burned, which is more than the entire annual emissions of the whole world, the new research, shared with the Guardian, has found - 8 December 2022: World Cup host Qatar's oil and gas fields are projected to add an additional 50 gigatons of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, smashing the UN 1.5°C warming limit and causing over US$ 20 trillion of damage and 11 million deaths. Qatar is already one of the biggest exporters of fossil gas, a main driver of the climate emergency, and together with foreign companies, it plans to increase extraction and fossil gas liquefaction in the coming years, 'BankTrack' reports


Society, demographics, immigrant labor, human rights and crime in Dawlat Qatar (Emirate): Qatari society
Municipalities of Qatar: 8 municipalities of Qatar
Cities in Qatar: List of cities in Qatar
Industrial infrastructure of Ras Laffan: Industrial infrastructure of Ras Laffan
Health in Ras Laffan: Health in Ras Laffan
Economy of Al Rayyan: Economy of Al Rayyan
Al Shahaniya municipality and city: Al Shahaniya municipality - Al-Shahaniya city
Economy and industry in Al-Shahaniya: Economy and industry in Al-Shahaniya
Residenze della famiglia principesca del Qatar: Residenze della famiglia principesca del Qatar
Timeline of Doha city: Timeline of Doha city
15 December 2018 preparting FIFA World Cup 2022 Qatar unveils design for Lusail stadium: 15 December 2018: Preparting FIFA World Cup 2022 Qatar unveils design for Lusail stadium
Since April 2021 Lusail football stadium: Since April 2021 Lusail Stadium, a football stadium in Lusail that will host the final game of the November 2022 FIFA World Cup, the biggest stadium in Qatar and one of eight stadiums being converted for the 2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar. The stadium is located about 23km north of Doha. - Cyrus Cylinder, an ancient clay cylinder, now broken into several pieces, on which is written a declaration in Akkadian cuneiform script in the name of Persia's Achaemenid king Cyrus the Great, and dubbed the 'first declaration of human rights'. It dates from the 6th century BC - discovered in the ruins of the ancient Mesopotamian city of Babylon, now in modern Iraq in 1879 - and was used as a foundation deposit following the Persian conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, when the Neo-Babylonian Empire was invaded by Cyrus and incorporated into his Persian Empire
Demographics of Dawlat Qatar (Emirate): Demographics of Qatar - Qatari people by ethnic or national origin
Ethnic groups in Qatar: Ethnic groups in Qatar
Nepalis in Qatar: Nepalis in Qatar
Pakistanis in Qatar: Pakistanis in Qatar
2017 'Demography, Migration, and the Labour Market in Qatar': 2017 'Demography, Migration, and the Labour Market in Qatar' by Francoise de Bel-Air, published in GLMM - EN - No. 3/2017, saying 'in 2016, Qatar ranked first worldwide in terms of per capita GDP', due to its huge hy-drocarbon reserves and to the small size of its resident population (2.5 million in June 2017). Exploiting the hydrocarbon resources and channelling them into ambitious development policies required massive imports of foreign labour. The country’s total population has grown seven-fold since the mid-1980s, moreover, foreign nationals made up an estimated 91% of all residents (aged 15 and above) and up to 95% of all employed population in 2015. The awarding of the 2022 FIFA World Cup to Qatar in 2010 turned the spotlight on the country’s dilemma regarding the 'number vs. rights trade-off' issue: Qatar has one of the most constraining kafala systems in the region, which underwent only minor changes in a reform enacted in December 2016. Paradoxically, demographic data also indicate that a growing share of foreigners live with their families and give birth in the country. Among these may be Syrian nationals who have come to the country since 2011, the beginning of Assad's war against the Syrian people. As of 2017, foreign population growth rates have started decelerating, as past infrastructural projects achieved completion, new migration policies that privilege skills over number are initiated, and political uncertainty looms. As in 2015/2016 non-nationals numbered 87,3% of Qatar's population, the countries of origin included India (6,50,000 citizens), Nepal (3,50,000 citizens), Bangladesh (80,000 citizens), Philippines (2,60,000 citizens), Egypt (2,00,000 citizens), Sri Lanka (1,45,256 citizens), Pakistan (1,25,000 citizens), Syria (54,000 citizens), Sudan (50,000 citizens), Indonesia (43,000 citizens), Jordan (40,000 citizens), Iran (30,000 citizens), Lebanon (24,000 citizens), Ethiopia (22,000 citizens), Tunisia (20,000 citizens), Palestine (20,000 citizens), Kenya (14,000 citizens), Eritrea (10,000 citizens). Indians, Nepalese, Filipinos, and Bangladeshis alone made up about 78% of the foreign labourers in September 2013. In 2020 registered live births by nationality in Doha numbered 19,386 including 4,005 Qatari and 15,381 Non-Qatari, 'Wikipedia' says.
Culture in Qatar: Culture in Qatar
Since 2007 Qatar Philharmonic Orchestra: Since 2007 Qatar Philharmonic Orchestra
Languages in Qatar: Languages in Qatar
Women and women's rights in Dawlat Qatar (Emirate): Women in Qatar - Women's rights in Qatar
May 2019 SESRI's 'Guest Workers' Welfare Index', 2022 FIFA World Cup and Media Coverage': May 2019 SESRI's 'Guest Workers' Welfare Index', including 'Guest Workers in Qatar - 2022 FIFA World Cup and Media Coverage'. citing UK's 'The Guardian' September 2013 '...found men throughout the wider Qatari construction industry sleeping 12 to a room in places and getting sick through repulsive conditions in filthy hostels', later 'This summer, Nepalese workers died at a rate of almost one a day in Qatar, many of them young men who had sudden heart attacks'. 'Some say they have been forced to work without pay and left begging for food', 'Clear proof of the use of systematic forced labour in Qatar', citing the 'International Trade Union Confederation ITUC' reported by 'The Guardian', saying 'The annual death toll among those working on building sites could rise to 600 a year – almost a dozen a week – unless the Doha government makes urgent reforms', 'we are absolutely convinced they are dying because of conditions of work and life', 'Nothing of any substance is being done by the Qatar authorities on this issue', citing 'Amnesty International' saying 'workers arriving in Qatar to find that the terms and conditions of their work are different to those they had been promised during the recruitment' and therefore at risk of being detained by the authorities', 'migrant workers having their passports confiscated and being prevented from leaving the ountry by their employers', citing 'BBC News 2015' saying 'Conditions on the sites are very bad. You work all day out in the open in extreme heat. You start at 04:00 and work all day. There is no cold drinking water on the site, just hot water. It is very oppressive', 'For almost two months now, my company has refused to pay our salaries. Our company is killing us because they don't want to give us the little reward we deserve', 'Qatar has a labour office, but if you report your company, they will definitely send you back to your country. So everyone is too scared to report any problems', 'There is no drinking water available, there is no air conditioning in their cabins - and this was in 45C heat. They have filthy sanitation, and the food is dished out like in the Oliver Twist movie'. SESRI comments, that the Dawlat Qatar (Emirate) 'may make implement policies towards improving guest workers’ living and working conditions, but without valid indicators, Qatar would be unable to demonstrate results.
Health in Dawlat Qatar (Emirate): Health in Qatar
Medical outbreaks and disasters in Qatar: Medical outbreaks in Qatar - Disasters and man-made disasters in Qatar
19 March 2020 covid-19 hits migrant workers in Qatar: 19 March 2020: Covid-19 hits migrant workers in Qatar
Media in Dawlat Qatar (Emirate): Qatari media - Media in Qatar by city
Freedom of speech and the press in Qatar and role of the government: Freedom of expression in Qatar - Freedom of the press in Qatar
May 2012 Dawlat Qatar (Emirate) government imposes upon the practice of the rights to free speech: 10 May 2012: Qatar government imposes upon the practice of the rights to free speech and the right to free press
Newspapers in Qatar: Newspapers in Qatar
Internet in Qatar: Internet in Qatar
Crime and human rights in Dawlat Qatar (Emirate): Crime in Qatar
Human rights in Qatar: Human rights in Qatar
2011 Detention of Sultan al-Khalaifi: Detention of Sultan al-Khalaifi
Terrorism and alleged state-sponsored terrorism in Qatar: Alleged state-sponsored terrorism in Qatar
Qatari law: Qatari law
Law enforcement in Qatar: Law enforcement in Qatar


Foreign relations of Dawlat Qatar (Emirate): Foreign relations of Dawlat Qatar (Emirate)
Treaties of Qatar: Treaties of Qatar
Multilateral relations of Qatar: Multilateral relations of Qatar
Qatar's OPEC membership: Since 1961 Qatar's OPEC membership
2017–2018 Qatar diplomatic crisis: 2017-2018 Qatar diplomatic crisis - 5 June 2017: Arab states Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and UAE cut ties to Qatar, accusing Doha of meddling in internal affairs, supporting Iran-backed terror and destabilizing region - 6 June 2017: Panic buying in Qatar as shoppers stockpile food due to Saudi 'blockade' - 9 June 2017: Qatar crisis grows as Arab nations draw up terror sanctions list, which includes politicians and members of ruling family - 17 June 2017: United Arab Emirates says a western monitoring mechanism will be needed to force Qatar to abide by any agreement to end its alleged support for terrorism - 23 June 2017: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, the Kingdom of Bahrain and other Arab countries that have cut ties to the Emirate of Qatar issued a steep list of demands, insisting that their Persian Gulf neighbor cut back diplomatic ties to Iran, close down a Turkish military base in Qatar, sever all ties with the Muslim Brotherhood and with other groups including Hezbollah, al-Qaeda and the Islamic State group, and shutter al-Jazeera, accusing the Doha-based satellite broadcaster of fomenting unrest in the region
Bilateral relations of Dawlat Qatar (Emirate): Bilateral relations of Dawlat Qatar (Emirate)
Qatar/Afghanistan relations: Qatar/Afghanistan relations
2022 Afghanistan women's football team in Melbourne - not Doha - after fleeing their home: 5 February 2022: For the first time since fleeing their home and finding sanctuary in Australia, Afghanistan women's international football team are taking their battle for equality onto the field in Melbourne, after in August 2021 heir existence as female footballers had made them a target, and their safety could not be assured as the Taliban seized control of the country and reimposed their strict interpretation of Sharia law - 16 August 2007: Afghanistan women's international football team is travelling abroad for the first time to join Pakistani teams in a series of friendly matches, as - like many other sports in Afghanistan 15 years ago - football has regained a popularity which was dampened during the five years of Taleban rule.
Qatar/Bangladesh relations: Qatar/Bangladesh relations
Qatar/Egypt relations: Qatar/Egypt relations
Qatar/European Union relations: Qatar/European Union relations
Qatar/The Gambia relations: Qatar/The Gambia relations
Qatar/Germany relations: Qatar/Germany relations
Qatar/India relations: Qatar/India relations - Indians in Qatar
Qatar/Iran relations: Qatar/Iran relations
Qatar-Iran oil and gas relations: Qatar-Iran oil and gas relations
Qatar/Israel relations: Qatar/Israel relations
Qatar/Jordan relations: Qatar/Jordan relations since 1972
Qatar/Libya relations: Qatar/Libya relations
February 2015 Qatar recalls ambassador to Egypt over air strikes: 19 February 2015: Qatar recalls ambassador to Egypt over air strikes in Libya
April 2019 Qatar calls for arms embargo against Libya's Haftar: 16 April 2019: Qatar calls for arms embargo against Libya's Haftar
Qatar/Pakistan relations: Qatar/Pakistan relations - Pakistanis in Qatar
Qatar/Philippines relations: Qatar/Philippines relations - Filipinos in Qatar
Qatar/Russia relations: Qatar/Russia relations
Qatar-Russia political and economic ties: Qatar-Russia economic ties
18 April 2022 the Russo-Ukrainian war and the forked path of Qatar-Russia relations: 18 April 2022: The Russo-Ukrainian war and the forked path of Qatar-Russia relations
Qatar/Saudi-Arabia relations: Qatar/Saudi-Arabia relations
Since 2002 Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict: Since 2002 Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict
2017–18 Qatar diplomatic crisis: 2017–18 Qatar diplomatic crisis
Since April 2012 Qatari involvement in the Syrian Civil War Since April 2012 Qatari involvement in the Syrian Civil War, beginning with deliveries of arms to rebels in Syria from Qatar. In 2013, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute SIPRI estimated that Qatar had fueled the war by delivering more weapons to Syria than any other country. In total, there were over 15 weapons cargo flights into Turkey. USA historian Gareth Porter - an anti-war activist during the Vietnam War who has written about the potential for peaceful conflict resolution in Southeast Asia and the Middle East - wrote in 2015 that Qatar has provided support to rebel groups across the spectrum, not only funding more moderate rebels but also a coalition known as the Army of Conquest, which initially contained al-Qaeda linked groups - 2018/2019 In response to Porter's statements questioning the use of chemical weapons in Syria by the al-Assad regime, the British organization 'Bellingcat' stated that Porter 'relies heavily on ignoring the tests by the OPCW that detected Sarin in samples' and that 'Porter relies on the usual chemical weapon truther claims that these results were from samples being tampered with in someway, without presenting any actual evidence it took place'
Qatar/Tunisia relations: Qatar/Tunisia relations
Qatar/United Arab Emirates relations: Qatar/United Arab Emirates relations
Qatar/United Kingdom relations: Qatar/United Kingdom relations
1916-1971 British control of Qatar: British control of Qatar 1916–1971
14 November 2022 Scot freed in Iraq after Qatari conviction arrest: 14 October 2022: The construction engineer Brian Glendinning who spent two months in custody in Iraq over a debt conviction in Qatar has been freed, as the engineer from Fife did not know he was on an Interpol list as a wanted fugitive until he was detained in Basra on his way to a new job, and his family last month was forced to call on the UK government to intervene. 'Campaign group Detained in Dubai' said Mr Glendinning was released on Sunday and is expected to return home to Kincardine within days. Last week, the bank which is owed the money issued a clearance note stamped by the authorities in Qatar saying they no longer wanted him extradited. Mr Glendinning's brother John told BBC the conditions in the Iraqi prison were 'vile, detailing 'Brian was held in a holding cell with up to 44 people - a mixture of terrorists, drug dealers, people who murdered their own father, using a shotgun'.
Qatar/Vietnam relations: Qatar/Vietnam relations
Landforms of Qatar: Landforms of Qatar
Water in Qatar: Water in Qatar
Natural disasters in Qatar:


Saudi-Arabia - Geography of Saudi-Arabia - Ottoman Arabia 1517-1918 - Unification of Saudi Arabia military and political campaign 1902–1932 - 'Modern' history of Saudi Arabia begins with the unification of Saudi Arabia in a single kingdom in 1932 - Demographics of Saudi-Arabia
Quraysh a mercantile Arab tribe and military, cruel traditions and following dynasties: Quraysh a mercantile Arab tribe that historically inhabited and controlled the city of Mecca and its Ka'ba, as all medieval Muslim sources agree that Qusayy unified Fihr's descendants, and established the Quraysh as the dominant power in Mecca - Since 305 Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy, born in in Mecca, an ancestor of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Islamic tradition - Banu Hashim, the clan of the Quraysh tribe, to which the Islamic prophet Muhammad belonged, as his great-grandfather was Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, after whom the clan is named, and birth legend, as Islamic hagiographers give an exotic narration concerning the birth of Hashim, considered it to be a very bloody and cruel one, as narration states that Hashim and 'Abd Shams were conjoined twins born with Hashim's leg attached to his twin brother's head, and they had struggled in their mother's womb seeking to be firstborn - Dynasties of following Royal and Imperial dynasties claiming descent from Hashim in Arabia, Africa, Indo-Persia, East Asia
Petroleum politics in Saudi Arabia: Petroleum politics in Saudi Arabia
Solar power in Saudi Arabia: Solar power in Saudi Arabia
Irrigation in Saudi Arabia: Irrigation in Saudi Arabia
Water supply, groundwater and desalination in Saudi Arabia: Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia - Water resources - Groundwater, desalination
Rail transport and network in Saudi Arabia: Rail transport and network in Saudi Arabia
Economic history of Saudi Arabia and economic cycles: Economic history of Saudi Arabia
Labor force and employment in Saudi Arabia: Labor force and employment in Saudi Arabia
2013 crackdown: 7 April 2013: Saudi Arabia's king ordered a three-month delay to a crackdown on migrant workers which has led to thousands of deportations - 28 April: Saudi Arabia has plans to replace the eight million expatriate workers with locals - 28 May: Tens of thousands of foreign workers are trying to leave Saudi Arabia - 30 May: Every day hundreds of 'illegal' foreign workers, mostly South Asians, queue in the scorching heat outside an immigration office seeking to get their papers in order or leave - 9 June: 180,000 foreign workers leave Saudi Arabia in 2 months - 10 July 2013: Saudi Arabia to expel foreigners disrespecting Ramadan - 5 novembre: Arrestation de milliers d'immigrés illégaux, l'économie perturbée - 10 November: No leniency for illegal foreign workers, Saudi Arabian authorities say - 10 novembre 2013: Deux personnes ont été tuées et 68 autrres blessées dans un quartier de Riyad lors d'affrontements impliquant des immigrés
Absolute monarchy, military and religion in Saudi-Arabia: Absolute monarchy in Saudi-Arabia - Kingdom of Saudi-Arabia - King of Saudi-Arabia
Incidents preparing and during the Hajj: Incidents during the Hajj
Military of Saudi-Arabia: Military of Saudi-Arabia
Saudi Arabia and weapons of mass destruction: Saudi Arabia and weapons of mass destruction
Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia: Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia
2012 Saudi-Chinese nuclear cooperation deal: 16 January 2012: Saudi Arabia, China sign nuclear cooperation deal
Government of Saudi Arabia: Government of Saudi Arabia - Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia - Elections in Saudi Arabia
2011 Saudi Arabian municipal 'elections': Saudi Arabian municipal elections 2011
5 August 2020 Saudi Arabia reportedly expands nuclear program with China's help: 5 August 2020: Saudi Arabia reportedly expands nuclear program, with China's help
30 December 2021 hit squad members convicted of murdering Khashoggi living in luxury villas in Riyadh: 30 December 2021: At least 3 members of Saudi hit squad convicted by the kingdom of murdering Jamal Khashoggi are living and working 'in seven-star accommodation' inside a government-run security compound in Riyadh, according to a source connected to senior members of Saudi intelligence, as the assassins are believed to be staying in villas and buildings run by Saudi Arabia’s State Security agency, far from the walls of its infamous prisons. The source has spoken to two witnesses who claim to have seen the men. They said family members frequently visit the men, who are able to use a gym and workspaces on the site. All were sentenced before a Saudi court, in a trial broadly condemned as a sham – though only one of them, Salah al-Tubaigy – was named


January-March 2015: 9/10 January: Raif Badawi, sentenced to 10 years in prison and 1,000 lashes for criticizing Saudi Arabia’s powerful clerics on a liberal blog he founded, flogged in public 50 times, as regime started carrying out his sentence and USA State Department released a statement - 14 January: Saudi blogger Badawi faces next 50 lashes as government ignores global protests - 16 January: Raif Badawi’s case referred to supreme court, says his wife - 21 February: Saudi blogger Raif Badawi sentenced to flogging spared for 6th consecutive week following protests - 27 March: Raif Badawi jailed since 2012 pretextual for insulting Islam after criticising Saudi Arabia’s notorious religious police, tells of flogging ordeal in letter from Saudi prison describing how he 'miraculously survived' the first 50 of 1,000 lashes
May-October 2015: 26 May 2015: Tens of thousands of mourners poured into the streets of al-Qudeeh in eastern Saudi Arabia to attend a mass funeral for victims of last week’s suicide bombing attack at a Shiite mosque claimed by the Islamic State terrorists - 26 mai 2015: La femme de Raïf Badawi, condamné à 10 ans de prison, 1000 coups de fouets et 200.000 euros d’amende pour avoir dit la vérité, souhaite que la communauté internationale va maintenir la pression pour sauver son mari - 7 June: Despite worldwide outrage Saudi supreme court upholds verdict against blogger Raif Badawi onfirming punishment of 1,000 lashes and 10 years in prison - 7 October 2015: Flogged Saudi blogger Raïf Badawi wins Pinter free-speech prize, accepted in London for Badawi, who is serving 10-year sentence for his liberal blog


Society, demographics, culture, and ethnic groups in Saudi-Arabia: Saudi Arabian society
Cities and towns in Saudi Arabia: Cities and towns in Saudi Arabia
History and timline of Jeddah since 500 BCE: History and timline of Jeddah since 500 BCE
History of Medina city: History of Medina city
Dammam metropolitan area: Dammam metropolitan area
Dammam city: Dammam city, the fourth-most populous city in Saudi Arabia after Riyadh, Jeddah, and Mecca. It is the capital of the Eastern Province, with a total population of 1,532,300 citizens as of 2022. The judicial and administrative bodies of the province, in addition to the administrative offices of other minor governmental departments functioning within the province, are located in the city. Dammam is known for being a major administrative center for the Saudi oil industry, also constituting the core of the Dammam metropolitan area, also known as the Greater Dammam area, which comprises the 'Triplet Cities' of Dammam, Dhahran, and Khobar. The area has a population of 2,190,900 citizens as of 2022 and is closely linked to the city through social, economic, and cultural ties. The city is growing at an exceptionally fast rate of 12% a year – the fastest in Saudi Arabia, the GCC, and the Arab world.


Saudi Arabian people by ethnic or national origin: Saudi Arabian people by ethnic or national origin - Ethnic groups in Saudi Arabia
Since 1990 women to drive movement: Women to drive movement
2012-2014: 13. Februar 2012: Kopf-ab-Saudiarabien, die Polygamie, ihr Prophet und die heilige Zahl 4 - 12 July: Saudi women - a judoka and an 800m runner - to compete at London Olympics 2012 - 26 September: 908 Nigerian women pilgrims travelling to Mecca face deportation from Saudi Arabia for traveling without male relatives - 15 June 2013: A Saudi court handed two Saudi women 10-month jail sentences for seeking to help a Canadian woman who wanted to leave her Saudi husband with their children - 11 July 2013: Saudi princess Meshael Alayban charged with human trafficking for allegedly holding a domestic worker against her will at a California condominium - 29 August 2013: A new law passed by Saudi Arabia makes domestic abuse a crime in the country for the first time, with perpetrators facing up to a year in prison - 29 September: Women's rights supporters condemn Saudi Arabia as two prominent female rights activists, who went to the aid of a woman they believed to be in distress, ordered to jail - 27 October: At least 16 Saudi women fined for taking the wheel on a day set by activists to defy the ban on female driving - 17 February 2014: Somayya Jabarti, a Saudi woman, named first editor-in-chief of newspaper Saudi Gazette
23 November 2020 Saudi minors still on death row despite royal decree: 23 November 2020: The Saudi minors still on death row despite royal decree
Health and health care in Saudi Arabia: Health care in Saudi Arabia
Since 1992 killed journalists killed in Saudi Arabia: Since 1992 killed journalists killed in Saudi Arabia, according to CPJ
October 2018 killing of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi: 2 October 2018 Disappearance and killing of Saudi journalist and former general manager and editor-in-chief of Al Arab News Channel Jamal Ahmad Khashoggi after entering the Saudi consulate in Istanbul - 7 October 2018: Pressure on Saudis after disappearance of Khashoggi in Istanbul and calls for international inquiry - 10 October 2018: A pro-government Turkish newspaper published the names and photographs of a group of Saudi nationals, called 'assassination squad', who allegedly arrived in Istanbul on board two private jets the day journalist Jamal Khashoggi went missing, as police were looking into the possibility that Khashoggi was kidnapped - 10 October 2018: USA intelligence reportedly knew of Saudi plan to capture missing journalist in Turkey - 12/13 October 2018: After Turkish investigators have claimed video and audio recordings exist that prove Jamal Khashoggi was killed, the list of organisations, businesses and media groups to pull out of kingdom’s showpiece investment event later this month is rapidly growing - 23 October 2018: Khashoggi murder 'planned days in advance', Turkey's president says - 23 October 2018: Saudi sees $50 billion in deals at investment conference despite some boycotts over Khashoggi killing
November 2018: 5 novembre 2018: Les fils du journaliste assassiné Jamal Khashoggi ont demandé aux autorités saoudiennes de restituer le corps de leur père afin que la famille puisse faire son deuil, ont-ils déclaré à CNN dans une interview - 5 novembre 2018: Un quotidien turc affirme que deux nettoyeurs, un chimiste et un expert en toxicologie, se sont rendus d'Arabie saoudite en Turquie neuf jours après la disparition de l'éditorialiste Jamal Khashogg pour effacer les preuves du meurtre - 9 November 2018: Turkish officials say Jamal Khashoggi’s body was dissolved in acid found at Saudi envoy’s home - 15 November 2018: Saudi prosecutor seeks death penalty in Khashoggi murder case - 17 November 2018: The assassination of journalist and Saudi regime critic Jamal Khashoggi in Istanbul was ordered by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, according to an examination by USA's CIA, complicating efforts to safeguard ties with and support for a suppressing and cruel kingdom - 22 November 2018: CIA has recording of Saudi crown prince ordering Khashoggi silenced, Turkish media reports - 24 November 2018: Writing for Washington Post, children of Saudi journalist Kashoggi recall a loving father and patriot, but say they still have no closure about his death
December 2018: 4 December 2018: Saudi crown prince linked to Khashoggi killing, briefed USA senators are certain Saudi crown prince ordered Khashoggi's murder - 5 December 2018: Turkey seeks arrest of two Saudi crown prince allies over Khashoggi murder, as official says warrant reflects skepticism that Ahmad al-Assiri and Saud al-Qahtani will be properly prosecuted by Riyadh for their alleged role in the killing - 10 December 2018: After the office of a USA senator briefed on the ongoing investigation by the CIA told CNN that a new transcript, giving the fullest picture of Khashoggi’s last moments, was consistent with that briefing, and after reports that USA's Jared Kushner, senior adviser to his father-in-law Trump, had counselled Prince Mohammed over the fallout from the journalist’s murder and had become 'the prince’s most important defender inside the White House', Saudi Arabian regime ruled out extraditing suspects
Newspapers in Saudi Arabia: Newspapers in Saudi Arabia
Internet in Saudi Arabia: Internet in Saudi Arabia
Social media and telecommunications in Saudi Arabia: Social media in Saudi Arabia - Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia
Internet censorship in Saudi Arabia: Internet censorship in Saudi Arabia
Human rights in Saudi-Arabia: Human rights in Saudi-Arabia
Human rights organizations in Saudi-Arabia: Human rights organizations in Saudi-Arabia
Crime, terrorism and violation of human rights in Saudi Arabia: Crime and state terrorism in Saudi Arabia
Committee for the promotion of virtue and the prevention of vice - religious police of Saudi Arabia: Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice - Religious police of Saudi Arabia 'Mutaween'
Torture in Saudi-Arabia: Torture in Saudi-Arabia
Stoning in Saudi-Arabia: Stoning in Saudi-Arabia
Capital punishment and public decapitations in Saudi-Arabia: Decapitation - Capital punishment in Saudi-Arabia
2015: 26 May 2015: Saudi Arabia passes execution total for all of 2014 as 88th person is put to death indicating that number of prisoners being executed has accelerated under King Salman amid activists’ concerns that trials are not being conducted fairly - 25 August 2015: Saudi Arabia has executed at least 175 people over the last 12 months, mostly by beheading and on average one person every two days, rights group says - 24 September 2015: UN issues urgent call for Saudi Arabia to stay execution of juvenile Ali Mohammed al-Nimr and his crucifixion after taking part in demonstrations three years ago for democracy and equal rights - 22 November 2015: Palestinian poet Ashraf Fayad gets Saudi death sentence for 'apostasy' - 23 December 2015: Saudi authorities have reduced a Sri Lankan woman’s sentence for adultery from death by stoning to a three-year jail term after an appeal
Domestic violence and rape in Saudi Arabia: Domestic violence in Saudi Arabia - Rape in Saudi Arabia
Human trafficking in Saudi Arabia: Human trafficking in Saudi Arabia
Corruption in Saudi-Arabia: Corruption in Saudi-Arabia
November 2017 Saudi Arabian anti-corruption arrests: November 2017 Saudi Arabian anti-corruption arrests, as a number of prominent Saudi Arabian princes, government ministers, and businesspeople were arrested following the creation of an anti-corruption committee, led by Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman - 5 November 2017: The highest profile arrest in Saudi Arabia’s anti-corruption purge is Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, a multibillionaire with huge investments in western firms including major media groups, with substantial stakes in Rupert Murdoch’s NewsCorp, Apple, Time Warner, Twitter, and owning Rotana, whose TV channels broadcast widely across the Arab-speaking world - 16 November 2017: Authorities in Saudi Arabia are offering businessmen and members of the royal family detained on allegations of corruption an opportunity to pay for their freedom, according to media reports - 29 November 2017: Saudi prince Miteb bin Abdullah pays $1bn in corruption settlement


Foreign relations of Saudi-Arabia: Foreign relations of Saudi-Arabia
Wars involving Saudi Arabia (since 1746): Since 1746 List of wars involving Saudi Arabia
Treaties of Saudi Arabia: Treaties of Saudi Arabia
Since 2015 International reactions to the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen: Since 2015 International reactions to the Saudi-led intervention in Yemen
Saudi-Arabia/United Nations relations: United Nations Development Programme in Saudi Arabia
Bilateral relations of Saudi Arabia: Bilateral relations of Saudi Arabia
Saudi-Arabia/Canada relations: Saudi Arabia/Canada relations
Saudi Arabia/PR China relations: Saudi Arabia/PR China relations
PR China-Saudi Arabia military relations: PRC-Saudi Arabia military relations
5 August 2020 Saudi Arabia reportedly expands nuclear program with China's help: 5 August 2020: Bone saw Saudi Arabia reportedly expands nuclear program, with China's help
Saudi-Arabia/Ethiopia relations: Saudi-Arabia/Ethiopia relations
Saudi-Arabia/European Union relations: Saudi-Arabia/European Union relations
Saudi-Arabia/Germany relations: Saudi-Arabia/Germany relations
6 April 2023 Iran/Saudi-Arabia relations and the democracy in the 21st century: 6 April 2023: People dismembering Saudi-Arabia and protesters murdering Iranian Mullah regime came to an agreement to restore diplomatic relations, as USA tried to downplay any suggestion that the Beijing-brokered agreement represented a blow to USA’s influence in the Middle East. But it has also been sidelined since the Arab spring in the Middleeast in early 2011, when the brutal Assad regime - already supported by Iran's Mullah regime - was protected in all sessions of the UN security council by a Russian-Chinese alliance, in the summer 2013 during Assad's mass murder with chemical weapons, during and since Russian regime's destruction of Syrian cities like Aleppo in 2015/2016, in subsequent regional 'negotiations', such as Russian-mediated talks between Saudi Arabia and Syria. USA's William Burns was in Saudi Arabia this week, where he reportedly expressed his frustration that Riyadh was reopening dialogue with countries - Iran and Syria – subject to USA sanctions.
Saudi-Arabia/Kenya relations: Saudi-Arabia/Kenya relations
Saudi-Arabia/Lebanon relations: Saudi-Arabia/Lebanon relations
Saudi-Arabia/Norway relations: Saudi-Arabia/Norway relations
November 2018 Norway suspends arms export licenses: 9 November 2018: Norway suspends arms export licenses to Saudi Arabia
Saudi-Arabia/Organisation of Islamic Cooperation OIC relations: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation OIC - Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
2014: 17 June 2014: Crises and situations in Iraq, Syria, in Central Africa, Libya, Myanmar, Nigeria and Mali on the agenda of the OIC Foreign Ministers Conference, 41st session in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) 18/19 June 2014
Saudi-Arabia/Palestinian territories relations:
Saudi-Arabia/Poland relations: Saudi-Arabia/Poland relations
Saudi-Arabia/Qatar relations: Saudi-Arabia/Qatar relations
2017–18 Qatar diplomatic crisis: 2017–18 Qatar diplomatic crisis
Saudi-Arabia/Russia relations: Saudi-Arabia/Russia relations
United Arab Emirates/South Africa relations: United Arab Emirates/South Africa relations
7 April 2023 UAE refuses to extradite tycoons accused in South Africa of orchestrating industrial-scale corruption: 7 April 2023: UAE refuses to extradite the tycoons Atul and Rajesh Gupta accused in South Africa of orchestrating industrial-scale corruption
Saudi-Arabia/Sudan relations: Saudi-Arabia/Sudan relations
Saudi-Arabia/Sweden relations: 9 March 2015: Saudi Arabia blocked Swedish foreign minister Margot Wallström's speech to the Arab League, in which she was due to 'celebrate women’s achievements' and focus on women’s rights and representation - 11 March 2015: Sweden cancels arms deal with Saudi Arabia worth billions of crowns to its industry after criticism of regime's human rights record sparked a diplomatic row - 11 March: Saudi foreign ministry recalls its ambassador to Sweden over criticism of its human rights record, following Stockholm’s tearing up of arms agreement - 20 March: Saudi Arabia to stop visas for Swedish citizens amid human rights row - 29 March: After the Saudis decided to send their ambassador back to Stockholm, the story ends with Saudis, rather than Europeans, being forced to lie
Saudi-Arabia/Syria relations: Saudi-Arabia/Syria relations
Saudi-Arabia/Turkey relations: Saudi-Arabia/Turkey relations
Saudi-Arabia/United Kingdom relations: Saudi-Arabia/United Kingdom relations
Saudi-Arabia/USA relations: Saudi-Arabia/USA relations - Saudi-Arabian army main equipment from the USA - 30 July 2011: USA and Saudi-Arabia to discuss nuclear cooperation - 29 December: US sells $30 billion of Boeing F-15 fighter jets to Saudi-Arabia, formally announced on Thursday from Hawai where Obama is on Christmas holiday - 6 February 2013: CIA operates drone base in Saudi Arabia - 11 July: Saudi princess Meshael Alayban charged with human trafficking for allegedly holding a domestic worker against her will at a California condominium - 17 October 2013: US to sell $10.8 bln in missiles, bombs to Saudis, UAE - 28/29 January 2015: USA first lady’s decision to not cover her head as she and her husband met Saudi king without action by Saudi religious police, followed by plenty of positive responses on Twitter also in the USA - 4 February 2015: Terrorist Moussaoui claims that Saudi Arabian officials supported al-Qaeda financially in the years leading up to 9/11 and discussed shooting down Air Force One during Bill Clinton's presidency - 5 February: Lawyers for victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks say they have new evidence that agents of Saudi Arabia 'directly and knowingly' helped the hijackers
Saudi Arabia/Yemen relations: Saudi Arabia/Yemen relations
2016: 16 September 2016: More than one-third of all Saudi, backed by its USA and British allies, air raids on Yemen including repeat attacks have hit civilian sites, such as school buildings, hospitals, markets, mosques and economic infrastructure, according to the Yemen Data Project, as rights organisations have documented repeated violations by the Houthis, including the use of landmines and indiscriminate shelling, and it is noted that Yemeni civilians 'suffer serious laws of war violations by all sides' - 29 September 2016: Saudi Arabia and other Arab states have fended off the threat of an independent UN-sanctioned inquiry into human rights abuses in Yemen, but have been forced to accept that UN investigators will be tasked with documenting rights violations - 15 October 2016: After at least 140 people were killed, most of them civilians, and several hundred people were injured in an airstrike on 8 October, Saudis blame funeral hall bombing on mistake
Climate of Saudi Arabia: Climate of Saudi Arabia
Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia: Water supply and sanitation Saudi Arabia
Natural disasters in Saudi Arabia: Natural disasters in Saudi Arabia


Somalia - Geography of Somalia - History of Somalia - Somali Civil War - War in Somalia 2009-present - Demographics of Somalia
Mineral industry of Somalia: Mineral industry of Somalia
Economic history of Somalia and economic cycles: Economic history of Somalia
Since 1981 economic history of Somalia: Since 1981 economic history of Somalia
1991-2006 Economic conditions in Somalia: 1991-2006 Economic conditions in Somalia
Elections and politics in Somalia: Elections in Somalia
February 2021 Somali presidential election: 8 February 2021 Somali presidential election
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Somalia: Somalian society - Human rights in Somalia
Administrative divisions, regions, districts and cities of Somalia: Administrative divisions of Somalia - 18 administrative regions of Somalia and 90 districts
Since 1960 'Jubaland' Federal Member State in southern Somalia: 'Jubaland' Federal Member State in southern Somalia, as its eastern border lies 40–60km east of the Jubba River, stretching from Gedo to the Indian Ocean, while its western side flanks the North Eastern Province in Kenya, which was carved out of Jubaland during the colonial period. 21st century Jubaland has a total area of 110,293 km2 and a total population of 953,045 inhabitants in 2006. The territory consists of the Gedo, Lower Juba and Middle Juba provinces, aas its largest city Kismayo is situated on the coast near the mouth of the Jubba River. Bardera, Afmadow, Bu'aale, Luuq, Garbahareey and Beled Haawo are the region's other principal cities. During the Middle Ages, Somali Ajuran Sultanate held sway over the territory, followed in turn by the Geledi Sultanate. They were later incorporated into British East Africa. In 1925, Jubaland was ceded to Italy, forming a part of Italian Somaliland. On 1 July 1960, the region, along with the rest of Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland, became part of the independent Somali Republic.
Since 1991 history of Kismayo city during the ongoing Somali Civil War: History of Kismayo city during the ongoing Somali Civil War since 1991
Ancient times trade centres in East Africa: According to the 'Periplus of the Erythraean Sea', Ras Hafun in northern Somalia is believed to be the location of the ancient trade centre of Opone. Ancient Egyptian, Roman and Persian Gulf pottery has been recovered from the site by an archaeological team from the University of Michigan. In ancient times, Opone operated as a port of call for merchants from Phoenicia, Egypt, Greece, Persia, Yemen, Nabataea, Azania, the Roman Empire and elsewhere, as it possessed a strategic location along the coastal route from Azania to the Red Sea. Merchants from as far afield as Indonesia and Malaysia passed through Opone, trading spices, silks and other goods, before departing south for Azania or north to Yemen or Egypt on the trade routes that spanned the length of the Indian Ocean's rim. As early as AD 50, Opone was well known as a center for the cinnamon trade, along with the trading of cloves and other spices, ivory, exotic animal skins and incense. The ancient port city of Malao, situated in present-day Berbera in north central Somaliland, is also mentioned in the Periplus.
Since August 2011 reconstruction of Mogadishu Since August 2011 reconstruction of Mogadishu
3 September 2022 Al-Shabab fighters killed at least 19 civilians and destroyed trucks laden with food aid: 3 September 2022: Al-Shabab fighters have killed at least 19 civilians and destroyed trucks laden with food aid in an overnight attack in Somalia’s central region. The armed group launched the attack in the Hiran area in the semi-autonomous state of Hirshabelle in central Somalia. The trucks were transporting food supplies from Baladweyne city to Mahas town, as Ali Jeyte, the governor of the Hiran region where the attack happened, said 'the dead bodies are still being collected, including women and children. They could be more than 20'. - 4 September 2022: In the attack by radical Shebab Islamists on a road in central Somalia on Friday night, at least eight passenger minibuses and trucks travelling on a road between the towns of Beledweyne and Maxaas were intercepted, bundled and set on fire killing their passengers, according to local officials and clan leaders. The attackers are said to have abducted several other people whose fate remains unknown.
Bari region in northern Somalia: Bari region in northern Somalia, bordered by Sool and Sanaag to the west, Nugal to the south, the Gulf of Aden to the north and the Guardafui Channel to the east. It is located the tip of the Horn of Africa. Its name, Bari, literally means East in Somali. In terms of landmass, Bari is the largest province in the Federal Republic of Somalia. The highest point in this region is Mount Bahaya, the third tallest mountain in Somalia with an elevation of 2120 meters, as other notable peaks include Karkaar and Cal Miskaad mountains. Most of the inhabitants of the Bari region belong to the Somali ethnic group, in particular the Deshiishe, Warsangeli, Majeerteen and Leelkase sub-clans of the Darood, and the Madhiban, and in 2015 the population was 1,887,568 inhabitants. This figure combines both the rural and urban populations of Bari as well all IDPs (internally displaced persons).
Hafun town, an ancient town previously known as Opone: Hafun town in the northeastern Bari province of Somalia. Situated in Ras Hafun on the coast of the Guardafui Channel, it is the centre of the Hafun District, and the easternmost town in continental Africa (this means that it sees the first sunrise on the African continent). It is an ancient town previously known as Opone. - Opone city, an ancient proto-Somali city situated in the Horn of Africa. It is primarily known for its trade with the Ancient Egyptians, Romans, Greeks, Persians, and the states of ancient India. Through archaeological remains, the historic port has been identified with the city of Hafun on the Hafun peninsula in modern-day Northeast Somalia. - Ras Hafun, also known as Cape Hafun, is a promontory in the northeastern Migiurtinia region of Somalia. Jutting out into the Guardafui Channel, it constitutes the easternmost point in Africa.
Demographics and ethnic groups in Somalia: Demographics of Somalia
Ethnic groups in Somalia: Ethnic groups in Somalia
Internal Displacement in Somalia: Internal Displacement in Somalia
Culture and languages of Somalia: Culture of Somalia - Languages of Somalia - Somali language
Children's rights in Somalia: Children's rights in Somalia
Education in Somalia: Education in Somalia
Schools in Somalia: List of schools in Somalia
Universities in Somalia: List of universities in Somalia
Health in Somalia: Health in Somalia
Maternal and child mortality in Somalia: Maternal and child mortality in Somalia
2006–07 East Africa Rift Valley fever outbreak: 2006–07 East Africa Rift Valley fever outbreak
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Somalia: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Somalia
25 April 2020 390 confirmed confirmed covid-19 cases and 18 deaths: 25 April 2020: 390 confirmed confirmed covid-19 cases and 18 deaths in Somalia
26 April 2020 Somalians protest over fatal police shooting to enforce lockdown: 26 April 2020: Somalians protest over fatal police shooting to enforce covid-19 lockdown
Hospitals in Somalia: Hospitals in Somalia
Media companies and National Union of Somali Journalists: Media companies of Somalia - National Union of Somali Journalists
Since 1988 list of journalists killed during the Somali Civil War: List of journalists killed during the Somali Civil War since 1988
Newspapers in Somalia: Newspapers in Somalia
Internet in Somalia: Internet in Somalia
Crime in Somalia: Crime in Somalia
2011 Timeline of the War in Somalia: 2011 timeline of the War in Somalia
2016: 22 January 2016: At least 17 people killed when Islamist gunmen struck a popular beachside restaurant in the Somali capital of Mogadishu - 1 May 2016: Al Shabaab insurgents killed 15 Somali soldiers and retook a town northeast of the capital Mogadishu on Sunday, just one day after it had fallen to government forces - 1 June 2016: A car bomb detonated outside the Ambassador Hotel in Mogadishu before a number of armed gunmen stormed the hotel - 9 June 2016: Al-Shabaab militants stormed into a base used by Ethiopian troops in the latest assault on soldiers serving with the African Union in Somalia - 25 June: At least 14 people reportedly killed when gunmen stormed a hotel in Somalia’s capital and took an unknown number of hotel guests hostage - 31 July 2016: Al Shabaab attackers set off two car bombs outside a police base in Somalia's capital before gunmen stormed inside on Sunday, leaving at least seven people dead, according to police
October 2017: 14 October 2017 Mogadishu bombings - 15 October 2017: At least 239 people killed and hundreds seriously injured in Mogadishu in one of the most lethal terrorist acts anywhere in the world for many years, after a truck bomb detonated in a busy district of the Somali capital that is home to hotels, shops, restaurants and government offices - 17 October 2017: The man who killed more than 300 people with a truck bomb in the centre of Mogadishu was a former soldier in Somalia’s army whose home town was raided by local troops and USA special forces two months ago in a controversial operation in which 10 civilians were killed, according to officials - 29 October 2017: At least 23 people dead, including a mother and three children, and more than 30 injured in Al-Shabaab bombing and gun attack at Mogadishu hotel, as security forces rescued 30 people, including a government minister
2018: 7 April 2018: Two car bombs explode in Mogadishu, USA air strike kills 3 militants in Somalia - 2 May 2018: Unknown gunmen shot dead on Tuesday Somali aid worker Maryan Abdullahi who worked for the World Health Organization, while visiting the Bakara market in the capital Mogadishu - 8 May 2018: The Islamist militant group al Shabaab has killed nine Kenyan soldiers in Somalia, according to Kenyan president Kenyatta - 10 May 2018: An explosion killed at least five people and wounded 10 in a khat market in southern Somalia - 10 June 2018: A suicide car bomb explosion at a military base in Somalia injured seven soldiers, claimed by Islamist group al Shabaab, after an assault on the same base where a USA soldier was killed on Friday - 7 July 2018: At least nine killed in al-Shabaab car bomb attack in Somalia, as security forces kill all three attackers who hit interior ministry in Mogadishu - 2 September 2018 Mogadishu bombings - 2 September 2018: A car bomb in the Somali capital Mogadishu has killed at least five people and wounded dozens, claimed by al-Shabab militant group - 14 October 2018: At least 16 people were killed in a double suicide attack on a restaurant and coffee shop in Baidoa town in southwest Somalia - 9 November 2018: Suicide attackers set off two car bombs at a hotel near the headquarters of Somalia’s Criminal Investigations Department in Mogadishu, killing at least 17 people, police said
17 August 2020 dozens killed in al-Shabaab attack on Somali Hotel: 17 August 2020: Dozens killed in al-Shabaab attack on Somali Hotel
3 July 2021 at least 10 killed by al-Shabab suicide attack in Mogadishu: 3 July 2021: At least 10 killed by al-Shabab suicide attack in Mogadishu
Law enforcement in Somalia: Law enforcement in Somalia - Somali Police Force
Foreign relations of Somalia: Foreign relations of Somalia
Treaties of Somalia: Treaties of Somalia
Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War: Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War
Bilateral relations of Somalia: Bilateral relations of Somalia
Somalia/Arab states relations: Somalia/Arab states relations
Somalia/Djibouti relations: Somalia/Djibouti relations
Somalia/Ethiopia relations: Somalia/Ethiopia relations
2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden: 2007–2008 Ethiopian crackdown in Ogaden
Somalia/European Union relations: Somalia/European Union relations
Somalia/France relations: Somalia/France relations
Somalia/Italy relations: Somalia/Italy relations
1889-1936 Italian 'Somaliland': Italian 'Somaliland' 1889–1936
1936–1941 colony of the Kingdom of Italy 'Italian East Africa': Italian East Africa 1936–1941, colony of the Kingdom of Italy
Somalia/Kenya relations: Somalia/Kenya relations
Somalia/Turkey relations: Somalia/Turkey relations
Somalia/United Kingdom relations: Somalia/United Kingdom relations
Somalia/USA relations: Somalia/USA relations
Ecoregions in Somalia: List of ecoregions in Somalia
Ports and harbours of Somalia: Ports and harbours of Somalia
Natural disasters in Somalia Natural disasters in Somalia
Cyclones and floodings in Somalia: Tropical cyclones in Somalia
November/December 2004: November/December 2004 Cyclone Agni
November 2019 worst flooding in Somalia in recent history: 14 November 2019: Somalia struggles after worst flooding in recent history

Somaliland, officially the Republic of Somaliland, is a self-declared state internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia - Geography of Somaliland - History of Somaliland - Demographics of Somaliland
Energy in Somaliland: Energy in Somaliland
Tourism in Somaliland: Tourism in Somaliland
Banking in Somaliland: Banks of Somaliland - Bank of Somaliland
Somaliland Armed Forces: Somaliland Armed Forces
Political parties in Somaliland: List of political parties in Somaliland
Elections and politics in Somaliland: Elections in Somaliland
September 2005 Somaliland parliamentary election: 29 September 2005 Somaliland parliamentary election
June 2010 Somaliland presidential election: 26 June 2010 Somaliland presidential election
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Somaliland: Somaliland society - Human rights in Somalia
Regions of Somaliland: 6 Regions of Somaliland
Cities in Somaliland: Cities in Somaliland
Demographics and ethnic groups in Somaliland: Demographics of Somaliland - Ethnic groups in Somalia
Culture and languages of Somalia: Culture of Somalia - Culture of Somaliland - Languages of Somalia
Children's rights in Somaliland: Children's rights in Somalia and Somaliland
Education in Somaliland: Education in Somaliland
Universities in Somaliland: Universities in Somaliland
Media and communications in Somaliland: Communications in Somaliland
Crime in Somaliland: Crime in Somaliland
Foreign relations of Somaliland: Foreign relations of Somaliland
Landforms of Somaliland: Landforms of Somaliland
Protected areas of Somaliland: Protected areas of Somaliland


South Sudan - Geography of South Sudan - History of South Sudan - South Sudan: Referendum for Independence 9 July 2011 - Demographics of South Sudan
Transport in South Sudan: Transport in South Sudan
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in South Sudan: South Sudanese society - Religion in South Sudan - Human rights in South Sudan
Demographics and ethnic groups in South Sudan: Demographics of South Sudan - Ethnic groups in South Sudan
Culture and languages of South Sudan: Culture of South Sudan - Languages of South Sudan
Women in South Sudan: Women in South Sudan
Children and children's rights in South Sudan: Children's rights in South Sudan
Education in South Sudan: Education in South Sudan
List of journalists killed in South Sudan: List of journalists killed in South Sudan
Crime in South Sudan: Crime in South Sudan
Corruption in South Sudan: Corruption in South Sudan
Since 2011 ethnic violence in South Sudan: Since 2011 ethnic violence in South Sudan
South Sudanese law and legal history: South Sudanese law
Law enforcement in South Sudan: Law enforcement in South Sudan
Military of South Sudan: Sudan People's Liberation Army -
Government, politics, social movements and political crisis in South Sudan: Government of South Sudan - Presidency of Salva Kiir Mayardit since independence in 2011
Since 2013 South Sudanese political crisis: Since 2013 South Sudanese political crisis - December 2013 coup d'état attempt - 17 December: South Sudan factional fighting leaves dozens dead - 18 December: Violent clashes in South Sudan have left up to 500 people dead and 800 wounded, defence minister Kuol Manyang says - 19 December: South Sudan rebels seize town of Bor - 20 December: Government troops battled to regain control of the town of Bor, African mediators try to broker peace - 21 December: President Salva Kiir met with foreign ministers from neighboring states to help calm tensions, as armed rebels were said to be in control of some of South Sudan's oil fields - 21 December: Fleeing oil workers in Juba tell of brutal killings - 24 December: As UN's Ban Ki-moon calls to add 5,500 UN troops details are emerging of alleged ethnic killings - 25 December: UN Security Council approves doubling South Sudan peacekeeping force - 26 December: Delegations from Ethiopia and Kenya call first meeting in Juba promising, but humanitarian crisis continues to worsen - 27 December: Salva Kiir agreed to an 'immediate cessation of hostilities', according to east African leaders mediating in the crisis, but they added that Riek Machar had not made the same commitment - 28 December: Fighting continues in the oil-producing Unity state despite ongoing efforts by regional leaders to get both sides to agree to an immediate cease-fire - 30 December: UN says armed groups close to Bor, capital of Jonglei state - 31 December: Fighting erupts in flashpoint town of Bor, as a deadline imposed by East African nations for an end to hostilities neared
2014: 2 January: Negotiators from South Sudan's two warring sides in Ethiopia for peace talks, urged by UN's Hilde Johnson to bring the country 'back from the brink' - 2 January: South Sudan’s President Salva Kiir declared a state of emergency in the Unity and Jonglei states as talks loom - 4 January: South Sudan warring parties set for direct peace talks as fighting intensifies for control of Bor - 4/5 January: Direct talks on South Sudan open in Ethiopia - 9 janvier: Les combats faisaient toujours rage au Soudan du Sud, alors que les pourparlers pour un cessez-le-feu piétinent - 10 January: South Sudan troops recapture key oil city of Bentiu - 14. Januar: Bei einem Fährunglück im Südsudan sind mehr als 200 Menschen auf der Flucht vor den Kämpfen in Malakal ums Leben gekommen - 18 January: South Sudan's military says it has recaptured the strategic town of Bor - 24 January: In Addis Ababa South Sudan's government has signed a ceasefire deal with rebels that calls for an end to hostilities within 24 hours - 25 January: Government troops and rebels still fought sporadic battles after the ceasefire came into force, the UN says - 29 January: South Sudan released seven rebel detainees but vowed to put on trial key leaders accused of launching weeks of fighting - 31 January: Medical charity MSF says 240 of its staff and thousands of people forced to flee because of continuing insecurity in Unity State - 11 February: South Sudanese rebels withdrew on Tuesday a threat to boycott peace talks with the government near Addis Ababa - 17 April 2014: Child soldiers battle in worsening South Sudan war, as 'White Army' militia tied to Machar's army follows its own informal command structure - 18 April: At least 58 people were killed and more than 100 others wounded in an attack on Bor UN base, sheltering thousands of displaced civilians - 20 April 2014: As badly outgunned UN peacekeepers, according to the International Crisis Group, are no match for the thousands of heavily armed forces and militias, spiralling violence continues in South Sudan - 21 April: In Bentiu, the capital of oil-producing Unity state, more than 200 people sheltering inside a mosque were killed last week after rebel forces seized the key town, UN says condemning the massacre - 25 April: South Sudan frees four leaders accused of plotting coup that sparked civil war - 9 May: With a first face-to-face meeting between Kiir and Machar since mass violence began in December peace talks to start in Ethiopia - 10 May: South Sudan's president Kiir and rebel chief Machar signed a ceasefire deal vowing to end nearly five months of civil war - 11 May: UN readies aid in South Sudan after cease-fire deal - 13 May: Hours after truce signed by South Sudan's president and rebel leader their rival armies are back at war, while South Sudanese people protest with placards reading 'welcome to peace, give us chance to farm' - 6 August: UN outraged at ethnic murder of South Sudanese humanitarian workers, as peace talks crumble and 5 million people need food aid
September/October 2016: 9 September 2016: After a security council visit to South Sudan designed to put pressure on the government to allow in the 4,000 additional peacekeeper, UN report reveals that civilians are 'bearing the brunt of the resulting harm', as weapons continue to be procured, and as 'by the government’s own account, the vast majority of government revenue has funded security expenses and the war effort, including the procurement of weapons, rather than social services' - 12 September 2016: Salva Kiir, his former deputy Riek Machar and associates of both men have looted the country in accumulating wealth including stakes in a number of overseas businesses, a report by the USA-based watchdog 'The Sentry' claims - 'The Sentry' September 2016 report: War Crimes Shouldn’t Pay - stopping the looting and destruction in South Sudan - 16 September 2016: As instability and violence persist, the number of South Sudanese seeking safety and shelter in neighbouring countries has crossed the one million mark, UN says - 17 October 2016: At least 56 rebels and four government soldiers have been killed in heavy clashes near South Sudan’s second-largest city of Malakal and the closest town to the oilfields in the Upper Nile region, 'as rebels of Riek Machar attacked us in two places of our defence, that is Wajwok and Lelo, and we heavily impacted on them', according to SPLA-spokesman Koang
February 2020 South Sudan forms coalition government: 23 February 2020: South Sudan forms coalition government
25 November 2022 starvation in South Sudan being used as a weapon of war, report reveals: 25 November 2022: Starvation is being used as a weapon of war by South Sudan government forces against their own citizens, an investigation has found. Deliberate starvation tactics used by government forces and allied militia, and by opposition forces, are driving civilians out of their homes, exacerbating Africa’s largest refugee crisis. All parties to the conflict have committed widespread human rights abuses and violations of international humanitarian law, said the report by law firm Global Rights Compliance, the first to call on the international community to intervene by demanding that starvation crimes in South Sudan are recognised as violating international law, and that perpetrators of war crimes are brought to justice.
Foreign relations of South Sudan: Foreign relations of South Sudan
Treaties of South Sudan: Treaties of South Sudan
South Sudan's membership in international organisations: South Sudan's membership in international organisations
2012/2013: 2 May 2012: The UN Security Council threatens to impose sanctions on Sudan and South Sudan if the two nations fail to halt the recent violence - 20 December 2013: UN base attacked by ethnic Nuer youth, amid widening battles in South Sudan, peacekeepers go missing - 20 December 2013: Violence killed hundreds of people in South Sudan, including three UN Indian peacekeepers - 22 December: UN's Ban Ki-moon demands 'that all political, military and militia leaders stop hostilities and end the violence against the civilians' and 'find a political way out of this crisis' - 25 December: The UN Security Council unanimously approved a plan to almost double the number of peacekeepers in South Sudan in a bid to protect civilians from violence - 26 décembre: l'ONU réclame un fonds d'urgence pour le Sud-Soudan - 28 December: First UN reinforcements in South Sudan, but UN warns that tensions remain high despite efforts to organise a ceasefire
April 2014 Bentiu massacre - 25 April: UN Security Council asks for inquiry into South Sudan Bentiu massacre - 13 May: UN's Ban Ki-moon urges Special Tribunal for South Sudan, demanding also an immediate end to fighting, which flared over the weekend - 21 May 2014: Wealthy nations attending a fund-raising conference for South Sudan doubled their aid commitment to $1.2 billion, but the UN says more is needed - 9/10 February 2015: As donors pledged more than US$500 million in aid, UN's Valerie Amos called on the warring parties of South Sudan to step up their efforts to find peace describing her visit to the country as painful, also calling for an arms embargo against South Sudan - 15 December 2015: UN peacekeeping mission has failed to stop systematic atrocities, MSF says, as civil war in South Sudan enters third year
2016: 11 juillet 2016: 'Le Conseil de sécurité s'est reposé sur la bonne volonté des dirigeants du Soudan du Sud' et 'a brandi des menaces vides d'embargo sur les armes et de sanctions individuelles' et a ainsi échoué à empêcher les violences dans la crise au Soudan du Sud, selon Human Rights Watch - 11 juillet 2016: Le Conseil de sécurité a sollicité dimanche l'aide des pays de la région pour mettre fin aux combats au Soudan du Sud et leur a demandé en particulier de fournir des Casques bleus supplémentaires à sa mission dans le pays - 12 August: UN approves increase in peacekeeping force in South Sudan, as an additional 4,000 peacekeepers will be dispatched, making the total deployment 17,000 troops, that will be asked to take more 'proactive' measures to protect civilians - 17 August 2016: UN is under intense pressure to explain why thousands of well-armed peacekeeping troops failed to respond to urgent calls for help from international humanitarian workers under attack only minutes away from its bases during fighting in South Sudan last month
Bilateral relations of South Sudan: Bilateral relations of South Sudan
South Sudan/Bangladesh relations: South Sudan/Bangladesh relations
South Sudan/D.R. of the Congo relations: South Sudan/D.R. of the Congo relations
South Sudan/Ethiopia relations: South Sudan/Ethiopia relations
South Sudan/India relations: South Sudan/India relations
South Sudan/Sudan relations: South Sudan/Sudan relations
2012: 13 March 2012: South Sudan and Sudan have agreed a framework agreement to give their citizens basic freedoms in both nations - 19 March: Camps in South Sudan struggling to cope as thousands flee fighting in neighbouring South Kordofan - 27 March: Sudan armies clash in border region - South Sudan's army says the Sudanese air force had attacked the disputed areas of Jau and Pan Akuach - 2 April: Officials from Sudan and South Sudan hold talks in Addis Ababa for the first time since heavy fighting broke out last week - 11 April: Sudan has withdrawn from African Union-mediated talks with South Sudan - 13 April: UN Security Council calls for end to border clashes centred on Heglig oil field - 13 April: Sudan troops 'advance on Heglig oil field' - 16 April: The United Nations mission in South Sudan has confirmed that a UN peacekeepers' camp was among targets bombed by Sudanese warplanes amid border clashes between the two countries' armed forces - 18 April: African Union mediator Thabo Mbeki has urged the UN Security Council to take action to stop the fighting between Sudan and South Sudan - 20 April: South Sudan 'to withdraw troops' from Heglig oil field - 22 April: Thousands displaced by Sudan border clash - 24 April: UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon condemns Sudanese air raids on the South as President Bashir rejects talks - 24 April: The South Sudanese president Salva Kiir says his northern neighbour Sudan has 'declared war' on his country, as fighter jets from the north reportedly launched more strikes overnight in a border region - 25 avril: 16 morts dans de nouveaux bombardements au Sud et surenchère rhétorique - 15 July: Leaders of rival Sudans meet as African Union leaders discuss conflict between the two Sudans, Mali, Guinea-Bissau - 4 August: South Sudan and Sudan reach oil deal - 17 August: Refugees in a camp in South Sudan face 'humanitarian disaster' - 27 September: Deal to allow South Sudan to resume oil exports through Sudan months after dispute over transit fees
2014: 6 janvier: Le Soudan du Sud sollicite Khartoum pour la sécurisation de son pétrole
South Sudan/Uganda relations: South Sudan/Uganda relations
South Sudan/USA relations: South Sudan/USA relations
South Sudan/Vietnam relations:
Ecoregions in South Sudan: List of ecoregions in South Sudan
Water in South Sudan: Water in South Sudan
Natural disasters in South Sudan: Natural disasters in South Sudan
2011 East Africa drought: 2011 East Africa drought


Sudan - Geography of Sudan - History of Sudan - States of Sudan - Autonomy, separation and conflicts - Demography of Sudan
Mining industry of Sudan: Mining industry of Sudan
Irrigation in Sudan: Irrigation in Sudan
Transport in Sudan: Transport in Sudan
Rail transport in Sudan: Rail transport in Sudan
Road transport in Sudan: Road transport in Sudan
Water transport in Sudan: Water transport in Sudan
Economic history of Sudan and econmic cycles: Economic history of Sudan since independence
April 2018 IMF's economic outlook for Sudan: April 2018 IMF's Sudan report and economic outlook
Trade unions in Sudan: Trade unions in Sudan
November 2011 amid Arab spring Sudan rebels form alliance to oust president Bashir: 13 November 2011: Sudan rebels form alliance to oust president Bashir
12-18 April 2019 promised civilian government: 12 avril 2019: Le futur gouvernement sera 'un gouvernement civil', a assuré le général Omar Zinelabidine, promettant un dialogue de l'armée 'avec les entités politiques' - 14 April 2019: Sudan's military transitional council promises civilian government after ousting Bashir, looking to abolish restrictive laws, but activists and opposition groups demand inclusion in talks and expulsion of Bashir's close associates from power, as thousands of demonstrators remained camped outside the army headquarters in the capital Khartoum - 16 April 2019: Sudan's military rulers sack more top officials after pressure from protesters, as prosecutor general fired in latest concession - 18 April 2019: After Bashir was arrested, Sudan military arrests Bashir's brothers, also saying that militia and armed groups loyal to Bashir had been brought under police or military control
19-21 April 2019 disputed transfer of power: 19 April 2019: Increasing pressure on the military council, the Sudanese Professionals Association SPA called for a press conference on Sunday to announce the names of the nominees for the transitional civilian council - 21 April 2019: Discussions between military leaders and protest leaders in Sudan on a transfer of power to a civilian authority will continue, according to the Alliance for Freedom and Change AFC, also saying that the two most urgent tasks a civilian transition body will face are an 'end to war and armed conflicts' and working towards an economic recovery, including and aiming to reform the country's healthcare and education systems, raising wages, improving workers' rights, and land reform - 21 April 2019: Army to respond to protesters demand for a civilian authority within a week
22-23 April 2019 promised abandonment of force by army: 22 April 2019: SPA has called for a Cabinet of technocrats to run the country's daily affairs, wanting a legislative council, in which at least 40% of the membership would be women, to draft laws and oversee the Cabinet until a new constitution is written, as military council issued a statement Monday calling for the 'immediate opening of the roads and removal of the barricades' around the sit-in in Khartoum - 23 April 2019: Speaking after African leaders extended their ultimatum for the military to organise a return to civilian rule, Sudan army chief Burhan and head of Sudan's military transitional council told the BBC the army will not use force against protesters who want it to leave power, and that 'the army will go back to the barracks'
1-15 May 2019 rejected civilian majority: 1 May 2019: AU gives Sudan military third deadline of 60-days to hand over power - 3 May 2019: Sudan military rejects civilian majority on joint transitional team after protest was held on Thursday calling for a civilian administration and activists said the junta was not serious about reaching a deal - 5 May 2019: Sudanese mediators facilitating talks between the army rulers and protest leaders have proposed the country have two transition councils, with one led by generals overseeing security, a protest leader said - 11 May 2019: Sudan’s military rulers have invited protest leaders for a new round of talks on transferring power to a civilian administration, the protest movement said - 15 May 2019: Protesters and military junta agree 3-year transition deal
3 June 2019 Khartoum crackdown: 3 June 2019: Sudanese military junta's forces have used live ammunition in a major operation to disperse protesters in central Khartoum, as medical association said at least nine people had been killed and dozens injured and as the news of the crackdown sparked sporadic unrest around Khartoum with protesters blocking roads and burning tyres in Omdurman - 3 June 2019: 'It is inappropriate, not correct and unacceptable by any rules or regulations for armed forces equipped with heavy weapons to deal with unarmed civilians, whatever their acts are', opposition's Sharif Mohammad Osman said - 3 June 2019: SPA and allies are calling on all citizens in all sudanese cities and towns to go out in marches, and block all streets and bridges in order to protect the revolution, also calling for a general civil disobedience until the Transitional Military Council is toppled, and urging the Sudanese armed forces to fulfill their duty and defend the citizens from the Transitional Military Council’s militias
5 June 2019: 5 June 2019: Paramilitaries killed at least 60 people when they attacked pro-democracy protesters in Khartoum, and hundreds reportedly injured in the attack on a sit-in in the centre of Khartoum and afterwards by the feared 'Rapid Support Forces' spreading through the Sudanese capital to quell sporadic unrest, as crackdown has drawn strong criticism from the US, UK and other nations, but Chinese regime, backed by Russia, blocked a bid at the UN security council to condemn the killing of civilians in Sudan and issue a pressing call from world powers for an immediate halt to the violence - 4 June 2019: Video clips circulated on social media show the RSF and other armed forces shooting and beating unarmed people on the streets, and details of other atrocities by the paramilitaries are also emerging, despite restrictions on communications in Sudan - 5 June 2019: Paramilitaries in Khartoum threw dozens of bodies into the Nile to try to hide the number of casualties inflicted during a dawn attack on pro-democracy protesters in the Sudanese capital earlier this week, doctors and activists have said, as at least 100 people are thought to have been killed in the crackdown and as heavily armed units of the 'Rapid Support Forces' continued to sweep through Khartoum and the neighbouring city of Omdurman on Wednesday
21 September 2021 Sudanese coup d'état attempt against the TLC of Sudan: 21 September 2021 Sudanese coup d'état attempt against the Transitional Legislative Council of Sudan
25 October 2021 Sudanese pro-democracy revolution and fragile transition towards democracy thrown into disarray: October 2021 Sudanese coup d'état - 25 octobre 2021: Soudan face à un 'coup d’État', dénonce le mouvement pro-démocratie, après des semaines de tensions entre autorités civiles et militaires, des arrestations de dirigeants ont eu lieu par des hommes armés non identifiés, et - alors que l'accès à Internet a été coupé dans l'ensemble du pays - des responsables du bloc civil au sein du Conseil de transition appellent à la 'désobéissance' face à un 'coup d'État' - 25 October 2021: Sudan’s armed forces detain PM Hamdok for refusing to join ‘coup’ and arrest most of the members of Sudan's cabinet and a large number of pro-government party leaders in an apparent military coup, three political sources said, throwing a fragile transition towards democracy into disarray
6 January 2022: Anti-coup activists continue protests in Sudan: 6 January 2022: Anti-coup activists continue protests in Sudan
26 April 2023 scramble to evacuate continues as UN warns of ‘immense suffering for years’, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates: 26 April 2023: In the Sudan conflic scramble to evacuate continues as UN warns of ‘immense suffering for years’, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates
3 May 2023 IRC warns almost 400,000 displaced people may need humanitarian support due to ongoing violence in Sudan: 3 May 2023: The International Rescue Committee IRC warns that the ongoing fighting in Sudan, which began on 15 April, and has displaced almost 400,000 people might get worse if nothing is done to foster peace. An estimated 334,000 have been displaced within Sudan itself with almost 65,000 estimated to have moved over borders as refugees, as IRC's Emergency Director for East Africa Shashwat Saraf said 'when people become displaced, whether within a country or over borders, they require support as they carry very little provisions with them. There are also millions still caught up in the conflict who have been unable to move. Before the fighting began, humanitarian needs across Sudan had already reached record levels, with 15.8 million people requiring humanitarian assistance this year. The latest violence has led to acute shortages of food, water, medicines, and fuel, while the price of essential items has significantly increased.'
2012 crack down on protests against rising living costs: 20 June 2012: Sudan cracks down on students protesting against rising living costs - 22 June: As anti-austerity protests enter sixth day, police use batons and tear gas on demonstrators amid reports of crackdown on journalists - 23 June: Protesters in Sudan's capital Khartoum resist a police crackdown - 29 June: Anti-government protests intensify in Sudan - 2. Juli 2012: Massenverhaftungen im Sudan nach Protesten - Forderungen nach Rücktritt al-Bashirs - 6 July: Police in Sudan have 'attacked' demonstrators with tear gas and rubber bullets, according to a rights group - 8 July: Sudan protestors in Khartoum tear gassed amid crackdown - 14 July: Police fire tear gas and use batons to disperse anti-government demonstrators after Friday prayers in Khartoum - 26 September: After summer of protests, government has cracked down on independent media, forcing some journalists out of work
December 2018: 23 December 2018: Sudan’s opposition leader Sadiq al-Mahdi has called for a 'national and international investigation' into the deaths of protesters during price demonstrations that rocked the country this week - 25 December 2018: As protests against escalating prices of basic commodities entered their fifth day on Monday, Bashir vowed to 'take real reforms to guarantee a decent life for citizens', according to the official news agency - 27 December 2018: A network of Sudanese journalists went on strike Thursday in the wake of deadly protests sparked by a hike in bread prices, while opposition groups called for further rallies - 29 December 2018: Sudanese security forces fired tear gas and stun grenades at anti-government protesters in Khartoum and other cities on Friday, the tenth day of demonstrations sparked by an economic crisis - 30 December 2018: Sudan’s protesters march on, as the UN calls for a probe into deaths during the protests sparked by price hikes and rights group says 37 people have died
2018–2019 Sudanese protests: 2018–2019 Sudanese protests
February 2019: 2 February 2019: Thousands of residents poured out onto the streets of Sudan's eastern province of Kassala to denounce the killing of a protester arrested last week during demonstrations calling to end the 29-year rule of al-Bashir - 9 February 2019: Sudanese regime forces fired tear gas at a landmark mosque in Khartoum on Friday after the Muslim noon prayers, wounding several people as hundreds tried to march from the mosque as part of near daily protests against al-Bashir’s 30 years in office - 17 February 2019: A Sudanese fruit seller died Sunday in a hospital in Khartoum after inhaling tear gas fired by riot police during protests, according to his relatives and doctors - 19 February 2019: Protests have led to the closure of a number of universities across Sudan as government security apparatus tries to get a grip on the nationwide action
April 2019: 6 April 2019: Thousands of Sudanese protesters clashed with security forces outside al-Bashir's residence in central Khartoum on Saturday in what appeared to be the biggest demonstration in months of protests against his 30-year rule - 7 April 2019: At least five protesters reportedly killed during anti-government demonstrations in Sudan in the last twenty-four hours, as Saturday witnessed one of the largest turnouts in more than three months of protests also in the city of Omdurman - 7 April 2019: Thousands of protesters held a sit-in outside Sudanese president al-Bashir’s residence in central Khartoum on Sunday - 8 April 2019: Riot police, agents of the powerful National Intelligence and NISS have used teargas and baton charges in an effort to break up a protest by tens of thousands of peaceful anti-government demonstrators who have been camped for more than 48 hours in central Khartoum, according to witnesses - 8 April 2019: Sudanese soldiers intervened to protect demonstrators after security forces tried to break up a protest by thousands of anti-government demonstrators camping outside the Defence Ministry in Khartoum - 9 April 2019: Heavy gunfire heard during live broadcasts from a protest outside the defence ministry in Khartoum, with activists saying security forces have tried to break up the gathering by force and with reports soldiers are protecting them - 9 April 2019: Sudan protesters resist attacks by armed militias, using teargas and firing live ammunition, as reports of casualties emerge - 12 April 2019: Sudanese pro-democracy protesters who spent four months on the streets rallying against the country’s autocratic president are now defying the military leaders who overthrew him on Thursday - 12 avril 2019: Le futur gouvernement sera 'un gouvernement civil', a assuré le général Omar Zinelabidine, promettant un dialogue de l'armée 'avec les entités politiques' - 13 April 2019: As protesters rejected the military takeover and leadership of defence minister Awad Ibn Auf, taking to the streets on Thursday and Friday, police on Saturday said at least 16 people were killed, and 20 injured by stray bullets at protests and sit-ins - 13 April 2019: Protesters demanding 'freedom, democracy and peace' celebrate as Sudan's spy chief Ghosh, who led crackdown against protests, quits - 14 April 2019: Activists and opposition groups demand inclusion in talks and expulsion of Bashir's close associates from power, as thousands of demonstrators remained camped outside the army headquarters in the capital Khartoum - 15 April 2019: Sudanese protesters have moved to block an apparent attempt to break up their sit-in outside the defence ministry in Khartoum, where demonstrators have been pushing for a quick transition to civilian rule - 15 April 2019: Sudanese soldiers reportedly 'stand by' protesters
18-25 April 2019 demands to hand over power to civilians: 18/19 April 2019: In biggest protest since Bashir ousting hundreds of thousands of Sudanese protesters converge in Khartoum demanding military hand over power to civilians, chanting 'freedom, peace and justice' and 'civilian rule, civilian rule' - 20 April 2019: Protesters have not relented, and are demanding that the military council which announced that it would manage a two-year transition, hands over to a civilian government immediately - 23 April 2019: Protest leaders in Sudan say they will continue demonstrating in Khartoum, ignoring demands by the country's military rulers for protesters to remove themselves and their blockades from roads - 24 April 2019: As they come from all walks of life, of all ages and many political persuasions, many Sudan's protesters hope cheerful staying-power will oust army - 25 avril 2019: Au son de chants révolutionnaires, une foule immense est rassemblée jeudi à Khartoum pour faire pression sur l'armée dans les discussions sur un transfert du pouvoir à une administration civile
Since June 2021 Sudanese protests: Since June 2021 Sudanese protests
22 October 2021 protesters mass to save 'revolution' In Sudan: 22 October 2021: In Sudan, protesters mass to save 'revolution', France24 reports
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Sudan: Sudanese society
Cities in Sudan: List of cities in Sudan
Khartoum city: Khartoum city, the capital and largest city of Sudan, located at the confluence of the White Nile, flowing north from Lake Victoria, and the Blue Nile, with an estimated overall population of over five million people - Education in Khartoum, the main location for most of Sudan's top educational bodies, as there are four main levels of education in the city, including Kindergarten and day-care, elementary school consisting of 8 grades, each year there is more academic efforts and main subjects added plus more school methods improvements, as by the 8th grade a student is 13–14 years old ready to take the certificate exams and entering high school, upper second school and high school, as school methods add some main academic subjects such as chemistry, biology, physics, and geography, and as there are three grades in this level, followed by higher education in Sudanese universities such as the university of Khartoum, after the education system in Sudan went through many changes in the late 1980s and early 1990s
Timeline of Khartoum: Timeline of Khartoum since 1821
1896-1899 Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan: 1896-1899 Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan
1899 Khartoum capital of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: 1899 Khartoum becomes capital of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
1926 Omdurman Bridge: Since 1926 Omdurman Bridge
1956 Khartoum capital of independent Republic of Sudan: 1956 Khartoum becomes capital of independent Republic of Sudan
2018–2019 Sudanese protests: 2018–2019 Sudanese protests
History of Omdurman: History of Omdurman
History of Darfur: History of Darfur
Since 15 April 2023 Battle of Geneina: Since 15 April 2023 Battle of Geneina
History of Darfur: History of Darfur
East Darfur: East Darfur
South Darfur: South Darfur
West Darfur: West Darfur
Since 2003 war in Darfur: Since 2003 war in Darfur</a>
2012/2013: 3 June 2012: Dozens killed in northeastern Darfur clashes - 24 July: Sudan's Darfur region sees fresh clashes - 1 August: Eight people killed and 20 injured in anti-austerity rally in Darfur, with police accused of using live ammunition - 7 August: Four people have been killed after gunmen attacked a market and set fire to a police station during several days of violence in Sudan's Darfur region, peacekeepers say - 11 February 2013: Sudanese government and the Justice and Equality Movement sign ceasefire deal in Qatar - 26 February: Fighting over control of a gold mine in Sudan's Darfur region has killed more than 500 people and destroyed 68 villages since January, lawmaker Adam Sheikha for the El Sireaf area says - 14 July 2013: Seven peacekeepers were killed and 17 others injured in Sudan's Darfur, the UN says - 28 July: At least 94 people were killed on Friday and Saturday as rival tribes fought in southwestern Darfur, near the Chadian border - 16 November 2013: Fighting between rival Arab tribes in Sudan's Darfur region reportedly killed 100 people
144 ethnic groups in Sudan and 5 main groups: 144 ethnic groups in Sudan, listed by 'wikipedia' by alphabet - Ethnic groups in Sudan, as 'wikipedia' names 5 main groups including Sudanese Arabs (approximately 70% of the country's population), Fur people, ethnic group predominantly inhabiting western Sudan, concentrated in the Darfur region, where they are the largest ethnic group speaking the Fur language, which belongs to the Nilo-Saharan family, as their population in Sudan is 894,000 people, in Chad 17,000, in Central African Republic 14,500, and in Egypt 3,100 people, Beja people a Cushitic-language speaking ethnic group inhabiting Sudan, Egypt, and Eritrea, as in recent history, they have lived primarily in the Eastern Desert, numbering around 1,237,000 people mostly speaking the Beja language, Nuba peoples, various indigenous ethnic groups who inhabit the Nuba Mountains of South Kordofan state in Sudan, encompassing multiple distinct people that speak different languages, and Nubian peoples with a population of 300,000–5 million people, an ethno-linguistic group of people who are indigenous to the region which is now present-day northern Sudan and southern Egypt, originating from the early inhabitants of the central Nile valley, believed to be one of the earliest cradles of civilization
Since 15 April 2023 ongoing refugee crisis after the outbreak of the 2023 Sudan conflict: Since 15 April 2023 ongoing refugee crisis after the outbreak of the 2023 Sudan conflict. By 2 May 2023, an estimated 100,000 people have fled the country, while over 300,000 to 400,000 people have been displaced within the country. Thousands more were reported to have been displaced, mainly residents of Khartoum. On 24 April 2023, several countries including Chad and South Sudan reported several thousand civilians, some coming by bus or car or on foot in severely dangerous conditions. The vast majority of these civilians entered the neighboring country of Chad with the UN reporting most of these people came from Darfur and Khartoum, but thousands more moved to other countries. By 24-28 April 2023, The Guardian and the UN had reported 20,000 civilians in Chad, at least 20,000 to 30,000 in South Sudan, 40,000 and at least 25,000 more waiting in Egypt or at the border, 3,500 to 4,000 (including 1,400 Turkish nationals) in Ethiopia and hundreds to the Central African Republic. Several people were reportedly stuck or displaced across the country due to the increase in violence and a humanitarian crisis which had affected 16 million civilians across the whole country.
Culture and languages of Sudan: Culture of Sudan - Languages of Sudan
July 2015 outrage as 9 Sudanese women face 40 lashes for wearing trousers: 14 July 2014: Outrage as 9 Sudanese women face 40 lashes for wearing trousers
April-July 2019 beaten and abused, Sudan's women bear scars of fight for freedom: 12 July 2019: Beaten and abused, Sudan's women bear scars of fight for freedom
Children and childhood in Sudan: Children and childhood in Sudan
Education in Sudan: Education in Sudan - Khartoum is the main location for most of Sudan's top educational bodies, as there are four main levels of education in the city, including Kindergarten and day-care, elementary school consisting of 8 grades, each year there is more academic efforts and main subjects added plus more school methods improvements, as by the 8th grade a student is 13–14 years old ready to take the certificate exams and entering high school, upper second school and high school, as school methods add some main academic subjects such as chemistry, biology, physics, and geography, and as there are three grades in this level, followed by higher education in Sudanese universities such as the university of Khartoum, after the education system in Sudan went through many changes in the late 1980s and early 1990s
Schools in Sudan: List of schools in Sudan
Universities in Sudan: List of universities in Sudan
Health in Sudan: Health in Sudan
Disease outbreaks in Sudan: Disease outbreaks in Sudan
8 May 2023 Sudan maternity hospital fights to save lives under fire: 8 May 2023: Sudan maternity hospital fights to save lives under fire
Newspapers in Sudan: List of newspapers in Sudan
July 2019 Internet access restored across Sudan after court order: 9 July 2019: Internet access restored across Sudan after court order
Human Rights, religion and crime in Sudan: Human Rights in Sudan - Religion in Sudan - Freedom of religion in Sudan
Crime and human rights violations in Sudan: Crime in Sudan
Corruption in the public sector in Sudan: Corruption in the public sector in Sudan
Corruption in business in Sudan: Corruption in business in Sudan
Racism in Sudan: Racism in Sudan
Modern-day slavery in Sudan: Modern-day slavery in Sudan
Persecution of human rights defenders in Sudan: Persecution of human rights defenders in Sudan
Capital punishment in Sudan: Capital punishment in Sudan
Gender inequality and violence against women in Sudan: Gender inequality in Sudan
Judiciary and Supreme Court of Sudan: Supreme Court of Sudan
December 2019 Al-Bashir jailed for two years for corruption: 14 December 2019: Al-Bashir jailed for two years for corruption, also wanted by ICC
Law enforcement in Sudan: Law enforcement in Sudan
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Sudan: Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Sudan
Foreign relations of Sudan: Foreign relations of Sudan
Treaties of Sudan: Treaties of Sudan
Sudan/United Nations relations: Sudan/United Nations relations - Foreign aid to Sudan
Sudan/African Union relations: Sudan/African Union relations
International response to the War in Darfur: International response to the War in Darfur
Bilateral relations of Sudan: Bilateral relations of Sudan
Sudan/Algeria relations: Sudan/Algeria relations
Sudan/Canada relations: Sudan/Canada relations
Sudan/Central African Republic relations: Sudan/Central African Republic relations
Sudan/Chad relations: Sudan/Chad relations
Sudan/Egypt relations: Sudan/Egypt relations
Sudan/Ethiopia relations: Sudan/Ethiopia relations
24 November 2020 Sudanese shows solidarity towards Ethiopian refugees: 24 November 2020: Sudanese shows solidarity towards Ethiopian refugees
Sudan/Israel relations: Sudan/Israel relations
29 November 2020 Sudan confirms visit by Israeli military delegation last week: 29 November 2020: Sudan confirms visit by Israeli military delegation last week
6 January 2021 Sudan signs ‘Abraham Accords’ paving way for Israel normalization: 6 January 2021: Sudan signs ‘Abraham Accords’, paving way for Israel normalization
Sudan/Kenya relations: Sudan/Kenya relations
Sudan/Libya relations: Sudan/Libya relations
Sudan/Libya relations: Sudan/Libya relations
Sudan/Nigeria relations: Sudan/Nigeria relations
Sudan/Norway relations: Sudan/Norway relations
Sudan/Qatar relations: Sudan/Qatar relations
Sudan/Qatar economic relations: Sudan/Qatar economic relations
Sudan/South Africa relations:
Sudan/South Sudan relations: Sudan/South Sudan relations
2012: 11 February 2012: Sudan and South Sudan have signed a non-aggression pact, says Thabo Mbeki - 13 March: South Sudan and Sudan have agreed a framework agreement to give their citizens basic freedoms in both nations - 18 March 2012: Thousands flee South Kordofan fighting - displaced villagers say Sudanese army has launched deliberate campaign to bomb and starve civilians in disputed region - 27 March: Sudan armies clash in border region - South Sudan's army says the Sudanese air force had attacked the disputed areas of Jau and Pan Akuach - 28 March: AU voices concern at Sudan border clashes - reports say fighting on the ground has stopped, but that Sudan carried out air strikes on South Sudanese territory overnight - 31 March: Sudan governor to troops: 'Take no prisoners' - 2 April: Officials from Sudan and South Sudan hold talks in Addis Ababa for the first time since heavy fighting broke out last week - 5 April: An oil pipeline has been attacked, apparently by Sudanese fighter jets, in the latest outbreak of violence on the volatile border between Sudan and South Sudan - 11 April: Sudan breaks off talks with South Sudan amid continuing violence and as Khartoum says it is prepared to use 'all means necessary' against its neighbour - 13 April: UN Security Council calls for end to border clashes centred on Heglig oil field - 13 April: Sudan's armed forces advancing on Heglig town - 16 April: The United Nations mission in South Sudan has confirmed that a UN peacekeepers' camp was among targets bombed by Sudanese warplanes amid border clashes between the two countries' armed forces - 17 April: Sudanese parliament calls for recapture of Heglig oilfield - 18 April: African Union mediator Thabo Mbeki has urged the UN Security Council to take action to stop the fighting between Sudan and South Sudan - 19 April: Sudan president now seeks to 'liberate' South Sudan - 22 April: Thousands displaced by Sudan border clash - 24 April: UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon condemns Sudan's bombardment of a border area in South Sudan - 24 April: After arriving in Beijing for a five-day visit South Sudan's Salva Kiir says Sudan has declared war - 2 May 2012: The UN Security Council threatens to impose sanctions on Sudan and South Sudan if the two nations fail to halt the recent violence - 9 May: South Sudan accuses Khartoum of bombing its territory - 15 July: Sudanese leaders in first talks since April clashes - 4 août: Le Soudan et le Soudan du Sud se mettent d'accord sur le partage du pétrole
Sudan/Uganda relations: Sudan/Uganda relations
Sudan/United Kingdom relations: Sudan/United Kingdom relations
1955-1972 First Sudanese Civil War: First Sudanese Civil War 1955-1972
June 2019 Sudan is heading for atrocity once again, the UK government must not sit by: 13 June 2019: Sudan is heading for atrocity once again, the UK government must not sit by, British newspaper 'The Guardian' says
6 January 2021 Sudan signs ‘Abraham Accords’ paving way for Israel normalization: 6 January 2021: Sudan signs ‘Abraham Accords’, paving way for Israel normalization
Ecoregions in Sudan: List of ecoregions in Sudan
Natural disasters: Natural disasters in Sudan
2011 East Africa drought: 2011 East Africa drought
2007 Sudan floods: 2007 Sudan floods




Syria - History of the Syria - Geography of Syria - Demographics of Syria - Ethnic groups in Syria



Tunisia - Geography of Tunisia - History of Tunisia - Demographics of Tunisia
Phosphate mines in Tunisia: Phosphate mines in Tunisia - Sra Ouertene mine
Renewable energy in Tunisia: Renewable energy in Tunisia
Rivers of Tunisia: Rivers of Tunisia
Medjerda River: Medjerda River
Water supply and sanitation in Tunisia: Water supply and sanitation in Tunisia
March 2008 Tunisia tourism moves forward by sticking to the old: 12 March 2008: Tunisia tourism moves forward by sticking to the old
Economic history and economic cycles in Tunisia: Economic history of Tunisie - Since 1960 Tunisian dinar, the currency of Tunisia
November 2017 unemployment at 15,3%: 15 novembre 2017: Taux de chômage 15,3% en Tunisie
Tunisian Armed Forces: Tunisian Armed Forces
Taxation in Tunisia: Taxation in Tunisia


Politics of Tunisia: Politics of Tunisia
Assembly of the Representatives of the People: Assembly of the Representatives of the People
Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
Tunisian court sentences Ben Ali, 2011 and 2012: 5. Mai 2011: Anklage gegen Ben Ali - 14. Juni 2011: Ab 20. Juni Prozeß wegen Machtmißbrauch, Unterschlagung, Drogenhandel etc. gegen Ben Ali (z.Zt. in Saudi-Arabien) - 21. Juni 2011: In Tunis erstes Urteil (35 Jahre Haft) gegen Ben Ali und seine Frau - 4 July 2011: Tunisian court says Ben Ali guilty on drugs and gun charges - 29 July 2011: Tunisian court sentences Ben Ali to 16 years for corruption and property fraud 28 July - 12 August: Tunisian court sentences 23 Ben Ali relatives to prison - 1. Dezember 2011: Ben Ali (immer noch in Saudi-Arabien) zu einer weiteren Gefängnisstrafe von 5 Jahren von tunesischem Militärgericht verurteilt - 7. April 2012: Der tunesische Ex-Präsident Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali ist am Samstag in Abwesenheit zu fünf Jahren Gefängnis verurteilt worden - das militärische Berufungsgericht hielt ein Urteil vom November aufrecht, in dem Ben Ali wegen der Folterung von Offizieren Anfang der 90er Jahre schuldig gesprochen worden war - 14 June 2012: Tunisia's Ben Ali sentenced to life for Arab Spring deaths - 19 July 2012: Exiled ex-president Ben Ali sentenced in absentia for 'complicity' in murders of 43 protesters during country's 2011 uprising
February 2013:
Assassination of Chokri Belaid 6 February 2013: Assassination of Chokri Belaid 6 February 2013 - 7 February 2013: Tunisia's PM Jebali has said that he will dissolve the Islamist-led government and form a national unity administration, following the killing of prominent secular opposition figure and leader of the left-leaning Democratic Patriots party Chokri Belaid in front of his home and protests of thousands - 7 February: Unions call for general strike over opposition leader Chokri Belaid's murder as ruling party rejects PM's move to dissolve government - 8 February: Tunisia braces itself for a day of mourning and protests after the country is thrown into political turmoil following the assassination of secular opposition leader Chokri Belaid, as the UGTT trade union calls for a general strike and lawyers, judges and some teachers began a two-day strike - 8 February: Hundreds of thousands of mourners came from all over the country to mark the passing of Chokri Belaid facing tear gas in the cemetery and with dozens arrested outside the cemetery - 9 février: Après dizaines de milliers de personnes ont assisté vendredi aux funérailles de Chokri Belaïd en criant leur colère contre le pouvoir islamiste en Tunisie le Premier ministre a confirmé sa volonté de former un gouvernement de technocrates - 10 February: Tunisia’s PM says he’ll resign if his call for a new nonpolitical Cabinet is rejected - 10 February: The Congress for the Republic Party has withdrawn its three ministers from the government, saying that its demands for changes in the cabinet have not been met - 16 February: Tunisia government talks rescheduled - 16/17 February: Thousands of supporters of ruling islamist party gather in Tunis, for what? To condemn the assassination of Chokri Belaid together with other Tunisians? The islamists rally for the purpose to prevent the proposed and needed technocrat government, for the purpose to persecute dissenting Tunisians and patriots with new ideas needed for the country's economic development - 18 February: PM Hamadi Jebali says talks with political leaders 'failed', but he does not rule out more talks or options - 20 February: PM Jebali steps down following failed efforts to create a non-partisan technocratic government - 25 February: Two reported members of Salafist movement arrested for alleged killing of Chokri Belaid
March 2013: 8 March 2013: Prime minister-designate Ali Larayedh unveils new coalition accepting that key ministries such as interior and justice be entrusted to independent candidates - 13 March 2013: More than two years after the death of street vendor Bouazizi in December 2010, after the Tunisian revolution 2011 and after the death of Adel Khadri on Wednesday 12 March 2013, who immolated himself shouting 'this is a young man who sells cigarettes because of unemployment', vendors took the streets in an anti-government protest - 16. März 2013: In Tunis haben Tausende von Tunesiern den Rücktritt der islamistischen Regierung gefordert - 26 March: Thousands of people marking the opening of the World Social Forum in Tunis have marched through the streets chanting pro-democracy and womens rights slogans
Assassination of Mohamed Brahmi 25 July 2013: Mohamed Brahmi - assassinated 25 July 2013 - 25 July 2013: Gunmen on a motorbike shot Tunisian politician Mohamed Brahmi, a vocal critic of the governing Islamist Ennahda party like Chokri Belaid, in his car in front of his wife and daughter on Thursday morning - 25 juillet: L'assassinat du député d'opposition Mohamed Brahmi a provoqué des manifestations de colère spontanées en Tunisie - 26 July: Opposition leader Mohamed Brahmi was killed with the same gun as Chokri Belaid, the interior ministry says - 26 July: Tunisian unions call for strike after MP Mohamed Brahmi has been assassinated - 27 juillet: Des funérailles nationales sont organisées samedi 27 juillet pour Mohamed Brahimi, les autorités recherchent un salafiste - 28 July: Tunisia on the brink of conflict after Mohammed Brahmi funeral, as unrest in Egypt fuels tensions between secular and Islamist groups and police fired tear gas Sunday at protesters - 29 juillet: Nouvelles manifestations anti-Ennahda à Sidi Bouzid - 29 July: Tunisia government will not quit, PM Ali Larayedh says
August 2013: 2 août 2013: L'armée tunisienne était engagée dans la nuit dans des combats avec un groupe armé dans une zone où huit soldats ont été tués cette semaine - 6/7 August: Tens of thousands of Tunisians on the streets of downtown Tunis on Tuesday calling for the resignation of the transitional Islamist-led coalition government amid a political stalemate among lawmakers in charge of forging a new constitution - 13 August: Tens of thousands demand Tunisia's Islamist rulers step down - 14 August: Al-Nahda's Jebali comes out in favor of a non-partisan cabinet in what may be a significant concession to the secular opposition after weeks of anti-government unrest - 25 August: Thousands of protesters marched in Tunis Saturday, on the first day of a planned week-long campaign aimed at bringing down the Islamist-led government


Elections and politics in Tunisia: Elections in Tunisia
2015: 19 March 2015: Thousands of Tunisians take to streets to denounce Bardo National Museum terrorist attack - 29 March: During a raid in southern Gafsa region as part of crackdown following the attack on the Bardo museum, Tunisian forces killed nine terrorists ahead of a solidarity march in Tunis on Sunday - 29 March: Tens of thousands of Tunisians take to the streets in Tunis to march in solidarity against Islamist militants and to defend democracy - 15 June: Three police officers killed in clashes with Islamist militants at a checkpoint near Sidi Bouzid, as Tunisia steps up its clampdown on Islamist radicals after the deadly attack on Tunis Bardo museum in March - 28 June 2015: Tunisians march against terror attack at beach resort in Sousse, in which at least 38 people, most of them tourists, were killed - 30 June: Tunisia vows emergency tourism measures after Sousse beach attack - 8 July 2015: Tunisia state of emergency imposed due to fears of further attacks, Tunisian PM Habib Essid says
6 October 2019 Tunisian parliamentary election: 6 October 2019 Tunisian parliamentary election
December 2020 Tunisian who sang duet with Israeli faces backlash, death threats: 27 December 2020: After Tunisian president Kais Saied, well-known for his hardline views on normalization, called establishing open ties with Israel 'treachery' in a 2019 statement, Tunisian musician Nouman al-Shaari, who collaborated with Israeli singer Ziv Yehezkel on a song promoting religious tolerance between Muslims and Jews has faced serious backlash, including reportedly being fired from his job at a state broadcaster and death threats on social media, as song was penned by a Yemenite artist who wishes to remain anonymous for his own safety, as he lives in territory controlled by the pro-Iranian Houthi militias, as collaboration was arranged by the Arab Council for Regional Integration, which attempts to advance Arab-Israeli dialogue in the region, and as some fellow Tunisian artists, however, have come to the producer’s and musician's defense
15 December 2020 anger grows in Sidi Bouzid because 'something went wrong in the revolution' called 'Arab Spring': 15 December 2020: Ten years on, anger grows in Tunisian town Sidi Bouzid where 'Arab Spring' began, after fruit seller Mohammed Bouazizi set himself ablaze in the central Tunisian town of Sidi Bouzid following an altercation with a policewoman about where he had put his cart, sparking nationwide protests that eventually toppled Tunisia’s long-serving leader and helped inspire similar uprisings across the region, as huge demonstrations broke out in Egypt and Bahrain, governments fell and ongoing repression and war engulfed Libya, Syria, Yemen, but 'something went wrong in the revolution' according to Attia Athmouni who helped lead the uprising after Bouazizi’s death, as protests have flared again in recent weeks across Tunisia’s poorer southern towns against joblessness, poor state services, inequality and shortages in a country where the economy has stagnated, leaving the public as angry as it was a decade ago
15 January 2021 a silent commemoration of Tunisia's revolution amid covid-19: 15 January 2021: A silent commemoration of Tunisia's revolution amid covid-19, 10 years on
27 February 2021 Tunisia's biggest party calls for unity amid government rift: 27 February 2021: Massive rally by Tunisia's biggest party calls for unity amid government rift
Since 25 July 2021 Tunisian political crisis: Since 25 July 2021 Tunisian political crisis, after after the dismissal of the government and freezing of the parliament by president Saied, as the decisions of the president were made in response to a series of protests against the Ennahda Movement, economic hardship, unemployment, and spike in covid-19 cases in Tunisia - 26 juillet 2021: Les affrontements ont éclaté lundi devant le Parlement tunisien au lendemain de la suspension de ses activités par le président Kaïs Saïed et du limogeage du Premier ministre, et l'armée s'est également déployée dans le palais du gouvernement, selon des fonctionnaires, selon correspondante Lilia Blaise à Tunis - 26 July 2021: Tunisian democracy in turmoil after president sacks government, correspondents Tarek Amara and Angus Mcdowall report - 26 July 2021: Often touted as the lone success story of the Arab spring revolutions a decade ago, Tunisia is facing a critical challenge to its fledgling democracy after its president suspended parliament and dismissed his PM in what critics described as a coup, according to Bethan McKernan and Simon Speakman Cordall in Tunis
12 September 2021: Tunisia president indicates plans to amend constitution: 12 September 2021: Tunisia president indicates plans to amend constitution
29 January 2023 Tunisian parliamentary election (second round): 29 January 2023 Tunisian parliamentary election (second round)
26 February 2023 Tunisian civil society groups denounce anti-migrant rhetoric: 26 February 2023: Chanting 'No to racism' and holding placards demonstrators marched in a protest - organised by the union of Tunisian Journalists and several non-governmental organisations - through the streets of Tunis yesterday, denouncing hate against migrants, days after president Saied claimed there was a plot to erase Tunisia's identity by bringing immigrants from sub-Saharan countries, as the spokesman of Tunisian Forum for Economic and Social Rights revealed 'we recorded many escalations of racist attacks against refugees in sub-Saharan Africa' after after a speech of president Saied, consisting of 'attempts to expel migrants from their homes, ban (them from using) public transportation, and physical, racist attacks'


:
January 2018 Tunisian protests: In January 2018, protests erupted in multiple towns and cities across Tunisia over issues of unemployment, cost of living and taxes - 10 January 2018: Protests erupted in more than 10 towns across Tunisia against the price and tax increases imposed by the government to reduce its ballooning deficit and satisfy its international lenders, one protestor was killed in Tebourba - 10 janvier 2018: Suite à des mobilisations pacifiques contre la hausse des prix et un budget d'austérité, une deuxième nuit de heurts a fait des dizaines de blessés et plus de 200 arrestations dans plusieurs villes en Tunisie - 11 January 2018: More than 300 protesters have been arrested and the army deployed in several Tunisian cities as protests over prices, taxes and unemployment spread - 11 January 2018: Tunisian authorities accused of indiscriminate crackdown and of targeting demonstrating people who are not breaking the law, after a small gathering of civil society and opposition activists in Tunis was broken up by police at the weekend - 12 janvier 2018: Près de 780 personnes ont été arrêtées en Tunisie depuis le déclenchement des troubles sociaux alimentés par des mesures d'austérité - 14 January 2018: Tunisians have demonstrated peacefully amid heavy police presence in the capital against government austerity measures on the seventh anniversary of the ousting of Ben Ali regime, after government promised more aid for poor and improved healthcare to stem wave of unrest in which hundreds arrested
November 2018 protests against Saudi prince Salman: 26 November 2018: Tunisians file lawsuit against Saudi Crown Prince visit, saying 'Mr. Bone Saw Is Not Welcome' - 27 November 2018: A protest is underway in the Tunisian capital Tunis against a visit by Saudi crown prince Mohammed bin Salman over killing of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi - 27 November 2018: Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has been greeted by an outpouring of public anger on his arrival in Tunisia, one of the stops on his first trip abroad since the kingdom's assassination of journalist Jamal Khashoggi, which critics say was designed to whitewash his image before the G20 summit later this week - 28 November 2018: Saudi Arabia’s Mohammed bin Salman visit marked by protests against perpetrators of Khashoggi's assassination


Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Tunisia: Tunisian society
Human rights in Tunisia: Human rights in Tunisia


Governorates, delegations and cities of Tunisia: 24 Governorates of Tunisia
List of Tunisian governorates by population: List of Tunisian governorates by population>
Delegations of Tunisia: 264 Delegations of Tunisia
Tunis Governorate: Tunis governorate -
Since 9th century BC history of Carthage and Tunis: History of Carthage, as the city of Carthage was founded in the 9th century BC on the coast of Northwest Africa as one of a number of Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean created to facilitate trade from the city of Tyre on the coast of what is now Lebanon, as by the end of the 7th century BC, Carthage was becoming one of the leading commercial centres of the West Mediterranean region, then - after a long conflict with the emerging Roman state known as the Punic Wars 264–146 BC, Rome finally destroyed Carthage, then a colonial Roman Carthage was established on the ruins of the first - the centre of the Roman province of Africa, which became a major 'breadbasket' of the empire - that was eventually destroyed (its walls torn down, its water supply cut off, and its harbours made unusable) following its conquest by Arab invaders coming from today Saudi-Arabia at the close of the 7th century, and was replaced by Tunis as the major regional centre, which has spread to include the ancient site of Carthage in a modern suburb - History of Tunis city since Arab invasion, Spanish occupation, Ottoman conquest and control, and French protectorate since 1881 also including an economic and social advance in the ongoing, coming periods of capitalist mode of production, supremacy and colonialism - Carthage commune in Tunis Governorate, including in its area the archaeological site of Carthage, and (re)-established in 1919 some 15 km to the east-northeast of Tunis, situated between the towns of Sidi Bou Said to the north and Le Kram to the south
City quarters of Tunis: Quartier de Tunis - Souks of Tunis
Mass media in Tunis: Mass media in Tunis
Timeline of Tunis: Timeline of Tunis
Prior to 13th century Tunis: Tunis prior to 13th century
May 2018 Tunisian local elections: 6 mai 2018 élections municipales tunisiennes
21st century Tunisia, Tunis and Arab spring revolutions: 21st century Tunis and Tunisian revolution since 2010/2011
Sidi Bouzid Governorate: Sidi Bouzid Governorate
Sidi Bouzid in World War II: Sidi Bouzid in World War II
Sidi Bouzid's role in the Tunisian revolution 2010-2014: Sidi Bouzid's role in the Tunisian revolution 2010-2014
Sfax Governorate: Sfax Governorate
Timeline of Sfax city and governorate: History and timeline of Sfax city and governorate
Timeline of Gabès: History and timeline of Gabès
Since 1940 French Vichy regime, Germam occupation and Gabès under German control: 1940 following the Fall of France, Gabès comes under German control
Tourism in Djerba island: Tourism in Djerba
History of the Jews in Djerba: History of the Jews in Djerba
Timeline of Zarzis: History and timeline of Zarzis


Ethnic groups in Tunisia: Ethnic groups in Tunisia
Culture in Tunisia: Culture of Tunisia
Tunisian cultural history: Tunisian cultural history
Religion and freedom of religion in Tunisia: Religion in Tunisia - Freedom of religion in Tunisia
Union nationale de la femme tunisienne: Union nationale de la femme tunisienne
Education in Tunisia: Education in Tunisia
Health and healthcare in Tunisia: Health in Tunisia - Caisse nationale d'assurance-maladie
Disease outbreaks in Tunisia: Disease outbreaks in Tunisia
Hôpital en Tunisie: Hôpital en Tunisie
Journalists in Tunisia and SNJT: Syndicat National des Journalistes tunisiens SNJT
Broadcasting in Tunisia: Since 1930 broadcasting in Tunisia
Television in Tunisia: TV in Tunisia
1990/2006 establishment of Tunisia's state broadcasting organization ERTT: 1990/2006 établissement de la radiodiffusion-télévision tunisienne
27 December 2020 Tunisian who sang duet with Israeli faces backlash, death threats: 27 December 2020: After Tunisian president Kais Saied, well-known for his hardline views on normalization, called establishing open ties with Israel 'treachery' in a 2019 statementTunisian musician Nouman al-Shaari, who collaborated with Israeli singer Ziv Yehezkel on a song promoting religious tolerance between Muslims and Jews has faced serious backlash, including reportedly being fired from his job at a state broadcaster and death threats on social media, as song was penned by a Yemenite artist who wishes to remain anonymous for his own safety, as he lives in territory controlled by the pro-Iranian Houthi militias, as collaboration was arranged by the Arab Council for Regional Integration, which attempts to advance Arab-Israeli dialogue in the region, and as some fellow Tunisian artists, however, have come to the producer’s and musician's defense
Since 1996 Tunisian Internet Agency: Since 1996 Tunisian Internet Agency
Internet censorship in Tunisia: Internet censorship in Tunisia
2010/2011 Internet censorship in the Arab Spring in Tunisia: Internet censorship in the Arab Spring in Tunisia
30 November 2020 Tunisian media sees big change 10 years after uprising: 30 November 2020: Tunisian media sees big change 10 years after uprising
Crime in Tunisia: Crime in Tunisia
Corruption in Tunisia: Corruption in Tunisia
2017 Tunisia Corruption Report: 2017 Tunisia Corruption Report
Antisemitism in Tunisia: Antisemitism in Tunisia
Since 2002 list of terrorist incidents in Tunisia: Since 2002 list of terrorist incidents in Tunisia
April 2002 Ghriba synagogue bombing: April 2002 Ghriba synagogue bombing
July 2014 Chaambi Mountains attack: 16 July 2014 Chaambi Mountains attack
June 2015 Sousse attacks and sentence 2019: June 2015 Sousse attacks at the tourist resort at Port El Kantaoui, killing at least 39 people, mostly tourists - 27 June 2015: Tunisia to shut 80 mosques outside state control as 'Islamic State' terrorists claim massacre of nearly 40 people and PM Habib Essid says institutions promoting incitement will not be tolerated - 28 June: Tunisians march against terror attack at beach resort in Sousse - 29 June: A group of men who supported the suspected Sousse killer Seifeddine Rezgui reportedly seized - 1 July 2015: Authorities find links between March 2015 Bardo National Museum attack and June 2015 Sousse massacre as all three attackers were together at a jihadi camp in Libya - 9 February 2019: Tunisian court has sentenced seven jihadists to life in prison over attacks at a museum and on a beach in 2015 that killed a total of 60 people, prosecutors have said
Human trafficking in Tunisia: Human trafficking in Tunisia
Tunisian legal system and jurists: Tunisian legal system - Tunisian jurists
Tribunal en Tunisie: Tribunal en Tunisie
Défense et sécurité en Tunisie: Défense et sécurité en Tunisie
Garde nationale en Tunisie: Garde nationale en Tunisie
Foreign relations of Tunisia: Foreign relations of Tunisia
Treaties of Tunisia: Treaties of Tunisia
Tunisian membership in international organisations:
Since 1956 Tunisian membership in the United Nations: Tunisian membership in the United Nations since 1956
Since 1958 Tunisian memberhip in the Arab League: Since 1958 Tunisia member state of the Arab League
Bilateral relations of Tunisia: Bilateral relations of Tunisia
Tunisia/Algeria relations: Tunisia/Algeria relations
30 September 2020 rise in Tunisian migrants crossing to Europe: 30 September 2020: Rise in Tunisian migrants crossing to Europe
29/30 October 2020 Tunisian committed Islamist terror attack in Nice: 29 October 2020 Nice stabbing, as three people were killed in a stabbing attack at Notre-Dame de Nice including a woman beheaded by the attacker, and as several additional victims were injured - 29 October 2020: Citizens killed, including a woman whose throat was slit by the assailant, shouting 'Allahu akbar', several injured in stabbing attack at Nice church, as suspected assailant detained after the apparent terror attack, third victim in life-threatening condition, amid high alert in France following 'protests' over 'prophet' Muhammad cartoons - 29 October 2020: Nice church attacker identified as 21-year-old Tunisian man Aouissaoui, who arrived on the Italian island of Lampedusa in late September, when authorities placed him in covid-19 quarantine before releasing him with an order to leave Italian territory, and he arrived in France in early October - 30 October 2020: Politicians from around the world have offered condolences and expressed their solidarity with the people of France after the nation suffered a second brutal Islamist terror attack on its soil in a fortnight
Tunisia/France relations: Tunisia/France relations
1881 French conquest of Tunisia: French conquest of Tunisia 1881
1881-1956 French 'protectorate' of Tunisia: French 'protectorate' of Tunisia 1881-1956
Tunisia/Germany relations: Tunisia/Germany relations
1940-1943 German/Italian North African and Tunisia Campaign during World War II: North African Campaign 1940-1943 including campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts and in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia between German/Italian Axis powers and assaulted Allies - 1942-1943 Tunisia Campaign, a series of battles during the North African Campaign of World War II between Allied forces and forces of Italy and Germany, led by Hitler's general Erwin Rommel - February 1943 'Battle of Sidi Bou Zid' took place during the Tunisia Campaign of World War II and was fought between forces of Nazi Germany and forces of the USA - Sidi Bouzid was the site of the battle which took place in February 1943, part of the Tunisia Campaign of World War II, beginning on 14 February 1943 at nearby Faid Pass when the German 10th and 21st Panzer Divisions attacked elements of the USA 1st Armored Division and 168th Infantry
Tunisia/Israel relations: Tunisia/Israel relations
History of the Jews in Tunisia: History of the Jews in Tunisia
April 2002 Ghriba synagogue bombing: April 2002 Ghriba synagogue bombing
1 November 2012 Israel admits responsibility for 1988 assassination of terrorist Abu Jihad in Tunisia: 1 November 2012: Israel admits responsibility for 1988 assassination of terrorist Khalil al-Wazir (Abu Jihad) in Tunisia
May 2018 Tunisian Liberal Party's Mounir Batour calls for normalization with Israel: 12 May 2018: Tunisian politician Mounir Batour, head of Tunisia Liberal Party, calls for normalization with Israel
27 December 2020 Tunisian who sang duet with Israeli faces backlash, death threats: 27 December 2020: After Tunisian president Kais Saied, well-known for his hardline views on normalization, called establishing open ties with Israel 'treachery' in a 2019 statement, Tunisian musician Nouman al-Shaari, who collaborated with Israeli singer Ziv Yehezkel on a song promoting religious tolerance between Muslims and Jews has faced serious backlash, including reportedly being fired from his job at a state broadcaster and death threats on social media, as song was penned by a Yemenite artist who wishes to remain anonymous for his own safety, as he lives in territory controlled by the pro-Iranian Houthi militias, as collaboration was arranged by the Arab Council for Regional Integration, which attempts to advance Arab-Israeli dialogue in the region, and as some fellow Tunisian artists, however, have come to the producer’s and musician's defense
Tunisia/Italy relations: Tunisia/Italy relations - Italian Tunisians
Tunisia/Libya relations: Tunisia/Libya relations
25 June 2020 'Turkey’s intervention in Libya has legal standing': 25 June 2020: Tunisian president Kais Saied said 'Turkey’s intervention in Libya has legal standing'
Tunisia/Malta relations: Tunisia/Malta relations
Tunisia/Norway relations: Tunisia/Norway relations
Tunisia/Saudi Arabia relations: Tunisia/Saudi Arabia relations
Tunisia/Syria relations: Tunisia/Syria relations
Tunisia/Turkey relations: Tunisia/Turkey relations
25 June 2020 'Turkey’s intervention in Libya has legal standing': 25 June 2020: Tunisian president Kais Saied said 'Turkey’s intervention in Libya has legal standing'
Tunisia/USA relations: Tunisia/USA relations
Ecoregions in Tunisia: List of ecoregions in Tunisia
Conservation in Tunisia: Conservation in Tunisia
Natural disasters in Tunisia:
Automne 2007 Inondations en Tunisie: Automne 2007 Inondations en Tunisie


United Arab Emirates - History of the United Arab Emirates - Geography of the United Arab Emirates - Demographics of the United Arab Emirates - Ethnic groups in the United Arab Emirates
Manufacturing companies of the United Arab Emirates: Manufacturing companies of the United Arab Emirates
Shipbuilding and shipyards in the United Arab Emirates: Shipbuilding companies of the United Arab Emirates - Shipyards of the United Arab Emirates
Construction and civil engineering companies of the United Arab Emirates: Construction and civil engineering companies of the United Arab Emirates
Solar power in the United Arab Emirates: Solar power in the United Arab Emirates
Politics of the United Arab Emirates: Politics of the United Arab Emirates - Political organisations in the United Arab Emirates - Political parties are banned in the United Arab Emirates
List of government-owned companies of the United Arab Emirates: List of government-owned companies of the United Arab Emirates
Political parties in the United Arab Emirates are banned: Political movements in the United Arab Emirates
Emirati society, emirates and demographics: Emirati society
Demographics and ethnic groups in the United Arab Emirates: Demographics of the United Arab Emirates - Ethnic groups in the United Arab Emirates
Egyptians in the United Arab Emirates: Emirati people of Egyptian descent
Emirates and metropolitan areas of the United Arab Emirates: 7 Emirates of the United Arab Emirates - Metropolitan areas of the United Arab Emirates
21 December 2021 Dubai ruler’s divorce settlement reveals ‘truly opulent’ standard of living: 21 December 2021: The potentially record-breaking settlement in the divorce between the ruler of Dubai and his ex-wife Princess Haya provided an insight into what the judge called the 'truly opulent and unprecedented standard of living enjoyed by these parties' during their marriage. The court heard that before their separation in 2019, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum had provided Haya with £83m a year for her household spending plus an allowance of £9m per annum for herself and various ad hoc payments. Their children, Jalila, now 14, and Zayed, now nine, had annual allowances of approximately £10m each, as well as access to a fleet of aeroplanes owned by the sheikh, including a custom-fit Boeing 747 upon which he insisted the children should travel, helicopters, a $400m superyacht and luxurious properties worth hundreds of millions of pounds. The children and their mother also had support from about 80 staff.
Culture, education and human rights in the United Arab Emirates: Culture of the United Arab Emirates
Education in the United Arab Emirates: Education in the United Arab Emirates
Women in the United Arab Emirates: Women in the United Arab Emirates
18 February 2021 the UAE must release Latifa and Shamsa and stop denying women basic rights: 18 February 2021: The UAE must release Latifa and Shamsa, and stop denying women basic rights, Human Rights Watch Rothna Begum reports
Political repression in the United Arab Emirates: Political repression in the United Arab Emirates
Religion and 'freedom' of religion in the United Arab Emirates: Religion in the United Arab Emirates - Freedom of religion in the United Arab Emirates
Media of the United Arab Emirates: Media of the United Arab Emirates
Crime in the United Arab Emirates: Crime in the United Arab Emirates
Money laundering in the UAE: Money laundering in the UAE
Human trafficking in the United Arab Emirates: Human trafficking in the United Arab Emirates
21 December 2021 Dubai ruler’s divorce settlement reveals ‘truly opulent’ standard of living: 21 December 2021: The potentially record-breaking settlement in the divorce between the ruler of Dubai and his ex-wife Princess Haya provided an insight into what the judge called the 'truly opulent and unprecedented standard of living enjoyed by these parties' during their marriage. The court heard that before their separation in 2019, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum had provided Haya with £83m a year for her household spending plus an allowance of £9m per annum for herself and various ad hoc payments. Their children, Jalila, now 14, and Zayed, now nine, had annual allowances of approximately £10m each, as well as access to a fleet of aeroplanes owned by the sheikh, including a custom-fit Boeing 747 upon which he insisted the children should travel, helicopters, a $400m superyacht and luxurious properties worth hundreds of millions of pounds. The children and their mother also had support from about 80 staff.
Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates: Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates/China relations: United Arab Emirates/China relations
United Arab Emirates/Egypt relations: United Arab Emirates/Egypt relations
United Arab Emirates/France relations: United Arab Emirates/France relations
United Arab Emirates/Iran relations: United Arab Emirates/Iran relations
1971 Iranian seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs islands: 1971 Iranian seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs islands
February 2020 UAE reportedly held talks with Iran behind USA's back: 14 February 2020: UAE reportedly held talks with Iran behind USA's back
United Arab Emirates/Libya relations:
United Arab Emirates/Philippines relations: United Arab Emirates/Philippines relations
Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates: Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates/Russia relations: United Arab Emirates/Russia relations
United Arab Emirates/Saudi Arabia relations: United Arab Emirates/Saudi Arabia relations
United Arab Emirates/Spain relations: United Arab Emirates/Spain relations
United Arab Emirates/Sri Lanka relations: - Sri Lankans in the United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates/United Nations relations: United Arab Emirates/United Nations relations
United Arab Emirates/USA relations: United Arab Emirates/USA relations
January 2009 USA-UAE bilateral nuclear cooperation agreement: 15 January 2009 USA-UAE bilateral nuclear cooperation agreement
United Arab Emirates/Yemen relations: United Arab Emirates/Yemen relations
Since March 2015 Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen: Since March 2015 Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen


Western Sahara - History of Western Sahara - Geography of Western Sahara - Demographics of Western Sahara
2010-2011 Sahrawi protests: 2010-2011 Sahrawi protests
Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic/Algeria relations: Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic/Algeria relations


Yemen - Geography of Yemen - History of Yemen - Demographics of Yemen
Energy in Yemen: Energy in Yemen
Renewable energy and solar power in Yemen: Renewable energy in Yemen - Solar power in Yemen
Fishing in Yemen: Fishing in Yemen
Tourism in Yemen: Tourism in Yemen
Banks of Yemen: Banks of Yemen
Since 1990s economic history of Yemen and crises: Since 1990s economic history of Yemen and crises
Poverty, unemployment, violence, malnutrition and hunger in Yemen: Poverty in Yemen
2011 unemployment Rate in Yemen increased to 29% in 2011 from 17.80% in 2010: 2011: Unemployment Rate in Yemen increased to 29% in 2011 from 17.80% in 2010


Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Yemen: Yemeni society
Human rights in Yemen: Human rights in Yemen
Religion, blasphemy law and freedom of religion in Yemen: Religion in Yemen - Islam in Yemen - Blasphemy law in Yemen - Freedom of religion in Yemen
Cities in Yemen: List of cities in Yemen


Timeline of Aden since 24 BCE: Timeline of Aden since 24 BCE
1932-1937 Chief Commissioner's Province of Aden, Dependency of British India: 1932-1937 Chief Commissioner's Province of Aden, Dependency of British India
Since 2011 Arab spring, Iranian backed Houthi insurgency, Yemeni crisis and war: Since 2011 Arab spring and Yemeni Crisis, beginning with the 2011–12 revolution against president Ali Abdullah Saleh, who had led Yemen for more than three decades, leaving office in early 2012 as part of a mediated agreement between the Yemeni government and opposition groups, as the government led by Saleh's former vice president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi struggled to unite the fractious political landscape of the country and fend off threats both from Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and Houthi militants, that had been waging a protracted insurgency in the north since years, and as in September 2014 the Iranian Mullah regime backed Houthi insurgency transformed into a full-blown civil war as Houthi fighters swept into the capital of Sana'a and forced Hadi to negotiate a 'unity government' with other political factions
2018-2019 Battle of Aden and STC/Hadi loyalists clashes: January 2018 Battle of Aden - 2018-2019 STC and Hadi loyalists clasehs


May-June 2011 Battle of Sana'a: May-June 2011 Battle of Sana'a
September 2014 Battle of Sana'a: September 2014 Battle of Sana'a
Since November 2017 Battle of Sana'a: Since November 2017 Battle of Sana'a




Immigration to Yemen: Immigration to Yemen
Culture and languages in Yemen: Culture of Yemen - Languages of Yemen
Education in Yemen: Education in Yemen
Schools in Yemen: Schools in Yemen
Health in Yemen: Health in Yemen
August 2018 war crimes in Yemen conflict and UN: 28 August 2018: UN report flags 'possible' war crimes in Yemen conflict
Since 2015 cases of disability to war and conflict in Yemen: Cases of disability to war and conflict in Yemen
Since October 2016 Yemen cholera outbreak: 2016–2020 Yemen cholera outbreak
Water supply and sanitation in Yemen: Water supply and sanitation in Yemen
Since 2015 airstrikes on hospitals in Yemen: Since 2015 airstrikes on hospitals in Yemen
September 2013 Yemeni government fails to prosecute attacks on journalists: 20 September 2013: Yemeni government fails to prosecute attacks on journalists
Radio in Yemen: Radio in Yemen
Television in Yemen: Television in Yemen
Telecommunications in Yemen: Telecommunications in Yemen
Crime in Yemen: Crime in Yemen
May 2016 Yemen police bombings: 15 May 2016 Yemen police bombings
Since 2015 Human rights violations during the Yemeni Civil War: Human rights violations during the Yemeni Civil War since 2015
Corruption in Yemen: Corruption in Yemen
Human trafficking in Yemen: Human trafficking in Yemen
Slavery in Yemen: Slavery in Yemen
Legal system of Yemen: Legal system of Yemen
Law enforcement in Yemen: Law enforcement in Yemen
Government budget and taxation in Yemen: Government budget in Yemen
2012 Yemeni presidential election: 21 February 2012 Yemeni presidential election
February 2014 cancelled constitutional referendum: Yemeni constitutional referendum February 2014, cancelled
Since 2011 Yemeni protests, politics and violence: 2011 Yemeni protests - 2011–2012 Yemeni revolution
2011: 18. Mai 2011: Kompromiß in Jemen scheitert an Saleh - 23 May 2011: USA urges Saleh to step down - 31 May 2011: Fighting raises Yemen civil war fears - 5 June: Celebrations follow Saleh's Saudi trip - Freude in Jemen über Salehs Ausreise nach Saudi-Arabien - Verhandlungen über Rücktritt Salehs - 6 June: USA calls for 'immediate transition' in Yemen - 20. Juni 2011: Forderung von Zehntausenden nach Übergangsrat - Demonstranten fordern Ausreise von Salehs Söhnen - 11 July 2011: Hundreds of thousands rally across Yemen 1 July - 17. Juli: Jemens Opposition bildet Schattenregierung - 29. Juli: Salehs Politik treibt Jemen in den Abgrund - 12 August: Against 'tyrants' protesters across the country on Friday also call for 'building a new Yemen' - 17. August: Vertreter verschiedener Gruppierungen aus ganz Jemen wählen einen 'Nationalrat' mit 143 Mitgliedern um 'die Revolution zu einem friedlichen Ende zu führen' - 9 September: Pro democracy rallies of hundreds of thousands in several cities on Friday - 12 September: Saleh authorises power transfer talks - 15 September: Renewed violence rocks Yemen, Sanaa and Aden - 18 September: Saleh said to sign Gulf Arab initiatve 'within a week' - main university occupied by protesters - 19 September: Many protesters shot dead in Sanaa - 19 September: More than 50 people killed in two days of violence against anti-government protesters - 20 September: Saleh forces 'shell Sanaa protest camp' - 20. September: Arabische Liga für Aussetzung der Mitgliedschaft Syriens und Jemens - Forderung nach Rückzug des syrischen Militärs in die Kasernen - 20 September: 'Ceasefire' halts fighting in Sanaa - 23 September: Saleh returns to Yemen - 25 September: UN calls for end to violence in Yemen - 26 September: Fresh protests rock Yemen after Saleh speech - 7 October: Yemeni activist Tawakel Karman - 2011 Nobel Peace Price together with Liberian Ellen J. Sirleaf and Leymah Gbowee - 8. Oktober: Saleh kündigt Rücktritt an - 19 October: More deaths in Yemen as Saleh forces fire on protesters - 22. Oktober: UN-Sicherheitsrat fordert Saleh zum Abgang auf - 23 October: Attacks on Yemen protests continue in Sanaa - 2 December: Saleh's forces in deadly clash with tribesmen supporting the protest movement in Taiz - 3 December: More deaths in Yemen violence - 11 December: Yemen transition government starts as 10 December: Activist Tawakul Karman gets Nobel Peace Price together with Leymah Gbowee and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf calling for worldwide change
2012: 7 February: Saleh pledges early return to Yemen - 8. März: Der Uno-Gesandte für den Jemen Jamal Benomar warnt vor einer humanitären Krise - drei Millionen Menschen brauchten sofort Hilfe - 10 March: Suspected al-Qaeda fighters in southern Yemen have been targeted in air strikes - local sources claim the attacks in the Bayda area were carried out by US drones - 6 April: Yemeni president Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi sacks ex-regime loyalists close to Ali Saleh - 20 May: Fresh clashes with Al Qaeda fighters in the south have left at least 34 people dead, while a suspected US drone strike has killed two militants, Yemeni officials say - 21 May: A suicide bomber blew himself up at a military parade rehearsal in Yemen's capital, killing 96 people - 26. Mai: Schwere Armee-Offensive gegen Al-Kaida in Jemens Provinz Abjan - 5 June: Yemeni forces advance on al-Qaeda-held town - 12 juin: L'armée entre à Jaar après le retrait d'Al-Qaïda - 2 July: Yemen troops fire on unemployed protesters who demonstrated near an oilfield operated by French Total in the southeastern Hadramawt province, 10 wounded - 11 July: At least eight people have been killed in a suicide bomb attack at the police academy in the Yemeni capital Sanaa - 3. September: 14 Zivilisten durch Luftangriff 'irrtümlich' getötet, darunter drei Frauen und drei Kinder - 5 September: Drone strike targeting a house in the village of Al-Ain in Hadramawt province kills five people - 13 October: Families of killed Yemenis demand Saleh trial - 18 October: Suspected US drone strikes kill 7 militants in southern Yemen - 19 October: At least 10 soldiers and 11 suspected al-Qaeda fighters killed in an attack on a military base in southern town of Shuqra - 5 December: UN makes urgent call for Yemen's political parties to start the national dialogue conference, scheduled to take place in mid-November but delayed after factions in the Southern Movement refused to join the talks - 25 December: At least five people were killed in two drone strikes in south Yemen on Monday
Since August 2014: Yemen protests and violence 2014 - 21 September 2014: Following weeks of violence in Sanaa, Yemeni government reaches agreement with armed Shia Houthi rebels 'that will lay the foundations for national partnership and for security and stability' - 22 September: After signed peace deal Houthi rebels seize strategically important installations in Sana'a, including the defence ministry and the central bank - 27 September: Yemen's Hawthi rebels reportedly getting help from forces linked to Iran and Lebanese Shi'ite militia Hezbollah to boost their control of the capital Sana'a - 9 October: Yemen’s newly appointed PM Ahmed Awad Mubarak has turned down his nomination to prevent violence following strong opposition by Shiah rebels - 9 October: At least 20 killed in suicide attack in Yemeni capital Sanaa - 15 October: Advancing Houthi fighters reportedly in the city of Ibb, bordering al-Bayda province - 1/2 November: At least eight Yemeni soldiers and three suspected Al-Qaida militants in Yemen's western Hodeidah province
Since Feburary 2015 Timeline of the Yemeni Civil War: Since Feburary 2015 Timeline of the Yemeni Civil War
February 2015: 6 February 2015: Yemen's Shi'ite Houthis announce takeover of country after dissolving parliament - 8 February: As thousands protest in Yemen, new Shi'ite rulers criticized over 'coup', UN Security Council action demanded - 11 February: Tens of thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of the central city of Taiz and hundreds more in the capital Sanaa in the largest protests yet against the Houthi movement, as British, French and USA embassies in Yemen close - 14 February: Yemen clashes kill 26 people as embassy closures continue - 16 February: UNSC demands Iranian-backed Houthi militia in Yemen 'immediately and unconditionally' withdraw from government - 20 February: Yemen parties agree on transitional council - 21 February: Houthi militiamen opened fire on protesters in the central Yemeni city of Ibb, killing one person and wounding another
March 2015: 14 March: Opponents of Yemen's Houthi militia announced the formation of a national alliance 'seeking to build a federal, democratic Yemen which rejects militias' - 20 March: Quadruple suicide attacks hit a pair of mosques controlled by Shiite rebels in Sanaa during the noon prayer, killing at least 137 people and wounding around 350 others - 22 March: Houthi fighters opposed to Yemen's president seized parts of the country's third largest city of Taiz overnight amid growing concern about a conflict involving Saudi Arabia and Iran - 22 March: Protests in Yemen's Taiz over presence of Shia Houthis - 23 March: Video recording of deadly Sanaa terrorist attack on Friday revealed that worshipers were chanting a slew of hateful slogans just as a suicide bomber detonated himself, killing scores of people - 25 March: Shi'ite Houthi rebels reportedly seize Yemen air base used in Al-Qaida fight
Since 25 March 2015: 2015 Arab military intervention in Yemen - 26 March: Saudi-led coalition attacks Houthi-controlled airport in Sanaa, declaring airspace a 'restricted zone' - 26 March: Yemen presidential loyalists retake Aden airport after heavy clashes with forces allied to Houthi rebels - 28 March: Saudi-led forces reportedly strike Iranian-backed Houthi military column heading to Aden - 30 March: As Saudi-led coalition's strikes continue after daybreak, also India, China prepare to evacuate nationals from Yemen - 30 March: Saudi-led forces blockade Yemen ports aiming to stop Houthis from rearming - 31 March: An air strike killed dozens of people at Al-Mazrak camp for displaced people in Hajja province in northwest Yemen, aid workers said, as Arab warplanes bombard rebels around the country - 31 March: Saudi-led coalition strikes Houthi targets across Yemen overnight
April 2015: 2 April: Houthi forces pull back from positions in central Aden after Saudi-led air strikes, residents say - 4 April: ICRC says that three shipments of aid and medical staff it is trying to send to Yemen were still blocked, as the UN says that some 519 people have been killed and nearly 1,700 injured in two weeks of fighting in Yemen - 5 April: Warplanes from Saudi-led coalition bombed Yemen's capital Sanaa overnight, while air strikes also hit areas along the border with Saudi Arabia and clashes in the eastern port town of Mukalla are reported - 6 April: Iranian backed Houthi militants made new gains in Aden on Sunday using snipers and heavy weapons, as Saudi-led coalition trying to halt their advance faced growing calls for a humanitarian pause in air strikes - 8 April: Al-Qaida reportedly making gains in Yemen amid turmoil - 10 April: Red Cross delivers first aid shipment to Yemen - 11 April: USA expands its intelligence-sharing with Saudi Arabia to provide more information about targets in the air campaign against Houthi militias in Yemen - 12 April: Saudi-led airstrikes targeting a military camp reportedly kill eight civilians in Taiz on Sunday, as Iranian-backed Houthis push to capture eastern province of Mareb, a key oil-producing area
20 April 2015: An air strike on a Scud missile base in Houthi-controlled Sanaa beside the Hadda district, home to the presidential palace and many embassies, triggered a big explosion that reportedly killed 25 people and wounded almost 400 - 21 April: Saudi-led coalition bombing Yemen announces end to its operation as King Salman orders the National Guard to take part in Saudi Arabian campaign against Iran-allied Houthi rebels in Yemen - 23 April: Saudi-led airstrikes hit Houthi targets north of Aden, including tanks of the Iranian-allied militia - 25 April: As Saudi-led warplanes kept up air strikes on Iranian-backed militia, an Iranian naval convoy suspected of carrying weapons for Shiite rebels turned back, USA says - 26 April: Saudi-led air strikes hit Yemeni capital Sanaa while warships reportedly pounded an area near the port of Aden - 26 April: Yemen militia make gains against Houthis in Taiz - 28 April: Houthi fighters blamed for renewed Saudi-led bombings by the USA, accusing them of using a relative lull in airstrikes meant to help set the stage for peace talks to instead pursue battlefield advances - 29 April: Twelve civilians reportedly killed by Houthi's tanks and sniper fire as Iranian-backed militia advancing into Yemen's Aden, as Houthi rulers also launched campaign against public figures, including Nobel Peace Prize laureate Tawakul Karman
May 2015: 1 May 2015: Bodies are strewn in the streets of Aden as health workers are unable to retrieve them for burial amid fierce clashes between Houthis and local defenders despite UN demands, officials say - 4 May: Five people reported killed in latest Saudi-led aistrikes in Yemen - 6 May: Planes from a Saudi-led coalition struck Yemeni provinces near the Saudi border overnight, killing at least 43 civilians, as aid agencies warn that fuel shortages could halt their work - 7 May: Yemen's Shi'ite rebels and their allies capture Aden presidential palace - 9 May: Saudi-led coalition conducts airstrikes on Saada after deadline - 10 May: Iranian-backed Houthi militia accepts Saudi-proposed five-day humanitarian cease-fire, after air strikes reportedly killed more than 1,300 people in Yemen, sent locals fleeing from their homes and destroyed infrastructure - 11 May: Yemen's Houthi militia and Saudi forces traded heavy artillery and rocket fire in border areas, a day before a five-day humanitarian truce was due to take effect - 12 May: Saudi-led air strikes targeting a base for army units loyal to the Houthis in Sanaa and Houthi positions in Aden - 13 May: Yemen truce broadly holds, but violations reported - 15 May: Clashes in Yemen mar truce as UN envoy pushes for talks - 17 May: After at least 10 people killed in overnight fighting in Yemen's Taiz UN's Yemen envoy calls for truce to be extended for five days - 18 May: Saudi-led coalition resumes airstrikes after the Houthi militia and its allies reportedly violated the truce - 19 May: Saudi-led air raids hit Sanaa overnight, targeting forces loyal to former President Saleh after Houthi militia launched new attacks - 20 May: Saudi-led coalition's warplanes reportedly carried out the most sustained bombardment of Sanaa in nearly two months, hitting army bases and weapons depots - 22 May: Saudi-led warplanes extended air strikes on Iranian-backed Houthi militia in Sanaa - 31 May: Saudi-led coalition struck military bases aligned with Iranian-backed Houthis in Sanaa overnight and early Sunday morning
June 2015: 1 June 2015: Saudi-led coalition launches air strikes on Monday against Houthi militia positions in the north, center and south of Yemen - 2 June: Yemen tribesmen claim to kill 18 Houthi fighters in an ambush in the central province of Ibb - 3 juin: Des raids intenses provoquent un incendie à Sanaa - 5 June: Houthis agree to UN peace talks without preconditions, provisionally scheduled for June 14 and which the exiled government confirmed it too would attend - 6 June: Saudi Arabia shoots down Scud fired by Houthis in the direction of Khamees al-Mushait - 7 June: Saudi-led coalition have targeted the headquarters of Yemen's armed forces in rebel-held Sanaa - 11 June: Saudi-led airstrikes this week kill at least 20 Yemeni civilians, increasingly caught in the crossfire, as 80% of Yemen's population or more than 20 million in war-torn Yemen need humanitarian aid according to UNICEF - 14 June: Iranian-backed Houthi forces and their army allies seize the capital of a large desert province on the border with Saudi Arabia, residents say - 17 June: At least 31 people killed by suicide bombings claimed by 'Islamic State' terrorists in Yemen's capital Sanaa - 19 June: Heavy airstrikes across Yemen kill 10 civilians, as UN's Yemen peace talks in Geneva end without a ceasefire agreement - 21 June: 15 people killed by Saudi-led airstrikes across Yemen - 22 June: Arab coalition airstrikes target Iranian-backed Houthi rebels across Yemen - 24 June: Army forces loyal to Yemen's exiled president seized a border crossing with Saudi Arabia - 28 June: A Saudi soldier killed and another wounded by shelling from Saleh forces and Houthis near the Yemen border - 1 July: UN declares its highest-level humanitarian emergency in Yemen where over 80% of the population need assistance, as shells fired by Houthis kill 18 people, wounding at least 30, near the southern port city of Aden - 4 July: Yemen's Houthis attack Saudi Arabia's Najran and Jizan, killing and wounding several soldiers - 6 July: Saudi-led air raids pounded the Sanaa headquarters of Yemen's former president Saleh's General People's Congress party, killing and wounding several people - 9 July: Humanitarian truce will go into effect on Friday night, days after UN declared Yemen a level-3 humanitarian emergency, and last until the end of Ramadan on 17 July - 11 July: Fighting breaks UN ceasefire less than one day after it took effect - 13 July: Saudi-led air raids reportedly killed 21 civilians in Yemen's capital Sanaa on Monday morning, two days after the start of UN-brokered humanitarian truce that Saudi government does not recognise - 15 July: Yemeni fighters backed by a Saudi-led coalition mobilize troops, weapons and armored vehicles to wrest back the whole of Aden from Houthi forces after taking part of the southern port city - 16 July: Some exiled government ministers and officials return to Yemen's Aden - 18 July: Anti-Houthi army forces and local fighters advance in Yemen amid heavy Arab air strikes - 19 July: 30 people killed and another 24 injured as Iranian-backed Shiite Houthi group attacked a military base loyal to Yemen’s President Hadi in the southern province of Taiz - 20 July: A bombardment in Aden by the Houthi militia and forces loyal to former president Saleh kills 43 people and injures 173, Yemen's exiled government says two days after declaring the city had been liberated - 20 July: Local fighters and army units backed by Yemen's exiled government take control of Tawahi, the last district of central Aden still held by Iranian-backed Houthi militia - 26 July: Saudi state media announces five-day humanitarian pause in fighting at the request of Yemen's Hadi after Friday night raid allegedly targeted civilians in quiet Red Sea town - 26 July: Yemen truce in doubt as Houthis reject coalition ceasefire - 3 August: Pro-Hadi forces recapture Yemen's al-Anad military and air base after heavy fighting - 6 August: Anti-Houthi fighters seize about 10 southern villages from Iran-backed Houthi forces, pursuing their offensive - 9 August: Yemen pro-government forces launch Abyan offensive - 11 August: Anti-Houthi fighters seize 6 districts in the central province of Ibb, bringing them closer to Sanaa - 16 August: Forces loyal to Yemen's exiled government retook southern Shabwa province, extending recent gains against Iran-backed Houthis - 17 August: Anti-Houthi fighters seize Yemen's third city of Taiz - 23 August: Dozens of people, mostly civilians, have been killed in fighting and air strikes in Yemen's Houthi-held third city Taez - 26 August: Cluster munitions in Hajja caused civilian casualties both during the attacks probably targeting Houthi fighters and afterward, when civilians picked up unexploded submunitions that detonated, rights group says - 3 September: Two bombings, claimed by local affiliates of the Islamic State terrorists, at a mosque in Yemen's capital Sanaa kill at least 28 people and wound 75 - 5 September: Saudi-led coalition planes hit Houthi-controlled government buildings and forces loyal to Saleh in Sanaa overnight after at least 50 coalition soldiers were killed - 10 September: Saudi-led coalition raids target houses of leaders in the Iran-allied Houthi movement in Sanaa and military bases - 29 September: Death toll from air strike on Yemen wedding party in the Red Sea village of Al-Wahijah rises above 130 - 30 September: Tribal fighters backed by a Saudi-coalition won control of a strategic dam in central Yemen from Houthi forces but reportedly lost ground in the south near the port of Aden - 15 October 2015: Iranian-backed Houthi forces fired a ballistic missile at a military base near the city of Khamees Mushait in Saudi-Arabia on Thursday - 15 October: Saudi warplanes targeted launchers in Yemen's Sana’a after Houthi rebels fired a Scud missile at an airbase across the border in a sudden escalation of a war that is taking a mounting toll on civilians - 27 October: A Yemeni hospital run by medical aid group Medecins Sans Frontieres bombed in a Saudi-led air strike, wrecking the facility and wounding several people - 8 November 2015: More than 50 people including many civilians were killed in Yemen in the past two days in ongoing fighting as relief workers say fighting has blocked food supplies and left thousands of people in extreme hunger - 5 December: UN food agency warns that food supplies in Yemen are deteriorating quickly and the country is at risk of slipping into famine - 6 December: Yemen's Aden province governor Jaafar Mohammed Saad killed on Sunday when a suicide bomber rammed his car into the governor's convoy in the western part of Aden city, as UN-backed Yemen peace talks to convene December 15 - 10 December: Arab coalition forces reportedly captured a Yemeni Red Sea archipelago used by Iran-allied Houthis for storing and smuggling weapons into Yemen - 19 décembre: Les forces progouvernementales se rapprochent de la capitale Sanaa
2016: 10 January 2016: A missile hit a health centre operated by Medecins Sans Frontieres in northern Yemen on Sunday, killing four people and wounding 10 others - 13 March: Air strikes killed at least seventeen suspected Al-Qaida militants overnight in the southern Yemeni port city of Aden, also wounding at least twenty civilians and militants as well as three security forces members - 25 March: Saudi-led military intervention following Iran-allied Houthis' campaign in Yemen has killed an estimated 6,400 people, half of them civilians, injured 30,000 more, displaced 2.5 million, and leaves 80% of Yemen population needing aid, according to the UN - 26 March: Three 'Islamic State' suicide bombers have struck security checkpoints in the southern Yemeni city of Aden, killing at least 26 people, most of them civilians
Since 27 March 2016: 27 March 2016: Tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets of the capital Sanaa on Saturday to mark the first anniversary of the war between a coalition led by Saudi Arabia against Iran-allied fighters who had overthrown the government, that has killed thousands of Yemenis - 27 March: USA drone attacks killed eight men suspected of belonging to al Qaeda in southern Yemen, local residents say, as a USA campaign against the militant group goes on amid a wider civil war in the country - 10 avril: Cessez-le-feu parrainé par l'ONU est entré en vigueur - 15 April: Yemeni forces backed by helicopters wrested the city of Houta from al Qaeda fighters after a gun battle - 28 June 2016: Islamic State terrorists claim responsibility for bombings in southern port city of Mukalla that targeted security forces and that killed at least 43 people and wounding several others, as UN's Ban Ki-moon tries to revive peace process in Kuwait - 6 July 2016: At least six Yemeni troops and around 20 militant attackers killed in an assault on a military base near the international airport of Aden - 29 July 2016: Yemen's government says that peace talks underway since April had ended without agreement after Houthi rebels and their allies formed a 10-member 'supreme council' to run the war-torn nation - 31 juillet 2016: Les pourparlers de paix pour le Yémen, infructueux depuis avril, ont été prolongés d'une semaine à Koweït en dépit de tentatives d'incursion samedi de rebelles chiites yéménites en Arabie saoudite qui ont fait sept morts parmi les soldats saoudiens - 9 August: Saudi-led airstrikes on Yemen food factory in the capital Sana’a kill at least 14 people working there, mostly women - 15 August: At least 11 people have been killed and 19 injured in an airstrike by the Saudi-led coalition, that includes USA, UK and Sunni Arab allies, on a Yemeni hospital supported by Médecins Sans Frontières as the conflict escalates following the collapse of peace talks - 20 August 2016: Tens of thousands of Yemenis rally in Sana’a, as the head of the Houthi group’s new governing council vows to form a full government in the coming days and the G18 group of nations that has backed UN peace talks issues a statement condemning 'unconstitutional and unilateral actions in Sana’a' - 29 August: A suicide bomber killed at least 45 people when he drove a car laden with explosives into a compound run by local militias in Aden, according to Medecins Sans Frontieres - 11 September: At least 21 civilians were killed in two separate air strikes by the Saudi-led coalition in northern Yemen, according to residents - 9 October 2016: Saudi-led warplanes struck a funeral at a community hall in Yemen's Sanaa, killing over 140 mourners and injuring hundreds, according to local health officials cited by UN, as the attack prompts a strong rebuke from the USA - 17 October 2016: Hours after Britain and the USA called for an immediate ceasefire as they tried to seize on outrage caused by the killing of 140 people in a Saudi airstrike, Yemen's president Mansour Hadi, has agreed to a 72-hour ceasefire with the possibility of it being extended, if Iran-backed Houthis adhere to it, activate the DCC and lift the siege of Taiz - 16 novembre 2016: Les combats s'intensifient au Yémen, Au moins 51 personnes ont été tuées dans de violents combats entre rebelles houthistes soutenus par l'Iran et forces loyalistes - 18 November 2016: More than 20 civilians were killed in the shelling of a busy market in the war-torn Yemeni city of Taiz, including a member of an international aid group - 19 November 2016: Saudi-led coalition announces 48-hour ceasefire in Yemen - 18 December 2016: Suicide bombing in Yemen's Aden kills 43 soldiers, wounding 60 others
December 2017: 2 décembre 2017: De nouveaux affrontements armés entre les deux composantes du camp rebelle yéménite, les Houthis et les partisans de l'ex-président Saleh, ont éclaté vendredi soir à Sanaa après l'échec de négociations - 3 December 2017: Iran-backed militants battle forces loyal to former president Saleh for the fourth straight day in Yemen’s capital Sanaa, as Saleh says he is ready to open a 'new page' with Saudi coalition after breaking with Houthis - 5 December 2017: Iran-backed Houthis murdered their onetime ally Ali Abdullah Saleh, the country’s former president - 5 December 2017: Heavy airstrikes by the Saudi-led coalition pounded Yemen's capital overnight, targeting Sanaa's densely populated neighborhoods in apparent retaliation for the killing of the former Yemeni president by Houthis - 5 December 2017: Houthi rebels fighting their former allies in Sana’a have moved against a group of diehard loyalists of the killed former president, as resentment towards the Houthis appears to be building and people who have not been paid salaries for more than a year have become extremely frustrated by the stalemated conflict - 25 décembre 2017: Après le tir d'un deuxième missile balistique sur Ryad les avions de la coalition ont bombardé pour la première fois le palais présidentiel à Sanaa, où les Houthis se sont réunis, et plus de 60 Houthis et soldats pro-gouvernement ont été tués en 24 heures sur les fronts de la province de Hodeida - 27 décembre 2017: Au moins 14 civils ont été tués sur un marché dans l'ouest du Yémen dans un raid attribué à l'aviation de la coalition menée par l'Arabie saoudite qui combat les rebelles Houthis - 28 décembre 2017: Deux raids mardi ont massacré au Yémen 68 civils dont de nombreux enfants
June 2018 Battle of Al Hudaydah: Since 13 June 2018 Battle of Al Hudaydah - 13 June 2018: Supporting ground operations by Yemeni troops massed south of the Red Sea port of Hodeidah, coalition warplanes and warships were carrying out strikes on Iran-backed Houthi fortifications - 16 June 2018: Arab coalition close to capturing Hodeidah airport - 19/20 June 2018: Saudi-backed Yemeni government forces have captured the airport at Hodeidah and have started preparations for the more complex task of capturing the city and its port, after UN envoy failed to broker ceasefire with Iran-backed Houthis, that would have seen the port taken under UN control, and as UN's Assad supporting Guterres praises the 'UN’s human rights architecture', playing 'a very important role in the promotion and protection of human rights worldwide'
August 2018: 3 August 2018: The death toll after attacks in the port city of Al Hudaydah reportedly increased to at least 55 people, as Saudi-led coalition denied responsibility for the attacks and blamed the Houthi rebels who control the port - 9 August 2018: Dozens dead in Yemen as bus carrying children hit by airstrike at market in Dahyan - 9 août 2018: L'Arabie saoudite a abattu un missile tiré par les houthis, les débris de l'engin ont tué un Yéménite et ont blessé onze autres personnes - 13 août 2018: Des milliers de Yéménites ont crié leur colère contre l'Arabie saoudite et les Etats-Unis en participant lundi aux funérailles d'enfants tués lors d'un raid aérien - 14 août 2018: Le raid aérien attribué à la coalition menée par l'Arabie saoudite a fait 51 morts, dont 40 enfants, et 79 blessés, dont 56 enfants, selon CICR - 25 août 2018: Au moins 22 enfants et quatre femmes sont morts dans une frappe alors qu'ils fuyaient les combats dans la région d'Al-Douraïhimi, au sud de la ville de Hodeida - 29 August 2018: Yemeni government condemns Houthis for prohibiting delivery of aid to Hodeidah
November 2018: 7 November 2018: Battle rages in Yemen's vital port of Hodeidah, as Iranian-backed Houthis laid an estimated 1m landmines, raided the city’s May 22 hospital, set up sniper positions on the roof, as about 100 coalition airstrikes hit civilian areas of Hodeidah, and as civilian deaths reportedly have risen by 164% since June - 10 November 2018: Yemeni forces announce new push to take Hodeidah back from rebel Houthi fighters - 11 November 2018: Fighting in Yemen city of Hodeidah 'reaches residential streets' - 15 November 2018: Yemeni government halted the offensive on the lifeline port of Hodeidah, supporting talks but saying 'to liberate Hodeidah is inevitable' - 19 November 2018: Houthi rebels said they were halting drone and missile attacks on Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and their Yemeni allies, responding to a demand from the UN and raising prospects for peace talks - 19 novembre 2018: Le gouvernement yéménite va participer aux négociations de paix avec les rebelles houthis proposées par l'ONU en Suède - 20 November 2018: Despite UN ceasefire calls, fighting returns to Hodeidah, Yemen and Saudi Arabia, including fired ballistic missiles, airstrikes and street fighting
May 2019: 11 May 2019: Yemen’s Houthi rebels will begin a pullback from ports in the flashpoint city of Hodeida on Saturday, the first practical step on the ground since a ceasefire deal was reached in December, according to UN - 12 mai 2019: Les rebelles Houthis auraient commencé à quitter trois ports au Yémen, même si l'ONU n'en est pas encore sûre à 100% - 15 May 2019: Residents in Hodeidah are cautiously hoping that the Yemeni city will be spared future bloodshed as a long-awaited withdrawal by Iranian backed Houthi rebel forces appeared to be proceeding according to plan - 15 May 2019: Renewed clashes broke out between Houthi rebel fighters and Saudi-backed pro-government forces in Hodeidah on Wednesday, breaching the ceasefire and potentially threatening the withdrawal agreement - 16 mai 2019: La coalition menée par l'Arabie saoudite a mené jeudi des raids aériens au Yémen notamment sur Sanaa, moins de 48 heures après une attaque de drones sur un oléoduc pétrolier saoudien, revendiquée par les rebelles houthis
Since 11 August 2019 new civil war within civil war: 11 août 2019: Les violences impliquant combattants séparatistes et soldats gouvernementaux yéménites ont fait depuis jeudi quelque 40 morts et 260 blessés, dont de nombreux civils, dans la ville d'Aden - 14 August 2019: 'Scores' of people were killed and hundreds wounded during recent fighting in Yemen’s key port of Aden when southern separatists, trained by the UAE, seized key locations of the city from Saudi-backed government forces - 17 août 2019: Le siège du gouvernement, celui du Conseil suprême de la justice et celui de la Banque centrale ainsi que l'hôpital d'Aden ont été évacués par les séparatistes au Yémen - 28 août 2019: Les forces du gouvernement entrent à Aden - 29 août 2019: Les séparatistes reprennent la ville d'Aden
Foreign relations of Yemen: Foreign relations of Yemen
Treaties of Yemen: Treaties of Yemen
International organization membership of Yemen: International organization membership of Yemen
Yemen/United Nations relations: Yemen/United Nations relations
2015: 14 April 2015: In a resolution approved in a 14-0 vote without Russian support, UN Security Council imposes arms embargo on Houthi rebels in Yemen, also demanding all Yemeni factions to end violence and resume UN-brokered negotiations - 17 April 2015: UN's Ban Ki-moon calls for an immediate halt to the fighting in Yemen, seeking a new UN envoy who can broker a political end to the conflict - 15 June 2015: At the opening of consultations on the situation in Yemen, UN's Ban Ki-moon says in Geneva international community has 'obligation to act' for Yemen peace - 20 August 2015: UN says air strikes on Yemen port could worsen aid crisis, as more than 21 million people in Yemen need help, some 80% of the population - 11 September 2015: UN says Yemen peace talks set to resume next week - 15 décembre: Les pourparlers de paix entre parties yémenites sous l'égide de l'ONU ont commencé mardi matin en Suisse
Bilateral relations of Yemen: Bilateral relations of Yemen
Yemen/Egypt relations: Yemen/Egypt relations
Yemen/France relations: Yémen/France relations - 15 January 2015: Yemen's Al-Qaeda claims 2015 Paris terror attacks
Yemen/Iran relations: Yemen/Iran relations
Since March 2015 Yemeni Civil War following Houthis' coup d'état: Since March 2015 Yemeni Civil War following Iran-backed Houthis' coup d'état
Yemen/Israel relations: Yemen/Israel relations
Yemen/Oman relations: Yemen/Oman relations
Yemen/Saudi Arabia relations: Yemen/Saudi Arabia relations
History of the Arabian Peninsula before and during Muslim conquests: History of the Arabian Peninsula before and during Muslim conquests
Since 622 Muslim conquests and Islamization: Since 622 Muslim conquests - Islamization
Modern history of the Arabian Peninsula: Modern history of the Arabian Peninsula
Since 14 September 2019 Iranian Abqaiq-Khurais attack, claimed by Houthis: 14 September 2019 Abqaiq-Khurais attack, a drone attack that targeted the Saudi Aramco oil factories in eastern Saudi Arabia - 14 September 2019: After previous attacks by Yemen’s Houthis and amid tensions between Iranian regime and USA, Iranian-backed Houthis attack oil processing facility in Saudi Arabia and a major oilfield operated by Saudi Aramco, causing major fire at world's largest oil refinery crucial to global energy supplies - 15 September 2019: USA secretary of state Pompeo accuses Iran of 'unprecedented attack’ on Saudi oil facilities, saying there is no evidence the attacks came from Yemen, as global supplies of oil are likely to suffer a 'major jolt' following Saturday’s attack by a swarm of explosive drones on the world’s biggest oil processing plant
13 July 2020 Yemen's Iran-backed Houthis attack Saudi oil facility: 13 July 2020: Yemen's Iran-backed Houthis say they hit Saudi oil facility in drone, missile attack
Yemen/Somalia relations: Yemen/Somalia relations
Yemen/Syria relations: Yemen/Syria relations
2013 desperate Syrian refugees beg on Yemen's streets: 26 September 2013: Poor and desperate, Syrian refugees beg on Yemen's streets
Yemen/Ukraine relations: Yemen/Ukraine relations
Yemen/United Arab Emirates relations: Yemen/United Arab Emirates relations
April-May 2018 United Arab Emirates takeover of Socotra: April-May 2018 United Arab Emirates takeover of Socotra
Yemen/United Kingdom relations: Yemen/United Kingdom relations
1869–1969 British Aden Protectorate: British Aden Protectorate 1869–1969
2013/2014: 20 January 2013: Three US drone strikes killed eight people, including suspected militants (the others?), in the Yemen province of Marib, a tribal chief and witnesses say - 18 April: Two US drone strikes killed at least four suspected militants and destroyed the house of another in a mountainous area south of the capital Sanaa - 21 April: A US drone strike and ensuing ground clashes killed three suspected militants and two soldiers - 1 June: Two drone strikes kill seven in southern Yemen - 28 July: An apparent Obama-drone strike killed six suspected Al Qaeda militants, travelling in a two-vehicle convoy in Mahfad in the southern province of Abyan, a Yemeni military source says - 6 August: US and UK call on citizens to leave Gulf Arab nation immediately, as reported USA drone strike kills several in Yemen - 9 August: Five suspected al Qaeda militants were killed in a US drone strike in eastern Yemen, in an escalating campaign after recent warnings of possible attacks - 10 November: Five suspected al-Qaida fighters die in southern stronghold of Abyan during US drone strikes, local officials claim - 12 December: At least 13 people heading to wedding party and mistaken for al-Qaida, killed in US drone strike in the Yemeni city of Radda, the capital of Bayda province - 6 December 2014: American, South African hostages die in rescue attempt in Yemen
Ecoregions in Yemen: List of ecoregions in Yemen
Natural disasters in Yemen: Natural disasters in Yemen
May 2018 Cyclone Mekunu: May 2018 Cyclone Mekunu






Since 2010 'Arab Spring' - Middle East and North Africa protests and revolutions: Since 2010 'Arab Spring' - Middle East and North Africa protests and revolutions - Protestations et révolutions en Afrique du Nord et au Moyen-Orient à partir de 2010 - Proteste und Revolutionen in der Arabischen Welt seit 2010 - Women in the Arab Spring

Since 2014 Second Libyan Civil War: Since 2014 Second Libyan Civil War
Since December 2018 Sudanese Revolution and late-2019 Sudanese protests: Since December 2018 Sudanese Revolution, a major shift of political power in Sudan that started with street protests throughout Sudan in December 2018, and continued, with sustained civil disobedience against regime's vilolence and massacres, for about eight months, during which the 11 April 2019 Sudanese coup d'état deposed dictator al-Bashir after thirty years in power, until in July and August 2019 the TMC and the Forces of Freedom and Change alliance signed a Political Agreement and a Draft Constitutional Declaration legally defining a planned 39-month phase of transitional state institutions and procedures to return Sudan to a civilian democracy - Late-2019 Sudanese protests consist of street protests in Sudan starting from mid-September 2019 during the 2019 Sudanese transition to democracy, on issues that included the nomination of a new Chief Justice of Sudan and Attorney-General, killings of civilians by the Rapid Support Forces, the toxic effects of cyanide and mercury from gold mining in Northern state and South Kordofan, protests against a state governor in el-Gadarif and against show trials of Sudanese Professionals Association coordinators, and for officials of the previous government to be dismissed in Red Sea, White Nile, and South Darfur
March 2019 Gaza economic protests: March 2019 Gaza economic protests
September 2019 Egyptian protests against undemocratic rule: September 2019 Egyptian protests
December 2020 because of the failure of advanced capitalist powers 'Middle East' people say life has got worse since Arab spring: 17 December 2020: Life has got worse since Arab spring, say people across Middle East, as poll suggests a majority in 9 countries across the Arab world feel they are living in significantly more unequal societies today than before the Arab spring era of uprisings, civil wars and unsteady progress towards self-determination that commenced a decade ago in December 2010, and as pluralities in almost every country agreed their living conditions had deteriorated since 2010, when the self-immolation of Tunisian fruit seller Mohamed Bouazizi is credited with kicking off mass demonstrations and revolutions that spread across the region, and as new attempts and democratic opposition against medieval traditions paired with worst capitalist imports from Europe and elsewhere continued into 2019 with the overthrow of Sudan’s former dictator Omar al-Bashir and large protest movements in Lebanon, Algeria and Iraq and other regions

Human rights in West Asia, the 'Middle East' - Human rights in Israel - Human rights in Islamic countries - Middle Eastern society by country - Israeli society
2019-2022 first criminal trial worldwide on torture (universal jurisdiction) in Syria before a German court: As the Federal Public Prosecutor’s Office charged Anwar Raslan and Eyad A with crimes against humanity in October 2019. ECCHR supported 29 Syrian torture survivors in the so-called al-Khatib proceedings, 14 of whom were joint plaintiff, ECCHR is listing former cases concerning international crimes including 'Criminal Complaint against USA's CIA Director Gina Haspel', 2004 and 2007 three complaints against USA government members (Donald Rumsfeld' and military forces members in connection with war crimes, torture and other criminal acts in the military prisons of Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib, since 2019 criminal complaint against Assad’s intelligence officials following legal steps already taken in Germany and Austria (since May 2018 in Vienna in May 2018), since February 2019 criminal complaint against Assad’s intelligence officials in Sweden
13 January 2022 court jails former Syrian Assad regime's intelligence officer A. Raslan for life: 13 January 2022 after his arrest in 2014, former Syrian Assad regime's colonel Anwar Raslan - who led a unit of regimes's General Intelligence Directorate -, is sentenced by a German court to life in prison, after prosecutors had accused Anwar Raslan of 58 murders in a Damascus prison where they say at least 4,000 opposition activists were tortured in 2011 and 2012 - Das Oberlandesgericht in Koblenz hat am Donnerstag den früheren syrischen Geheimdienstoffizier Anwar Raslan der Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit schuldig befunden, und verurteilte ihn zu lebenslanger Haft. Der Prozess wurde unter dem Weltrechtsprinzip geführt, das es ermöglicht, in Deutschland auch schwere Straftaten in Drittstaaten zur Anklage zu bringen. - 13 January 2022 Anwar Raslan sentenced to imprisonment for life and given a week to appeal the verdict, according to 'Wikipedia'

Democracy in the Middle East - List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

May 1948 declaration of the establishment of the democratic State of Israel: 14 May 1948 declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel by David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization, Chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, and soon the first PM of Israel, and official translation of the 14 May 1948 declaration, proclaiming the right of the Jewish people to national rebirth in its own country by survivors of the Nazi Holocaust in Europe, as well as Jews from other parts of the world - Basic Laws of Israel, the constitutional laws of the State of Israel, as some of them can only be changed by a supermajority vote in the Knesset (with varying requirements for different Basic Laws and sections), and as many of these laws are based on the individual liberties that were outlined in the 1948 'Israeli Declaration of Independence' - 'Jewish and democratic state' is the Israeli legal definition of the nature and character of the State of Israel

Economy of the Middle East - Economy of the menber states of the Arab League and the Middle East
6 January 2021 Sudan signs ‘Abraham Accords’ paving way for Israel normalization: 6 January 2021: Sudan signs ‘Abraham Accords’ in the Sudanese capital Khartoum, paving way for Israel normalization

Arab League since 1942/1944, as official representatives from Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, North Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Transjordan met in Egypt during World War II and agreed to form the League of Arab States - Member states of the Arab League - History of the Arab League and Arab League summits since 1964 - Politics of the Arab League 7 mai 2023: SOHR reports that the Arab League has voted to readmit Syria's Assad regime more than a decade after it was suspended following a bloody crackdown on street protests and the Syrian revolution. The decision was taken at a closed meeting of Arab League representatives at the league’s headquarters in the Egyptian capital Cairo.

Middle East economic integration

Since 1960/1961 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC, an intergovernmental organization of 15 nations founded in Baghdad by the first five members Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela, and headquartered since 1965 in Austria, accounting in September 2018 for an estimated 44% of global oil production and 81.5% of the world's 'proven' oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices

Water politics in the Middle East - Integrated water resources management, defined by the Global Water Partnership as 'a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources'

Arab world - Portail: Monde arabe



Islam

63 BC - 136 AD Roman destruction of Jerusalem and Judea: 63 BC Siege and conquest of Jerusalem by the Roman empire, end of Jewish independence and incorporation of Judea into the Roman Empire as a client kingdom - Slavery in ancient Rome - William L. Westermann: The Slave Systems Of Greek And Roman Antiquity, Philadelphia 1955 - 37 BC Siege of Jerusalem - 6–135 AD Judea province of the Roman empire - 66–73 AD First Jewish–Roman War - 70 AD Siege of Jerusalem in the year was the decisive event of the First Jewish-Roman War - First-century Romano-Jewish scholar and historian Josephus claims that 1.1 million people were killed during the siege, of which a majority were Jewish, men and women, old and young, insurgents and priests, those who fought and those who entreated mercy, were hewn down in indiscriminate carnage, and 97,000 were captured and enslaved - The Arch of Titus, celebrating the Roman war crimes, the sack of Jerusalem and destruction of its famous Second Temple, still stands in Rome - Siege of Masada 73 to 74 CE - Jewish–Roman wars 66 AD –136 AD - 'Aelia Capitolina', the name of the Roman colony 130 AD – 325 AD built under the emperor Hadrian on the site of Jerusalem, which was in ruins since the siege of 70 AD, leading in part to the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132–136 AD and remaining the Roman empire's name of Jerusalem until 638 AD - Jewish diaspora after the 70 AD - 135 AD Roman destruction of Judea
2015/2016: 25 October 2015: The grand mufti of Jerusalem, the Muslim cleric in charge of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, says that there has never been a Jewish temple atop the Temple Mount, and that the site has been home to a mosque 'since the creation of the world' - 31 October 2016: Centuries before trying to deny it, Muslims carved Jewish link to Jerusalem into mosque, as recently studied inscription from a mosque near Hebron offers insight into how, until the mid-20th century, the Muslim world considered Jerusalem’s Dome of the Rock to be the successor to two ancient Jewish shrines that formerly stood atop the Temple Mount, in an attempt to prove that the Quran is the true faith and the Muslims are the true Children of Israel, in an attempt to obscure the robbery of Jewish culture and their monotheistic religion by Muhammad




Islam by country

Islam in Africa

Islam in Asia - Shi'a-Sunni relations - Arab-Iran relations
2013: 9 August 2013: Muslims marked the Eid-ul-Fitr festival with feasts and prayers, even as bombings killed dozens of people in Asia and the threat of fresh violence loomed in the Middle East

Islam in North America - Islam in South America

Islam in Europe

Organisation of Islamic Cooperation - Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation






Libyen - Demokratie oder Gaddafi-Diktatur?

(Aktualisierung vom 17. März 2011)



Libyen vor genau einem Monat: Day of Revolt (Tag des Aufstandes), s. Wikipedia-"Timeline" 17. Februar 2011.

Zu Beginn des Aufstandes in Libyen gegen die Despotie Gaddafis im Februar 2011 wurde in den internationalen Medien und der Politik der Mut der libyschen Demokratiebewegung hervorgehoben. Die Entmachtung Gaddafis (dem lange weltweit der Hof gemacht wurde, nicht nur in Caracas sondern auch in europäischen Hauptstädten wie Berlin, Moskau, Paris und Rom ... und London? Und die ... USA?) und seiner Gefolgsleute in Libyen (Nachbarland Tunesiens und Ägyptens) schien in greifbare Nähe zu rücken.

Mehr als 40 Jahre lang hatte die Welt erfahren können, daß und wie ein libyscher Diktator vor allem auf das Militär und den Ölreichtum des Landes gestützt vor nichts zurückschreckt, und wie weltweit Regierungen vor dem sich selbst so nennenden Revolutions-Führer (gekennzeichnet durch Terror, Mord, Folter, Bomben, Panzer, Luftwaffe und weltweit gestreute Privat-Milliarden) auf den Knien rutschen. 2011 kämpfen die Gaddafis und ihre Gefolgsleute mit Waffen, die weltweit mit Ölmilliarden in Ländern eingekauft wurden, die den Revolutions-Führer bei passender Gelegenheit längst vor ein Strafgericht (Anschläge "La Belle", "Lockerbie", Ermordung Yvonne Fletchers) hätten stellen müssen.

Was ist Mitte März 2011 - nach einmonatigem ungleichen Kampf mit auf Privatautos montierten Schußwaffen gegen Panzer, Luftwaffe, moderne Artillerie, Söldner und Skupellosigkeit - aus mancher Bewunderung für die Demokratie geworden? Ein spannender Film mit hohem Unterhaltungswert und oscarverdächtigen exotischen Darstellern? Charme des Verbrechens?



Verfahren vor dem Internationalen Strafgerichtshof (ICC) in Den Haag. Zitat aus Wikipedia, International Criminal Court (Libya, 26. Februar 2011):

"As a consequence of the 2011 Libyan uprising and its brutal suppression, the UN Security Council voted on 26 February 2011 in Resolution 1970 unanimously to refer the situation in Libya to the ICC.[162] Other than the referral of the situation in Darfur, Sudan, to the ICC in March 2005, this is only the second time that the Security Council has referred a situation to the ICC, and the first time that it has done so unanimously. China and the United States had abstained in 2005, but this time voted in favor of referral to the ICC."

Zitat aus Wikipedia, Timeline of the 2011 Libyan uprising, March 3 2011:

"The International Criminal Court announced it would begin to launch an investigation into war- crimes committed by Gaddafi, his sons, and his inner circle. Opposition forces will also be investigated as well to assure no crimes are being committed on its side."



Forderung nach einer Flugverbotszone, um Libyen wenigstens vor Bombardierungen auch der Zivilbevölkerung durch Gaddafi zu bewahren. Zitat aus Wikipedia, Timeline of the 2011 Libyan uprising, March 7 2011:

"Britain and France will attempt to get a no fly zone established through the UN security council, after previously backing down from the idea. The gulf states in the middle east have officially called for a no fly zone to be placed, and an Arab League emergency meeting will discuss the implication of one backed by their own organization. Hundreds of Gadaffi's soldiers entered Zawiya with tanks. According to local witnesses they used the tanks to fire at houses and many homes have been destroyed. The death toll is a minimum of 8 with dozens of civilians casualties expected to be found. Rebels still control Zawiya however, but are fighting the fiercest battle yet according to witnesses. Some witnesses go on to say "the whole town is in ruins". By the morning of March 7, the BBC reported that the town of Bin Jawad was under the control of government forces and they were advancing on Ra's Lanuf. While rebels in Ras Lanuf managed to successfully fend off attacking infantry forces, fighter jets continued to launch air-strikes in Ras Lanuf, causing several casualties." (Zitatende)

Genau in diesen Märztagen 2011 geben sich die Fernsehanstalten von France 24 (englisch und französisch) in Paris jede Mühe, Gaddafi wieder salonfähig zu machen. Stolz auf ihr "Exclusivinterview" verschaffen sie dem Verbrecher einen großen Auftritt auf internationaler Bühne und tragen zum Gelingen der Gegenoffensive gegen die Demokratiebewegung bei.

Zitat aus dem Eigenbericht von France 24 vom 7. März 2011 über das "Exklusivinterview", aus dem in den folgenden Tagen auch von anderen Fernsehanstalten beständig Ausschnitte gesendet werden:

"Al Qaeda is responsible for the violent uprising in Libya, but Western media has overstated the extent of the political crisis and its casualties, leader Muammar Gaddafi told FRANCE 24's Khalil Beshir in an exclusive interview on Sunday." Etc. etc.



Der Antrag auf die Einrichtung einer Flugverbotszone (britisch/französischer Resolutionsentwurf vom 16. März, immerhin) liegt dem Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen am 17. März 2011 zur Entscheidung vor. Von der Entscheidung wird abhängen, ob die Demokratiebewegung 2011 in Libyen zu Grabe getragen wird.



Aktualisierung vom 18. März 2011

"The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has voted on a resolution authorising a no-fly zone over Libya and "all necessary measures" - code for military action - to protect citizens.

Ten of the council's 15 members voted in favour of the resolution, with Russia, China and Germany the five that abstained. No votes were recorded against the resolution, which was co-sponsored by France, Britain, Lebanon and the United States.

The resolution fulfills a long-standing demand from pro-democracy opposition forces in Libya asking for a no-fly zone to be established in order to prevent Muammar Gaddafi, the Libyan leader, from using fighter jets to bombard their positions, as they have been doing.

It comes just a few hours after Gaddafi warned residents of Benghazi, an opposition stronghold, that his forces would show "no mercy" in an impending assault on the city."



In the language of the 'wonderful country' (on 29 August 2011, remember, remember): Am 17. März 2011 hat der UN-Sicherheitsrat mit seiner Resolution Nr. 1973 die Einrichtung einer Flugverbotszone über Libyen beschlossen: Zehn Stimmen dafür, keine Stimme dagegen und fünf Enthaltungen. Deutschland hat sich enthalten. Die weiteren Enthaltungen stammen von Russland, China, Indien und Brasilien. Die Resolution fordert an erster Stelle einen sofortigen Waffenstillstand und ein vollständiges Ende der Gewaltanwendungen und aller Angriffe gegen Zivilisten. Als zweites spricht sie sich für eine Intensivierung der Anstrengungen eine Lösung zu finden aus, die „den legitimen Forderungen des libyschen Volkes Rechnung trägt". Damit wurde durch diese UN-Resolution 1973 ein Militärschlag, jedoch unter Beachtung des allgemeinen Waffenembargos und ohne Einsatz von Besatzungstruppen, legitimiert. Am Nachmittag des 19. März 2011 begann die Operation, die zunächst die Stadt Bengasi vor einem Blutbad bewahrte und die seit April ganz unter dem Kommando der Nato fortgeführt wird.

Die Stimmenthaltung bei der entscheidenden Abstimmung des UN-Sicherheitsrates wurde nachträglich von der Bundesregierung (Kanzlerin und Vizekanzler/Außenminister Westerwelle) als Unterstützung der Ziele der Resolution umgedeutet. Andererseits wurde weiterhin selbst für die Durchsetzung eines Waffenembargos gegen das Gaddafi-Regime - bei welcher militärische Maßnahmen wie Schiffskontrollen etc. unvermeidlich sind - eine Beteiligung verweigert.

Der Berliner Groteske und der faktischen Unterstützung Gaddafis bei der Abstimmung - trotz markiger gegenteiliger Erklärungen später - liegt auch der folgende Sachverhalt zugrunde. Bei einer militärischen Beteiligung des Nato-Mitglieds Bundesrepublik ist unvermeidlich die Frage aufgeworfen, woher die Soldaten kommen, welchen Zielen sie verpflichtet sind. Bundesdeutsche Soldaten im Jahre 2011 kommen aus einem Land, in welchem die nachwachsenden Generationen seit 50 Jahren in Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kasernen ausgebildet und stationiert werden. "Am 20. Juli 1961 erhielt die Truppenunterkunft den Namen Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne zu Ehren von Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel." (zitiert nach: Wikipedia, Rommel-Kaserne in Augustdorf bei Detmold) Übrigens stellen noch 2011 deutsche Landminen in Nordafrika und besonders in Libyen als Opfer der sog. Achsenmächte eine Bedrohung für die Menschen dar.

Schon im 1. Weltkrieg war der spätere Hitlergeneral Rommel bei militärischen Angriffen beteiligt, die Kriegsverbrechen und Giftgaseinsatz einschlossen. Ordensverleihung für Rommel 1917: Battles of the Isonzo 1915-1917 in World War I - The use of poison gas by the Germans played a key role in the collapse of the Italian Second Army in the Battle of Caporetto 1917, Erwin Rommel (later Hitler's favorite general) won the 'Pour le Mérite' for his role in the battle

Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Zöglinge im Jahre 2011 u.a. in Nordafrika (s. das Afrikakorps z.B. mit Maximilian von Herff, vgl. Wikipedia-Artikel zu Herff) gemeinsam mit britischen, französischen, italienischen Soldaten, um Massaker an der libyschen Bevölkerung zu verhindern? Am 23. September 1943 gab Rommel die Weisung: "Irgendwelche sentimentalen Hemmungen des deutschen Soldaten gegenüber badogliohörigen Banden in der Uniform des ehemaligen Waffenkameraden sind völlig unangebracht. Wer von diesen gegen den deutschen Soldaten kämpft, hat jedes Anrecht auf Schonung verloren und ist mit der Härte zu behandeln, die dem Gesindel gebührt, das plötzlich seine Waffen gegen seinen Freund wendet. Diese Auffassung muss beschleunigt Allgemeingut aller deutschen Truppen werden." Zitiert nach: Wikipedia, Erwin Rommel. Bei den Kriegsverbrechen und Massakern von Marzabotto und Sant'Anna di Stazzema wurde die Weisung Rommels umgesetzt: Marzabotto massacre und Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre. Vgl. NZZ vom 7. Juli 2011: Neun ehemalige Wehrmachtssoldaten wegen Massaker in Italien 1944 im Juli 2011 in Verona zu lebenslanger Haft verurteilt. Die Bundesrepublik kooperiert nicht mit der italienischen Justiz, liefert die Verbrecher nicht aus und der Kriegsverbrecher Rommel wurde und wird staatlicherseits geehrt bis ins neue Jahrhundert, in dem junge Nazimörder ungehindert durch Strafverfolgungsbehörden über Jahre hinweg rassistische Morde verüben können. Die Bundesrepublik ist kein Rechtsstaat.

Jahrzehnte nach nie dagewesenen Verbrechen werden im Lande der Menschenvergaser Hitler-Generäle (kurz nach begonnener Wiederaufrüstung), Führungspersonal, Ausführende und Parteigänger des Wahnsinns des Völker- und millionenfachen Massenmords an Juden, Sinti, Roma, Polen, Russen etc. geehrt, zum Vorbild gekürt und wegen ihres langen Lebens bis in jüngere Zeit und zahlreich in höchste Staatsämter eines Parteienstaates gehievt. Der sogenannte 'freie Westen' der Kolonial- und Hegemonialmächte (insbesondere die USA nebst ihrem Bündnis mit Franco-Spanien) ist behilflich, deckt Täter und geht bei Hitlers Geheimdiensten in die Lehre.

Sollte diese Traditionspflege von denen in Frage gestellt werden, die alljährlich in das musikalische Jerusalem des Antisemiten Richard Wagner, das Bayreuther Festspielhaus pilgern? Die ganze Verlogenheit und fortgesetzte Gewissenlosigkeit des "wunderbaren Landes" wäre thematisiert, auf internationaler Ebene.

Am Wahlsonntag des 27. März 2011 hat die Dämmerung begonnen. Durch hellwache Menschen, welche durch die Abgewählten sogleich darüber belehrt werden sollten, daß Fukushima die Landespolitik überlagert habe. Pardon: Fukushima hat auch und gerade für die Landespolitik die Augen geöffnet.

Zu Rommel- und Gaddafi-Freunden, denen als Sprecher und Vertreter des "wunderbaren Landes" mit ihrer ganzen Unverschämtheit immer noch kein Korb gegeben werden konnte, vgl. auch die Neue Zürcher Zeitung vom 19. Juni 2011: Kämpfe um westliche Grenzstadt Nalut ... und Maizières "Kurzsichtigkeit"

Zur Geschichte des deutschen Militarismus vgl. II wojna swiatowa, World War II, Seconde Guerre mondiale, Verbrechen der Wehrmacht - Dimensionen des Vernichtungskrieges 1941-1944, Oberkommando des Heeres OKH, in diesem OKH der Hitler-/Adenauer-General und zeitweilige Chef des Generalstabs des Heeres Adolf Heusinger, der Generalstabsoffizier des OKH Ulrich de Maizière (Vater des oben genannten Verteidigungsministers Maizière), die Hitler-Generäle Heinz Guderian, Franz Halder, Alfred Jodl, Wilhelm Keitel, Hans Krebs und Kurt Zeitzler. Der Hitler- und Adenauer-General und Chef der Operationsabteilung des Generalstabes im Oberkommando des Heeres Adolf Heusinger wird aktuell mit einem General Heusinger Preis der Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr und einer ebenfalls nach ihm benannten General-Heusinger-Kaserne (General Heusinger Kaserne auf der Website "Kasernennamen der Bundeswehr") in Hammelburg geehrt.

Wenige Tage nach Maizières Belehrung der Nato - der Libyeneinsatz, d.h. die Rettungsaktion und Hilfe für die libysche Zivilbevölkerung und die Gaddafi-Gegner sei "kurzsichtig", s. den zitierten Artikel der NZZ vom 19. Juni 2011 über die Kämpfe um westliche Grenzstadt Nalut ... und Maizières "Kurzsichtigkeit" - stellt sich die militärische Lage für die Gaddafi-Gegner günstiger dar. Maizières nun eilig folgendes Angebot von Ausrüstunghilfe für den "kurzsichtigen" Natoeinsatz findet keine Annahme: NZZ 29. Juni: Gaddafi-Gegner erobern Waffenlager - außerdem 40 Tonnen Kriegsmaterial aus Frankreich geliefert - keine deutschen Bauteile für Nato-Einsatz, Lieferung durch andere

Aber Leopard Panzer für Kopf-ab-Saudi-Arabien: Saudi troops quietly pull out of Bahrain after crackdown on anti-government protests - 200 German tanks 'Leopard' to Saudi-Arabia - Saudi sources confirm German tanks deal - 44 tanks already bought

Nach Bekanntwerden des Skandals - modernste deutsche Kampfpanzer für ein Unterdrücker-Regime - verweigert die "christlich-demokratisch" geführte Bundesregierung gegenüber der eigenen Bevölkerung und der Welt, die in zwei Weltkriegen deutsche Waffen kennenlernen mußte, jede Auskunft: Bundesregierung schweigt zu Panzergeschäft. Neue Zürcher Zeitung vom 6. Juli 2011, vgl.: German parliament to debate sale of 200 tanks to Saudis. In der erwähnten Parlamentsdebatte am 6. Juli fehlen Kanzlerin, Außen-, Verteidigungs- und Wirtschaftsminister. Sie demonstrieren Verachtung gegenüber dem Parlament, der eigenen Bevölkerung und vor allem der Demokratiebewegung in islamischen und arabischen Ländern. "Wir können auch schießen." und 31 August 2011: Wir können auch schießen lassen.





Weiter zum Artikel: Krisen: Ökonomie, Politik, Kriege, Naturkatastrophen (darin u.a.: Nahostkonflikt)

Weiter zum Artikel: Der Gazakrieg 2008/2009 ist eine Krise Europas und Deutschlands

Weiter zum Artikel: Europäische Union - Mitgliedstaaten, Beitrittskandidaten, Wahlen

Weiter zum Artikel: Oktoberrevolution 1917 in Rußland, Novemberrevolution 1918 in Deutschland



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