Egypt/Jordan relations: Egypt/Jordan relations -
22 July 2012: Attack on Egypt-Israel-Jordan pipeline
Weather events in Egypt:
Floods and storms in Egypt:
Equatorial Guinea -
Geography of Equatorial Guinea -
History of Equatorial Guinea -
Demographics of Equatorial Guinea
Social movements and protests in Equatorial Guinea:
Equatorial Guinea/Portugal relations:
Eritrea -
Geography of Eritrea -
History of Eritrea -
Regions of Eritrea -
Demographics of Eritrea
Agriculture in Eritrea: Agriculture in Eritrea, the main economic activity in Eritrea employed in 2004 nearly 80% of the population - crops and products include sorghum, millet, barley, wheat, legumes, vegetables, fruits, sesame, linseed, dairy products, lentils, meat
Eritrea/United Nations relations:
Eswatini -
Geography of Eswatini -
History of Eswatini -
Demographics of Eswatini
Agriculture in Eswatini, country’s overall low growth and high inequality: Agriculture in Eswatini, where in some areas the bulk of high-value crops are grown (sugar, forestry, and citrus), characterized by high levels of investment and irrigation, and high productivity, as the majority of the population (about 75%) is employed in subsistence agriculture on Swazi Nation Land, which, in contrast, suffers from low productivity and investment, and as this dual nature of the Swazi economy - with high productivity in textile manufacturing and in the industrialized agricultural title deed lands on the one hand, and declining productivity subsistence agriculture on Swazi Nation Land on the other - may well explain the country’s overall low growth, high inequality and unemployment
Since 1994 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA: Since 1994 Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA, a free trade area with 21 member states stretching from Tunisia to Eswatini, as 9 of the member states formed a free trade area in 2000 (Djibouti, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Sudan, Zambia and Zimbabwe), with Rwanda and Burundi joining the FTA in 2004, the Comoros and Libya in 2006, Seychelles in 2009 and Tunisia and Somalia in 2018, and as COMESA is one of the pillars of the African Economic Community
Ethiopia -
Geography of Ethiopia -
History of Ethiopia -
Demographics of Ethiopia
Agriculture in Ethiopia accounts for 80% of employment: Agriculture in Ethiopia, accounts for 80% of total employment, more than 40% of gross domestic product and 60% of exports - crops include coffee, pulses, oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, vegetables and is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high population density, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure -
Land reform in Ethiopia
Cities, towns, municipalities, villages in the Tigray Region: Cities, towns, municipalities, villages and populated places in the Tigray Region -
Kebele (qäbäle), die kleinste Art eines Verwaltungsbezirkes in Äthiopien meist nur aus einer Dorfeinheit bestehend. Die Verwaltung ist durch Ortsräte organisiert. Mehrere Kebeles bilden zusammen eine Woreda (Distrikt). Im Jahr 2007 gab es rund 17.000 Kebeles, 15.500 ländlich und 1.500 städtisch. Letztere bildeten rund 1.000 Städte -
Soil geography of Tigray region -
'Yem special woreda', as Yem is one of the woredas in the SNNPR of Ethiopia. Because Yem is not part of any Zone in the SNNPR, it is considered a Special woreda, an administrative subdivision which is similar to an autonomous area. Yem is named for the Yem, people whose homeland lies in this special woreda, bordered on the west and north by the Oromia Region, and separated from Gurage on the northeast and Hadiya on the east by the Omo River. The administrative center of Yem is Fofa. The form of subsistence agriculture practiced in this woreda is based on cereal and enset. Important cash crops include teff, wheat, barley and pulses. Other important non-agricultural sources of income include selling butter and remittances.
Mekelle city: Mekelle city, the capital of the Tigray Region, as the city was formerly the capital of Enderta awraja in Tigray, located around 780km north of the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, with an elevation of 2,254 metres above sea level. Administratively, Mekelle is considered a Special Zone, which is divided into seven sub-cities. It is the economic, cultural, and political hub of northern Ethiopia, with a population of around 545,00 citizens in 2021. The majority of the population of Mekelle depends on government employment, commerce, and small-scale enterprises. In 2007, Mekelle had new engineering, cement, and textile factories, producing for the local and foreign markets. Mekelle University developed out of the pre-1991 Arid Agricultural College, and about a dozen other governmental and private colleges were created.
Since 2 November 2020 timeline of the Tigray War:
Since November 2020 timeline of the Tigray War, including a lot of massacres of the civilian population, air attacks, displacements, battles, ambushes, airstrikes, drone attacks, and shelling, and as belligerents include many parties -
Course of the conflict, as on 3 November 2020, Tigray Special Forces and the Ethiopian National Defense Force ENDF came into conflict during the TPLF attacks on the ENDF Northern Command headquarters in Mekelle, the Fifth Battalion barracks in Dansha, and other Northern Command bases. Several people were killed and the TPLF claimed the attack was carried out in self-defence29 June 2021 Britain, the USA and Ireland call for an emergency UN security council public meeting on Tigray: 29 June 2021: Dissident leaders of Ethiopia’s war-hit Tigray region have dismissed a government ceasefire declaration and vowed to drive out 'enemies' from the region, after rebel fighters advanced on the Tigrayan capital, as the Ethiopian government declared a 'unilateral ceasefire, in a rare attempt at de-escalating the war, saying the ceasefire 'will enable farmers to till their land, aid groups to operate without any military movement around and engage with remnants (of the TPLF) who seek peace', and that the ceasefire would last until September, the end of the crucial planting season in the region, as Britain, the USA and Ireland have called for an emergency UN security council public meeting, which could happen on Friday, diplomatic sources told AFP, after the security council has failed to hold a public session on Tigray since the war broke out
29 June 2021 Britain, the USA and Ireland call for an emergency UN security council public meeting on Tigray: 29 June 2021: Dissident leaders of Ethiopia’s war-hit Tigray region have dismissed a government ceasefire declaration and vowed to drive out 'enemies' from the region, after rebel fighters advanced on the Tigrayan capital, as the Ethiopian government declared a 'unilateral ceasefire, in a rare attempt at de-escalating the war, saying the ceasefire 'will enable farmers to till their land, aid groups to operate without any military movement around and engage with remnants (of the TPLF) who seek peace', and that the ceasefire would last until September, the end of the crucial planting season in the region, as aid agencies have been heavily restricted by Ethiopia’s government from providing desperately needed aid. About 350,000 people are on the brink of famine according to the UN, and as now Britain, the USA and Ireland have called for an emergency UN security council public meeting, which could happen on Friday, diplomatic sources told AFP, after the security council has failed to hold a public session on Tigray since the war broke out
15 July 2021 ethnic tensions, dispute who owns the fertile lowland territory of Ethiopia's western Tigray: 15 July 2021: Ethnic standoff in Ethiopia's north threatens new phase of Tigray war, as tensions heighten between the Amharas and Tigrayans in Ethiopia's northern region - seen as another threat in this now volatile region once a peaceful home to indigenes - as Amharas have poured in, Tigrayan civilians have fled by the tens of thousands, either going west into Sudan or east or much deeper into the northen region of Tigray, as today, many Amharas in western Tigray recall the era of TPLF rule with bitterness, as
Mekonnen Nega says his people were afraid of even speaking the Amharic language in public, thus choosing to speak Tigrinya instead, and as Amharas and Tigrayans have long dueled over who owns the famously fertile lowland territory of Ethiopia's western Tigray, saying they are ready to die defending it
22 July 2021 ongoing attacks and thousands are fleeing: 22 July 2021: Attacks by Tigrayan forces in the Afar region of Ethiopia have forced more than 54,000 people from their homes, an official has said, as refugees in a camp in southern Tigray described heavy clashes nearby, as tens of thousands of people, meanwhile, rallied in the capital to support PM Abiy Ahmed, who has faced criticism for his handling of a conflict that threatens to undermine stability in Africa’s second most populous nation, and as Tigrayan fighters, who want the Ethiopian government to accept their terms before talks on a ceasefire can begin, have taken control of three districts in Afar this week, according to Ahmed Koloyta, a spokesperson for the region
5 September 2021 thousands have been reported killed in recent months: 5 September 2021: Thousands have been reported killed in recent months in clashes in northern Ethiopia, as fighting between the military and Tigray rebels continues, as the conflict has been raging for 10 months, pushing hundreds of thousands of people into conditions of famine, as rebel forces said on Sunday that they had killed 3,073 'enemy forces', with 4,473 injured, coming after the military said it had killed more than 5,600 rebels, without specifying a timeframe
Economy, manufacturing and agriculture of Amhara region: Economy, manufacturing and agriculture of Amhara region, as about 90% of the Amhara are rural and make their living through farming, mostly in the Ethiopian highlands. Barley, corn, millet, wheat, sorghum, and teff, along with beans, peppers, chickpeas, and other vegetables, are the most important crops. In the highlands one crop per year is normal, while in the lowlands two are possible. Cattle, sheep, and goats are also raised. The CSA of Ethiopia estimated in 2005 that farmers in Amhara had a total of 9,694,800 head of cattle, representing 25% of Ethiopia's total cattle -
Agriculture of Amhara region
Districts or zones of Amara region: Administrative zones of Amhara region, subdivided into 11 administrative zones -
Districts or zones of Amara region, including Agew Awi, East Gojjam, North Gondar, Wag Hemra, West Gojjam, Bahir Dar special zone, Mi'irab Gojjam Zone, West Gojjam Zone, Debub Gonder Zone, South Gonder Zone, Semien Bete-Amhara (Wollo) Zone, North Bete-Amhara Zone, Debub Bete-Amhara (Wollo) Zone, South Bete-Amhara zone, and Oromo-special Zone
South Wollo zone: South Wollo zone in the Amhara Region, bordered on the south by North Shewa and the Oromia Region, on the west by East Gojjam, on the northwest by South Gondar, on the north by North Wollo, on the northeast by Afar Region, and on the east by the Oromia Special Zone and the Argobba special woreda. Towns in South Wollo include Kombolcha, Hayq, Dessie, Wuchale, Akesta,Ajibar and Mekaneselam.
'Fano' Amhara youth group, nationalist movement, armed militia: 'Fano' Amhara youth group in Ethiopia, perceived as either a protest group/nationalist movement or an armed militia. Fano members are accused of participating in ethnic massacres, including that of 58 Qemant people in Metemma during 10–11 January 2019. They are also accused of participating in the Mai Kadra massacre, which Amnesty International, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission, and the Ethiopian Human Rights Council attributed to local Tigrayan youths, and in the Humera massacre, during the 2020 Tigray conflict. In March 2020, the leader of one of the groups called Fano, Solomon Atanaw, stated that the Fano would not disarm until Benishangul-Gumuz Region's Metekel Zone and the Tigray Region districts of Welkait and Raya are placed under the control of Amhara Region
Demographics and Benishangul-Gumuz region's ethnic groups: Ethnic groups native to the Benishangul-Gumuz region include Berta, mostly in Assosa Zone, Kwama, mostly in Mao-Komo special woreda, Shinasha, mostly in Metekel Zone, mhara people, mostly in Metekel Zone, Agew people, mostly in Metekel Zone, Mao, mostly in Mao-Komo special woreda, Bambasi, mostly in Bambasi woreda
Aysaita town: Aysaita town in Afar region, serving until 2007 as the capital of the region an estimated total population of 22,718. Located in the Afambo woreda, Asaita was briefly the capital of the Adal Sultanate, Imamate of Aussa as well as seat of the Aussa Sultanate, the chief Afar monarchy, but is 50km south by unpaved road from Awash–Asseb highway. A telephone line from Kombolcha to Asaita was in operation in 1964. The town of Semera, a planned settlement situated squarely on this highway, at some point before 2007 became the new capital of the region. To the southeast of Asaita, located at the southern edge of the Danakil Desert, are a group of twenty salt lakes which cover the territory to the border with neighboring Djibouti. These lakes include Lake Gummare, known for its flamingos, and Lake Abbe, the final destination of the Awash River.
History of Afar region and human fossil finds up to being 3.8 million years old: History of Afar region, as Hadar area, a community in Afar, was the site of the discovery in 1973–74 of 'Lucy', the 'Australopithecus afarensis' skeletal remains, by USA historian Donald Johanson. On March 5, 2005, another skeleton, estimated to be 3.8 million years old and said to be the world's oldest bipedal hominid skeleton, was found in the region, then more human remains in 2006, 2009, 2010, 2013, and in 2015 when a hominin jawbone and teeth was also discovered in the Afar region. Scientists believe that the bones belonged to a previously undiscovered ancestor named 'Australopithecus deyiremeda', meaning 'close relative' in the native Afar language. The species lived around 3.5–3.3 million years ago, about the same time period as other hominins such as 'Australopithecus afarensis'.
Economy of Oromia region and main exports of gold, coffee, khat and cattle: Economy of Oromia region, a major contributor to Ethiopia's main exports of gold, coffee, khat and cattle. Lega Dembi in Guji Zone, owned by MIDROC has exported more than 5000 kilograms of gold, followed by Tulu Kapi gold deposit in West Welega Zone. Awoday in East Hararghe Zone is the biggest market of khat exporting to Djibouti and Somalia. Oromia also has more abundant livestock than any other region of Ethiopia, including camels. It is also the largest producer of cereals and coffee. The CSA reported that, from 2004 to 2005, 115,083 tons of coffee were produced in Oromia, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority. This represents 50.7% of the total production in Ethiopia. Farmers in the Region had an estimated total of 17,214,540 cattle (representing 44.4% of Ethiopia's total cattle)
Cushitic peoples and ethnic groups: Cushitic peoples, a grouping of people who are primarily indigenous to Northeast Africa (Nile Valley and Horn of Africa), speaking (or have historically spoken) Cushitic languages of the Afroasiatic language family, as Cushitic languages are spoken primarily in the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia), as well as the Nile Valley (Sudan and Egypt), and parts of the African Great Lakes region (Tanzania and Kenya -
Ethnic groups of Cushitic peoples, including Beja people, Oromo people, Somalis, Afar people, Sidama, Saho people, Agaw people, Iraqw people, Gedeo people, Hadiya people, Kambaata people, Habesha peoples
Economy of Addis Ababa: Economy of Addis Ababa, as according to official statistics some 119,197 people in the city are engaged in trade and commerce, 113,977 in manufacturing and industry, 80,391 homemakers of different variety, 71,186 in civil administration, 50,538 in transport and communication, 42,514 in education, health and social services, 32,685 people in hotel and catering services, and 16,602 people in agriculture, and as in addition to the residents of rural parts of Addis Ababa, the city dwellers also participate in animal husbandry and cultivation of gardens -
Companies based in Addis Ababa
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region SNNPR:
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (often abbreviated as SNNPR), a multinational regional state in southwestern Ethiopia. It was formed from the merger of five kililoch, called Regions 7 to 11, following the regional council elections on 21 June 1992. Its government is based in Hawassa. The SNNPR borders Kenya to the south (including a small part of Lake Turkana), the Ilemi Triangle (a region claimed by Kenya and South Sudan) to the southwest, South Sudan to the west, the Ethiopian region of Gambela to the northwest, the Oromia Region to the north and east, and the Sidama Region to the east. The region's major cities and towns include Sodo, Arba Minch, Bonga, Jinka, Dila, Boditi, Areka, Mizan Teferi, Butajira, Welkite, Durame, Hosaena and Worabe.Sidama Region:
Sidama Region, a regional state of Ethiopia. It was formed in June 2020 from the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region SNNPR and transformation of the Sidama Zone after a 98.52% vote in favour of increased autonomy in the 2019 Sidama Referendum. Sidama is the name of both the Sidama people and Sidama territory. Sidama is bordered to the south by the Oromia Region (except for a short stretch in the middle where it shares a border with Gedeo zone), on the west by the Bilate River, which separates it from Wolayita zone, and on the north and east by the Oromia Region. Towns in Sidama include Hawassa, the capital of Sidama and SNNPR, Yirgalem, Wondogenet, Chuko, Hula, Bona, Bursa, Bensa, and Aleta Wendo. Sidama has a population of around 3.2 million in 2017 who speak the Cushitic language SidamaLanguages of Ethiopia: Languages of Ethiopia, including the official languages of Ethiopia, its national and regional languages, a large number of minority languages, as well as foreign languages. There are 92 individual languages indigenous to Ethiopia with the 1994 Ethiopian census indicating that some 77 tongues were spoken locally. Most of these languages belong to the Afroasiatic family, Semitic and Cushitic languages, Omotic languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Gumuz languages, and Koman languages spoken in Ethiopia -
20th century proposed Ethiopian language area including a number of phonological and morphosyntactic features that were found widely across Ethiopia and Eritrea, including the Ethio-Semitic, Cushitic and Omotic languages
First Ethiopian languages include more than 10 different main languages in the country: According to data from the 2021 Ethnologue, the largest first Ethiopian languages with more than 10 different main languages include Oromo speakers numbering 37,446,700, Amharic speakers numbering 31,800,000, Somali speakers numbering 6,720,000, Tigrinya speakers numbering 6,390,000, Sidama speakers numbering 4,340,000, Wolaytta speakers numbering 2,380,000, Sebat Bet Gurage speakers numbering 2,170,000, Afar speakers numbering 1,840,000. Arabic, which also belongs to the Afroasiatic family, is spoken in some areas of Ethiopia. Many Muslim Ethiopians are also able to speak Arabic because of their religious background. English is the most widely spoken foreign language which is also taught in many schools.
Cushitic languages with over 1 million speakers Oromo, Somali, Beja, Afar, Hadiyya, Kambaata, Saho, and Sidama: Cushitic languages, a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken primarily in the Horn of Africa, with minorities speaking Cushitic languages to the north in Egypt and the Sudan, and to the south in Kenya and Tanzania. As of 2012, the Cushitic languages with over one million speakers were Oromo, Somali, Beja, Afar, Hadiyya, Kambaata, Saho, and Sidama. -
Proto-Chushitic stage pre-6000 b.c.e., early Holocene, according to USA historian Christopher Ehret
Amharic language: Amharic language, an Ethiopian Semitic language, which is a subgrouping within the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. It is spoken as a first language by the Amharas, and also serves as a lingua franca for other populations residing in major cities and towns of Ethiopia. The language serves as the working language of Ethiopia, and is also the working language of several of the states within the Ethiopian federal system. With 31,800,000 mother-tongue speakers as of 2018, plus another 25,100,000 second language speakers, Amharic is the second most commonly-spoken mother-tongue of Ethiopia (after Oromo), but the most widely spoken in terms of total speakers. It is also the second-most commonly spoken Semitic language in the world (after Arabic
Ethiopian membership in international organisations:
Floods in Ethiopia:
Gabon -
Geography of Gabon -
History of Gabon -
Demographics of Gabon
Mining in Gabon: Mining in Gabon - Gabon was the richest of the former French Equatorial African colonies in known mineral deposits, in addition to oil, which accounted for 80% of the country’s exports in 2004, Gabon was a world leader in manganese, potash, uranium, niobium, iron ore, lead, zinc, diamonds, marble, and phosphate have also been discovered
Agriculture in Gabon: Agriculture in Gabon, only 1.9% of the total land area is estimated to be under cultivation, and agriculture contributes only about 8% of the GDP on the average, crops include bananas, cassava, corn, manioc, plantains, rice, taro, vegetables and yams
Social movements, protests and riots in Gabon:
June 1940: Le 7 juin 1940 les assassins de la 7e division blindée allemande sous les ordres d'Erwin Rommel, qui séparent alors les Africains des Européens, exécutent sommairement le capitaine N'Tchoréré, qui refuse d’être considéré comme un 'Untermensch', un 'sous-homme' -
1940 Execution of prisoners in France by Nazi Germany and by Rommel's 7th Panzer division alongside troops from 5th Panzer division, committing numerous atrocities against French and especially French-African soldiers, Rommel himself ordered the execution of one French officer, who did not have a gun -
27. Juli 2009: Die 'Wehrmacht' des nationalsozialistischen Deutschlands verletzte systematisch - in Deutschland jahrzehntelang geleugnet und verdrängt - die Genfer Kriegskonvention und verübte z.B. 1940 aus rassistischen Motiven Kriegsverbrechen, die der Historiker Raffael Scheck anhand von Dokumenten beschreibt, die belegen wie Wehrmachtseinheiten innerhalb nur eines Monats, zwischen dem 24. Mai und dem 24. Juni 1940 mindestens 3.000 schwarze Soldaten Frankreichs ermordeten, obwohl die sich bereits ergeben hatten oder verwundet waren und nicht mehr im Kampf standen
São Tomé and Príncipe -
Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe, a small island nation composed of an archipelago located in the Gulf of Guinea of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, as the nation's main islands are São Tomé Island and Príncipe Island, located about 300 and 250 kilometres off the northwest coast of Gabon in Central Africa -
Demographics of São Tomé and Príncipe with a total population of some 201,800 citizens descending from various ethnic groups that have migrated to the islands since 1485, as today 70% of the people on São Tomé and Príncipe are black and 30% of the people are mixed race, mostly black and white
Agriculture of São Tomé and Príncipe: Agriculture of São Tomé and Príncipe, formerly based on plantation agriculture, as at the time of independence, Portuguese-owned plantations occupied 90% of the cultivated area, as after independence, control of these plantations passed to various state-owned agricultural enterprises, as the main crop on São Tomé is cocoa, representing about 95% of agricultural exports, and other export crops include copra, palm kernels, and coffee, and as domestic food-crop production is inadequate to meet local consumption, so the country imports most of its food
Gambia -
Geography of the Gambia -
History of the Gambia -
Demographics of the Gambia
Agriculture in the Gambia: Agriculture in the Gambia, accounts for 23% of gross domestic product and employs 75% of the labor force, products include peanuts, pearl millet, sorghum, rice, maize, cassava (tapioca), palm kernels; cattle, sheep, goats, as within agriculture peanut production accounts for 5.3% of GDP, other crops 8.3%, livestock 4.4%, fishing 1.8%, and forestry 0.5%
Since 1964 'Groundnut Council founded by 'Gambia, Mali, Niger, Senegal, the Sudan and Nigeria: Since 1964 African Groundnut Council, an Intergovernmental organization designed to promote groundnuts produced in the countries of the Gambia, Mali, Niger, Senegal, the Sudan and Nigeria -
Agronomic aspects of Bambara groundnut production, representing the third most important grain legume in semi-arid Africa, as 'it is resistant to high temperature and is suitable for marginal soils where other leguminous crops cannot be grown', thereby considered as a low-impact crop
Current environmental issues: Current environmental issues, including deforestation, desertification, prevalence of water-borne diseases, drought (rainfall has dropped by 30% in the last 30 years), and as overarching issues include biodiversity, climate change, Kyoto Protocol, desertification, endangered species, hazardous wastes, law of the sea, ozone layer protection, ship pollution, wetland, whaling
Ghana -
Geography of Ghana -
History of Ghana -
Demographics of Ghana
Economy of Ghana:
Economy of Ghana - main industries are crude oil production and refining, hydrocarbon production, mining, industrial mineral, aluminum smelting, cement, commercial ship building, automotive manufacturing, electronics, electricity generation, lumbering, food processing, tourism, offshore banking, entrepot trade, financial services -
List of companies in GhanaCocoa production in Ghana: Cocoa production in Ghana, as Cocoa is the chief agricultural export of Ghana and Ghana's main cash crop. Ghana is the second largest cocoa exporter in the world, after Ivory Coast. Ghana's cocoa cultivation, however, is noted within the developing world to be one of the most modelled commodities and valuables. Cocoa production occurs in the country's forested areas, including Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central Region, Eastern Region, Western Region, and Volta, where rainfall is 1,000–1,500mm per year
History of Ghana's fishing industry: Ghana's fishing industry's total catch increased considerably in the late 1960s, from 105,100 tons of marine fish caught in 1967 to 230,100 tons in 1971. In 1982 the yield was 234,100 tons, composed of 199,100 tons of marine varieties and 35,000 tons of freshwater fish from Lake Volta. The industry was hit by fuel shortages, inadequate storage facilities, and the general economic difficulties of the 1970s and the 1980s. In 1988 the fish catch was 302,900 tons. In 1991 the catch was 289,675 tons, down from more than 319,000 tons in 1990. In 1992 the government passed a fisheries law to curb overfishing and to help protect the marine environment. In the 21st century Ghana's fishing sector plays an important role contributing significantly to national economic development objectives related to employment, livelihood support, poverty reduction, food security, foreign exchange earnings and resource sustainability. The sector is estimated to contribute 3% of the total GDP and 5% of the GDP in agriculture. About 10% of the country's population is engaged in various aspects of the fishing industry
to discuss efforts to restore civilian rule in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Guinea
1482-1642 Portuguese colony 'Portuguese Gold Coast': 1482-1642 Portuguese colony 'Portuguese Gold Coast' on the West African Gold Coast (present day Ghana) on the Gulf of Guinea - after the Portuguese arrived in 1471, they encountered a variety of African kingdoms, some of which controlled substantial deposits of gold in the soil, in 1482 the Portuguese built the Castle of Elmina for trading slaves, gold, knives, beads, mirrors, rum and guns, British, Dutch, Danish, Prussian and Swedish traders arrived as well, the slave trade was the principal exchange for a long period
Ecoregions of Ghana: Ecoregions of Ghana -
Guinean forest-savanna mosaic covers an area of 673,600 square kilometers, extending from western Senegal to eastern Nigeria, and including portions of Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, and Benin
Guinea -
Geography of Guinea -
History of Guinea -
Demographics of Guinea
Natural disasters in Guinea:
Guinea-Bissau -
Geography of Guinea-Bissau -
History of Guinea-Bissau -
Demographics of Guinea-Bissau
Mining industry of Guinea-Bissau: Mining industry of Guinea-Bissau, products include construction materials, such as clays, granite, limestone, and sand and gravel, and the country’s prospective minerals include bauxite, diamond, gold, heavy minerals, petroleum, and phosphate rock
Bissau: Bissau is the capital city of the African Republic of Guinea-Bissau, its largest city, major port, and its administrative and military centre, with a population of 492,004 inhabitants in 2015, located on the Geba River estuary, off the Atlantic Ocean -
Timeline of Bissau -
Economy of Bissau, the country's major port, educational, administrative and military center, main products include peanuts, hardwoods, copra, palm oil, and rubber
Kenya -
Geography of Kenya -
History of Kenya -
Demographics of Kenya
Economy of Kenya:
Economy of Kenya - main industries are oil refining, aluminium, steel, lead, cement, commercial ship repair, small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, clothing, soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural products, horticulture, tourism -
List of companies of Kenya -
Companies of Kenya by industryMarsabit County: Marsabit County of Kenya, covering a surface area of 66,923.1 square km and the second largest county in Kenya. Its capital is Marsabit and its largest town Moyale. According to the 2019 census, the county has a population of 459,785 inhabitants. It is bordered to the North by Ethiopia, to the West by Turkana County to the South by Samburu County and Isiolo County, and to the East by Wajir County. The county is made of an extensive plain lying 300m and 900m above sea level which gently slopes towards the south east. Some of the prominent features include Ol Donyo 2,066m above sea level, Mt. Marsabit 1,865m high, Mt. Kulal (2,235m high and the Sololo-Moyale escarpment up to 1,400m above sea level, as the county experience semi-arid climatic conditions with an average temperature range between 15C – 26C and annual rainfall ranges between 200mm and 1,000mm per annum
Wajir County: Wajir County in the former North Eastern Province of Kenya, as its capital and largest town is Wajir. The county has a population of 720,000 inhabitants and an area of 55,840.6 km2, bordered to the north by Ethiopia, to the northeast by Mandera County, to the east by Somalia, to the south by Garissa County, to the west by Isiolo County and to the northwest by Marsabit County. The county has six constituencies: eldas, Tarbaj, Wajir North, Wajir West, Wajir East, and Wajir South
Samburu County: Samburu County, a part of the former Rift Valley Province in Kenya. It covers an area of roughly 21,000 km2 in northern Kenya where the Samburu, Turkana and many other tribes live. It stretches north from the Wuaso Ng'iro River to the south of Lake Turkana. According to the 2019 census, the county has a population of 310,327 inhabitants. Within Samburu County are the towns of Maralal (capital and largest town), Baragoi, Archers Post, South Horr, Wamba, Lodosoit, and Kisima. It also includes the Samburu National Reserve, Bisanadi National Reserve, and Buffalo Springs National Reserve, Mount Ng'iro, Ndoro Mountains, Mathews Range (Ol Doinyo Lenkiyo), Kirisia Hills, and Loroki Forest. The main access road to Samburu County is the A4 road from Rumuruti-Maralal-Baragoi, which as of 2019 was being tarmaced from Rumuruti up to Marala.
Isiolo County and economy: Isiolo County in the former Eastern Province of Kenya. Its population is 268,002 inhabitants in 2019 and its capital and largest city is Isiolo. Isiolo is also the least populated County in Kenya and the first county to be developed as part of the Kenya Vision 2030 program. Other upcoming urban centres are Garbatulla, Modogashe, Kinna, Merti and Oldonyiro. The local topography is arid or semi-arid low plains. Ewaso Nyiro River flows through the county and partly bounds it. It borders Marsabit County to the north, Wajir County to the east, Garissa and Tana River counties to the south east, Meru County to the south, Laikipia County to the south west and Samburu County to the west. Three different National Game Reserves are located in Isiolo County including Bisanadi National Reserve, Buffalo Springs National Reserve and Shaba National Reserve. In economy and agriculture the four main crops planted in Isiolo are maize, beans, sorghum and green grams. Livestock also is an economy earner and the four animals kept are cattle (Indigenous), cattle (dairy), camels, sheep, and goats
Populated places, towns, communities etc. in Baringo County: Baringo District settlements, as district headquarter, towns, townships, communities, divisions, include Kabarnet town, district headquarter Kabartonjo, Kinyang settlement, Marigat (an agricultura town inhabited by the Tugen, Samor, the Ilchamus, who are mainly pastoralists), Mochongoi farming community with a population of 11,927 citizens in 2001 and a secondary school, Mogotio township with about 15,000 inhabitants, as main economic activities are dairy farming, growing maize, and large-scale sisal cultivation for export -
52 populated places in Baringo County, listed alphabetically by 'Wikipedia'
Migori County: Migori County with a population of 1,116,436 citizens, located in SW Kenya borderng Homa Bay County in the North, Tanzania, and Lake Victoria to the West. The county also borders Uganda via Migingo Island in Lake Victoria. The county is headquartered by Migori town, which is also its largest town. Migori County is located in the sugar belt wetlands of Western Kenya and is mostly at the heart of the African tropics. However, the county enjoys a pleasant climate because of high altitude which modifies the climate alongside the cool breeze from Lake Victoria, as demographically Migori County is the most diverse region of Nyanza after Kisumu. The inhabitants include AbaSuba people, Joluo, Abakuria, Abagusii, Abaluhya, Somalis, Indians, Arabs, Agikuyu and Nubians, as the county is important to Kenya because of the significance of Isebania border post to the East African economy.
Nairoibe Metro including several cities, towns, municipalities with a population of 10,411,220 citizens: Nairobi County is within Nairobi Metro (Greater Nairobi) which consists of 5 out of 47 counties in Kenya, as the area generates about 60% of the nation's wealth, and as Nairobi Metro includes the city itself, the cities, towns, municipalities of Kiambu, Thika, Limuru, Ruiru, Karuri, Kikuyu, Kangundo-Tala, Machakos, Athi River, Kajiado, Olkejuado, Bissil, Ngong, Kitengela, Kiserian, Ongata Kajiado, Olkejuado, Bissil, Ngong, Kitengela, Kiserian, Ongata Rongai, Gatanga, Kandara, Kenol/Kabati, Murang'a with a population of 10,411,220 citizens in 2019
Lamu County: Lamu County, with 2 constituencies namely Lamu West and Lamu East, is located in the Northern Coast of Kenya and is one of the Six Coastal Counties in Kenya. It borders Tana River County in the southwest, Garissa County to the north, Republic of Somalia to the northeast and the Indian Ocean to the South. Lamu's main economic activities include crop production, livestock production, fisheries, tourism and mining, most notably quarrying. Among the challenges facing Lamu is population growth owing to migration into Lamu from other parts of the country, fuelled partly by the anticipated opportunities accruing from the Lamu Port South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor. Other challenges include landlessness and poor land management, insufficient social services such as healthcare and education, inadequate supply of piped and fresh water, under-developed infrastructure, and food insecurity.
Since 5th–10th centuries history of Malindi: Recorded history of Malindi, that developed as part of the emerging Swahili Civilization in the 5th–10th centuries. Bantu-speaking farmers moved into the area, where they smelted iron, built timber and wattle houses thatched with palm leaves, spoke a local dialect of kiSwahili, and engaged in regional and sometimes long-distance trade. The resurgence of the Indian Ocean trade networks at the end of the first millennium led to larger settlements, increased long-distance trade, and greater social complexity. Beginning in the 11th century, the Swahili along the coast were acting as middlemen for Somali, Egyptian, Nubian, Arab, Persian, and Indian traders. They began building walled towns, coral houses, and elites converted to Islam, often speaking Arabic
Demographics and ethnic groups in Kenya:
Demographics of Kenya -
20th/21st century's ethnic conflicts in Kenya, as several factors have been identified as the source of outbreaks of communal violence among populations living in more or less close proximity to each other, including colonial policies, political instigation, availability of land, access to water and pasture resources, loss of traditional grazing land, cattle raiding in Kenya,lack of alternative sources of livelihood, fears of terrorism, harassment, theft and extortion, in some periods leading to nationwide conflicts, also regional and transregional conflictsKalenjin people: Kalenjin people, comprising a number of Southern Nilotic ethnic groups indigenous to what was formerly the Rift Valley Province in Kenya. They number 6,358,113 individuals as per the Kenyan 2019 census. They are divided into 11 culturally and linguistically related tribes, including Kipsigis, Nandi, Keiyo, Marakwet, Sabaot, Pokots, Tugen, Terik, Sengwer, Lembus, and Ogiek
Ethnic groups in Kenya: Luo people of Kenya and Tanzania, a Nilotic ethnic group native to western Kenya and the Mara Region of northern Tanzania in East Africa. The Luo are the fourth-largest ethnic group (10.65%) in Kenya, after the Kikuyu (17.13%), the Luhya (14.35%) and the Kalenjin (13.37%). The Tanzanian Luo population was estimated at 1.1 million in 2001 and 3.4 million in 2020. They are part of a larger group of related Luo peoples who inhabit an area ranging from South Sudan, southwestern Ethiopia, northern and eastern Uganda, northeastern Congo-Kinshasa, southwestern Kenya and northern Tanzania, speaking the Luo, Dholuo dialect, Swahili language, belonging to the Western Nilotic branch of the Nilotic language family. Dholuo shares considerable lexical similarity with languages spoken by other Luo peoples
Swahili people in East Africa and 'swahilization': Swahili people, a Bantu ethnic group inhabiting East Africa, primarily residing on the Swahili coast, in an area encompassing the Zanzibar archipelago, littoral Kenya, the Tanzania seaboard, northern Mozambique, the Comoros Islands, and Northwest Madagascar. More recently, Swahili identity is centered around any person of African descent who speaks Swahili as their first language, is Muslim and lives in a town on the main urban centers of most of modern day Tanzania and coastal Kenya, northern Mozambique and the Comoros, through a process of 'swahilization'
Since 1920s site of ruins of Gedi near the Indian Ocean coast: Ruins of Gedi, a historical and archaeological site near the Indian Ocean coast of eastern Kenya, adjacent to the town of Gedi in the Kilifi District and within the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest. Gedi is one of many medieval Swahili coastal settlements that stretch from Mogadishu, Somalia to the Zambezi River in Mozambique. There are 116 known Swahili sites stretching from southern Somalia to Vumba Kuu at the Kenya-Tanzania border. Since the rediscovery of the Gedi ruins in the 1920s, Gedi has been one of the most intensely excavated and studied of those sites, along with Shanga, Manda, Ungwana, Kilwa, and the Comoros. Its location along the coast and association with similar sites along the Swahili Coast made it an important trade center. Although there are few historical documents specifically associating Gedi with Indian Ocean trade, the site is thought to have been one of the most important sites along the coast. Gedi's architecture and an abundance of imported material culture including pottery, beads, and coins provide evidence of the city's rising prosperity over the course of its occupation from as early as the eleventh century to its abandonment in the early seventeenth century
September/October 2020 weeks of violent enforcement of lockdown led to legal action aiming to force police reform and accountability:
23 October 2020: 9 weeks of bloodshed as brutal policing of Kenya's covid curfew left 15 dead, and as violent enforcement of lockdown has led to legal action aiming to force police reform and accountability
