European countries M - Y
Geography of Europe:
Geography of Europe
, the northwestern peninsula of the larger landmass known as Eurasia, or the larger
Afro-Eurasia
-
Geology of Europe
-
Geological history of Europe
List of European countries by population and by area:
List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe, including 50 generally recognised sovereign states
-
List of European countries by
population
, including 51 countries and 6 territories and dependencies located in Europe, broadly defined, as transcontinental countries are included if they are members of the Council of Europe
-
List of European countries by
area
, as some states are only partially located in Europe and are ranked according to the size of their European part only
-
Lists of countries in Europe by other - more or less distinguishing - features
European countries A - L
Malta
-
Geography of Malta
-
History of Malta
-
Demographics of Malta
Economy of Malta:
Economy of Malta
, main industries include tourism, electronics, ship building and repair, construction, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, footwear, clothing, tobacco, aviation services, financial services, information technology services
-
Companies of Malta by industry
Petroleum in Malta:
Petroleum in Malta
-
Luzzu oil field, located in the Mediterranean Sea, discovered in 2006 it will begin production in 2015
Energy in Malta:
Energy in Malta, Malta produces almost all its electricity using oil, importing 100% of it
Agriculture in Malta:
Agriculture
in Malta
-
Lumi laring ta ghawdex - cultivation of oranges
Transport in Malta:
Transport in
Malta
-
Ports and harbours of Malta
Water transport in Malta:
Water transport in Malta
Tourism in Malta:
Tourism in Malta
Banking and banks in Malta:
List of banks in Malta
-
Central Bank of Malta
-
Bank of Valletta
-
HSBC Bank Malta
March-November 2018 Pilatus bank case and investigative journalist:
22. März 2018: Maltas Finanzaufsicht MFSA hat die Absetzung des iranischen Chefs Nedschad der in einen Korruptionsskandal verwickelten Pilatus-Bank angeordnet, den die im Oktober ermordete maltesische Investigativjournalistin Daphne Caruana Galizia aufgedeckt hatte
November 2018 Pilatus bank closed over Iranian chairman fraud and corrupt payment charges:
5 November 2018: Maltese Pilatus bank, which was closed after its Iranian chairman and owner Ali Sadr Hasheminejad was charged in the USA in connection with money-laundering and fraud and was also accused of processing corrupt payments to Maltese officials by the investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, has had its licence withdrawn by the European Central Bank
Taxation in Malta:
Taxation
in Malta
Politics of Malta:
Politics of Malta
-
Constitution of Malta adopted on 21 September 1964 and amended twenty-four times, most recently in 2007
Political parties and trade unions in Malta:
Political parties in Malta
-
Trade unions in Malta
Elections and parliament in Malta:
Elections
in Malta
-
Parliament of Malta
May 1964 Maltese constitutional referendum:
May 1964 Maltese constitutional referendum, effectively a referendum on independence, as the new constitution made the country an independent Commonwealth realm
March 2003 Maltese European Union membership referendum:
8 March 2003 Maltese European Union membership referendum
March 2008 Maltese general election:
Maltese general election 8 March 2008
-
10 December 2012: Malta faces new elections after its government collapsed over negotiations for next year's budget
General election March 2013:
Maltese general election 9 March 2013
-
10 March 2013: Addressing thousands of supporters at Floriana Granaries, newly elected PM Joseph Muscat says that the day of change has just dawned upon Malta
April 2014 Maltese presidential election:
Maltese presidential election 1 April 2014
-
Marie Louise Coleiro Preca appointed as the ninth President of Malta on 4 April 2014
European Parliament election 2014:
European Parliament election 24 May 2014
June 2017 Maltese general election:
3 June 2017 Maltese general election
-
4 juin 2017: Le premier ministre Muscat annoncé gagnant, dans l'espoir de retrouver une légitimité à l'égard d'une affaire des comptes au Panama
November/December 2017:
3 novembre 2017: Malte enterre ce vendredi la journaliste et blogueuse anticorruption Daphne Caruana Galizia, dont l'assassinat à la voiture piégée le 16 octobre a provoqué une onde de choc
-
4 December 2017: Eight suspects have been arrested in Malta over the murder of the investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, according to Malta's PM
-
5 December 2017: Three Maltese men have been charged for the murder of the investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia
May 2018:
28 May 2018: The family of the murdered Maltese investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia have had little chance to mourn her death because of continuing intimidation, threats and lies, according to her son
May 2019 European Parliament election in Malta:
25 May 2019 European Parliament election in Malta
September 2019 concerns over Daphne Caruana Galizia's death inquiry:
21 September 2019: Family of murdered Maltese journalist raise concerns over public inquiry, as Daphne Caruana Galizia’s family request meeting with Maltese PM over concerns about impartiality of panel, calling for greater scrutiny into a lack of accountability for criminal actions and political corruption
October 2019 serious concerns about the police investigation into the killing of Daphne Caruana Galizia:
16 October 2019: Pieter Omtzigt, a special rapporteur for the Council of Europe, has raised serious concerns about the police investigation into the killing of the Maltese journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, saying 'individual officers may be doing their best, but the approach of the police force as a whole, and of the politicians responsible for it, does not match the prime minister’s promise to leave no stone unturned'
November 2019 Maltese businessman Yorgen Fenech arrested in Galizia case:
20 November 2019: Maltese businessman Yorgen Fenech arrested onboard his yacht as it was heading out to sea, in an operation linked to the murder of the Maltese anti-corruption journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, less than 24 hours after immunity offer from prosecution to an alleged middleman in exchange for information
26 November 2019 Maltese PM's aide and minister quit amid turmoil:
26 November 2019: Maltese PM’s chief of staff and tourism minister resigned in an escalation of the political turmoil surrounding the investigation into the murder of the prominent anti-corruption journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia in 2017
1 December 2019 Malta’s PM quits in crisis over Daphne Caruana Galizia murder:
1 December 2019: Malta’s PM quits in crisis over Daphne Caruana Galizia murder
12 January 2020 Malta gets new PM Labour leader Robert Abela:
12 January 2020: Malta gets new PM labour leader Robert Abela after Muscat departs over Daphne Caruana Galizia murde amid controversy surrounding investigation of journalist’s death
29 July 2021 Malta responsible for journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia's death, inquiry says:
29 July 2021: A public inquiry into the assassination of Maltese investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia has found the state responsible for her death, as the report said the state had failed to recognise risks to the reporter's life and take reasonable steps to avoid them, after Caruana Galizia died in a car bomb attack near her home in October 2017
26 March 2022 general elections in Malta:
26 March 2022 general elections in Malta
-
Results of March 2022 election, as Labour Party won 162,707 votes or 55.11% and Nationalist Party 123,233 votes or 41.74%
Social movements and protests in Malta:
Protests
in Malta
October 2017 protests following the murder of Daphne Caruana Galizia:
16 October 2017: Journalists, politicians, private citizens, backers and detractors, all were quick to condemn the as-yet unknown perpetrators who murdered Malta's most known journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia
-
17 October 2017: People gathered outside the law courts in Valletta this afternoon for a protest demanding justice following the murder of Daphne Caruana Galizia
-
19 October 2017: Malta's journalists held a silent commemoration in Valletta today to mark their sorrow at the murder of blogger Daphne Caruana Galizia and to promise that the savage attack will not intimidate the profession
-
22 October 2017: Thousands of Maltese call for justice in a protest held by a group of non-governmental organizations after journalist and anti-corruption blogger Daphne Caruana Galizia was killed last Monday
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Malta:
Maltese society
-
Human rights in Malta
Regions, districts and local councils of Malta:
Subdivisions of Malta
-
Regions
of Malta
-
Districts
of Malta
-
Local councils
of Malta
List of towns with and without a local council, with and without hamlet council:
List of towns in
Malta
with a local council, with and without hamlet council, in
Gozo
with a local council, with and without hamlet council
Valletta city:
Valletta city
, the capital city of Malta and located in the South Eastern Region, the metropolitan area around it has a population of 393,938 inhabitants
Education in Valletta:
Education in Valletta
Economy of Valletta:
Economy of Valletta (Wirtschaft Vallettas)
History and timeline of Valletta:
History and timeline of Valletta
Since 1798 French occupation and since 19th century British rule:
Since 1798 French occupation and since 19th century British rule
21st century history of Valletta:
Contemporary history of Valletta
Leeuwarden and Valletta European Capital of Culture in 2018:
Valletta was the European Capital of Culture in 2018 together with The Netherlands' Leeuwarden
Rabat town:
Rabat town
in the Northern Region of Malta, with a population of 11,497 citizens in 2014. It adjoins the ancient capital city of Mdina, and a north-western area formed part of the Roman city of Melite until its medieval retrenchment
28 September 2021 Malta's Rabat town installs first solar-powered footpath:
28 September 2021: Malta's Rabat town installs first solar-powered footpath, after the EU member state has committed to achieving 11.5% target share of energy from renewable sources by 2030, and as the country's first solar footpath is taking shape in Rabat
Demographics of Malta:
Demographics
of Malta
Culture of Malta:
Culture
of Malta
-
Languages of Malta
-
Maltese language
Women and women's rights in Malta:
Women in Malta
-
Maltese women by occupation
Since 1947 women in Maltese general elections and politics:
Women in Maltese general elections, as 15 general elections have been contested since the granting of universal suffrage in Malta in 1947, as only 73 women have contested in these elections and number of men has exceeded 1000, but the number of women contesting general elections has increased over the years
-
Maltese women in politics
Maltese children:
Maltese children
Education in Malta:
Education
in Malta
Schools in Malta:
Schools in Malta
-
List of schools in Malta
Universities in Malta:
Universities in Malta
-
University of Malta
Health in Malta:
Health
in Malta
Healthcare in Malta:
Healthcare in Malta
-
List of hospitals in Malta
Media in Malta:
Media
in Malta
Newspapers in Malta:
Newspapers published in Malta
-
List of newspapers in Malta
Radio and TV in Malta:
Radio in Malta
-
Television in
Malta
Internet in Malta:
Internet in Malta
Daphne Caruana Galizia's Notebook 'Running Commentary':
Running Commentary website, Daphne Caruana Galizia's Notebook
-
Daphne Caruana Galizia's
Notebook's final blog on 16 October 2017
October 2017 assassination of Caruana Galizia:
16 October 2017 assassination of Caruana Galizia
-
16/17 October 2017: Maltese investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, who led the Panama Papers investigation into corruption in Malta
,
exposed the island nation’s links to offshore tax havens through the leaked Panama Papers, and who filed a police report two weeks ago saying she was receiving threats, was killed Monday when a bomb exploded in her car in Mosta
November 2017:
22 November 2017: The family of the murdered Maltese journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, who was a relentless critic of corruption in the country, are taking legal action against the police force for allegedly failing to ensure the investigation into her killing is impartial and independent
April 2018:
17 April 2018: The family of the murdered anti-corruption journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia believe that three men awaiting trial for the crime were acting on orders from inside Malta, and have expressed concern that elements within the government may be protecting whoever commissioned the killing
July 2019:
16 July 2019: Three men have been formally charged over the 2017 murder of Maltese anti-corruption journalist and blogger Daphne Caruana Galizia, who was killed by a car bomb in November 2017
24 October 2020 children's book tells story of Daphne Caruana Galizia:
24 October 2020: Children's book tells story of Maltese journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, as her friend Gattaldo recounts her battles against corruption for young readers, saying 'she has left a strong legacy and here in Malta I see it', 'there is a realisation that democracy doesn’t stop with the vote'
Crime in Malta:
Crime in Malta
Since classical antiquity slavery in Malta:
Slavery in Malta
existed and was recognised from classical antiquity until the early modern period, common in many countries around the Mediterranean Sea, as the system reached its apex under Hospitaller rule, when it took on unprecedented proportions, largely to provide galley slaves for the galleys of the Order, as well as other Christian countries
Corruption in Malta:
28 February 2017: Overview of
Corruption
and Anti-Corruption in Malta by Transparency International
April 2021 Malta still selling golden passports to rich stay-away ‘residents’:
23 April 2021: Malta still selling golden passports to rich stay-away ‘residents’, as undercover investigation finds evidence that cash-for-passport practices revealed in Henley & Partners leak continue
Terrorism in Malta:
Terrorism
in Malta
1977 Murder of Karin Grech:
28 December 1977 Murder of Karin Grech
October 2017 assassination of Daphne Caruana Galizia::
16 October 2017 assassination of Daphne Caruana Galizia
October 2017 bomb detonated via mobile phone message:
19 December 2017: Bomb was ‘organic explosive’ detonated via mobile phone message, sent from a boat off the island’s coast as part of a carefully planned operation lasting several months
Organized crime in Malta:
Organized crime
and 'Ndrangheta in Malta
Human trafficking in Malta:
Human trafficking in Malta
Law and legal history of Malta:
Law of Malta
-
Human rights in Malta and history
Judiciary of Malta:
Judiciary of Malta
Law enforcement in Malta:
Law enforcement in Malta
-
The Malta Police Force
2017 police sergeant suspended after Facebook comments celebrating Caruana Galizia murder:
17 October 2017: Police sergeant suspended after Facebook comments celebrating Caruana Galizia murder
Foreign relations of Malta:
Foreign relations of Malta
Treaties of Malta:
Treaties of Malta
Immigration to Malta:
Immigration to Malta
-
Illegal immigration in Malta
-
May 2007 Malta migrant shipwreck
-
11 October 2013 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck
-
13 octobre 2013: Après le naufrage au sud de Malte qui a coûté la vie à des dizaines de migrants en majorité syriens, le Premier ministre maltais Muscat a déploré que la 'Méditerranée soit en train de devenir un cimetière'
-
September 2014 Malta migrant shipwreck
-
17 September 2014: About 500 migrants may have been killed when people smugglers rammed their boat bound for Malta, drowning the vast majority of its passengers, including refugees from Egypt, Sudan, Syria and Palestine, the IOM says after it debriefed two Palestinian survivors
-
19 September 2014: World must vigorously pursue criminal gangs who doomed hundreds of migrants in the Mediterranean, IOM's William Lacy Swing says
Malta and the European Union:
Malta and the
European Union
March 2003 Maltese EU membership referendum:
Maltese EU membership referendum March 2003
2013:
13. Oktober 2013: Nach dem Schiffsunglück am 11. Oktober zwischen Malta und Lampedusa sagt Joseph Muscat, Malta fühle sich in der Flüchtlingsproblematik von der EU im Stich gelassen
2017:
20 October 2017: As European parliament's Antonio Tajani says there was broad agreement among the EU27 on the need for some form of international involvement 'to fully clarify an event of unprecedented gravity', Pope Francis sent a rare letter of condolence to Malta following the murder of the investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, amid calls from her sons for the island’s PM to resign and mounting pressure for an international investigation
-
3 novembre 2017: La Commission européenne a demandé aux autorités maltaises de retrouver les 'barbares' qui ont tué la journaliste d'investigation Daphné Caruana Galizia mi-octobre
June 2018:
13 June 2018: EU’s justice commissioner Vera Jourová to fly to Malta to meet officers investigating the murder of Daphne Caruana Galizia after a damning report accused the authorities of seeking to delay and stall attempts to find those who wanted the journalist dead
Bilateral relations of Malta:
Bilateral relations
of Malta
Malta/France relations:
Malta/
France
relations
1798-1800 French occupation of Malta:
1798-1800 French occupation of Malta
Malta/Germany relations:
Malta/
Germany
relations
1940-1942 Siege of Malta by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany:
1940-1942 Siege of Malta by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany during World War II, after the opening of a new front in North Africa in June 1940 increased the considerable value of the strategically important island of Malta
Since January 1941 German intervention:
Since January 1941 German intervention
Since 1942:
Since 1940 World War II sites in Malta
2017 sociétés 'boîte aux lettres':
10 mai 2017: Des milliers d'entreprises fictives enregistrées sur l'île de Malta et liées à de grands groupes allemands sont dans le viseur du fisc allemand
Malta/Italy relations:
Malta/
Italy
relations
1940-1942 Siege of Malta by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany:
1940-1942 Siege of Malta by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany during World War II, after the opening of a new front in North Africa in June 1940 increased the considerable value of the strategically important island of Malta
June–December 1940 Italian aerial bombardment of Malta:
June–December 1940 Italian aerial bombardment of Malta
Since 1942:
Since 1940 World War II sites in Malta
Malta/Libya relations:
Malta/
Libya
relations
Malta/Russia relations:
Malta/
Russia
relations
2016:
27 October 2016: Malta will not refuel Russia's 'death fleet' heading to Syria, after online petition to the Maltese government said the people of Malta did not want to be complicit in Russia's war crimes
Malta/Spain relations:
Malta/
Spain
relations
Malta/Tunisia relations:
Malte/
Tunisia
relations
2015:
9 July 2015: As Maltese holidaymakers strike Tunisia off their destination list following the Sousse terrorist attack in June, and British tourists decide to cut their holidays, some have declared in interviews and on social media they were determined to see their holiday through to the end to defy the terrorists
Malta/Turkey relations:
Malta/
Turkey
relations
1565 Great Siege of Malta:
1565 Great Siege of Malta, when the Ottoman Empire tried to invade the island of Malta, then held by the Knights Hospitaller
Malta/United Kingdom relations:
Malta/
United Kingdom
relations
1690–1967 British Mediterranean Fleet:
British Mediterranean Fleet 1690–1967
1798-1800 Siege of Malta:
Siege of Malta (1798–1800)
1813-1964 British Malta Colony:
British Malta Colony 1813–1964
1964 Maltese referendum on a new constitution and independence:
Maltese referendum on a new constitution and independence 1964
Malta/USA relations:
Malta/
USA
relations
Environment of Malta:
Environment of Malta
-
Natural history of Malta
-
Geology of Malta
Landforms of Malta:
Landforms of Malta
Water in Malta:
Water in Malta
Moldova
-
Geography of Moldova
-
Principality of Moldavia 1346–1859
-
History of Moldova
-
Independence of Moldova since 1991
-
History of independent Moldova
-
Demographics of Moldova
Economy of Moldova:
Economy of Moldova
- main industries include sugar, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, hosiery, shoes, textiles
-
Companies of Moldova by industry
Telecommunications in Moldova
Agriculture in Moldova:
Agriculture
in Moldova and food processing account for about 40% of GDP including wine, wheat, corn, barley, tobacco, sugar beet, soybeans, beef and dairy cattle
Moldovan wine:
Moldovan wine
Tourism in Moldova:
Tourism in Moldova
Banking and banks in Moldova:
List of banks in Moldova
-
Since 1991 National Bank of Moldova
Economic history of Moldova and economic cycles:
Economic history
of Moldova
2006-2020 macroeconomic situation and development:
2006-2020 Macroeconomic situation, business and economic environment and development
Poverty in Moldova:
Poverty in Moldova
Military of Moldova:
Military of Moldova
Politics of Moldova:
Politics of Moldova
Political parties in Moldova:
Political parties in Moldova
Since May 2016 'Action and Solidarity Party':
Since May 2016 'Action and Solidarity Party', a liberal pro-EU political party in Moldova, led by the former minister of Education of Moldova Maia Sandu, as the party was constituted on grounds of voluntary association of the citizens
Trade unions in Moldova:
Trade unions in Moldova
Elections and politics in Moldova:
Elections in Moldova
Moldovan parliamentary election 28 November 2010
-
Pro-European Coalition since May 2013
Moldovan presidential election December 2011 – March 2012
November 2014 Moldovan parliamentary election:
Moldovan parliamentary election 30 November 2014
-
29 November: Moldovan pro-Kremlin party leader flees to Moscow ahead of parliamentary ballot after court barred pro-Russian party over illegal funding
-
30 November: Moldovans cast their ballots
-
1 December: With 87.7% of the vote counted early Monday, the pro-Europe parties were ahead with about 44.4%, with 39.5% for the two pro-Russia parties
October 2016 Moldovan presidential election:
30 October 2016 Moldovan presidential election
-
30 October 2016: Moldovans elect president for first time in 20 years
-
31 October: Moldova presidential election heads to second round
November 2016:
14 November 2016: Igor Dodon becomes president-elect in Moldova getting alleged 52,29% of votes, while Maiya Sandu got 47,71%
December 2018:
14 December 2018: On 24 February 2019 Moldova will elect a new parliament based on a mixed electoral system adopted in July 2017 by the incumbent Democratic Party, led by oligarch Vladimir Plahotniuc, and the nominally opposition Party of Socialists controlled by President Igor Dodon, but opposed by all the other major political parties
February 2019 Moldovan parliamentary election and referendum:
24 February 2019 Moldovan parliamentary election
-
A two-part referendum will be held in Moldova on 24 February 2019, alongside parliamentary elections, as voters will be asked whether the number of MPs should be reduced from 101 to 61 and whether MPs should be open to recall
June 2019 Pavel Filip called early election:
9 juin 2019: Le nouveau président, Pavel Filip, a dissous le parlement sur fond de crise alors que l'ancien dirigeant pro-russe ne voulait pas un entente entre russes et européens
June 2019 - 12 November 2019 Sandu Cabinet of Moldova:
June 2019 - 12 November 2019 Sandu Cabinet of Moldova, led by Maia Sandu, inaugurated on 8 June 2019 in the middle of the 2019 Moldovan constitutional crisis when the Constitutional Court declared unconstitutional her designation for this position as well as the appointment of the Government of the Republic of Moldova, however on 15 June 2019 the Constitutional Court revised and repealed its previous decisions declaring the Sandu Cabinet to have been constitutionally created, but it was ousted in a motion of no confidence in the Parliament of Moldova on 12 November that same year and subsequently replaced by a government headed by Ion Chicu
September 2019 Moldovan parliamentary election:
6 September 2019 Moldovan parliamentary election
Since 14 November 2019 Chicu Cabinet:
Since 14 November 2019 Chicu Cabinet led by Ion Chicu and formed two days after the Sandu Cabinet led by Maia Sandu was ousted in a vote of no confidence
November 2020 Moldovan presidential election:
1 November 2020 Moldovan presidential election
-
1 novembre 2020: Les Moldaves élisent dimanche leur président sous l’œil attentif de Moscou qui souhaite voir le chef de l’État sortant réélu face aux candidats pro-européens, sur fond d’inquiétude liée aux mouvements de contestation secouant l’espace ex-soviétique
2 November 2020 CEC data showed Sandu winning 36% against Dodon’s 32.7%:
2 November 2020: Moldova will hold a runoff presidential election after CEC data showed Sandu winning 36% against Dodon’s 32.7% with nearly all ballots counted
,
as Sandu was also backed by about 70% of Moldovans who voted abroad
15 November 2020 Moldovan presidential election second round:
15 November 2020 Moldovan presidential election second round, candidate from the Action and Solidarity Party, former PM Maia Sandu, won the elections
20 November 2020 Moldova's president-elect Maia Sandu says Crimea is part of Ukraine:
20 November 2020: Moldova's president-elect, former PM Maia Sandu, says Crimea is part of Ukraine, adding she has repeatedly expressed respect for the territorial integrity of neighbouring country, as Ukrainian president Zelensky has already invited Sandu to visit Ukraine
22 October 2021 Moldova in state of emergency for a montb amid soaring world energy prices:
22 October 2021: Moldova’s parliament has approved a government-requested state of emergency until 20 November as it tries to ease gas shortages amid soaring world energy prices, as country wedged between Romania and Ukraine gets gas from Russia via its pro-Russian separatist region of Transnistria and Ukraine
6 March 2022 Moldova seeks USA support over Ukraine war refugees:
6 March 2022: Moldova seeks USA support over Ukraine war refugees, as some 120,000 people have crossed into the small country since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine last week
5 April 2022 Moldova to receive aid from EU donors:
5 April 2022: Moldova to receive aid from EU donors, as EU countries pledge more than $720m in aid to Moldova to help it cope with the fallout from Russia’s war in neighbouring Ukraine
14 February 2023 Moldova’s president accuses Russia of plotting to overthrow the country’s pro-EU government:
14 February 2023: Moldova’s president has accused Russia of plotting to overthrow the country’s pro-EU government through violent actions disguised as opposition protest, as Maia Sandu said authorities had confirmed an alleged Russian plot to destabilise her country that Volodymyr Zelenskiy had revealed last week. Ukraine’s president told EU leaders that Ukraine had intercepted a plan from Russian intelligence, having uncovered a document that showed 'who, when and how was going to break the democracy of Moldova and establish control' over the country
Social movements and protests in Moldova:
Protests in Moldova
1990/1991 'Bridge of Flowers':
Bridge of Flowers
2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests:
April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests
2013 'Pro Europe' demonstration:
November 2013 'Pro Europe' demonstration in Moldova
2015 protest demanding an investigation of Moldova's state-owned savings bank:
4 May 2015: Thousands in Chisinau held a protest demanding an investigation into more than USD 1 billion that has gone missing from Moldova's state-owned savings bank and demanding the government do more to implement European reforms
-
7 September 2015: Tens of thousands protest in Moldova, demand president's resignation and probe into bank fraud
-
14 September: Anti-graft rally enters second week as more than 20,000 people rallied over the weekend
-
5 October: Ongoing mass rallies demand action against corruption and the resignation of senior government officials
-
26 November: Moldovan protesters begin hunger strike in tent city
April 2016 protests against influence of politically connected business people:
25 April 2016: Thousands of demonstrators demand government resignation and early elections, claiming the current government is under the influence of politically connected business people who dictate policy
November 2016 protests expressing discontent with the results of presidential elections:
14 November 2016: Thousands of people are protesting in the Moldovian capital Chisinau, expressing their discontent with the results of the recent presidential elections, accusing the authorities of a rigged election and demanding the third ballot, as Maiya Sandu pledges to appeal the ballot results and to consider each particular complaint
Society, demographics and human rights in Moldova:
Moldovan society
Human rights in Moldova:
Human rights in Moldova
Demographics, history of Moldova and history of the Jews in Bessarabia:
Demographics of Moldova
-
Demographic history of Transnistria
-
History of the Jews in Bessarabia
dating back hundreds of years, as in 1897 the Jewish population had grown to 225,637 of a total of 1,936,392, or 11.65%.
Cities and towns in Moldova:
List of cities and towns in Moldova
Chisinau city:
Chisinau city
and the capital of the Republic of Moldova. The city is Moldova's main industrial and commercial center, and is located in the middle of the country, on the river Bâc, a tributary of the Dniester. According to the results of the 2014 census, the city proper had a population of 532,513 citizens, while the population of the Municipality of Chisinau (which includes the city itself and other nearby communities) was 700,00 inhabitants
Bîc river in Moldova:
Bîc river in Moldova, a right tributary of the Dniester, originating in a spring in the village of Temeleu?i in west central Moldova. As it flows west and south, the upper Bâc cuts a deep canyon in the Codri Hills. It then flows through the town of Straseni into the Chisinau Sea reservoir, about 20km to the north and west of Chisinau city. The river then flows through the city along the northern edge of the center. After departing it flows further south and west through the town of Anenii Noi, and then empties into the Dnistr near the village of Gura Bîcului ('mouth of the Bîc')
History and timeline of Chisinau recorded since 1436:
History of Chisinau recorded since 1436. Then, it has grown to become a significant political and cultural capital of South East Europe. In 1918 Chisinau became the capital of an independent state, the Moldavian Democratic Republic, and has been the capital of Moldova since 1991.
Since 1436 timeline of Chisinau:
Timeline of Chisinau since 1436
19th century industrial age of Chisinau:
History of Chisinau recorded since 1436. Then, it has grown to become a significant political and cultural capital of South East Europe. In 1918 Chi?inau became the capital of an independent state, the Moldavian Democratic Republic, and has been the capital of Moldova since 1991.
19th/20th century growing anti-Semitism in the Russian Empire and 1903 Kishinev pogrom
In the late 19th century, especially due to growing anti-Semitic sentiment in the Russian Empire and better economic conditions, many Jews chose to settle in Chisinau, but 1903 Kishinev pogrom. Its population had grown to 92,000 by 1862 and to 125,787 by 1900. By the year 1900, 43% of the population of Chisinau was Jewish, one of the highest numbers in Europe
History of Chisinau 1918-1991 when the city became the capital of the Republic of Moldova:
Since 1918 interwar period of Chisinau, Axis Powers 1939-1945 World War II as Chisinau was almost completely destroyed, as after the war, Bessarabia was fully integrated into the Soviet Union. Most of Bessarabia became the Moldavian SSR with Chisinau as its capital, and smaller parts of Bessarabia became parts of the Ukrainian SSR, and as between 1969 and 1971 a fight for the establishment of a Moldavian Democratic Republic brought secession from the Soviet Union and union with Romania, before Chisinau became the capital of the Republic of Moldova since 1991 following the establishment of new publications such as Glasul, Desteptarea, Tara, Sfatul Tarii, Limba Româna. The Popular Front of Moldova was formed in 1989.
21st century history of Chisinau:
21st century history of Chisinau
April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests:
April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests in Chisinau, Cahul, Orhei, Balti, 13 cities in Romania including Bucharest, Washington, D.C., Boston, New York City, London, after the unrest began as a public protest following the announcement of preliminary election results on 6 April 2009, which showed the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova victorious, winning approximately 50% of the votes. Final results, published on 8 April, showed that the PCRM garnered 49.48% of the vote, gaining 60 parliament seats – one less than the three-fifths required for the party to control the presidential election. The opposition rejected the election results, accusing the authorities of falsification in the course of counting the votes and demanded new elections.
-
8 April 2009: Romania blamed over Moldova riots, as Moldova, sandwiched between Romania and Ukraine, is the poorest country in Europe, where the average wage is just under $250 a month, as the people speak Romanian sharing many cultural links with Romania. However it was annexed by the Soviet Union in World War II and gained independence in 1991. There remains an unresolved conflict with the breakaway region of Trans-Dniester, which has run its own affairs, with Moscow's support, since the end of hostilities in a brief war in 1992, according to the BBC. The unrest was followed by May–June 2009 Moldovan presidential election, and July 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election.
3 November 2013 huge pro Europe demonstration in Chisinau:
3 November 2013 pro Europe demonstration took place in the capital Chisinau of Moldova. The demonstration was organised by three parties of the ruling coalition: Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova, Democratic Party of Moldova and Liberal Reformists Party. It's estimated that around 100,000 people participated at the demonstration, at that time being the biggest mass group or collection of groups of people, since Moldovan Declaration of Independence.
Balti city:
Balti city
in Moldova, the second largest city in terms of population, area and economic importance, after Chisinau. The city is one of the five Moldovan municipalities, and a major industrial, cultural and commercial centre and transportation hub in the north of the country. It is situated 127 kilometres north of the capital Chisinau, and is located on the river Raut, a tributary of the Dniester, on a hilly landscape in the Balti steppe
Raut river in Moldova:
Raut river
in Moldova, a right tributary of Dniester. Raut, generally navigable until 18-19th century, is navigable today only by small recreational boats. The towns Balti, Orhei and Floresti are located by the river.
History of Balti since the Middle Ages:
History of Balti since the Middle Ages
Twentieth century up to 1989 history of Balti and Post-World War II period:
Twentieth century up to 1989 history of Balti and Post-World War II period
Soroca city:
Soroca city
and municipality in Moldova, the administrative center of the Soroca District, situated on the Dniester river about 160km north of Chisinau and with a population of 22,196 citizens in 2014, as in 1919 its population was estimated at 35,000. It consisted mainly of Jews. Romanians, Germans and Russians also lived in the city. The city once had a Jewish population of around 18,000 but they are only 100 today and 20 of them are considered Jewish according to the halakha. In 2012, Soroca had an estimated 37,500 inhabitants.
Dniester river in Eastern Europe and Moldova:
The
Dniester river in Eastern Europe
- in Ukrainian known as Dniester or Dnister, in Romanian as Nistru, in Russian as Dnestr, in Yiddish as Nester and in Lithuanian as Dniestra -, runing first through Ukraine and then through Moldova (from which it more or less separates the breakaway territory of Transnistria), finally discharging into the Black Sea on Ukrainian territory again
Port of Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky:
Port of Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky
in the city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky, Ukraine, located on the north-western shore of Black Sea at Dniester Estuary, to the south-west from Odessa. Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky Seaport is mainly a freight seaport
Tiraspol city:
Tiraspol city
, the proclaimed capital of Transnistria region as breakaway state in Moldova, where it is the second largest city. The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River. Tiraspol is a regional hub of light industry, such as furniture and electrical goods production. Tiraspol was founded by the Russian tsarist general Alexander Suvorov in 1792, although the area had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying ethnic groups
Ancient history of Tiras (pol or city):
History of Tyras spelled Tiras, a colony of the Greek city Miletus, probably founded about 600 BC, situated some 10km from the mouth of the Tiras, today Dniester River. In the 2nd century BC it fell under the dominion of indigenous kings whose names appear on its coins. It was destroyed by the Thracian Getae about 50 BC. In 56 AD the Romans restored the city and made it part of the colonial province of Lower Moesia. A series of its coins exist that feature heads of Roman emperors from Domitian to Severus Alexander. Soon after the time of the latter, the city was destroyed again, this time by the invasion of the Goths. Its government was in the hands of five archons, a senate, a popular assembly and a registrar.
Port of Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky:
Port of Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky
in the city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky, Ukraine, located on the north-western shore of Black Sea at Dniester Estuary, to the south-west from Odessa. Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky Seaport is mainly a freight seaport
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi city:
Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi city, municipality and port situated on the right bank of the Dniester Liman (on the Dniester estuary leading to the Black Sea) in Odessa Oblast of southwestern Ukraine, in the historical region of Budjak. It also serves as the administrative center of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion, one of seven districts of Odessa Oblast. It is a location of a big freight seaport with a population of 48,197 citizens in 2021
Culture and languages of Moldova:
Culture of Moldova
-
Languages of Moldova
-
Moldovan language
-
Moldovans
-
Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova
Education in Moldova:
Education in Moldova
Schools in Moldova:
Schools
in Moldova
Universities and colleges in Moldova:
Universities
and
colleges
in Moldova
Health in Moldova:
Health in Moldova
Disease outbreaks in Moldova:
Disease outbreaks in Moldova
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Moldova:
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Moldova as part of the worldwide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoV-2
31 October 2020 76,040 covid-19 cases and 1,785 deaths in Moldova:
31 October 2020: 76,040 covid-19 cases and 1,785 deaths in Moldova
Healthcare in Moldova:
Healthcare
in Moldova
-
Medical and health organizations based in Moldova
Hospitals in Moldova:
Hospitals in Moldova
Media in Moldova:
Mass media in
Moldova
-
Mass media in Moldova by city (7 cities)
-
Mass media of Transnistria, the breakaway territory within the borders of Moldova, featuring both state-owned or supported outlets and opposition media. Publications are in Russian, with a single newspaper in each of the other two official languages, Moldovan (Romanian), and Ukrainian
Legislative framework for Moldova's media:
Legislative framework for Moldova's media, as legislation is deemed rather good, yet cases of abuses and intimidations persist. The Constitution of Moldova guarantees to all citizens 'the freedom of thought, opinion, as well as freedom of expression in public by words, images, or any other possible means'
Newspapers in Moldocva:
List of newspapers
in Moldova
Broadcasting and radio in Moldova:
Broadcasting in Moldova
-
Radio in Moldova
-
Broadcasting companies of Moldova
-
Public broadcasting in Moldova
Since 1958 television in Moldova:
Since 1958 television in Moldova
Telecommunications in Moldova:
Telecommunications in Moldova
and in Transnistria
Internet in Moldova:
Internet
in Moldova
Crime in Moldova and Transnistria:
Crime in Moldova
-
Crime in Transnistria
Corruption in Moldova:
Corruption in Moldova
-
Corruption in Moldova, Business Anti-Corruption Portal's report
Organized crime in Moldova:
2015:
7 October 2015: Criminal gangs, with suspected ties to Russia, have made several attempts to sell radioactive bomb-making material to extremists through Moldova
-
26 November 2015: Moldovan police detains a total of 13 suspected members of a paramilitary group allegedly planning to attack cities in Moldova, with the aim of creating separatist republics similar to those in eastern Ukraine
Drugs in Moldova:
Drugs in Moldova
Foreign relations of Moldova:
Foreign relations of Moldova
Political status of Transnistria:
Political status of
Transnistria
-
Transnistria
-
War of Transnistria 1992
-
Human rights in Transnistria
-
Crime in Transnistria
-
Foreign relations of Transnistria
-
Transnistrian republic recognized only by three states with limited recognition
2015:
29 November 2015 Transnistrian legislative and municipal election
Moldova/European Union relations:
Moldova/
European Union
relations
Since 1998 EU-Moldova Partnership and Cooperation Agreement:
1 July 1998: EU-Moldova Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
-
European Neighbourhood Policy since 2003
-
Delegation of the EU to Moldova since 2005
2014 Moldova keen to join the EU in 2019:
29 April 2014: Moldova keen to join the European Union in 2019
-
28 June 2014: EU signs association agreements with Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia
Moldova/Germany relations:
Moldova/
Germany
relations
1941-1944 'Transnistria Governorate' Romanian-administered territory conquered by the Axis Powers:
'Transnistria Governorate' Romanian-administered territory conquered by the Axis Powers and occupied 1941-1944
1941-1944 The Holocaust in Transnistria:
The Holocaust in Transnistria
Moldova/Nato relations:
Moldova/
Nato
relations
-
12 May 2014: NATO criticizes idea of bringing Transnistria closer to Russia and calls on Moscow to 'respect Moldova's territorial integrity'
Moldova/Romania relations:
Moldova/
Romania
relations
-
Union of Bessarabia with Romania 1918
-
'Transnistria Governorate' Romanian-administered territory conquered by the Axis Powers and occupied 1941-1944
Moldova/Russia relations:
Moldova/
Russia
relations
-
Following its victory in the Russo-Turkish War 1806–1812 the Russian empire annexed Bessarabia from the Ottoman Empire
-
'Bessarabia Governorate' eastern part of Moldavia annexed by Russia 1812–1917
-
Moldavian Democratic Republic 1917-1918
-
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 1940
-
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic 1944-1991
-
Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 1941-1951
1991:
Independence of Moldova since 1991
2006-2014:
2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines
-
19 April 2014: Moldovan PM Iurie Leanca expresses concern that Moldova could be Putin's next conquest
Moldova/Ukraine relations:
Moldova/
Ukraine
relations
-
Euroregion Dniester
-
Dniester river
20th/21st centuries history of Moldova–Ukraine relations:
20th/21st centuries history of Moldova–Ukraine relations, as since 2006 Ukraine conceded several important economic privileges to Moldova
20th/21st century 'bilateral' relationship Transnistria and Ukraine:
20th/21st century 'bilateral' relationship between the 'Pridnestrovian Moldovan Republic' - commonly known as Transnistria - and Ukraine. Ukraine does not officially recognize the independence of Transnistria. Nevertheless, it maintains special relations with Transnistria in the political, cultural and economic spheres.
Since 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine strained relations:
Since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine relations were strained, as Transnistrian president officially took no side in the 2022 Russian war against assaulted neigbour marked by brutal Russian war crimes
25 February 2022 Moldova braces for waves of refugees from Ukraine:
25 February 2022: As Moldova braces for waves of refugees from Ukraine, president Maia Sandu warns population that Moldova has awoken to 'a new, more violent, world', voicing deep concern about the security situation on her country’s border caused by Russia’s invasion, as Russia stationed about 1,500 to 2,000 soldiers in the breakaway Moldovan region of Transnistria
5 April 2022 Russian regime's Ukraine war also threatens food security in Western Balkans:
5 April 2022: ussia’s attack on Ukraine has sent shockwaves throughout the globe, rocking world energy markets and causing the worst refugee crisis in Europe since World War II, as the ripple effects from the war may soon be felt in the area of food security as well, and Western Balkan countries are bracing for impact
Environment of Moldova:
Environment of Moldova
-
Natural history of Moldova
-
Geology of Moldova
Landforms and ecoregions of Moldova:
Landforms of Moldova
-
Ecoregions of Moldova
Water and rivers of Moldova:
Water in Moldova
-
Rivers of Moldova
-
List of rivers of Moldova
Environmental issues of Moldova:
Current environmental issues of Moldova include overuse of pesticides and artificial fertilizers, groundwater contamination by lingering chemicals, poor farming methods, climate change
Natural disasters in Moldova:
Natural disasters in Moldova
Earthquakes in Moldova:
Earthquakes in Moldova
22 November 2014 Vrancea earthquake with a moment magnitude of 5.7, as the earthquake was felt in northern Bulgaria and the Moldovan city of Chisinau
Floods in Moldova:
Floods in Moldova
Poland
-
Geography of Poland
-
History of Poland
-
Demographics of Poland
Economy of Poland:
Economy of Poland
- main industries include machine building, iron and steel, mining coal, chemicals, ship building, food processing, glass
Companies of Poland by industry:
Companies
of Poland by
industry
-
List of companies of Poland
Industry in Poland:
Industry in Poland
Manufacturing companies of Poland:
Manufacturing companies
of Poland
Mines in Poland:
Mines
in Poland
-
List of mines in Poland
-
Copper mines in Poland
Coal mines in Poland:
Coal mines
in Poland
Mining disasters in Poland:
Mining disasters in Poland
2016 earthquake caused a collapse at the Rudna copper mine:
1 December 2016: Eight people are dead, five more hospitalized, after a strong earthquake caused a collapse at the Rudna copper mine in Polkowice in southwestern Poland
Oil and gas industry in Poland:
Oil and gas
industry in Poland
Energy in Poland:
Energy in Poland
Coal-fired power stations in Poland:
Coal-fired power stations in Poland
- around 95% of the nation's electricity is currently produced by burning coal
Nuclear energy in Poland:
Nuclear energy in Poland
Renewable energy in Poland:
Renewable energy
in Poland
Wind power in Poland:
Wind power, a minor source of electricity in Poland
Agriculture in Poland:
Agriculture in Poland
, vital for European and Global market because it produces a variety of agricultural, horticultural and animal origin products. The surface area of agricultural land in Poland is 15.4 million ha, which constitutes nearly 50% of the total area of the country,as its products include fruits, apples and vegetables, wheat, grains, feed grains, vegetable oil, potatoes and rye, sugar beets and triticale, rapeseed, cattle, meat, and dairy products
Types of farming in Poland, cultivation of four major grains, mixed farming:
Types of farming in Poland as the quantity and quality of agricultural land ensured self-sufficiency and made considerable quantities of various agricultural products and processed foodstuffs available for export, and as grain production dominated Polish agriculture. The highest yields came from wheat, rye, barley, oats, as other major crops include potatoes, sugar beet, fodder crops, flax, hops, tobacco, and fruits. The northern and east-central regions of the country mainly offered poorer sandy soils suitable for rye and potatoes, as the richer soils of the central and southern parts of the country, excluding those at higher elevations, are making those regions the centers of wheat, sugar beet, hops, and tobacco production. The more accessible land at higher elevations is used to cultivate oats or was left as meadow and pastureland. In 1989 almost half of Poland's arable land was used for the cultivation of the four major grains, another 13% grew tomatoes. All regions of Poland raised dairy cows, beef cattle, pigs and poultry, and cultivated fruit, usually as an integral part of mixed farming
2018 main productions of agricultural products in Poland:
2018 main productions of agricultural products in Poland by quality and quantity, including 25 agricultural products, listed by 'Wikipedia'
2014-2020th Polish agriculture and EU:
As Poland is part of the European Union and therefore subject to the CAP, Poland is one of the countries with the most subsidy-efficient farms and least reliant on them for investment
,
shown by inquiries about dependence of EU farms on subsidy payments including the question
whether or how the CAP is helping EU agriculture to meet the targets set out in the European Green Deal in the 2020th, and including legislative framework, member states’ CAP strategic plans, governance framework, and political economy issues linked to effects on farm income
Forestry and forests in Poland:
Forestry in Poland
-
Forests of
Poland
-
List of Polish forest complexes in alphabetical order
Water in Poland:
Water in Poland
Bodies of water, including Baltic Sea, Bays of Poland:
Bodies of water, including Baltic Sea, Bays of Poland, Canals in Poland, Lakes of Poland, springs and rivers
Baltic Sea:
Baltic Sea, arm of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the North and Central European Plain, as the Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea-Baltic Canal since August 1933 - passing through the Lake Lagoda and Lake Onega -, and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal
-
Major tributaries of the Baltic Sea
-
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Rivers in Poland, longest rivers:
Rivers in Poland in alphabetical order
-
List of 28 longest rivers in Poland
Vistula river, 'Little White Vistula' and 'Black Little Vistula' and connected cities:
Vistula river
, the longest river in Poland and the 9th-longest river in Europe at 1,047km in length. The drainage basin, reaching into three other nations, covers 193,960 km2, of which 168,868 km2 is in Poland. The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1,220m above sea level in the Silesian Beskids, the western part of Carpathian Mountains, where it begins with the 'Little White Vistula' and the 'Black Little Vistula'.[4] It flows through Poland's largest cities, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Plock, Wloclawek, Torun, Bydgoszcz, Swiecie, Grudziadz, Tczew and Gdansk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon (Zalew Wislany) or directly into the Gdansk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta of six main branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Smiala Wisla, Martwa Wisla, Nogat and Szkarpawa). The river is often associated with Polish culture, history and national identity. It is the country's most important waterway and natural symbol
Major Polish cities connected by the Vistula river:
Major
Polish cities connected by the Vistula river
Tributaries of the Vistula river:
Tributaries of the Vistula river, listed in a range of right and left tributaries with a nearby city, from source to mouth
Narew river:
Narew river
primarily in north-eastern Poland, a tributary of the river Vistula. The Narew is one of Europe's few braided rivers, with twisted channels resembling braided hair. Around 57km of the river flows through western Belarus
Bug river:
Bug river
, which flows through three countries with a total length of 774km, and a tributary of the Narew. The Bug forms part of the border between Ukraine and Poland for 185km and between Belarus and Poland for 178km, and is the fourth longest Polish river
Sola river in southern Poland:
Sola river in southern Poland, a right tributary of the Vistula originating in the Western Beskids mountain range near the border with Slovakia, made up of the confluence of several small creeks at the village of Rajcza, then running downhill northeastwards through Zywiec Basin to the towns of Zywiec and Kety, forming the border between the Silesian and the Zywiec Beskids, and after 89km the Sola empties into the Vistula River after having passed the town of Oswiecim, flowing within metres of the Auschwitz concentration camp and today the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
Oder river:
Oder river
in Central Europe. It is Poland's second-longest river in total length and third-longest within its borders after the Vistula and Warta. The Oder rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742km through western Poland, later forming 187km of the border between Poland and Germany. The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches Dziwna, Swina and Peene that empty into the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea
Cities connected by the Oder river:
Cities connected by the Oder river
Warta river:
Warta river
, rising in central Poland and flowing greatly north-west into the Oder. Poland's second-longest river's - within its borders after the Vistula - drainage basin covers 54,529 square km and it is navigable from Kostrzyn nad Odra to Konin, approximately half of its length. It is connected to the Vistula by the Notec and the Bydgoszcz Canal.
Notec river:
Notec river
in central Poland, the largest tributary of the Warta river, as most portions of the Notec are navigable, and as several locks and dams connect the Vistula and the Warta/Oder waterways
Transport in Poland:
Transport in Poland
Rail transport in Poland:
Rail transport in Poland
Road transport in Poland:
Road transport in Poland
Air transport in Poland:
Air transport in Poland
Water transport in Poland:
Water transport in Poland
, as country's most important waterway is the river Vistula. The largest seaports are the Port of Szczecin and Port of Gdansk. Marine transport in Poland has two main sub-groups, riverine and seaborne. On the Baltic Sea coast, a number of large seaports exist to serve the international freight and passenger trade; these are typically deep water ports and are able to serve very large ships, including the ro-ro ferries of Unity Line, Polferries and Stena Line which operate the Poland – Scandinavia passenger lines.
-
Water transport in Poland
Main trading artery Vistula river in Poland, Oder river:
Major Polish cities connected by the Vistula river
as the Vistula river with a drainage basin reaching into three other nations together with its tributaries connects dozens of country's cities
-
The Oder river in southern and western Poland is navigable over a large part of its total length
Main seaports and harbors in Poland:
Main seaports and harbors in Poland
Tourism in Poland:
Tourism in Poland
, part of the global tourism market with constantly increasing number of visitors, contributing to the country's overall economy. The most popular cities are Kraków, Warsaw, Wroclaw, Gdansk, Poznan, Szczecin, Lublin, Torun, Zakopane, the Salt Mine in Wieliczka and the historic site of Auschwitz, the NSDAP-ruled German empire's concentration camp in Oswiecim. The best recreational destinations include Poland's Masurian Lake District, Baltic Sea coast, Tatra Mountains (the highest mountain range of Carpathians), Sudetes and Bialowieza Forest.
Banking and banks of Poland:
Banks of Poland
Since 1945 National Bank of Poland:
Since 1945 National Bank of Poland, that controls the issuing of Poland's currency, the Polish zloty. The Bank is headquartered in Warsaw, and has branches in 16 major Polish cities. The NBP represents Poland in the European System of Central Banks, an EU organization
Stock exchanges in Poland:
Stock exchanges in Poland
Poland, the euro and Law and Justice Party's nationalistic reasons:
Poland and the euro in the EU since 2000/2001, as Poland does not use the euro as its currency. But under the terms of their 'Treaty of Accession with the European Union', all new Member States 'shall participate in the Economic and Monetary Union from the date of accession as a Member State with a derogation', which means that Poland is obliged to eventually replace its currency, the zloty, with the euro. 20 years after its intoduction in the EU, there is no target date for Polish euro adoption, and no fixed date for when the country will join ERM-II, as Euro adoption will require the approval of at least two-thirds of the Sejm to make a constitutional amendment changing the official currency from the zloty to the euro, but the 2020s ruling 'Law and Justice Party' opposes euro adoption for nationalistic reasons
Economic history of Poland and economic cycles:
Economic history of Poland
Economic history in the period from 1989 to 2018:
Economic growth in the period from 1989 to 2018, as Poland's GDP increased by 826.96%in after the abolishment of autocratic rule in Polsnd and eastern Europe
Main economic indicators between 1980 and 2020:
'Wikipedia' listed data show the main economic indicators between 1980 and 2020, showing significant decline in 2020 amid covid-19 pandemic since the beginning of the 2020s
21st century Polish property bubble:
21st century Polish property bubble, as real estate prices rose drastically from 2002 to 2008 in Poland
Since 2020 covid-19 pandemic's serious influence on the Polish economy:
Since 2020 covid-19 pandemic and the isolation measures in response to it had a serious influence on the Polish economy, especially commerce, tourism and the hospitality industries
December 2021 OECD's quarterly national accounts including Poland:
4 December 2021 OECD's quarterly national accounts including Poland, quarterly growth rates of real GDP, change over previous quarter
Unemployment in Poland:
Unemployment in Poland, history in the 21st century, regional distribution, reasons and consequences
Poverty and income inequality in Poland:
Poverty and income inequality in Poland
Welfare in Poland:
Welfare in Poland
Budget,debt and taxation in Poland:
Budget and debt in Poland
-
Taxation in
Poland
Politics of Poland:
Politics of Poland
-
1997
Constitution
of Poland
Political parties in Poland:
Political parties in Poland
Trade unions in Poland:
Trade unions in Poland
-
History of trade unions in Poland
Since 1791 constitutions of Poland:
Constitutions of Poland since 1791
21st century elections and politics in Poland:
Elections
in Poland
-
Präsidentschaftswahl in Polen 2010
-
Selbstverwaltungswahlen in Polen 2010
2011 Polish parliamentary election:
Polish parliamentary election 9 October 2011
-
10 October: Donald Tusk claims victory after lead in polls
10/24 May 2015 Polish presidential election:
10 May 2015 Polish presidential election
-
11 May: Polish President Komorowski came second behind his opponent Duda in the first round and must now face him in a run-off
-
25 May 2015: Poland elects right-wing president Duda who criticized predecessor’s apologies to Jews, as the Civic Platform party has been hurt by corruption scandals and many Poles are angry that the economic growth has only not trickled down to many Poles, with low wages and job insecurity
September 2015 Referendum in Poland:
6 September 2015 Polish referendum, asking voters whether they approve of introducing single-member constituencies for Sejm elections, maintaining state financing of political parties and introducing a presumption in favour of the taxpayer in disputes over the tax law
25 October 2015 Polish parliamentary election:
25 October 2015 Polish parliamentary election
-
26 October: In Poland election Eurosceptics claim victory
on anti-refugee rhetoric and welfare promises
December 2015:
24 décembre 2015: Le Sénat polonais a approuvé jeudi une loi très controversée sur le Tribunal constitutionne contre l'avis de L'UE
-
30/31 December: New media law gives Polish government control of state-run television and radio
,
neglecting existing EU rules on media freedoms
2015/2016 Polish Constitutional Court crisis:
2015/2016 Polish Constitutional Court crisis - the ruling 'Law and Justice' party changed the court's decision-making power by prescribing a two-third majority vote and mandatory participation of at least 13 of the 15 judges on the Constitutional Tribunal, causing domestic and international protests
2016:
9 March 2016: Poland’s constitutional court has struck down a set of government reforms concerning its judges that have paralysed the country’s top court, but the government said that it would not recognise the ruling
December 2017:
7 December 2017: Poland's finance minister Morawiecki to replace Beata Szydlo as PM as administration gears up for series of elections
February 2018:
18 February 2018: Polish PM Morawiecki drew fresh criticism for paying his respects at the grave of Polish fighters who collaborated with Nazi Germany during World War II, hours after sparking outrage for claiming that Jews were involved in perpetrating the Holocaust
October 2018 Polish local elections:
21. Oktober 2018 Selbstverwaltungswahlen in Polen
-
21 October 2018: Poland’s ruling Law and Justice party PiS won Sunday’s local elections with a worse-than-expected result, as a coalition led by the main opposition Civic Platform came second with 24.7% and the agrarian Polish People’s Party took 16.6%, heralding a fierce contest for European, parliamentary and presidential votes in 2019 and 2020
August 2019 Duda government invites rabbi Michael Schudrich to honor 'Holy Cross Mountains Brigade':
7 August 2019: Polish Duda government invites rabbi Michael Schudrich to event honoring accused Nazi collaborators, who says he felt 'insulted' by the invitation, blasting ceremony
for Swietokrzyska Brigade and condemning ‘dangerous’ historical revisionism
8 August 2019 Marshal of the Sejm Marek Kuchcinski resigns:
8 août 2019: Le président conservateur de la chambre basse du parlement polonais Marek Kuchcinski a annoncé jeudi sa démission pour avoir utilisé des avions gouvernementaux une centaine de fois à des fins personnelles
11 August 2019:
11 August 2019: Polish president, ruling party officials honors World War II group that collaborated with Nazis
3 September 2019:
3 September 2019: Pro-European opposition coalition in Poland has announced unexpectedly that its candidate for prime minister as the country heads toward an October election will be the deputy parliamentary speaker Malgorzata Kidawa-Blonska
October 2019 Polish parliamentary election:
13 October 2019 Polish parliamentary election
-
14 October 2019: Poland’s ruling nationalist Law and Justice party has won Sunday’s parliamentary election, doing better than when it swept to power four years ago, according to nearly complete results
27 January 2020 Holocaust survivors gather at the former German Auschwitz death camp:
27 January 2020: 75 years after the liberation of Auschwitz, Holocaust survivors gather
at the former German Nazi death camp to honor its over 1.1 million mostly Jewish victims and to share their testimony as a stark warning amid a recent surge of anti-Semitic attacks on both sides of the Atlantic and especially fresh concerns over anti-Semitism in Europe
,
after war criminal Novichok-Putin, falsely accusing Poland of colluding with German Nazi dictator Hitler and contributing to the outbreak of World War II, spoke in Jerusalem on 23 January
,
and as Germany since 1961 refuses to rename Nazi general Erwin Rommel
barracks in Augustdorf
,
continuing Nazi propaganda, misleading and indoctrinating young people and generations
,
as neo-Nazis and AfD since 2015 got stronger in Germany
and elsewhere
June 2020 Polish presidential election:
June 2020 Polish presidential election
-
28 June 2020: Voting is under way in Poland’s presidential election, with the incumbent Duda up against a field of challengers including the liberal mayor of Warsaw, Rafal Trzaskowsk
12 July 2020 second round with Warsaw mayor Rafal Trzaskowski in presidential runoff:
29 June 2020: Duda forced into second round against liberal challenger and Warsaw mayor Rafal Trzaskowski in presidential runoff on 12 July
-
11 July 2020: Ahead of election, Polish president rejects Holocaust restitution claims, as Andrzej Duda vows no reparations for assets seized from Jews during World War II
12 July 2020 Poles go to polls to vote:
12 July 2020: Poles go to polls to vote in tight presidential runoff, as liberal Warsaw mayor Rafal Trzaskowski seeks to upset conservative incumbent Duda, as first official results only expected Monday morning
13 July 2020 Andrzej Duda has won Poland’s presidential election:
13 July 2020: Andrzej Duda has won Poland’s presidential election, after results gave the incumbent 51.2% of votes with almost all the ballots counted, the national electoral commission said, as his Liberal challenger and mayor of Warsaw trailed with 48.8%
25 January 2022 Poland begins work on a new euro wall along the Belarus border:
25 January 2022: Polish contractors have begun work on a new 353 million euro wall along the Belarus border aimed at deterring refugee crossings following a crisis in the area last year, as 5.5-metre-high wall along 186km of the border has raised human rights concerns over how refugees will be able to seek asylum as well as environmental worries about the effect on wildlife along the mostly forested border
Protests in Poland:
Protests in Poland
-
Polish trade union Solidarity
2012/2013 trade unions protest:
29 September 2012: Tens of thousands of opponents of Poland's centrist government massed in the capital for a protest called by trade unions and a catholic movement
-
14 September 2013: Tens of thousands of Polish trade unionists are set to march through the capital in the finale of a four-day protest against the unpopular and increasingly fragile centre-right government
2015 protest against Polish Eurosceptic government:
13 December 2015: Thousands march against Polish Eurosceptic government over constitution spat
-
20 December: Thousands of Poles have protested against the country's new government for the second time this month over constitutional row
-
24 December: Poland's former president Lech Walesa warns over democracy in Poland, urging new election
2016 pro-democracy protests:
10 January 2016: Thousands on the streets of Poland across the country condemning new media law as government power grab
-
11 January 2016: At various centres, Polish journalists protest at state control of public broadcasting
-
23 January: Thousands of Poles marched through Warsaw to protests against their new conservative government's plan to increase its surveillance powers following moves to take more control of the judiciary and the media
-
27 February: Tens of thousands of anti-government protesters rally for 'free and open Poland'
-
11 March: After Polish PM is refused to publish a ruling of the country's Constitutional Tribunal, protesters in favour of the court projected passages from the ruling onto the walls of the prime minister's chancellery on Wednesday night
-
12/13 March 2016: Tens of thousands of people took to the streets in the Polish capital Warsaw, in Poznan and Wroclaw
against the government's collision course with the country's top court to undermine judicial independence
-
7 mai 2016: Plus de 240'000 manifestants à Varsovie souhaitent que la place de la Pologne soit préservée en Europe, montrant du doigt les conservateurs au pouvoir
-
5 June: Former presidents lead 50,000 marchers in Warsaw in pro-democracy protests
-
13 December 2016: Thousands protest against Law and Justice party threatening to reverse democratic gains made since 1989
-
17 December 2016: Mass protests in Poland over media restrictions
2017 defense of liberties:
6 mai 2017: Plusieurs dizaines de milliers de personnes ont manifesté samedi à Varsovie pour 'défendre la liberté', menacée par le pouvoir conservateur nationaliste de Kaczynski
-
18 July 2017: Demonstrations took place at the weekend to protest against a series of moves by the ruling 'Law and Justice party' to assume power over the appointments of judges and members of the country’s supreme court
-
22 July 2017: Tens of thousands of protesters gathered in Warsaw and cities across Poland for candlelit vigils to protest as the senate approved a supreme court overhaul, defying the EU and critics at home who say the legislation will undermine democratic checks and balances
-
23 July 2017: Protesters across Poland warn of impending dictatorship
July 2018 protest against government's power over court appointments:
27 July 2018: Thousands of protesters have rallied in central Warsaw chanting 'Shame!' after Poland's president granted the nationalist government more power over court appointments
December 2018:
8 décembre 2018: Plus d'un millier de manifestants ont traversé samedi Katowice dans le sud de la Pologne pour demander aux participants à la conférence mondiale COP-24 d'agir rapidement en faveur du climat
January 2019 protest against stabbing of mayor Pawel Adamowicz:
19 January 2019: Thousands of people from across Poland, joint by Polish and European officials, attend the funeral of Pawel Adamowicz, the mayor of the northern city of Gdansk, who died on Monday after being stabbed the night before at a charity event
May 2019 demonsration to support EU membership:
18 May 2019: Thousands are marching in the Polish capital to celebrate the nation’s European Union membership ahead of key European Parliament elections
30 October 2020 thousands protest against tightened abortion law:
30 October 2020: Pro-choice supporters hold biggest-ever protest against Polish government, as about 100,00o people take to the streets of Warsaw to oppose tightened abortion law
11 October 2021 more than 100,000 Poles have rallied in support of EU membership:
11 October 2021: More than 100,000 Poles have rallied in support of EU membership after a controversial court ruling raised concerns the country could eventually leave the bloc, as protest organisers said demonstrations took place in more than 100 Polish towns and cities on Sunday, and several cities abroad
Society, demographics, culture, human rights and religion in Poland:
Polish society
-
Human rights in Poland
-
Religion in Poland
Voivodeships, counties and cities of Poland:
Administrative divisions of Poland
-
16
Voivodeships
of Poland
-
314 'land
counties
' (powiaty ziemskie) and 66 'city counties' (powiaty grodzkie)
-
Land counties of Poland by Voivodeship
-
Counties of Poland by city
Cities and towns in Poland:
List of
cities and towns
in Poland
-
Cities and towns in Poland by Voivodeship
-
Economies by city in Poland
-
Port cities and towns in Poland
West Pomeranian Voivodeship:
West Pomeranian Voivodeship
in northwestern Poland. Its capital and largest city is Szczecin, as territory's area equals 22 892.48 km² and in 2021, it was inhabited by 1 682 003 people. It borders on Pomeranian Voivodeship to the east, Greater Poland Voivodeship to the southeast, Lubusz Voivodeship to the south, the German federal-states of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania and Brandenburg to the west, and the Baltic Sea to the north.
Pomeranian Voivodeship:
Pomeranian Voivodeship
in northwestern Poland with the provincial capital Gdansk. It is bordered by West Pomeranian Voivodeship to the west, Greater Poland and Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeships to the south, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship to the east, and the Baltic Sea to the north. It also shares a short land border with Kaliningrad oblast and city (belonging since 1945 to the Soviet Union) on the Vistula Spit. The voivodeship comprises most of Pomerelia (the easternmost part of historical Pomerania), as well as an area east of the Vistula River
Gdansk city:
Gdansk city
, a Polish city on the Baltic coast with a population of 464,254 inhabitants, Poland's principal seaport and the centre of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area, also the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and of Kashubia
-
History of Gdansk
Economy of Gdansk:
Economy of Gdansk
Timeline of Gdansk since early Middle Ages:
Timeline of Gdansk since early Middle Ages
20th century history of Gdansk and NSDAP ruled German empire's 1938-1945 World War II:
20th century history of Gdansk and NSDAP ruled German empire's 1938-1945 World War II, as - following the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland - Germany in October 1938 urged the Danzig territory's cession to Germany. On 1 September 1939 Nazi Germany invaded Poland, initiating World War II. On 2 September 1939 Germany officially annexed the Free City. The Nazi regime murdered the Polish postmen defending the Polish Post Office, one of the first war crimes during the war. Other Polish soldiers defending the Westerplatte stronghold surrendered after seven days of fighting. Kazimierz Rasinski was brutally tortured by Germans and murdered when he refused to reveal Polish communication codes. On 7 September NSDAP organised night parade on Adolf-Hitlerstrasse to celebrate success
-
With the start of the war the Nazi regime began its policy of extermination in Pomerania. Poles, Kashubians and Jews and the political opposition were sent to concentration camps, especially neighbouring Stutthof where 85,000 victims perished. Kashubian and Polish intelligentsia were killed in the Piasnica mass murder site, which is estimated to have had 60,000 victims. In the city itself hundreds of prisoners were subjected to cruel Nazi executions and experiments, which included castration of men and sterilization of women considered dangerous to the 'purity of Nordic race' and beheading by guillotine. The courts and judicial system in the annexed territories of Nazi Germany was one of the main ways to legislate an extermination policy against ethnic Poles. On 30 March 1945 the Soviet Red Army occupied Danzig.
21st century timeline of Gdansk:
21st century timeline of Gdansk
Since March 2017 Museum of the Second World War opened in Gdansk:
On 23 March 2017 Museum of the Second World War opened in Gdansk
January 2019 stabbing of Gdansk's mayor Pawel Adamowicz at a charity event:
13 January 2019 stabbing of Pawel Adamowicz
-
14 January 2019: Pawel Adamowicz, the mayor of the Polish city of Gdansk, has died after he was stabbed in the chest on stage at a charity concert
-
19 January 2019: Thousands of people from across Poland, joint by Polish and European officials, attend the funeral of Pawel Adamowicz, the mayor of the northern city of Gdansk, who died on Monday after being stabbed the night before at a charity event
1–19 September 2021 Men's European Volleyball Championship co-hosted in Gdansk:
1–19 September 2021 Men's European Volleyball Championship organised by Europe's volleyball body CEV, as for the second time, the EuroVolley was held in four countries including Poland, Czech Republic, Estonia and Finland
Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship:
Since 1999
Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
in northeastern Poland. Its capital and largest city is Olsztyn. The voivodeship has an area of 24,192 km2 and a population of 1,425,967 citizens in 2019
Olsztyn city:
Olsztyn city
on the Lyna River in northern Poland and the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. The population of the city was estimated at 171,249 residents in 2020. Founded as Allenstein in the 14th century, Olsztyn was under the control and influence of the Teutonic Order until 1463, when it passed to the Polish Crown, what was then confirmed in the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region linking Warsaw with Königsberg. Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772 Warmia was annexed by Prussia and ceased to be the property of the clergy. In the 19th century the city changed its status completely, becoming the most prominent economic hub of the southern part of the province of East Prussia. The construction of a railway and early industrialisation greatly contributed to Olsztyn's significance. Following World War II, the city returned to Poland in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement
Stebark village, the 1410 'Battle of Grunwald' and WWI's August 1914 'Battle of Tannenberg':
Stebark village
(German 'Tannenberg'), a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grunwald, within Ostróda County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. The village is chiefly known for two historic battles which took place there, the
1410 'Battle of Grunwald'
and the 26–30 August 1914 '
Battle of Tannenberg
' in German emmpire's World War I
Lubusz voivodeship:
Lubusz voivodeship
in western Poland recalling the historic Lubusz Land name, although parts of the voivodeship belong to the historic regions of Silesia, Greater Poland and Lusatia. Until 1945, it mainly formed the Neumark within the Prussian Province of Brandenburg, today bordering West Pomeranian Voivodeship to the north, Greater Poland Voivodeship to the east, Lower Silesian Voivodeship to the south, and Germany (Brandenburg and Saxony) to the west.
Greater Poland Voivodeship:
Greater Poland Voivodeship
- also known as Wielkopolska Voivodeship - in west-central Poland, created in 1999 out of the former Poznan, Kalisz, Konin, Pila and Leszno Voivodeships. The province is named after the region called Greater Poland or Wielkopolska, as the modern province includes most of this historic region, except for some western parts. It is second in area and third in population among Poland's sixteen voivodeships, with an area of 29,826 square km and a population of close to 3.5 million inhabitants. Its capital city is Poznan, as other important cities include Kalisz, Konin, Pila, Ostrów Wielkopolski, Gniezno (an early capital of Poland) and Leszno. It is bordered by seven other voivodeships including West Pomeranian to the northwest, Pomeranian to the north, Kuyavian-Pomeranian to the north-east, Lódz to the south-east, Opole to the south, Lower Silesian to the southwest and Lubusz to the west.
Lódz city:
Lódz city
, the third-largest city in Poland and former industrial hub with a population of 687,702 inhabitants in 2018, located in the central part of the country approximately 120 kilometres south-west of Warsaw
Economy and infrastructure of Lódz:
Economy and infrastructure of Lódz
Education in Lódz:
Education in Lódz, schools and universities, including the University of Lódz, Technical University of Lódz, Medical University of Lódz, National Film School in Lódz and the Academy of Fine Arts and Design, as number of students in the higher education establishments in Lódz is still growing, educating in the first quarter of the 21st century 113,000 students from Poland and other countries
History of Lódz:
History of Lódz, as the city is located in central Poland and for hundreds of years it was a non-important village. The big change arrived at the first quarter of the 19th century when it was decided on a massive industrialization program and transformation of the town to a large industrial center
Timeline of Lódz:
Timeline of Lódz since 18th century
1793 Lódz becomes part of expanding Prussia:
1793 Lódz becomes part of South Prussia with a population of 190 citizens, amid the expansion of the Kingdom of Prussia, and as Poland ceased to exist as an independent state for 123 years with its territory and its native population split between the Habsburg Monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire
1815 Lódz becomes part of Russian client state Congress Poland:
1815 Lódz becomes part of Russian client state
Congress Poland 1815–1867/1915
per Congress of Vienna
Since 1824 'Ksiezy Mlyn' area of textile factories in Lódz:
Since 1824 'Ksiezy Mlyn', an area in the southern central part of Lódz which consists of a group of textile factories - mainly cotton spinning mills - and associated facilities, since the first decade of the 21st century the area undergoes major renovation and contains mixed-use development of offices and housing
1861-1939 Stara Synagogue, Lódz's principal Orthodox synagogue:
1861-1939 Stara Synagogue, Lódz's principal Orthodox synagogue
1899-1939 Ezras Izrael Synagogue in Lódz:
Since 1899 Ezras Izrael Synagogue in Lódz, built from donations by the Jewish merchants including those expelled from Tsarist Lithuania and Belarus area, but burned to the ground by the Nazis on 11 November 1939 before the Lódz Ghetto was set up
June 1905 Lódz insurrection by Polish workers during the Russian Revolution:
June 1905 Lódz insurrection, an uprising by Polish workers in Lódz against the Russian Empire and one of the largest disturbances in the Russian-controlled Congress Poland during the Russian Revolution of 1905, as Poland was a major center of revolutionary fighting in the Russian Empire in 1905–1907, and the Lódz insurrection was a key incident in those events as common demands were the improvement of workers' living conditions and greater rights for the Polish population, but insurgents were poorly armed and overwhelmed by the tsarist regular military
November-December 1914 Battle of Lódz following German aggession since August:
November-December 1914 Battle of Lódz, fought between the German empire's Ninth Army, commanded by generals Erich Ludendorff and Mackensen and the Russian First, Second, and Fifth Armies, as assaulted forces counted 110,000 killed, wounded or captured soldiers
6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of ill prepared Poland after French and British pressure not to mobilize:
6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of Poland, fought between the armies of Poland and Nazi Germany in World War II, after reason for Poland's late and insufficient mobilization was pressure from the French and the British not to mobilize, and as since 29 August 1939, when the Poles re—started the mobilization against advice from Paris and London, it was too late
-
Since 1938 'Western betrayal' (and earlier) concerning the fact that France, the United Kingdom, and sometimes the USA failed to meet their legal, diplomatic, military, and moral obligations with respect to the Czechoslovak and Polish states during the prelude to and aftermath of World War II, also sometimes referring to the treatment of other Central and Eastern European states at the time
,
enabling World War II that lasted from 1939 to 1945
,
the Holocaust by Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe
,
and the August 1945 atomic bombings forcing Japanese war criminals to surrender
1940 Lódz (renamed 'Litzmannstadt') an important industrial city for the German war machine:
By 1940 the city of Lódz was renamed Litzmannstadt and became an important industrial city for the German war machine, as munitions and uniforms were manufactured in the newly established 'Ghetto Litzmannstadt' by Jewish slave labor, as Jews from Poland, Germany, Benelux and Czechoslovakia as well as Roma people from Austria were brought to live and work there in appalling conditions, while most of them were taken for extermination in the Nazi death camps, until Lódz was taken by the Soviet Army on 17 January 1945, and only 877 Jews survived to the moment of liberation from emerging and perishing German empire since 1793, 1848/1871, 1914 and 1939
Since February 1940 Lódz Ghetto, camp for Polish children, deportations:
Since February 1940 Lódz Ghetto, established by the German authorities for Polish Jews and Roma, the second-largest ghetto in all of German-occupied Europe after the Warsaw Ghetto, originally intended as a preliminary step upon a more extensive plan of creating the Judenfrei province of Warthegau, then the ghetto was transformed into a major industrial centre, manufacturing war supplies for Nazi Germany and especially for the Wehrmacht, as the number of people incarcerated in it was increased further by the Jews deported from the Third Reich territories
Forms of resistance in the Lódz Ghetto and within other ghettos:
Forms of resistance in the Lódz Ghetto and within other ghettos
-
After the Germans in 1942 ordered the final liquidation of the ghettos, residents recognized the imminence of their deaths and they resisted in the forests, in the ghettos, and even in the death camps, mocked by their murderers claiming their inability to resist, as Nazi followers and protectors even today in Germany and elsewhere agree, or require understanding and dialogue with the Nazis, criticize resistance and resistance's violence that is only a response, or do not take a stand
Since 1945 University of Lódz:
Since 1945 University of Lódz, founded as a continuation of educational institutions functioning in Lódz in the interwar period, including the Teacher Training Institute 1921–1928, the Higher School of Social and Economic Sciences 1924–1928 and a division of the Free Polish University 1928–1939, and as a result of widespread cooperation with universities all over the world, including Université Jean Moulin Lyon, University of Texas at Austin, University of Baltimore, University of Maryland, Centria University of Applied Sciences Finland, students of the University of Lódz can graduate with dual diplomas
February 1971 Lódz textile workers' strike:
February 1971 Lódz strikes, when textile workers began a strike action, in which the majority of participants were women, the only industrial action in pre-1980 Communist Poland that ended as a success
Since 2006 'Manufaktura' arts centre, shopping mall, and leisure complex:
Since 2006 'Manufaktura', an arts centre, shopping mall, and leisure complex in Lódz, and a major tourist asset of the city, including the largest public square in Lódz, which acts as a venue for cultural and sports event
May 2019 effigy of late Polish Jewish communist Jakub Berman hung on gallows at former Lodz Ghetto:
2 May 2019: Effigy of late Polish Jewish communist Jakub Berman hung on gallows at former Lodz Ghetto, outside the headquarters of the city’s police station, as activist who says he is working to 'liberate Poland from American Jews occupation' shouted 'I did it, I hung a Jew'
Poznan city:
Poznan city
, one of the oldest cities in Poland on the River Warta in west-central Poland, within the Greater Poland region. The city is an important cultural and business centre, and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs, as among its most important heritage sites are the Renaissance Old Town, Town Hall and Gothic Cathedral. Poznan is the fifth-largest Polish city with a population of 529,410 citizens in 2021, while the 'Metropolia Poznan', comprising Poznan County and several other communities, is inhabited by over 1.1 million people. It is one of four historical capitals of medieval Poland and the ancient capital of the Greater Poland region, currently the administrative capital of the province called Greater Poland Voivodeship. In the 21st century Poznan is a center of trade, technology, education, tourism and sports. It is an important academic site, with about 130,000 students and Adam Mickiewicz University, the third largest Polish university. The city serves as the seat of the oldest Polish diocese, now being one of the most populous Catholic archdioceses in the country. The city also hosts the Poznan International Fair – the biggest industrial fair in Poland and one of the largest fairs in Europe. The city's other renowned landmarks include the National Museum, Grand Theatre, Fara Church and the Imperial Castle.
Economy, culture, education and science of/in Poznan city:
Economy, culture, education and science of/in Poznan city
Since 968 timeline and history of Poznan city:
Timeline of Poznan city since 968, as the town in 1253 gains Magdeburg rights
-
History of Poznan city
1918–1919 Greater Poland uprising against German rule, reconstituted Second Polish Republic:
1918–1919 Greater Poland uprising against German rule. The uprising had a significant effect on the Treaty of Versailles, which granted a reconstituted Second Polish Republic the area won by the Polish insurrectionists. The region had been part of the Kingdom of Poland and then Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth before the
1793 Second Partition of Poland
when it was annexed by the German Kingdom of Prussia. It had also, following the 1806 Greater Poland uprising, been part of the Duchy of Warsaw 1807–1815, a French puppet state during the Napoleonic Wars.
Since 1921 Poznan International Fair:
Since 1921 Poznan International Fair, the biggest industrial fair in Poland, located in the centre of the city opposite the main railway station Poznan Glówny, in the centre of Poland and in the centre of Europe
Since 1939 Poznanskie Slowiki - Poznan Nightingales:
Since 1939 Poznanskie Slowiki - Poznan Nightingales -, a leading Polish choir founded when the Germans expelled the priest of Poznan Cathedral Gieburowski, and when the choirboy Stefan Stuligrosz then aged 19 took up running of choir in Gieburowski's name. After the war the choir was recognised and in 1950 became the Boys' and Men's Choir of the Poznan Philharmonic. The choir toured the USA in 1963 and many countries worldwide thereafter
September/October 1939 – 1944 'Konzentrationslager Posen' Nazi German death camp:
September/October 1939 – 1944 'Konzentrationslager Posen'
Nazi German death camp set up in German-occupied Poland during World War II
. The prisoners were mostly Poles from the Wielkopolska region. Many were representatives of the region's intelligentsia, often people who had been engaged in social and political life, as well as known Polish patriots and veterans of the Wielkopolska Uprising 1918–1919 and Silesian Uprisings. In the early stages of the camp's existence prisoners were generally executed within a week of arrival. In October 1939 an early experiment in execution by gas chamber was carried out by an SS chemist Dr. August Becker, whereby around 400 patients and staff from psychiatric hospitals in Poznan were gassed at Bunker No. 17. The extermination of mentally ill was conducted by SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Lange of the Gestapo in occupied Poznan. Lange served with Einsatzgruppe VI during Operation Tannenberg. He and his men were responsible also for the murder of 2,750 patients at Koscian, about 1,100 patients at Owinska, as well as 1,558 patients and 300 civilian Poles at Dzialdowo. Prisoners in the following period included political and military activists in the Polish Underground State, as in April 1944 Fort VII became
a
Telefunken factory
producing radio equipment for submarines and aircraft
1956 Poznan protests, the Poznan June:
1956 Poznan protests, the Poznan June, the first of several massive protests against the government of the Polish People's Republic, as demonstrations by workers demanding better working conditions began on 28 June 1956 at Poznan's Cegielski Factories but were met with violent repression. About 100,000 people gathered in the city centre near the local Ministry of Public Security building, when 400 tanks and 10,000 soldiers of the Polish military and the Internal Security Corps were ordered to suppress the demonstration, firing at the protesting civilians, causing dozens of victims and over a hundred injured people, including a 13-year-old boy. The Poznan protests were an important milestone on the way to the Polish October and the installation of a less Soviet-controlled government.
December 2008 UN Climate Change Conference at Poznan International Fair Congress Centre:
2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference at Poznan International Fair Congress Centre between 1 December and 12 December 2008, as representatives from over 180 countries attended along with observers from intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations
-
Since 1997 United Nations climate change conferences
7-21 October 2022 Poznan 16th International Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition:
7-21 October 2022 Poznan 16th International Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship:
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
in mid-northern Poland, on the boundary between the two historic regions from which it takes its name, Kuyavia and Pomerania. Its two chief cities, serving as the province's joint capitals, are Bydgoszcz and Torun.
Masovian Voivodeship:
Masovian Voivodeship
, the largest and most populous of the 16 Polish voivodeships with 5,411,446 inhabitants in 2019. Its principal cities are Warsaw with 1.783 million inhabitants in the centre of the Warsaw metropolitan area, Radom city with 212,230 inhabitants in the south, Plock city with 119,709 inhabitants in the west, Siedlce city with 77,990 citizens in the east, and Ostroleka with 52,071 citizens in the north. The capital of the voivodeship is the national capital Warsaw.
Masovian Voivodeship includes 42 powiats and 88 cities and towns:
As Masovian Voivodeship is divided into 42 powiats (counties), 5 miasto na prawach powiatu (city counties) and 37 powiat ziemski (land counties) - further subdivided into 314 gminas, which include 85 'urban gminas' -, the voivodeship contains 88 cities and towns, listed by 'Wikipedia' in descending order of population and according to official figures for 2019
Warsaw city:
Warsaw city
, the capital and largest city of Poland, its population is estimated at 1.750 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 3.101 million residents in the 2020s
Economy of Warwaw:
Economy of
Warsaw
Timeline and history of Warsaw:
Timeline of Warsaw
-
History of Warsaw
Since the Middle Ages city of Warsaw:
Since the Middle Ages the city of Warsaw evolved from a cluster of villages to the capital of a major European power, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
November 1794 Battle of Praga and Russian victory:
November 1794 Battle of Praga, or the Second Battle of Warsaw, a Russian assault of Praga, the easternmost suburb of Warsaw, during the Kosciuszko Uprising, followed by a massacre of the civilian population of Praga
November Uprising 1830–1831 against the Russian Empire:
November Uprising 1830–1831, an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire, that began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw
January Uprising 1863-1864 against the Russian Empire:
January Uprising 1863-1864, an insurrection instigated principally in the Russian Partition of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against its occupation by the Russian Empire
Polish Revolution of 1905:
Polish Revolution of 1905 against the Russian Empire, as in 1905 and 1906 close to 7,000 strikes and other work stoppages occurred involving 1,3 million Poles, protesters demanded both improved conditions for workers and more political freedom for the Poles, and Russian empire contributed by trying to incite some anti-Jewish pogroms
Since 1914/1915 German bombing and invasion of Warsaw:
After aerial bombing of the city in 1914 with airships, the German army entered Warsaw on 1 August 1915
Since 1 September 1939 Germann bombing of Warsaw:
Since 1 September 1939 Germann bombing of Warsaw in World War II refers to the aerial bombing campaign of Warsaw by the German Luftwaffe during the siege of Warsaw in the invasion of Poland in 1939, it also may refer to German bombing raids during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, as during the course of the war approximately 84% of the city was destroyed due to German mass bombings, heavy artillery fire and a planned demolition campaign
Since September 1939 German siege of Warsaw, occupation and destruction:
by
September 1939 Siege of Warsaw by
the invading German Army
-
April-May 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of Jewish resistance against Nazi Germany's final effort to transport the remaining Ghetto population to Treblinka
-
August-October 1944 Warsaw Uprising
-
German planned destruction of Warsaw
History of Warsaw since 1945:
History of Warsaw since 1945, after the bombing, the revolts, the fighting, and the demolition had ended and most of Warsaw was in ruins
13/14 February 2019 Warsaw Middle East Conference:
13/14 February 2019 Warsaw Conference, hosted by Poland and the USA the issues of the event include 'terrorism and extremism, missile development and proliferation, maritime trade and security, and threats posed by proxy groups across the region' of Middle East and especially 'Iran’s influence and terrorism in the region'
-
14 February 2019: '60 foreign ministers and representatives of dozen of governments, an Israeli PM and the foreign ministers of leading Arab countries stood together and spoke with unusual force, clarity and unity against the common threat of the Iranian regime', Israel's Netanyahu says in Warsaw
-
14 February 2019: Israel's Netanyahu on Thursday called on Arab states to continue normalizing relations with Israel, as the Iranian regime, vowing to revenge, once again tries to blame Israel and the USA
for an attack reportedly claimed by Jaish ul-Adl
April 2019:
23 April 2019: On the 76th anniversary of World War II uprising and destruction, foreign and Polish Jews gather in former Warsaw Ghetto for first seder since in 1943 the Jews imprisoned there began a bloody last stand against the Nazis, the largest single violent act of defiance by Jews during the Holocaust
June 2019 Holocaust historians divided over Warsaw ghetto museum:
22 June 2019: After the victims of German war crimes were forced to suffer the same fate, Holocaust historians divided over Warsaw ghetto museum
19 April 2020 anniversary of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising amid covid-19:
19 avril 2020: Une multitude d'hommages intimes, sur place ou depuis les lieux de confinement, ainsi que des initiatives en ligne ont remplacé dimanche les cérémonies anniversaires habituelles aux héros du soulèvement du ghetto de Varsovie de 1943, remodelées à cause de la pandémie covid-19
26 March 2022 'free world' opposes Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Joe Biden in Warsaw:
26 mars 2022: Président Joe Biden prononcera samedi en Pologne un discours au 'monde libre', qui s'oppose à l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie, et 'armée ukrainienne assure avoir détruit des chars et avions russes autour de Donetsk et Louhansk alors que Moscou affirme désormais concentrer son opération militaire à l'est de l'Ukraine, selon France24 'heure par heure'
26 March 2022 'free world' opposes Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Joe Biden in Warsaw:
26 March 2022: At Miday USA's FM Blinken and Defence Secretary Lloyd Austin meet with Ukrainian counterparts to discuss current issues, cooperation in political and defense directions, ahead of speech on Putin''s war against Ukraine, according to France24 'heure par heure'
26 March 2022 'free world' opposes Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Joe Biden in Warsaw:
26 March 2022: At Miday USA's FM Blinken and Defence Secretary Lloyd Austin meet with Ukrainian counterparts to discuss current issues, cooperation in political and defense directions, ahead of speech on Putin''s war against Ukraine, according to France24 'heure par heure'
Radom city:
Radom city
in east-central Poland, located approximately 100km south of the capital. It is situated on the Mleczna River in the Masovian Voivodeship, having previously been the seat of a separate Radom Voivodeship since 1975. Radom is the 14th largest city in Poland and the second-largest in its province with a population of 209,296 citizens as of 2020.
History of Radom city:
History of Radom city
November Polish uprising 1830–1831 against the Russian Empire:
November Uprising 1830–1831, an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire, that began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw
March-May 1848 Greater Poland uprising:
March-May 1848 Greater Poland uprising of 1848, an unsuccessful insurrection of Poles against Prussian forces, during the Spring of Nations period. While the main fighting was concentrated in the Greater Poland region, fights also occurred in other part of the Prussian Partition of Poland, and protests were held in Polish inhabited regions of Silesia
January Polish uprising 1863-1864 against the Russian Empire:
January Uprising 1863-1864, an insurrection instigated principally in the Russian Partition of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against its occupation by the Russian Empire
Polish Revolution of 1905:
Polish Revolution of 1905 against the Russian Empire, as in 1905 and 1906 close to 7,000 strikes and other work stoppages occurred involving 1,3 million Poles, protesters demanded both improved conditions for workers and more political freedom for the Poles, and Russian empire contributed by trying to incite some anti-Jewish pogroms
19th century, 20th century history of Radom city and World War I:
19th century, 20th century history of Radom city: When so-called 'Central Powers' including Austro-Hungarian and German empires began World War I in July/August 1914, Radom was a big, rapidly developing town, one of the most significant industrial centres in the whole country. However, the years 1914–1918 severely deteriorated the town's economy. In 1915, upon their withdrawal from Poland, Russians plundered Radom from machines and natural resources, while the impoverishment of the local community during the war contributed to a serious crisis in trade, crafts and services, especially since the town was no longer able to sell its products on the Russian market. As a result of World War I, in the period of the
'Second Polish Republic' since 1918, Radom became part of Kielce Voivodeship. Re-established Poland maintained moderate economic development, with cultural hubs of Poland including Warsaw, Kraków, Poznan, Wilno, Lwów becoming major European cities.
20th century history of Radom city and World War II:
20th century history of Radom city and World War II, as on 1 September 1939 - the first day of the German empire's invasion of Poland - the German air force brutally raided the city. Radom became the capital of one of the occupiers' districts of the 'General Government'. In 1941, a ghetto was established in Radom housing about 34,000 Jews. Most of the ghetto's inhabitants died in the extermination camp in Treblinka. Radom was liberated by the Red Army on 16 January 1945.
1941-1944 'Radom Ghetto' set up by German NSDAP regime:
Since March 1941 'Radom Ghetto', a Nazi ghetto set up in the city of Radom during occupation of Poland for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of Polish Jews. It was closed off from the outside officially in April 1941. A year and a half later, the liquidation of the ghetto began in August 1942, and ended in July 1944, with approximately 30,000–32,000 victims - men, women and children - deported aboard Holocaust trains to their deaths at the Treblinka extermination camp. Only a few hundred Jews from Radom survived German empire's war. Among Polish rescuers of Jews, Radom mental hospital's Dr. Jerzy Borysowicz as well as his medical staff in total secrecy organized that the Jews, including children, were receiving daily help. Borysowicz also treated Mordechai Anielewicz, leader of the Jewish Combat Organization instrumental in engineering the 'Warsaw Ghetto Uprising' in April-May 1943. Most of Jerzy Borysowicz' patients however, did not survive the Holocaust. In January 1945, the occupiers sent the last transport of prisoners from Radom to Auschwitz, but it only reached Czestochowa, while the remaining prisoners were massacred in Firlej. On 16 January 1945 the city was captured by the Soviet Red Army and then restored to Poland.
21st century history of Radom:
20th/21st century history of Radom, as in 1984, city limits were greatly expanded by including several settlements as new districts, and as Radom was one of the main centres of the strike action taken by Polish health care workers in 2007
Timeline of Radom since 1155:
Timeline of Radom since high Middle Ages
, as in 1155 Radom was first mentioned in a 'bull'
1505-1938 modern timeline of Radom:
1505-1938 modern timeline of Radom, as in 1935 Radom–Warsaw railway opened, significantly shortening rail distance between Warsaw and Kraków, and as in 1938 90,059 inhabitants lived in the city
1863-1864 uprising in Radom and following events:
1863-1864 mementos of the
uprising
also in Radom in
January 1863 until automn 1864
and the following events, including the years before its outbreak. The 1863-64 uprising was the biggest national Polish rebellious bid for independence. Representatives of all social classes joined the ranks including craftsmen, young people, even nobility and gentry. It met with wide support from international public opinion. It was a guerrilla war in which there were about 1200 battles and skirmishes. Despite initial successes, the uprising ended in failure - as since 1848 in France, Belgium, German states, Austria and whole Europe - because there was no sufficient information, discussion and therefore cooperation in the revolutionary 'party', work together between the democratic progressive opposition factions, especially without modern media later in European and global history. Tens of thousands of insurgents were killed, nearly 1000 were executed, about 38,000 were sentenced to penal servitude or sent down to Siberia, and about 10,000 emigrated. One of the positive effects of the uprising was the affranchisement of peasants which was carried out more radically than anywhere else in this part of Europe
1939-1945 timeline of Radom in Word War II:
1939-1945 timeline of Radom in Word War II, see '20th century history of Radom city and World War II' described in the text above
Since 1945 contemporary timeline of Radom:
Since 1945 contemporary timeline of Radom
In 2007 Radom was one of the main centres of the strike action taken by Polish health care workers:
In 2007 Radom was one of the main centres of the strike action taken by Polish health care workers after in January 1999 the 'Law on the Universal Health Insurance' had come into force, replacing the system of general tax financing based on budgetary rules for resource allocation with a system of financing from health contributions, based on social health insurance rules
Since 2007 Radom Chamber Orchestra:
Since January 2007 Radom Chamber Orchestra, known in Polish as Radomska Orkiestra Kameralna, established as a municipal cultural organisation in 2007 by the Radom city authorities, and made up today of sixteen musicians
2021–2022 Belarus–EU border refugee and migrant crisis involving West Asia's war regions:
2021–2022 Belarus–EU border crisis, a migrant crisis consisting of an influx of several tens of thousands of immigrants, primarily from West Asia's war regions, with smaller groups hailing from elsewhere in Asia and from parts of Africa to
Lithuania, Latvia, and Poland
via those countries' borders with Belarus. The crisis was triggered by the severe deterioration in Belarus–EU relations, following the 2020 Belarusian regime polls, in connection the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests and more
Since February 2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis in Europe espially involving Poland:
2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis, an ongoing refugee crisis in Europe since late February 2022 after Russian Putin regime's invasion of Ukraine. Almost 4.8 million refugees have since left Ukraine (as of 15 April 2022), while an estimated 7.1 million people have been displaced within the country (as of 1 April 2022). In total, more than ten million people – approximately one-quarter of the country's total population – had left their homes in Ukraine by 20 March. 90% of Ukrainian refugees are women and children.
Lublin Voivodeship:
Lublin Voivodeship
located in southeastern Poland, that was created in January 1999 out of the former Lublin, Chelm, Zamosc, Biala Podlaska and (partially) Tarnobrzeg and Siedlce Voivodeships. The region is named after its largest city and regional capital Lublin, and its territory is made of four historical lands.
Lublin city:
Lublin city
, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical 'Lesser Poland'. In the 21st century it is the capital and the center of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 338,586 citizens in 2020, the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River and about 170km to the southeast of Warsaw by road. Since 1385 the city developped within the Polish-Lithuanian Union of Krewo, and thrived as a centre of trade and commerce due to its strategic location on the route between Vilnius and Kraków. Its inhabitants had the privilege of free trade in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Lublin Parliament session of 1569 led to the creation of a real union between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, thus creating the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Lublin witnessed the early stages of Reformation in the 16th century. Jews established a widely respected yeshiva, Jewish hospital, synagogue, cemetery, and education centre and built the Grodzka Gate, the Jewish Gate, in the historic district. Jews were a vital part of the city's life until the Holocaust, during which they were relocated by Nazi Germany to the infamous Lublin Ghetto and ultimately murdered.
Economy and infrastructure of Lublin:
Economy and infrastructure of Lublin, as large car factory Fabryka Samochodów Ciezarowych acquired by the South Korean Daewoo in the 1990s related to the Asian financial crisis practically collapsed. Efforts to restart its van production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company to keep its prime market. With the decline of Lublin as a regional industrial centre, the city's economy has been reoriented toward service industries, and currently, the largest employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
History of Lublin city in the 19th, 20th and 21st century:
History of Lublin city in the 19th and early 20th century, during NSDAP-ruled German empire's WWII until 1945 and in the post-war period
Timeline of Lublin since 501 AD, creation of settlements:
Timeline of Lublin since 501 AD with the creation of 'Czwartek', considered the oldest early medieval settlement of Lublin. Archaeological excavations have revealed the remains of 20 residential half-dugouts and several cavities of an economic nature.
Early 20th century timeline of Lublin:
Early 20th century timeline of Lublin, as in 1909 its population was 65,870 citizens and in July 1918 the Catholic University of Lublin was established
20th century timeline of Lublin, Nazi Germany's World War II and liberation by the Soviet army:
20th century timeline of Lublin, as on 4/% part of the Polish gold reserve was evacuated from Warsaw to Lublin by the Polish government during the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, as on 7/8 September the Polish gold reserve was evacuated further east to Luck (today in Ukraine assaulted by Russia's Putin regime), as an 9 November 1939 the Germans carried out mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, including teachers, judges, lawyers, engineers and priests, as part of the 'Intelligenzaktion', as on 11 November the Germans carried out arrests of 14 lecturers of the Catholic University of Lublin, as on 17 November the Germans arrested around 60 of its students, as well as many local priests and lecturers of the local theological seminary, as on 23/24 December - Christmas eve - the Germans carried out an execution of 21 well-known and respected citizens of the region in Lublin, as on 25 December the German police carried out an execution of 10 Poles at the local Lemszczyzna brick factory, including local lawyers, professors, school principals and starosts of Lublin and Lubartów counties, as in 1940 the Germans committed many massacres, as in March 1941 Lublin Ghetto established by the occupiers and as in October the Majdanek concentration camp established by the occupiers, before in July 1944 the city captured by the Soviet Army.
1941-44 Majdanek Nazi concentration and extermination camp operated by the SS:
Majdanek (or Lublin) Nazi concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. It had seven gas chambers, two wooden gallows, and some 227 structures in all. Although initially intended for forced labor rather than extermination, the camp was used to murder people on an industrial scale during Operation Reinhard, the German plan to murder all Polish Jews within their own occupied homeland. The camp, which operated from 1 October 1941 to 22 July 1944, was captured nearly intact. The rapid advance of the Soviet Red Army during Operation Bagration prevented the SS from destroying most of the camp's infrastructure, and Deputy Camp Commandant Anton Thernes failed to remove most incriminating evidence of war crimes.
Since October 1964 Maria Sklodowska-Curie Monument in Lublin:
Since October 1964 Maria Sklodowska-Curie Monument in Lublin dedicated to Polish physicist and chemist Marie Curie 1867–1934 depicted in a long robe and holding a book in her right hand. The pedestal inscriptions read 'To Maria Sklodowska-Curie, from the University Bearing Her Name, and from Society' and 'On the 20th Anniversary of the Founding of the University 1944–1964'
-
In December 1903 Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel received the Nobel Prize in Physics, 'in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena', as Marie Curie continued her revolutionary work until her death in 1934, 11 years ahead of the first deployment of nuclear weapons during Axis powers' World War II by the USA to end Japanese empire's brutal war against the USA and Asian countries, to save hundred of thousands soldiers lifes in 1945, following received but ignored warnings
Since July 2020 'Lublin Triangle' of Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine:
Since July 2020 Lublin Triangle, a regional alliance of three European countries – Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine – for the purposes of strengthening mutual military, cultural, economic and political cooperation and supporting Ukraine's integration into the European Union and NATO
Zamosc city:
Zamosc
, a city in southeastern Poland, situated in the southern part of Lublin Voivodeship 60 km from the border with Ukraine, with a population was 65,149 in 2014
Since 1580 history of Zamosc:
Since 1580 history of Zamosc, when the city was founded by Jan Zamoyski on the trade route linking western and northern Europe with the Black Sea, modelled on Italian trading cities and built during the Baroque period by the architect Bernardo Morando Zamosc remains a perfect example of a Renaissance town of the late 16th century
SSince 19th century history of Jews in Zamosc:
Since 1588 history of Jews in Zamosc, when the first Jewish settlers were mainly the Sephardi Jews coming from Italy, the Catholic Monarchy of Spain, Portugal and Turkey, in the 17th century the newcomers were recruited among the Ashkenazi Jews, and before Germany's World War II more than 12,500 Jews lived in Zamosc, accounting for 43% of its population, today only 3 Jews are living in Zamosc
5 March 1871 Róza Luksemburg born in Zamosc city:
5 mars 1871 théoricienne marxiste Róza Luksemburg née à Zamosc dans l'Empire russe et actuelle Pologne, morte assassinée le 15 janvier 1919 à Berlin en Allemagne
1939-1945 during Germany's World War II occupation of Zamosc (Zamojszczyzna):
1939-1945 during Germany's World War II Zamosc was seized by the German army and occupation forces, creating an extermination camp in the Zamosc Rotunda where more than 8,000 people were killed, including displaced residents of the Zamosc region (Zamojszczyzna) and Soviet prisoners of war
1942-1943 German 'ethnic cleansing' of Zamojszczyzna:
1942-1943 'ethnic cleansing' of Zamojszczyzna by NSDAP and SS ruled Germany
1942-1944 Zamosc uprising:
1942-1944 Zamosc uprising, comprising World War II partisan operations against Germany's Generalplan-Ost forced expulsion of Poles from the Zamosc region and the region's colonization by German settlers, one of Poland's largest resistance operations of World War II
March 2018 commemoration of Rosa Luxemburg and denial:
14. März 2018: Die in Zamosc an Rosa Luxemburg erinnernde Gedenktafel wurde auf Grundlage einer behördlichen Entscheidung entfernt und in ein Museum verbracht, der polnischen Regierungspolitik folgend und
zum Schaden des Ansehens der Stadt
-
Commemoration of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebnecht since 15 January 1919 and July 1919 Versailles peace conference, agreements and then 'Treaty of Versailles' following WWI, not preventing World War II including the Holocaust
Silesia historical region:
Silesia
, a
historical region
of Central Europe that lies mostly within Poland, with small parts in Czechia and Germany, as its population is estimated at around 8,000,000 inhabitants in the 21st century. Silesia is split into two main subregions,
Lower Silesia
in the west and
Upper Silesia
in the east. Silesia has a diverse culture, including architecture, costumes, cuisine, traditions, and the
Silesian language
in Upper Silesia
History of Central European 'Silesia', in the 21st century including areas of 9 countries:
History of Silesia
,
as in the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C. - late Bronze Age -, Silesia belonged to the Lusatian culture. About 500 BC Scyths arrived, and later Celts in the South and Southwest. During the 1st century BC Silingi and other Germanic people settled in Silesia. For this period we have
written reports
of antique authors who included the area. Slavs arrived in this territory around the 6th century. The first known states in Silesia were those of
Greater Moravia
and
Bohemia
. In the 10th century, Mieszko I incorporated Silesia into Civitas Schinesghe, a Polish state. It remained part of Poland until the Fragmentation of Poland
-
Great Moravia, the first major state that was predominantly West Slavic to emerge in the area of Central Europe, possibly including territories which are today part of the
Czech Republic
,
Slovakia
,
Hungary
,
Austria
,
Germany
,
Poland
,
Romania
,
Serbia
and
Ukraine
.
Lower Silesia:
Lower Silesia
, the northwestern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, as in the Middle Ages Lower Silesia was part of Piast-ruled Poland. It was one of the leading regions of Poland, and its capital Wroclaw was one of the main cities of the Polish Kingdom. Lower Silesia emerged as a distinctive region during the fragmentation of Poland, in 1172, when the Duchies of Opole and Racibórz, considered Upper Silesia since, were formed of the eastern part of the Duchy of Silesia, and the remaining, western part was since considered Lower Silesia. During the Ostsiedlung, German settlers were invited to settle in the sparsely populated region, which until then had a Polish majority. As a result, the region became largely Germanised in the following centuries. In the late Middle Ages the region fell under the overlordship of the Bohemian Crown, however large parts remained under the rule of local Polish dukes of the Piast dynasty, some up to the 16th and 17th century.
Cities in Silesia:
List of cities in Silesia with a population greater than 20,000 inhabitants in 2015
Wroclaw city:
Wroclaw city
in southwestern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia, located on the banks of the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe, roughly 350 kilometres from the Baltic Sea to the north and 40 kilometres from the Sudeten Mountains to the south, as the official population of Wroclaw in 2020 was 643,782, with a further 1.25 million residing in the metropolitan area
-
History of Wroclaw that has long been the largest and culturally dominant city in Silesia, and is today the capital of Poland's Lower Silesian Voivodeship, after the history of the city started at a crossroads in Lower Silesia, becoming one of the centres of the Duchy and then Kingdom of Poland, and briefly, in the first half of the 13th century, the centre of half of the divided Kingdom of Poland, as its historical affiliations since AD 800 include Duchy of Poland 985–1025, Kingdom of Poland 1025–1038, Duchy of Bohemia 1038–1054, Kingdom of Poland 1054–ca. 1325, Duchy of Silesia 1202–1335, Kingdom of Bohemia 1335–1469, Kingdom of Hungary 1469–1490, Kingdom of Bohemia 1490–1526/1742, Habsburg Monarchy 1526–1742, Kingdom of Prussia 1742–1871, German Empire 1871–1918, Weimar Germany 1918–1933, NSDAP ruled Germany 1933–1945, People's Republic of Poland 1945–1989 and Republic of Poland 1989–present
Timeline of Wroclaw:
Timeline of Wroclaw
Since 1872 New Synagogue in Breslau:
Since 1872 New Synagogue in Breslau, now Wroclaw, and one of the largest synagogues in the German Empire and a centre of Reform Judaism in Breslau, burnt down during the Kristallnacht pogrom which swept across Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938
Since 1918/1945 Wroclaw University of Science and Technology:
Since 1918/1945 Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
1944-1945 (6 May) Battle of Breslau:
1944-1945 Battle of Breslau, a three-month-long siege of the city of Breslau in Lower Silesia - after in August 1944 Adolf Hitler declared the city of Breslau to be a fortress (Festung), ordering that it must be defended at all costs - lasting to the end of World War II in Europe, after from 13 February 1945 to 6 May 1945 German troops in Breslau were besieged by the Soviet forces which encircled the city as part of the Lower Silesian Offensive Operation, and as the German garrison's surrender on 6 May was followed by the surrender of all German forces two days after the battle
Since 1945 liberated Wroclaw and reconstruction:
Since 1945 liberated Wroclaw and reconstruction
After 13 May 1945 Boleslaw Drobner becomes mayor:
Polish Boleslaw Drobner becomes mayor, after he led a delegation to Zagan on 13 May 1945
Since 1950 Wroclaw Medical University:
Since 1950 Wroclaw Medical University, that has 22 international agreements of cooperation signed with other universities abroad, and as there is a wide exchange of students and teaching staff within the framework of the Socrates and Erasmus programmes of the EU, especially with France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands and England
Since 1951 Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences:
Since November 1951 Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences (former Agricultural University and Agricultural Academy in Wroclaw), a state university established as an independent university and one of the best specialist universities in Poland, conducting training and research in the field of food, environmental and veterinary sciences
Since 1965 Museum of Architecture in Wroclaw:
Since 1965 Museum of Architecture in Wroclaw, the only architecture museum in Poland, located in a 15th-century post-Bernardine set of buildings, including the St Bernardine of Sienna Church and a monastic quadrangle with a garden, as the Museum of Architecture was a founder-member of the International Confederation of Architectural Museums, and as its permanent exhibitions on display are 'Relics of Wroclaw's Mediaeval Architecture', 'Architectural Craft from the Twelfth to the Twentieth Century'
Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship:
Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship
, one of the 16 Polish voivodeships situated in southeastern Poland, in the historical region of Lesser Poland, and takes its name from the Swietokrzyskie mountain range. Its capital and largest city is Kielce.
Kielce city:
Kielce city
in southern Poland with 193,415 inhabitants. It has been the capital of the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship since 1999 and used to be the capital of its predecessor, Kielce Voivodeship 1919–1939, 1945–1998. The city is in the middle of the Swietokrzyskie Mountains, on the banks of the Silnica River, in the northern part of the historical Polish province of Lesser Poland, as Kielce has a history back over 900 years. Kielce - once an important centre of limestone mining - and its vicinity later became famous for natural resources like copper, lead and iron
Pinczów County in Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship:
Pinczów County in Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship
, south-central Poland. Its administrative seat and largest town is Pinczów, which lies 40km south of the regional capital Kielce. The only other town in the county is Dzialoszyce, lying 23km south-west of Pinczów
Bronocice village in Gmina Dzialoszyce district within Pinczów County:
Bronocice village
in Gmina Dzialoszyce district within Pinczów County. It lies approximately 4km south of Dzialoszyce, 26km south-west of Pinczów and 64 km south of the regional capital Kielce. In 1976 the Bronocice pot was discovered. Dating to approximately 3635–3370 BC, the pot bears the earliest known image of a wheeled vehicle
'Bronocice pot' - Nutzung des Rades zum Transport nördlich des Schwarzen Meeres vor 4000 v.Chr.:
Bronocice pot with one of the earliest known depictions of what may be a
wheeled vehicle
discovered in the village of Bronocice near the Nidzica River in Poland. Attributed to the Funnelbeaker archaeological culture, radiocarbon tests dated the pot to the mid-fourth millennium BC. Today it is housed at the Archaeological Museum of the
city of Kraków
in southern Poland
-
Die ältesten Hinweise für die Nutzung des Rades zum Transport finden sich in Form von Miniaturrädern aus Ton nördlich des Schwarzen Meeres bereits vor 4000 v. Chr. Die Hinweise verdichten sich ab Mitte des 4. Jahrtausends über ganz Europa in Form von Wagenmodellen. Weitere mittelbare Hinweise auf die Anwendung als Wagenrad fanden sich z. B. in Form von Einritzungen auf einem Gefäß der Trichterbecherkultur in Bronocice bei Powiat Pinczowski in Polen
Pinczów town and Gmina Pinczó:
Gmina Pinczó, an urban-rural gmina in Pinczów County, as its seat is the
town of Pinczów
40km south of the regional capital Kielce. The gmina covers an area of 212.75 square kilometres, and as of 2006 its total population is 22,147 inhabitants. Gmina Pinczów also contains the villages and settlements of Aleksandrów, Bogucice Drugie, Bogucice Pierwsze, Borków, Brzescie, Bugaj, Byczów, Chrabków, Chruscice, Chwalowice, Gacki, Grochowiska, Kopernia, Kowala, Kozubów, Krzyzanowice Dolne, Krzyzanowice Srednie, Leszcze, Marzecin, Mlodzawy Duze, Mlodzawy Male, Mozgawa, Nowa Zagosc, Orkanów, Pasturka, Podleze, Sadek, Skowronno Dolne, Skowronno Górne, Skrzypiów, Stara Zagosc, Szarbków, Szczypiec, Uników, Winiary, Wlochy, Wola Zagojska Dolna, Wola Zagojska Górna, Zagórzyce, Zakrzów and Zawarza
Dzialoszyce town in Swietokrzyskie along important merchant route:
Dzialoszyce town in Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship with 1,117 inhabitants in 2004 - located on the Nidzica river, a tributary to the Vistula - was in the Middle Ages placed along a merchant route from Kraków to Wislica. The earliest mention of Dzialoszyce in historical records comes from 1220. In 1409 King Wladyslaw II Jagiello gave it a city charter according to Magdeburg rights, and in the 1920th the town had a Jewish community consisting of 5618 people, or 83.6% of its total population. The vast majority of the Jewish population was exterminated in the Holocaust by German Nazis during their occupation of Poland since 1939. After the war, Jewish survivors from Dzialoszyce submitted contributions to a Memorial Book. In subsequent years the town's population did not recover, and today it is less than one-fifth of what it was before the war.
Opole Voivodeship:
Opole Voivodeship
, the smallest and least populated voivodeship of Poland. The province's name derives from that of the region's capital and largest city, Opole. It is part of Upper Silesia. A relatively large German minority, with representatives in the Sejm, lives in the voivodeship, and the German language is co-official in 28 communes. Opole Voivodeship is bordered by Lower Silesian Voivodeship to the west, Greater Poland and Lódz Voivodeships to the north, Silesian Voivodeship to the east, and the Czech Republic (Olomouc Region and Moravian-Silesian Region) to the south. Opole Province's geographic location, economic potential, and its population's level of education make it an attractive business partner for other Polish regions (especially Lower Silesian and Silesian Voivodeships) and for foreign investors. Formed in 1997, the Praded/Pradziad Euroregion with its headquarter in Prudnik has facilitated economic, cultural and tourist exchanges between the border areas of Poland and the Czech Republic.
Upper Silesia:
Upper Silesia
, the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic. Since the 9th century, Upper Silesia has been part of (chronologically) Greater Moravia, the Duchy of Bohemia, the Piast Kingdom of Poland, again of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526. In 1742 the greater part of Upper Silesia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, and in 1871 it became part of the German Empire. After the First World War the region was divided between Poland (East Upper Silesia) and Germany (West Upper Silesia). After the Second World War, West Upper Silesia also became Polish as the result of the Potsdam Conference.
Cities in Silesia:
List of cities in Silesia with a population greater than 20,000 inhabitants in 2015
Upper Silesian metropolitan area, Kraków metropolitan area, Czestochowa metropolitan area:
Upper Silesian metropolitan area
is a metropolitan area in southern Poland and northeast Czechia, centered on the cities of Katowice and Ostrava in Silesia and has around 5 million inhabitans. Located in the three administrative units, mainly Silesian Voivodeship, a small western part of Lesser Poland Voivodeship and a small east part of Moravian-Silesian Region. The polycentric metropolitan area lies within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, as Silesian metropolitan area (5.3 million people) with nearby Kraków metropolitan area (1.3 million people) and Czestochowa metropolitan area (0.4 million people) create a great metropolitan area covering 7 million people.
Katowice city:
Katowice city
, the capital of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland, and the central city of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area. It is the 11th-most populous city in Poland, while its urban area is the most populous in the country and one of the most populous in the EU. As of December 31, 2020 estimate, Katowice has a population of 290,553 citizens, and is a central part of the Metropolis GZM, with a population of 2.3 million, and a part of a larger Upper Silesian metropolitan area that extends into the Czech Republic and has a population of 5-5.3 million people. Katowice is a center of commerce, business, transportation, and culture in southern Poland, with numerous public companies headquartered in the city or in its suburbs, important cultural institutions such as Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra, award-winning music festivals such as Off Festival and Tauron New Music, and transportation infrastructure such as Katowice Korfanty Airport. In 2015, Katowice joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and was named a UNESCO City of Music.
Since 19th century Katowice's population:
Katowice's population grew very fast between 1845 and 1960, fueled by the expansion of heavy industry and administrative functions. In the 60s, 70s and 80s, the city grew by another 100,000 people, reaching a height of 368,621 in 1988. Since then, the collapse of heavy industry, emigration, and suburbanization reversed the population development. Katowice lost approx. 75,000 people (20%) since the fall of communism in Poland, as - during the German empires second world war since September 1939 - the Nazi occupant committed severe crimes against the local Roma and Jewish communities, and most of them were eventually killed or transported by cattle wagons to concentration camps such as Auschwitz for complete extermination.
Tworków village:
Tworków village
in the administrative district of Gmina Krzyzanowice within Racibórz County in the Silesian Voivodeship, close to the Czech border. It lies approximately 3km west of Krzyzanowice, 10km south of Racibórz, and 62km south-west of the regional capital Katowice, ande has a population of 3,000 inhabitants in the 21st century
Geschichte Tworków seit dem 13. Jahrhundert:
Im Mittelalter wurde Tworków vermutlich in der ersten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts gegründet und als Angerdorf angelegt. 1258 übertrug es der böhmische König einem böhmischen Adligen. Daraus ergibt sich, dass Tworkau/Tvorkov damals zur mährischen Provinz Troppau und nach der Gründung des Herzogtums Troppau 1318 zu diesem gehörte. Auf der Pariser Friedenskonferenz 1919 beanspruchte die Tschechoslowakei das Gebiet, wie auch Polen. 1936 erfolgte die Umbenennung des Amtsbezirks Tworkau in Amtsbezirk Tunskirch. Am 2. November 1920 wurde Franciczek Adamik in Torkowa (Tworków) geboren, der später bis zum Beginn des 2. Weltkriegs in Schlesien als Schneider arbeitete. Er wurde als Zwangsarbeiter nach Deutschland verschleppt. Später gelang ihm die Flucht nach Sanok und er arbeitete wieder als Schneider, und begann in dieser Zeit einen geheimen Transport von Menschen über die Grenze nach Ungarn zu organisieren. 1940 entkam er bei einer Razzia und versteckte sich in Krakau, wurde jedoch wieder aufgespürt und zur Zwangsarbeit verurteilt. Noch einmal gelang ihm die Flucht und er verband sich 1942 mit der 'Armia Krajowa' und beteiligte sich an der Organisierung der Flucht von Juden aus dem Krakauer Ghetto. 1945 im Januar wurde er von der Gestapo verhaftet und in das Konzentrationslager Groß-Rosen, dann nach Nordhausen und Dora gebracht, bis zu seiner Befreiung durch die Allierten. Im Konzentrationslager wurde Franciszek Adamik gezwungen an Leichenverbrennungen teilzunehmen. 1964 begann er Bilder aus dieser Zeit zu malen und erklärt wie er 'das Gemalte als Gefangener sah. Wenn man nur einmal eine Gaskammer in Funktion gesehen hat, vergißt man es nie.' 1993 konnten seine Bilder auch im Rahmen einer Veranstaltungsreihe 'Aufstand im Ghetto - Warschau 1943' in Osnabrück und Georgsmarienhütte von April bis Mai 1993 gezeigt werden.
Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland:
Lesser Poland Voivodeship
in southern Poland with a population of 3,404,863 citizens in 2019. It stretches far north, to Radom, and Siedlce, also including such cities, as Stalowa Wola, Lublin, Kielce, Czestochowa, and Sosnowiec. The province is bounded on the north by the Swietokrzyskie Mountains, on the west by Jura Krakowsko-Czestochowska - a broad range of hills stretching from Kraków to Czestochowa - and on the south by the Tatra, Pieniny and Beskidy Mountains. Politically it is bordered by Silesian Voivodeship to the west, Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship to the north, Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the east, and Slovakia - Prešov Region and Žilina Regions - to the south.
Kraków city:
Kraków city
, the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland, situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, and dating back to the 7th century
Vistula river:
Vistula river, the longest river in Poland and the 9th-longest in Europe, as the river is often associated with Polish culture, history and national identity. It is the country's most important waterway, also trading route and natural symbol, and the term 'Vistula Land' can be synonymous with Poland
History of Kraków:
History of Kraków, as first written record of the city's name dates back to 965, when Kraków was described as a notable commercial centre controlled first by Moravia 876–879, but captured by a Bohemian duke Boleslaus I in 955. The first acclaimed ruler of Poland, Mieszko I, took Kraków from the Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the Piast dynasty towards the end of his reign. In 1038, Kraków became the seat of the Polish governmen and became a leading centre of trade, but the city was sacked and burned during the Mongol invasion of 1241. It was rebuilt practically identical, incorporated in 1257 by the high duke Boleslaw V who like Wroclaw introduced city rights modelled on the Magdeburg law allowing for tax benefits and new trade privileges for the citizens. In 1259, the city was again ravaged by the Mongols. A third attack in 1287 was repelled thanks in part to the newly built fortifications. During 15th and 16th centuries many works of Polish Renaissance art and architecture were created, including ancient synagogues in Kraków's Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz, such as the Old Synagogue, then various artists came to work and live in Kraków and Johann Haller established a printing press in the city.
Economy of Kraków:
Economy of Kraków
Timeline of Kraków:
Timeline of Kraków
Since 15th-century Old Synagogue:
Since 15th-century Old Synagogue situated in the Kazimierz district of Kraków, the oldest synagogue building still standing in Poland and one of the most precious landmarks of Jewish architecture in Europe, that remained one of the most important synagogues in the city until the German invasion of Poland in 1939, renovated from 1956 to 1959 and currently operates as a museum
Since 1473 early printing in Cracow and Poland:
Since 1473 early printing in Cracow and Poland
1815-1846 'Free City of Cracow':
1815-1846 'Free City of Cracow', an overwhelmingly Polish-speaking city-state as 14% of its population were Jews as the city of Kraków itself had a Jewish population reaching nearly 40%
February 1846 Kraków Uprising for national independence:
February 1846 Kraków Uprising, an attempt to incite a fight for national independence and directed at the powers that partitioned Poland, in particular the nearby Austrian Empire, but ended with Austrian victory
1846-1918 'Grand Duchy of Kraków' part of the 'Empire of Austria':
1846-1918 Grand Duchy of Kraków, created after the incorporation of the Free City of Cracow into Austria in November 1846, as from 1846 to 1918 'Grand Duke of Kraków' was part of the official titulary of the 'Emperor of Austria'
1918-1939 Second Polish Republic:
1918-1939 Second Polish Republic
1939–1945 Kraków 'capital' of Nazi Germany's 'General Governorate':
November 1939 – 19 January 1945 'General Governorate for the occupied Polish Region', a German zone of occupation established after the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in 1939 at the onset of World War II
Since 1940/1941 German politician and lawyer Hans Frank and Kraków Ghetto:
Since 1940/1941 Kraków Ghetto was one of five major metropolitan Jewish Ghettos created by Nazi Germany in the new General Government territory during the German occupation of Poland in World War II, established for the purpose of exploitation, terror, and persecution of local Polish Jews, as well as the staging area for separating the 'able workers' from those who would later be deemed unworthy of life, as the Ghetto was liquidated between June 1942 and March 1943, with most of its inhabitants sent to their deaths at Belzec extermination camp as well as Plaszów slave-labor camp, and Auschwitz concentration camp
1939-1942 Kraków Ghetto establishment and mass murder called liquidation:
In April 1940, German politician and lawyer Hans Frank, who served as head of the General Government, began the removal of Jews from the city of Kraków with the reasoning that the area '...will be cleansed and it will be possible to establish pure German neighborhoods...' within Kraków
-
1939-1941/1942 Kraków Ghetto Jewish Council until in 1942 Nazi ghetto officials made David Gutter, the last chairman of the Kraków Ghetto
1942-1943 Kraków Jewish underground resistance:
1942-1943 Kraków Jewish underground resistance, stemmed from youth groups including Akiva, Iskra and Hahalutz Halochem, or the Fighting Organization of the Jewish youth, originally focused on providing support for education and welfare organizations within the ghetto and eventually establishing a magazine, and also focused on working with the Polish Underground and the Communist Partia Robotnicza, and ultimately focusing on more classical armed resistance actions
January 1945 Soviet army takes the city:
January 1945 Soviet army takes the city, German occupation ends
Since 1954 Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks in Kraków:
Since 1954 Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks, the second largest steel plant in Poland, in 2005 purchased by the Mittal Steel Company and now owned by Arcelor-Mittal, the largest steelmaker in the world
Since 1988 Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków:
Since 1988 Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków
Subcarpathian Voivodeship
:
Subcarpathian Voivodeship
in the southeastern corner of Poland. Its administrative capital and largest city is Rzeszów. In the WWI and WWII interwar period, it was part of the Lwów Voivodeship. The voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Rzeszów, Przemysl, Krosno and Tarnów and Tarnobrzeg Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local-government reforms adopted in 1998. The name derives from the region's location near the Carpathian Mountains.
Przemysl County:
Przemysl County
in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, on the border with Ukraine, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Przemysl, constituting a separate city county. As of 2019 Przemysl County's total population is 74,234 citizens
L'attitude des Polonais vis-à-vis des Juifs et le 10 novembre 1941:
Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale de l'empire allemand et malgré le comportement parfois hostile de la population, comme dans nombre d'autres pays occupés, la Pologne est le pays qui compte le plus grand nombre de Juste parmi les nations, titre décerné par le musée de Yad Vashem, grâce notamment aux actions du colonel Henryk Wolinski, du lieutenant-colonel Henryk Iwanski ou de l'enseignante Krystyna Adolnhowa. Le gouvernement polonais en exil fut le premier à diffuser - en novembre 1942 - des informations sur les camps d’extermination nazis à la suite des rapports de Jan Karski et de Witold Pilecki, membres d’Armia Krajowa. Le gouvernement polonais en exil est aussi le seul gouvernement à avoir mis en place une cellule de résistance dont l’objectif unique a été d’aider les Juifs en Pologne occupée, après le
10 novembre 1941
Hans Frank avait instauré la peine capitale pour des Polonais assistant les Juifs
Przemysl city:
Przemysl city
in southeastern Poland with 60,442 inhabitants in 2020. In 1999, it became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship as Przemysl owes its long and rich history to the advantages of its geographic location. The city lies in an area connecting mountains and lowlands known as the Przemysl Gate, with open lines of transportation, and fertile soil. It also lies on the navigable San River. Important trade routes that connect Central Europe from Przemysl ensure the city's importance. The Old Town of Przemysl is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland
21st century politics of Krosno/Przemysl constituency:
Politics of Krosno/Przemysl constituency with members of Sejm elected from Krosno/Przemysl constituency
History of Przemysl since early Middle Ages until WWI 1914-1918:
History of Przemysl, as city is the second-oldest city (after Kraków) in southern Poland, dating back to at least the 8th century, when it was the site of a fortified gord belonging to the Lendians, a West Slavic tribe. In the 9th century, the fortified settlement and the surrounding region became part of Great Moravia, since 1340 in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as since 1772 - as a consequence of the First Partition of Poland - Przemysl became part of the Austrian Empire, seeking expansion to increase the number of subjects as empires did since the Middle Ages
1914-1918 - 1939 history of Przemysl since Central Powers' World War I:
History of Przemysl since Central Powers' World War I 1914-1918, inter-war years, World War II 1939-1945, beginning for the city of Przemysl with the Septemer 1939 NSDAP rulen German empire's 'Battle of Przemysl'
1939-1945 history of Przemysl during and since Axis Powers' World War II:
Sepmter 1939 'Battle of Przemysl' and efence of the city during the German Invasion of Poland, as the Polish Army garrison of the former Austrian fortress of Przemysl managed to halt the advance of the invading 'Wehrmacht' for three days. The city was forced to surrender on 14 September, not exactly knowing what is to come, but beginning with 1939 Przemysl massacres carried out by the German soldiers and police against hundreds of Jews who lived in the city. In total over 500 Jews were murdered in and around the city and the vast majority of the city's Jewish population was deported across the San River into the portion of Poland that was occupied by the Soviet Union.
History of Przemysl in the postwar period until today:
History of Przemysl in the postwar period, as due to the murder of Jews in the Nazi Holocaust and the postwar expulsion of Ukrainians' the city's population fell to 24,000
25 March 2022 USA president in Przemysl to witness refugee crisis caused by Putin's war against Ukraine:
25 March 2022: Just 60 miles from Ukraine, USA president Joe Biden saluted Poland on Friday for welcoming more than 2 million refugees who have fled Russia’s invasion. Then he met with humanitarian experts on the ground about what will be needed to mitigate the growing suffering. Biden said he had hoped to get even closer to the border but was prevented because of security concerns. Still, he said he wanted to visit Poland to underscore that the assistance it is providing is of 'enormous consequence' as Europe experiences the biggest refugee crisis since World War II
-
25 March 2022: After Brussels summits USA's Biden heads to Poland to witness refugee crisis, as Russian commander reportedly killed by own troops, as Russia admits 1,351 soldiers dead and 3,825 wounded, as video appears showing Russian shelling of civilians receiving humanitarian aid in Kharkiv, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates on the 30th day of Putin's war crimes
Medyka village, population, history
:
Medyka village/town
in Przemysl County, on the border with Ukraine. It is the seat of the municipality called Gmina Medyka. It lies approximately 13 kilometres east of Przemysl and 72 km east of the regional capital Rzeszów. In 2006 the village had a population of approximately 2,800 citizens.
-
Shehyni village
of Yavoriv Raion in Lviv Oblast of western Ukraine, hosting the administration of Shehyni rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Located at the border with Poland, known as the site of the Medyka-Shehyni border checkpoint, and situated 14km east of the city of Przemysl, it was first mentioned in 1515 in a royal charter under the name of Szechinie. For most of its existence the village belonged to the Land of Przemysl, the so-called key of estates including Medyka, Pozdziacz, Torki and Buców, centred on the manor in Medyka, all based on a local variant of Magdeburg law, dubbed Ruthenian law. Initially the
peasants
settled there were tasked with taking care of the royal stables in Medyka, with time their duty towards the owner of Medyka manor was modified to simple serfdom, with yearly rent paid in grain.
Early 20th century synagogue 'Synagoga w Medyce' in Medyka town, history
:
Since early 20th century synagogue '
Synagoga w Medyce
'in Medyka town and history until 1939-1944 when it was devastated by NSDAP ruled German empire's invaders during empire's World War II
Mai/June 1935 'Anglo-German Naval Agreement':
Mai/juin 1935 'traité naval germano-britannique' (Anglo-German Naval Agreement), un traité bilatéral signé le 18 juin 1935 - 18 juin 1815 'Battle of Waterloo' - par le Royaume-Uni et le Troisième Reich, entre Joachim von Ribbentrop pour les Allemands et Samuel Hoare pour les Britanniques. Sans concerter leurs alliés de la 'Première Guerre mondiale 1914-1918', ils autorisent le Troisième Reich à disposer d'une flotte de guerre au tonnage limité de façon permanente à 35% de celui de la Royal Navy, et Hitler aussitôt entreprit un vaste programme de construction navale.
-
French reaction to the '1935 Naval Pact' and impact
Participation de l'URSS en faveur des républicains en Espagne 1930-1939, mais l'expansion du fascisme:
Participation de l'Union soviétique en faveur des républicains en Espagne 1930-1939, notamment par l'intermédiaire du Komintern, au nom de la lutte contre le fascisme. Plusieurs généraux républicains, membres du PCE, comme Juan Modesto ou Enrique Líster, ne sont pas sortis du rang, mais avaient été formés en URSS où ils avaient trouvé refuge au début des années 1930
-
Bilan, victimes, réfugiés et exilés, après la Seconde Guerre mondiale a débuté avec la guerre civile qui oppose en effet de 1936 à 1939 républicains et nationalistes en Espagne, en Europe et au monde, et qui fait environ 400 000 morts. Dès 1936, les Européens y voient un
conflit à portée universelle, elle marque l'expansion du fascisme
.
September 1938 Munich Conference, without Soviet participation, German annexation of part of Czechoslovakia:
At September 1938 Munich Conference Hitler's fierce anti-Soviet rhetoric was one of the reasons that Britain and France decided that Soviet participation in the 1938 Munich Conference on Czechoslovakia would be both dangerous and useless. In the Munich Agreement that followed the conference agreed to a German annexation of part of Czechoslovakia in late 1938, but in early 1939 it had been completely dissolved. The policy of appeasement toward Germany was conducted by the governments of British PM Neville Chamberlain and French PM Édouard Daladier. The policy immediately raised the question of whether the Soviet Union could avoid being next on Hitler's list. The Soviet leadership believed that the West wanted to encourage German aggression in the East and to stay neutral in a war initiated by NSDAP ruled German empire in the hope that Germany and the Soviet Union would wear each other out and put an end to both regimes.
-
The
October/November 1917 'Decree on Peace'
, written by Vladimir Lenin, and passed by the emerging 'Soviet of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' deputies, proposing an immediate withdrawal of Russia from World War I, was never withdrawn
23 August 1939 'Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics':
23 août 1939
traité de non-agression entre l'Allemagne et l'Union soviétique
, qui proclamait un renoncement au conflit entre les deux pays ainsi qu'une position de neutralité dans le cas où l'un des deux pays signataires était attaqué par une tierce partie. Chaque signataire promit de ne pas rassembler de forces qui seraient 'directement ou indirectement dirigées contre l'autre partie'.
History of Medyka town
:
History of Medyka town, as during the invasion of Poland in September 1939 the Polish 23rd Observation Escadrille was stationed in Medyka, and as German empire's invaders came later in their beginning World War II 1939-1945. Meanwhile the village was occupied by the Soviet Union - ahead of NSDAP ruled German empire's invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, planned and prepared by the German High Command since July 1940 - under which it was annexed to the newly formed Drohobych Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR. From 1941, it was occupied by Nazi Germany, and from 1944 again by the not defeated Soviet Union. It was eventually restored to Poland in 1948 during a revision of borders.
26 February 2022 'for Ukraine's refugees, Europe opens doors that were shut to others':
26 February 2022: 'For Ukraine's refugees, Europe opens doors that were shut to others', as 'New York Times' Lara Jakes reports, and as Washington's 'Al Jazeera' correspondent Kimberly Halkett came in late March 2022 to the small European village to report on the 2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis
March 2022 Medyka welcomes refugees escaping Russian regime's war crimes in Ukraine:
16 March 2022: Polish border town Medyka - a primary crossing point for refugees - welcomes refugees from Ukraine, but will itself need help, as mayor of Medyka says ‘these refugees have lost almost everything. We need to help them. Even if that means we’ll have to learn to live with less’
Demographics, demographic history and ethnic groups in Poland:
Demographics
of Poland
-
Demographic history of Poland
Ethnic groups in Poland:
Ethnic groups in Poland
-
Ethnic minorities in Poland
Jews and history of the Jews in Poland:
History of the Jews in Poland
-
History of the Jews in 20th-century Poland - 1921 there were 2,845,364 Jews living in the Second Polish Republic, by late 1938 that number has grown to approximately 3,310,000 mainly through migration from Ukraine and the Soviet Russia, from amongst the 6 million Polish citizens who perished during the German occupation of Poland in World War II, roughly half (or 3 million) were Polish Jews murdered at the Nazi-Germany's extermination camps of Auschwitz, Treblinka, Majdanek, Belzec, Sobibór, and Chelmno, others died of starvation and maltreatment in the ghettos, only about 50,000–120,000 Polish Jews survived the war on native soil
2014/2015:
25 October 2014: With the newly built Museum of the History of Polish Jews, Poland, on whose soil Nazi Germany carried out the darkest acts of the Holocaust, is starting to re-connect with its other role in Jewish history as a home for 1,000 years to one of the world's biggest Jewish communities
-
23 May 2015: Polish regulation to compensate 20,000 Holocaust survivors in a new pension program providing monthly payments of $130 to Polish-born Jews and non-Jews who suffered hardships under the Nazis in World War II
April 2018:
28 April 2018: In Krakow, Jews celebrate their community’s 'revival’ amid rising xenophobia
August 2019:
8 August 2019: Poland’s chief rabbi Michael Schudrich criticized the Duda government’s decision to honor World War II ultra-nationalist fighters and called his invitation to the event a 'personal insult'
Romani people in Poland and Polska Roma:
Romani people in Poland
-
Polska Roma are the largest and one of the oldest ethnolinguistic sub group of Romani people living in Poland
-
Bergitka Roma
Belarusian minority in Poland:
Belarusian minority in Poland
German minority in Poland:
German minority in Poland
Silesians:
Silesians are the inhabitants of Silesia, a region divided by the current boundaries of Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic, and are considered to belong to a Polish ethnographic group, speaking a dialect of Polish
Ukrainians in Poland:
Ukrainians in Poland
May 2016 around one million Ukrainians work in Poland:
22 May 2016: As around one million Ukrainians work in Poland, Ukrainian Workers' Trade Union to be set up in Warsaw
Vietnamese people in Poland:
Vietnamese people in Poland, forming one of the ethnic minorities in Poland, the third-largest Vietnamese community in the European Union, after Vietnamese people in France and Germany
Immigration to Poland and 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis:
Immigration to Poland
-
2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
-
14 November 2015: Poland's new government will no longer accept migrants under European Union quotas after Friday's terror attacks in Paris
-
2 December 2015: Detain refugees arriving in Europe for 18 months, Poland's European council president Tusk says
Languages and culture of Poland:
Culture of Poland
-
Languages of Poland
-
Polish language
-
Music of Poland
Women in Poland:
Women in Poland
-
Women's rights in Poland
Education in Poland:
Education
in Poland
-
History of education in Poland
Schools in Poland:
Schools in Poland
Universities and colleges in Poland:
Universities and colleges in Poland
-
List of universities in Poland
-
Timeline of Polish science and technology
Museums in Poland:
Museums in Poland
National Museum of Poland:
'National Museum of Poland' is the common name for several of the country's largest and most notable museums
World War II museums in Poland:
World War II museums in Poland
Museum of World War II in Gdansk:
Museum of World War II in Gdansk
-
Homepage of the 'Museum of the Second World War'
-
Educational projects of the 'Museum of the Second World War'
2016/2017:
21 December 2016: Minister of Culture and National Heritage refuses to comply with the Provincial Administrative Court’s decision suspending the merger of museums
-
24 January 2017: Fate of Polish WWII museum unclear amid battle over history, as Director Pawel Machcewicz says 'it’s very unusual for the creation of a historical exhibit to encounter such huge pressure from the government'
POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews:
POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews on the site of the former Warsaw Ghetto 1940-1943
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Jewish Historical Institute, a research foundation in Warsaw primarily dealing with the history of Jews in Poland
-
Ringelblum Archive
June 2019 Holocaust historians divided over Warsaw ghetto museum:
22 June 2019: After the victims of German war crimes were forced to suffer the same fate, Holocaust historians divided over Warsaw ghetto museum
9 January 2020 Polish president pulls out of Holocaust event in Israel over snub:
9 January 2020: Polish president pulls out of Holocaust event in Israel to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz over snub, after being told he would not be allowed to speak at the event, but Russian regime’s war criminal Vladimir Putin
22 January 2023 lost photos from Warsaw Ghetto Uprising reveal horror of Jews’ last stand:
22 January 2023: Lost photos from Warsaw Ghetto Uprising taken by Polish firefighter who risked life to record how Jews fought the Nazis despite impossible odds reveal horror of their last stand. Holocaust historians say the imperfect pictures, discovered last month in a Polish attic decades after their creator died, are nonetheless priceless. They are the only known photographs from inside the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising not to be taken by Germans. The photographs will form part of an exhibition devoted to the 80th anniversary of the uprising in 2023, to be held in April at Warsaw’s POLIN museum of Jewish history
Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum:
Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum, a memorial and museum in Oswiecim, which includes the German concentration camps Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II-Birkenau and is devoted to the memory of the murders in both camps during World War II
Warsaw Uprising Museum:
Warsaw Uprising Museum, dedicated to the Warsaw Uprising of 1944
Health in Poland:
Health in Poland
Medical outbreaks and man-made disasters in Poland:
Medical outbreaks in Poland
-
Disasters and man-made disasters in Poland
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Poland:
Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Poland
22 April 2020 covid-19 infections surpassed 10,000 in Poland:
22 April 2020: Showing highest number in post-soviet central Europe, confirmed covid-19 infections surpassed 10,000 in Poland and some 16-17% of the infections were medical workers, now slowly easing restrictions on public life ahead of a presidential election set for May 10, as Poland has reported 404 deaths
Coal and environment of Poland:
Coal and the environment in Poland
Healthcare in Poland:
Healthcare
in Poland
-
Medical and health organisations based in Poland
Hospitals in Poland:
Hospitals in Poland
-
List of hospitals in Poland
Since 1977 Children's Memorial Health Institute in Warsaw:
Since 1977 Children's Memorial Health Institute in Warsaw
-
1878-1942 Bersohn and Bauman Children's Hospital in Warsaw, between 1905 and 1912 Janusz Korczak worked in the hospital as a pediatrician
Media of Poland:
Media
of Poland
-
Lists of Polish media
-
Media in Poland by city
Newspapers in Poland:
List of
newspapers
in Poland
Broadcasting in Poland:
Broadcasting
in Poland
2016 protests against state control of public broadcasting:
10 January 2016: Thousands on the streets of Poland across the country condemning new media law as government power grab
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11 January 2016: At various centres, Polish journalists protest at state control of public broadcasting
Internet in Poland:
Internet
in Poland
April 2018:
29 April 2018: Facebook removes Polish nationalist pages for anti-Semitic content
May 2019:
17 mai 2019: Facebook a fermé en Pologne 27 pages diffusant des fausses nouvelles ou des contenus haineux, à l'approche des élections européennes, a annoncé l'ONG de cybermilitantisme Avaaz
Cinema of Poland:
Cinema
of
Poland
Lists of Polish films by decade:
Lists of Polish films by decade
September 2019 Wanda Jakubowska’s film 'The Last Stage’:
13 September 2019: Seventy years after its Tel Aviv premiere, Wanda Jakubowska’s Polish film 'The Last Stage’ is being shown in Israel once again, one of first feature films about the Holocaust, the first to be filmed at Auschwitz
History of religion in Poland:
History of religion
in Poland
-
Religion in Poland
-
History of the Jews in Poland
-
Christianity in Poland
-
History of Christianity in Poland
-
Islam in Poland
-
Buddhism in Poland
-
Hinduism in Poland
Secularism and freedom of religion in Poland:
Secularism in Poland
-
Freedom of religion according to the
constitution of Poland
April 2019 anti-Semitic Easter ritual:
23 April 2019: 'The Catholic Church will never tolerate manifestations of contempt towards members of any nation, including the Jewish people', Polish bishop Rafal Markowski announced, after residents, among them children, hanged, beat and burned an effigy of Judas, represented by a stereotypical Jew, in southeast Poland's town of Pruchnik on Good Friday, a tradition practised since 18th century and today in some other villages
18 December 2020 Jewish woman wins case against Polish church over land stolen after Holocaust:
18 December 2020: Poland’s Supreme Court ruled this week in favor of an Australian Jewish woman locked in battle with the Polish church over her family’s ancestral plot of land near Krakow, which she said was stolen by neighbors and handed over to the parish illegally after the Holocaust, as court’s Chamber of Extraordinary Control and Public Rights upheld a six-year-old ruling in favor of Ann Drillich, who has been battling Polish religious authorities for years
Roman Catholic church sex abuse cases in Poland:
Roman Catholic chruch sex abuse cases in Poland
May 2013:
16 May 2013: Two French journalists invited to an interview with a Polish priest, who is being investigated for alleged child abuse, were briefly held against their will by the priest
May 2019:
17 May 2019: Poland has raised jail terms for convicted paedophiles to a maximum of 30 years after a groundbreaking documentary on child sexual abuse among Polish priests prompted public outrage
Crime in Poland:
Crime in Poland
Since 1939 German invasion and World War II crimes in Poland:
Since 1939 German invasion, occupation and World War II crimes in Poland
Corruption in Poland:
Corruption in Poland - surveys of Polish citizens reveal that corruption is perceived to be a major problem
-
Police corruption in Poland
Since 2002 Lew Rywin affair:
Rywin affair was a corruption scandal in Poland, which began in late 2002 when Lew Rywin called in at the office of Adam Michnik, editor of Poland's largest daily newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza, offering in exchange for a bribe of 17.5 million USD to arrange for a change in a draft law aimed at limiting the print media's influence on radio and television
2002-2004 Orlengate:
2002-2004 Orlengate
2006/2007:
Oleksy tapes
Racism and antisemitism in Poland:
Racism in Poland, existing in a variety of forms over the course of its history as the Polish people themselves have been the victims of anti-Polish racism under the German Empire and during World War II
-
Antisemitism in Poland
Since 1918:
Antisemitism in Poland since the re-recreation of the independent Polish state in 1918
1939-1945:
10 February 2017: Drawing on Polish, Jewish and German records from the war and postwar periods, historian Jan Grabowski was able to document Poland's local population’s involvement in turning over and murdering the Jews who sought their help, but also the heroism of Poles who tried to rescue their Jewish neighbors and sometimes paid for it with their lives
1944-1946 anti-Jewish violence in Poland:
Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946
November 2015 burning of an effigy of a Jewish citizen:
19 November 2015: A Polish demonstration against taking in Muslim refugees ended with the burning of an effigy of an ultra-Orthodox Jew holding the flag of the European Union
November 2017 anti-Semitic chants calling for a 'Jew free' Poland:
13 November 2017: Anti-Semitic chants calling for a 'Jew free' Poland were among the racist epithets shouted by tens of thousands of far-right nationalists who marched Saturday in Warsaw to mark 99 years of the country’s independence
,
while counter-protesters rallied against fascism
January 2018 new bill against blaming Poles for crimes of the Holocaust:
27 January 2018: Amid escalating tensions between Israel and Poland over a new bill passed in the lower house of Poland’s parliament, which would outlaw blaming Poles for crimes of the Holocaust, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center Yad Vashem said that 'while the term 'Polish death camps' is a historical misrepresentation', new Polish legislation may 'blur historical truths' on the help Germans received from Poles in Holocaust
-
28 January 2018: Chairman of guides organization leading Holocaust tours asks for clarification regarding the legislation, which criminalizes holding Poles responsible for Nazi crimes
April 2019 anti-Semitic effigy hanged and burned in Polish Pruchnik as part of an Easter ritual:
22 April 2019: 'Disturbed by this ghastly revival of medieval anti-Semitism', the World Jewish Congress expressed its 'disgust and outrage' following reports that an effigy made to look like a stereotypical Jew was hanged and burned in the Polish town of Pruchnik as part of an Easter ritual, as residents including children beat and burned the effigy representing Judas, the discipline of Christ who betrayed him according to the New Testament, given a brimmed hat and sidelocks, making it resemble an ultra-Orthodox Jew, along with a long nose, a trope used by Nazi Germany and by anti-Semites worldwide to demonize and dehumanize Jews
19 December 2020 Polish society shunned Jewish survivors returning from death camps according to Polish historian Krzyzanowski:
19 December 2020: Polish society shunned Jewish survivors returning from death camps, as in study Polish historian Lukasz Krzyzanowski delves into postwar Radom, where Jews found new residents living in their stolen homes, and little empathy from the public
Hooliganism and riots in Poland:
Football hooliganism in Poland
-
11 November 2013: Polish independence day march in Warsaw marred by rioting young nationalists
Human trafficking in Poland:
Human trafficking in Poland
Law and legal history of Poland:
Law of Poland
-
Legal history of Poland
-
Constitutions of Poland
-
1997 Constitution of Poland
1946-1948 Supreme National Tribunal:
The Supreme National Tribunal was a war crime tribunal active in Poland from 1946 to 1948
1947 Auschwitz trial in Kraków:
1947 Auschwitz trial in Kraków, when Polish authorities (the Supreme National Tribunal) tried 40 former staff of the Auschwitz concentration camps built and operated by the German empire
Since 1982/1986 Constitutional Tribunal:
Constitutional Tribunal since 1982/1986, the constitutional court established to resolve disputes on the constitutionality of the activities of state institutions, its main task is to supervise the compliance of statutory law with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland
Since 2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis:
Since 2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis
-
National Council of the Judiciary, responsible for nominating judges and reviewing ethical complaints against sitting jurists
-
12 July 2017: New law undermines the independence of the judiciary, rights group says
Judiciary and courts of Poland:
Judiciary of Poland
-
Regional Courts
April 2019 anti-Semitic Easter ritual:
24 April 2019: The attorney general in the Polish province of Jaroslaw has reportedly opened a criminal investigation into an anti-Semitic ritual enacted over the Easter holiday that involved an effigy of Judas represented by a stereotypical Jew being hanged, beaten and set alight, known as 'Judgment over Judas' dating back to the 18th century and continued to be regularly performed until the Second World War and the Holocaust, then´largely abandoned with only a couple of villages continuing it
,
Pruchnik in south-eastern Poland
Supreme Court of Poland:
Supreme Court of Poland, the court of last resort of appeal against judgements in the lower courts, supervises the adjudication in district, regional, and appeal courts in the areas of civil, criminal, family and labour law, and in military courts (circuit and garrison courts)
July 2018 supreme court's Malgorzata Gersdorf:
4 July 2018: Polish supreme court's Malgorzata Gersdorf has turned up for work in defiance of a retirement law which has been pushed through by the government but criticised by the EU for undermining judicial independence
18 December 2020 Jewish woman wins case against Polish church over land stolen after Holocaust:
18 December 2020: Poland’s Supreme Court ruled this week in favor of an Australian Jewish woman locked in battle with the Polish church over her family’s ancestral plot of land near Krakow, which she said was stolen by neighbors and handed over to the parish illegally after the Holocaust, as court’s Chamber of Extraordinary Control and Public Rights upheld a six-year-old ruling in favor of Ann Drillich, who has been battling Polish religious authorities for years
Law enforcement in Poland:
Law enforcement in Poland
Foreign relations of Poland:
Foreign relations of Poland
Treaties of Poland:
Treaties of Poland
Poland's membership international organisations:
Poland's membership
international organisations
Poland/United Nations relations, membership since 1945:
Poland's ambassadors to the United Nations
2013 UN Climate Change Conference in Warsaw:
2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Warsaw from 11 to 22 November
-
11 November 2013: Poland, a top EU polluter, hosts UN climate summit aiming to map out the main points of an ambitious global agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions to be signed 2015
-
14 November: November 'Coal summit' in Warsaw stokes trouble at UN climate talks
-
20 November 2013: Polish environment minister sacked as he chairs UN climate talks
-
21 November: The second-last day of the global climate change conference in Warsaw has seen 800 NGO delegates walk out of the talks over a lack of progress
-
24 November 2013: At the UN climate talks in Warsaw, rich and poor nations agree to commit to the reduction of greenhouse gases, waiting for a final deal in Paris in 2015
Since 1991 Poland member of the Council of Europe:
Council of Europe
Poland and the European Union, since 2004 membership:
Poland and the
European Union
2003/2004 Polish EU membership referendum:
2003 Polish European Union membership referendum, accession approved by 77.6% of voters
-
2004 Accession of Poland to the European Union
Since 2015 reactions to the Polish Constitutional Court crisis:
Since 2015 EU and international reaction to the Polish Constitutional Court crisis
2016 EU inquiry:
13 January 2016: European commission launches unprecedented inquiry in response to controversial Polish legislation that puts more power into the hands of the government
March 2017:
13 March 2017: Poland's government has accused the EU of 'cheating' and announced a 'negative' policy towards Brussels after losing a diplomatic campaign to oust its own former PM Tusk as European council president
-
23 July 2017: EU will hit Poland with deadline to reverse curbs on judicial freedom
July 2017 efforts to reverse curbs on judicial freedom:
23 July 2017: EU will hit Poland with deadline to reverse curbs on judicial freedom
November 2018 Warsaw's mayor Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz banned radical Polish nationalists from marching:
8 November 2018: Warsaw's mayor Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz banned radical Polish nationalists from marching on the 100th anniversary of Poland’s independence due to security concerns, followed by plans for an inclusive event Sunday that could be embraced by all citizens
-
13 November 2018: Poland’s centennial celebration was stained by fear and hatred, as behind president and ordinary citizens thousands of nationalists carried horrifying symbols
19 October 2021 Polish PM escalates war of words with EU over rule of law:
19 October 2021: Poland’s PM Mateusz Morawiecki has clashed with the European Commission and MEPs after accusing EU institutions of seeking to turn the country into a province, in an escalation of the battle between Warsaw and Brussels over the rule of law
Bilateral relations of Poland:
Bilateral relations
of Poland
Poland/Austria relations:
Poland/
Austria
relations
Since 1769 Austrian occupation of Spiš and Podhale:
Since 1769 Austrian occupation of Spiš and Podhale
18th century three partitions of Poland:
Towards the end of the 18th century three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years, and conducted by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures
1772-1795:
1772 First Partition of Poland
-
1793 Second Partition of Poland
-
1795 Third Partition of Poland
Since 1772 Austrian Partition:
Since 1772 Austrian Partition
1795–1918 History of Poland:
History of Poland 1795–1918
-
1815–1867/1915 Congress Poland or Russian Poland, created by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, until 1832 a state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire, in 1867 made an official part of the Russian Empire, and in 1915 replaced by the Central Powers during World War I with the proposed puppet state 'Regency Kingdom of Poland'
Poland/Belarus relations:
Poland/
Belarus
relations
Polish minority in Belarus:
The Polish minority in Belarus numbers officially about 300,000 in 2009, forming the second largest ethnic minority in the country after the Russians, at around 3% of the total population
Belarusian minority in Poland:
The Belarusian minority in Poland is composed of 47,000 people in 2011, most of them living in the Podlaskie Voivodeship
20 September 2021 Poland accused Russia and Belarus of orchestrating a wave of illegal immigration:
20 September 2021: Poland accused Russia and Belarus of orchestrating a wave of illegal immigration at its land border, a day after four migrants were found dead at its Belarusian frontier, as thousands have been trying to cross from Belarus into EU members Latvia, Lithuania and Poland in recent weeks, and as EU suspects the influx of people mostly from the Middle East is being orchestrated by Belarusian autocratic Lukashenko in retaliation for sanctions on his regime
Poland/Brazil relations:
Poland/
Brazil
relations
Polish Brazilians:
Polish Brazilians, referring to Brazilians of full or partial Polish ancestry, arriving in Brazil in the late 19th century, and today 1,800,000–3 million people
1978 Poland's extradition request for war criminal Wagner rejected:
Late 1930s—1945 Austrian member of the SS Gustav Franz Wagner, a starter deputy commander of the Sobibór extermination camp in German-occupied Poland, where more than 200,000 Jews were gassed during Operation Reinhard, known as 'The Beast' due to his brutality, sentenced to death in absentia after the war, but escaped with Franz Stangl to Brazil where he lived undisturbed until he was exposed by Simon Wiesenthal and arrested on 30 May 1978, but extradition requests from Israel, Austria, and Poland were rejected by Brazil's Attorney General Henrique Fonseca de Araújo, father of the current Brazilian chancellor Ernesto Araújo who was appointed by President Jair Bolsonaro in January 2019, the BBC interviewed Wagner in 1979
Brazilian-Polish trade relations
Brazilian-Polish trade relations, as Brazil is Poland's main trading partner in Latin-America
Poland/Czech Republic relations:
Poland/
Czech Republic
relations
Poland/Denmark relations:
Poland/
Denmark
relations
Poland/France relations:
Poland/
France
relations
Poland/Germany relations:
Poland/
Germany
relations
18th century three partitions of Poland:
Towards the end of the 18th century three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years, and conducted by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures
1772-1795:
1772 First Partition of Poland
-
1793 Second Partition of Poland
-
1795 Third Partition of Poland
Since 1772 Prussian Partition:
Since 1772 Prussian Partition
1795–1918 History of Poland:
History of Poland 1795–1918
-
1815–1867/1915 Congress Poland or Russian Poland, created by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, until 1832 a state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire, in 1867 made an official part of the Russian Empire, and in 1915 replaced by the Central Powers during World War I with the proposed puppet state 'Regency Kingdom of Poland'
Aftermath of the First World War:
Aftermath of the First World War
1939-1945 German invasion of Poland 1939 and World War II:
German invasion of Poland 1939
,
the beginning of World War II
-
War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II, called 'Schmutzstrecke' by German war criminals as for instance quartermaster-general Eduard Wagner
-
'Germanisation' under Nazi Germany
1939-1945 World War II and the Holocaust in Poland:
The Holocaust in Poland
-
Warsaw Ghetto
-
18 October 2014: Polish lawyer Raphael Lemkin, who in 1943 coined
'Genocide' in 1943 spent his life trying to stop it
19 April 1943 – 16 May 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising:
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 19 April 1943 – 16 May 1943
-
Ringelblum Archive, a collection of documents from the World War II Warsaw Ghetto, collected and preserved by the group 'Oyneg Shabbos', which included historians, writers, rabbis and social workers, dedicated to chronicling life in the Ghetto during the Nazi occupation and started in September 1939 and ended in January 1943
-
Ghetto uprisings
1939-1945 Polish resistance movement against German assault and occupation:
1939-1945 Polish resistance movement in World War II, with the Polish Home Army at its forefront, was the largest underground resistance in all of Nazi-occupied Europe
August-October 1944 Warsaw Uprising:
Warsaw Uprising 1 August – 2 October 1944
2013:
20 January 2013: For first time, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising diaries unveiled
-
28 March 2013: German ZDF television drama about the Second World War has sparked outrage in Poland for trying to spread responsibility for the Holocaust
-
1 April 2013: Cutting-edge 3D film 'Warszawa 1935' revives a Warsaw lost to war
-
8 April: Thousands from across the globe marched solemnly at the former Nazi Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp to honour the six million Jews killed in the Holocaust during World War II
2017:
25 October 2017: Polish bill governing compensation denies compensation for most Holocaust survivors, families
Poland/Israel relations:
Poland/
Israel
relations
-
History of the Jews in Poland - Poland was a centre of Jewish culture thanks to a long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy ending with the Partitions of Poland which began in 1772
1939-1945 German war crimes and the Holocaust in occupied Poland during World War II:
German war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II 1939-1945
-
Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland
-
The Holocaust in occupied Poland 1939-1945
-
Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
October 1940 to May 1943 Warsaw Ghetto:
1940-1943 Warsaw Ghetto, the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe during World War II, the death toll among the Jewish inhabitants of the Ghetto, between starvation, disease, deportations to extermination camps, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and the subsequent razing of the ghetto, is estimated to be at least 300,000
1944–1946:
Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–46
-
Kielce Pogrom against the Jewish community July 1946
2013:
2 October 2013: Hundreds of Polish and Israeli high-school students paid homage to the victims of the former Nazi death camp of Treblinka in a memorial event seeking to connect Israeli youths with today's Poland and expose Polish youths to Jewish history
2018:
1 February 2018: Israel condemns passing of Polish Holocaust law
,
as politicians and Yad Vashem voice outrage
-
1 February 2018: Yad Vashem criticized the Polish Senate’s approval of a contentious Polish Holocaust bill that would outlaw blaming the Polish state or nation for crimes of the Holocaust committed in Poland and vowed to continue supporting research into the 'Polish population’s attitudes toward Jews during the Holocaust'
-
8 February 2018: Holocaust survivors entered the Polish embassy compound in Tel Aviv protesting the Polish complicity bill
-
10 February 2018: Adviser Andrzej Zybertowicz to Poland's president says that Israel's reaction to a law criminalizing some statements about Poland's actions during World War II stems from a 'feeling of shame at the passivity of the Jews during the Holocaust'
,
in a new version of victim blaming
-
18 February 2018: Netanyahu slams Holocaust remark by Polish PM in Munich, who said - questioned by journalist Ronen Bergman who told of his mother's narrow escape from the Gestapo in Poland after learning that neighbours were planning to denounce them - that the Holocaust had involved 'Jewish perpetrators' as well as Polish
,
as the audience at the Munich Security Conference stayed quiet, according to Haaretz correspondent Noa Landau
February 2019:
15 February 2019: Poland moves to end spat with Israel over PM comments, blames media manipulation, as PM Netanyahu denied suggestions of going along with historical revisionism, stating 'Here I am saying Poles cooperated with the Nazis. I know the history and I don’t whitewash it'
September 2019 Polish president blames Israel for anti-Semitic incidents:
27 September 2019: Polish president's blaming Israel for anti-Semitic incidents in his own country reportedly provoked a shocked and angry response by several participants at meeting with Jewish leaders in New York
14 January 2020 Polish Jewish community backs president’s decision to skip Holocaust event in Jerusalem:
14 January 2020: Calling Russian Putin regime's attempt to blame Poles for cooperation with Hitler 'a provocation', Poland’s largest Jewish communal group expressed its support for Polish president Duda’s decision to withdraw from Holocaust memorial event in Jerusalem on 23 January after being left off speakers’ list and as representatives of France, Germany (!), Russia, the UK, the USA would all speak at the memorial
22 January 2020 Auschwitz Museum's Piotr Cywinski slams holding of World Holocaust Forum in Jerusalem:
22 January 2020: Director of Auschwitz Museum Piotr Cywinski slams holding of World Holocaust Forum in Jerusalem accusing organizers of trying to replace annual ceremony in Poland, as Jerusalem event co-organized by people in Israel influenced by Moscow-born Moshe Kantor, who is said to be close to Russian regime's war criminal Vladimir Putin, allied with Hezbollah terrorists, Iranian and Syrian regime
Poland/Lebanon relations:
10 May 2005: Relations between
Lebanon
and Poland
2015:
1 December 2015: 'Is the life of a Beirut citizen worth less than the life of a Paris resident', Polish expert Margarita Sytnik says discussing terrorist threats
Poland/Lithuania relations:
Poland/
Lithuania
relations
-
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1795
-
Third Partition of Poland
-
Polish–Lithuanian War 1919-1920
-
Polish–Lithuanian relations during World War II
Poland/Russia relations:
Poland/
Russia
relations
18th century three partitions of Poland:
Towards the end of the 18th century three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years, and conducted by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures
1772-1795:
1772 First Partition of Poland
-
1793 Second Partition of Poland
-
1795 Third Partition of Poland
Since 1772 Russian Partition:
Since 1772 Russian Partition
1795–1918 History of Poland:
History of Poland 1795–1918
-
1815–1867/1915 Congress Poland or Russian Poland, created by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, until 1832 a state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire, in 1867 made an official part of the Russian Empire, and in 1915 replaced by the Central Powers during World War I with the proposed puppet state 'Regency Kingdom of Poland'
Since 1914-1918 Central Powers (including Germany, Austria-Hungary) First World War and aftermath:
Since 1914-1918 Central Powers (including Germany, Austria-Hungary) First World War and aftermath
1939-1947 Poles in the Soviet Union:
1939-1947 Poles in the Soviet Union
1939-2020 'Deported. Exiled. Saved. History and Memory of Polish Jews in the Soviet Union (1939–1959)':
29 December 2020: Herman 'Likwornik would have been one of about 230,000 Polish Jews who survived the Holocaust by reaching the Soviet Union ..., the largest group of Polish Jews to survive the Holocaust, yet historians have paid scant attention to their ordeals', co-editor Katharina Friedla of an upcoming book about this group of survivors called 'Deported. Exiled. Saved. History and Memory of Polish Jews in the Soviet Union (1939–1959)', says
2013 Russia moves nuclear-capable missiles closer to EU:
17 December 2013: Russia moves nuclear-capable missiles closer to European Union
2014/2015 USA's commitment to NATO allies amid tensions with Russia over Ukraine:
23 April 2014: USA is deploying 600 troops to Poland and the Baltics to highlight its commitment to NATO allies amid tensions with Russia over Ukraine
-
29 April: The Visegrad Group foreign ministers of Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary condemn Russia's aggression against Ukraine
2016 Polish FM says Eastern Ukraine witnesses Russian aggression against another state and not a civil war:
16 February 2016: Eastern Ukraine witnesses Russian aggression against another state and not a civil war, Polish FM Witold Waszczykowski told the Munich Security Conference
2017 rally of solidarity with the political prisoners in Crimea held near the Russian Embassy:
1 March 2017: Rally of solidarity with the political prisoners in Crimea was held near the Russian Embassy in Warsaw
Poland/Syria relations:
2014/2015:
2014/2015 European and international refugee and migrant crisis
-
12 July 2015: 158
Syrian
Christians who landed in Warsaw on Friday night are happy that they can start anew, but some fear for the families they left behind
-
14 November 2015: Poland's new government will no longer accept migrants under European Union quotas after Friday's terror attacks in Paris
Poland/Ukraine relations:
Poland/
Ukraine
relations
-
Ukrainians in Poland
-
History of the Ukrainian minority in Poland
-
Poles in Ukraine
1943-1944:
1943-1944 Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia carried out in Nazi German-occupied Poland by the UPA
2013:
11 July 2013: Poland unveils Volyn WWII massacre memorial
2014:
29 April 2014: Poland opens consulate general in Donetsk
-
22 September: Poland ready to export weapons to Ukraine
-
28 November: Poland ratifies Association Agreement between Ukraine and EU
-
23 December: Ukraine will be a member of NATO and the EU if the country meets alliance standards and if Ukrainian citizens wish so, Polish Defense Minister Tomasz Siemoniak says
2016:
22 May 2016: As around one million Ukrainians work in Poland, Ukrainian Workers' Trade Union to be set up in Warsaw
Poland/United Kingdom relations:
Poland/
United Kingdom
relations
18th century, 19th and the beginning 20th century:
Poland/United Kingdom relations in the 18th, 19th and the beginning 20th century
Since March/August 1939 Anglo-Polish agreement and military alliance:
April/August 1939 Anglo-Polish agreement and military alliance for mutual assistance in case of military invasion from Germany
Since 1939 Polish government-in-exile:
Polish government-in-exile, since 1940 in London
-
Since 1946 Federation of Poles in Great Britain
Since 1945, since 2004 Polish migration to the United Kingdom:
Polish migration to the United Kingdom is the temporary or permanent settlement of Polish people, arriving in the UK after the 2004 enlargement of the EU and making them the largest foreign-born group in the country, as of 2015 the number of UK residents born in Poland was estimated at 831,000 and there is a wider population of British Poles, including the descendants of over 200,000 immigrants who settled in the UK after World War II
Poland/USA relations:
Poland/
USA
relations
2014:
24 January 2014: Poland to look into new allegations
about secret CIA jail
-
23 April 2014: USA is deploying 600 troops to Poland and the Baltics to highlight its commitment to NATO allies amid tensions with Russia over Ukraine
2015:
22 April 2015: Poland to build missile defense with USA
-
13 June 2015: USA is hampering Poland’s investigation into a secret CIA prison by snubbing repeated requests for vital documents, including a Senate report detailing CIA prison locations and practices, Polish prosecutor says
April 2019:
22 April 2019: USA ambassador to Poland Georgette Mosbacher on Friday wished Jews a happy Passover in Polish, and also wished Poles a happy Easter on Sunday, but lawmaker in ruling party calls her blessings to Jewish community a ‘provocation', while organizer of yearly Independence Day march that government leaders joined last year decries 'pagans and traitorous Jews', saying 'Christ died and was resurrected also for you, pagans and traitorous Jews'
May 2019:
12 May 2019: Thousands of Polish nationalists marched to the USA Embassy in Warsaw Saturday, protesting that the USA is putting pressure on Poland to compensate Jews whose families lost property during the Holocaust
Poland/Vietnam relations:
Poland/
Vietnam
relations since 1950
Vietnamese people in Poland:
Vietnamese people in Poland, estimated to be between 30,000-40,000 forming the largest non European migrant community in Poland
Environment of Poland:
Environment of Poland
-
Natural history of Poland
Protected areas of Poland:
Protected areas of Poland
-
Biosphere reserves of Poland
-
Landscape parks in Poland
Environmental issues and environmentalism in Poland:
Environmentalism in Poland
Coal and the environment in Poland:
Coal and the environment in Poland
Water in Poland:
Water in Poland
Natural disasters in Poland:
Natural disasters in Poland
-
Weather events in Poland
Floods in Poland:
Floods in Poland
-
2010 Central European floods
-
2013 European floods
Storms in Poland:
15 July 2012: One person killed and at least 10 others injured during a series of freak tornadoes in northern and western Poland
Cold waves in Poland:
9 January 2017: Ten people have died in Poland as bitterly cold weather swept across Europe, bringing the toll number of hypothermia deaths in the country to 65 since November
Portugal
-
Geography of Portugal
-
History of Portugal
-
Portuguese Empire (from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999)
-
Portuguese Colonial War 1961-1974
-
Demographics of Portugal
Economy of Portugal:
Economy of Portugal
- main industries include textiles, clothing, footwear, wood and cork, paper, chemicals, auto-parts manufacturing, base metals, dairy products, wine and other foods, porcelain and ceramics, glassware, technology, telecommunications; ship construction and refurbishment; tourism, building materials
-
Economic history of Portugal
-
Companies of Portugal by industry 21th century
Mining and mines in Portugal:
Mining in Portugal
-
Mines in Portugal
-
Since 1988 Neves-Corvo mine, a zinc-copper mine in Castro Verde Municipality
-
Minas da Panasqueira, a set of mining operations between Cabeço do Pião and the village of Panasqueira
Energy in Portugal:
Energy in Portugal
Fossil fuels in Portugal:
Fossil fuels in Portugal
-
Oil and gas companies of Portugal
Electricity sector in Portugal:
Electricity sector in Portugal, in 2014 electricity was generated by 30% hydroelectricity, 27% natural gas, 22% wind, 20% coal and 1% solar
-
List of power stations in Portugal
Hydroelectric power stations in Portugal:
List of hydroelectric power stations in Portugal
Wind power in Portugal:
Wind power in Portugal
Agriculture in Portugal:
Agriculture in Portugal
- products include cereals, grapes and wine, fruits, oranges, cherries, horticulture and floriculture products, beet sugar, sunflower oil, cork, tobacco, fish
Portuguese wine:
Portuguese wine
Forestry in Portugal:
Forestry in Portugal
-
Forests of Portugal
Fishing in Portugal:
Fishing in Portugal
Water in Portugal:
Water
in Portugal
Rivers of Portugal:
List of rivers of
Portugal
Transport in Portugal:
Transport in Portugal
Water transport in Portugal:
Water transport in Portugal
-
Ports and harbours of Portugal
-
Port of Lisbon
-
Shipping companies of Portugal
Rail transport in Portugal:
Rail transport in Portugal
Road transport in Portugal:
Road transport in Portugal
Banking in Portugal:
Banking in Portugal
Banco Espírito Santo
-
3 August 2014: Portugal's central bank announced a plan to rescue the troubled lender Banco Espirito Santo forming a 'good bank' which will receive a $6.6 bn cash injection from Portugal's bailout fund
2015:
25 July 2015: Former head of collapsed Portugese bank BES Salgado put under house arrest
Economic history of Portugal and economic cycles:
Since 20th century
economic history
of
Portugal
2010–14 Portuguese financial and economic crisis (ongoing):
European sovereign debt crisis (2010-present)
-
2010–14 Portuguese financial crisis
2011-2014 Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal:
2011-2014 Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal
2012/2013:
16. Mai 2011: EU und IWF Milliardenkredit für Portugal
-
23. März 2012: Allein in 2011 haben 150.000 Portugiesen ihr Land verlassen - in den letzten fünf Jahren waren es 500.000 Emigranten
-
16. August 2012: Bruttoinlandprodukt im Vergleich mit dem Vorquartal um 1,2% niedriger - schwache Inlandnachfrage - Arbeitslosenquote mit Rekord von 15,0%
-
8 November 2013: IMF approves a nearly two-billion-euro loan installment for Portugal
Portuguese military:
Since 12th century
Portuguese Armed Forces
-
Military history of
Portugal
Wars and battles involving Portugal:
List of wars involving
Portugal
-
Battles involving Portugal
-
Naval battles involving Portugal
Military coups in Portugal:
Military coups in Portugal
28 May 1926 military coup d'état:
28 May 1926 coup d'état
, military coup ending the Portuguese First Republic and initiating the National Dictatorship, that would last until the Carnation Revolution in 1974
Since 1941 Portuguese volunteers fighting the Soviet Union on the Axis side:
Since 1941 Portuguese volunteers fighting the Soviet Union on the Axis side
Politics of Portugal:
Politics of Portugal
-
Constitutions of Portugal since 1911, preceded by constitutions of 1822, following the Liberal Revolution of 1820, and 1838 after the Liberal Wars
-
1976 Constitution of Portugal
Political parties in Portugal:
Political parties in Portugal
Trade unions in Portugal:
Trade unions in Portugal
1961-1974 Portuguese Colonial War in Africa:
Portuguese
Colonial War 1961-1974
against the emerging movements of independence in Portugal's African colonies
April 1974 Carnation Revolution and third republic:
April 1974 Carnation Revolution
initiated by military officers who opposed the regime, but soon coupled with an unanticipated and popular campaign of civil resistance, lead to the fall of the fascist 'Estado Novo' and the withdrawal of Portugal from its African colonies
-
Processo Revolucionário Em Curso
-
Portuguese transition to democracy
-
Third Portuguese Republic since 1974
Elections in Portugal since the 1974 'Carnation Revolution':
Elections
in Portugal since the 'Carnation Revolution' of 1974
April 1975 Portuguese Constituent Assembly election:
25 April 1975 Portuguese Constituent Assembly election
Portuguese legislative election 2011:
Portuguese legislative election 2011
-
5. Juni 2011: Niederlage der sozialistischen Partei
-
18 June 2011: Prime Minister unveils new 11-member cabinet
-
28. Juni 2011: Vorstellung des Sparprogramms der neuen Regierung
-
18. Juli 2011: Neues Haushaltsloch - Ankündigung weiterer Sparschritte
2012:
3 October 2012: Portugal outlines tax increases replacing previous plan that had to be abandoned in the face of widespread opposition and anti-austerity protests
-
15 October: Government unveils harsh austerity budget
2013:
6 April 2013: Portugal's centre-right government condemned the constitutional court's rejection of the tough 2013 budget, saying that the decision makes it difficult to make budget cuts promised to creditors
-
3 May: Portugal is planning to cut 30,000 civil service jobs and to raise the retirement age by one year to 66
-
26 septembre: La Cour constitutionnelle portugaise rejette la simplification des licenciement
June 2015:
2 June 2015: The Portuguese Parliament recently enacted Law 30/2015, aiming to comply with the recommendations addressed to Portugal on corruption by GRECO, UN and OECD, making amendments to several laws
October 2015 Portuguese legislative election:
4 October 2015 Portuguese legislative election
-
5 October 2015: Centre-right and pro-austerity coalition retains power but could lose majority, as opposition Socialists of former Lisbon mayor Antonio Costa took 32.4% the vote
November 2015:
11 November 2015: Opposition alliance toppled the country's minority conservative government in a parliamentary vote on Tuesday
January 2016 Portuguese presidential election:
24 January 2016 Portuguese presidential election
-
24 January: In Portugal’s presidential election Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa gains 52.4% of the vote to capture the mostly ceremonial post
October 2017 Portuguese local elections:
1 October 2017 Portuguese local elections
October 2017:
19 October 2017: Portugal’s interior minister de Sousa has been replaced amid criticism over the government’s handling of a series of deadly forest fires that have killed more than 100 people in four months
March/April 2019 prison becomes museum of resistance:
31 March 2019: On 27 April 2019, the 45th anniversary of the Peniche fortress prison’s closing, used to hold dissidents under Portugal’s dictatorship, and following the Carnation revolution, the fortress will reopen as the National Museum of Resistance and Freedom
May 2019 European Parliament election in Portugal:
26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Portugal
September 2019 Madeiran regional election:
22 September 2019 Madeiran regional election
October 2019 Portuguese legislative election:
6 October 2019 Portuguese legislative election
-
Opinion polling for the 2019 Portuguese legislative election
7 October 2019 socialists won general election:
7 October 2019: Taking 36.65% of the vote, followed by the center-right Social Democrats with 27.9%, PM Antonio Costa’s Socialists won general election marked by low turnout after presiding over a period of solid economic growth following years of austerity
27 October 2019:
27 octobre 2019: Le nouveau gouvernement socialiste portugais, qui a prêté serment samedi, prévoit d'augmenter le salaire minimum de 25% et veut aussi fermer les deux dernières centrales à charbon d'ici à la fin de son mandat de quatre ans
28 September 2020 Portugal records surge in racist violence:
28 September 2020: Portugal records surge in racist violence as neo-fascim linked movement rises and campaigners call for urgent institutional response after attacks and death threats targeting MPs, academics and activists
January 2021 Portuguese presidential election:
24 January 2021 Portuguese presidential election
-
Candidates of the 2021 Portuguese presidential election, including Ana Gomes (former Socialist Party MEP), André Ventura (CHEGA), João Ferreira (PCP), Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (president since 2016), Marisa Matias (Left Bloc BE MEP)
-
Opinion polling for the 2021 Portuguese presidential election
24 January 2021 Portuguese going to poll amid global and local crises:
24 janvier 2021: En dépit d’une situation critique sur le plan sanitaire, les Portugais ont commencé à voter dimanche pour une élection présidentielle qui doit sceller la reconduction du candidat sortant, le conservateur modéré Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
September/October 2021 Portuguese local elections:
September/October 2021 Portuguese local elections and main parties
-
Opinion polling for the 2021 Portuguese local elections
26 de Setembro 2021 resultados território nacional:
26 de Setembro 2021 resultados território nacional, PS 34,22%, 1.711.725 votos (2021 Portuguese local elections)
30 January 2022 early Portuguese legislative elections:
30 January 2022 early Portuguese legislative elections to elect members of the Assembly of the Republic as all 230 seats to the Assembly of the Republic will be at stake, after in October 2021 the budget proposed by the Socialist minority government was rejected by the Assembly
-
Opinion polling for the 2022 Portuguese legislative election
-
Portuguese politician Catarina Soares Martins, the national coordinator of the Left Bloc since 2012 and a member of the Assembly since 2009, professionally trained as a linguist and active in theater
31 January 2022 Portugal’s ruling Socialists won an outright parliamentary majority:
31 January 2022: Portugal’s ruling Socialists won an outright parliamentary majority in Sunday’s snap general election, securing a strong new mandate for PM Antonio Costa, as the result boosted by a higher than expected turnout despite the covid-19 pandemic
11 August 2022 young adults take Portugal climate crisis to court amid European heatwaves and wildfires:
11 August 2022: Following 2022 European heatwaves and wildfires, young adults take Portugal climate crisis to court, as Cláudia Agostinho, her siblings and cousins will have case heard at European court of human rights
Social movements, trade unions and protests in Portugal:
Protests in Portugal
2011:
2011 Portuguese protests
-
24 novembre 2011: Le portugal va tourner au ralenti avec une grève générale contre l'austerité
2012:
NZZ 22. März 2012: Generalstreik, zu dem der grösste Gewerkschaftsverband CGTP aufgerufen hat, gegen Sparmassnahmen unter dem Diktat von EU und IMF
-
16 September: More than 100.000 people took to the streets of Lisbon and other cities to protest against fresh austerity measures
-
NZZ 22. September: Nach den jüngsten landesweiten Protesten will die portugiesische Regierung besonders umstrittene neue Sparmassnahmen nicht umsetzen
-
29 September: Thousands in new rally against Portuguese austerity
-
13 October 2012: Thousands protest in Spain, Portugal against austerity cuts
2013:
17 February 2013: Thousands of protesters rallied in Portugal against austerity measures imposed on the country by its international creditors
-
2 February 2013: Hundreds of thousands of Portuguese demonstrate in Lisbon and other cities demanding an end to austerity measures dictated by an international bailout and for the centre-right government to resign
-
27 juin 2013: Une grève générale de 24 heures à l'appel des deux principaux syndicats du pays contre la politique d'austérité draconienne paralyse le Portugal
-
19 octobre: Des dizaines de milliers de manifestants se sont mobilisés au Portugal et en Italie contre les nouvelles mesures d'austérité annoncées par leur gouvernement respectif
-
26 October: Thousands of demonstrators protested in Portugal against salary cuts and public sector reforms
-
1 novembre: Plusieurs milliers de Portugais manifestent devant le Parlement pour protester contre les coupes sévères dans les dépenses publiques prévues par le budget 2014
-
21 novembre: Des milliers de policiers, gendarmes et autres fonctionnaires des forces de l'ordre manifestent contre l'austérité
2014:
25 April: Protests over EU-imposed austerity have overshadowed the 40th anniversary of democracy in Portugal
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Portugal:
Portuguese society
-
Human rights in Portugal
Regions, districts and municipalities in Portugal:
Subdivisions and
administrative divisions of Portugal
-
Regions
of Portugal
-
2 Autonomous Regions of Portugal, the Azores and Madeira
-
18
Districts
of Portugal
-
308
Municipalities
of Portugal
-
3,091 Freguesia
Cities and towns in Portugal:
List of
cities
in Portugal
-
List of towns in Portugal
-
List of Portuguese municipalities by population
-
Metropolitan areas Lisbon and Porto
Lisbon:
Lisbon
, the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with a population of 552,700 and with a population of around 3 million people in its urban area
-
Economy of Lisbon
-
Civil parishes and bairros of Lisbon
Timeline of Lisbon:
Timeline of Lisbon since 205 BCE, Roman municipio in Lusitania province
Since 1139 Kingdom of Portugal:
Since 1139 Kingdom of Portugal and since 1256 Lisbon capital
April 1506 Lisbon massacre of Jews:
April 1506 Lisbon massacre, in which a crowd of Catholics persecuted, tortured, killed, and burnt at the stake hundreds of people who were accused of being Jews and, thus, guilty of deicide and heresy, thirty years before the establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal and nine years after the Jews were forced to convert to Roman Catholicism in 1497
November 1755 Lisbon earthquake:
1 November 1755 Lisbon earthquake
Since 1974 'Third Portuguese Republic':
Since 1974 Lisbon the capital of the 'Third Portuguese Republic'
October 2017 local elections:
1 October 2017 Portuguese local elections
January 2019 police brutality:
31 January 2019: Police brutality reveals Portugal's urban reality, as viral video of police violence, showing officers beating, pushing and dragging anyone who came into their path, brings national attention to the long-ghettoised community in 'Bairro da Jamaica' neighbourhood on the southern outskirts of greater Lisbon
Demographics of Portugal:
Demographics
of Portugal
-
Ethnic groups in Portugal
Afro-Portuguese:
Afro-Portuguese are descendants or migrants issuing from the former Portuguese African colonies Angola, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, Cape Verde and Mozambique, even if residual numbers originate in other Sub-Saharan African countries
Angolans in Portugal:
Angolans in Portugal form the country's second-largest group of African migrants, after Cape Verdeans
Brazilians in Portugal:
Brazilians in Portugal, represent approximately 25% of the foreign population in Portugal and 106,961 people
Cape Verdeans in Portugal:
Cape Verdeans in Portugal, in 2008 Portugal’s National Statistics Institute estimated that there were 68,145 Cape Verdeans who legally resided in Portugal
Indians in Portugal:
Indians in Portugal, including recent immigrants and people who trace their ancestry back to India, together number around 70,000
History of the Jews in Portugal:
History of the Jews in Portugal, reaching back over two thousand years and directly related to Sephardi history, a Jewish ethnic division that represents communities that originated in the Iberian Peninsula
Since 15th century persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal:
Since 15th century persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal, as on 5 December 1496 King Manuel I of Portugal signed the decree of expulsion of Jews and Muslims
-
Since 1536 Portuguese Inquisition, formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of King John III, after Manuel I had asked for the installation of the Inquisition, but it was only after his death that Pope Paul III acquiesced, in the period after the Medieval Inquisition, it was one of three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition along with the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition
Sephardi Jews in modern Spain and Portugal:
Sephardi Jews in modern Spain and Portugal
2016:
31 December 2016: The UK’s decision to leave the EU has fuelled an 80-fold increase in the number of British Sephardic Jews seeking Portuguese citizenship under a recent law intended to make amends for their ancestors’ expulsion from the Iberian peninsula more than 500 years ago, forced to convert to Catholicism or burned at the stake
6 October 2019 recently naturalized Sephardic Jews vote:
6 October 2019: Thousands of Israelis, recently naturalized Jews of Sephardic descent who recently received Portuguese citizenship, were eligible to vote in Sunday’s Portuguese national elections for the first time
Immigration to Portugal:
Immigration to Portugal
2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis:
2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
2016:
22 février 2016: Portugal propose aux pays européens subissant 'une forte pression migratoire' d'accueillir jusqu'à 10'000 réfugiés, tout en voyant une opportunité pour repeupler ses régions de l'intérieur
Culture of Portugal:
Culture
of Portugal
Women and women's rights in Portugal:
Women in Portugal
Children and youth in Portugal:
Childhood in Portugal
-
Youth in Portugal
Education in Portugal:
Education
in Portugal
Schools in Portugal:
List of schools in Portugal
Colleges and universities in Portugal:
List of universities and colleges in Portugal
Health in Portugal:
Health
in Portugal
Health disasters in Portugal:
Health disasters in Portugal
2014 Portugal legionellosis outbreak:
2014 Portugal legionellosis outbreak was an outbreak caused by Legionella bacteria in multiple cities of Portugal's Lisboa district
Healthcare in Portugal:
Healthcare in Portugal
-
Hospitals in Portugal
Access to healthcare for migrants in Portugal and payments:
Access to healthcare for migrants in Portugal and payments
Portuguese media:
Portuguese media
-
Media in Portugal by city
Censorship in Portugal:
Censorship
was a fundamental element of Portuguese national culture throughout the country's history up until the Carnation Revolution in 1974, as from its earliest history Portugal was subject to laws limiting freedom of expression
Newspapers in Portugal:
Newspapers in Portugal
Broadcasting in Portugal:
Broadcasting in Portugal
Internet in Portugal:
Internet
in Portugal
Crime in Portugal:
Crime in Portugal
Racism in Portugal:
Racism
in Portugal
From the 15th through to the 19th centuries Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch and French Atlantic slave trade and slavery in their empires:
From the 15th through to the 19th centuries Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch and French slavery in their empires and Atlantic slave trade across the Atlantic Ocean bringing millions of enslaved Africans from the central and western parts of Africa to the Americas to be sold at markets
January 2019 police brutality:
31 January 2019: Police brutality reveals Portugal's urban reality, as viral video of police violence, showing officers beating, pushing and dragging anyone who came into their path, brings national attention to the long-ghettoised community in 'Bairro da Jamaica' neighbourhood on the southern outskirts of greater Lisbon
28 June 2021 white Portuguese man sentenced to 22 years for murder of black actor:
28 June 2021: A Portuguese court has sentenced a white man who shot dead a black actor in a busy street last year to more than two decades in jail, in a case that has put racism and the country’s colonial past in the spotlight, after Bruno Candé of Guinean origin was shot several times by a white Portuguese man, Evaristo Marinho, at Avenida de Moscavide about six miles from Lisbon’s city centre, in July 2020
Antisemitism in Portugal:
Antisemitism
in Portugal
Since 15th century persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal:
Since 15th century persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal, as on 5 December 1496 King Manuel I of Portugal signed the decree of expulsion of Jews and Muslims
April 1506 Lisbon massacre of Jews:
April 1506 Lisbon massacre, in which a crowd of Catholics persecuted, tortured, killed, and burnt at the stake hundreds of people who were accused of being Jews and, thus, guilty of deicide and heresy, thirty years before the establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal and nine years after the Jews were forced to convert to Roman Catholicism in 1497
1536-1821 Portuguese and Goa inquisition:
Since 1536 Portuguese Inquisition, formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of King John III, after Manuel I had asked for the installation of the Inquisition, but it was only after his death that Pope Paul III acquiesced, in the period after the Medieval Inquisition, it was one of three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition along with the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition
-
Since 1560 Goa Inquisition, a colonial era Portuguese institution between the 16th- and 19th-century to stop and punish heresy against Christianity in Asia
History of the conversos since 15th century:
History of the conversos since 15th century
Corruption in Portugal:
Corruption
in Portugal
Since 2004 'Apito Dourado' affair:
Since 2004 'Apito Dourado' affair is a sports corruption scandal in Portuguese football, involving suspects of corrupting or attempting to corrupt referees
Since 2009 'Face Oculta' scandal:
Since 2009 'Face Oculta' Portuguese nationwide political corruption, money-laundering and corporate tax evasion scandal
2013 political corruption in Portugal:
2013 Transparency International’s Global Corruption Barometer reveals that political parties, Parliament, the judiciary and the military are the most corrupt institutions in Portugal
January 2018:
January 2018: Companies face an overall moderate risk of corruption when doing business in Portugal, and corruption and abuse of power are most prevalent in the areas of urban planning and public procurement, according to Business Anti-Corruption Portal
Police corruption in Portugal:
Police corruption in Portugal
Terrorism in Portugal:
Terrorism
in Portugal
Human trafficking in Portugal:
Human trafficking
in Portugal
Law and legal history in Portugal:
Law of Portugal
-
Legal history of Portugal
-
Constitutions of Portugal since 1911, preceded by constitutions of 1822, following the Liberal Revolution of 1820, and 1838 after the Liberal Wars
Since 1982 Constitutional Court:
Constitutional Court Portugal since 1982
Judiciary and courts of Portugal:
Judiciary of Portugal
-
Courts in Portugal
Since 1833 Supreme Court of Justice:
Supreme Court of Justice of Portugal since 1833, the highest court of law in Portugal without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court
Law enforcement agencies of Portugal and Polícia de Segurança Pública:
Law enforcement in Portugal
-
Law enforcement agencies of Portugal
-
Polícia de Segurança Pública
2015:
20 May 2015: Outrage in Portugal over police beating of man in front of his children
Foreign relations of Portugal:
Foreign relations of Portugal
Wars and battles involving Portugal:
List of
wars involving
Portugal
-
Battles involving Portugal
-
Naval battles involving Portugal
1415-2002 Portuguese Empire:
From the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999
Portuguese Empire 1415-2002
Portugal/Africa relations:
Portugal/
Africa
relations
From the 15th through to the 19th centuries Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch and French Atlantic slave trade and slavery in their empires:
From the 15th through to the 19th centuries
Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch and French slavery
in their empires and Atlantic slave trade across the Atlantic Ocean bringing millions of enslaved Africans from the central and western parts of Africa to the Americas to be sold at markets
-
Since 16th century Iberian Slave Trade, Portugal and Spain under the same monarch until 1640, were the pioneers of the transatlantic slave trade
-
Atlantic slave trade - more than half of the slave trade took place during the 18th century with the British, Portuguese and French being the main carriers
-
Portuguese Colonial War 1961-1975
2001 Durban conference acknowledgement of the slave trade and slavery as crime against humanity:
3 October 2001: The August/September 2001 anti-racism conference in Durban says that slave trade and slavery was and is 'a crime against humanity'
September 2018 Lisbon museum plan:
17 September 2018: Lisbon museum plan stirs debate over Portugal's colonial past, as critics say 'Museum of the Discoveries' would glorify slavery and other historical abuses
Portugal and the United Nations:
Portugal and the
United Nations
10 November 1975 Portugal and UN General Assembly's anti-Semitism marking the 37th anniversary of Nazi Germany's November 1938 'Kristallnacht':
On 10 November 1975 by a vote of 72 to 35 (with 32 abstentions) UN General Assembly adopted resolution 3379, that 'determine[d] that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination', with the support of the Arab- and Muslim-majority countries, many African countries, the Soviet bloc, and a few others including Portugal after its Socialist Party PS won the April 1975 election for the Constituent Assembly
-
Throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s UN documents systematically denied the existence of the Jews, Israel ancient history, the Holocaust, and the notion that Jews deserve the same rights granted to other groups, as most infamous example of this trend was the passage of UN General Assembly's resolution 3379, which equated Zionism with racism on 10 November 1975, the first postwar 'ideology' to ever be condemned in the United Nations' history, as many observers noted that the resolution was passed on the 37th anniversary of
November 1938 'Kristallnacht' in Nazi Germany, the pogrom historians agree marked the beginning of the Holocaust
Since 1986 Portugal and the European Union:
Portugal and the
European Union
,
membership since 1986/1993
March 2021 Council of Europe calls on Portugal to do more to confront its colonial past and its role in the slave trade:
25 March 2021: Europe’s top human rights body has called on Portugal to do more to confront its colonial past and its role in the transatlantic slave trade in order to help fight racism and discrimination in the country today, as the comments by the Council of Europe come amid an escalating debate in Portugal over how to remember its history as the country prepares to unveil its first memorial to victims of slavery
Treaties of Portugal:
Treaties of Portugal
Since 1536 Portuguese Inquisition:
Portuguese Inquisition formally established in 1536 at the request of its king, in the period after the Papal Medieval Inquisition it was one of three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition along with the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition
Bilateral relations of Portugal:
Bilateral relations
of Portugal
Portugal/Afghanistan:
Portugal/
Afghanistan
21 May 2022 National Institute of Music of Afghanistan, women’s orchestra Zohra in exile in Portugal:
21 May 2022: National Institute of Music of Afghanistan and women’s orchestra Zohra in exile in Portugal after in the summer of 2021, with the return of the Taliban, they had to leave their instruments behind and flee
,
as Emirate of Qatar prepares its territory hit by heatwaves for Worl Cup 2022 amid ongoing catastrophic covid-19 pandemic
Portugal/Angola relations:
Portugal/
Angola
relations
1482-1975 colonial history of Angola:
The colonial history of Angola is considered to run from the appearance of the Portuguese under Diogo Cão in 1482, settlement since Novais's establishment of São Paulo de Loanda (Luanda) in 1575, the Portuguese government formally incorporated Angola as a colony in 1655
Slavery in Angola:
Slavery in Angola existed since the late 15th century when Portugal established contacts with the peoples living in what is the Northwest of the present country, and founded several trade posts on the coast
1575–1975 Portuguese Angola:
1575–1975 Portuguese Angola refers to Angola during the historic period when it was a territory under Portuguese rule in southwestern Africa
1641-1648 Reconquest of Angola:
1641-1648 Reconquest of Angola was Portugal's campaign to regain its colony in Angola from the Dutch
Debt bondage, forced labour and slavery in Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia:
Since 1869 Chibalo, debt bondage, forced labour and slavery in Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia, most notably in Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique, after in 1869 the Portuguese officially abolished slavery, but in effect it continued nonetheless, as under the Salazar regime chibalo was used in Mozambique to grow cotton
1961-1974 War of Liberation and Angolan War of Indepencence:
Angolan War of Indepencence 1961-1974
-
1961-1974 'Portuguese Colonial War', in the former colonies 'War of Liberation', was fought between Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugal's African colonies, the Portuguese regime in Portugal itself was overthrown by a military coup in 1974 and the change in government brought the conflict to an end
Since 2009:
In 2009 the Central Bank of Angola was victim in a fraud case of about $160 million that were transferred to overseas accounts, revealed by the Portuguese newspaper Diário de Notícias in 2011 several supects were sentenced up to eight years in prison and there are still investigations going on in Portugal and Angola
2011:
16 November 2011: Portugal seeks Angola investment - PM Coelho visit
2014:
28 July 2014: It was announced that the Angolan state takes over the majority of Banco Espirito Angola, as its Angolan partners inject fresh capital of about US$3 billion into the Angolan bank
Portugal/Benin relations:
Ajashe/Hogbonu in the 16th century renamed to 'Porto Novo' for Portuguese and European slave trade:
Benin
's Ajashe/Hogbonu in the 16th century renamed to Porto Novo by the Portuguese, meaning 'New Port', and originally developed as a port for the slave trade
1830 Contonou founded as a slaving port:
1830 Contonou founded as a slaving port
Portugal/Bolivia relations:
Portugal/
Bolivia
relations
-
3 July 2013: Snowden drama ensnares an angry Bolivia after France and Portugal were reportedly acting under US pressure to rescind permission for President Evo Morales' plane to traverse their airspace
Portugal/Brazil relations:
Portugal/
Brazil
relations, beginning in 1532 with the establishment of São Vicente, the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas
-
Portuguese colonization of the Americas since 1494
-
Territorial evolution of colonial Brazil
1500–1815 Colonial Brazil and slavery:
1500–1815 Colonial Brazil, slaves especially those brought from Africa, provided most of the work force of the Brazilian export economy after a brief period of Indian slavery, the economic exploitation was based first on brazilwood extraction in the 16th century, sugar production in the 16th–18th centuries, finally on gold and diamond mining in the 18th century
-
Slavery in Brazil
During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries resistance of slaves:
Resistance of slaves during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries
-
Quilombo settlements founded by people of African origin, mostly escaped slaves, later these escaped African slaves in some cases would help provide shelter and homes to other minorities of marginalised Portuguese, Brazilian aboriginals, Jews and Arabs, and/or other non-black, non-slave Brazilians
1815-1825 'United Kingdom' of Portugal and Brazil:
1815-1825 United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
Since 1822 Independence of Brazil:
Since 1822 Independence of Brazil, comprising a series of political and military events that occurred in 1821–1824
1822-1825 War of Independence of Brazil:
1822-1825 War of Independence of Brazil between the newly independent Empire of Brazil and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, which had just undergone the Liberal Revolution of 1820
January 1835 Malê slave rebellion:
January 1835 Malê revolt, slave rebellion in Brazil following the Haitian Revolution 1791-1804
Portugal/China relations:
Portugal/
China
relations
-
Portuguese colony Macau 1537–1999
-
Slavery in Portuguese Macau and the coast of China
Portugal/Equatorial Guinea relations:
1472-1778 Portuguese and Dutch slave trade:
Since 1472 the Portuguese developed
Bioko island
for sugarcane crops, in 1642 the Dutch East India Company established trade bases centralizing from there its slave trade in the Gulf of Guinea, but in 1648 the Portuguese appeared again on the island, replacing the Dutch Company with one of their own, also dedicated to slave trading
-
Spanish immigration to
Equatorial Guinea
-
1778 Treaty of El Pardo of two colonial powers aiming at resolving long-standing territorial disputes linked to 1761–1763 Spanish–Portuguese War and 1776–1777 Spanish–Portuguese War
-
'Río Muni' was ceded by Portugal to Spain in 1778 in the Treaty of El Pardo, as the Spanish hoped to collect slaves to work in their other overseas possessions
Portugal/Germany relations:
Portugal/
Germany
relations
1914-1915 German campaign in southern Portuguese Angola:
October 1914 – July 1915 German campaign in Angola, the campaign in southern Portuguese Angola took place before a formal state of war had been declared, the German empire didn't declare war on Portugal until 9 March 1916
-
October-December 1914 Germans raided the Portuguese fort at Cuangar and attack the town and commune of Naulila
1894-1916 German Kionga Triangle in Portuguese Mozambique:
1894 the German empire established an outpost south of the Rovuma River designated as the border between the German and Portuguese colonies, naming the area Kionga Triangle - on 9 March 1916 during World War I Germany declared war on Portugal and the Portuguese military seized the disputed area in April 1916
November 1917 Battle of Ngomano:
November 1917 Battle of Ngomano fought between the German Empire and Portugal during the East African Campaign of World War I
April 1918 Battle of the Lys:
April 1918 Battle of the Lys, also known as the Fourth Battle of Flanders
,
and casualties, including British, French, Portuguese and German
1941-1945 Portuguese wolfram export to Germany:
After the invasion of the Soviet Union and as Nazi Germany became dependent on Portugal and Spain for its wolfram supplies in producing war munitions, Portuguese Salazar's 'Estado Novo' set up an export quota system in 1942 supplying equal division of products to belligerents, Salazar's regime survived the horrors of war significantly wealthier
Portugal/Guinea-Bissau relations:
Portugal/
Guinea-Bissau
relations
1474-1974 'Portuguese Guinea' West African colony of Portugal:
1474-1974 'Portuguese Guinea', a West African colony of Portugal from the late 15th century until 10 September 1974, when it gained independence as Guinea-Bissau
Since the 15the century Portuguese slave trade:
Since the 15the century Portuguese era of the slave trade
1963-1974 Guinea Bissau War of Indepencence:
Guinea Bissau War of Indepencence 1963-1974
2012:
22 October 2012: Guinea-Bissau accuses Portugal of backing a coup bid after a gun battle that claimed at least seven lives
Portugal/Hungary relations:
Since 2015 'Football Leaks':
Since 2015 'Football Leaks', initially a website created by Rui Pinto, the largest leak in the history of sports revealing 'murky' financial transactions in the world of European professional football and exposes the tax tricks employed by some of the continent's biggest stars, refers to the series of investigations published in December 2016 and November 2018 by media partners of the European Investigative Collaborations
March 2019:
5 March 2019: Portuguese Rui Pinto, who was detained in
Hungary
on a European arrest warrant issued by Portuguese authorities and linked to the Football Leaks website, is set to be extradited to Portugal after spending time under house arrest in Hungary, a court said on Tuesday, a move his lawyers oppose as they defend him as a 'whistleblower' and not a criminal
Portugal/India relations:
Portugal/
India
relations
-
Indians in Portugal, including recent immigrants and people who trace their ancestry back to India, together number around 70,000
Portuguese India 1505–1961:
Portuguese India 1505–1961
-
Slavery in India under European colonial powers
-
Portuguese Conquest of Goa 1510
1560-1812 Goa Inquisition:
Goa Inquisition 1560-1812
1961:
22 Indians killed by Portugal in the liberation of Goa 1961 ending 456 years of Portuguese colonial rule
Portugal/Israel relations:
Portugal/
Israel
relations
Jewish Portuguese history:
History of the Jews in Portugal, reaching back over two thousand years and directly related to Sephardi history, a Jewish ethnic division that represents communities that originated in the Iberian Peninsula
-
Jewish Portuguese history
Since 1536 Portuguese Inquisition:
Portuguese Inquisition formally established in 1536 at the request of its king, in the period after the Papal Medieval Inquisition it was one of three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition along with the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition
Portugal/Luxembourg relations:
Portugal/
Luxembourg
relations
Espírito Santo Financial Group
-
18 July 2014: Espirito Santo International, Holding company of Portugal's second-largest bank, files for creditor protection saying it can't meet its obligations
Portugal/Mozambique relations:
Portugal/
Mozambique
relations
1498–1975 'Portuguese Mozambique' colony:
1498–1975 'Portuguese Mozambique' colony and overseas province of the Portuguese Empire
Debt bondage, forced labour and slavery in Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia:
Since 1869 Chibalo, debt bondage, forced labour and slavery in Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia, most notably in Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique, after in 1869 the Portuguese officially abolished slavery, but in effect it continued nonetheless, as under the Salazar regime chibalo was used in Mozambique to grow cotton
1890-1972 Mozambique 'royal companies':
1891-1972 Mozambique royal company operating in Portuguese Mozambique, that had the concession of the lands in the Portuguese colony corresponding to the present provinces of Manica and Sofala in central Mozambique
-
1890-1920 Niassa royal company in the Portuguese colony of Mozambique, then known as Portuguese East Africa, that had the concession of the lands that include the present provinces of Cabo Delgado and Niassa
Since 1890 royal companies and chibalo forced labour system:
The power of the royal companies was based on the chibalo system, a forced labor policy, which forced the Mozambicans to work on plantations, cotton fields and on public works projects, additionally Mozambicans were forced to pay hut taxes that kept them in debt. The chibalo system enabled the Niassa Company to establish plantations and to force peasants to work for them and prevent them from growing their own crops for sale
1964-1974 Mozambican War of Indepencence:
Mozambican War of Indepencence 1964-1974
-
September 1974 Lusaka Accord between the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique FRELIMO and the Portuguese government installed after the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon
Portugal/South Africa relations:
Portugal/
South Africa
relations
-
October 2007: Political relations between Portugal and South Africa from the end of the second World War until 1974
-
1 June 2015: South Africa beach service to be held in Cape Town, near recently discovered wreck site of Portuguese ship that went down with 212 slaves on board in 1794
Portugal/East Timor relations:
Portugal/
East Timor
relations
1702–1975 'Portuguese Timor' Portuguese colony:
1702–1975 'Portuguese Timor' Portuguese colony, during most of this period Portugal shared the island of Timor with the Dutch East Indies
Debt bondage, forced labour and slavery in Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia:
Since 1869 Chibalo, debt bondage, forced labour and slavery in Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia, after in 1869 the Portuguese officially abolished slavery, but in effect it continued nonetheless
1974-2002 end of Portuguese and foreign rule in East Timor:
1974-2002 End of Portuguese and foreign rule in East Timor, following the 1974 Carnation Revolution and the beginning of the decolonisation process for Portuguese territories in Asia and Africa, and following the end of Indonesian occupation in 1999 and a UN administered transition period, East Timor became formally independent in 2002
Portugal/Vatican relations:
Portugal/
Vatican
relations
Since 1536:
Portuguese Inquisition
formally established in 1536 at the request of its king, in the period after the Papal Medieval Inquisition it was one of three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition along with the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition
2015:
10 July 2015: Visiting Latin America Pope Francis apologises in Bolivia for the sins and crimes of the Catholic Church against
the indigenous peoples during the colonial conquest of the Americas since 1492, also saying that a 'new colonialism' is now threatening them, represented in "corporations, loan agencies, certain 'free trade' treaties, and the imposition of measures of 'austerity'"
Environment of Portugal:
Environment of Portugal
-
Natural history of Portugal
-
Geology of the Iberian Peninsula
-
Geology of Portugal
-
Climate of Portugal
Ecoregions in Portugal:
List of ecoregions in Portugal
Forests in Portugal:
Forests of Portugal
Water in Portugal:
Water
in Portugal
Rivers of Portugal:
List of rivers of
Portugal
Environmental issues and environmentalism in Portugal:
Environmental issues in Portugal include soil erosion, air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions, water pollution, especially in coastal areas
-
Environmentalism in Portugal
Natural disasters in Portugal:
Natural disasters in Portugal
-
Natural disasters in the Azores
Heatwaves and wildfires in Portugal:
Wildfires
in Portugal
2012/2013:
4 September 2012: Portugal seeks EU help to fight forest fires
-
30 August 2013: Wildfires in Portugal have claimed five lives, officials say
2016:
2016 Portugal wildfires are a series of wildfires that burned across mainland Portugal and the Madeira archipelago in the north Atlantic Ocean during August
-
10 août 2016: Les incendies qui font rage sur l'île portugaise de Madère ont fait trois morts dans la nuit et un millier de personnes ont dû être évacuées
June 2017:
June 2017 Portugal Wildfires
-
18 June 2017: At least 57 people have been killed by huge forest fires in central Portugal, with many dying in their cars as they tried to flee the flames
October 2017:
October 2017 Iberian wildfires
-
Octubre 2017 Incendios al noroeste de la península ibérica
-
16 October 2017: 6 people killed in Spain, Portugal as wildfires fanned by hurricane Ophelia
July-August 2018 heatwave and wildfires in Portugal:
2018 heat wave in Portugal and Spain
-
4 August 2018: More than 740 firefighters battled a forest fire in southern Portugal on Saturday as temperatures climbed to near record highs in the Iberian Peninsula amid a Europe-wide heatwave that has brought drought and wildfires from Greece to Sweden
-
6 août 2018: Plus de 1150 pompiers luttent contre l'incendie dans le sud du pays
July 2019 wildfires in Portugal:
21 July 2019: About 1,800 firefighters have been struggling to contain wildfires in central Portugal that have injured 20 people, including eight firefighters
11 August 2022 young adults take Portugal climate crisis to court amid European heatwaves and wildfires:
11 August 2022: Following 2022 European heatwaves and wildfires, young adults take Portugal climate crisis to court, as Cláudia Agostinho, her siblings and cousins will have case heard at European court of human rights
Floods and landslides in Portugal:
Landslides
in Portugal
2010:
February 2010 Madeira
floods
and mudslides
Earthquakes in Portugal:
Earthquakes
in Portugal
1755:
November 1755 Lisbon earthquake
1969:
February 1969 Portugal earthquake
1980:
January 1980 Azores Islands earthquake
Romania
-
Geography of Romania
-
History of Romania
-
Demographics of Romania
Economy of Romania:
Economy of Romania
- main industries include electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining
-
Companies of Romania
-
Companies of Romania by industry
Industry of Romania:
Industry in Romania
-
Construction industry of Romania
-
Automotive industry in Romania
Arms industry in Romania:
Arms industry in Romania
Mining industry of Romania:
Mining industry of Romania
Coal mines in Romania:
Coal mines in Romania
-
Coal mining disasters in Romania
Energy in Romania:
Energy in Romania
-
Energy infrastructure in Romania
-
Energy policy of Romania
Fossil fuels and petrochemical industry in Romania:
Fossil fuels in Romania - Romania has the largest oil reserves in Central and Eastern Europe (except Russia) and the second largest natural gas reserves (except Russia)
-
Petrochemical industry in Romania
-
Oil fields in Romania
-
Oil shale mines in Romania
-
Oil pipelines in Romania
-
Natural gas pipelines in Romania
Electric power in Romania:
Electric power in Romania with 62.42% non-renewable energy sources
-
Power companies of Romania
Hydroelectricity, solar and wind power in Romania:
Hydroelectricity in Romania, 27.36% of total electric power and the second most important source of electricity generation after the fossil fuels
-
Wind power in Romania
-
Solar power in Romania
Nuclear power in Romania:
Nuclear power in Romania, in 2007 nuclear power generation was an estimated 21,158 million kilowatts, or 23.1% of total electric power, nuclear waste is stored on site at reprocessing facilities
Agriculture in Romania:
Agriculture in Romania
employs about 29% of the population and contributes about 8.1% of GDP - products include wheat, vegetables, dairy products, pork, poultry, apples, fruits and wine
-
Rice production in Romania
-
Romanian wine
-
Agricultural universities and colleges in Romania
1864, 1921, 1945 and 1991 land reforms:
In 1864, 1921, 1945 and 1991 four major land reforms have taken place in Romania
Forestry and forests in Romania:
Forestry in Romania
-
Forests of Romania
Water in Romania:
Water
in Romania
-
Bodies of water of Romania
-
Black Sea
-
Black Sea
region
-
Since 1992 Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
2004-2009 Case concerning maritime delimitation in the Black Sea:
2004-2009 Case concerning maritime delimitation in the Black Sea of the International Court of Justice, establishing a maritime boundary including the continental shelf and exclusive economic zones for Romania and Ukraine
Rivers of Romania:
Rivers of Romania
-
Alphabetic lists of rivers of Romania
-
Longest rivers of Romania
-
Rivers of Romania by county
-
Rivers of Romania by subbasin
Danube:
Danube is Europe's second-longest river after the Volga River, located in Central and Eastern Europe
-
The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Romania's Tulcea County, while its northern part, on the left bank of the Chilia arm, is situated in Ukraine's Odessa Oblast
-
List of tributaries of the Danube
-
Since 1994 International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
Water supply and sanitation in Romania:
Water supply and sanitation in Romania
Transport in Romania
Transport
in Romania
-
Rail transport in Romania
-
Road transport in Romania
and roads in Romania
Water transport in Romania:
Water transport in Romania
-
Ports and harbours of Romania
-
List of ports in Romania by region
List of rivers of Romania and drainage areas:
List of
rivers of Romania
which entirely or partially flow through Romania, listed by 'Wikipedia' by the length of the rivers on Romanian territory, but also including the
drainage area
Tourism in Romania:
Tourism in Romania
-
Visitor attractions in Romania
Foreign trade of Romania:
Foreign trade
of Romania
Banking in Romania:
Banking
and list of banks in Romania
Economic history and economic cycles in Romania:
Economic history
of Romania
-
Social class in Romania
-
1980s austerity policy in Romania
2002-2007 Romanian property bubble:
2002-2007 Romanian property bubble
Since 2007 Great Recession in Europe:
Great Recession in Europe since 2007 and Romania
2007-2017 growth and economic cycles in Romania:
Growth and economic cycles in Romania 2007-2017
Labor in Romania:
Labor in Romania
-
Labor disputes in Romania
-
Welfare in Romania
Wealth in Romania:
Wealth in Romania
Taxation in Romania:
Taxation
in Romania
Budget of Romania:
Budget of Romania 2013
2014:
26 June 2014: Romania’s budget deficit reaches EUR 1.1 bln in five months
-
29 July 2014: Romanian Government revises budget upwards, adds EUR 305 mln to expenditures
Politics of Romania:
Politics of Romania
-
1866, 1923, 1838, 1948, 1952, 1965 and 1991 Constitutions of Romania
-
1991 Constitution of Romania
Political parties in Romania:
Political parties in Romania
Trade unions in Romania:
Trade unions in Romania
Elections and politics in Romania:
Elections in Romania
1991:
1991 Romanian constitutional referendum
2008-2012:
Parlamentswahlen in Rumänien 2008
-
Präsidentschaftswahlen in Rumänien 2009
-
Romanian local election 2012
2012 Romanian political crisis:
2012 Romanian political crisis
-
NZZ 27. April 2012: Regierung Ungureanu im Streit um Sparmassnahmen vom Parlament gestürzt - Nachfolger soll der Vorsitzende der oppositionellen Sozialisten Victor Ponta werden
-
6 July: Romanian parliament votes to suspend President Basescu - a referendum on whether to remove him from office will follow
-
29 July: Romania holds referendum on suspended president
-
30 July: Romanian referendum invalid due to low turnout at 45.92 percent
-
NZZ 13. August: Berichte, daß der zurückgetretene rumänische Innenminister Ioan Rus unter Druck gesetzt wurde, um die Wählerlisten des Impeachment-Referendums nachträglich zu ändern
2012 Romanian legislative election:
Romanian legislative election 9 December 2012
-
9 December: Polls in Romania's parliamentary elections have opened
-
9/10 December: Exit poll shows Victor Ponta's Social-Liberal Union within reach of 57% of the vote
,
the ARD (Right Romania Alliance) trailed far behind on 19%
November 2014 Romanian presidential election:
Romanian presidential election 2/16 November 2014 (First and second round)
-
16 November: Victor Ponta loses to Klaus Iohannis in Romania’s presidential run-off
December 2014:
22 December 2014: Romania's sworn-in new president Iohannis says he wants a graft-free country when his term ends in five years
2015:
9 June 2015: Romanian parliament blocks investigation into forgery, money-laundering, tax evasion and conflict of interest in connection with PM Victor Ponta
-
13 July 2015: Romanian prosecutors charged PM Victor Ponta as part of a corruption probe, piling more pressure on the embattled politician to resign
-
22 July: Romania’s president has signed into law legislation that punishes Holocaust denial and the promotion of the fascist Legionnaires’ Movement with prison sentences of up to three years
-
18 September: Victor Ponta indicted on charges of forgery, money laundering as part of corruption sweep, mainly concerning his time as a lawyer prior to taking office
-
29 September: Thousands protest as Romanian PM Ponta withstands no-confidence vote
-
4 November: Romanian PM and government resign after protests
-
16 November: Prime minister-designate Dacian Ciolos has named a government, tapping European Union experts as well as private and non-profit sectors leaders to steer the country until elections next year
June 2016 Romanian local elections:
June 2016 Romanian local elections
-
6 June 2016: Romania's Social Democrats emerged as the top party from nationwide local elections, partial official results showed on Monday, boosting their chances to form a government after a parliament election this year
December 2016 Romanian legislative election:
11 December 2016 Romanian legislative election
-
12 December 2016: Romania's Social Democrats easily win parliamentary elections
2017:
4 February 2017: The Romanian government announces repeal of law that would have watered down fight against corruption after days of mass protests
-
9 February: Romanian justice minister resigns after anti-corruption protests
-
13 February: Romanian parliament approves anti-corruption referendum
-
21 June 2017: Romania's government collapses as PM Grindeanu loses power in 241-7 no-confidence vote brought by members of his Social Democratic party
-
30 June 2017: Romanian parliament approves Social Democrat government of new PM Mihai Tudose
October 2018 Romanian constitutional referendum:
6/7 October 2018 Romanian constitutional referendum to prohibit same-sex marriage, failed as the turnout was only 21.1%
May 2019 European Parliament election in Romania:
26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Romania
26 May 2019 Romanian referendum against corruption:
in
26 May 2019 prohibition of amnesties and pardons for corruption offences approved by 85.41% of the vote (turnout 41.03%) in Romanian referendum
June 2019:
6 June 2019: Romania's president Iohannis has called on the PSD-led government to honor referendum results and reverse a series of measures to weaken the judiciary and the rule of law that have been criticized by the European Union and USA
November 2019 Romanian presidential election:
10 November 2019 Romanian presidential election, with a possible second round on 24 November 2019
-
10 November 2019: Klaus Iohannis poised for victory in Romanian presidential vote, as opinion polls also point to centrist incumbent winning runoff on 24 November
24 November 2019 Romanian presidential election runoff:
10 November 2019 Romanian presidential election second round
December 2020 Romanian legislative election:
6 December 2020 Romanian legislative election
-
6 décembre 2020: Les Roumains ont commencé à voter dimanche pour des législatives dont les libéraux pro-européens au pouvoir sont donnés favoris, malgré une gestion critiquée de la pandémie de coronavirus qui menace de plomber les fêtes de fin d’année
10 October 2021: ‘catastrophic’ fourth COVID wave rips through Romania:
10 October 2021: ‘Catastrophic’ fourth COVID wave rips through Romania, as - following one of Europe’s weakest vaccination campaigns - Romania’s health system nears collapse
Social movements and protests in Romania:
Protests in Romania
1956:
Bucharest student movement of 1956
1989:
1989 Romanian Revolution
2012 Romanian protests:
2012 Romanian protests, series of protests and civil manifestations triggered by the introduction of new health reform legislation
-
15 January 2012: Romania anti-austerity protest turns violent
-
17 January: Romania reinstates public health official
-
6 February 2012: Romania spy chief nominated to replace PM Emil Boc after Boc resigned amid widespread austerity protests
2013 Romanian protests against the Rosia Montana Project:
2013 Romanian protests against the Rosia Montana Project
-
1 September 2013: Thousands of people took to the streets to protest against shale gas exploration and a controversial Canadian gold mine project using cyanide
-
10 September: Romania expected to reject gold mine following week of protest
-
22 septembre: Plus de 15.000 Roumains dans la rue contre le projet minier canadien
2012–14 Romanian social unrest:
2012–14 Romanian protests against shale gas
-
2012–14 Romanian social unrest
2015:
2015 Romanian protests
-
2 November 2015: Thousands of people marched through Bucharest
to commemorate the victims after a Romanian club fire death toll was raising to 30, which also left nearly 200 injured during a rock concert that featured the use of fireworks indoors
-
4 November: Tens of thousands of Romanians are marching against government corruption, angry that licences are given for businesses which do not pass necessary health and safety tests
-
6 November: Massive anti-corruption rallies continued in Bucharest's University square for the third night, calling for the reform of the political class and public administration which are widely seen as corrupt
-
9 November: Anti-corruption protests continue in Romania, calling for change amid the political class, as fire death toll rises
2017 Romanian protests:
2017 Romanian protests - in January 2017, days after the PSD government was sworn in, massive protests took place throughout Romania against the government ordinance bills that were proposed by the Ministry of Justice regarding the pardoning of certain committed crimes, and the amendment of the Penal Code, especially regarding the abuse of power
-
2 February 2017: Protesters have clashed with police in Bucharest after hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets in cities across Romania in anger at the government’s decriminalising of a string of corruption offences
-
4 février 2017: La crise se poursuit, les manifestations aussi
-
6 February 2017: An estimated half a million Romanians have continued to protest against the government, with many calling on it to quit even after it scrapped the corruption legislation that sparked a week of public outrage
-
12 February 2017: Among the of placards of mass anti-government protests in Romania many read 'Hands off DNA', Romania’s national anti-corruption directorate founded in 2003 and at the forefront of the country’s fight against official misconduct
-
13 February 2017: Tens of thousands gathered in Bucharest to call for the government to stand down, despite resignation of justice minister
August-November 2017:
28 August 2017: Thousands protest in Romania over changes to the judicial system
-
6 November 2017: Thousands in Romania protest against planned changes to judicial system that critics say will weaken the country's anticorruption measures
January 2018:
21 January 2018: Tens of thousands protest against corruption in Romania, as people return to the streets in the graft-plagued EU member to oppose laws that would weaken judicial independence
August 2018 Romanian protests:
August 2018 Romanian protests
-
11 August 2018: Tens of thousands of people took part in in Friday's protest in Bucharest and several other Romanian cities against corruption and low wages, as more than 400 people were injured by police using tear gas, pepper spray and water cannons, as several police officers were also hurt, as president Iohannis 'firmly condemn(ed) riot police's brutal intervention, strongly disproportionate to the actions of the majority of people', and as video footage posted on social media show police beating non-violent protesters holding their hands up
-
12 August 2018: Tens of thousands of demonstrators gathered in the Romanian capital Bucharest returning to the streets without fear in a huge anti-corruption protest on Saturday, 24 hours after more than 450 people were hurt, many needing treatment, and about 30 arrested
-
12 août 2018: Des milliers de Roumains se sont rassemblés pour le troisième soir consécutif à Bucarest et dans d'autres villes de Roumanie et ont demandé la démission de Viorica Sancila et dénoncé la corruption au sein du gouvernement social-démocrate
February 2019 anti-corruption protests:
24 February 2019: Thousands of Romanians protested across the country on Sunday after the government passed an emergency decree that critics said chipped away at prosecutors’ independence in one of the European Union’s most corrupt states
August 2019 anti-government protest:
10 août 2019: Plusieurs milliers de Roumains ont manifesté à Bucarest pour demander la démission du gouvernement, un an jour pour jour après un rassemblement violemment réprimé par les forces de l'ordre
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Romania:
Romanian society
-
Human rights in Romania
Regions in Romania:
Administrative divisions of Romania
-
Regions
of Romania
List of rivers of Romania and drainage areas:
List of
rivers of Romania
which entirely or partially flow through Romania, listed by 'Wikipedia' by the length of the rivers on Romanian territory, but also including the
drainage area
Counties, communes and villages in Romania:
Counties
of Romania
-
List of local administrative units of Romania, grouped by macroregions, development regions and counties
-
Communes
and villages in Romania
Cities, towns and metropolitan areas in Romania:
List of
cities
and towns in Romania
-
Metropolitan areas in Romania
Bucuresti – Ilfov development region:
The
Bucuresti – Ilfov development region
in Romania, encompassing the national capital Bucharest as well as the surrounding Ilfov County. As other development regions, it does not have any administrative powers, its main function being to co-ordinate regional development projects and manage funds from the EU
Bucharest city and Bucharest metropolitan area:
Bucharest metropolitan area
-
Bucharest city
, the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre, located in the southeast of the country on the banks of the Dâmbovita River
-
History of Bucharest since ancient times, as Bucharest was never under Roman rule, with an exception during Muntenia's brief conquest by the troops of Constantine I, as is assumed that the local population was 'Romanized' after the initial retreat of Roman troops from the region, during the Age of Migrations in the Early Middle Ages
Economy of Bucharest:
Economy of Bucharest, producing around 21% of the country's GDP and about one-quarter of its industrial production, while only accounting for 9% of the country's population
Since 1459 timeline of Bucharest:
Since 1459 timeline of Bucharest shown since the late Middle Ages
20th/21st centuries timeline of Bucharest:
20th century and 21st centuries timeline of Bucharest
Transylvania region in central Romania and history since 2nd century BC:
Transylvania historical region in central Romania, bordering to the east and south the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Apuseni Mountains, as broader definitions of Transylvania also encompass the western and north-western Romanian regions Crisana, Maramures and occasionally Banat. Transylvania is known for the scenery of its Carpathian landscape and its rich history, and is well known for the cities of Cluj-Napoca, Brasov, Sibiu, Târgu Mures, Alba Iulia, Sighisoara.
-
Since 2nd century BC documented history of Transylvania, as in the 20th century in August 1940 during Axis Powers World War II, the northern half of Transylvania 'Northern Transylvania' was annexed to Hungary by the second Second Vienna Award, leaving Southern Transylvania to Romania. On 19 March 1944, following the occupation of Hungary by the Nazi German army through Operation Margarethe, Northern Transylvania came under German military occupation. After King Michael's Coup, Romania left the Axis and joined the Allies, and fought together with the Soviet Union's Red Army against Nazi Germany, regaining Northern Transylvania. In the 21st century 'Transylvania proper' is included within the Romanian counties of Alba, Bistrisa-Nasaud, Brasov, Cluj, Covasna, Harghita, Hunedoara, Mures, Salaj and Sibiu, including several regions
Sibiu city in Transylvania:
Sibiu city
in Transylvania, a historical region of Romania. Located some 275km north-west of Bucharest, the city straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the river Olt. Now the capital of the Sibiu County, between 1692 and 1791 and 1849–65 Sibiu was also the capital of the Principality of Transylvania, as in the 21st century the city is a well-known tourist destination for both domestic and foreign visitors. Known for its culture, history, gastronomy and diverse architecture, which includes the iconic houses with eyes that gave Sibiu its nickname, the city has garnered significant attention since the beginning of the 21st century. In 2004, its historical center began the process of becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sibiu was designated the European Capital of Culture in 2007.
Since ancient times timeline of Sibiu:
Timeline of Sibiu since ancient times
,
as Sibiu was initially a Daco-Roman city called Cedonia. Its later Latin name, Cibinium, was derived from that of the river, a tributary of the Olt, which rises in the Cibin Mountains southwest of the city.
Caras-Severin county on the border with Serbia:
Caras-Severin county
of Romania on the border with Serbia. The majority of its territory lies within the historical region of Banat, with a few northeastern villages considered part of Transylvania. The county seat is Resita. The Caras-Severin county is part of the Danube–Cris–Mures–Tisa Euroregion
Resita city:
Resita city
in western Romania and the capital of Caras-Severin County. It is located in the Banat region, broadly considered part of Transylvania. The city had a population of 73,282 citizens in 2011
History and economy of Resita city:
History and economy of Resita city, as after the fall of the Nicolae Ceau?escu regime in 1989/1990, the Resita Steelworks was bought by a USA investor who brought the factory just one step away from bankruptcy. Today the steelworks are run by TMK Europe GmbH, a German subsidiary of the OAO TMK in Moscow, which has projects of modernization for the CSR
Danube–Cris–Mures–Tisa Euroregion in Hungary, Romania, Serbia:
Danube–Cris–Mures–Tisa Euroregion
located in
Hungary, Romania and Serbia
. It is named after four rivers in the region including
Danube
,
Cris
,
Mures
and
Tisa
river
Member regions in DKMT and largest cities:
8 member regions
of the Danube–Cris–Mures–Tisa Euroregion and list of largest cities
Timis county:
Timis county
of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia, in the historical region of Banat, with the county seat at Timisoara. It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area, with population of 705,270 inhabitants in 2021. The county is also part of the Danube–Cris–Mures–Tisa Euroregion
Economy of Timis County:
Economy of Timis County has one of the most dynamic economies in Romania. It ranks third in terms of GDP, reaching 50.5 billion lei in 2021. The most significant share in the total production of the county is held by the manufacturing industry, having as sub-branches electronics industry, food industry, chemical industry, textile industry, metal and wood processing industry and construction.
Agriculture of Timis County:
Agriculture of Timis County ranks first in the country in terms of both agricultural and arable land. One of the oldest and most important agricultural activities in the county, with favorable climatic conditions, is the cultivation of cereals and technical plants, and viticulture is practiced in most of the communes in the plain and hill area of the county.
Timisoara city:
Timisoara city
, the capital city of Timis County and the main economic, social and cultural center in western Romania, located on the Bega River, with a population of 319,279 citizens in 2011. Nicknamed the 'Little Vienna' or the 'City of Flowers' Timisoara is a member of Eurocities, and with an active cultural scene due to the city's three state theaters, opera, philharmonic and many other cultural institutions it will be the next European Capital of Culture in 2023
Sânnicolau Mare town:
Sânnicolau Mare town
in Timis County and the westernmost of the country. Located in the Banat region, along the borders with Serbia and Hungary, it has a population of just over 14,000 citizens in the 21st century.
History of Sânnicolau Mare town, documented since ancient times:
History of Sânnicolau Mare town since ancient times, as the oldest inhabitants of this land would have been the Agathyrsi, named after Agathyrsus, a son of Heracles. Herodotus wrote that in 513 BC next to the Maris (Mures) river lived the Agathyrsi who were of Thracian origin, engaging in cultivation of the land and even winemaking. The Agathyrsi have over time merged with the Dacians. At that time, the hearth of the town was made up partly of swampy lands fed by the overflow of Mures and Aranca rivers. In 106 AD, Roman emperor Trajan conquers Dacia and transforms it into a Roman province. In the time of Trajan
Since 18th century modern history of Sânnicolau Mare:
Since 18th century modern history of Sânnicolau Mare, as the European revolutionary year 1848 was also felt in Sânnicolau Mare, and many locals participated in the revolutionary battles, even constituting an area called Sânnicolau Mare Sârbesc, as in the period since 1860s dozens of workshops, manufactories, banks, bakeries, slaughterhouses, doctor's offices, veterinary clinics etc. developped, followed by Central Powers World War I, the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire, the rise of Axis powers and World War II
Culture, press, media, literature and music of Sânnicolau Mare:
Culture, press, media, literature and music of Sânnicolau Mare, as the city is the birthplace of Béla Bartók and the birthplace of Emilia Lungu-Puhallo, the first woman journalist in Banat and Transylvania
-
1881-1945 composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist Béla Bartók
Demographics, ethnic groups and minorities of Romania:
Demographics of Romania
-
Ethnic groups in Romania
-
Minorities of Romania
Roma in Romania:
Roma in Romania
-
Romani people by country
-
History of the Romani people
History of the Jews in Romania:
History of the Jews in Romania
-
The Holocaust in Romania
Hungarians in Romania:
Hungarian minority of Romania, the largest ethnic minority in Romania, consisting of 1,227,623 people and making up 6.1% of the total population in 2011
Immigration to Romania:
Immigration to Romania
2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis:
2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Culture of Romania:
Culture
of Romania
Women and women's rights in Romania:
Women in Romania
-
Women's rights in Romania
-
Women in Business Romania, non-profit organization founded in 2009 by entrepreneur Alice Botnarenco, developping projects addressed to female entrepreneurs as well as for women working in companies, who seek to improve themselves professionally
Childhood in Romania:
Childhood in Romania
-
Street children in Romania
-
Romanian orphans
-
Youth in Romania
January 2020 disabled Romanian children given chance:
4 January 2020: Disabled Romanian children given chance to shine, as recent shows in which children with Down syndrome had the starring roles illustrate how much that has changed since 1989
Education in Romania:
Education
in Romania
-
Education in Romania by county
-
Education in Romania by city
Schools in Romania:
Schools in Romania
-
Schools in Romania by county
-
Schools in Romania by city
Secondary schools in Romania:
List of secondary schools in Romania by county
-
High schools in Romania
-
National Colleges in Romania
Universities and colleges in Romania:
Universities and colleges in Romania
-
Universities and colleges in Romania by type
Universities in Romania:
List of universities in Romania
Health in Romania:
Health
in Romania
Disease outbreaks in Romania;
Disease outbreaks in Romania
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Romania:
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Romania is part of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached Romania on 26 February 2020
Healthcare in Romania:
Healthcare in Romania
Medical and health organizations based in Romania:
Medical and health organizations based in Romania
-
Medical education in Romania
Hospitals in Romania:
List of hospitals in Romania
1 October 2021 seven killed in Romanian hospital fire:
1 October 2021: Seven people killed in Romanian hospital fire, as people jump from windows to escape a blaze at Constanta hospital in the third deadly incident at healthcare facilities within a year
Media of Romania:
Media of Romania
-
Media in Romania by city
Newspapers in Romania:
Newspapers published in Romania
Broadcasting in Romania:
Broadcasting in Romania
Internet in Romania:
Internet in Romania
Crime in Romania:
Crime in Romania
2015:
2 November 2015: Romanian nightclubs admit safety failures after deadly Bucharest fire
Corruption in Romania:
Corruption in Romania
-
List of corruption scandals in Romania
2014:
3 February 2014: EU corruption report's says that corruption costs Europe $162 billion annually, the findings may prove most problematic for the EU's newest members
2018:
21 June 2018: Social Democratic party's Liviu Dragnea sentenced to prison in a blow to a government that has showered praise on Donald Trump’s 'drain the swamp' rhetoric, and threatened to create the EU’s latest populist headache
Racism and anti-Semitism in Romania:
Racism and
anti-Semitism in Romania
Since 2000 Noua Dreapta, an ultranationalist organization in Romania and Moldova
Roma wall in Baia Mare:
Roma wall in Baia Mare built by local authorities to segregate the Roma minority from the rest of the population
-
18 November 2011: Mayor of northern Romanian town Baia Mare fined for building a wall between a Roma neighbourhood and a main road
Anti-Semitism in Romania after World War II:
13 April 2008: European anti-Semitism remained after World War II, also in Romania
-
1944-1946 anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe including Romania
-
Holocaust denial in Romania
Human trafficking in Romania:
Human trafficking in Romania
-
Since 1999 Reaching Out Romania, non-governmental charitable organization that helps girls ages 13 to 22 exit the sex industry, rescueing these girls from the Moldovan and Romanian mafia, which have normally trafficked the girls out of Romania and into Western Europe
Law and legal history of Romania:
Law of
Romania
-
Legal history of Romania
-
1866, 1923, 1838, 1948, 1952, 1965 and 1991 Constitutions of Romania
-
Since 2014 Penal Code of Romania
Judiciary of Romania:
Judiciary and court system of Romania
High Court of Cassation and Justice:
High Court of Cassation and Justice, Romania's supreme court and the court of last resort
Law enforcement and Romanian Police:
Law enforcement in Romania
-
Romanian Police
Foreign relations of Romania:
Foreign relations of Romania
Treaties of Romania:
Treaties of Romania
Romanian membership in international organsisations and the EU:
Romanian membership in international organsisations and in the European Union
Romania and the European Union:
Romania and the
European Union
-
2007 enlargement of the European Union
-
Romania and the euro
Anti-Romanian prejudices even in some EU member states:
Anti-Romanian sentiment, a hostility, hatred towards, or prejudice against Romanians as an ethnic, linguistic, religious, or perceived ethnic group also and even in some European and even EU member countries
January 2018 EU's 'Greco' issued an indictment of Romania’s anti-corruption drive:
19 January 2018: Council of Europe’s anti-corruption watchdog, known as Greco, issued an indictment of Romania’s anti-corruption drive, when it concluded that its government had complied with only two out of 13 of its recommendations on tackling corruption in public life
Bilateral relations of Romania:
Bilateral relations
of Romania
Romania/Bulgaria relations:
Romania/
Bulgaria
relations
1916-1918 Romanian campaign:
1916-1918 Romanian campaign, part of the Balkan theatre of World War I, with Romania, Russia allied with Britain and France against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria, allied with Bulgaria and Turkey
-
1912-1945 Bulgarian Third Army was a Bulgarian field army during the Balkan Wars, World War I, and World War II
Since 1996 Central European Initiative:
Since 1996 Central European Initiative, a forum of regional cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe, counting 18 member states
Since 2015 Craiova Group:
Since 2015 Craiova Group cooperation project of the three European states Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia for the purposes of furthering their European integration as well as economic, transport and energy cooperation with one another
Romania/Canada relations:
Romania/
Canada
relations
Romania/Canada trade relations:
Romania/Canada trade relations
2013:
4 September 2013: Thousands of citizens first took to the streets in cities across the country, spurred by the Romanian government's recent draft bill to allow Canadian company 'Gabriel Resources' to mine gold and silver at the Carpathian town Rosia Montana
2017:
14 July 2017: Romania has served Canadian mining company 'Gabriel Resources' with a $8.6m back taxes bill days after the company filed a $4.4bn compensation claim over a stalled gold mine project in the Apuseni mountains
Romania/France relations:
Romania/
France
relations, diplomatic relations date back to 1880 when mutual legations were opened, although contacts between France and Romania's precursor states stretch into the Middle Ages, today both countries are full members of NATO and of the EU
Romania/Germany relations:
Romania/
Germany
relations
1914-1918 Romania during World War I:
Romania had the only oil fields in Europe and became part of the Balkan theatre of World War I, with Romania and Russia allied with Britain and France against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria, and Turkey in the Romanian campaign 1916-1918
-
May 1918 Treaty of Bucharest
-
June 1919 Treaty of Versailles
March 1939:
March 1939 German–Romanian Treaty for the Development of Economic Relations between the Two Countries
-
World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact
1939-1945 Romania in World War II:
1939-1945 Romania in World War II
-
Antonescu's rise to power
-
Military history of Romania during World War II
History of the Jews in Romania and the Holocaust:
History of the Jews in Romania and the
Holocaust in Romania
-
Antisemitic laws in Romania, existing since the creation of the modern state of Romania in mid-19th century, but their number and scope was greatly expanded in the late-1930s and 1940s
-
June 1941 Iasi pogrom
2017:
13 July 2017: 76 Years Later, survivors of the 1941 Iasi pogrom and of the so-called 'death trains' will for the first time be eligible to receive a pension from the German government
Romania/Hungary relations:
Romania/
Hungary
relations
Hungarians in Romania:
Hungarian minority of Romania, the largest ethnic minority in Romania, consisting of 1,227,623 people and making up 6.1% of the total population in 2011
-
Romanians in Hungary
Romania/Israel relations:
Romania/
Israel
relations
History of the Jews in Romania:
History of the Jews in Romania, minimal until the 18th century, the size of the Jewish population increased after around 1850, and more especially in the aftermath of World War I
1930s and 1940s:
Antisemitic laws in Romania, existing since the creation of the modern state of Romania in mid-19th century, but their number and scope was greatly expanded in the late-1930s and 1940s
-
History of the Jews during Antonescu's regime
Romanian Jews in Israel:
Romanian Jews in Israel
August 2018:
13 August 2018: Israel’s embassy protested to the Romanian government, after four Israeli tourists were allegedly dragged out of a taxi and beaten by riot police in Bucharest, during a violent anti-corruption protest, even though they showed their passports and explained they had nothing to do with the protest
Romania/Russia relations:
Romania/
Russia
relations
-
Paris Peace Treaties 1947
2014:
10 May: Romania asks Russia for an explanation after regime's deputy PM Dmitry Rogozin, sanctioned by the EU, tweeted he would return in a TU-160 strategic bomber reacting to being barred from Romania's airspace
Romania/Turkey relations:
Romania/
Turkey
relations
1923 Treaty of Lausanne:
1923 Treaty of Lausanne following World War I
Romania/Ukraine relations:
Romania/
Ukraine
relations
-
Romanians in Ukraine
-
Ukrainians of Romania
March 2022 hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians fled to Romania since Russia's invasion on 24 February:
7 March 2022: More than 291,000 Ukrainians fled to Romania since Russian regime's military invasion of the neighbor, wanting to join the EU as Romania did
-
20 March 2022: Ukrainians continue to flee to the north-eastern Romanian border checkpoint of Siret, after Russia launched an all-out invasion of Ukraine
Romania/United Kingdom relations:
Romania/
United Kingdom
relations
Environment of Romania:
Environment of Romania
-
Natural history of Romania
-
Geology of Romania
-
Geology of the Carpathians
-
Volcanoes of Romania
Landforms of Romania and mountain ranges:
Landforms of Romania
-
Mountain ranges of Romania
-
Plains of Romania
-
Protected areas of Romania
Environmental issues in Romania:
Environmental issues in Romania
-
Environmentalism in Romania
Forests in Romania:
Forests of Romania
Water in Romania and Black Sea:
Water in Romania
-
Bodies of water of Romania
-
Black Sea
List of rivers of Romania and drainage areas:
Rivers of Romania
-
List of rivers of Romania which entirely or partially flow through Romania, listed by 'Wikipedia' by the length of the river on Romanian territory, but also including the
drainage area
Danube river and tributaries:
Danube river
-
List of tributaries of the Danube
-
Since 1994 International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
Mures river in Eastern Europe:
Mures river in Eastern Europe, as its drainage basin covers an area of 30,332 km2. It originates in the Hasmasu Mare Range in the Eastern Carpathian Mountains, rising close to the headwaters of the river Olt, and joins the Tisza at Szeged in southeastern Hungary
-
Tributaries of the river Mures, from source to mouth, listed by left and right side
-
Towns and villages along the river Mures, from source to mouth in Romania and in Hungary
Natural disasters in Romania:
Natural disasters in Romania
2013/2014:
15 September 2013: Flash floods have killed nine people and forced thousands to flee their homes in eastern Romania in the last four days
-
31 July 2014: Flooding caused by torrential rains in eastern Europe has killed three people, with a further four missing, Romanian and Bulgarian authorities say
2017:
18 September 2017: A powerful storm of up to 100km/h in Romania has killed eight people and injured about 70
Russia
-
History of Russia
-
History of Russia since 1992
Geography, demographics and ethnic groups of Russia:
Geography of Russia
-
Demographics of Russia
-
Ethnic groups in Russia
Economy of Russia:
Economy of Russia
- main industries are oil and gas, chemicals, mining, processed metals, military equipment, shipbuilding, aerospace, automotive communications equipment, electric power generating and transmitting equipment, consumer durables, textiles, food and beverages, retailing, real estate, healthcare, utilities
-
List of companies of
Russia
-
Companies of Russia by industry
Manufacturing companies of Russia:
Manufacturing companies of Russia
Automotive industry in Russia:
Automotive industry in Russia
2015:
31 March 2015: After years of growth, car sales in Russia shrank in 2014 as the economy weakened because of sanctions over the Ukraine crisis and a slide in oil prices
Russian military industry:
Russian military industry
-
List of Russian weaponry makers
Aircraft industry of Russia
Military-Industrial Commission of Russia:
Military-Industrial Commission of Russia
Space industry of Russia:
Space industry of Russia
-
Since 1992/2015 Roscosmos State Corporation, the Russian regime's body responsible for the space science program of Russia and general aerospace research
August 2012:
7 August 2012: Russia’s federal space agency says an unmanned rocket and its payload of two communications satellites failed to reach the orbit, the latest in a series of failures
October 2016:
28 October 2016: ESA releases images of Roscosmos/ESA's Mars lander, showing a giant crater caused by impact, and scattered components
December 2017:
28 December 2017: Russian satellite lost after being set to launch from wrong spaceport
October 2018:
11 October 2018: A booster rocket carrying a Soyuz spacecraft with a Russian and a US astronaut onboard headed for the international space station failed in mid-air on Thursday, forcing the crew to make an emergency landing
Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records:
Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records
Mining industry of Russia:
Mining industry
of Russia
-
Mining companies of Russia
-
Mining cities and regions in Russia
-
Donets Basin region of eastern Ukraine and southwest Russia and a coal mining area that has become a heavily industrialised territory suffering from urban decay and industrial pollution
Siberian natural resources:
Siberian natural resources - coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron, other minerals
Coal in Russia:
Coal in Russia
- coal power in Russia is one of the largest sources of energy, accounting for 14.4% of the country's energy consumption
-
Coal mining regions in Russia
-
Coal mines in Russia
-
Coal companies of Russia
Coal mining disasters in Russia:
Coal mining disasters in Russia
February 2016 Severnaïa coal mine firedamp explosions:
28 février 2016: Deux coups de grisou en trois jours dans la mine de charbon de Severnaïa au nord de la Russie ont fait 36 morts
Environmental impact of the coal industry:
Environmental impact of the coal industry
Uranium mining in Russia:
Uranium
mining in Russia
-
'ARMZ Uranium Holding Co.' mines uranium in Russia and Kazakhstan - new operations involve Armenia, Namibia and Canada
-
'Tekhsnabexport' trades uranium fuel and fuel processing services abroad
Energy in Russia:
Energy in Russia
-
Energy policy of Russia
-
Russia in the European energy sector
Fossil fuels in Russia:
Fossil fuels
in Russia
-
Coal in Russia
-
Natural gas in Russia
-
Petroleum in Russia
-
Oil shale in Russia
-
Peat deposits in Russia
Oil and gas industry in Russia:
Petroleum industry in Russia:
Petroleum industry in Russia
, one of the largest in the world as Russia has the largest reserves
-
Oil fields of Russia
-
Oil reserves in Russia
Pollution in Norilsk area:
Pollution in Norilsk city, listed by Russia's Federal State Statistics Service the city as the most polluted city in Russia, as in 2017 Norilsk produced 1.798 million tons of carbon pollutants—nearly six times more than the 304.6 thousand tons that was generated by Russia's second-most polluted city, Cherepovets
April 2016 failed talks in Qatar to freeze oil production:
19 April 2016: Failed talks in Qatar to freeze oil production and to stabilize prices bring nothing but disappointment for the Russians
June 2020 Norilsk diesel oil spill after fuel reservoir at power plant near Norilsk collapsed:
May/June 2020 Norilsk diesel oil spill, an industrial disaster near Norilsk in Krasnoyarsk Krai, when a fuel storage tank at Norilsk-Taimyr Energy's Thermal Power Plant No. 3 (owned by Nornickel) failed, flooding local rivers with up to 21,000 cubic metres of diesel oil./a> -
3 June 2020: Putin has ordered a state of emergency after 20,000 tonnes of diesel fuel spilled into a river inside the Arctic Circle, occurring when a fuel reservoir at a power plant near the city of Norilsk collapsed, and as the plant is operated by a division of Nornickel, whose factories in the area have made the city one of the most heavily polluted places on Earth
4/5 June 2020 arrests over massive fuel leak in Siberia:
4 June 2020: Arrest made over massive fuel leak in Siberia, the 'first accident of such a scale in the Arctic'
-
5 June 2020: Russian prosecutors order checks at permafrost sites, as criminal case launched over pollution, alleged negligence and power plant's director has been taken into custody
8 June 2020 Norilsk diesel oil spill:
8 juin 2020: D'importantes concentrations de produits pétroliers ont été retrouvées derrière les barrages flottants installés sur la rivière de l'Arctique russe touchée fin mai par une pollution sans précédent aux hydrocarbures, selon une responsable régionale, ajoutant 'que les barrages ... sont soit une mesure inefficace pour empêcher la pollution de l'eau, soit ont été installés trop tard et après le passage de l'essentiel de la nappe'
Rosneft:
Rosneft, an integrated oil company majority owned by the Government of Russia, which became Russia's leading extraction and refinement company after purchasing assets of
former oil giant Yukos, whose Khodorkovsky was arrested and the company forcibly broken up for alleged unpaid taxes, declaring bankrupt in 2006
-
Since 2011 Rosneft's Arctic shelf deals with BP and ExxonMobil
Natural gas in Russia:
Natural gas
in Russia, as of 2013 the world's second-largest producer of natural gas and the world's largest exporter
-
Natural gas fields in Russia
Gazprom:
Gazprom
-
16 September 2012: From falling profits to an EU anti-trust probe and a possibly misguided strategy based on pipelines - storm clouds are finally gathering over Gazprom
September 2013 'Arctic Sunrise' Greenpeace protests:
September 2013 'Arctic Sunrise' Greenpeace protests against Russian Gazprom
-
20 September 2013: Russia to tow Greenpeace ship to the port of Murmansk after armed raid
-
25 September 2013: The Netherlands asks Russia for the immediate release of 30 Greenpeace activists arrested for a high seas protest against Arctic oil exploration
-
27 September: Russian court orders Greenpeace activists to be held without charge
-
27 September: The 30 activists from the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise being held by Russia hail from 18 different countries
-
4 octobre: Trente militants de Greenpeace inculpés de 'piraterie' par la justice russe
-
5 October: Greenpeace holds global protests
calling for Russia's release of 30 Greenpeace activists after being jailed for protests against Arctic oil drilling
-
9 octobre: La Russie accentue la pression sur les militants Greenpeace de l'Arctique
-
23 octobre: Réduction des charges retenues contre les écologistes Greenpeace à 'hooliganisme'
-
27 octobre: Des militants de Greenpeace dénoncent leurs conditions de détention
March 2014:
4 March: Russia's Gazprom will remove a discount on the price it charges Ukraine for gas from April 2014
Stroytransgaz:
Stroytransgaz - a Russian engineering construction company in the field of oil and gas industry, founded in 1990 and originally a subsidiary of Gazprom
2016:
11 February 2016: Multiple sources reveal that the Russian construction company 'Stroytransgaz' had resumed work in the Tuweinan gas facility in the Syrian Deir Ezzor province after it was captured by 'Islamic State' terrorists in early 2014, that the Russian company sent employees to the facility after it fell to IS terrorists, adding that 'Stroytransgaz' utilized a Syrian subcontractor 'Hesco', owned by Russian-Syrian dual national George Haswani
Electricity sector in Russia:
Electricity
sector in Russia, in 2008 the country's electricity was produced with gas 48%, coal and peat 19%, hydro electricity 16% and nuclear power 16%
-
List of power stations in Russia
-
Power companies of Russia
Nuclear power in Russia:
Nuclear power in Russia
-
'Atomenergoprom' 100% state-owned holding company unites Russian civil nuclear industry
April 2018 floating nuclear power plant:
28 April 2018: A floating nuclear power plant built in Russia and widely criticized by environmentalists has embarked on its first sea voyage
-
29 April 2018: Greenpeace slams floating Russian nuclear power plant to supply far-flung Arctic outposts, saying 'Chernobyl on ice'
Nuclear power accidents in the Russian Federation:
Nuclear power accidents in the Russian Federation
-
List of nuclear and radiation fatalities in the Soviet Union/Russia
July 2019:
18 juilllet 2019: Trois réacteurs de la centrale nucléaire russe de Kalinine, située 300 kilomètres au nord-ouest de Moscou, ont été arrêtés après une panne de courant, selon Rosenergoatom
24 August 2019 floating nuclear power plant:
24 August 2019: Russia launched the world’s first floating nuclear reactor, sending it loaded with nuclear fuel on an epic journey across the Arctic to Pevek in northeastern Siberia, despite environmentalists warning of a 'Chernobyl on ice'
Safety at work in Russia:
Safety at work in Russia
September 2012 Invest-Oil fire:
29 September 2012: Several workers killed and injured
in a huge fire at an oil sludge treatment plant of Invest-Oil company
February 2013 Vorkuta coal mine explosion:
11 February 2013: At least 16 workers killed and two more feared dead after explosion in coal mine in the Komi region town of Vorkuta
February 2016 firedamp explosions:
28 février 2016: Deux coups de grisou en trois jours dans la mine de charbon de Severnaïa au nord de la Russie ont fait 36 morts
June 2019 Dzerzhinsk explosion:
1 juin 2019: Quarante-deux personnes ont été blessées samedi par une déflagration dans une importante usine d'explosifs du centre de la Russie à
Dzerzhinsk
September 2019 Koltsovo laboratory blast:
17 September 2019: Blast sparks fire at Russian laboratory in Koltsovo housing viruses ranging from smallpox to Ebola, after site housed biological weapons research during the Soviet era and is now one of Russia’s main disease research centres
Construction and civil engineering industry of Russia:
Construction industry of Russia
-
Construction and civil engineering companies of Russia
-
Real estate companies of Russia
Man-made disasters in Russia:
Man-made disasters in Russia
-
Disasters in Russia by year
February 2004 Transvaal Park roof collapse in Moscow:
February 2004 Transvaal Park roof collapse in Moscow
February 2006 Basmanny market roof collapse in Moscow:
February 2006 Basmanny market roof collapse in Moscow
August 2009 Sayano–Shushenskaya power station accident:
August 2009 Sayano–Shushenskaya power station accident near Sayanogorsk in Khakassia
July 2015 Omsk building collapse:
July 2015 Omsk building collapse
April 2017 PepsiCo warehouse's roof collapse in Lebedyan:
April 2017 PepsiCo warehouse's roof collapse in Lebedyan
December 2018 Magnitogorsk apartment building collapse:
31 December 2018: Rescue teams reportedly scrambling to find survivors after a suspected gas blast caused the partial collapse of a high-rise apartment building in the Russian city of Magnitogorsk, killing four people, leaving 40 missing and hundreds without a home in freezing temperatures on New Year’s Eve
-
1 janvier 2019: Les secouristes ont retrouvé un bébé de dix mois vivant sous les décombres d'un immeuble dévasté la veille par une explosion de gaz qui a fait au moins sept morts, la mère du bébé est aussi vivante
Agriculture in Russia:
Agriculture in Russia
-
Crops
- the most important grains are soft wheat and barley, the main oilseed is sunflower seed
-
Agriculture companies of Russia
February 2022 more than a quarter of the world’s wheat exports come from Russia and Ukraine:
17 February 2022: Russia, Ukraine and the global wheat supply, as more than a quarter of the world’s wheat exports come from Russia and Ukraine
Dairy in Russia:
Dairy
September 2012 Russia Livestock and Products Annual 2012:
12 September 2012: Russia Livestock and Products Annual 2012
Siberian agriculture:
Siberian agriculture
Food industry of Russia:
Food industry of Russia
-
Grocery retailing in Russia
Forestry in Russia:
Forestry
in Russia
-
Forests of Russia
-
Tractor, timber and agricultural machinery in Russia
Fishing industry in Russia:
Fishing industry
in Russia
Water in Russia:
Water in Russia
-
Bodies of water of Russia
Water supply and sanitation in Russia:
Water supply and sanitation in Russia
Irrigation in Russia:
Irrigation in Russia
Rivers of Russia:
Rivers of Russia
, draining into the Arctic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Asian part is drained into the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
-
List of rivers of Russia as the country can be divided into a European and an Asian part. The dividing line is generally considered to be the Ural Mountains. The European part is drained into the Arctic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Asian part is drained into the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Notable rivers of Russia in Europe are Pechora, Volga, Don, Kama, Oka and the Northern Dvina, while several other rivers originate in Russia but flow into other countries, such as the Dniepr and the Western Dvina.In Asia, important rivers are the Ob, the Irtysh, the Yenisei, the Angara, the Lena, the Amur, the Yana, the Indigirka, and the Kolyma
Volga river:
The Volga
, the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of 3,531 km, and a catchment area of 1,360,000 km2. It is also Europe's largest river in terms of discharge and of drainage basin. It is widely regarded as the national river of Russia. The old Russian state, the Rus' Khaganate, arose along the Volga between the late-8th and mid-9th centuries AD. Historically, the river served as an important meeting place of various Eurasian civilizations, as the river flows in Russia through forests, forest steppes and steppes. Four of the ten largest cities of Russia, including the nation's capital, Moscow, are located in the Volga's drainage basin, and the river has got a symbolic meaning in Russian culture.
Tributaries of the Volga:
Tributaries of the Volga
-
Volga basin
-
Volga Region including the three sections of Upper Volga Region, Middle Volga Region, and Lower Volga Region to the Volga Delta in the Caspian Sea
-
Volga economic region
Kama river:
The Kama
, a 1,805 kilometres long river in Russia. It has a drainage basin of 507,000 square kilometres. It is the longest left tributary of the Volga and the largest one in discharge. At their confluence, in fact, the Kama is even larger than the Volga, and it starts in the Udmurt Republic, flowing northwest for 200 kilometres, turning northeast near Loyno for another 200 kilometres, then turning south and west in Perm Krai, flowing again through the Udmurt Republic and then through the Republic of Tatarstan, where it meets the Volga
-
Dams and reservoirs of the Kama river
Oka river:
The Oka
, a river in central Russia and the largest right tributary of the Volga. It flows through the regions of Oryol, Tula, Kaluga, Moscow, Ryazan, Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod and is navigable over a large part of its total length, as far upstream as to the town of Kaluga. Its length is 1,500 km and its catchment area is 245,000 km2. The Russian capital Moscow sits on one of the Oka's tributaries — the Moskva
Neva river:
The Neva
, a river in northwestern Russia flowing from Lake Ladoga through the western part of Leningrad Oblast to the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland. Despite its modest length of 74 kilometres, it is the fourth-largest river in Europe in terms of average discharge (after the Volga, the Danube and the Rhine)
Dnieper river:
The Dnieper
, one of the major rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. It is the longest river of Ukraine and Belarus and the fourth-longest river in Europe, after Volga, Danube and Ural. The total length is approximately 2,200 km with a drainage basin of 504,000 square kilometres. Historically, the river was an important barrier, dividing Ukraine into right and left banks. Nowadays, the river is noted for its dams and hydroelectric stations. The Dnieper is an important navigable waterway for the economy of Ukraine and is connected via the Dnieper–Bug Canal to other waterways in Europe
-
Dnieper basin
-
Tributaries of the Dnieper
Don river:
The Don
, the fifth-longest river in Europe. Flowing from Central Russia to the Sea of Azov in Southern Russia, it is one of Russia's largest rivers as its basin is between the Dnieper basin to the west, the lower Volga basin immediately to the east, and the Oka basin (tributary of the Volga) to the north. Native to much of the basin were Slavic nomads, as the Don rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 kilometres southeast of Tula (in turn 193 kilometres south of Moscow), and flows 1,870 kilometres to the Sea of Azov.
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Don basin
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Tributaries of the Don
Donets river:
The Donets
, a river on the south of the East European Plain. It originates in the Central Russian Upland, north of Belgorod, flows south-east through Ukraine (Kharkiv, Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts) and then again through Russia (Rostov Oblast) to join the river Don, about 100 km from the Sea of Azov. The Donets is the fourth longest river in Ukraine and the biggest in the Eastern Ukraine. It is an important source of fresh water in the east of the country. It gives its name to the Donets Basin, known commonly as the Donbass, an important coal mining region in Ukraine
Transport in Russia:
Transport in Russia
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History of transport in Russia
Aviation in Russia:
Aviation
in Russia
-
Russian military aviation
-
Aircraft manufacturers of Russia
Aviation accidents and incidents in Russia and abroad:
Aviation accidents and incidents in Russia
-
Accidents and incidents involving the Antonov An-26
March 2018 Russian Air Force An-26 crash on approach to Khmeimim air base in Syria:
6 March 2018 Russian Air Force Antonov An-26 crash on approach to Khmeimim air base in Syria, killing all 39 Russian regime's servicemen on board, including Major-General Yeremeyev
August 2018 Russian helicopter Mi-8 crash:
4 August 2018: Russian helicopter Mi-8 operated by UTair crash, colliding with another helicopter in Siberia, kills all 18 people onboard believed to have been working for a subsidiary of the state oil company Rosneft
6 July 2021 no survivors after a plane carrying 28 people crashed in the far east of Russia:
6 July 2021: There are no survivors after a plane carrying 28 people crashed in the far east of Russia on Tuesday, Russian news agencies cited rescue officials as saying
Rail transport in Russia:
Rail transport
in
Russia
-
History of rail transport in Russia
Railway accidents in Russia:
Railway accidents in
Russia
Road transport in Russia:
Road transport
in Russia
Water transport in Russia:
Water transport
in Russia
Waterways in Russia:
Waterways in Russia, as according to the data from the 'Morskaya Kollegiya' in 2004, 136.6 million tons of cargo were carried that year over Russia's inland waterways, the total cargo transportation volume being 87,556.5 million ton-km. During that same year, 53 companies were engaged in carrying passengers over Russia's inland waterways, transporting 22.8 million passengers, as the total volume of river passenger transportation being 841.1 million passenger-km
Bridge disasters in Russia:
Bridge disasters
in Russia
September 2006 Yekaterinburg bridge collapse:
September 2006 Yekaterinburg bridge collapse
Transport disasters in Russia:
Transport disasters in Russia
-
Transport disasters in Moscow
Aviation accidents and incidents in Russia:
Aviation accidents and incidents in Russia
10 October 2021 at least 16 dead after plane carrying skydivers crashes in Tatarstan:
10 October 2021: At least 16 dead after plane carrying skydivers crashes in central Russia, as six people in ‘very serious condition’ after being rescued from wreckage of aircraft in Tatarstan
Maritime incidents in Russia:
Maritime incidents in Russia
Railway accidents and incidents in Russia:
Railway accidents and incidents in Russia
Road incidents in Russia:
Road incidents in Russia
Foreign trade of Russia:
Foreign trade
of Russia
2015 Russia main exports are oil and natural gas, 62.8% of total exports:
In 2015, Russia main exports are oil and natural gas (62.8% of total exports), ores and metals (5.9%), chemical products (5.8%), machinery and transport equipment (5.4%) and food (4.7%). Others include: agricultural raw materials (2.2%) and textiles (0.2%)
2019 Russia main exports remain fossil fuels, oil, natural gas:
2019 Russia main exports remain fossil fuels, oil, natural gas in 2019 with more then 50% of all products, according to World Bank's 'World Integrated Trade Solution'
Russia exported $407bn in products and Ukraine $49bn in 2019:
Russia exported $407bn in products and Ukraine $49bn in 2019, while Russia is the world’s biggest exporter of wheat, among other products, Ukraine is the biggest exporter of seed oils, and Russia’s bilateral trade with Ukraine has tanked from its peak of almost $50bn in 2011 to $11bn in 2019, as 'Al Jazeera' gives an overview of the main exports and top export countries
Russian arms exports:
Russian arms exports
January 2014 Russia surges in global arms sales:
31 January 2014: Russia surges in global arms sales
-
15 December 2014: Arms sales by Russian firms continue to expand despite a global downturn in defence spending, according to SIPRI
February 2016 Russia (25%) and the USA (33%) remain largest arms exporters:
22 February 2016: Russia (25%) and the USA (33%) remain largest arms exporters, as Asia (India 14% of global arms imports, China 4.7%) and the Middle East (arms imports rose by 61% between 2006–10 and 2011–15) lead rise in arms imports, says SIPRI
Banking and banks in Russia:
Banking in Russia
-
List of banks in
Russia
Central Bank of Russia:
Central Bank of Russia
, originally founded in 1860, named the State Bank of the Russian Empire and headquartered on Neglinnaya Street in Moscow, as the Bank of Russia in 2022 owns a 57.58% stake in Sberbank, the country's leading commercial bank, owning as well 100% stake in Russian National Reinsurance Company RNRC, biggest national reinsurance company established for prevention possible problems with abroad reinsurance of large risks under International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis, like constructing the Crimean Bridge
Since 24 February 2022 international sanctions since Russia's Ukraine war, Russian financial crisis:
International sanctions imposed during the Russo–Ukrainian War by a large number of countries against Russia and Crimea following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which began in late February 2014. Belarus has also been sanctioned. The sanctions were imposed by the USA, the European Union EU, several countries and international organisations against individuals, businesses and officials from Russia and Ukraine. Russia responded with sanctions against several countries, including a total ban on food imports from Australia, Canada, Norway, Japan, the USA and the EU, as the sanctions contributed to the collapse of the Russian ruble and the Russian financial crisis
Financial services companies of Russia:
Financial services companies of Russia
-
Federal Financial Markets Service
Stock exchanges in Russia:
Stock exchanges in Russia
-
Moscow Exchange
-
Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange
Since 1991 economic history of the Russian Federation, economic cycles and crises:
Economic history of the Russian Federation since 1991
1998 Russian financial crisis:
1998 Russian financial crisis
2008-2009 Russian financial crisis, recession and unemployment:
2008-2009 Russian financial crisis
-
Great Recession in Russia
2014 amid Russia's annexation of Crimea shares on the Moscow stock exchange fell sharply:
22 March: As shares on the Moscow stock exchange fell sharply and investors took fright at decisions to impose sanctions, Putin signed law completing Russia's annexation of Crimea
Since 2014 Russian financial and economic crisis:
Since 2014 Russian financial crisis, after economic sanctions were imposed by the USA, the European Union and many other countries on Russian Putin regime, following its military intervention in Ukraine in early 2014, its annexation of Crimea and its assistance to separatists fighting Ukraine in the War in Donbas
December 2014 crumbling ruble and GDP growth forecast cut:
2 December: Crumbling ruble, which has been badly buffeted by a plunge of almost 40% in oil prices, prompts central bank action
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2 December: Economics ministry cuts its GDP growth forecast of 1.2% in 2015 to a 0.8% fall amid financial fallout over Ukraine and lower oil prices
-
11 December: Russia’s central bank failed to stem a further dramatic fall in the rouble on Thursday despite raising the headline interest rate to 10.5%
-
15 December: Russian central bank raises interest rate to 17% to prevent rouble’s collapse
-
17 December: Russia’s financial turmoil shows little sign of easing as the rouble continues to fluctuate against major currencies in volatile trading
-
29 December: Russian recession fears as economy shrinks for first time in five years
2015 recession fears:
21 February 2015: Russia's debt downgraded to junk by Moody's following S&P’s downrating
-
31 March 2015: After years of growth, car sales in Russia shrank in 2014 as the economy weakened because of sanctions over the Ukraine crisis and a slide in oil prices
2016 Russia's GDP falls 3.7%:
26 January 2016: Russia's national currency is extending its losses, low oil prices lead to high inflation, less business
,
and Russia's GDP falls 3.7%
-
20 October 2016: Russian Economy Ministry has composed a long-term prognosis of the country's social-economic development, predicting dozens of years of fight against the economic stagnation and that this fight is not going to be successful
Since February 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic:
Since February 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Russia and regime's measures
Since 24 February 2022 international sanctions since Russia's Ukraine war, Russian financial crisis:
International sanctions imposed during the Russo–Ukrainian War by a large number of countries against Russia and Crimea following the
Russian invasion of Ukraine
, which began in late February 2014. Belarus has also been sanctioned. The sanctions were imposed by the USA, the European Union EU, several countries and international organisations against individuals, businesses and officials from Russia and Ukraine. Russia responded with sanctions against several countries, including a total ban on food imports from Australia, Canada, Norway, Japan, the USA and the EU, as the sanctions contributed to the collapse of the Russian ruble and the Russian financial crisis
23 March 2022 annual inflation in Russia accelerated to 14.53% as of March 18:
23 March 2022: Annual inflation in Russia accelerated to 14.53% as of March 18, its highest since November 2015 and up from 12,54% a week earlier, as the battered rouble sent prices soaring amid unprecedented Western sanctions against Putin's war in Ukraine, 'Reuters' reports
31 March 2022 Russia's economy projected to shrink by 10% amid regime's aggression against Ukraine:
31 March 2022: The economies of Russia and Ukraine will shrink by 10% and 20% respectively in 2022, according to the EBRD, warning in its first economic forecast since Russian regime’s invasion on 24 February that the war had triggered 'the greatest supply shock since at least the early 1970s' and would have a severe effect on economies far beyond the immediate area of the conflict'
13 August 2022 Putin’s war sets Russian economy back 4 years in single quarter:
13 August 2022: Putin’s war sets Russian economy back 4 years in single quarter, after a wave of international sanctions following Moscow’s invasion of Ukraine disrupted Russia’s trade and threw various of its industries into paralysis
Since 2022 economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine:
Since 2022 economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, updated by 'Wikipedia'
28/30 March 2023 Russia’s economy is starting to come undone, according to WSJ and Ukrinform:
28 March 2023 Russia’s economy is starting to come undone, as investment is down, labor is scarce, budget is squeezed, and oligarch says ‘there will be no money next year’, 'The Wall Street Journal' reports
-
30 March 2023: Russia's economy is beginning to gradually collapse due to a long war in Ukraine and sanctions introduced against the aggressor country, Russia's government revenue is being squeezed and its economy has shifted to a lower-growth trajectory, likely for the long term, Russia's biggest exports, gas and oil, have lost major customers, government finances are strained, the ruble is down over 20% since November against the dollar, he labor force has shrunk as young people are sent to the front or flee the country over fears of being drafted, and uncertainty has curbed business investment, Ukrinform reports
Since 1991 privatization, Russian oligarchs and billionaires:
Since 1991
Privatization
in Russia
-
Russian oligarchs
-
Russian billionaires
Summer 2014 wealth shifting Hague orders Russia to pay oil giant Yukos shareholders $51.6 billion:
28 July 2014: Wealth shifting Hague orders Russia to pay Yukos shareholders $51.6 billion, after arbitration court ruled Russian regime carried out 'politically motivated' expropriation of oil giant's assets
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31 July 2014: In a new blow after The Hague wealth shifting ruling, European Court of Human Rights rules Russia must pay Yukos shareholders 1.9 billion euros saying regime had failed to 'strike a fair balance' in its treatment of Yukos
2 March 2022 Russian World Bank adviser Boris Lvin quits in protest at invasion of Ukraine:
2 March 2022: Russian World Bank adviser Boris Lvin quits in protest at invasion of Ukraine
23 March 2022 Putin adviser Anatoly Chubais quits and leaves Russia over invasion of Ukraine:
23 March 2022: Putin adviser Anatoly Chubais quits and leaves Russia over invasion of Ukraine, as Chubais is best known as the architect of Russia’s controversial privatisation scheme in the 1990s, which helped create the country’s finance-led capitalism - called 'market' economy - concentrating immense wealth in the hands of a group of wealthy oligarchs, and in the first instance creating rivalries, enmities between capital fractions, preparing the 'Verselbständigung' of the state machine
25 March 2022 Russia's ruling elite reportedly trying to distance itself from decision to invade Ukraine:
25 March 2022: Adviser in Ukrainian president's office Mikhail Podoliak believes that Russia's ruling elite is trying to distance itself from regime’s move to launch a full-scale invasion of Ukraine and attack peaceful cities, as Podoliak has addressed the issue on Twitter saying that deputy chairman of Russia’s Security Council Dmitry Medvedev 'publicly stated that the decision to conduct the hardest special operation (war) against Ukraine, including attacks on peaceful cities, was made solely by the Russian President', 'the ruling elite is trying to distance itself, understanding the legal consequences', according to 'Ukrinform'
Labor in Russia, labour law and trade unions:
Labor
in Russia
-
Russian labour law
-
Trade unions
in
Russia
-
Confederation of Labour of Russia
Poverty in Russia:
Poverty in Russia
-
4 July 2011: The number of impoverished people in Russia has increased by 2.3 million and made up 22.9 million in one year
-
12 April 2012: Russian poverty rising
-
2 January 2013: Divide between rich and poor increases in Russia, according to statistics
-
7 August 2015: Russian regime’s move to ostentatiously destroy banned food imports at the border has sparked debate in a country where millions live below the poverty line
2016:
2 March 2016: 500,000 more Russians face unemployment, labor minister says, as the number of Russians living below the official poverty line increased to 20.3 million by September 2015, according to Rosstat
-
22 March 2016: Millions more Russians living in poverty as economic crisis bites and as nearly 20 million now surviving on wages which are below the poverty threshold according to latest state statistics
-
1 April 2016: Bribes drive up the cost of living in Russia, studies by Indem research institute show
Military of the 'Russian Federation':
Military of the Russian Federation
May 2015 military casualties made secret by Putin:
28 May 2015: Putin makes information about military casualties in peacetime secret
Russian Armed Forces casualties in Syria and Ukraine:
Russian Armed Forces casualties in Syria
2017 Russian losses in Syria, soldiers dying for Putin and Assad:
2 August 2017: Russian losses in Syria jump in 2017, Reuters estimates show
2018 1,359 deaths of Russian citizens in Ukraine reported since 2014:
By early February 2018, Cargo 200 reported 1,359 deaths of Russian citizens during the Russian military intervention in Ukraine since 2014
6 February 2022 Putin's patriotism, preparations against independent Ukraine:
6 février 2022: La Russie prépare une invasion de grande ampleur, selon le renseignement des États unies américains, qui estime que le régime de Vladimir Poutine accentue les
préparatifs d'une invasion
à grande échelle de l'Ukraine, et qu'elle dispose déjà de 70% du dispositif nécessaire à une telle opération
Military equipment and weapons of Russia:
Military equipment of Russia
-
Weapons of Russia
August 2015:
21 August 2015: Russia military flame-throwing system under development amid rising regional tensions
December 2015:
28 December 2015: Russia's new underwater nuclear drone should raise alarm bells, Washington Post says
-
31 December 2015: Russia reportedly deploys advanced cruise missiles for attacks at land and sea in major navy reboot
May 2016:
13 May 2016: Eastern Ukraine and Syria become a testing ground for Russian regime's modernized military equipment and weaponry in combat conditions, according to regime's Putin
January 2019 new missile SSC 8:
23 January 2019: Russia, in effort to defuse USA nuclear dispute, finally displays new missile Novator 9M729, called SSC-8 by NATO
February 2019 new generation of missiles including intercontinental missiles:
6 février 2019: Après la suspension du traité INF, la Russie se donne deux ans pour développer de nouveaux missiles terrestres
October 2019 new Russian submarine intercontinental missile:
30 October 2019: New Russian submarine test fires intercontinental missile for first time
4 October 2022 'Poseidon' autonomous, nuclear-powered, and nuclear-armed unmanned underwater vehicle:
'Poseidon', an autonomous, nuclear-powered, and nuclear-armed unmanned underwater vehicle under development by Rubin Design Bureau, capable of delivering both conventional and nuclear payloads
-
4 October 2022: NATO concerned over submarine 'Poseidon', Russia's weapon of apocalypse
Russian regime's military exercises:
Russian regime's military exercises
2017:
Zapad September 2017 exercise and reactions of NATO and Ukraine prior to the drills
-
19 September 2017: Russian attack helicopters fire on bystanders at Zapad war games watching the exercises, caught on video
,
according to the Moscow Times as two people were reported hospitalized with serious injuries
August/September 2018:
28 August 2018: Russia will next month hold its biggest war games in nearly four decades, that will take place in central and eastern Russian military districts and involve almost 300,000 troops, over 1,000 military aircraft, two of Russia's naval fleets, and all its airborne units, according to Russian regime's Sergei Shoigu
December 2019 'new triangle of sea power’ exercise:
27 December 2019: ‘New triangle of sea power’, as Iran, China, Russia start unprecedented naval drill starting in Gulf of Oman, amid tensions over nuke deal’s unraveling
23 September 2021 Russia’s navy practiced firing at targets in the Black Sea off the coast of annexed Crimea:
23 September 2021: Russia’s navy practiced firing at targets in the Black Sea off the coast of annexed Crimea using its Bastion coastal missile defense system, Putin regime's military said, as Ukraine held joint military drills with the USA in Ukraine involving more NATO troops, set to run until 1 October. They follow huge war games staged by neighboring Russia and Belarus earlier this month that alarmed the West.
List of Russian military accidents:
List of Russian military accidents since 1990s
2000 submarine Kursk explosion:
Russian submarine Kursk explosion 12 August 2000
-
Russian government response to the submarine Kursk explosion
-
24 August 2002:
Twenty-four hours after the submarine's Kursk disappearance
, as Russian naval officials made bleak calculations about the chances of the 118 men on board,
Putin was filmed enjoying himself
, shirtsleeves rolled up, hosting a barbecue at his holiday villa on the Black Sea
2001-2007 helicopter crashes:
2001-2007 Helicopter crashes of Russia's Second Chechen War
2008 submarine K-152 Nerpa accident:
2008 Russian submarine K-152 Nerpa accident
September 2013 nuclear submarine fire:
16 September 2013: Russian nuclear submarine catches fire
April 2015 nuclear submarine fire:
7 April 2015: Russian nuclear submarine catches fire in Arkhangels
January/February 2016:
25 January 2016: Russian MiG-31 fighter jet crashes in Siberia
-
9 February 2016: Four people killed when Russian military Mi-8 helicopter crashed in the Pskov region of northwest Russia, after 15 people died when a Mi-8 helicopter crashed into a lake in the northern Murmansk region in June 2014
November/December 2016 fighter jet crash in Mediterranean:
14 November 2016: Russian fighter jet crashes near its aircraft carrier in Mediterranean, before doing more mischief in the war against the Syrian people
-
5 December 2016: Russian Su-33 crashed in the Mediterranean while attempting to land on Kuznetsov aircraft carrier, before doing more mischief in the war against the Syrian people
25 December 2016 Tupolev Tu-154 crash:
25 December 2016 Russian military Tupolev Tu-154 crash during a flight from Sochi International Airport to Khmeimim in Syria, killing all 92 people on board
-
25 décembre 2016: L'armée russe annonce qu'il n'y a pas de signes de survivants dans le crash de l'avion russe après son décollage de Sotchi vers la Syrie avec 92 personnes à bord
July 2019 submarine 'Losharik' fire:
1 July 2019 Russian submarine 'Losharik' fire
-
2 July 2019: A fire on one of the Russian navy’s deep-sea submersibles reportedly killed 14 sailors including 7 senior officers, as vessel said to be top-secret nuclear-powered submarine used for sensitive missions at great ocean depths
-
23 July 2019; A malfunctioning lithium-ion battery may have sparked the deadly fire on top-secret Russian nuclear submersible 'Losharik' that killed 14 naval officers, according to investigators, after it was equipped with a Russian-made lithium-ion battery to replace proven batteries procured from the Ukrainian defence industry before Russian regime’s 2014 annexation of Crimea
August 2019 ammunition depot explosion:
5 August 2019: Thousands have been evacuated from the Siberian town of Achinsk after an ammunition depot on a military base caught fire, triggering huge explosions that have sent deadly shrapnel flying for miles around, killing one soldier and injuring at least seven other people
Since 8 August 2019 rocket engine explosion near Severodvinsk:
8 August 2019 Nyonoksa radiation accident
-
8 August 2019: Two people have been killed and radiation levels reportedly spiked in Severodvinsk after a rocket engine exploded during a test in northern Russia, in the second deadly incident at a Russian military installation this week
-
12 August 2019: 7 were killed in blast that Moscow’s TASS news agency reports was related to a ‘radioisotope power source’ and mini nuclear reactor
,
that caused radiation readings in neighbouring cities to spike to 20 times their normal level
26 August 2019 radioactive isotopes found in Severodvinsk:
26 August 2019: Russia’s state weather agency said it had found the radioactive isotopes of strontium, barium and lanthanum in test samples after 8 August Severodvinsk accident during a test at a military site
12 December 2019 Russia's only aircraft carrier catches fire:
12 December 2019: Two soldiers injured as Russia's only aircraft carrier 'Kuznetsov' catches fire during 'maintenance work' in Russia's Arctic port in Murmansk
17 December 2019 Tu-22M3 bomber landed on its belly in a field:
17 December 2019: Tu-22M3 bomber landed on its belly in a field in the Astrakhan region of southern Russia after suffering an engine malfunction, as such bombers take part
in the murderous Putin regime's aggression against Syria, flying attacks from their bases in Russia
24 December 2019 Russian fighter jet Su-57 crashes in Russia:
24 December 2019: Russia's most advanced fighter jet Su-57 crashes during a training flight near Komsomolsk-on-Amur in the country's far east, pilot survives
,
the best thing that can happen, as at least 8 people, including 5 children, were killed Tuesday in murderous Russian air strikes on a school in northwest Syria sheltering displaced civilians
,
according to SOHR
Personnel of the Russian military:
Personnel of the Russian military - as of 2008, some 480,000 young men are brought into the Army via conscription in two call-ups each year, the term of service is 12 months
July 2015 soldiers killed by military barracks collapse:
13 July 2015: At least 23 soldiers were killed when a military barracks collapsed in Russia's Omsk region
February 2018 soldiers polled on their political views:
6 February 2018: Russian regime reportedly polled soldiers on their political views and willingness to crack down on protesters as the country enters its election campaign season
25 October 2019 soldier killed eight other soldiers:
:
25 October 2019: A Russian soldier on Friday opened fire on fellow troops at a Siberian military base, killing eight and wounding another two, officials said
War resisters in Russia:
November/December 2015:
2 November 2015: Numerous cases recorded of the Russian troops disobeying orders in defiance of deployment in Ukrainian Donbas, according to Ukraine's intelligence
-
3 December 2015: War Resisters’ International campaigning for alternative service in Russia
2016:
20 December 2016: Russian blogger Alexei Kungurov convicted to two years in a penal colony for a LiveJournal post criticising Russia's military operation in Syria
Russia and weapons of mass destruction:
Russia and
weapons of mass destruction
Russian chemical weapons:
Russian chemical weapons, in 1997 consisting of blister agents Lewisite, mustard, Lewisite-mustard-mix (HL) and nerve agents Sarin, Soman, VX
-
'Novichok' series of nerve agents the Soviet Union and Russia developed between 1971 and 1993, Russian scientists who developed the agents claim they are the deadliest nerve agents ever made
March 2018:
22 March 2018: Before Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia collapsed on a park bench in english Salisbury on 4 March 2018, the only other person confirmed to suffer the effects of Russian nerve agent 'novichok' was a young Soviet chemical weapons scientist Zheleznyakov who was working on chemical weapons when a hood malfunction exposed him to the deadly nerve agent
Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union and Russia:
Nuclear weapons program
of the Soviet Union
-
Nuclear missiles of Russia
2015:
12 November 2015: Russian TV stations broadcast secret nuclear torpedo plans that would create 'zones of extensive radioactive contamination making them unsuitable for military or economic activity for a long period', shown at a meeting where Putin warned that 'Russia will take necessary retaliatory measures to strengthen the potential of our strategic nuclear forces'
March 2019:
4 March 2019: Russian regime's Putin suspends Russian obligations under key nuclear pact
List of nuclear weapons tests:
List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union
-
Thermonuclear weapon 'Tsar Bomba' 30 October 1961, the most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated
Nuclear weapons test sites of the Soviet Union and Russia:
1949-1991 Semipalatinsk Nuclear Weapons Test Site in Kazakhstan:
1949-1991 Semipalatinsk Nuclear Weapons Test Site in Kazakhstan
1955-present Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site, archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, 'Tsar Bomba':
1955–present Novaya Zemlya Nuclear Test Site, archipelago in the Arctic Ocean in the North of Russia, the indigenous population, who subsisted mainly on fishing, trapping, reindeer herding, polar bear hunting and seal hunting, was resettled to the mainland since the 1950s
-
Sukhoy Nos, the northern island of the archipelago Novaya Zemlya, was used between 1958–1961 and was the 1961 explosion site
of 'Tsar Bomba'
Intercontinental ballistic, nuclear and guided missiles of Russia:
Intercontinental ballistic missiles
of Russia
-
Nuclear missiles
of Russia
-
Guided missiles of Russia
2013/2014 series of short- and long-range nuclear-capable missiles, annexation of Crimea:
30 October 2013: Russia test-fired a series of short- and long-range nuclear-capable missiles
-
5 March 2014: Russia test-fires Intercontinental Ballistic Missile with tensions high over its seizure of control in the Crimea and its threat to send more forces to Ukraine
-
8 May 2014: Russia test-fires several ballistic missiles including Topol intercontinental ballistic missile
-
29 July 2014: Russia violated 1987 arms control treaty by testing a ground-launched cruise missile, USA says
June 2015 new intercontinental ballistic missiles:
16 June 2015: Russian regime's adding of 40 new intercontinental ballistic missiles to its nuclear arsenal slammed by NATO's Jens Stoltenberg as 'dangerous' and 'nuclear sabre rattling'
21st century Russian hypersonic missiles, production and use:
21st century hypersonic cruise missiles in production and use by Russia
-
UdSSR und dann Russland forschten seit den 1980er-Jahren an Hyperschallwaffen, wobei das zunnehmend aggressivere russische Putin Regime seine Bemühungen seit 2001 deutlich erhöhte als Reaktion auf die USA-amerikanischen Abwehrmöglichkeiten (!). Das zunehmend autokratische Regime vefügt mittlerweile im 21. Jahrhundert über mehrere Hyperschallwaffen-Programme, inkl. nuklear bestückter Hyperschall-Gleiter 'Awangard' (!), der per ICBM (2021 mit der SS-19 Stiletto, möglicherweise zukünftig mit der RS-28 'Sarmat', Einführung nach Verzögerungen 2022) gestartet wird, fermer 'SS-N-33 Zirkon' schiffsgestützte Marschflugkörper zur Bekämpfung von Land- und Seezielen mit Geschwindigkeiten zwischen Mach 6 und Mach 8 und wahrscheinlicher Einführung 2023, ferner 'Ch-47M2 Kinschal' luftgestützte Rakete (Abwandlung der Iskander-Rakete) die Geschwindigkeiten bis zu Mach 10 erreichen soll, 2018 erfolgreich mit einer MiG-31 getestet und 2022 im Angriffskrieg gegen die unabhängige Ukraine erstmals während einer Kriegshandlung gegen die Bevölkerung und ihre Verteidigung eingesetzt
17 March 2022 Russia has accelerated efforts in research and use of hypersonic weapons technology:
17 March 2022: Although Russia has conducted research on hypersonic weapons technology since the 1980s, it accelerated its efforts in response to USA missile defense deployments in both the USA and Europe, and in response to the USA withdrawal from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in 2001, Putin regime stated that 'the US is permitting constant, uncontrolled growth of the number of anti-ballistic missiles' (!). Russia is pursuing two hypersonic weapons programs — the Avangard and the 3M22 Tsirkon (or Zircon) — and has reportedly fielded the Kinzhal ('Dagger”'), a maneuvering air-launched ballistic missile. 'Avangard' is a hypersonic glide vehicle launched from an intercontinental ballistic missile ICBM, giving it 'effectively unlimited range'. Reports indicate that Avangard is currently deployed on the SS-19 Stiletto ICBM, though Russia plans to eventually launch the vehicle from the Sarmat ICBM. Sarmat is still in development, although it is scheduled to be deployed by the end of 2022.
20 March 2022 Russia’s use of hypersonic missiles against Ukraine appears to mark a shift in strategy:
20 March 2022: Russia’s use of hypersonic missiles against Ukraine appears to mark a shift in strategy in response to its losses on the battlefield, one that may signal a new phase of the war while serving to show the world its abundant firepower. Western military analysts point to dictator Putin’s ground campaign getting bogged down, with Russian troops failing to achieve their initial objectives and underestimating the scale of Ukraine’s resistance, as it happened in Assad's, Khamenei's, Putin's war against the Syrian people since early 2011, leading to war crimes including sieges, massacres, mass murder using chemical weapons, brutal air attacks on cities
including Syria's second largest city of Aleppo (murderous Battle of Aleppo 2012–2016 against city's population and aftermath at least until March 2022)
20 April 2020 Russia tests nuclear-capable missile in warning and threatening:
20 April 2022: Russia tests nuclear-capable missile in warning and threatening to other countries, as Putin boasts new intercontinental ballistic weapon will provide ‘food for thought’
18 August 2022 2022 Russia deploys hypersonic missiles in Kaliningrad:
18 août 2022: La Russie annonce avoir déployé des avions équipés de missiles hypersoniques à Kaliningrad
Russia's military forces under the direct control of the 'Security Council of Russia':
Russian Armed Forces comprise the world's fifth-largest military in terms of active-duty personnel, with at least 2 million reserve personnel. Their branches consist of the Ground Forces, Navy, and Aerospace Forces, as well as three independent arms of service including the Strategic Rocket Forces, Airborne Forces, and Special Operations Forces. Russian Armed Forces, alongside the Border Guard of the Federal Security Service (FSB), the National Guard, the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), the Federal Protective Service (FSO), the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU), and the Ministry of Emergency Situations (EMERCOM) form Russia's military services under the direct control of the Security Council of Russia
Russia's commanding generals, second pillar of political power, and 'Security Council of Russia':
The Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation serves as the administrative body of the Armed Forces. Since Soviet times, the General Staff has acted as the main commanding and supervising body of the Russian armed forces. USA expert William Odom said in 1998, that 'the Soviet General Staff without the MoD is conceivable, but the MoD without the General Staff is not.
Russia's military forces personnel, military ranks and chain of command:
The Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation serves as the administrative body of the Armed Forces. Since Soviet times, the General Staff has acted as the main commanding and supervising body of the Russian armed forces. USA expert William Odom said in 1998, that 'the Soviet General Staff without the MoD is conceivable, but the MoD without the General Staff is not.
-
Russian Military Command Structure, as the armed forces chain of command prescribed in the military doctrine clearly establishes central control of the military with the president of the Russian Federation as commander in chief
7 August 2022 Russia’s private military contractor Wagner comes out of the shadows in Ukraine war:
7 August 2022: Russia’s private military contractor Wagner comes out of the shadows in Ukraine war, as mercenary group does not officially exist but is playing a more public role and openly recruiting in Russia. Three billboards in the Ural city of Yekaterinburg shine a light on what was once one of Russia’s most shadowy organisations, the private military contractor Wagner. 'Motherland, Honour, Blood, Bravery. WAGNER', one of the posters reads. Another, which locals said first appeared on the outskirts of the country’s fourth largest city in early July, depicts three men in military uniform next to the words “Wagner2022.org”. The billboards, which can be seen in several Russian cities, are part of Wagner’s efforts to recruit fighters to join its ranks in Ukraine. They also serve as a testament to the transformation the group has undergone since Moscow launched its invasion over five months ago, from a secretive mercenary organisation shrouded in mystery to an increasingly public extension of Russia’s military efforts in Ukraine.
Military budget of Russia:
Military budget
in Russia
-
20. Februar 2012: Putins Wahlprogramm der Aufrüstung Rußlands mit 575 Mrd. Euro in den kommenden 10 Jahren
-
19. März 2012: Das Volumen weltweiter Rüstungsgeschäfte hat in den vergangenen fünf Jahren um 24 Prozent zugenommen - auf die beiden grössten Rüstungsexporteure USA 30% und Russland 24% entfällt mehr als die Hälfte der weltweiten Waffenlieferungen - mit einem Anstieg um 580 Prozent steigerte vor allem Syrien die Waffenimporte seit dem Jahr 2002 deutlich
-
17. April: Rußland und China erhöhen ihre Militärausgaben auch 2011 kräftig
-
31 July: Putin announces that a total of 51 surface warships and 24 submarines, including 16 nuclear submarines, will enter into service in the Russian Navy by 2020
-
12. August 2012: Russland will sein Militär u.a. mit 1600 neuen Flugzeugen und Helikoptern aufrüsten
-
14 April 2014: Russian defence spending rises by 4.8% to $88bn, devoting larger share of GDP on military than USA for first time since 2003
-
15 December 2014: Russian arms sales soar on domestic spending
Federal budget of Russia:
Federal budget of Russia
Taxation in Russia:
Taxation in Russia
-
Tax Code of Russia
Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation:
Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation
Politics of Russia:
Politics of Russia
-
Political parties in Russia
Ministry of Internal Affairs in Russia:
Ministry of the Interior of the Russian Federation
2015:
25 July 2015: As Russia suffers the worst economic crisis in years, regime's Putin signed a decree limiting the number of staff employed by the Interior Ministry to just over one million, requiring massive layoffs that will bring total headcount down by 10%
Russian internal troops, Intelligence Community, Federal Security Service FSB, law enforcement agencies, repression and corruption:
Russian Intelligence Community
-
Security Council of Russia
Internal Troops of Russia:
Internal Troops of the Ministry for Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation
Federal Security Service FSB and Foreign Intelligence Service:
Federal Security Service (KGB/FSB)
-
Service des renseignements extérieurs de la Fédération de Russie
-
Éléments opérationnels des services spéciaux russes
September 2018 suspects in the Salisbury poisoning:
23 September 2018: Leak of Russian regime's data about the suspects in the Salisbury poisoning may provide a rare insight into how Russia’s military intelligence agency provides cover identities for its agents abroad
October 2018:
5 October 2018: String of own goals by Russian spies exposes a strange sloppiness, as GRU seems to have lost its way in the age of internet search
and as bungling agents leave Putin exposed in the global spotlight
October 2018:
31 October 2018: A local 17-year-old man reportedly set off a bomb at the entrance of the local branch of Russia's main intelligence agency in the northern city of Akhangelsk, injuring three security officials and killing himself
November 2018:
22 November 2018: Reportedly starting to feel unwell in mid-September and October, Russia's chief of military intelligence, Igor Korobov, has died after a serious and long illness, according to ministry
April 2019:
17 April 2019: SBU accuses Russian FSB general Dmitry Minaev of organizing assassination of Ukrainian intelligence operatives
December 2019 shooting at Russia’s FSB, the former KGB agency and Putin's lyceum and political home:
19 December 2019: One person has been shot dead after an unidentified gunman opened fire on the office of the FSB, Russia’s former KGB agency and Putin's lyceum and political home, in the heart of Moscow
28 April 2020 key MH17 figure identified as senior FSB official Burlaka:
28 April 2020: Key 2014 MH17 shoot-down figure identified as senior Russia's FSB official Andrey Ivanovich Burlaka, who was in a crucial role supervising militant activities in Donbas and authorizing the flow of weapons across Ukrainian/Russian border, 'Bellingcat' investigation says
23 September 2020 Putin investigators targeting Navalny and others using imported phone-hacking tech:
23 September 2020: Putin investigators targeting Navalny and others use Israeli phone-hacking tech, as committee headed by Putin associate Alexander Bastrykin claims it used Cellebrite’s technology more than 26,000 times for hacking phones
23 September 2020 treated in Berlin for Novichok poisoning Russian opposition leader Navalny's condition improved enough for him to be released:
23 September 2020: The German hospital treating Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny for poisoning said Wednesday that his condition improved enough for him to be released
,
and suggested a 'complete recovery' from the Russian nerve agent was possible, as French newspaper citing unnamed sources on Tuesday reported that Russian regime's Putin told his French counterpart Macron, that Navalny was an 'internet troublemaker' who may have poisoned himself, as Putin's spokesman Peskov on Wednesday said 'Le Monde' had misrepresented the call and its report was 'imprecise'
14/17 December 2020 Russian FSB hit squad poisoned Alexei Navalny according to Bellingcat:
14 December 2020: An undercover hit squad working for Russia’s FSB spy agency poisoned the opposition activist Alexei Navalny in August, after shadowing him on multiple previous trips, the investigative website Bellingcat has claimed, citing 'voluminous' telecoms and travel data, and reporting that the squad had secretly tracked Navalny since 2017, as recent regime's crime apparently began after he announced plans to stand against Putin in presidential elections
-
17 December 2020: Former KGB/FSB agent Putin rejects Navalny poisoning allegations as 'falsification' as he holds end-of-year press event, saying 'if they’d wanted to [poison him] then they probably would have finished the job'
21 December 2020 Navalny says Russian agent has admitted to role in death plot:
21 décembre 2020: L’opposant russe Alexeï Navalny a affirmé lundi avoir piégé au téléphone un agent des services de sécurité russes FSB pour lui faire admettre qu’il avait bien été la victime d’un empoisonnement cet été en Sibérie
22 December 2020 spokesman for Vladimir Putin accuses Alexei Navalny of 'comparing himself to Jesus':
22 December 2020: In an extended and unusual attack indicative of anger over recent revelations about the FSB, spokesman for Vladimir Putin accuses Alexei Navalny of 'comparing himself to Jesus'
,
after a chartered plane paid for by 'Cinema for Peace Foundation' was sent in August from Germany to evacuate Navalny from Omsk for treatment at the Charité in Berlin to save his life, after the doctors treating him in Omsk had initially declared he was too sick to be transported, and as in October the OPCW announced that results of testing samples obtained from Navalny had confirmed the presence of a 'Novichok' agent
12 April 2021 operatives of the FSB agency searched Roman Anin's apartment, colleagues said:
12 April 2021: Operatives of the FSB agency searched the apartment of Roman Anin, his Vazhnye Istorii investigative news website colleagues said, after website recently published articles on possible links between the FSB and organized crime, and others on torture and mistreatment in Russian prisons, including the ongoing surveillance and 2021 renewed imprisonment of regime critic Alexei Navalny, once more critically endangered, whose biography in recent years now furnishes final proof concerning Putin's crimes and intentions
FSB's legal power to engage in targeted killing:
FSB's legal power to engage in targeted killing
2015 Russian special services' involvement in terrorism:
7 December 2015: Former Russian Federal Security Service officer Yevgeniy tells TSN about Russian special services' involvement in terrorist organizations and terror attacks
2015:
30 December 2015: Putin signs into law new legislation which allows FSB to shoot at civilians including women and children in 'terror' related incidents
Federal law enforcement agencies of Russia and police:
Law enforcement in Russia
-
Federal law enforcement agencies of Russia
-
FSB
-
Police of Russia
-
Federal Protective Service
Military Police
Investigative Committee of Russia
Border Guard Service of Russia
-
Federal Migration Service
Penal system in Russia and Federal Penitentiary Service:
Penal system in Russia
-
Federal Penitentiary Service
-
Prisons in Russia
-
Corrective labor colony
2014/2018 destroyed Gulag data
:
8 June 2018: Gulag History Museum in Moscow has discovered a secret Russian order from 2014 instructing officials to destroy data on prisoners, a move it said 'could have catastrophic consequences for studying the history of the camps'
July 2018:
20 July 2018: A recently published video of prison guards in Yaroslavl torturing a detainee has spurred Russian authorities to launch an investigation into abuse, in a case that had previously been ignored by regional officials
-
24 juillet 2018: Un surveillant d'un camp pénitentiaire russe a été arrêté pour avoir tué un détenu, ont indiqué mardi les autorités locales
August 2018:
13 August 2018: Following the trial of those accused of beating Makarov, Ruslan Vakhapov, now a representative of Public Verdict, recognised all the prison guards on trial last month for the brutal torture of the inmate in the Yaroslavl prison, who used to be his jailers too
Torture in Russia:
Torture in Russia
Police brutality in Russia:
Police brutality in Russia
2012:
29 March 2012: New charges against Russian police officers accused of torturing detainees amid growing public outrage over police brutality
2015:
1 April 2015: 21 deaths recorded in Russian police custody last month
2016:
200 people died in Russian police custody in 2015, website of investigative journalist says, tracking epidemic of prisoners dying in detention
Crime in Russia:
Crime in Russia
Corruption in Russia:
Corruption
in Russia
-
Areas of corruption in Russia
-
Category: Corruption in Russia
-
Putin Corruption
2012/2013:
6 November 2012: Putin dismisses the defence minister after his ministry was caught up in a corruption scandal
-
21 June 2013: Russia's Putin backs amnesty for white-collar crime
2016:
3 April 2016: A massive leak of 11.5m documents detailing the activities of more than 200,000 offshore companies shines new light on the fabulous fortunes of Putin’s inner circle
-
8 April: Russia's 'offshore bandits' expose the Kremlin's deep hypocrisy
,
The Moscow Times explains
-
14 November 2016: Russia’s economic development minister Ulyukayev, who has spoken out against state intervention in economy, arrested over alleged $2m cash bribe as part of a sting operation
Russian mafia state:
Russian mafia state following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991
2010:
1 December 2010: WikiLeaks cables condemn Russia as 'mafia state', saying that Kremlin relies on criminals and rewards them with political patronage while top officials collect bribes 'like a personal taxation system'
-
2 December 2010: Putin knew of poison plot that killed former KGB spy Litvinenko in London, according to WikiLeaks revelations
-
8 March 2012: In a discussion on the death of lawyer Sergei Magnitsky British MP's described Putin's Russia as a mafia state
-
25 July 2012: Security obsessed Putin fears being poisoned and gets every meal tested by professional tasters
-
25 September 2012: Two Russian police officers have been jailed after a man was tortured in custody and later died of his wounds
2014:
17 April 2014: Putin, who earlier denied the presence of Russian troops in Crimea who described themselves as self-defense forces, admits during a Q&A session that people in military uniforms without any insignia in Crimea were Russian military
2015:
9 March 2015: Vladimir Putin now describes secret meeting when Russia decided to seize Crimea
-
23 September 2015: Putin's regime is built using the criminal syndicate pattern, journalist Brian Whitmore who has been studying Russia since the 1990s says
2016:
3 May 2016: Spanish 'Audiencia National' has issued an international arrest warrant for several Russian former high-rank officials, accused of participating in Tambov and Malyshev's criminal gangs, according to Spanish daily newspaper El Mundo
September 2016:
28 September 2016: Dutch-led joint investigation team including representatives from Australia, Malaysia, Ukraine, and Belgium states that there is 'irrefutable evidence' that a Russian Buk 9M38 missile downed the Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777 in 2014, killing all 298 people on board, also concluding that the Buk missile system was brought across the border from Russia and later transported back escorted by several other vehicles and by 'armed men in uniform', according to witnesses, photographs, video, damning intercepted telephone calls, radar data, forensic examinations, tests and reconstructions
December 2016:
27 December 2016: Russian officials admit for the first time to a state-backed campaign of doping that involved hundreds of the country’s athletes, as the acting director of Russia’s national anti-doping agency Anna Antseliovich and others in a serie of intervies detail that 'it was an institutional conspiracy' concerning the entire Olympic movement
October 2018:
23 October 2018: Russian businessman Yevgeny Prigozhin dubbed 'Putin’s chef' for organizing catering events for Russian Putin regime and even personally serving him, who has also been indicted by USA investigators for allegedly trying to interfere with the 2016 USA election, has been involved in attacks on several people and at least one killing, according to Novaya Gazeta
Since 1990s contract killings and poisonings in Russia:
Poison laboratory of the Soviet and Russian secret services, a covert research and development facility of the Soviet secret police agencies which reportedly reactivated in late 1990s
-
Human experimentation to find a tasteless, odourless chemical that could not be detected post-mortem, as deadly poisons including mustard gas, ricin, digitoxin, curare, cyanide, and many others tested on prisoners
1990s contract killings:
8 August 1995: Murders panic Russian business elite, as a top banker Kivelidi is buried and government comes under fire for failing to stop contract killings
-
9 August 1995: Poisoning added to the business risks in Russia, as at least 16 bankers have been killed in the last year and a half and as 8 members Mr. Kivelidi's 'Business Round Table' founded in 1993 have been slain
1995/2018:
23 March 2018: Nerve agent 'novichok' was used in 1995 murder, claims Vladimir Uglev, developer of Soviet-era chemical weapons, contradicting Russian regime's denials at existence of novichok nerve agents
2004:
2 September 2004: The Committee to Protect Journalists is alarmed by reports that prominent Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya was poisoned last night en route to Beslan in North Ossetia, where about 40 heavily armed fighters, reportedly of Chechen and Ingush origin, seized hostages at an elementary school yesterday
October/November 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko:
October/November 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko - in January 2016 a UK public inquiry found that Andrey Lugovoy and Dmitry Kovtun were responsible for the poisoning of Litvinenko, also finding that there was a strong probability that Lugovoy and Kovtun were acting under the direction of the FSB, probably approved by both FSB's Nikolai Patrushev and Russian regime's Putin
-
Litvinenko's allegations about Russian government's actions since the 1990s, most of which are related to conducting or sponsoring domestic and foreign terrorism
-
Possibly related events in 2002, 2007, 2015/2016 to the 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal:
4 March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in Salisbury with a chemical determined by the United Kingdom to be Russian 'novichok' nerve agent
April 2018:
28 April 2018: Novichok scientist Vladimir Uglev, who was run over by a car and left with serious injuries, fears for his safety after claiming his lab developed nerve agent used in Salisbury attack, saying Putin regime’s denial of culpability over the attempted assassinations of Sergei and Yulia Skripal do not withstand scrutiny
Nationalism and racism in Russia:
Russian
nationalism
-
Racism
in Russia
Nationalist parties in Russia:
Nationalist parties in Russia
-
Fascist parties in Russia
Since 2001 'United Russia', the ruling political party of the Russian Federation, holding 340 (or 75.56%) of the 450 seats in the State Duma since 2017
-
Since 1992 'Liberal Democratic Party of Russia', frequently described as neither liberal nor democratic as its ideology is based primarily on Zhirinovsky's ideas of 'imperial reconquest' (a 'renewed Russian Empire') and on an authoritarian vision of a 'Greater Russia'
Antisemitism in the Russian empire since the 18th century:
Antisemitism
in the Russian Empire
Antisemitism in the Russian empire in the 18th and 19th century:
Pale of Settlement since the 18th century
-
Odessa pogroms since 1821
-
Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire 1881–1884 and 1903–1906
Since 1904:
1904/1 February 2000: According to the Russian historian Mikhail Lepekhine the anti-Semitic pamphlet 'Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion' 1904 were concocted by Russian propagandist Mathieu Golovinski as part of a monarchist scheme to persuade Czar Nicholas II that the capitalist modernization of Russia was really a Jewish plot
-
'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion' ordered to be studied in German classrooms by the Nazi Party since 1933
-
'Jewish Bolshevism' is part of the Jewish World Conspiracy theory that Jews control the world
-
Contemporary Middle East imprints of 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion' - many Arab governments funded new printings of the Protocols and taught them in their schools as historical fact
-
The Charter of the Hamas, issued on 18 August 1988, explicitly refers to 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'
Since 1922:
History of the Jews in the Soviet Union
-
Antisemitism in the Soviet Union
-
Stalin and antisemitism
-
Jewish Autonomous Oblast since 1934
Antisemitism in the Russian Federation since 1991:
Antisemitism
in the Russian Federation
April 2018:
4 April 2018: Russian-born Israeli Mikhail Verevskoy beaten to death in Russia in suspected anti-Semitic attack, succumbing five days after he was attacked outside his St. Petersburg apartment building
April 2019:
19 April 2019: Russia’s largest yeshiva attacked with arson and swastikas ahead of Passover in eastern Moscow, hours before 60 people gathered for traditional seder meal
13 April 2020 in third assault since 2015 synagogue in Arkhangelsk severely damaged by arson:
13 April 2020: Northern Star Jewish community center and synagogue in Arkhangelsk was severely damaged in a fire that the local Jewish community said was caused by arsonists, as local Jewish leader says it was third assault since 2015
Facism, Nazism and Neo-Nazism in Russia:
Russian
facism
and organizations in the 1930s and 1940s, in the 1990s and in the 2000s
-
Russian collaboration with Nazi Germany 1933-1945
-
Russian Nazi collaborators
-
Neo-Nazism
in Russia
-
White nationalism in Russia
-
Far-right politics in Russia
2 March 2020 UN says Russia committed war crimes in Syria as world expects end of impunity:
2 March 2020: Russia committed war crimes in Syria, finds UN report, as Putin regime also blamed for indiscriminate attacks in civilian areas without 'a specific military objective'
,
also documenting 'unprecedented levels of displacement and dire conditions for civilians' in Syria
6 November 2020 Russian MPs prepare lifetime immunity for former presidents:
6 November 2020: Russian lawmakers have introduced a bill to parliament that would give Vladimir Putin lifetime immunity from prosecution if and when he decides to leave office, as bill would give a former president immunity from criminal prosecution for any offences committed during his lifetime, and a supermajority of lawmakers would be required to revoke the protections, as currently, ex-presidents are protected for actions taken only while they were in office
Notable hate crimes and murder of anti-fascist activists in Russia:
Hate crimes and murder of anti-fascist activists
in Russia
October 2013:
14 October 2013: A mob attacked businesses known for employing immigrants and clashed with police during riots in Moscow following the killing of a young Russian that was widely blamed on a man from the Caucasus
-
14 octobre 2013: Le maire de Moscou a lancé lundi de vastes opérations policières contre les immigrés, au lendemain d'émeutes xénophobes qui ont fait 23 blessés et qui témoignent de la montée des sentiments anti-immigrés et ultra-nationalistes en Russie
Religion and freedom of religion in Russia:
Religion in Russia
-
Freedom of religion in Russia
2012:
17 October 2012: The Russian authorities have cancelled a modern art exhibit in Saint Petersburg which Russia's Orthodox conservatives have denounced as anti-religious
2016:
15 August
2016: Russian air strikes that Idlib in Syria destroying a large part of the Church of the Virgin Mary, the only church in the city, in addition to destroying much of the Christian district in a repeated assault
February 2019:
6 February 2019: A Russian court found a Danish adherent of the Jehovah's Witnesses guilty of organising the activities of a banned extremist organisation and jailed him for six years in a case Western governments cast as a test of religious freedom
September 2019 priests back jailed protesters and bystanders:
18 September 2019: Several dozen Russian Orthodox priests have signed a public petition, condemning a series of recent trials and prison sentences for anti-government protesters and even bystanders
April 2022 Russian Orthodox Church is helping drive Putin’s war against Ukraine, no separation of church/state:
18 April 2022: Russian Orthodox Church lends legitimacy to Vladimir Putin’s war against Ukrainian people, 'Financial Times' reports
,
after in 1934, as Adolf Hitler consolidated his grip on power in Germany, a courageous group of Protestant pastors resisted attempts to create a pro-Nazi unified Reich Church, asserting the absolute separation of church and state
Since 2013 amended blasphemy law in Russia:
Blasphemy and blasphemy law
in Russia
November 2015 religious censorship:
13 November 2015: Since the amended Russian blasphemy law, which see actions deemed insulting to religious beliefs punishable by up to three years in jail, came into force in July 2013, Russian journalists have faced a growth of religious censorship, according a Zdravomyslie study
Human rights, pressure on media, repression and political crime in Russia:
Human Rights in Russia
-
Political repression in Russia
-
Freedom of assembly
in Russia
-
Torture
in Russia
-
Political abuse of psychiatry
in Russia
-
LGBT rights in Russia
2015/2016 'Human Rights Watch' Russia report:
2015/2016 'Human Rights Watch' Russia report examining freedom of association, freedom of expression, political opposition, intensification of harassment and persecution of independent critics, North Caucasus, sexual orientation and gender identity, palliative care, Russia and Ukraine, disability rights, key international actors, foreign policy (Russia and Syria
-
United Nations OHCHR monitoring Russia's compliance with obligations of human rights treaties
2016 'Big Brother law':
26/27 June 2016: Russia’s parliament passes legislation that human rights campaigners say will roll back personal freedoms and privacy
,
called 'Big Brother law' by Edward Snowden
October 2016 international pressure to expel Russia from UN's HRC over its military campaign in Syria:
25 October 2016: Over 80 human rights and aid organizations, including Human Rights Watch, CARE International and Refugees International, have urged the UN member states to expel Russia from the Human Rights Council over its military campaign in Syria
September-December 2016 Russian-Assad coalition committed war crimes during bombing campaign in Syria:
1 December 2016: Russian-Syrian coalition committed war crimes during a month-long aerial bombing campaign of opposition-controlled territory in Aleppo in September and October 2016, Human Rights Watch documents
2017 Russia today is more repressive than it has ever been in the post-Soviet era:
Human Rights Watch report 2017 on Russia
,
also saying that Russia today is more repressive than it has ever been in the post-Soviet era, using a wide range of tools, the state has tightened control over free expression, assembly, and speech, aiming to silence independent critics, including online
August 2019 Russia violated Magnitsky’s right to life:
27 August 2019: 10 years after his death, the European Court ruled
that Russia violated Magnitsky’s right to life by failing to hold an effective investigation into the alleged medical negligence that resulted in his death, that his detention conditions amounted to inhuman and degrading treatment, that repeated extensions of his detention was unjustified, and that his posthumous trial and conviction by a Russian court was inherently unfair
September 2019 Ukrainian prisoner tortured by Putin regime:
16 September 2019: Ukrainian political prisoner Volodymyr Balukh, who has recently been freed from Russian captivity in a prisoner swap, has said he was tortured immediately after arriving in the Russian colony
28 December 2021 Russia’s Supreme Court ruled that 'Memorial' should be shut down:
28 December 2021: Russia’s Supreme Court has ruled that 'Memorial', the country’s best-known human rights group, should be shut down, marking the latest step in a sweeping crackdown on rights activists, independent media and opposition supporters, as last month, prosecutors accused the Moscow-based Memorial Human Rights Centre and its parent structure, Memorial International, of violating Russia’s 'foreign agent' law, asking the court to dissolve them, 'Al Jazeera' reports
29 December 2021 Russian court orders closure of another human rights group 'Memorial Human Rights Centre':
29 December 2021: Russian court orders closure of another human rights group, as 'Memorial Human Rights Centre' liquidated a day after its sister group 'Memorial' in assault on civil liberties
Legal history and law of Russia:
Legal history of Russia
-
Law of Russia
December 2019 Putin's law to declare journalists and bloggers as 'foreign agents':
3 December 2019: Russia's Putin has signed a law that will allow regime to declare journalists and bloggers as 'foreign agents' in a move critics say will allow the Kremlin to target government critics
6 November 2020 Russian MPs prepare lifetime immunity for former presidents:
6 November 2020: Russian lawmakers have introduced a bill to parliament that would give Vladimir Putin lifetime immunity from prosecution if and when he decides to leave office, as bill would give a former president immunity from criminal prosecution for any offences committed during his lifetime, and a supermajority of lawmakers would be required to revoke the protections, as currently, ex-presidents are protected for actions taken only while they were in office
Judiciary in Russia:
Judiciary and court system in Russia
-
Judiciary of Russia is subject to manipulation by political authorities, according to Constitution of Russia top judges are appointed by the Federation Council, following nomination by the President of Russia
Supreme Court of Russia:
Supreme Court of Russia, judges are nominated by the President of Russia and appointed by the Federation Council
December 2017:
30 December 2017: Russia supreme court rules Putin regime critic Navalny cannot run for president, as Navalny's lawyers say they will appeal at European court of human rights
Repression and political crime in Russia:
Repression, political crime and killed journalists
in Russia
2003 Detention of Mikhail Khodorkovsky:
Prosecution and detention of Mikhail Khodorkovsky 2003-2013
-
22 December 2013: At a news conference in Berlin Khodorkovsky says 'that he intends to do everything he can to help political prisoners in Russia to freedom'
7 October 2006 Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya:
Anna Politkovskaya
-
Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya 2006
-
25 July 2013: Moscow City Court began hearing the case against five men suspected over the murder of anti-Kremlin reporter Anna Politkovskaya, despite a boycott of the trial by her children and their lawyers
-
20 May 2014: Court in Moscow has found five men guilty of the murder of Anna Politkovskaya in 2006
16 November 2009 Death of Sergei Magnitsky:
Death of attorney Sergei Magnitsky in Polonium-Putin's custody 16 November 2009
-
9. April: Das Verfahren gegen eine Gefängnisärztin wegen des Todes des prominenten russischen Anwalts und Menschenrechtsaktivisten Sergej Magnitski in Untersuchungshaft vor mehr als zwei Jahren wird in Moskau wegen Verjährung eingestellt
-
28 December: A Moscow court acquitts prison doctor Kratov charged with the death of lawyer Sergei Magnitsky who died in jail after his pancreatitis went untreated - an investigation by Russia's presidential council on human rights had concluded he was severely beaten and denied medical treatment
-
28 January 2013: A Russian court has opened the posthumous fraud trial against Sergei Magnitsky, a lawyer who died in prison in 2009 after accusing state officials of a multimillion-dollar tax scam
-
11 March 2013: 'Trial' of dead lawyer Sergei Magnitsky to begin in Russia - relatives say it's inhuman to try a dead man and the trial is revenge by the Kremlin
-
22 March: Russia court begins proceedings against deceased lawyer Sergei Magnitsky who died in jail after an alleged beating
-
11 July 2013: In 'one of the most shameful moments for Russia since the days of Joseph Stalin', tortured and severely beaten Sergei Magnitsky posthumously found guilty of fraud by a Moscow court after his violent death in custody
-
22 March 2017: Russian lawyer Nikolai Gorokhov who represents the family of Sergei Magnitsky is in intensive care after falling from the fourth floor of his apartment building, according to unconfirmed reports
6 November 2010 attack on Oleg Kashin:
On 6 November 2010, journalist Oleg Kashin assaulted in attempted murder by unknown attackers in Moscow, hospitalized with several fractures, after Kashin had been reporting on a highway project covering youth political movements, including the Young Guard of United Russia, associated with the United Russia political party chaired by Vladimir Putin
-
20 October 2015: Attempted murder of Oleg Kashin a symbol of impunity for attacks on journalists
-
2 November 2016: Russia's intervention in Syria could have been stopped 20 years ago, as the war in Chechnya laid the foundations for Putin’s aggressive foreign policy, but western leaders remained silent, Oleg Kashin explains
August/September 2011:
16. August 2011: Willkürliche und gesetzwidrige Festnahme des Oppositionspolitikers Boris Nemzow durch St. Petersburger Polizei am 15. August
-
22. August 2011: Bürgermeister J. Duschko der russischen Großstadt Sergijew Possad auf offener Straße ermordet - zuvor von kriminellen Wirtschaftskreisen bedroht
-
24 August: Arrest of former senior police official over 2006 Politkovskaya murder
-
27. August: Im Mordfall Anna Politkowskaja neue Hinweise auf Tatbeteiligung der 'Sicherheitskräfte'
-
20. September: Europäischer Gerichtshof sieht Rechte des zerschlagenen Yukos-Konzerns durch russische Regierung verletzt
2012:
20. März 2012: Scharfe Kritik an russischen Sicherheitsbehörden wegen eines zu Tode gefolterten Häftlings
-
9. April: Das Verfahren gegen eine Gefängnisärztin wegen des Todes des prominenten russischen Anwalts und Menschenrechtsaktivisten Sergej Magnitski in Untersuchungshaft vor mehr als zwei Jahren wird in Moskau wegen Verjährung eingestellt
13. Juni 2012: Der stellvertretende Chefredaktor Sergej Sokolow der russischen Oppositionszeitung 'Nowaja Gaseta' flieht wegen Todesdrohungen des hohen Justizvertreters A. Bastrykin ins Ausland
-
14. Juni: Bastrykin entschuldigt sich bei einem Treffen mit dem Chefredaktor der 'Nowaja Gaseta', Dmitri Muratow
27 octobre: Accusée à tort de terrorisme, la Tchétchène Zara Mourtazalieva a vécu près d’une décennie dans une colonie pénitentiaire de Mordovie
-
24 November: UN report voices concern at Moscow's failure to investigate widespread allegations of torture
November 2012: Alexander Perepilichnyy, who had a rare poison in his stomach when he died abruptly in Surrey, feared revenge over his role in exposing a huge fraud in Russia
1 December 2012: Six years after the murder of Anna Politkovskaya and ongoing concerns over safety of journalists the trial of a man suspected of the murder has been extended until March 2013
-
14 December: Ex-policeman jailed for his role in the Anna Politkovskaya murder
2013:
20 December 2013: Kremlin critic Mikhail Khodorkovsky on Friday walked out of jail after more than 10 years behind bars, immediately flying to Germany following his surprise pardon by Putin
2014:
25 January: After more than 10 years in prison, Mikhail Khodorkovsky's associate Platon Lebedev freed following Russian court ruling
-
28 July 2014: Hague arbitration court ruled Russian regime carried out 'politically motivated' expropriation of oil giant Yukos' assets
February 2015 Murder of Boris Nemtsov:
27 February 2015 murder of Boris Nemtsov in Moscow
-
28 February 2015: Russian opposition politician Boris Nemtsov reportedly shot four times in the back by a killer in a passing car in the centre of Moscow two days before Nemtsov was due to lead a major opposition rally in Moscow
-
28 February: Politicians worldwide condemn the assassination of Boris Nemtsov, pressing the Russian regime to ensure that the killing is thoroughly investigated
,
as Boris Nemtsov allies fear killers of Russian politician will escape justice
-
2 March: Immediately after murder, Russian investigators removed all evidence of Russian troops in Ukraine from Nemtsov apartment
-
2 March: Nemtsov's Ukrainian companion Anna Duritskaya says being held against her will after murder
-
3 March: Foreign officials barred from attending Boris Nemtsov funeral
-
8 March: Zaur Dadayev, one of the men detained on suspicion of killing Boris Nemtsov, reportedly served nearly a decade in a police unit in the Russian region of Chechnya
-
10 March 2015: Boris Nemtsov's friend Ilya Yashin rejects regime's allegation, as Russia's Putin this week awards Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov a medal for 'professional achievements, public activities', and as this Ramzan Kadyrov praises Chechen Zaur Dadayev publicly to be 'a true patriot of Russia', who is now charged by Russian authorities with the murder of Boris Nemtsov
-
11 March: Former law enforcement officer Dadayev charged with involvement in the murder of opposition leader Boris Nemtsov has claimed that he was forced to confess to the killing, monitoring group that visited Dadayev and two other suspects in jail allegedly found evidence that the confession had been forced
-
12 March: Zhanna Nemtsova, the daughter of assassinated Boris Nemtsov, says Vladimir Putin must bear responsibility for his death
-
14 May 2015: The report 'Putin. War', the work of murdered Boris Nemtsov published on the website 'Putin. Results'
-
18 May 2015: Russian State Duma committee refuses to investigate Nemtsov's murder
2016:
1 November 2016: Russian dissident Ildar Dadin, jailed in 2015 after staging anti-government protests under a controversial new Kremlin law, says he is being beaten, repeatedly tortured and threatened with murder at notorious Karelia penal colony where he is being held in north-west Russia
2017:
7 February 2017: Russian regime critic Vladimir Kara-Murza, screening a documentary film about his friend Boris Nemtsov, 'poisoned by undefined substance', after in 2015 he was diagnosed with acute kidney failure in connection with poisoning and only just survived
-
23 October 2017: An intruder forced his way into the offices of Russian radio station Ekho Moskvy and stabbed the station's anchor Tatyana Felgengauer in the neck, who has been hospitalised
-
23 October 2017: Russian journalists have said an increasingly polarised and violent political climate in the country may have encouraged a knife attack in which well-known radio host Tatyana Felgengauer was stabbed in the neck
February 2018:
12 février 2018: Grigory Rodchenkov, qui a dévoilé le scandale du dopage institutionnalisé en Russie est apparu grimé pour sa première interview depuis l'affaire, diffusée dimanche sur CBS, expliquant toujours craindre pour sa vie, sûr que le régime de Poutine veut le faire taire pour de bon
April 2018:
16 April 2018: Maksim Borodin, a journalist for the online news site Novy Den in Yekaterinburg, who was previously attacked in 2017 when he gave an interview to TV Rain about the controversial film Matilda about Tsar Nicholas' Polish mistress, and who wrote about Wagner mercenaries dies under suspicious circumstances after falling from the fifth floor
December 2019 Putin's law to declare journalists and bloggers as 'foreign agents':
3 December 2019: Russia's Putin has signed a law that will allow regime to declare journalists and bloggers as 'foreign agents' in a move critics say will allow the Kremlin to target government critics
August 2020 suspected poisoning of Alexei Navalny:
August 2020 suspected poisoning of Alexei Navalny who fell ill during a flight from Tomsk to Moscow and was hospitalized in Omsk, as his spokeswoman said that he was in a coma
Terrorism in Russia:
Terrorism in Russia
1 January 1918 Saint Petersburg assassination attempt on Lenin:
1 January 1918: As Lenin's car drove away from Mikhailovsky Manège, a group of terrorists - among them the best sharpshooters in the former Russian Army - who were hiding in ambush in the next lane began shooting, shattering the car's windshield where Lenin was sitting in the back seat with Fritz Platten, but 'Platten grabbed Lenin by the head and pushed him down (and) Platten’s hand was' met and wounded
-
1 January 1918: After his 'Speech at the send-off of the socialist army’s first troop tains' in Saint Petersburg's Mikhailovsky Manège, an assassination attempt was made on Lenin returning to the Smolny, when a bullet went through the car's windscreen and passed over his head, and the Swiss Communist Fritz Platten, who was with Lenin, was wounded
30 August 1918 Moscow assassination attempt on Lenin and death 1924:
30 August 1918: After Lenin spoke at Michelson arms factory in Moscow and before entering his car, Socialist Revolutionary Party's member Fanny Kaplan fired three shots on him, but despite the severity of his injuries, Lenin survived, never fully recovering followed by strokes that incapacitated and eventually killed him in 1924
-
28 July 2019: After Lenin was seriously wounded by the August 1918 assassination attempt, Russia fell deeper into civil war
1918-1925 'Allied Powers', allied with anti-communist 'White forces', including terrorists, against Russia's governemt:
4 September 1918: Russian government official Moisei Uritsky was assassinated, his murderers arrested, and as a direct result of this incident numerous houses were searched in Petrograd, including the British embassy where shots were fired
-
1918-1925 after the Bolshevik government withdrew from World War I, the Allied Powers, including the British Empire, France, USA and other countries, openly backed the anti-communist 'White forces', including terrorists, in Russia
-
1919 British forces use mustard gas
intervening in the Russian Civil War against the Red Army
Terrorist incidents in Russia by year:
Terrorist incidents in Russia by year since 1995
-
Suicide attacks in the North Caucasus conflict
2013-2015 Volgograd bus bombings:
21 October 2013 Volgograd bus bombing
-
29 December 2013 Volgograd station bombing
-
29 December 2013: Suicide bomber kills at least 16 people at train station in Volgograd
-
30 December 2013 Volgograd trolleybus bombing
-
30 December: At least 10 people were killed when a bomb blast ripped through a trolleybus in the second deadly attack in Volgograd in two days
February 2015 assassination of Boris Nemtsov:
27 February 2015: Assassination of Boris Nemtsov, a Russian statesman and politician opposed to the Putin regime, in central Moscow
2016:
11 April 2016: Three terrorists blew themselves up targeting a police station in Stavropol Region, one was killed
December 2015 homemade explosive detonated at a bus stop in central Moscow:
8 December 2015: Five people were lightly injured when a homemade explosive detonated at a bus stop in central Moscow
2017 terrorist incidents in Russia:
Terrorist incidents in Russia in 2017
-
3 April 2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing
-
6 April 2017: Thousands of people gathered outside the Kremlin walls in Moscow in solidarity with the killed and injured innocent people who were victims of Monday’s bomb blast in St Petersburg
-
27 December 2017: At least 10 people injured after bomb packed with shrapnel goes off in supermarket in St Petersburg
Russian Mafia:
Russian Mafia
-
17 January 2013: A reputed Russian crime boss has been shot dead by an unidentified gunman in central Moscow in an apparent contract killing
Society, demographics, culture and languages in Russia:
Russian society
Federal subjects, oblasts, districts and cities of Russia:
Subdivisions of
Russia
-
83
Federal subjects
of Russia
-
Federal
districts
of Russia
-
City of federal subject significance
-
22 '
Republics
of Russia', most of them representing areas of non-Russian ethnicity
12 Russian economic regions:
12 Russian
economic regions
, groups of federal subjects sharing some characteristics
-
List of federal subjects of Russia by GRP
46 Russian oblasts:
The Russian Federation is divided into 85 subjects, of which 46 are
oblasts
Municipal divisions, cities and towns in Russia:
Municipal divisions
of Russia
-
Alphabetical list of
cities and towns
in Russia
-
List of cities and towns in Russia by population
-
3
Federal cities
of Russia Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Sevastopol
2014 annexation of Crimea:
18 March 2014: Defying Ukrainian protests and Western sanctions, Russian regime's Putin signed a treaty in Moscow making Crimea part of Russia
-
2014 Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
Northwestern Federal District:
Northwestern Federal District
, one of the eight federal districts of Russia, consisting of the northern part of European Russia with a population of 13,616,057 citizens (83.5% urban) in 2010
Murmansk Oblast:
Murmansk Oblast
, a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the northwestern part of the country, with its administrative center Murmansk
Economy of Murmansk Oblast:
Economy of Murmansk Oblast, that is very rich in natural resources with deposits of over 700 minerals, as the main industries of the region are in the sphere of raw material extraction and basic processing, including metallurgy (36,6%), electric power-production (22,9%) and food-industry (fishing 13,7%), and as the icefree port of Murmansk plays an important role in marine transportation in Russia, having a 41% share of the total Russian marine transport market, and as the fishing industry is among the most profitable in the region, supplying 16% of Russia's total fish production
Murmansk city:
Murmansk city
, a port city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast in the far northwest part of Russia
Economy and port of Murmansk:
Economy of Murmansk - Murmansk is set to be the Russian terminus of the 'Arctic Bridge', a sea route linking it to the Canadian port of Churchill, Manitoba
-
Port of Murmansk, located on the eastern shore of the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea, ranking fourth in Russia in terms of processed goods and the second-largest port in northwest Russia (after the port of St. Petersburg), one of the largest ice-free ports in Russia and forming the backbone of the economy of the city
Arkhangelsk Oblast:
Arkhangelsk Oblast
, including the Arctic archipelagos of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, as well as the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea, with a population (including Nenetsia) of 1,227,626 residents in 2010
Arkhangelsk city:
Arkhangelsk city
, the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, in the north of European Russia, with 348,783 inhabitants in 2010
Economy of Arkhangelsk:
Economy and companies of Arkhangelsk
-
Port of Arkhangelsk, located at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River, for much of Russia's history its main centre of international maritime trade, and a major naval base of the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy
History and timeline of Arkhangelsk:
History and timeline of Arkhangelsk
Early history of Arkhangelsk since the Middle Ages:
Early history of Arkhangelsk since the Middle Ages
March 2004 Arkhangelsk explosion:
March 2004 Arkhangelsk explosion, destroying a corner section of a nine-story apartment building and killing 58 people (33 women, 16 men and 9 children)
Since 8 August 2019 rocket engine explosion near Severodvinsk:
8 August 2019 Nyonoksa radiation accident
-
10 August 2019: Russian nuclear agency Rosatom confirms role in rocket test explosion, saying five staff died in accident that caused radiation levels to spike in Arkhangelsk
-
26 August 2019: Russia’s state weather agency has said it found the radioactive isotopes of strontium, barium and lanthanum in test samples after 8 August 2019 rocket engine explosion during a test at a military site
Leningrad Oblast:
Leningrad Oblast
, a federal subject of Russia (and oblast) established on 1 August 1927, although it was not until 1946 that the oblast's borders had been mostly settled in their present position. Named after the city of Leningrad - Saint Petersburg (Petrograd) since 1547 Ivan IV's 'Tsardom of Rus' foundation and the 18th century foundation of Saint Petersburg by Peter I in 1721, but unlike the oblast the city retained the Tsardom's name at the end of the 20th century in disregard of the Russian revolutions since 1905
Saint Petersburg city:
Saint Petersburg
city, Russia's second-largest city after Moscow with five million inhabitants in 2012 and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea
-
History of Petersburg
Timeline of Saint Petersburg:
Timeline of Saint Petersburg
17th–18th centuries timeline of Saint Petersburg:
17th–18th centuries timeline of Saint Petersburg
17th century Swedish Nyen town and Nyenschantz:
17th century Swedish Nyen town and Nyenschantz fortress at the confluence of the Neva River and Okhta River, the site of present-day Saint Petersburg in Russia. Nyenschantz was built in 1611 to establish Swedish rule in Ingria, which had been annexed from the Tsardom of Russia during the Time of Troubles. The town of Nyen, which formed around Nyenschantz, became a wealthy trading center and a capital of Swedish Ingria during the 17th century. In 1702, Nyenschantz and Nyen were conquered by Russia
May 1703 wooden house of tsar Peter first later town's 'palace':
May 1703 cabin of tsar Peter, a small wooden house which was the first St Petersburg 'palace', as the log cabin was constructed in three days in by soldiers and as at that time, the new St. Petersburg was described as 'a heap of villages linked together, like some plantation in the West Indies'. The date of its construction is now considered to mark the foundation of the city.
Since 1724 The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences:
Since 1724 The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
19th/20th centuries timeline of Saint Petersburg:
19th/20th centuries timeline of Saint Petersburg
Since 1862 Saint Petersburg Conservatory:
Since 1862 Saint Petersburg Conservatory
-
Notable faculty and notable graduates of Saint Petersburg Conservatory
January 1905 unarmed demonstrators attacked by the Imperial Guard as they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition:
22 January 1905 'Bloody Sunday', the name given to the events of 22 January (O.S. 9 January) 1905 in St Petersburg, when unarmed demonstrators, led by Father Georgy Gapon, were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard as they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, as this 'Bloody Sunday' caused grave consequences for the Tsarist autocracy governing Imperial Russia, provoking public outrage and a series of massive strikes that spread quickly to the industrial centres of the Russian Empire, and as the massacre is considered to be the start of
the active phase of the Revolution of 1905
Since October 1905 Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Delegates:
Since October 1905 Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Delegates (later the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies) was a workers' council, or soviet
1917 February Revolution in Petersburg and Russia:
1917 February Revolution in Petersburg and Russia
12 March 1917 Petrograd Soviet formed:
12 March 1917 Petrograd Soviet formed
Summer 1917/1918 Sergei Prokofiev's first symphony, the Classical:
In the summer of 1917 Sergei Prokofiev composed his Symphony No. 1 'Classical', a modern reinterpretation of the classical style of Franz Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, premiered in April 1918 in Petrograd, as the name was Prokofiev's own and as the music is in a style that, according to Prokofiev, Joseph Haydn would have used if he were alive at the time, incorporating some advanced musical elements
1917 October Revolution in Petersburg and Russia:
1917 October Revolution in Petersburg and Russia
8 November 1917 Decree on Peace written by Vladimir Lenin was passed, Moscow and Kiev uprisings:
8 November 1917 Decree on Peace
written by Vladimir Lenin, was passed by the
Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' Deputies
, following the success of the October Revolution. It was published in the Izvestiya newspaper on 9 November 1917. It proposed an immediate withdrawal of Russia from World War I, and and proposed to all warring peoples and their governments to begin at once negotiations leading to a just democratic peace. It was ultimately implemented through the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Woodrow Wilson's 'Fourteen Points' of January 1918 were largely a response to this Decree.
Since November 1917 timeline of the spread of Soviet power:
Since November 1917 timeline of the spread of Soviet power (Gregorian calendar dates)
-
Since 7 November 1917 Moscow Bolshevik Uprising, the armed
uprising of the Bolsheviks in Moscow
, during the October/November 1917 Revolution of Russia. It was in Moscow where the most prolonged and bitter fighting unfolded.
-
Days of the Revolution in Moscow
-
8-13 November 1917 Kiev Bolshevik Uprising (October 26–31 by old style), a military struggle for power in Kiev (Kyiv) after the fall of the Russian Provisional Government due to the October Revolution. It ended in victory for the
Kievan Committee of the Bolshevik Party and the Central Rada
Since September 1918 Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences:
Since September 1918 Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, one of Russia's largest research centers specialized in physics and technology, run for several decades by Abram Ioffe, as the Institute is a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and as the development of science was one of the priorities of the new Communist government
Since 1921 Art Culture Museum:
Since 1921 Art Culture Museum
-
List of museums in Saint Petersburg
Since 1922 Bryantsev Youth Theatre:
Since 1922 Bryantsev Youth Theatre
Since 1923 Russian Museum of Ethnography:
Since 1923 Russian Museum of Ethnography in St. Petersburg that houses a collection of about 500,000 items relating to the ethnography, or cultural anthropology, of peoples of the former Russian Empire and the Soviet Union
Since 1931 Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences:
Since 1931 Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a leading botanical institution in Russia, named after the Russian botanist Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov 1869–1945
-
List of Russian and Soviet biologists
Since 1934 Leningrad Secondary Art School for gifted children:
Since 1934 Leningrad Secondary Art School, the first art school for gifted children
Since 1930/1936 Arctic and Antarctic Museum in St. Petersburg:
Since 1930/1936 Arctic and Antarctic Museum in St. Petersburg, established in November 1930 as part of the Soviet Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, but was not opened until six years later
Since 1936, 2011, and March 2022 Prokofiev's symphonic fairy tale for children 'Peter and the Wolf':
1936 symphonic fairy tale for children 'Peter and the Wolf' op. 67, a musical composition written by Sergei Prokofiev, as a narrator tells a children's story, while the orchestra illustrates it, and that became Prokofiev's most frequently performed work and one of the most frequently performed works in the entire classical repertoire
-
8 June 2011 Sergej Prokofiev's 'Peter and the Wolf'
-
In 2009 published by Oxford University Press, Simon Morrison recounts Prokofiev's Soviet years in his book 'The People's Artist', describing Prokofiev's return to Stalin's Soviet Union in the 1930th, facing the rising NSDAP ruled German empire preparing its
'Blitzkrieg' operations in the 1936-39 Spanish Civil War, the September 1939 Invasion of Poland, the summer 1940 'Blitzkrieg' against the Low Countries and France, and since June 1941 German empire's invasion of the Soviet Union, first involving a number of breakthroughs and encirclements by motorised forces 'to destroy the Russian forces deployed in the West and to prevent their escape into the wide-open spaces of Russia', allowing the 'Luftwaffe' to achieve total air supremacy over all the battlefields within the first week, as during the Battle of Moscow October 1941 - January 1942, the Red Army defeated the German Army Group Center and for the first time in the war seized the strategic initiative.
Since 1938 State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg:
Since 1938 State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg, as during German empire's WWII on the eastern front the content were moved to Sarapul, and the first full historical exhibitions began in 1957, celebrating the 250th anniversary of Leningrad
1941-1944 German siege of Leningrad:
1941-1944 German siege of Leningrad
Since April 1941 timeline of German siege of Leningrad, Soviet resistance and defense:
Since April 1941 timeline of German siege of Leningrad and Soviet resistance and defense, after German dictator Hitler with OKW at least since April 1941 intended to occupy and then destroy Leningrad ('Generalplan Ost') and in the summer on 22 June 'Axis' powers' invasion of Soviet Union begins with brutal aggression first using 'Blitzkrieg' methods
Since 1941 'Road of Life' against German war crimes:
Since 1941 Road of Life, the ice road winter transport route across the frozen Lake Ladoga, which provided the only access to the besieged city of Leningrad while the perimeter in the siege was actively maintained by the German Army Group North (supported by Franco's 'Blue Devision'), as the siege lasted for 29 months from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944, and as over one million citizens of Leningrad died from starvation, stress, exposure and bombardments
Since 31 December 1944 State Puppet Theatre of Fairy Tales:
Since 31 December 1944 State Puppet Theatre of Fairy Tales, as composer Boris Kravchenko wrote music for many of the company's productions, following the simple and expressive style of Russian folk songs
Since 1945 timeline of post-war recovery of Leningrad:
Since 1945 timeline of post-war recovery of Leningrad
1991 Vladimir Poutine quitte le KGB pour commencer une carrière politique à 'Saint-Petersbourg':
En 1991 - après 15 ans de bons et loyaux services -
Vladimir Poutine
quitte le KGB pour commencer une carrière politique au côté d'Anatoli Sobchak, le maire de 'Saint-Petersbourg'. Sobchak perd la mairie en 1996 et Poutine se met donc au service d'Anatoli Tchoubaïs, chef de l'administration présidentielle.
Boris Eltsine
, au vu du passé de Poutine, le nomme à la tête du FSB (le nouveau nom du KGB). Poutine devient un bavard sans scrupules depuis 1991 en contre-révolution russe, après en 1917 la révolution de février et plus tard de novembre fait chuter en quelques jours l'Ancien régime tsariste, que l'immense majorité du peuple (paysans, ouvriers, petite-bourgeois...) en était venu à détester.
31 janvier 2013 'HRW' affirme que Poutine a fait subir les pires répressions depuis la chute de l'Union soviétique:
31 janvier 2013: L'ONG Human Rights Watch affirme dans son rapport annuel que la Russie de Vladimir Poutine a fait subir à son peuple en 2012 les pires répressions depuis la chute de l'Union soviétique
22 June 2022 volunteers arranged candles in St Petersburg to commemorate Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union:
22 June 2022: Some 150 volunteers arranged 50-thousand candles in St Petersburg early on Wednesday to commemorate the 81st anniversary of Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. NSDAP ruled Germany launched 'Operation Barbarossa', a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June 1941, followed by never seen war crimes, as
World War II losses of the Soviet Union from all related causes were about 27,000,000 both civilian and military, although exact figures are disputed. The post-Soviet government of Russia puts the Soviet war losses at 26.6 million.
-
23 January 1930 – 1 July 1944 Tanya Savicheva, a Russian child diarist who endured the siege of Leningrad during World War II. During the siege, Savicheva recorded the successive deaths of each member of her family in her diary, with her final entry indicating her belief to be the sole living family member. Although Savicheva was rescued and transferred to a hospital, she succumbed to intestinal tuberculosis in July 1944 at age 14. Her image and the pages from her diary became symbolic of the human cost of the siege of Leningrad, and she is remembered in St. Petersburg with a memorial complex on the Green Belt of Glory along the Road of Life. Her diary was used during the Nuremberg Trials as evidence of the Nazis’ crimes.
Pushkin municipal town in Pushkinsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg:
Pushkin municipal town
with a population of 92,889 citizens in 2010, located in Pushkinsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg 24 kilometers south from its center, and as its railway station is directly connected by railway to the Vitebsky Rail Terminal of the city. Pushkin was founded in 1710 as an imperial residence named 'Tsarskoye Selo' ('Tsar's Village'), receiving status of a town in 1808. The first public railways in Russia, Tsarskoye Selo Railways, were opened here in 1837 and connected the town to the capital, St. Petersburg. After the October Revolution, the town was renamed to 'Detskoye Selo' ('Children's Village'). Its name was further changed in 1937 to Pushkin to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the death of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. The town contains an ensemble of the 18th century 'Tsarskoye Selo', following October/November 1917 and also today a museum complex including the 'Catherine Palace', 'Alexander Palace' and other buildings and associated parks
Timeline and history of Pushkin town:
Timeline and history of Pushkin town in the 19th century in the period of lasting Russian empire, Soviet period since 1917/18 and 21st century
Shlisselburg town:
Shlisselburg town
in Kirovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, located at the head of the Neva River on Lake Ladoga, 35 kilometers east of St. Petersburg with a population of 13,170 citizens in 2010
Economy of Shlisselburg town:
Economy of Shlisselburg town, housing several shipyards, as the main company operating in the city is 'Nevsky shipyard' which was founded in 1913 when the ship repair workshops were established. The main activities of the company include shipbuilding, ship repair, modernization and renovation and machine-building
On 8 May 1887 Lenin's older brother Aleksandr Ulyanov was hanged at Shlisselburg:
On 8 May 1887 Aleksandr Ulyanov and his four comrades were hanged at Shlisselburg. Aleksandr's execution drove his younger brother Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Vladimir Lenin) to pursue the Russian revolutionary struggle ever more fervently. Vladimir was already active in politics prior to his older brother's arrest. Vladimir admired his older brother, however, he was quite dismissive of his older brother's political attitude.
Since 1995 'St. Petersburg League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class', 1898 'RSDL Party':
Since 1995 'St. Petersburg League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class', a Marxist group in the St. Petersburg region founded by Vladimir Lenin, Julius Martov, Gleb Krzhizhanovsky and others, uniting 20 different Marxist study circles, but Lenin dominated the league through the 'central group'. Its main activity was agitation amongst the workers of St Petersburg and the distribution of socialist leaflets to the factories there. Towards the end of 1895, the League had prepared the first issue of their new newspaper, Rabocheye Delo. It was ready to go to press when it was seized by the gendarmes during a raid on the house of Vaneyev, on December 20. Six League members were arrested, Lenin among them. When the news spread among the workers of the
Shlisselburg
Highway that the discovery and arrest were facilitated by an agent provocateur, N. N. Mikhailov. Later the group's organization contributed to the founding of the 'Russian Social Democratic Labor Party' in 1898. Lenin went on to become the leader of the
Bolshevik faction
of the party, while Martov became leader of the
Menshevik faction
, after the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903.
-
Since 1883 'Emancipation of Labour', the first Russian Marxist group. It was founded in exile by Georgi Plekhanov, Vasily Ignatov, Vera Zasulich, Leo Deutsch, and Pavel Axelrod, at Geneva in Switzerland in 1883
Published 1899 Lenin's early economic work 'The Development of Capitalism in Russia':
Published 1899 'The Development of Capitalism in Russia', an early economic work by Lenin written whilst he was in exile in Siberia, published in 1899 under the pseudonym of 'Vladimir Ilyin', and established his reputation as a major Marxist theorist, after he has managed to examine a large amount of literature on the Russian economy, enabling the author to attack the Populist claim that Russia could avoid the stage of capitalism, and that the rural commune could serve as the basis for communism. Instead Lenin argued that the rural communes had already been wiped out by capitalism and statistics showed the degree to which feudalism was already dying in Russia. Lenin noted the growth of a national market for goods in Russia replacing local markets, the tendency to grow cash crops rather than rely on subsistence agriculture and a growth of individual rather than communal property ownership. Lenin also noted the growth of class division amongst the peasants with a growing division between a landholding rural bourgeoise and a mostly landless rural proletariat recruited from a diminishing middle peasantry. Lenin saw a community of interest between rural and urban proletariat and the
possibility of a worker–peasant alliance
against the representatives of capital.
-
Works by Vladimir Lenin listed by 'Wikipedia'
Novgorod Oblast:
Novgorod Oblast
, a federal subject of Russia as its administrative center is the city of Veliky Novgorod with a population of 634,111 citizens in 2010. Novgorod Oblast borders with Leningrad Oblast in the north and in the northwest, Vologda Oblast in the east, Tver Oblast in the southeast and in the south, and Pskov Oblast in the southwest. The western part is a lowland around Lake Ilmen, while the eastern part is a highland. In the center of the oblast is Lake Ilmen, one of the largest lakes in Central Russia. The major tributaries of Lake Ilmen are the Msta, which originates in the east of the Valdai Hills and collects the rivers in the east of the oblast, the Lovat, the Pola, and the Polist, which all flow to the lake from the south, and the Shelon, flowing from the southwest. The only outflow of the lake is the Volkhov, a major tributary of Lake Ladoga. Some of the oldest Russian cities, including Veliky Novgorod and Staraya Russa, are located in the oblast.
Novgorod city:
Novgorod city
and administrative center of Novgorod Oblast. It is one of the oldest cities in Russia, being first mentioned in the 9th century. The city lies along the Volkhov River just downstream from its outflow from Lake Ilmen and is situated on the highway connecting Moscow and Saint Petersburg
History of Novgorod city since 9th century, trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks:
History of Novgorod city, documented since 9th century, when Sofia First Chronicle makes initial mention of it in 859, while the Novgorod First Chronicle first mentions it in 862, when it was purportedly already a major Baltics-to-Byzantium station on the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks
-
The 'Varangians' - the name given by Eastern Romans to Vikings, mostly Swedes -, as between the 9th and 11th centuries, Varangians ruled the medieval state of Kievan Rus', settled among many territories of modern Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, and formed the Byzantine Varangian Guard which later also included Anglo-Saxons. According to the 12th-century Kievan Primary Chronicle, a group of Varangians known as the Rus' settled in Novgorod in 862 under the leadership of Rurik
-
'Garðaríki', the Old Norse term used in medieval times for the states of Rus', as 9th century map shows Varangian or Rus' settlements, location of Slavic tribes and settlements, and mid-9th century Khazar influence
Since 882 princely state within Kievan Rus':
Since 882 princely state within Kievan Rus'
In the high Middle Ages Norway ties, then 'Hanseatic League' ties with European cities:
In the high Middle Ages Viking kings and yarls came from Norway to Novgorod seeking refuge or employment. At Novgorod in 1080, Visby merchants established a trading post which they named Gutagard (also known as Gotenhof). Later, in the first half of the 13th century, merchants from northern Germany established their own trading station in Novgorod, known as Peterhof. At about the same time, in 1229, German merchants at Novgorod were granted certain privileges. In 1136, the Novgorodians dismissed their prince Mstislavich, the traditional beginning of the Novgorod Republic. The city was able to invite and dismiss a number of princes over the next two centuries, but the princely office was never abolished. In the 13th century, Novgorod, while not a member of the 'Hanseatic League', was the easternmost kontor, or entrepôt, of the league, being the source of enormous quantities of luxury (sable, ermine, fox, marmot) and non-luxury furs (squirrel pelts
-
Die 'Hanse' - im Frühmittelalter eine Gruppe von Kaufleuten, die gemeinsam Handel trieben und bestimmte Privilegien im Ausland genossen - hatte sich aus der 'Kaufmannshanse' zur 'Städtehanse' entwickelt, also einem Zusammenschluss von Städten zum Schutz der Kaufleute und der Handelswege. Städtebündnisse und Landfriedensbündnisse dienten demselben Zweck. Die Handelsaktivitäten der Lemgoer Kaufleute seit dem 13. Jh. spiegelten sich in zahlreichen Bürgschaftsurkunden und Verbindungen und lassen sich so bis Nowgorod, Lübeck, Antwerpen oder Riga belegen.
1136–1478 Novgorod Republic:
1136–1478 Novgorod Republic
13th century Mongol invasion, Novgorod Republic paid a large bribe to Golden Horde's Subutai:
13th century Mongol invasion and its aftermath, as Novgorod Republic managed to escape the horrors of the Mongol invasion because it was the only Rus principality to preemptively and peacefully submit to the Mongols. Instead of being formally conquered, the Republic paid a large bribe to Subutai in 1241, agreed to become a vassal, and later began to pay tribute to the khans of the Golden Horde. In 1259, Mongol tax-collectors and census-takers arrived in the city, leading to political disturbances.
January 1570 Tsar Ivan's massacre of Novgorod and subjugation:
January 1570 Massacre of Novgorod, an attack launched by Tsar Ivan IV 'The Terrible' oprichniki on the city of Novgorod, subjugation of Novgorod as the Tsar took out the brunt of his sadistic anger on the population of Novgorod, namely the upper and middle classes. The peasantry suffered a more generic, though equally brutal, punishment, amid the brutality directed at the more prominent members of society, as - with tortures visited on the upper and middle classes - peasants and paupers were treated with disregard and disdain, albeit of a broader nature. The oprichniki centered its attack on the townspeople around two main objectives to increase the royal treasury and to terrorize the lower classes into submission. Ivan's fear of conspiracies and revolution in any combination, led him to try to quell disaffection and discourage revolutionary tendencies, generally through the manipulation of fear and violence, then Ivan ordered an attack on the trade streets of Novgorod, hoping to cripple the middle-class merchants (generally considered to be the seat of discontented revolutionary ideas) in order to suppress popular insurrection and guarantee dependency and submission. The oprichniki were to seize all profitable goods and destroy shops and storehouses, then move into the suburbs, where their instructions were to loot and destroy homes and kill all inhabitants who resisted (and, periodically, even those who complied), regardless of age or sex. Cold, hunger, and disease also killed the hundreds of families that were evicted and exiled from the city and surrounding villages. The famines that had plagued the area for the previous years (exacerbated by the oprichniki's razing of the farm land on their trek to Novgorod) had drawn many of the poor from the surrounding land into the city for shelter. With little regard for the lives at stake, the tsar ordered the collected paupers and beggars expelled from the city in the middle of winter, abandoning them to die of exposure or starvation.
Since 1570 devastated Novgorod Republic officially became a thing of the past:
After previous blows dealt to the city by Ivan and his grandfather, the 1570 attack, massacre by Ivan IV contributed heavily to the decline of the once great city of Novgorod. An attack from one's own ruler, especially one as devastating to life and property as Ivan's campaign against Novgorod, was crippling. After the attack, many of the inhabitants either fled the city to escape persecution from Moscow, or died from increasingly damning conditions, exacerbated by high taxes and food shortages and the epidemics that tend to accompany poor living conditions that followed. As part of his attack Ivan burned the fields, laying waste roughly 90% of the arable land surrounding Novgorod. Coupled with the crop failures of the years before, this would create a massive food shortage (and cause supply problems for Russia in the Livonian war). With the loss of the majority of its production capacity and the economy essentially in ruins, Novgorod, a city that, until Ivan III, rivaled Moscow for the seat of power in Russia, lost its political standing and the Novgorod Republic officially became a thing of the past.
History of Novgorod in the 20th, 21st century:
On 15 August 1941, during World War II, the city was occupied by NSDAP ruled German empire's military. The population of the whole country was forced to defend their lives against the most terrible aggressor. The historic monuments were systematically obliterated. The Red Army liberated the city on 19 January 1944. Out of 2,536 stone buildings, fewer than forty remained standing. After the war, thanks to plans laid down by Alexey Shchusev, the central part was gradually restored. In 1992, the chief monuments of the city and the surrounding area were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site
Pskov Oblast:
Pskov Oblast
, located in the west of the country. Its administrative center is the city of Pskov. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 673,423 citizens. Pskov Oblast is the westernmost federal subject of contiguous Russia. It borders with Leningrad Oblast in the north, Novgorod Oblast in the east, Tver and Smolensk Oblasts in the southeast, Vitebsk Oblast of Belarus in the south, and with the counties of Latvia and Estonia in the west. In the northwest, Pskov Oblast is limited by Lake Peipus, which makes up most of the state border with Estonia, and is located in the Baltic Sea drainage basin, mostly in the basin of the Narva River. The biggest river of this basin is the Velikaya, which flows across the whole oblast from south to north and drains into Lake Peipus.
History of Pskov Oblast:
History of Pskov Oblast
Pskov city:
Pskov city
, the administrative center of Pskov Oblast, located about 20km east from the Estonian border on the Velikaya River, with a population of 203,279 citizens in 2010. Pskov is one of the oldest cities in Russia, that served as the capital of the
Pskov Republic
and was a trading post of the
Hanseatic League
before it came under the control of the Grand Duchy of Moscow
Since 903 Timeline of Pskov:
Timeline of Pskov since 903
1348-1510 Pskov Republic:
1348-1510 Pskov Republic, a medieval state on the south shore of Lake Pskov. Originally a principality and then a part of the
Novgorod Republic
, Pskov became an independent republic in 1348. Its territory was roughly equivalent to the modern Pskov Oblast of Russia. The capital city was and is Pskov
Economy of Pskov and veche republic:
Economy of Pskov, that has always played a special role in Russian trade with the West. Archaeological data shows the presence of imported goods in Pskov in the 10th and 11th centuries. This was due to the extensive trade contacts of emerging cities with Scandinavia, which also was the source of Russian military elite since the 10th century. Archaeological excavation revealed a large variety of found articles, among them Byzantine coins, bronze and copper items, confirming that Pskov was not an economically isolated region and shows extensive trade contacts with both the West and the East. Pskov republic started to be recognized as a sovereign state after Treaty of
Bolotovo
was concluded in 1348, which granted political independence from the Novgorod Republic. This happened just ten years before the establishment of the
Hanseatic League
- commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns, which played a major part in Pskov economic development. Pskov at that was a
veche republic
, where all free people were considered its citizens with the right to participate in governing of their city-state, which was expressed in veche assemblies and election of local officials.
20th century timeline of Pskov:
20th century timeline of Pskov
Central Federal District:
Central Federal District
, comprising the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions and eighteen federal subjects and one of the eight federal districts of Russia, considered as the core of the Russian state and its predecessor, the Grand Duchy of Muscovy, situated in the extreme west of present-day Russia although it can be considered as the central region of European Russia
Kursk Oblast:
Kursk Oblast
, a federal subject of Russia as its administrative center is the city of Kursk, with a population of 1,127,081 citizens in 2010
-
Geography of Kursk oblast, with an average elevation of 177–225m, occupying the southern slopes of the middle-Russian plateau as its surface is hilly and intersected by ravines, as Chernozem soils cover around 70% of the oblast's territory and podsol soils cover 26%, and as low relief, gentle slopes, and mild winters make the area suitable for farming, with much of the forest disappearing
Kursk Oblast comprising 28 districts, 10 cities/towns and 2,771 rural localities:
Administrative divisions of Kursk Oblast, comprising 28 districts, 10 cities/towns and 2,771 rural localities
Cities and towns in Kursk Oblast:
Cities and towns in Kursk Oblast
Kursk city:
Kursk city
, the administrative center of Kursk Oblast, located at the confluence of the Kur, Tuskar, and Seym rivers, as the area around Kursk was the site of a turning point in the Soviet–German struggle during World War II and the site of the largest tank battle in history, finally ending German empire's 'Blitzkrieg' of generals Guderian, Rommel etc., as Kursk's population in the 21st century comprises 415,159 citizens in 2010 Census
Economy and infrastructure of Kursk:
Economy and infrastructure of Kursk
Timeline and history of Kursk:
History of Kursk as first written record of Kursk is dated 1032
Kursk in the 1905 Russian Revolution as oblast had dominant role in the food industry:
Russian Revolution of 1905, a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government, including worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies and leading to constitutional reform (namely the 'October Manifesto'), including the establishment of the State Duma, the multi-party system, and the Russian Constitution of 1906
Since 1934 Kursk State Pedagogical Institute and later State University:
Since 1934 Kursk State University, Kursk's oldest higher educational institution, founded as Kursk State Pedagogical Institute, later transformed into Kursk State Pedagogical University and has a current status since 2003
Since 1934 Kursk State University Library:
Since 1934 Kursk State University Library collecting books, journals, newspapers, magazines and prints
1943 'Battle of Kursk' blocking the way of further Nazi Germany's 'Blitzkrieg' in the coming up winter:
1941-1943 during Axis powers' World War II Kursk was occupied by NSDASP and SS Germany between 4 November 1941 – 8 November 1943, as in July 1943 the Germans launched 'Operation Citadel' in an attempt to recapture Kursk, as during the resulting '
Battle of Kursk
', the village of Prokhorovka near Kursk became the center of a major armoured engagement between Soviet and German forces, which is widely considered to have been one of the largest tank battles in history, and as Operation Citadel was the last major
German offensive against the Soviet Union and the final stage, blocking the way of further Nazi Germany's 'Blitzkrieg' in the coming up winter
-
Soviet army's resistance and defense campaign was a strategic Soviet success, as for the first time, a major German offensive had been stopped before achieving a breakthrough, despite German empire was using more technologically advanced armour than in previous years, yet unable to break through the in-depth Soviet defences, caught off guard by the significant operational reserves of the Red Army, as this result changed the pattern of operations on the Eastern Front, with the Soviet Union gaining the operational initiative, but the Soviet victory was costly, with the Red Army losing considerably more men and materiel than the German Army, finally enforcing the Soviet Union's larger industrial potential and pool of manpower, as Nazi 'Blitzkrieg' general Guderian wrote 'with the failure of Zitadelle we have suffered a decisive defeat'
,
long before 1944 'Operation Overlord' against NSDAP Germany and the Italian puppet 'Social Republic'
,
(established by Kesselring's, Rommel's, von Rundstedt's, von Weichs' and Löhr's 'Operation Achse')
Since 1944 T-34 tank as a war memorial in Kursk:
Since 1944 as a war memorial in Kursk T-34 tank
,
a Soviet medium tank introduced in 1940, famously deployed with the Red Army during World War II against NSDAP-ruled German empire's brutal aggression since June 1941 with 'Blitzkrieg' operations, sieges, use of starvation as weapon against
millions of humans
, deportations, mass murder
,
as T-34 tanks since 1941/42 were mainly produced in Chelyabinsk (called 'Tank City', where work force increased to 60,000 workers by 1944, from 25,000 during non-military production, and as
workers
and machinery from Leningrad's Voroshilov Tank Factory were incorporated into the Ural Factory), and as - after the industrial complex surrounding the Dzerzhinsky Tractor Factory in Stalingrad continued to work double shifts throughout the period of Soviet withdrawal (September 1941 - September 1942) to make up for production lost and produced 40% of all
T-34s
during this period - the factory became surrounded by heavy fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942/43 with desperate: manufacturing innovations necessitated by material shortages, with unpainted T-34 tanks driven out of the factory directly to the battlefields around it, so that Stalingrad kept up production until September 1942 despite Germany's 'Blitzkrieg'
-
German empire's '
Panzer IV
' 1939-1945 produced by Krupp, Vomag and 'Nibelungenwerk'
,
later in Syria until 'Six-Day War', then ruled by Ba'th regime
-
Vomags (Vogtländische Maschinenfabrik)
,
Geschäft mit dem Krieg
seit 1914 und innerhalb von 4 Jahren einer der größten Rüstungsproduzenten der Armee des kaiserlichen Deutschen Reiches, und seit 1939-1945
profitmachender
Rüstungsbetrieb des NSDAP berrschten 'Dritten Reiches', zu einem 'Musterbetrieb' deutscher Rüstung aufgestiegen, der von 1944-1945 in Mehltheuer in einem Außenlager des KZ Flossenbürg hunderte von weiblichen Häftlinge Zwangsarbeit für die Vomag - deren
Produkte
bedient und befehligt von skupellosen Verbrechern im Dienste größenwahnsinniger Politiker incl. Chef des Generalstabes des Heeres seit 1944 Heinz Guderian und GFM Erwin Rommel ihre Familien vernichten halfen - verrichten ließ
-
1914-1945 armaments products produced for profit in 'Krupp Industries', employing workers conscripted by the NSDAP, SS and Gestapo regime from across Europe
-
Since 1864 rifle manufacturer and WWII armament poducer's 'Nibelungenwerk' (Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG) armament products produced for profit in Upper Austria
-
1940s
Tiger
German heavy tanks of World War II that operated beginning in 1942 in Africa, in the Soviet Union and in France, usually in independent heavy tank battalions
-
Since 1935, Henschel began manufacturing Panzer I tanks produced for profit - also responsible for license production of the Dornier Do 17Z medium bomber -, as during World War II since 1939 it began large-scale production of the Panzer III, becoming the sole manufacturer of the Tiger I - and alongside Porsche the Tiger II - and as in 1945 the company had 8,000 workers working in two shifts each of 12 hours, and forced labour was used extensively
Soviet losses in NSDAP Germany's 'Battle of Kursk':
Soviet losses in NSDAP Germany's 'Battle of Kursk' comprise 254,470 killed, missing or captured people, 608,833 wounded or sick people (74% wounded and 26% sick, a total of 863,000 men (~710,000 casualties in combat)
Since 1964 Kursk State Technical University:
South-West State University (Kursk State Technical University) founded in 1964 as Kursk Politechnical Institute
September 1979 stony Florian asteroid 3073 Kursk discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh:
24 September 1979 provisionally known as 1979 SW11, stony Florian asteroid 3073 Kursk and synchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.7 kilometers in diameter, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh, as minor planet was named after the city of Kursk
Belgorod Oblast:
Belgorod Oblast
with a population of 1,532,526 citizens in 2010, as its administrative center is the city of Belgorod
Natural resources of Belgorod oblast:
Over 40% of known iron ore reserves of Russia are concentrated in the oblast. Deposits are confined to the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly area. Among them are Korobkovsky, Lebedinskoye, Stoylenskoye, and prospective Prioskolskoye iron ore deposits in Stary Oskol District, Bolshetroitskoye in Shebekinsky District, as well as Yakovlevskoye and Pogremetskoye fields. Identified and explored in varying degrees are the large deposits of bauxites, apatites, underground mineral waters, and numerous deposits of construction materials such as chalk, sand, clay, and more. There are also known occurrences of gold, graphite, and other rare metals.
Economy of Belgorod oblast and trade turnover between Russia and Ukraine:
Belgorod Oblast is a highly developed industrial-agrarian region, whose economy relies on its enormous wealth of mineral resources and the unique black soils. The oblast has traditionally had and still has strong ties with the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. Despite its relatively small size, the oblast accounts for one fifth of the trade turnover between Russia and Ukraine.
History of Belgorod Oblast:
History of Belgorod Oblast documented since turn of the 17th century, when a solid line of military fortifications was built in the area, stretching for almost 800 kilometers. Ukrainian Cossacks, who moved here because of the nobility and the tax burden, were in charge of the line defenses. Even more Cossacks moved to the area during the Khmelnytsky Uprising 1648–1657 and the internecine wars in the Cossack Hetmanate 1659–1679. Belgorod became the military and administrative center, after originating as an outpost on the southern borders of Russia. From 1708 to 1727, the territory of the modern Belgorod Oblast was part of Kiev and Azov Governorates.
Belgorod city:
Belgorod city
, the administrative center of Belgorod Oblast located on the Seversky Donets River 40 kilometers north of the border with Ukraine and with a population of 356,402 citizens in 2010
History of Belgorod city:
History of Belgorod city, as records first mention the settlement in 1237, when the
Mongol-led army
of Batu Khan ravaged it. It is unclear whether this Belgorod stood on the same site as the current city. In 1596 Tsar Feodor Ioannovich of Russia ordered its re-establishment as one of numerous forts set up to defend Muscovy's southern borders from the Crimean Tatars.
Moscow Oblast:
Moscow Oblast
, a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), with a population of 7,095,120 inhabitants in 2010
Moscow city:
Moscow city
, the capital and most populous city of Russia with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area
-
History of Moscow
Economy of Moscow:
Economy of Moscow
Timeline of Moscow since European Middle Ages:
Timeline of Moscow
since European Middle Ages
879–1240 Kyivan Rus' federation of East Slavic, Baltic and Finnic peoples in Eastern and Northern Europe:
Kievan Rus' or
Kyivan Rus'
, a loose
federation of East Slavic, Baltic and Finnic peoples in Eastern and Northern Europe
from the late 9th to the mid-13th century, under the reign of the Rurik dynasty, founded by the Varangian prince Rurik. The modern nations of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestors, with Belarus and Russia deriving their names from it. The Rurik dynasty would continue to rule parts of Rus' until the 16th century with the Tsardom of Russia. At its greatest extent, in the mid-11th century, it stretched from the White Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south and from the headwaters of the Vistula in the west to the Taman Peninsula in the east, uniting the majority of East Slavic tribes.
Since 2nd century BC history and timeline of the 'Kremlin':
History and timeline of the '
Kremlin
' site, that had been continuously inhabited by Finnic peoples, especially the Meryans, since the 2nd century BC. The East Slavs occupied the south-western portion of Borovitsky Hill as early as the 11th century, as evidenced by a metropolitan seal from the 1090s which was unearthed by Soviet archaeologists in the area. The Vyatichi built a fortified structure on the hill where the Neglinnaya River flowed into the Moskva River. Up to the 14th century, the site was known as the 'grad of Moscow', and the word 'Kremlin' was first recorded in 1331.
-
Since 1586 Tsar cannon during the reign of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible
-
As history of Russian bell founding goes back to the 10th century, the original Tsar Bell since 16th century crashed to the ground in a fire in the mid-17th century and was broken to pieces, as the second Tsar Bell since 1655 was again destroyed by fire in 1701, as the third was finally successfully raised in the summer of 1836 by the French architect Auguste de Montferrand and placed on a stone pedestal, and as its broken slab alone is nearly three times larger than the world's largest bell hung for full circle ringing, the tenor bell at Liverpool Cathedral, and French enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher Voltaire - famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity (especially the Roman Catholic Church) and of slavery, as well as his advocacy of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state - once joked that the
Kremlin's two greatest items
were a
bell which was never rung
and a
cannon (the Tsar Pushka) that was never fired
1237-1242 Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus', part of the Mongol invasion of Europe:
1237-1242 Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' part of the Mongol invasion of Europe, in which the Mongol Empire invaded and conquered Kievan Rus' in the 13th century, destroying numerous cities, including Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir and Kiev, with the only major cities escaping destruction being Novgorod and Pskov
Since 1237 Mongol influence brought changes, incl. capital punishment, torture:
Since 1237 Mongol influence brought about changes in the economic power, in the political and judicial sphere, as capital punishment - which during the times of Kievan Rus' had only been applied to slaves - became widespread, and the use of torture became a regular part of criminal procedure. Specific punishments introduced in Moscow included beheading for alleged traitors and branding of thieves (with execution for a third arrest).
1812 fire of Moscow ahead of French invasion:
1812 Fire of Moscow, when Russian troops and most of the remaining residents abandoned the city of Moscow just ahead of Napoleon's vanguard troops entering the city after the Battle of Borodino
Since 1851 Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway:
Since 1851 Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway
October/November 1917 Moscow Bolshevik Uprising:
October/November 1917 Moscow Bolshevik Uprising, following German empire's war against Russia
Since 1 January 1918 assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin:
Since 1 January 1918 several assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin
Februar 1918 Lenins 'Wie soll man den Wettbewerb organisieren?':
'Eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben, wenn nicht die wichtigste, besteht jetzt darin, diese selbständige Initiative der Arbeiter und überhaupt aller Werktätigen und Ausgebeuteten bei der schöpferischen organisatorischen Arbeit in möglichst breitem Umfang zu entwickeln', Zitat aus 'Wie soll man den Wettbewerb organisieren?' Lenin Werke Band 26, S. 407
July 1918 uprising against the Bolsheviks intended to restart the war against Germany:
6-7 July 1918 uprising against the Bolsheviks intended to restart the war against Germany and one of a number of uprisings against the Bolsheviks that took place during the Russian Civil War
30 August 1918 assassination attempt on Lenin that killed him in 1924:
30 August 1918 Russian revolutionary politician Vladimir Lenin spoke at an arms factory in southern Moscow, but before he had entered his car to leave Fanny Kaplan called out to him and fired three shots with a Browning pistol as one passed through his neck, punctured part of his left lung and stopped near his right collarbone, and the other lodging in his left shoulder, then Lenin was taken back to his living quarters at the Kremlin refusing to leave the security of the Kremlin to seek medical attention, the doctors were brought in to treat him but could not remove the bullets outside a hospital, as despite the severity of his injuries, Lenin survived, but his health never fully recovered from the attack and it is believed the shooting contributed to the strokes that incapacitated and eventually killed him in 1924
Since 1919 Moscow State Jewish Theatre:
Since 1919 Moscow State Jewish Theatre, serving as a prominent expression of Jewish culture in Russia
Since 1921 Moscow State Academic Children's Music Theater:
Since 1921 Moscow State Academic Children's Music Theater, a theater specializing in opera, ballet and dramatic productions for children and the world's first professional theater for children
Since 1935 Biblioteka Imeni Lenina station of the Moscow Metro, also shelter:
Since 1935 Biblioteka Imeni Lenina, a station on the Sokolnicheskaya Line of the Moscow Metro, opened on 15 May 1935 as a part of the first stage of the Metro and situated in the very centre of the city under Mokhovaya Street
-
Moscow metro and stations were built not only as public transport, as he deepest stations of the Moscow metro reach 84 meters, the height of 28 storey building, as depth of the tunnels usually ranges from 35-55 meters. In 1930-s the country was already preparing for a possible war. During the German empire's 1941 Siege of Moscow, metro stations were used as air-raid shelters. Council of Ministers moved its offices to the platforms of Mayakovskaya, where Stalin made public speeches on several occasions. Another station Chistye Prudy accommodated the headquarters of the Air Defense. Following the defeat of German empire in May 1945 and since then during the so-called 'Cold War', many Moscow stations built are very deep and were planned as shelters in the event of nuclear attack.
1936-1938 Moscow Trials:
1936-1938 Moscow Trials, a series of show trials held in the Soviet Union
Since 1936, 2011, and March 2022 Prokofiev's symphonic fairy tale for children 'Peter and the Wolf':
1936 symphonic fairy tale for children 'Peter and the Wolf' op. 67, a musical composition written by Sergei Prokofiev, as a narrator tells a children's story, while the orchestra illustrates it, and that became Prokofiev's most frequently performed work and one of the most frequently performed works in the entire classical repertoire
-
8 June 2011 Sergej Prokofiev's 'Peter and the Wolf'
-
In 2009 published by Oxford University Press, Simon Morrison recounts Prokofiev's Soviet years in his book 'The People's Artist', describing Prokofiev's return to Stalin's Soviet Union in the 1930th, facing the rising NSDAP ruled German empire preparing its
'Blitzkrieg' operations in the 1936-39 Spanish Civil War, the September 1939 Invasion of Poland, the summer 1940 'Blitzkrieg' against the Low Countries and France, and since June 1941 German empire's invasion of the Soviet Union, first involving a number of breakthroughs and encirclements by motorised forces 'to destroy the Russian forces deployed in the West and to prevent their escape into the wide-open spaces of Russia', allowing the 'Luftwaffe' to achieve total air supremacy over all the battlefields within the first week, as during the Battle of Moscow October 1941 - January 1942, the Red Army defeated the German Army Group Center and for the first time in the war seized the strategic initiative.
1941/1942 Battle of Moscow against German military and war crimes:
October 1941 - January 1942 Battle of Moscow, German military campaign consisting of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a 600 km sector of the Eastern Front during World War II
Since 1941, 1945 Moscow Metro not only continued to carry passengers but also served as a bomb shelter ...:
1941-2022 after -
throughout Axis Powers' World War II until 1945
- the Moscow Metro not only continued to carry passengers on a daily basis but also served as a bomb shelter for millions of people
-
29 June 2022: CCTV footage from a pond in the
Ukrainian city of Kremenchuk
has captured civilians, children running for cover and falling to the ground as
Russian missile strikes
hit nearby, leaving at least 18 people dead. The BBC has analysed the footage - and it appears one missile hit close to the eastern end of a shopping centre, while the other hit the northern end of a nearby factory.
July/August 1957 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow:
July/August 1957 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow, attracting 34,000 people from 130 countries
July/August 1957 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow:
July/August 1957 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow, attracting 34,000 people from 130 countries
July/August 1957 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow:
July/August 1957 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow, attracting 34,000 people from 130 countries
1985-1990/91 Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU:
1985-1990/91 Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU, the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union
Gorbachev's domestic policies:
Domestic policies
Gorbachev's foreign policy:
Foreign policy
1987–1989 Gorbachev's reforms until in the revolutions of 1989 Central/Eastern Europe held multi-party elections resulting in regime change:
Further reform: 1987–1989, including domestic reforms, relations with China and Western states, nationality question and the Eastern Bloc, until in the revolutions of 1989, most of the Marxist–Leninist states of Central and Eastern Europe held multi-party elections resulting in regime change
October 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis:
October 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis
February/August 2004 Moscow Metro bombings:
February 2004 Moscow Metro bombing
-
August 2004 Moscow Metro bombing
March 2010 Moscow Metro bombings:
March 2010 Moscow Metro bombings
February 2015 assassination of Boris Nemtsov:
February 2015 assassination of Boris Nemtsov, a Russian politician opposed to the Putin regime, happening in central Moscow after appealing to the public to support a march against Russia's war in Ukraine
20 July 2019 protest demanding free and fair polls:
20 juillet 2019: Plus de 20'000 personnes se sont rassemblées samedi dans le centre de Moscou pour réclamer des élections locales libres et équitables, après les autorités ont invalidé l'enregistrement d'une soixantaine de candidats
February 2020 effects of 'Putinism' are flashing back amid waves of false alarms for months:
10 février 2020: Depuis plus de deux mois, la capitale russe subit les assauts d'une vague de fausses alertes à la bombe qui perturbent administrations, écoles et entreprises, atteignant parfois mille alertes quotidiennes, sous le regard impuissant d'autorités largement silencieuses
March 2020 Moscow's non-working week amid Chinese coronavirus pandemic and Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign:
28 March 2020: Moscow mayor Sobyanin urged Muscovites to stay at home during the non-working week amid the spread of the coronavirus, as authorities said they had recorded 1,264 coronavirus cases, a rise of 228, the largest daily increase since the start of the outbreak
-
Since September 2015 Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign
2022 opposition against dictatorial Putin regime:
Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia, 2022 anti-war protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and list of opposition figures, listed alphabetically by 'Wikipedia'
Since 1 March 2022 escalating number of arrested anti-war protesters against Putin's war crimes in Ukraine:
Since 1 March 2022, the Moscow radio station Echo of Moscow, as well as the independent television channel Dozhd, was forced off air for having aired opposition to Putin's brutal war against the Ukrainian people, as on 4 March, the Russian parliament attempted to further dissuade protests by passing a 'new law' to punish citizens with up to 15 years in jail for spreading 'fake news' about the military assault on Ukraine, amid an escalating number of anti-war protestors arrested day by day since February
9 May 2022 Ukrainian Mockery Version of Den' Pobedy:
9 May 2022 Ukrainian Mockery Version of Den' Pobedy
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15 January 2011: Das sowjetische Lied 'Straßen' wurde einige Wochen nach dem Ende des deutschen Angriffskrieges geschrieben, von der Sowjetunion und den Westallierten siegreich abgeschlossen mit der Befreiung Europas inkl. Polens, aber mit allein für die Sowjetunion weit über 20 Millionen Kriegstoten
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World War II casualties of the Soviet Union
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Since February casualties of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, causing Europe's largest refugee crisis since WWII with more than 8.8 million Ukrainians fleeing the country and a third of the population displaced. The invasion also caused global food shortages, while on 16 June 2022 the Ukrainian defense minister told CNN that he believed tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, adding that he 'hoped' that the true death toll was below 100,000
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On 2 May 1945 Soviet army soldier Aleksey Khaldei from Yuzovka assisted by Private Kovalev from Kiev scaled the now pacified Reichstag in Berlin to take a picture. Khaldei was born to a Jewish family in Yuzovka (now Donetsk) and was obsessed with photography since childhood, having built his first childhood camera with his grandmother's eyeglasses. His father and three of his four sisters were murdered by the Nazis during the war
,
as the Ukrainian soldier in May 1945 was carrying with him a large flag, sewn from three tablecloths for this very purpose by his uncle.
24 July 2022 Moscow chess robot grabs and breaks finger of seven-year-old 'opponent':
24 July 2022: Moscow chess robot - in a game of strategic thinking without violence, but that cannot always be said of machines and especially Russian robots - grabs and breaks finger of seven-year-old 'opponent'
,
exactly how Russian defence ministry spokesman Igor Konashenkov - as usual in Moscow today - alleged that Putin's military in Ukraine is always using 'high-precision weapons' in its very 'special military operation' to terrorize its neighbour
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July 2022: 80 years after the beginning of German empire's invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Russia blocks move on 'Killer Robots Ban', as 'Campaign to Stop Killer Robots' Stephen Goose said 'Russia demonstrated conclusively that the CCW is unlikely to make any meaningful progress on this issue'
21 November 2022 Putin's Advent calendar and his advent gifts:
21 November 2022: Putin's Advent calendar and his advent gifts mean that the Armed Forces of Ukraine from February 24 to November 21 eliminated nearly 84,600 Russian invaders, including 390 in the past day alone, also, Ukraine’s defenders destroyed 2,892 enemy main battle tanks (+6 in past day), 5,822 (+5) armored combat vehicles, 1,870 (+2) artillery systems, 393 (+0) MLR systems, 209 (+0) air defense systems, 278 (+0) warplanes, 261 (+0) helicopters, 1,537 (+0) operational and tactical-level UAVs, 480 (+0) cruise missiles, 16 (+0) warships/cutters, 4,378 (+7) trucks and fuel tankers, and 161 (+0) units of specialized equipment
22 November 2022 dictator Putin will meet mothers of soldiers fighting in Ukraine on 27 November:
22 November 2022: Russian dictator Putin will meet mothers of soldiers fighting in Ukraine, because Russia celebrates Mother’s Day on 27 November
23 November 2022 war ciminal Putin's missiles destroy maternity ward of the Vilniansk Hospital:
23 November 2022: Russian missiles destroy maternity ward of the Vilniansk Hospital, killing a newborn baby overnight in Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia region, according to Zaporizhzhia Regional State Administration's Oleksandr Starukh
24 November 2022 a Russian rocket attack completely destroyed a kindergarten in Toretsk:
24 November 2022: 'The Russians launched another rocket attack on Donetsk region, this time targeting Toretsk. A Russian rocket completely destroyed a kindergarten', according to Donetsk Regional Military Administration's Pavlo Kyrylenko
25 November 2022 in Ukraine's liberated Kherson Putin's armed gang leaves explosives even in children's toys:
25 November 2022: Retreating from Kherson city, the Russian military left explosives even in children's toys. 'Currently, the main focus is on demining. The scale of mining is extremely large there. 'I constantly receive photo reports (about discovered ammunition - ed.) in children's toys, there was a mine between two soccer balls, etc.,' interior ministry's adviser Rostyslav Smirnov said, noting that in the liberated territories of Kherson region, rescuers have already disposed more than 5,000 explosive objects.
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24 July 2018: Novichok victim mother-of-three Dawn Sturgess found substance disguised as perfume in sealed box in Amesbury
25 November 2022 Putin tells Russian group of 17 mothers carefully chosen for the meeting he shares their pain:
25 November 2022: Across Russia, groups of mothers of serving soldiers have been openly complaining that their sons are being sent into battle poorly trained and without adequate weapons and clothing, especially as the winter sets in. Some have also accused the Russian military of turning those forcefully mobilised into 'cannon fodder', following a string of heavy military defeats in recent months. Earlier this month, Mark Milley, the most senior US general, estimated that about 100,000 Russian and 100,000 Ukrainian soldiers had been killed or injured since the war began on 24 February.
27 November 2022 Mother's Day in Russia in the context of a long tradition:
After on the eve of World War I campaigning for peace, Russian women observed their first International Women's Day on the last Sunday in February 1913, International Women's Day was later transferred to other dates but remained the global date for International Women's Day ever since
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27 November 2022: Mother's Day in Russia on the last Sunday of November
20 December 2022 calls between Russian 'cannon fodder' and their loved ones, eavesdropped by Ukraine:
20 December 2022: Calls between Russian soldiers and their loved ones - eavesdropped by Ukraine - reveal reality of war for Kremlin’s forces. Out on the frontline, near the eastern Ukrainian city of Lyman, on 8 November at 15.10, a Russian serviceman called Andrey decided to ignore the orders of his superiors and call his mother with an unauthorised mobile phone. 'No one feeds us anything, mum', he complained. 'Our supply is shit, to be honest. We draw water from puddles, then we strain it and drink it.' Russian forces had been on the back foot in the Donetsk oblast for weeks. Lyman, taken by the Russians in May, was liberated by Ukrainian forces in October. Two days before Andrey made his afternoon call back home, the Russian forces had 'finally' started firing at Ukrainian positions with phosphorus bombs, he told his mother, but the promises of munitions that could turn the battle had come to nothing.
Odintsovsky city and district:
Odintsovsky District
, one of the 36 in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located in the western central part of the oblast bordering with the federal city of Moscow in the east, Leninsky District in the southeast, Naro-Fominsky District in the south, Ruzsky District in the west, Istrinsky District in the north, and with Krasnogorsky District in the northeast. Its administrative center is the
city of Odintsovo
, as the population of Odintsovo accounts for 43.9% of the district's total population. The
Moskva River
with its tributaries flow through the district. Drinking water for the city of Moscow is collected from five stations on the Moskva River and from the Upper Volga reservoirs (north and north-west of the city.
Novo-Ogaryovo estate:
Novo-Ogaryovo estate
in the Odintsovsky District of Moscow Oblast, located by the Rublyovo-Uspenskoye Highway west of the city of Moscow. It operates as the suburban residence of the president of Russia, officially recognized as such in 2000. Since 1991, Novo-Ogaryovo has been reserved as a government residence, mostly unused until Russia's Putin - in office since 31 December 1999 - had it renovated in 2000. A six-meter-high wall surrounds the residence. In October 2012, Putin announced his intention to work at Novo-Ogaryovo to avoid commuting into Moscow, allegedly due to the city's extensive traffic congestion. In April 2020, Putin self-isolated at Novo-Ogaryovo after meeting with the head doctor of City Clinical Hospital No. 40 in Moscow, who later tested positive for covid-19.
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Constructed since 2005 'Putin's Palace', an Italianate palace complex located on the Black Sea coast near Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai. The complex first came to public attention in 2010 after whistleblower Sergei Kolesnikov published an open letter to Russia's Dmitry Medvedev exposing the construction of the palace. Kolesnikov also stated that the undertaking was run by Nikolai Shamalov who was acting on behalf of Vladimir Putin. The complex drew substantial public attention in 2021, when Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny's Anti Corruption Foundation FBK released an investigative documentary film about it which detailed a corruption scheme allegedly headed by Putin and claimed that the palace was built for the president's personal use. The FBK investigation estimated the cost of the build to be over 100 billion rubles at 2022 prices.
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'Mezhyhirya Residence' in Ukraine where Viktor Yanukovych lived when he was PM and then president of Ukraine. Yanukovych lived in the estate from 2002 to 21 February 2014, when he fled the country during the Ukrainian 'Revolution of Dignity'.
Ryazan Oblast:
Ryazan Oblast
, a federal subject of Russia as its administrative center is the oblast's largest city of Ryazan, the oblast with a population of 1,154,114 citizens in 2010
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Districts of Ryazan Oblast
Landforms and rivers of Ryazan Oblast:
Landforms of Ryazan Oblast
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Meshchera Lowlands
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Rivers of Ryazan Oblast
Economy of Ryazan Oblast:
Economy and companies of Ryazan Oblast
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Since 1962 SAAZ, a Russian factory of automotive components (telescopic struts, shock absorbers, pneumatic-stops and gas springs)
Politics of Ryazan Oblast:
Politics of Ryazan Oblast
History and timeline of Ryazan Oblast:
History of Ryazan Oblast
1097-1521 Grand Duchy of Ryazan:
1097-1521 Grand Duchy of Ryazan existed several centuries after it was separated from the Chernigov Principality as the provincial Murom Principality
1941-1945 Ryazan city was bombed by Germany in World War II:
1941-1945 Ryazan city was bombed by Germany in World War II, as immediately after the war, rapid development of the city began and Ryazan became a major industrial, scientific, and military center of the European part of Russia
8 October 2020 explosion and fire at munitions depot sends 2,000 fleeing from villages in Ryazan region:
8 October 2020: Russia explosion and fire at munitions depot sends 2,000 fleeing, as villages in Ryazan region south-east of Moscow cleared after grass fire reaches military facility
Administrative divisions and cities and towns in Ryazan Oblast:
Administrative divisions of Ryazan Oblast
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Districts of Ryazan Oblast
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List of rural localities in Ryazan Oblast
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Urban-type settlements in Ryazan Oblast
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Cities and towns in Ryazan Oblast
Ryazan city:
Ryazan city
, the largest city and administrative center of Ryazan Oblast located on the Oka River in Central Russia, 196 kilometers southeast of Moscow, with a population of 524,927 citizens, making it the 33rd most populated city in Russia
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Since 1915/1930 Ryazan State (Pedagogical) University
Economy of Ryazan city:
Economy of Ryazan city, as major industries in the city include electronics and oil refining and as Ryazan has a reputation of being one of Russia's electronics hubs
Rostov Oblast:
Rostov Oblast
, a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the Southern Federal District, with a population of 4,277,976 inhabitants in 2010, and with its administrative center Rostov-on-Don
Rostov-on-Don:
Rostov-on-Don
, a port city and the administrative center of Rostov Oblast on the Don River, 32 kilometers from the Sea of Azov, with a population of 1,125,000 inhabitants
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Economy of Rostov-on-Don
Timeline of Rostov-on-Don:
Timeline of Rostov-on-Don
1941 Battle of Rostov:
November-December 1941 Battle of Rostov, a battle of the Eastern Front of World War II, fought around Rostov-on-Don between the Army Group South of Nazi Germany and the Southern Front of the Soviet Union
August 1942 27,000 Jews massacred by the German military:
On 11/12 August 1942 in Rostov-on-Don 27,000 Jews were massacred by the German military at a site called Zmievskaya Balka
Volga Federal District:
Volga Federal District
, one of the eight federal districts of Russia. It forms the south-eastern part of European Russia. It is second most populated federal district (after Central). Its population was 29,899,699 citizens in 2010, living on an area of 1,038,000 square kilometers. The historical center of the district is known as the Idel-Ural region
Tatarstan republic:
Tatarstan
, a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is a part of the Volga Federal District, as its capital and largest city is Kazan, one of the most important cultural centres of Russia. The republic borders Kirov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, and Orenburg Oblasts, the Mari El, Udmurt, and Chuvash Republics, and the Republic of Bashkortostan. As of the 2010 Census, the population of Tatarstan was 3,786,488 citizens. The state languages of the Republic of Tatarstan are Tatar and Russian
10 October 2021 at least 16 dead after plane carrying skydivers crashes in Tatarstan:
10 October 2021: At least 16 dead after plane carrying skydivers crashes in central Russia, as six people in ‘very serious condition’ after being rescued from wreckage of aircraft in Tatarstan
Kazan city:
Kazan city
, the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka rivers, covering an area of 425.3 square kilometres, with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.6 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Kazan is the fifth-largest city in Russia, and the most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Kazan grew to become a major industrial, cultural and religious centre of Russia. In 1920, after the Russian SFSR became a part of the Soviet Union, Kazan became the capital of the Tatar ASSR. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazan stayed as the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan
Since 1438 timeline of Kazan:
Timeline of Kazan since 1438
20th and 21st centuries timeline of Kazan:
20th and 21st centuries timeline of Kazan
11 May 2021 Kazan mass school shooting, as also a bomb was detonated:
11 May 2021 Kazan mass school shooting, as also a bomb was detonated. Nine people (seven 8th-grade students and two teachers) were killed, and 23 others were injured. The 19-year-old shooter, Ilnaz Galyaviev, was identified as a former student. He pleaded guilty to the murder of two or more persons on 12 May and is being detained
Southern Federal District:
Southern Federal District
, one of the eight federal districts of Russia. Its territory lies mostly on the Pontic–Caspian steppe of southern Russia. The Southern Federal District shares borders with Ukraine, the Azov Sea, and the Black Sea in the west, and Kazakhstan and the Caspian Sea in the east. On 19 January 2010, the Southern Federal District was split in two, with its former southern territories forming a new North Caucasian Federal District
Volgograd Oblast:
Volgograd Oblast
, a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the Volga region of Southern Russia, with its administrative center Volgograd
Volgograd city:
Volgograd city
, an important industrial city and the administrative center of Volgograd Oblast, situated on the western bank of the Volga River with 1,021,215 inhabitants in 2010
Timeline of Volgograd:
Timeline of Volgograd
1942-1943 Battle of Stalingrad:
1942-1943 Battle of Stalingrad, a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (Volgograd) in Southern Russia
Significance of the battle of Stalingrad:
Significance of the battle of Stalingrad, often identified as the turning point on the Eastern Front, in the war against Germany overall, and in the entire Second World War
Commemoration of the battle of Stalingrad:
Commemoration of the battle of Stalingrad
Ural Federal District:
Ural Federal District
, one of the eight federal districts of Russia, with a population of 12,080,523 (79.9% urban) inhabitants in 2010, and located at the border of the European and Asian parts of Russia with its administrative centre Yekaterinburg city, contributing 18% to Russia’s Gross Regional Product GRP, although its population is only 8.5% of the Russian total
Sverdlovsk Oblast:
Sverdlovsk Oblast
, a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia located in the Ural Federal District, its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, formerly known as Sverdlovsk and its population is 4,297,747 inhabitants, according to the 2010 Census
Yekaterinburg, formerly known as Sverdlovsk:
Yekaterinburg city
, the fourth-largest city in Russia and the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast, located on the Iset River east of the Ural Mountains
April 2018:
3 April 2018: Politicians in Yekaterinburg have cancelled an upcoming election in order to oust mayor Yevgeny Roizman, who has been in office since 2013 and has decried Putin regime’s influence in local politics and his election to a fourth term in power, now saying 'it’s a direct insult to the citizens of Yekaterinburg, a belittling of the status of Yekaterinburg, a show of disrespect to the city, the city’s traditions'
Siberian Federal District:
Siberian Federal District
, one of the eight federal districts of Russia, as its population was 17,178,298 according to the 2010 Census, living in an area of 4,361,800 square kilometers andas the entire federal district lies within the continent of Asia
Omsk Oblast:
Omsk Oblast
, a federal subject of Russia located in southwestern Siberia with a population of 1,977,665 citizens in 2010 Census and with its administrative center Omsk, bordering Tyumen Oblast in the north and west, Novosibirsk and Tomsk Oblasts in the east, and Kazakhstan in the south
Omsk city:
Omsk city
, the administrative center of Omsk Oblast, located in southwestern Siberia with a population of 1,154,116 citizens, Russia's third-largest city east of the Ural Mountains after Novosibirsk and Yekaterinburg
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History of Omsk
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Transportation in Omsk, as city is a major rail, road, and air hub, served by a station on the Trans-Siberian Railway, and by the Tsentralny Airport, as Omsk additionally possesses a river port on the Irtysh, offering service to domestic destinations and to cities within Kazakhstan
Economy of Omsk:
Economy of Omsk
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Companies based in Omsk
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Since 1995 Gazprom Neft, formerly Sibneft, is the third largest oil producer in Russia
Timeline of Omsk since 18th century:
Timeline of Omsk since 18th century
August 2020 poisoning of Alexei Navalny:
August 2020 poisoning of Alexei Navalny
who fell ill during a flight from Tomsk to Moscow and was hospitalized in Omsk, as his spokeswoman said that he was in a coma
2 September 2020 Novichok use shows ‘only state’ could have poisoned Navalny aide says:
2 September 2020: Germany’s finding that Alexey Navalny was poisoned with nerve agent Novichok shows that only the Russian state could be responsible, opposition's Ivan Zhdanov says
17 September 2020 Novichok traces found on water bottle in Navalny's hotel room in Tomsk:
17 September 2020: Colleagues of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny said that a bottle of water with a trace of the Novichok nerve agent was found in his hotel room in Tomsk after his poisoning
Tomsk Oblast:
Tomsk Oblast
, a federal subject of Russia located in the southeastern West Siberian Plain, in the southwest of the Siberian Federal District, as its administrative center is the city of Tomsk and with a population of 1,078,923 citizens in 2010
Tomsk city:
Tomsk city
, the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia located on the Tom River with a population of 524,669 citizens in 2010
Economy of Tomsk:
Economy of Tomsk, as Tomsk consumes more electric energy than produced by the city's power plants GRES-2 (281 MWt) and TEC-3 (140 MWt) belonging to Tomskenergo Inc., Tomsk supplements its energy needs with electricity generated at Seversk
Politics of Tomsk:
Politics of Tomsk, as city is governed by a mayor and a 33-member Duma, and as of the 33 members, 16 are elected from the eight double mandate districts while 17 are chosen from party lists
Timeline and history of Tomsk since 17th century:
History and timeline of Tomsk since 17th century
Since 1604 fortress Tomsk:
In 1604 Tomsk originated when the tsar sent 200 cossacks to construct a fortress on the bank of the Tom River, overlooking what would become the city of Tomsk
Since 1941 during WWII Tomsk became the new home for many factories:
Since 1941 during German empire's World War II, Tomsk like many Siberian cities became the new home for many factories relocated out of the war zone, and the resulting growth of the city led the Soviet government to establish the new Tomsk Oblast, with Tomsk serving as the administrative center
14 September 2020 French and Swedish labs confirm Navalny's Novichok poisoning Germany says:
14 September 2020: Three laboratories have independently confirmed that Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny was poisoned with the Novichok nerve agent, Germany said Monday, renewing calls for Russia to explain the incident
14 September 2020 Navalny allies win council seats in regional polls:
14 September 2020: As in several dozen of Russia’s 85 regions citizens voted for regional governors and lawmakers in regional and city legislatures as well as in several by-elections for national MPs, allies of poisoned Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny have said they have secured city council seats in Siberia as independent monitors condemned a reported 'stream' of voting irregularities in regional polls
17 September 2020 Novichok traces found on water bottle in Navalny's hotel room in Tomsk:
17 September 2020: Colleagues of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny said that a bottle of water with a trace of the Novichok nerve agent was found in his hotel room in Tomsk after his poisoning
Novosibirsk Oblast:
Novosibirsk Oblast
, a federal subject of Russia located in southwestern Siberia, as its administrative and economic center is the city of Novosibirsk, and with a population of 2,788,849 citizens in 2018
Novosibirsk city:
Novosibirsk city
, the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast in Russia, located in the southwestern part of Siberia on the banks of the Ob River, and the third-most populous city in Russia (after Moscow and St. Petersburg) as well as the most populous city in Asian Russia, with a population of 1,612,833 inhabitants in 2018
Krasnoyarsk Krai federal subject of Russia:
Krasnoyarsk Krai
, is a
federal subject
of Russia, with its administrative center in the city of Krasnoyarsk, the third-largest city in Siberia (after Novosibirsk and Omsk) and comprising half of the Siberian Federal District
Norilsk city in Krasnoyarsk Krai:
Norilsk city
in Krasnoyarsk Krai, located above the Arctic Circle, east of the Yenisei River and south of the western Taymyr Peninsula, with a permanent population of 175,000 citizens reaching 220,000 with temporary inhabitants included
Pollution in Norilsk area:
Pollution in Norilsk city, listed by Russia's Federal State Statistics Service the city as the most polluted city in Russia, as in 2017 Norilsk produced 1.798 million tons of carbon pollutants—nearly six times more than the 304.6 thousand tons that was generated by Russia's second-most polluted city, Cherepovets
April 2016 failed talks in Qatar to freeze oil production:
19 April 2016: Failed talks in Qatar to freeze oil production and to stabilize prices bring nothing but disappointment for the Russians
September 2016 world's biggest nickel producer Norilsk Nickel spillage:
12 September 2016: The world's biggest nickel producer has admitted a spillage at one of its plants was responsible for a river in the Russian Arctic turning blood-red, as Norilsk Nickel admits 'red river' responsibility for overflow into the Daldykan river at its Nadezhda plant
June 2020 fuel reservoir at power plant near Norilsk collapsed:
3 June 2020: Putin has ordered a state of emergency after 20,000 tonnes of diesel fuel spilled into a river inside the Arctic Circle, occurring when a fuel reservoir at a power plant near the city of Norilsk collapsed, and as the plant is operated by a division of Nornickel, whose factories in the area have made the city one of the most heavily polluted places on Earth
Kemerovo Oblast:
Kemerovo Oblast
, a federal subject of Russia located in southwestern Siberia, where the West Siberian Plain meets the South Siberian Mountains. The oblast, which covers an area of 95,500 square kilometers, shares a border with Tomsk Oblast in the north, Krasnoyarsk Krai and the Republic of Khakassia in the east, the Altai Republic in the south, and with Novosibirsk Oblast and Altai Krai in the west. Kemerovo is the administrative center of the oblast, though Novokuznetsk is the largest city in terms of size. Kemerovo Oblast is one of Russia's most urbanized regions, with over 70% of the population living in its nine principal cities. Its ethnic composition is predominantly Russian, but Ukrainians, Tatars, and Chuvash also live in the oblast. The population was 2,763,135 citizena in 2010.
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Geography of Kemerovo Oblast
Climate of Kemerovo:
Seasons and climate of Kemerovo, showing a January-July difference to the amount of 80°C
Economy and industrialization of Kemerovo:
Economy of Kemerovo, as the industrialization of Kemerovo was driven and underpinned by coal mining and by the heavy industry based on the availability of coal. It remains an important industrial city, built up during the Soviet period, with important steel, aluminum and machinery based manufacturing plants along with chemical, fertilizer, and other manufacturing industries. Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the city's industries have experienced a severe decline, creating high levels of unemployment. Major companies based in the city include Siberian Business Union.
19 March 2007 Ulyanovskaya coal mine disaster:
19 March 2007 Ulyanovskaya Mine disaster, caused by a methane explosion that occurred in the Ulyanovskaya longwall coal mine in the Kemerovo Oblast. At least 108 people were reported to have been killed by the blast, which occurred at a depth of about 270 meters at 10:19 local time. The mine disaster was Russia's deadliest in more than a decade.
24 May 2007 Yubileinaya coal mine disaster:
24 May 2007 Yubileinaya coal mine disaster in the Kemerovo Oblast area of Siberia, operated by Yuzhkuzbassugol, part owned by the Evraz Group. A methane explosion at the mine killed 38 miners and injured a further 7, one of whom subsequently died. Investigators believe that the explosion was caused by a spark from a damaged cable.
8 May 2010 Raspadskaya mine explosion:
8 May 2010 Raspadskaya mine explosion in the Raspadskaya mine, located near Mezhdurechensk in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, which occurred on 8 May 2010. It was believed to have been caused by a buildup of methane. The initial explosion was followed by a second approximately four hours later which collapsed the mine's ventilation shaft and trapped several rescue workers. By 18 May 2010, 66 people were confirmed to have died with at least 99 others injured and as many as a further 24 unaccounted for
25 November 2021 Listvyazhnaya mine disaster:
25 November 2021 Listvyazhnaya mine disaster was a mining accident that occurred in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. Smoke from a fire in a ventilation shaft caused the suffocation of more than 40 miners. A failed attempt to rescue the trapped miners killed at least five rescuers when the mine exploded. It is the deadliest mine accident in Russia since the 2010 Raspadskaya mine explosion in the same region
Kemerovom city:
Kemerovom city
, an industrial city and the administrative center of Kemerovo Oblast located at the confluence of the Iskitim and Tom Rivers, in the major coal mining region of the Kuznetsk Basin, with 532,981 inhabitants in 2010
March 2018 Kemerovo fire:
25 March 2018 Kemerovo Winter Cherry complex fire, killing at least 64 people according to official statements, after the blaze started somewhere on the top floor of the four-storey complex, and people were seen jumping from windows to escape it
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27 March 2018: Forty-one children have died in the fire at the 'Zimnyaya Vishnya' shopping mall in Kemerovo, as total number of the victims is reportedly 64 persons
27/28 March 2018 Russians have rallied in Kemerovo to demand a full probe of fire:
27 March 2018: Thousands of angry and distraught Russians have rallied in Siberian city of Kemerovo to demand a full probe into a shopping centre fire that killed at least 64 people, many of them children
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28 mars 2018: Les Russes et proches de victimes réclamaient la tête des autorités locales et exigeaient justice à Kemerovo, alors que le pays observe mercredi une journée de deuil après l'incendie meurtrier d'un centre commercial dû à des violations choquantes des règles de sécurité
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29 mars 2018: La lenteur et l'inaction des pompiers dénoncées après l'incendie du centre commercial qui a fait au moins 64 morts dimanche
April 2018 governor of Russia's Kemerovo resigns over mall fire:
1 April 2018: Governor of Russia's Kemerovo resigns over mall fire that killed more than 60 citizens after a litany of violations in safety procedures left shoppers and children trapped inside the building
Irkutsk Oblast:
Irkutsk Oblast, a federal subject of Russia located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of the Angara, Lena, and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers. The administrative center is the city of Irkutsk. It borders the Republic of Buryatia and the Tuva Republic in the south and southwest, which separate it from Khövsgöl Province in Mongolia, Krasnoyarsk Krai in the west, the Sakha Republic in the northeast, and Zabaykalsky Krai in the east. It had a population of 2,428,750 inhabitants in 2010.
Angara river in Siberia:
Angara river
in Siberia, which traces a course through Russia's Irkutsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai. It drains out of Lake Baikal and is the headwater tributary of the Yenisey. It is 1,849km long and has a drainage basin of 1,039,000 square kilometres.
History of Irkutsk Oblast:
History of Irkutsk Oblast
Administrative and municipal divisions of Irkutsk Oblast:
Administrative and municipal divisions of Irkutsk Oblast
Irkutsk city:
Irkutsk city
, the largest city and administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast. With a population of 617,473 citizens in 2010, Irkutsk is the 25th largest city in Russia by population, the 5th largest in the Siberian Federal District, and one of the largest cities in Siberia. Located in the south of the eponymous oblast, the city proper lies on the Angara River, a tributary of the Yenisei, about 850km to the south-east of Krasnoyarsk and about 520km north of Ulaanbaatar. The Trans-Siberian Highway and Trans-Siberian Railway connect Irkutsk to other regions in Russia and Mongolia.
History of Irkutsk city since 19th century:
History of Irkutsk city, after in the early 19th century, many Russian artists, officers, and nobles were sent into exile in Siberia for their part in the Decembrist revolt against Tsar Nicholas I. Irkutsk became the major center of intellectual and social life for these exiles, and they developed much of the city's cultural heritage. They had wooden houses built that were adorned with ornate, hand-carved decorations. Many still survive today, in stark contrast with the standard Soviet apartment blocks that surround them. By the end of the 19th century, the population consisted of one exiled man for every two locals. People of varying backgrounds, from members of the Decembrist uprising to Bolsheviks, had been in Irkutsk for many years and had greatly influenced the culture and development of the city. As a result, Irkutsk became a prosperous cultural and educational center in Eastern Siberia.
23 October 2022 Putin regime kills Russians on its home front:
23 October 2022: Two pilots have been killed when a Russian fighter jet Su-30 - a key component of the Russian regime's air force widely deployed in its war in Syria and invasion of Ukraine - crashed into a two-story residential building in the city of Irkutsk in southern Siberia, home to the aircraft factory producing the Su-30 fighters. The crash occurred less than a week after a Sukhoi Su-34 jet crashed into a multistory residential building in the Russian town of Yeysk, killing 15 people.
Far Eastern Federal District:
Far Eastern Federal District
, the largest of the eight federal districts of Russia but the least populated, with a population of 8,371,257 inhabitants in 2010, located within the easternmost part of Asia and covering the territory of the Russian Far East, with its administrative center Vladivostok
Jewish Autonomous Oblast:
Jewish Autonomous Oblast
, a federal subject of Russia in the Russian Far East, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast in Russia and Heilongjiang province in China, as its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan
History of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast:
History of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, established in May 1934
-
Administrative and municipal divisions of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Demographics of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast:
Demographics of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Economy of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast:
Economy of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast
Birobidzhan city:
Birobidzhan city
, the administrative center of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, located on the Trans-Siberian Railway near the China-Russia border, with a population of 75,413 citizens in 2010 and its official language Yiddish, as Birobidzhan is named after the two largest rivers in the autonomous oblast, the Bira and the Bidzhan, both tributaries of the Amur
Khabarovsk Krai federal subject:
Khabarovsk Krai federal subject of Russia, located in the Far East region and part of the Far Eastern Federal District, as the administrative centre of the krai is the city of Khabarovsk, which is home to roughly half of the krai's population and the largest city in the Russian Far East and the fourth-largest federal subject by area with a population of 1,343,869 citizens 2010
Khabarovsk city:
Khabarovsk city
, the largest city and the administrative center of Khabarovsk Krai located 30 kilometers from the Chinese border at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, about 800 kilometers north of Vladivostok, also the largest city in the Russian Far East having overtaken Vladivostok in 2015
-
Geography and climate of Khabarovsk
Economy and infrastructure of Khabarovsk:
Economy and infrastructure of Khabarovsk, as primary industries include iron processing, steel milling, Khabarovsk shipyard, machinery, petroleum refining, flour milling, pharmaceutical industry, meat packing and manufacturing of various types of heavy and light machinery
Since 8th century timeline of Khabarovsk:
History and timeline of Khabarovsk, founded in the 8th century
Since 1999 Khabarovsk Bridge crossing the Amur River:
Since 1999 Khabarovsk Bridge, a road and rail bridge crossing the Amur River in eastern Russia, and connecting the urban-type settlement of Imeni Telmana in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast with the city of Khabarovsk in Khabarovsk Krai, after since 1916 an older bridge existed nearby
Since 11 July 2020 Khabarovsk Krai protests in support of arrested governor Sergei Furgal:
Since 11 July 2020 protests in Khabarovsk Krai
in support of the current governor, Sergei Furgal, after his arrest, as protests in support of Furgal also took place in other cities including Novosibirsk, Vladivostok and Omsk
-
Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia
18 July 2020 thousands in Khabarovsk protest against arrest of governor Sergei Furgal:
18 July 2020: Tens of thousands of people in the Russian city of Khabarovsk have turned out for a protest over the arrest of the region’s governor Liberal Democratic party's Sergei Furgal, elected governor in 2018 with unexpected victory
19 July 2020: 50,000 people took to the streets on Saturday in Khabarovsk:
19 July 2020: 50,000 people took to the streets on Saturday in Khabarovsk, a city 6,100 miles east of Moscow, to demand the return of Sergei Furgal, a former scrap metals trader, as Putin regime is poised to replace a governor from Russia’s far east charged with crimes, potentially kindling a fresh round of public anger that has already ignited the largest protests in the region’s history
25 July 2020 protest:
25 juillet 2020: D’importantes manifestations contre le gouvernement russe se sont de nouveau déroulées samedi dans la région russe de Khabarovsk, en Extrême-Orient, après l’arrestation d’un gouverneur populaire et son remplacement cette semaine par un homme nommé par le régime de Poutine et qui n’a jamais vécu dans cette région
29 July 2020 Putin’s trust rating falls to new low amid far east protests:
29 July 2020: Putin’s trust rating falls to new low amid far east protests
,
as nearly half of Russians support anti-Kremlin protests in far east, according to poll
1/2 August 2020 Khabarovsk saw a fourth consecutive massive rally Saturday:
1/2 August 2020: Russian far east protesters turn out by the thousands as crackdown intensifies, and as despite multiple arrests of protesters this week, Khabarovsk saw a fourth consecutive massive rally Saturday
Primorsky Krai:
Primorsky Krai
shares Russia's only border with North Korea, along the Tumen River in Khasansky District in the southwestern corner of the krai, a federal subject located in the Far East region of the country and a part of the Far Eastern Federal District, as the city of Vladivostok is the administrative center of the krai, as well as the largest city in the Russian Far East, and as the krai has the largest economy among the federal subjects in the Russian Far East, with a population of 1,956,497 citizens in 2010
-
Administrative divisions of Primorsky Krai
Economy of Primorsky Krai:
Economy of Primorsky Krai, the most balanced in the Russian Far East and also the largest in absolute terms, as food production is the most important sector, represented mainly by fish processing, followed by the machine building, where half of the output is geared toward the fishing industry and shipyards, as defense or military is another important sector, producing naval vessels and military aircraft, and as the construction materials industry including timber industry here provides for the whole Russian Far East
Vladivostok city:
Vladivostok city
, the administrative centre of Far Eastern Federal District and Primorsky Krai, located around the Golden Horn Bay, not far from Russia's borders with China and North Korea, and with a population of 604,901 inhabitants in 2018
Economy and ports of Vladivostock:
Economy of Vladivostock, main industries include shipping, commercial fishing, and the naval base, as fishing accounts for almost four-fifths of Vladivostok's commercial production
-
Port of Vladivostock, ice-free all year round with the help of ice breakers
-
Free port of Vladivostok, a port zone under a special custom and taxation system, with a particular jurisdiction regarding investments
Timeline of Vladivostok:
Timeline of Vladivostok
Sakha republic:
Sakha officially known as the
Republic of Sakha
, a federal Russian republic, with a population of 958,528 citizens at the 2010 Census, mainly ethnic Sakha and Russians, as the republic - comprising half the Far Eastern Federal District - is the largest subnational governing body by area in the world at 3,083,523 square kilometers with its capital city of Yakutsk
Yakutsk city:
Yakutsk city
, the capital of the Sakha Republic located about 450 kilometers south of the Arctic Circle, with a population of an estimated 311,760 citizens in 2018
Demographics of Yakuts:
Demographics of Yakuts, as ethnic composition in 2010 includes Yakuts (50.6%), Russians (38.4%), Ukrainians (1.4%) and others
History and timeline of Yakuts city and Yakuts people:
History and timeline of Yakuts city and Yakuts people, also known as the Sakha people, migrating to the area during the 13th and 14th centuries from other parts of Siberia and mixed with other indigenous Siberians in the area, before the Russian settlement of Yakutsk was founded in 1632
18 December 2020 amid covid-19 pandemic Yakutsk is preparing the new year:
18 December 2020: Amid covid-19 pandemic Yakutsk is preparing the new year, as seasonal temperature differences found in the region are the greatest in the world with the city having the coldest winter temperatures of any major city, with an average monthly temperature in January of -38.6C
Demographics and ethnic groups in Russia:
Demographics of Russia
-
Ethnic groups
in Russia
Lists of indigenous peoples of Russia:
List of larger
indigenous peoples of Russia
-
Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
Udmurt people:
Udmurt people, 552,299 citizens in Russia in 2010
Indigenous peoples of Siberia:
Indigenous peoples of Siberia - as the demographics of Siberia today is dominated by native speakers of Russian, there remain a considerable number of indigenous groups, between them accounting for below 10% of total Siberian population, about 4,500,000, which are also related to indigenous peoples of the Americas
History of ethnic groups in Russia:
History of ethnic groups in Russia
Territorial evolution of Russia, Russification and Russians:
Russification, a form of cultural assimilation process during which non-Russian communities, voluntarily or not, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian one
-
Territorial evolution of Russia
-
Russians
-
Citizenship of Russia
Ethnic minorities and diasporas in Russia:
Armenians in Russia
-
Azerbaijanis in Russia
-
Belarusians in Russia
-
Georgians in Russia
-
History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union
-
Germans from Russia
-
Indians in Russia
-
Kazakhs in Russia
-
Kurds in Russia
-
Kyrgyz Russian
-
Polish minority in Russia
-
Siberian Yupik people
-
Sirenik Eskimos
-
Tatars
-
Ukrainians in Russia
-
Vietnamese people in Russia
Afro-Russian:
Afro-Russian
are people of African descent, as the Metis Foundation estimates that there are about 50,000 Afro-Russians
Chinese people in Russia:
Ethnic Chinese in Russia, estimated 200,000–400,000 people as of 2004
Indigenous peoples of Russia:
List of larger
indigenous peoples of Russia
-
Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East
Udmurt people:
Udmurt people, 552,299 citizens in Russia in 2010
Indigenous peoples of Siberia:
Indigenous peoples of Siberia, about 4,500,000 people today
History of the Jews in Russia:
History of the Jews in Russia
, Jewish people have been present in contemporary Armenia and Georgia since the Babylonian captivity and the presence of Jewish people in the territories corresponding to modern Belarus, Ukraine, and the European part of Russia can be traced back to the 7th-14th centuries CE
-
Yiddish culture in Russia
Jews and Judaism in Russia:
Jews and Judaism in Russia
-
Jewish communities in Russia
Since 1996 Russian Jewish Congress for revival of the Jewish life in Russia:
Russian Jewish Congress for revival of the Jewish life in Russia since 1996
February 2019 Jewish community in Rostov-on-Don wants to add their names to the city’s memorial, but the Russian authorities don't agree:
12 February 2019: After years of painstaking research to discover the identities of the dead in the August 1942 German-led slaughter, the Jewish community in Rostov-on-Don wants to add their names to the city’s memorial, but the Russian authorities don't agree
24 July 2020 Holocaust survivor Irina Shur found stabbed to death in her Moscow apartment:
24 July 2020: The body of Irina Shur, a former professor at the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography and a Holocaust survivor, was found at her apartment late last week, TASS reported Wednesday, after she had been stabbed multiple times and had been dead for at least 24 hours
Romani people in Russia:
Romani in Russia
-
Ruska Roma, the largest subgroup of Romani people in Russia and Belarus
June 2019:
19 June 2019: Hundreds of Roma people have been forcibly evicted from a village in western Russia, the head of the village council has admitted, after one ethnic Russian was killed and another left in a coma
Immigration to Russia and emigration:
Immigration
to Russia
-
Emigration
in recent years, 171,872 Russian citizens left the country in 2014
November 2015 Russia deports Tajik mother after five-month-old baby's death in police custody:
17 November 2015: Russia deports Tajik mother after five-month-old baby's death in police custody, saying she was hastily deported to prevent a proper investigation into her son’s death
Culture in Russia:
Culture in Russia
-
History of Russian culture
Yiddish culture in Russia:
Yiddish culture in Russia
Languages in Russia:
Languages in Russia
-
Official languages
-
List of languages in Russia
Russian language
-
History of the Russian language
Literature in Russia:
Literature
in Russia
History of literature in Russia:
History of literature in Russia
Theatre in Russia:
Theatre in Russia
-
Theatres in Russia
November 2018 Serebrennikov case:
15 November 2018: Russian stage and screen director Kirill Serebrennikov faces a tortuous, months-long criminal trial seen as a bellwether for artistic freedom in the country, charged with embezzlement
Women in Russia:
Women in Russia
Russian women and World War I and women in the Russian Revolution 1917:
Russian women and World War I and women in the Russian Revolution 1917
-
'Zhenotdel' was the department of the Russian Communist party, devoted to women's affairs in the 1920s and improving the conditions of women's lives throughout the Soviet Union, fighting illiteracy, and educating women about the new marriage, education, and working laws
Soviet women in World War II:
Soviet women in World War II, most toiled in industry, transport, agriculture and other civilian roles, working double shifts to free up enlisted men to fight and increase military production, a sizable number of women served in the army, the majority were in medical units
Women in Russia since 1991, women's organizations and women's rights in Russia:
Women in Russia since 1991 - women often face discrimination in the labour market, and the law itself lists 456 occupations and 38 branches of industry that are forbidden to women, despite this, many Russian women have achieved success in business
-
Women's organizations
-
Russian grassroots women’s organizations
Gender pay gap in Russia:
Gender pay gap in Russia
Domestic violence in Russia:
Domestic violence in Russia
2017:
25 January 2017: Russian MPs back bill reducing punishment for domestic violence, despite protests from rights groups
-
7 February 2017: Putin has signed into law a controversial amendment that decriminalises domestic violence in Russia, where it is estimated domestic abuse kills a woman every 40 minutes
Women's rights in Russia:
Women's rights in Russia
2013:
8 March 2013: Rights workers in Russia use International Women's Day to urge action against nation's domestic abuse
2016:
6 October 2016: The women risking everything to report from Russian regime's frontlines
Children and youth in Russia:
Childhood in Russia
-
Youth in Russia
1928-1942 Volodia Dubinin, known for the defense of the Adzhimushkay quarry:
1928-1942 Volodia Dubinin, one of the group of Soviet partisans who went to live underground in an abandoned quarry near Kerch to resist German invasion during World War II, later known for the defense of the Adzhimushkay quarry for his knowledge of the area, but during demining an exploding treacherous land mine left by the Germans, Volodia lost his life on 4 January 1942
1925-1942 Sasha Filippov supported the Red Army during the Battle of Stalingrad:
1925-1942 Sasha Filippov, who had become a spy for the Red Army during the Battle of Stalingrad, providing exact firing coordinates after the German assault on Stalingrad resulted in battalions overrunning suburbs of the city, and many Russian families were caught unaware and found themselves unable to flee in time
-
23/24 December 1942 murder of Sasha Filippov, when he and two others were hanged in view of neighbors and his parents, while Sasha's mother remained alone with the bodies of her son and two other youngsters' after the soldiers had marched off
2005 'Children of Leningradsky':
2005 'Children of Leningradsky', a 2005 Polish short documentary film about a community of homeless children living in the Leningradsky railway station in Moscow
January 2016 Vlad Kolesnikov's suicide, humiliated over T-shirt against war in Ukraine:
14 January 2016: Russian teenager Vlad Kolesnikov was humiliated and bullied after wearing a protest T-shirt against war in Ukraine to school in the Moscow suburb of Podolsk in June, saying before his suicide in December that his life had become unbearable
Orphans in Russia:
Orphans in Russia
Education in Russia:
Education in Russia
-
Education in Russia by federal subject
-
Education in Russia by city or town
Schools in Russia:
Schools in Russia
July 2019 teacher visas denied to Anglo-American school in Moscow:
17 July 2019: Russian Putin regime has denied visas to teachers of the Anglo-American school in Moscow, in a move that will 'affect over 1,100 students and their families, who represent over 60 countries, including Russia', as the day school is popular among the children of western diplomats and businessmen
,
after Putin said on 28 June that 'the liberal idea has become obsolete, praising the rise of nationalist-populist and neo-Nazi linked movements in Europe, also saying the Salisbury poisonings and murder are not worth ‘all this fuss’, that the story is not worth 5 kopecks, and that liberals can no longer 'dictate’ to anyone
November 2019 student killed and wounded other students:
14 November 2019: A student killed a fellow student and wounded three more in a shooting Thursday at a college in Russia's Blagoveshchensk near the border with China before taking his own life
26 September 2022 Swastika-wearing ex-pupil kills 15 in Russian school shooting in Izhevsk:
26 September 2022 Izhevsk school shooting
-
26 September 2022: A gunman with a swastika on his teeshirt killed 15 people, including 11 children, and wounded 24 at a school in Russia on Monday before committing suicide. The attacker who was named by authorities as Artem Kazantsev, killed two security guards and then opened fire on students and teachers at School Number 88 in Izhevsk, where he had once been a pupil.
Universities and colleges in Russia:
Universities and colleges in Russia
Science and technology in Russia:
Science and technology in Russia
Libraries and archives in Russia:
Libraries in Russia
-
Archives in Russia
Museums in Russia:
Museums in Russia
-
History museums in Russia
Monuments and memorials in Russia:
Monuments and memorials in Russia
-
Russian cultural heritage register
2016 Putin regime's plan to erect a statue to 'Ivan the Terrible':
20 July 2016: After in in almost 500 years no one (no tsar, no emperor, no general secretary, no president) has erected a statue to 'Ivan the Terrible', officials' plan to erect a statue of the bloodthirsty tsar near a children’s theatre has drawn outrage from locals in Oryol
Health in Russia:
Health in Russia
Medical outbreaks, health disasters and crimes in Russia:
Health disasters in Russia
-
Medical outbreaks in Russia
-
Man-made disasters in Russia
Since 17th century documented famines in Russia:
Since 17th century documented famines in Russia
-
Russian famine of 1601–03
May 1896 Khodynka stampede in Moscow during the the coronation of tsar Nicholas II:
30 May 1896 'Khodynka Tragedy', a human stampede that occurred on Khodynka Field in Moscow during the festivities after the coronation of
tsar Nicholas II, the last Emperor of Russia
,
which resulted in the deaths of 1,389 people
Nuclear power accidents and waste in Russia:
Nuclear power accidents in the Russian Federation
-
Nuclear waste in Russia
-
Pollution of Lake Karachay in the southern Ural Mountains, a dumping ground for nuclear weapon facilities
Soviet/Russian nuclear, biological and chemical weapons programs:
Russia and weapons of mass destruction
-
Nuclear weapons programme of Russia
-
Soviet/Russian biological
weapons program
-
Soviet/Russian chemical weapons program
1971 Aral smallpox outbreak:
July 1971 Aral smallpox outbreak of the viral disease which occurred as a result of a field test at a biological weapons facility on an island in the Aral Sea
Since 1979 and 1992 Sverdlovsk anthrax leak:
Since 1979 and 1992 Sverdlovsk anthrax leak, aftermath and ongoing classified activities
Since 1980s HIV/AIDS epidemic in Russia:
Since 1987 (first documented case) HIV/AIDS epidemic in Russia, the total number of individuals with HIV estimated in 2016 to be between 0.85 and 1.5 million (the lower estimate is from the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation), as prevalence of HIV in adult people is between 0.8 and 1%, and as according to the UN, Russia has one of the fastest growing HIV/AIDS epidemics in the world
2016 Irkutsk mass methanol poisoning:
December 2016 Irkutsk mass methanol poisoning
-
21 December 2016: At least 60 people died in Irkutsk after being poisoned with non-edible alcohol containing bath product 'Boyaryshnik'
-
23 December: The number of persons who died after getting poisoned with surrogate alcohol in Irkutsk has reached 74, with the total number of injured reaching 122
June/July 2018 'Novichok poisonings' of British and Russian nationals in Amesbury/Salisbury:
30 June 2018 Amesbury poisonings of two British nationals, who were hospitalised in a critical condition and were poisoned by Novichok nerve agent of the same kind used in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in the city of Salisbury, 7 miles away
-
6 July 2018: UK's police have warned more people could come into contact with deadly nerve agent after a second couple were poisoned with Novichok
Since January 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Russia:
Since January 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Russia
-
Travel and entry restrictions, event cancellations and other preventive measures to curb the spread of COVID-19 in Russia
19 March 2020 Russia confirmed coronavirus-related death:
19 March 2020: Russia has confirmed coronavirus-related death, after a female professor at the Gubkin Oil and Gas University with pre-existing health conditions died in an infectious diseases hospital, and as Russia has registered 147 cases of coronavirus so far, a figure that has risen sharply in recent days
28 March 2020 Moscow's non-working week amid Chinese coronavirus pandemic and Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign:
28 March 2020: Moscow mayor Sobyanin urged Muscovites to stay at home during the non-working week amid the spread of the coronavirus, as authorities said they had recorded 1,264 coronavirus cases, a rise of 228, the largest daily increase since the start of the outbreak
-
Since September 2015 Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign
6 April 2020 Russia confirmed 954 new coronavirus infections:
6 April 2020: Russia confirmed 954 new coronavirus infections on Monday, bringing the official number of cases to 6,343 and marking a new record one-day increase in infections
7 April 2020 covid-19 cases rose by more than 1,000 as deaths rose to 58:
7 April 2020: The number of coronavirus cases in Russia rose by more than 1,000 for the first time to reach 7,497 in the past 24 hours, the country’s crisis response centre said, while deaths rose by 11 to 58
10 April 2020 Russia reported 1,786 more covid-19 cases:
10 April 2020: Russia reported 1,786 more covid-19 cases on Friday, its largest daily rise so far, which took the national tally of confirmed infections to 11,917,as number of coronavirus-related deaths rose by 18 to 94
12 April 2020 covid-19 spreads in Russia:
12 April 2020: Moscow hospitals see 'huge influx' of patients as covid-19 spreads in Russia and death toll rose to 106 and many regions have been in lockdown for nearly two weeks to stem the contagion
14 April 2020 regime warns Russia 'faces' extraordinary crisis:
14 April 2020: Regime's Putin warns Russia faces 'extraordinary' crisis, as country reports highest daily number of 2,558 new cases on Monday, as officials tighten lockdown restrictions in Moscow, as overall nationwide tally stood at 18,328 and the death toll was 148, and as Putin added that his regime would also bring in the defence ministry to intervene if necessary
,
proven experienced
17 April 2020 Russia reports record 4,000 new covid-19 cases:
17 April 2020: Russia reports record 4,000 new covid-19 cases, as war criminal Putin postpones WWII parade, as worldwide cases stand at over 2.1 million
,
and as Syrian people suffer in the tenth year of Assad's, Putin's and Khameini's brutal war
19 April 2020 Russia reports record rise of 6,060 new covid-19 cases:
19 April 2020: Russia on Sunday reported a record rise of 6,060 new covid-19 cases over the previous 24 hours, bringing its nationwide tally to 42,853
28 April 2020 with 6,411 new cases total covid-19 number in Russia climbed to 93,558:
28 April 2020: The number of new covid-19 cases in Russia climbed on Tuesday to 6,411, a record daily rise, bringing its nationwide tally to 93,558, as the number of deaths rose by 72
2 May 2020 Russia reported 9,623 new covid-19 cases on Saturday:
2 May 2020: Russia reported 9,623 new covid-19 cases on Saturday, its highest daily rise since the start of the pandemic, bringing the total to 124,054, mostly in the capital Moscow
30 May 2020 Russia accounts for 6.6% of covid-19 cases as known global infections exceed 5.7m and as crisis at wide-ranging levels spreads:
30 May 2020: Russia accounts for 6.6% of worldwide covid-19 cases, also reporting 8,952 new daily cases
,
as the UK accounts for 4.7%, Spain for 4.1%, Italy for 4%, and as Iran sees highest tally of new infections since early April
18 October 2020 Russia shuns tough restrictions even as infections soar:
18 October 2020: Russia shuns tough restrictions even as infections soar, as the outbreak in Russia this month is breaking the records set in the spring, when a lockdown to slow the spread of the virus was put in place
13 October 2021 Russia’s natural population has undergone its largest peacetime decline:
13 October 2021: Russia’s natural population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in recorded history over the last 12 months as the natural population, a number calculated from registered deaths and births, excluding the impact of migration, declined by 997,000 between October 2020 and September 2021, according to an analysis of official government statistics made by the independent demographer Alexei Raksha
14 October 2021 global covid-19 data include 239,964,416 cases, 474,139 new cases and 4,889,703 total deaths:
14 October 2021: Global covid-19 data include 239,964,416 cases, 474,139 new cases and 4,889,703 total deaths, according to Israel's 'Haaretz'
,
as covid-19 main victim country USA reported 44.685.145 cases, as India reported 34.020.730 cases, as Turkey reported 7.540.193 cases, as Russia reported 7.773.388 cases, as UK reported 8.311.851 cases, according to Johns Hopkins University
,
as Russia registers 31,299 new cases in one day, as WHO reveals new team to investigate covid-19 origin, and as global covid-19 crisis and defense efforts continue, reported by 'The Guardian'
Major health issues in Russia:
Major health issues in Russia
Alcohol consumption and abuse in Russia:
Alcohol consumption in Russia stays among the highest in the world
-
Alcohol abuse in Russia
-
List of federal subjects of Russia by incidence of substance (alcohol and drug) abuse
-
Vodka belt in Europe and Asia
2014 Vodka and high death risk:
31 January 2014: Vodka to blame for high death risk in Russian men
Drugs in Russia:
Drugs in Russia
Healthcare and hospitals in Russia:
Healthcare in Russia
, in 2008 621,000 doctors and 1.3 million nurses were employed in Russian healthcare, the number of doctors per 10,000 people was 43.8, but only 12.1 in rural areas
-
Timeline of healthcare in Russia
Russian people in health professions:
Russian people in health professions
-
Russian physicians
-
Russian otolaryngologists
Since 2003 NDPHS:
Since 2003 'Northern Dimension Partnership in Public Health and Social Well-being', a transnational cooperative effort of ten governments (including Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden), the European Commission and eight international organisations (excluding among others
humanitarian NGO Syria Civil Defence SCD in Syria and Turkey, much more bombarded
by the Putin and Assad regime)
Mai 2020 des soignants russes mystérieusement tombés des fenêtres d’hôpitaux montreraient la pression:
5 mai 2020: Des soignants russes mystérieusement tombés des fenêtres d’hôpitaux montreraient la pression subie par les soignants en Russie et 'témoignent des conditions particulièrement éprouvantes des soignants russes face au covid-19'
Hospitals in Russia:
Hospitals in Russia
-
List of burn centers in Russia
-
Hospitals in Moscow
-
Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow since 1957
12 May 2020 fire at Russian hospital kills 5 covid-19 patients:
12 May 2020: A fire at St. George Hospital in St. Petersburg killed five covid-19 patients who were on ventilators, Russian emergency officials said
April 2013 psychiatric hospital fire:
26 April 2013: Fire swept through a decrepit psychiatric hospital in a Moscow suburb, killing 38 people and turning spotlight on Russia's terrible safety record
-
13 September 2013: A pre-dawn fire has swept through a Russian psychiatric hospital in Novgorod, killing 37 people, following warnings that the mostly wooden building was unsafe
December 2015 psychiatric hospital fire:
13 December 2015: Twenty-one people killed and a further 20 injured in the blaze which destroyed a psychiatric hospital building in Alferovka, a village in the Voronezh region
January 2016:
9 January 2016: Russian doctor at a hospital in Belgorod filmed punching patient who later died
2016 Irkutsk mass methanol poisoning:
December 2016 Irkutsk mass methanol poisoning
-
21 December 2016: At least 60 people died in Irkutsk after being poisoned with non-edible alcohol containing bath product 'Boyaryshnik'
-
23 December: The number of persons who died after getting poisoned with surrogate alcohol in Irkutsk has reached 74, with the total number of injured reaching 122
Drugs in Russia:
Drugs in Russia
-
Russian sportspeople in doping cases
Doping in Russia:
Doping in Russia
-
Doping in sport
November 2015 Russian state-sponsored doping revealed:
9 November 2015: 2012 London Olympics were sabotaged by Russia’s doping and the inaction of authorities
,
according to an independent World Anti-Doping Agency commission's investigation headed by Dick Pound
-
9 November 2015: Russia accused of ‘state-sponsored doping’ and should be banned from athletics, according to damning Wada report
-
13 November 2015: IAAF has provisionally suspended the All-Russia Athletic Federation ARAF as an IAAF Member with immediate effect
-
19 November 2015: The World Anti-Doping Agency has suspended Russia's national anti-doping body as the international governing body continues its crack down on Russian drug cheats
2016:
12 May 2016: Former head of Russia’s national anti-doping lab admits to cheating tests before and during the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi
in an astonishing state-run Russian doping programme
June 2016:
17 June 2016: There will be no track and field athletes competing under the Russian flag at the Rio Olympics 2016 after IAAF ruled they had not met readmission criteria imposed when they suspended over widespread state sponsored doping in November 2015
-
18 June 2016: The International Olympic Committee says it welcomed the IAAF's 'strong stance against doping' following athletics ruling body's extension of Russia's ban ahead of Rio Olympics
July 2016:
13 July 2016: In the Russian regime's inverted world, athlete Darya Klishina branded a 'traitor' after she agreed to compete under a neutral flag at next month’s Olympics thanking the IAAF for allowing her to compete
-
18 July 2016: Wada's devastating and damning report into Russian sport has found that the country’s government, security services and sporting authorities colluded to hide
widespread doping
across 'a vast majority' of winter and summer sports
-
19 July 2016: Several former Olympians who now serve on the International Olympic Committee’s athletes’ commission have warned of catastrophic consequences if the organisation does not ban Russia completely from the Rio Games
-
25 July 2016: The World Anti-Doping Agency is 'disappointed' its recommendation to ban Russia from next month's Olympic Games in Rio has been rejected by the International Olympic Committee, saying the IOC's decision will inevitably mean 'lesser protection for clean athletes'
August 2016:
23 August 2016: Russia banned from Paralympics due to 'inability to fulfil its responsibilities' over doping after losing appeal against doping exclusion, the court of arbitration for sport has announced
December 2016:
9 December 2016: Over 1000 Russian athletes from over 30 disciplines were involved in state-sponsored doping programme in 2011-2015, including London 2012 and Sochi 2014 Olympic Games winners and medalists, and that also helped forging fake doping probes results by involving special services
,
World Anti-Doping Agency's report on Russian doping row says
-
14 December 2016: Russia deprived of bobsleigh 2017 World Championship in Sochi
-
24 December 2016: Following Sochi's loss last week of the right to host February's bobsleigh and skeleton world championships
,
Biathlon and speed skating events February/March 2017 taken away from Russia over doping scandal
-
27 December 2016: Russian officials admit for the first time to a state-backed campaign of doping that involved hundreds of the country’s athletes, as the acting director of Russia’s national anti-doping agency Anna Antseliovich and others in a serie of interviews detail that 'it was an institutional conspiracy' concerning the entire Olympic movement
December 2017:
5 December 2017: Russia banned from Winter Olympics 2018 in Pyeongchang over state-sponsored doping and ordered to pay $15m in costs after making what the International Olympic Committee called an 'unprecedented attack on the integrity of the Olympic Games and sport'
February 2018:
12 février 2018: Grigory Rodchenkov, qui a dévoilé le scandale du dopage institutionnalisé en Russie est apparu grimé pour sa première interview depuis l'affaire, diffusée dimanche sur CBS, expliquant toujours craindre pour sa vie, sûr que le régime de Poutine veut le faire taire pour de bon
-
25 February 2018: Russians banned from flying flag at Olympic Winter Games closing ceremony after fresh doping violations
November 2019 Russia is again facing Olympic ban:
23 November 2019: Russia is again facing a possible Olympic ban after the Wada's Compliance Review Committee recommended that the Russian Anti-Doping Agency be ruled non-compliant
9 December 2019 Russian regime banned from all major sporting events including 2020 Olympics and 2022 World Cup:
9 December 2019:
Russian regime banned
and handed a four-year ban
from all major sporting events
by the World Anti-Doping Agency Wada to include 2020 Olympics and 2022 World Cup
Sport in Russia:
Sport in Russia
-
Sport in Russia by sport
-
Sport in Russia by federal subject
-
Sports competitions in Russia
-
Ministry of Sport in Russia, responsible for the development of Sport in Russia in all spheres
Concerns and controversies at the 2014 Winter Olympics:
Concerns and controversies at the
2014 Winter Olympics
-
2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi
-
7 October 2013: Russia has installed an all-encompassing surveillance system at the site of next year's Winter Olympic Games in Sochi that will allow security services to listen in on athletes and visitors, security analysts say
-
10 December 2013: European Commission Vice-President Viviane Reding has said she will 'definitely not' attend the Winter Olympics in Sochi because of Russia's treatment of minority groups
-
23 December: Nadezhda Tolokonnikova calls for foreign countries to boycott February's Winter Olympics, hours after she was freed from jail
-
23/24 December: Benjamin Netanyahu joins Barack Obama, David Cameron
,
Francois Hollande and others in rejecting Sochi invite
-
12 February 2014: Russian environmentalist Yevgeny Vitishko who campaigned against ecological damage from construction work for the Sochi Olympics is to spend three years in a prison colony
Migrant workers in Sochi:
2 February 2013: Dreams fade for unpaid Sochi migrant workers
-
6 February 2013: Migrant workers abused at Sochi Winter Olympic sites
-
30 October 2013: Angry construction workers are demanding to be paid as Sochi 2014 draws closer, amid accusations of massive corruption, shoddy workmanship and spiralling costs
-
26 January 2014: Deported Serb workers, not paid and being detained as illegal workers, tell horror stories of Sochi Olympic construction work
-
26. Januar 2014: Olympia-Bauarbeiter in Sotschi ohne offizielle Arbeitsdokumente, ohne Bezahlung und am Ende mit Gewalt ausgewiesen
Concerns and controversies at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, planned in Russia:
List of
2018 FIFA World Cup
controversies, discrimination and racism in Russia, its war against Ukraine and allegations of corruption
2015:
28 May 2015: Putin talks at length about soccer corruption case
May 2018:
30 May 2018: Donbas may face 'various kinds of changes' once World Cup 2018 in Russia over, according to Ukrainian General Romanenko, saying that the situation will be held back by the Putin regime until the football tournament finishes
6 June 2018:
6 June 2018: Ukrainian artist Andriy Yermolenko created a series of posters dedicated to 2018 FIFA World Cup hosted by Russia, showing the brutal and bloody nature of Russia's current regime
16 June 2018:
16 June 2018: A man driving a taxi on a crowded Moscow street on Saturday injured eight people including World Cup fans
,
when he ploughed into pedestrians near Red Square
21 June 2018:
21 June 2018: English football supporters have caused outrage by singing an anti-Semitic song and throwing Nazi salutes in a local pub before England's World Cup match in Volgograd, where more than a million Soviet soldiers died to stop the German assault since 1941, 77 years ago
1 July 2018:
1 July 2018: Russia’s soccer federation has been fined by FIFA for neo-Nazi banner at World Cup, as FIFA warned the Russian, Serbian and also Brazil’s federation for incidents involving its fans
4 July 2018 teenage protester detained:
4 July 2018: A Russian teenage activist was among four people detained after she staged a protest outside the World Cup stadium in St. Petersburg wearing a bloodied shirt that she said was intended to draw attention to the country's problems, Reuters reported
Media in Russia:
Media in Russia
-
Freedom of the press in Russia
-
Censorship in Russia
Killed journalists in Russia:
List of
journalists killed in Russia
2000-2008 under Putin:
Journalists killed in Russia since 2000 under Putin
2008-2011 during Medvedev presidency:
2008-2011 Journalists killed in Russia during Medvedev presidency
In July 2013 56 journalists killed in Russia since 1992 (motive confirmed):
9 July 2013: 56 journalists killed in Russia since 1992 (motive confirmed), CPJ says
Since 2012 journalists killed in Russia under Putin:
Since 2012 Journalists killed in Russia again under Putin
2 October 2020 Russian Koza Press journalist Irina Slavina has died following persecution:
2 October 2020: Russian journalist Irina Slavina, who worked as editor-in-chief at Koza Press, has died after setting herself on fire in front of the local branch of the interior ministry in the city of Nizhny Novgorod, a day after her apartment was searched by police, as opposition activists said Slavina had been under pressure and 'over the past years security officials have subjected her to endless persecution because of her opposition [activities]'
Assassinated Russian journalists:
Assassinated Russian journalists
May 2018:
29/30 May 2018: Russian journalist Arkady Babchenko, who was critical of Vladimir Putin, in particular of Russia's military intervention Ukraine and Syria, and who left Russia in 2017 after receiving death threats, collaborated with the SBU to expose Russian agents engaged in preparations for his contract killing and to assassinate 30 people in Ukraine
Newspapers and broadcasting in Russia:
Newspapers
in Russia
-
Broadcasting
in Russia
-
Russian television networks
-
Television in
Russia
2014:
20 January 2014: Centenary of WWI 1914-1918 largely ignored in Russia, 'The Moscow Times' says
-
28 April 2014: Violating international law, Russian television shows three captured Ukrainian security guards bloodied, blindfolded, stripped of their trousers and shoes, their arms bound with packing tape
in Slovyansk
,
where OSCE observers are also being held
-
14 May 2014: 94% of Russians get news about Ukraine from Russian TV channels according to a poll conducted by the Russian Public Opinion Study Center
-
20 May 2014: A total of 79.5% of respondents in all regions of Ukraine distrust the Russian media, according to a survey conducted by the Razumkov Center in April 2014
-
8 August 2014: Putin and Assad are using a lot of the same propaganda methods to conceal their crimes
Since 2014 Ukrainian crisis, Ukrainian revolution and Russian aggression in Russian media:
Since 2014 Ukrainian crisis and Russian aggression in the Russian media, propagandizing and of waging an information war during its coverage of the events
2015:
28 January 2015: Students in Kiev release YouTube video for their Moscow equivalents speaking out against 'rampant Kremlin propaganda' they say fuels the conflict in eastern Ukraine
-
1 March 2015: The West is ignoring some unpleasant truths about Putin
-
5 October 2015: A Russian TV forecaster predicts 'excellent weather' for bombing Syria
,
edited with footage
from a bombing raid
-
25 November: Pretending to show pilots of its downed Sukhoi Su-24 jet, Russian media publishes an old video dating back to April 2015 near Kweris airbase in Aleppo
2016:
23 May 2016: French TV channel busts Russian journalists on facts distortion
-
2 June 2016: According to a survey about Russians' attitude towards foreigners nearly three quarters of respondents are sure the USA are the most hostile state, Ukraine is the second with 48%, the third member of top-3 is Turkey
-
27 November 2016: Ice dancers on Russian television including Tatiana Navka, the wife of Vladimir Putin’s press secretary Dmitry Peskov, performed dressed in a ragged concentration camp uniform with a yellow star to the music of the Oscar-winning film 'Life is Beautiful'
June 2018 'reckless and defamatory allegations' in Skripal and Litvinenko cases:
22 June 2018: Marina Litvinenko and Alex Goldfarb have demanded retractions from Russian RT and the state-run 'Channel One' after they made a series of 'reckless and defamatory allegations' in March and April in the aftermath of the poisonings of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, screening libellous claims that Alexander Litvinenko was murdered by his close friend Alex Goldfarb
June 2019 support for detained journalist Golunov:
10 June 2019: In a show of rare solidarity, Russia's three major newspapers put out nearly identical front pages
to support detained journalist Ivan Golunov, as Kommersant, Vedomosti and RBK, among the most respected daily newspapers in Russia, published a joint editorial under the headline 'I am/We are Ivan Golunov', calling for a transparent probe into the case of the prominent investigative journalist
27 August 2021 Russia’s leading independent media have appealed to regime's Putin to halt crackdown:
27 August 2021: Russia’s leading independent media have appealed to regime's Putin and other officials to halt a crackdown on journalists under which some of the countries’ top outlets have been declared foreign agents or banned outright over the last year
15 March 2022 state Channel editor shouted during transmission ‘Stop the war. No to war’:
15 March 2022: Marina Ovsyannikova, an editor at Russia’s state Channel One television has interrupted the channel’s main news programme with an extraordinary protest against Putin’s invasion of Ukraine
,
bursting on to the set of the live broadcast of the nightly news on Monday evening, shouting 'stop the war. No to war'. She also held a sign saying 'don’t believe the propaganda. They’re lying to you here'.
Internet in Russia:
Internet in Russia
-
Internet censorship in Russia
-
Russian Internet blacklist
2014 Putin regime blocks opposition news websites:
14 March 2014: Putin regime blocks three major opposition news websites as well as the popular blog of Alexei Navalny amid the regime's standoff with the West over Ukraine
-
18 April 2014: Russia plans student web surveillance in new anti-terror law calling for continuous monitoring of Internet use in schools and universities
-
24 April 2014: Putin calls internet a 'CIA project' and warns Russians against making Google searches
-
25 April 2014: Petition to designate Russia as 'State Sponsor of Terrorism' available on White House website
2015:
24 June 2015: The secretive Russian agency that hires people to write pro-Kremlin propaganda on the web stepped into the public spotlight for the first time on Tuesday as former employee Savchuk took it to court for underpayment and labour violations and defending Nazarova made an offer but quickly left the court without speaking to the press
-
18 August 2015: Agency, that hired people to write pro-Kremlin propaganda, and sued by ex-employee Lyudmila Savchuk to 'bring the internet trolls out of the shade’, ordered by a Russian court to pay symbolic damages
December 2016 Russian blogger Kungurov convicted:
20 December 2016: Russian blogger Alexei Kungurov convicted to two years in a penal colony for a LiveJournal post criticising Russia's military operation in Syria
2017:
4 August 2017: Critics have accused Russian Putin regime of attempting to neuter the internet as a political threat after the authorities launched a crackdown on virtual private networks VPNs
February 2018 Russian threats against YouTube and Instagram:
13 February 2018: Russian regime has threatened to block access to YouTube and Instagram if the websites do not remove videos and photos of a Kremlin-linked oligarch’s meeting between Oleg Deripaska, an aluminium and mining tycoon, and Sergei Prikhodko, a Russian deputy prime minister, that was the subject of a recent investigation by Alexei Navalny, barred from challenging Putin in next month’s presidential election and using social media
April 2018:
16 avril 2018: Régime russe bloque la messagerie Telegram car elle a refusé de donner accès aux aux messages cryptés de ses utilisateurs
November 2019 Putin regime censoring the internet:
7 November 2019: Study details how Russian Putin regime succeeds in censoring the internet
18 March 2021 new Russian regime's measures against social media:
18 March 2021: Russian regime has told Twitter to delete the account of an opposition news outlet following threats to block the social network entirely if it did not remove 'banned content' within a month, part of a wider crackdown on social media and the opposition after protests supporting the jailed regime critic Alexei Navalny, which were organised via online platforms
Since 1991 Propaganda and cyberwarfare in the Russian Federation:
Since 1991
Propaganda in the Russian Federation
Since 2013/2014 Ukrainian crisis in Russian media and critical reactions in Russia:
Since 2013/2014 media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis and critical reactions in Russia
Cyberwarfare by Russia:
Cyberwarfare by Russia
Russian hacker groups:
22 June 2017: The World’s most dangerous hacker groups include 'Fancy Bear', which comes out of the GRU, Russia’s military intelligence agency, 'Cozy Bear', which represents the FSB, Russian antivirus firm Kaspersky and Sandworm group, believed to be associated with the Russians
Since 2004 GRU's 'Fancy Bear' cyber espionage group:
Since 2004 'Fancy Bear' cyber espionage group. Cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike has said with a medium level of confidence that it is associated with the Russian military intelligence agency GRU
-
Cyber attacks by 'Fancy Bear'
Since 2008 FSB's 'Cozy Bear' and attacks:
Since 2008 'Cozy Bear', a Russian hacker group believed to be associated with Russian intelligence, as the Dutch AIVD deduced from security camera footage that it is led by the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service
-
Cyber attacks by 'Cozy Bear'
Russian web brigades or troll farms:
Russian web brigades or troll farms are state-sponsored anonymous Internet political commentators and trolls linked to the Russian government, organized into teams and groups of commentators that participate in Russian and international political blogs and Internet forums using sockpuppets and large-scale orchestrated trolling and disinformation campaigns to promote pro-Putin and pro-Russian propaganda
-
Internet Research Agency, known in Russian Internet slang as the Trolls from Olgino, a Russian company based in Saint Petersburg, engaged in online influence operations on behalf of Russian business and regime's political interests
February 2020 effects of 'Putinism' are flashing back amid waves of false alarms for months:
10 février 2020: Depuis plus de deux mois, la capitale russe subit les assauts d'une vague de fausses alertes à la bombe qui perturbent administrations, écoles et entreprises, atteignant parfois mille alertes quotidiennes, sous le regard impuissant d'autorités largement silencieuses
Propaganda and use of social media in the Russian Federation:
Propaganda and
use of social media
in the Russian Federation
September 2018:
13 September 2018: Russian social network hosts 'Miss Hitler' beauty pageant
Cinema of Russia:
Cinema of
Russia
-
Russian films by genre
-
List of Russian films by period and year
December 2018:
8 December 2018: Financed by Russia’s Ministry of Culture and screened last month at the Russian Documentary Film Festival in New York, Russian WWII film comprised almost entirely of German propaganda footage shows war through sympathetic German lens
Pressure on independent media and control:
Pressure on independent media
2013:
10 December 2013: Putin dissolves Russian state news agency, tightens grip on media
2014:
14 janvier 2014: Le journaliste américain
David Satter
a affirmé qu'il avait été expulsé de Russie après avoir travaillé sur les manifestations pro-européennes en cours en Ukraine depuis novembre
-
14 January: Russia has barred US journalist David Satter who is critical of Putin for five years
-
14 March 2014: Putin regime censors media by blocking websites, adding Alexei Navalny blog and opposition news sites to banned list amid ongoing Ukraine crisis
-
15 March 2014: Russian propaganda war in full swing over Ukraine, alleging Ukraine government is run by anti-Semitic fascists
-
17 March 2014: Putin regime's TV says Russia could turn USA to 'radioactive ash'
-
22 April 2014: 'Russian Facebook' founder Durov flees country after selling his share in the company under pressure from the security services
-
27 September 2014: Curbs on foreign ownership will gut Russia's media after Russian parliament passed a law calling foreign ownership in domestic media assets at 20% and hitting some of the world's largest media companies
2016:
1 February 2016: Russian magazine 'New Times' cyber-attacked and fined after article on Putin's daughter, as Russian publications have recently begun to draw back the veil of secrecy, finding that Putin's daughters and their associates have enjoyed speedy success in politics and business along with other children of the regime
-
17 February 2016: Ukrainian Afanasyev, Crimean photographer and member of the resistance movement against the Russian occupation of Crimea, who testified in the Russian trial of filmmaker Oleh Sentsov and later recanted his testimony has been transferred to a harsh punishment cell and is being denied medical care despite worsening health
2017:
23 October 2017: ‘Nobody defends us’, Russian journalists say decrying climate of hatred after Tatyana Felgenhauer was stabbed in neck at Ekho Moskvy radio station
2018:
16 avril 2018: Régime russe bloque la messagerie Telegram car elle a refusé de donner accès aux aux messages cryptés de ses utilisateurs
April 2019:
15 April 2019: Russian authorities blocked a regional news website over the weekend over a report about graffiti insulting Vladimir Putin, according to its chief editor, under a new ban on insulting officials online, as critics say the measure is a form of direct state censorship
10/11 August 2019:
11 August 2019: Russian regime, after peaceful protests, tells Google not to advertise 'illegal' events
on its YouTube video platform
November 2019 Russian internet giant grants veto powers to regime-linked body:
18 November 2019: Yandex, the Russian search giant, has agreed to a corporate restructuring that will grant a veto over key company decisions, such as those covering the security of personal data and intellectual property, to Putin regime-linked body
December 2019 Putin's law to declare journalists and bloggers as 'foreign agents':
3 December 2019: Russia's Putin has signed a law that will allow regime to declare journalists and bloggers as 'foreign agents' in a move critics say will allow the Kremlin to target government critics
24 April 2020 journalists at Vedomosti rebel against editor accused of censorship:
24 April 2020: Journalists at the Russian business newspaper Vedomosti have rebelled against their new management after the paper’s editor was accused of banning criticism of constitutional amendments backed by Vladimir Putin and the use of data from an independent pollster
8 October 2021 Russia's Putin regime labels investigative news outlet Bellingcat a ‘foreign agent’:
8 October 2021: Russia's Putin regime labels investigative news outlet Bellingcat a ‘foreign agent’ along with nine people who work for Russian language news outlets or non-governmental organisations, as the designations are the latest in a crackdown on media outlets authorities in Moscow see as hostile
28 December 2021 Russia’s Supreme Court ruled that 'Memorial' should be shut down:
28 December 2021: Russia’s Supreme Court has ruled that 'Memorial', the country’s best-known human rights group, should be shut down, marking the latest step in a sweeping crackdown on rights activists, independent media and opposition supporters, as last month, prosecutors accused the Moscow-based Memorial Human Rights Centre and its parent structure, Memorial International, of violating Russia’s 'foreign agent' law, asking the court to dissolve them, 'Al Jazeera' reports
29 December 2021 Russian court orders closure of another human rights group 'Memorial Human Rights Centre':
29 December 2021: Russian court orders closure of another human rights group, as 'Memorial Human Rights Centre' liquidated a day after its sister group 'Memorial' in assault on civil liberties
Media opposition in Russia:
February 2014 state-owned or state-controlled companies owned over 60% of registered newspapers and periodicals:
27 February 2014: As Russian regime or state-owned or state-controlled companies in 2013 directly owned more than 60% of the country’s 45,000 registered local newspapers and periodicals, completely or partially owned approximately 66% of the 2,500 television stations, including all six national channels,
independent news outlets
running stories critical of the government often faced retaliation for such coverage
March/April 2014 RT protest at the deployment of Russia-backed forces in Ukraine:
6 March 2014: Moscow-funded RT television network presenter resigns live on air in protest at the deployment of Russia-backed forces in Ukraine, after another RT journalist criticized Russian military on her show
-
14 April 2014: After Russian regime has removed the longtime editor of popular Russian Internet news site Lenta.ru and taken the independent TV channel off air, about 5,000 Russians rallied in Moscow to protest at what they say is a government crackdown on independent media intended to stifle debate about the crisis in Ukraine
2015 West is ignoring some unpleasant truths about Putin:
1 March 2015: The West is ignoring some unpleasant truths about Putin
-
9 June 2015: Fifth birthday celebration for TV Rain, the small Russian television station that over the past five years has provided a small oasis of independent news and analysis
-
2 December 2015: International and European Federations of Journalists EFJ and IFJ join their affiliate Russian Union of Journalists RUJ and condemn 'Foreign Agent' labelling of leading Russian Media Freedom group
May 2018 MH17 victims families' open letter to the Russian people:
22 May 2018: In an open letter to the Russian people families of the victims in downing of MH17 hold the Russian regime as ultimately responsible for the deaths of their family members, expressing confidence in the thoroughness and impartiality of the work conducted by the Joint Investigation Team, and condemning reports on MH17 coming out of the Russian regime and state media, asking 'do Russian people really want to live in a country where the truth has ceased to exist'
Politics, repression, elections, social movements and protests in Russia:
Political repression in Russia
-
Protests in Russia
March
1917
:
On 8 March 1917, Putilov protesters were joined in uprising by those celebrating International Woman's Day and protesting against the government's implemented food rationing, both men and women flooded the streets of Petrograd, demanding an end to Russian food shortages, the end of World War I and the end of autocracy
-
8–16 March 1917 Russian Revolution, called February Revolution
-
Since 15 March 1917 Russian Provisional Government following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of the Russian Empire
8 March 2017: International Women’s Day demonstration in Petrograd on 8 March 1917 gave way to strikes that led to the overthrow of the tsar
Since March
2010
:
Since March 2010: Russian campaign 'Putin must go'
-
Strategy-31 defending freedom of assembly in Russia
September
2011
:
Campagnes
électorales
à la ...
-
24 September: Russia's Putin set to return as president in 2012
-
26 septembre 2011: Ministre de finances Koudrine démissionne à la demande de Medvedev
Legislative election December 2011 and protests:
Russian legislative election 4 December 2011
-
4 December: Russians voting in parliamentary poll amid allegations of violations of election law - 'Golos' leader Liliya Shibanova was held for several hours, her laptop confiscated
-
5 December: Putin party suffers setback - reports of mass fraud and more than hundred detained pro democracy protesters
-
5 December: 'United Russia', Putins tea party movement, wins election but ...
-
5 December: Russia elections - OSCE sees 'numerous violations
-
6 December: Activists detained after protests over results of criticised election
-
6 December: Protesters defy rally ban in Moscow
-
8 December: Gorbachev calls on Russia to annul vote
-
8 December: Putin accuses foreign countries, the USA over poll protests - in Prague Medvedev says investigation of election results possible
-
10 December: Moscow braces for fresh protests amid anger over disputed polls
-
11 December: Tens of thousands demonstrate against alleged vote fraud and demand end to Putin's rule in largest rallies in years across Russia
-
11 December: Medvedev orders probe into poll allegations
-
13. Dezember: Kündigungen in russischen Medien nach Wahlberichterstattung - Journalisten-Union verurteilt Zensur
-
25 December: Tens of thousands rally in growing protest against electoral fraud as Kremlin panel says it has proof of mass violations in parliamentary poll three weeks ago
2011/2012:
2011-2012 Russian protests
January
2012
:
1 January 2012: Russian riot police arrest dozens at protests in Moscow and Saint Petersburg
-
28 January: Putin critic barred from Russia elections in March
February 2012:
4 February: Tens of thousands of protesters have gathered in the Russian capital to demand fair presidential polls - PM's supporters gather for separate rally
-
20. Februar: Putins Wahlprogramm der Aufrüstung Rußlands mit 575 Mrd. Euro in den kommenden 10 Jahren
-
Polonium-Putin und die Molekularbiologie: "Wir sind ein Sieger-Volk, das haben wir in den Genen". (Putin am 23. Februar 2012)
-
26. Februar: Mit einem Sieg gegen eisige Kälte gelingt es in Moskau Zehntausenden binnen einer Stunde eine 16 km lange Menschenkette als Protest gegen Putin um das Stadtzentrum zu bilden
Presidential election March 2012 and protests:
Russian presidential election 4 March 2012
-
5 March: Putin alleges victory with more than 60 per cent of vote was fair, but rivals and opposition allege fraud and call for protests
-
6 mars: L'OSCE a dénoncé lundi une présidentielle russe 'biaisée' marquée par d'importantes irrégularités
-
6 mars: Interpellation de plusieurs centaines de manifestants anti-Poutine
-
6 March: Police in Moscow and Saint Petersburg break up protests against Putin's victory in Russian presidential vote
-
7 mars: l'opposition appelle à de nouvelles manifestations malgré les centaines d'interpellations de la veille
-
10 mars: L'opposition russe manifeste contre la victoire du président Poutine
-
12 mars: Les enquêteurs ukrainiens n'ont pas trouvé de preuves de la préparation en février par deux suspects arrêtés en Ukraine d'un attentat contre Vladimir Poutine, à moins d'une semaine de la présidentielle du 4 mars remportée par l'ex-agent du KGB
-
16 March: While political opponents of the president-elect Putin are sentenced to prison, political cronyism is alive and well
-
18 March: Dozens held at Moscow protest over 'pro-Putin' TV film that accused the opposition of paying anti-government protesters
April 2012:
2. April: Die russische Opposition gewinnt die Lokalwahl in der Wolga-Stadt Jaroslawl - Oppositionskandidat Jewgeni Urlaschow erhält rund 70 Prozent der Stimmen
May 2012:
6. Mai 2012: Putin beginnt seine erschlichene dritte Präsidentschaft mit Einschränkung der Demonstrationsfreiheit, Festnahmen und Gewalt
-
13 May: Protest 'stroll' of thousands in Moscow
-
16 May: Police detain Russian Anti-Putin protesters
-
17 May: Protesters set up new Moscow camp
-
20 May: Moscow protesters driven out again
-
22 May: A bill which massively increases the size of fines for unapproved rallies in Russia has begun its passage through parliament amid strong protests
June 2012:
1. Juni 2012: Zahlreiche Festnahmen bei Demonstrationen für das Recht auf Versammlungsfreiheit
-
6. Juni: Begleitet von Festnahmen von Regierungsgegnern beschließt Staatsduma die scharf kritisierte Verschärfung des Versammlungsgesetzes
-
8. Juni: Der Entscheid des russischen Parlaments, das Demonstrationsrecht einzuschränken, verstösst nach Einschätzung des russischen Menschenrechtsrats gegen die Verfassung
-
11 juin: Perquisitions chez des leaders de l'opposition avant une manifestation
-
12 juin: Forte mobilisation de l'opposition russe dans les rues de Moscou
July 2012:
7 July 2012: Russia house backs bill to tag NGOs as agents
-
13 July: Pro
Putin
Duma adopts NGO 'foreign agents' bill
-
27. Juli: Zeichen gegen die Repression - Solidaritätskundgebung in Moskau für die Gefangenen und Verfolgten vom 6. Mai
-
Russia today endangered by three singing women? On 30 July, three members of a punk band face seven years in prison for performing a 'punk prayer' against
Putin
-
31. Juli: Schlaf- und Nahrungsentzug für die drei angeklagten Frauen der Punk Band
-
31 July: Putin critic Alexei Navalny charged with theft
August 2012:
1. August: Die russischen Behörden haben gegen den bekannten Kreml-Kritiker Alexei Nawalny Anklage wegen Veruntreuung erhoben
-
7 August: Russian prosecutors ask for three-year sentence for the punk group who protested in a cathedral against
Putin
-
7. August: Im Büro des
Putin
-
Kritikers Alexei Nawalny werden Abhörwanze und Kamera entdeckt
-
15. August: Solidaritätskundgebung in Moskau für inhaftierte Punk Band Musikerinnen aufgelöst
-
17 August: Punk protesters get two-year jail sentences
-
17 August: The EU, US and human rights groups have condemned jail sentences imposed on three members of Russian punk band as 'disproportionate'
-
26 August: Two members of anti-Kremlin punk band escape from Russia
-
28. August: Acht Jahre Straflager für russische Aktivistin Taissja Ossipowa
September 2012:
12 September: Moscow allows new mass anti-Putin protest at the weekend
-
12 September: Russia PM Medvedev suggests that three activists from punk band should be freed
-
15 September: Tens of thousands of opposition supporters demonstrate in Moscow
against President Vladimir Putin's rule,
calling for greater freedom and equality four months after his inauguration
October 2012:
7 October: Russian police arrest anti-Putin protesters calling for answers in the death of journalist and Kremlin critic Anna Politkovskaya six years ago
-
10 octobre: Le procès en appel du groupe de punk-rock reprend dans l'ombre de Poutine
-
10 October: Russian appeals court frees one anti-Kremlin punk band member, keeps two in jail
-
14 October: First elections held for regional governors since Putin banned such direct voting 2004
-
17 October: Putin's investigators opened criminal proceedings against prominent protest leader Sergei Udaltsov, saying a documentary on a pro-Kremlin TV channel showed evidence he had plotted mass disorder
and placing him under house arrest
-
18 October: Opposition aide Konstantin Lebedev charged with plotting mass anti-government riots and could face a 10-year jail term
-
21 October: Opposition forces in Russia are holding a three-day national ballot to elect a leadership tasked with focusing the fight for fair elections
-
23 October: Russian opposition elected a new opposition leadership to fight for election reform
,
the biggest vote-getter was Alexei Navalny
-
23 October: Russia's lower house votes to broaden high treason laws
-
27 October: Several Russian opposition leaders have been detained while demonstrating against the claimed torture of fellow activist Leonid Razvozzhayev
December 2012:
15 December: Russian opposition leaders arrested at anti-Putin rally
-
24 December: Federal investigators open a third fraud inquiry into opposition leader and anti-corruption campaigner Alexei Navalny
-
26 December: Several protesters have been detained outside parliament ahead of a vote by the upper chamber on a bill which would ban Americans from adopting Russian children
January
2013
:
13 January: Tens of thousands protest in Moscow against the new law banning Americans from adopting Russian children
-
26 January: Hours after police detained more than 20 mostly young protesting opponents, Russia's parliament has given initial backing to a bill banning homosexual 'propaganda'
9 February: Russian court has put prominent opposition leader Sergei Udaltsov under house arrest for two months banning him from using the internet and telephone, amid accusations he incited mass disorder to overthrow Putin
March 2013:
25 mars: Les autorités russes poursuivaient lundi une vaste campagne de vérification des ONG, des enquêteurs faisant notamment irruption à l'antenne moscovite d'Amnesty International
-
30 March: Russian police detains around a dozen opposition activists for a rally to support their jailed colleagues
April 2013:
17 avril 2013: Ouverture du procès du principal opposant à Poutine, Alexeï Navalny
May 2013:
6 mai 2013: Grand rassemblement de l'opposition anti-Poutine pour le sombre anniversaire de la manifestation du 6 mai 2012 contre son retour au Kremlin
June 2013:
6 June: Former chess champion and anti-Kremlin activist Garry Kasparov has said he is staying out of Russia over fears he could be put on trial, becoming the latest Russian intellectual to leave his home country
amid the crackdown on the opposition
-
21 June 2013: Russia's Putin backs amnesty for white-collar crime
July 2013:
18 juillet: L'opposant Navalny reconnu coupable de détournement
-
19 July: After Alexei Navalny was sentenced to five years in jail, thousands protested in Moscow and St Petersburg
and prosecutors asked for him to be freed pending appeal
-
19 July: Alexei Navalny freed on bail
August 2013:
23 August: Putin bans protests in Sochi, restricts access
-
25 August: Russia arrests 10 activists marking 'Prague Spring' demonstation
-
25 August: Russian opposition leader Navalny arrested after campaign rally
8 September 2013 Moscow mayoral election:
Moscow mayoral election 8 September 2013
-
9 septembre 2013: L'opposant Alexeï Navalny a contesté dimanche soir la victoire annoncée du maire sortant de Moscou Sobianine, dénonçant des falsifications
-
10 September: Thousands of cheering supporters answered a call by Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny to rally in protest against Moscow mayoral election he said was rigged to hand victory to a Putin ally
-
23 September: Jailed punk band member Nadezhda Tolokonnikova starts hunger strike over prison conditions, saying she is made to work up to 17 hours a day and has had death threats from prison deputy
October 2013:
13 October: Several dozen journalists took to the streets of Saint Petersburg to demand the release of Denis Sinyakov, detained on piracy charges along with the crew of the Greenpeace 'Arctic sunrise'
-
15 October: Russian police rounded up more than 1,600 migrants on Monday in Moscow after rioting and violence against migrants swept through southern neighbourhood
-
16 October: Putin's political rival Alexei Navalny faces five years in jail
-
17 octobre: L'opposant Alexeï Navalny accueilli par des partisans à son retour en train à Moscou, après que sa peine de 5 ans de camp a été commuée en sursis
-
27 octobre: Plusieurs milliers de personnes dont Alexeï Navalny ont participé à une marche autorisée dans le centre de Moscou contre le régime de Poutine et pour soutenir les prisonniers politiques
-
29 octobre: Des centaines de Moscovites ont rendu hommage mardi aux victimes des répressions staliniennes, en lisant le nom de milliers d'habitants de la capitale russe fusillés en 1937 et 1938
October/November 2013:
2 November: After two hunger strikes Nadezhda Tolokonnikova sent to a hospital and a new penal colony
-
7 November: Concern mounting for Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, after her family said she had not been heard from since being transferred to a prison colony
December 2013:
22 December 2013: At a press conference in Berlin barely two days after he was freed from a Russian jail, Mikhail Khodorkovsky vowed to do all he can to ensure the release of other political prisoners in Russia
-
23 December: Out of jail, Punk band member Maria Alyokhina slammed her early release under a Kremlin amnesty as a 'PR stunt' from Putin
-
23 December: Punk band member Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, freed on Monday in a Kremlin-backed amnesty, slammed Russia's prison system and said that the whole country is built like a penal colony
February-April
2014
:
12 February 2014: Environmentalist Yevgeny Vitishko jailed for three years after Sochi Games protest
-
20 February: After being detained by police in Sochi, Russian punk group women beaten with whips by Cossacks
-
25 February: Outside trial over anti-Putin rally 2012
Russian police detain hundreds protesting against jailing of activists
-
2014 Russian anti-war protests
-
2 March: While authorities accommodated and encouraged a pro-government rally, a smaller protest against Ukraine intervention down the street was not sanctioned
-
2 March: Protesters in Moscow against Russian military intervention in Ukraine were quickly detained by police
-
15 March: Tens of thousands of anti-government protesters marched in central Moscow against Kremlin-backed referendum in Crimea
-
14 April: About 5,000 Russians, some waving Ukrainian flags, rallied in Moscow to protest at what they say is a government crackdown on independent media intended to stifle debate about the crisis in Ukraine
-
28 April: Criticising environmental and state corruption leads to threats, intimidation and the impossibility to object to grand projects which have the authorities behind them, exiled Suren Gazaryan says
July-December 2014:
24 July: Russian opposition leader Sergei Udaltsov convicted of organising rioting at anti-Putin protest along with activist Leonid Razvozzhayev in trial human rights groups call 'mockery of justice'
-
5 August: Russian authorities have banned a Siberian independence march, in sharp contrast to the treatment of separatists in Crimea and eastern Ukraine
-
17 August: Pro-federalism protests in Siberia banned and at least nine activists, calling for greater regional autonomy in Russia, detained by police over protests
-
21 September:
A huge column of protesters marched through Moscow to protest against Putin's role in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict that has claimed nearly 3,000 lives and pitted Russians against Ukrainians
-
30 novembre: Pour la première fois depuis des années, les personnels de santé descendent dans la rue dans plusieurs grandes villes de Russie, à Moscou ils vont manifester contre la fermeture de nombreux hôpitaux
-
14 December: Hundreds march in Moscow to protest against healthcare and education reforms
-
30 December: Opposition activist Navalny gets 3.5-year suspended sentence in his controversial fraud trial as his brother was handed a 3.5-year prison term
-
30/31 December 2014: Navalny again detained
after joining protest in Moscow
January-June
2015
:
5 January: After receiving suspended sentence amid ongoing house arrest, Putin regime critic Alexei Navalny says he would no longer comply with the absurd terms of his house arrest and cuts off monitoring tag
-
7 January: Alexei Navalny defies house arrest to go to his local store, quickly intercepted by three men who escorted him home
-
20 January: Hundreds of Russians marched in Moscow and Saint Petersburg, six years after lawyer Stanislav Markelov and journalist Anastasia Baburova were murdered by nationalists
-
28 February: Just a day before a planned protest against Putin's rule Russian opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead in Moscow
-
1 March: Tens of thousands march in memory of murdered politician Boris Nemtsov in Moscow, as many members of the democratic opposition blame regime and state-controlled media for pushing people toward aggression
-
1/2 March: Protesters, most of them of Russian or Ukrainian origin, rallied in New York near the Russian mission to the UN to denounce the murder of regime critic Boris Nemtsov, despite fear of reprisals to themselves or family members back in Russia
-
16 April: Police and special forces searched the Moscow office of Open Russia, a rights network led by Khodorkovsky, for protest flyers
-
18 April: Russian opposition parties of murdered Boris Nemtsov and anti-corruption blogger Navalny form alliance against Putin ahead of 2016 parliamentary elections
-
29 April: Russian Ministry of Justice has cancelled the registration of the Progress Party of Alexei Navalny
-
14 May 2015: The report 'Putin. War', the work of murdered Boris Nemtsov published on the website 'Putin. Results'
-
18 May: Russian anti-war protesters outside a key military headquarters in Tolyatti have demanded Russian regime withdraws regular servicemen from Ukraine, after two soldiers were captured on Ukrainian soil on May 16
-
24 May 2015: Putin signs law for shutting down 'undesirable' organizations
-
28 May 2015: Putin has turned Ukrainans and Russians into enemies, Russian opposition activist Ilya Yashin says visiting Kyiv in support of report on Russian intervention
-
7 June 2015: Several thousand protesters including scientists and intellectuals took to the streets of Moscow to express fears for the future of scientific research, after regime crackdowns
-
9 June: Russian regime's 'Investigative Committee' launches a criminal inquiry against Ilya Ponomaryov, the lone State Duma representative to vote against the 2014 annexation of Crimea from Ukraine
-
19 June 2015: My father was killed by Russian propaganda, says Nemtsov's daughter Zhanna Nemtsova
July/August 2015:
5 August 2015: An online petition signed by more than 170,000 people calls on the regime to rethink new law ordering destruction of sanction-busting imports and banned EU food products, saying it is grotesque to destroy food in a country where millions still live below the poverty line
-
11 August: As Russian regime continues mass destruction of banned food in retaliation for sanctions, online petition calling to overturn the decision has already gained 340,000 signatures
September 2015 regional elections in Russia:
11 September 2015: The Democratic Coalition party has been permitted to campaign for Russia’s regional elections in Kostroma, but even here, hecklers have found them
-
13 September 2015: Russian opposition party Parnas claims success in regional election in the province of Kostroma, but a regime pollster said it had not passed the 5% threshold
-
14 September: Polls have closed in regional elections, as opposition Democratic Coalition was only allowed to stand in one region
-
21 September: Thousands of people rallied on the streets of Moscow on Sunday against Putin
,
adressed by Illya Yashin
-
28 September: Russian police detain protesters rallying in St. Petersburg and Moscow for peace in Ukraine
October-December 2015:
18 October 2015: Russian anti-war protesters in Moscow slam Putin's wars in Syria and Ukraine
,
protesting against Russian airstrikes in Syria and also against the Russian regime's corruption
-
20 October 2015: Human rights activist Nadezhda Kutepova from a small town in the Urals has fled to Paris seeking asylum after adocumentary on state TV channel Rossia 1 portrayed her as an agent, accusing her of 'ndustrial espionage' and plotting against the nuclear industry
-
12 December 2015: Several protesters detained during Moscow rally on Russian Constitution Day
-
13 December 2015: Angry over the economic mismanagement of the country, Russian protesters rallied in Moscow, demanding to sack several top ministers over the crisis
February
2016
:
20 February 2016: Truck drivers in Russia strike in 45 regions over road tax
-
26/27 February 2016: Russian State Duma refuses to pay tribute to murdered Boris Nemtsov
,
as one year after his assassination crime remains unsolved
-
27 February: Vyacheslav Kislitsin, an organizer of an upcoming march to commemorate slain Kremlin critic Boris Nemtsov, has been severely beaten by unknown men in the city of Chelyabinsk
-
27/28 février 2016: Plusieurs milliers de personnes ont défilé dans les rues de Moscou et de Saint-Pétersbourg pour commémorer le premier anniversaire de l'assassinat de l'opposant
Boris Nemtsov et pour protester contre Poutine
March 2016:
8 March 2016: Dozens of activists detained in Moscow for rallying in support of Ukraine's Nadiya Savchenko
-
22 March: Several hundred people took to the streets of the Russian town of Artyomovsk to protest against poverty and unemployment, calling for better living conditions, long-sought housing repairs and the reelection of the authorities
April/May 2016:
8 April 2016: Protesters in St. Petersburg demand Putin's resignation over 'Panama Papers' scandal
-
6 May 2016: Russian activist Andrey Bubeyev gets three years in jail for claiming Crimea is Ukraine
June/July 2016:
June 2016: Around a thousand Russians protested against naming a new bridge in Saint Petersburg after Chechnya's Akhmad Kadyrov, after online petition against the 'Kadyrov's bridge' gained votes of around 70,000 people
-
20 July 2016: After in in almost 500 years no one (no tsar, no emperor, no general secretary, no president) has erected a statue to Ivan the Terrible, officials' plan to erect a statue of the bloodthirsty tsar near a children’s theatre has drawn outrage from locals in Oryol
August/September 2016:
3 August 2016: Since Putin came back to the Kremlin in 2012, Russia has arrested, detained or interrogated the mayors of more than 25 cities, only a tiny minority of them were from opposition parties
-
1 September 2016: Beslan mothers detained over anti-Putin protest at ceremony, after wearing T-shirts blaming Russian president for 2004 siege that left 186 children dead, and also journalists arrested, trying to film the brief protest
-
6 September 2016: Russia moves to silence Levada Centre after damning public opinion polls
September 2016 Russian legislative election:
18 September 2016 Russian legislative election
-
18 September 2016: The elections to Russia's State Duma violate international law because they take place in occupied Crimea as well, Ukrainian Foreign Ministry's Maryana Betsa says
-
19 September 2016: Sweden, USA, Romania, Denmark, Estonia and Lithuania declared they do not recognize Russian MP's to be elected in Crimea
-
19 September 2016: Pro-Putin party wins in Russian election, but nationwide turnout in Sunday's polls was only 47%, which analysts attribute largely to apathy amid hardships of an economic slowdown
-
19 September 2016: Statistical analysis of Sunday’s parliamentary election results appears to show evidence of some of the same irregularities that plagued the 2011 State Duma contest, according to the 'Moscow Times' and 'Slon news' website
29 September 2016:
29 September 2016: A hundred years after an epochal movement in Russia against war and its causes, only 300 people protest in Moscow against the start of the Russian regime’s murderous Syria bombing campaign, as the main driver of public opinion remains the slavishly pro-regime state media and its worldwide allies
,
as doctors in Aleppo say that the Russian and Assad regime's warfare is testing the conscience of the world, giving account that 'children ... are coming to us as body parts'
,
and as a Dutch-led international investigation team states that there is 'irrefutable evidence' that a Russian Buk 9M38 missile downed the Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777 in 2014 in Ukraine, killing all 298 people on board, also concluding that the Buk missile system was brought across the border from Russia and later transported back escorted by several other vehicles and by 'armed men in uniform', according to witnesses, photographs, video, damning intercepted telephone calls, radar data, forensic examinations, tests and reconstructions
December 2016:
16 December 2016: Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny claims he intends to hold an 'honest referendum' in Crimea and to completely fulfil Minsk agreements if elected Russia's president in 2018
February-November 2017 100th anniversaries of Russian February and November revolutions:
6 November 2017: February-November 2017 100th anniversaries of Russian February and November revolutions, as Putin - who has spoken out against the popular 'color revolution' uprisings that have toppled established regimes in the nations of the former U.S.S.R., especially the
Ukrainian 'Orange Revolution' 2005/2006
and
the
Euromaidan-protests since 2013
with the aim of 'building a new Ukraine and a new Ukrainian government' by creating a new Ukrainian constitution and removing corrupt politicians, judges and prosecutors - cannot openly celebrate the holiday the Soviets called
Red October
, essentially
the mother of all color revolutions
, according to the 'Washington Post'
Since
February 2017
pro Alexei Navalny and Boris Nemtsov movements in Russia:
8. Februar 2017: Nawalny am erneut schuldig gesprochen, um - wie er sagt - seine Präsidentschafts-Kandidatur zu verhindern
-
26 February 2017: Thousands of protesters have marched in Moscow and other Russian cities to mark two years since the opposition leader Boris Nemtsov was gunned down near the Kremlin, as many fear whoever ordered the killing will not be brought to justice and as law enforcement officers confiscated some posters that referred to Putin by name
Since March 2017 Russian protests:
Since March 2017 Russian protests
March 2017:
8 March 2017: Several female activists have been detained in Moscow after carrying posters with slogans such as 'A woman for president' and 'We're the majority', also trying to attach a banner to the walls of the Kremlin calling for the ouster of men from Russian politics
-
26 March 2017: Thousands gather in major Russian cities to protest against corruption in largest anti-government demonstrations for five years, with over a hundred detained including opposition leader and anti-corruption campaigner Alexei Navalny
-
27 March 2017: Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny in court following arrest, after tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets across Russia on Sunday in the biggest show of defiance since the 2011-12 anti-government protests
1/2 April 2017 anti-Putin protesters's plans for jailed opponent Navalny followed by arrests:
1 April 2017: Anti-Putin protesters plan next move as jailed opponent Navalny considers election bid
-
2 avril 2017: Une semaine après l'interpellation de centaines de personnes lors d'un rassemblement de milliers d'opposants, la police russe a arrêté dimanche une trentaine de manifestants d'opposition qui tentaient de défiler dimanche à Moscou, mais à Novossibirsk environ 400 personnes ont participé à une manifestation similaire et autorisée par la municipalité
8 April 2017 two years on, Russia hasn’t forgotten Jewish anti-Putin politician Boris Nemtsov's assassination:
8 April 2017: Two years on, Russia hasn’t forgotten Jewish anti-Putin politician Boris Nemtsov's assassination outside the Kremlin, as he’s become something of a cult figure in a country known for silencing dissenters. Of at least four films out about the martyred man at least two of the documentaries are the work of Russian Jewish artists.
29 April 2017 peaceful pro-Navalny protesters detained in several cities calling for Putin to quit:
29 April 2017: Dozens detained as Russians
in peaceful protests in several cities call for Putin to quit
14 May 2017: Thousands of protesters took to the streets of Moscow in a rally against a bill to tear down Soviet-era low-rise apartment buildings:
14 May 2017: Thousands of protesters took to the streets of Moscow in a rally against a bill to tear down Soviet-era low-rise apartment buildings and force them to live in high-rise blocks
June 2017 Russian protests:
9 June 2017: Russia's Alexei Navalny claims, if he is elected president, he is ready to withdraw Russian troops from the occupied areas of eastern Ukraine and hold a fair referendum in the Russian-annexed Crimea
-
13 June 2017: Over 1,500 people were detained mainly in Moscow and St Petersburg at nationwide anti-corruption protests and demonstrations, as Navalny supporters face court who himself was arrested at his block of flats before he could even make his way to the protest and quickly slapped with a 30-day jail sentence
-
13 June 2017: As 800 people were detained in Moscow and 900 in St Petersburg, several protesters were sentenced to 15 days in jail, including the opposition politician Ilya Yashin and political partner of Boris Nemtsov, who was murdered in 2015
23 June 2017 opposition and anti-corruption politician Alexei Navalny barred from standing against Putin in election:
23 June 2017: Russian opposition politician and anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny barred from standing against Putin in election, according to the regime’s Central Election Commission saying he was ineligible to run for office
July 2017:
23 July 2017: Russian demonstrators took to the streets of Moscow
to protest Internet censorship and demand the resignation of the head of Russia’s state media regulator
August 2017:
4 August 2017: Critics have accused Russian Putin regime of attempting to neuter the internet as a political threat after the authorities launched a crackdown on virtual private networks VPNs
-
22 August 2017: Russian investigators have arrested Kirill Serebrennikov, one of the country’s most prominent theatre directors, for fraud in a case that many fear is part of the ongoing crackdown on dissenting voices
September 2017:
29 September 2017: Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny says he has been detained by police as he left his Moscow home to attend a pre-election rally in the provincial town of Nizhny Novgorod
October 2017:
8 October 2017: Russian police violently broke up a rally in Saint Petersburg as thousands took to the streets across Russia Saturday on Putin’s 65th birthday
,
urging him to quit power
,
as rights group demands release
of scores of peaceful protesters detained at rallies
-
22 octobre 2017: Alexeï Navalny a annoncé dimanche avoir été libéré après avoir passé vingt jours en prison pour l'organisation de manifestations
6/7 November 2017 a hundred years later legacy of the Russian revolutions 1917 and Putin regime's confusion:
Legacy of the Russian revolution in October/November 1917
-
6 November 2017: A hundred years later, Russians are split over whether the revolution should be commemorated at all, showing Putin regime's confusion
-
7 novembre 2017: La moindre forme de contestation est immédiatement diabolisée par le régime en 2017 et la police russe a arrêté pendant le week-end des centaines de manifestants anti-Poutine descendus dans la rue
27 November 2017 anchor at TV Rain Mikhail Fishman explains how Russia is killing what little independent press it has:
27 November 2017: Anchor at TV Rain Mikhail Fishman (and the former editor in chief of Russian Newsweek and Moscow Times) explains how Russia is killing what little independent press it has, after he began to cover protest demonstrations - following Putin's return to his throne in the Kremlin after a four-year intermission as PM - for TV Rain and got a strong foothold with its exclusive in-depth coverage of Bolotnaya Square protests in Moscow
-
2017-2023 Anchor at TV Rain's anchor Mikhail Fishman - who - further explained how the Kremlin treated the Panama Papers, that implicated members of Putin’s inner circle in an alleged $2 billion money-laundering scheme and identified musician and Putin’s close friend Sergei Roldugin as the owner of a number of offshore companies allegedly helping to channel funds back to Russia. Mikhail Fishman further said 'it wasn’t always like this'. 'In the late 1980s, after decades of Soviet censorship, Russian media emerged as harbingers of freedom and a key institution of the new system of checks and balances – the one that was expected to become a civilized democracy in the future. That didn’t work out as initially planned. It was turned into an industry deprived of purpose and competitiveness.'
-
Mikhail Fishman on
10 February 2023
- in a blog of the Kennan Institute offering insights into Russia’s politics, history, culture and society - Mikhail Fishman reported that 'in
Krasnodar
, a city in the south of Russia, a local couple has been detained after they sympathized with Ukraine in a private conversation in a restaurant, and another visitor joined their discussion, that in
Nizhny Novgorod
, a mechanic at an aircraft factory was fined 30,000 rubles after the authorities received a report that he was tearing leaflets supporting the Russian military off the factory walls, that in
Tver
, 160km northwest of Moscow, a local official reported on two women who had laid flowers and soft toys at a local memorial to victims of political repression as a tribute to the Ukrainians who had died in the shelling of a residential building in Dnipro on January 14, that in the small town of
Kasimov
, 300km from Russia, the police identified a woman who had left an antiwar message in a public bathroom in a local shopping mall, that in
Saratov
, a city on the Volga river, a doctor in a local perinatal center received the same fine, 30,000 rubles, after she said she opposed the war in Ukraine, as in
Moscow
, there is hardly any reminder of the war, apart from the increased number of police and the officially installed letters Z and V, emblems of Putin’s war.
December 2017:
7 December 2017: Opposition's campaign gathers steam ahead of 2018 election, but supporters face threats and intimidation, targeting whole families
-
24 December 2017: Supporters of opposition politician Alexei Navalny have been gathering in some 20 Russian cities to back his bid to run in March's presidential poll
-
26 décembre 2017: Suite au rejet de sa candidature à l'élection présidentielle de mars 2018, Alexeï Navalny appelle au boycott du scrutin
January
2018
:
28 January 2018: After authorities in Moscow and St Petersburg refused to give permission for anti-Putin protests, opposition supporters rallied in about 100 cities across Russia, as in Moscow about 2,000 people defied bitter cold and a heavy police presence to gather in Pushkin Square
-
28 January 2018: Hundreds detained at rallies across Russia
,
Alexi Navalny's office raided by Putin's police, and Navalny and 15 others arrested in Moscow attempting to join protest
-
28 January 2018: Russia's youth takes the lead in countrywide protests against Putin, saying 'Money and power, that's all that Putin wants'
February/March 2018:
12 February 2018: Yabloko opposition party warns of a string of attacks on political and civic activists in St. Petersburg in the past month, including the late January death of local activist Konstantin Sinitsyn, the beating of human rights activist Dinar Idrisov and the kidnapping and reported torture of antifascist activists Viktor Filinkov, Igor Shishkin and Ilya Kapustin
-
25 février 2018: Plusieurs milliers de personnes ont défilé dimanche à Moscou pour rendre hommage à l'ancien opposant à Vladimir Poutine, abattu le 27 février 2015 en plein centre de la capitale russe alors qu'il travaillait sur un rapport concernant le conflit en Ukraine
-
25 February 2018: At least three people were detained at the Moscow march, as about 7,600 democrats gathered to honor slain opposition politician Boris Nemtsov and as rallies were also held in several other cities, including St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg
-
25 February 2018: Disparate political movements in opposition to Russia's Putin came together for a brief few hours to march in the memory of murdered opposition politician Boris Nemtsov
-
17 March 2018: Days before Russia’s presidential elections, police are trying to seize documents that give activist observers access to polling stations and independent elections watchdog Golos has unexpectedly seen its office lease revoked
March 2018 Russian presidential election:
18 March 2018 Russian presidential election
-
19 March 2018: Despite opposition activists highlighting cases of vote rigging, Putin secures win in Russian presidential election
-
19 March 2018: OSCE says Russian presidential election was characterized by restrictions on fundamental freedoms, lack of genuine competition
and had been marked by unfair pressure on critical voices
-
21 March 2018: Reporters have photographed what appears to be evidence of people voting twice in Russia’s presidential election
Since 23 March 2018:
27 March 2018: Thousands of angry and distraught Russians have rallied in Siberian city of Kemerovo to demand a full probe into a shopping centre fire that killed at least 64 people, many of them children
-
28 mars 2018: Les Russes et proches de victimes réclamaient la tête des autorités locales et exigeaient justice à Kemerovo, alors que le pays observe mercredi une journée de deuil après l'incendie meurtrier d'un centre commercial dû à des violations choquantes des règles de sécurité
May 2018:
5 May 2018: Pro-democracy and anti-Putin protest rallies titled 'He's not our tsar' launched across Rusian cities, set up by supporters of the Russian opposition's Alexei Navalny, also saying 'Enough lies' and 'Enough war'
-
5 mai 2018: Plusieurs manifestants qui se sont réunis pour contester l'investiture de Poutine, ont été interpellés 'de manière brutale'
-
7 May 2018: The infamous 'Cossacks' who were seen whipping and beating up peaceful protesters at a #notourtsar rally in Moscow had previously taken part in Donbas hostilities as part of Putin regime's proxy forces in his hybrid war against Ukraine
and are to patrol the streets of the Russian capital at the World Cup
-
11 mai 2018: L'opposant Navalny de retour au tribunal pour avoir organisé des manifestations avant l'investiture de Poutine pour un quatrième mandat, dispersées manu militari par la police assistée d'unités paramilitaires
June 2018
World Cup protests:
10 June 2018: Students make rare protest against World Cup, as students at Moscow State University want soccer fan zone moved, fearing destruction of green space and eviction from dorms
-
10 June 2018: Demonstrators have taken to the center of Moscow to protest against mass violations of human rights in Russia and to call for the release of political prisoners
-
16 June 2018: Diversity House, organised by a group of NGOs, and Diversity fan zone on the sidelines of the World Cup blocked from opening in St Petersburg
June 2018
pension-reform protests:
20 June 2018: Planned protests against Russian regime's pension-reform legislation, announced the day the football World Cup began, come amid tightened restrictions on demonstrations in cities hosting the World Cup
July 2018
World Cup protests:
4 July 2018: A Russian teenage activist was among four people detained after she staged a protest outside the World Cup stadium in St. Petersburg wearing a bloodied shirt that she said was intended to draw attention to the country's problems, Reuters reported
July 2018
protests against retirement age hike:
1 July 2018: Thousands of Russians protested on Sunday in 39 cities across the country over a government decision to increase the retirement age, but there were no demonstrations in the cities hosting the World Cup because of security restrictions in force during the tournament
-
19 July 2018: From Omsk to St. Petersburg, Russians took to the streets to protest the government’s controversial pension reform program that would see a hike in the country’s retirement age
,
a plan announced the day the football World Cup began, and that would see the age raised gradually from 60 to 65 for men, and from 55 to 63 for women
-
29 juillet 2018: Des dizaines de milliers de Russes à Moscou et dans des dizaines d'autres villes ont participé samedi à des manifestations organisées à travers le pays par le Parti communiste contre un projet de hausse de l'âge du départ à la retraite
August 2018:
25 août 2018: L'opposant russe Alexeï Navalny arrêté à Moscou et blessé au doigt lors de son interpellation pour avoir participé à une manifestation antigouvernementale en janvier dernier
September 2018:
2 September 2018: Thousands of people across Russia joined protests, organized by different parties, against regime's plans to raise the pension age, also calling for taxing Russia’s oligarchs instead of raising the retirement age, despite recent promises to soften the unpopular measure
September 2018 regional elections:
September 2018 Russian regional elections
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9 September 2018: On election day, anti-regime protesters rally across Russia against pension age hike as police detain hundreds
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10 September 2018: Support for Russia's ruling party slips in regional elections amid pension protests
18 September 2018:
18 September 2018: Pyotr Verzilov, one of four members of Pussy Riot who invaded the pitch dressed in police uniforms during the World Cup final in Moscow to protest against excessive Russian police powers, fell ill after a court hearing last Tuesday, as German doctors now treating him say claims he was poisoned are 'highly probable' based on his symptoms
23 September 2018:
23 September 2018: Thousands of Russians held authorised protest rallies organised by different groups across the country on Saturday as anger continues over the regime’s pension plan
October 2018:
8 October 2018: Trust in Putin and Russia’s ruling party have declined steeply over the past year with analysts pointing to the regime’s controversial pension changes as the main reason, as only 39% of Russians listed Putin as a politican they trust, a 20% decrease from November 2017
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14 October 2018: Alexei Navalny released after back to back prison stints for organizing anti-corruption protests, says he will not be intimidated
19 October 2018:
19 October 2018: Moscow city authorities have refused permission for an annual ceremony honouring victims of Soviet dictator Josef Stalin, according to Russia’s most prominent human rights group, saying withdrawal of permission is outrageous
November 2018:
13 November 2018: Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny was stopped at the border and barred from leaving Russia as he was about to travel to a court hearing at the European Court for Human Rights in France
,
and as 'there is no explanation why'
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14 November 2018: Alexei Navalny flies out of Russia after ban lifted, without responding to a request for comment regarding Navalny’s allegations that Russian regime's actions were illegal
24 February
2019
:
24 February 2019: Thousands of Russians gathered in central Moscow for an annual march in memory of Russian opposition leader Boris Nemtsov, who was shot and killed a stone's throw from the Kremlin in 2015, marching behind a banner reading 'we have given Russia away to the crooks, it's time to take it back', as a demonstration also began in St Petersburg
March 2019:
10 mars 2019: Des milliers de personnes ont manifesté en Russie contre un projet de loi visant à se doter d'un Internet indépendant, mais que ses détracteurs accusent de 'censure' et de tentative d''isoler' le pays du reste du monde
June 2019 journalist Ivan Golunov detained and severely beaten:
8 June 2019: Russian journalist Ivan Golunov, known for investigating corruption among Moscow city officials, was detained in central Moscow on Thursday on his way to a meeting with a source and has been charged with large-scale drug trafficking, but his lawyer, his employer and colleagues say he has been framed
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9 June 2019: Russian journalist Ivan Golunov released and moved to house arrest after hundreds of supporters picket police HQ, pending trial on drug charges
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10 June 2019: In a show of rare solidarity, Russia's three major newspapers put out nearly identical front pages
to support detained journalist Ivan Golunov, as Kommersant, Vedomosti and RBK, among the most respected daily newspapers in Russia, published a joint editorial under the headline 'I am/We are Ivan Golunov', calling for a transparent probe into the case of the prominent investigative journalist
11/12 June 2019 charges against Golunov dropped, protesters detained:
11 June 2019: Thousands of protesters are to march in Moscow in support investigative journalist Ivan Golunov, arrested on controversial drug-dealing charges that are widely seen as an attempt to silence his reports on corruption, as more than 20,000 people have so far expressed an interest on Facebook in attending the march on Wednesday
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11 juin 2019: Les autorités russes ont disculpé mardi le journaliste d'investigation Ivan Golounov, qui été accusé de trafic de drogue dans une affaire qui a provoqué l'indignation de la société civile
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12 June 2019: At least 423 people reportedly detained in central Moscow as protesters rallied to demand that charges be brought against the police officers who planted drugs on investigative journalist Ivan Golunov, whose arrest sparked widespread public anger
20 July 2019 protest demanding free and fair local polls:
20 July 2019: More than 10,000 people, including prominent opposition politicians, have gathered in Moscow to demand free and fair local polls, an NGO that tracks participation in protest rallies says
22 July 2019 activist Yelena Grigoryeva murdered:
22 July 2019: Russian campaigners have said that Yelena Grigoryeva found murdered with multiple stab wounds in the city of Saint Petersburg was a well-known activist of democratic and anti-war movements including demands for freedom of Ukrainian political prisoners, who had received threats over her protests for LGBT rights and opposition causes, reported to the police who took no action
24 July 2019 Navalny arrested:
24 July 2019: Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny arrested ahead of planned protests in Moscow on Saturday, some weeks after he had been jailed for 10 days
27/28 July 2019 opposition protest and arrests:
27 July 2019: Russian police have started detaining people gathering in central Moscow for an opposition protest on Saturday
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28 juillet 2019: La police russe a arrêté 1373 personnes qui manifestaient samedi à Moscou pour des élections libres, selon un bilan dimanche de l'ONG OVD-Info spécialisée dans le suivi des manifestations
29 July 2019 detained Navalny hospitalized with an 'acute allergic reaction':
29 July 2019: Russian regime critic Alexei Navalny is hospitalized after being detained
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29 July 2019: Jailed opposition politician Alexei Navalny might have been exposed to an unidentified 'toxic agent', his personal doctor Anastasia Vasilyeva said, adding that health officials at Moscow's hospital No 64, which treated him, have behaved strangely
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29 July 2019: Navalny's doctor Anastasia Vassilieva says he has been discharged from hospital and will now be transferred back to jail, adding that he 'needs to be under close medical supervision', and should be allowed to call his relatives
30 July 2019 nearly 1,400 detained demonstrators:
30 July 2019: All of the opposition candidates running in Moscow’s local elections have been placed under arrest or sentenced to jail over a Moscow protest in an unprecedented act, as nearly 1,400 demonstrators were detained, some violently, during Saturday’s rally to demand that opposition-minded candidates be allowed onto the ballot in Moscow's city council elections
2 August 2019 regime's threats:
2 August 2019: Russian Putin regime has threatened protesters in Moscow with lengthy jail sentences in an attempt to dampen an unexpected surge in protest mood before a planned rally on Saturday
3 August 2019 mass arrests of protesters including Lyubov Sobol:
3 August 2019: As nearly 200 pro-democracy demonstrators detained in protest triggered by refusal to let opposition candidates stand in elections, Russian police also detain opposition leader Lyubov Sobol, heading to rally against exclusion of candidates such as herself from Moscow election
4 August 2019:
4 August 2019: Russia’s anti-Putin opposition said it was planning a nationwide protest next weekend despite police forcibly detaining over 1,000 people on Saturday for attending peaceful march in Moscow to demand free elections and to protest against the exclusion of their candidates from the Moscow election next month
10 August 2019 pro-democracy protests:
10 août 2019: Environ 40'000 personnes se sont rassemblées samedi à Moscou pour protester contre l'exclusion des candidats d'opposition aux élections locales de septembre, encadré par une forte présence policière, et d'autres rassemblements ont eu lieu dans plusieurs villes de Russie
11 August 2019 more than 300 peaceful demonstrators arrested:
11 August 2019: More than 300 anti-Putin demonstrators were arrested, including 244 in Moscow and 81 in St Petersburg, as tens of thousands of people defied a crackdown by Russian authorities to stage what is believed to be the country’s biggest political protest for eight years, shouting 'down with the tsar' and peacefully demanding free elections to local legislatures
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11 August 2019: Russian regime, after protests, tells Google not to advertise 'illegal' events
on its YouTube video platform
17 August 2019 protest:
17 August 2019: Russian opposition activists staged a string of pickets in central Moscow to call for free elections and for charges against protesters detained at recent rallies to be dropped
23 August 2019 Alexeï Navalny free and healthy again:
23 août 2019: Alexeï Navalny, a été libéré de prison vendredi après 30 jours passés en détention pour des appels à manifester et un traitement à l'hôpital pour ce que les médecins ont qualifié de 'grave réaction allergique', tandis que l'opposant n'a pas exclu d'avoir été 'empoisonné'
31 August 2019 protest:
31 August 2019: Thousands of Russians took to the streets of central Moscow to demand free elections to the capital's city legislature on 8 September, defying a ban which has been enforced with violent detentions during previous protests, as weeks of demonstrations over local elections have turned into the biggest sustained protest movement in Russia since 2011-2013
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31 août 2019: On dénombre près de 2700 arrestations depuis le début du mouvement, alors qu'une nouvelle marche de protestation se tenait dans la capitale moscovite samedi
September 2019 Russian elections:
8 September 2019 Russian elections of governors in 19 subjects, among which 16 by direct votes and 3 by indirect votes, and of legislatives bodies in 13 subjects
-
8 September 2019 Moscow City Duma election
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8 September 2019 Saint Petersburg gubernatorial election
-
8 September 2019: Russians vote in regional elections after biggest protests in years triggered by the exclusion of opposition candidates
and crackdown on dissent
9 September 2019 strong opposition in Moscow:
9 September 2019: Russia's ruling United Russia party, which backs Putin, has lost one third of its seats in the Moscow parliament
,
as opposition candidates won almost half the seats
12 September 2019 Putin regime raids opposition:
12 September 2019: Following successful election strategy which cut the presence of pro-government candidates in Moscow legislature by a half, Putin regime's police are raiding homes and offices of supporters of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny in 43 Russian cities in more than 150 raids, including robbery attempts to confiscate equipment, as police have also searched the home of Sergei Boyko, who came second with nearly 20% of the vote in the mayoral election in Russia's third-largest city of Novosibirsk last Sunday, and homes of three of Golos monitoring group's regional coordinators
18 September 2019 mounting campaign to release protesters and bystanders:
18 September 2019: Mounting public campaign in support of anti-government activists and even bystanders caught up in opposition rallies to be freed
22 September 2019 northwest Russia protests:
22 September 2019: Several thousand people have taken to the streets across northwest Russia to protest a controversial plan to build a major waste plant there, as protesters rallied in more than a dozen towns in the area against the dump
29 September 2019 protest against police brutality:
29 September 2019: Thousands of Russians rallied in Moscow on Sunday to demand the release of protesters jailed in what Kremlin opponents says is a campaign to stifle dissent, following allegations of police brutality and harsh jail sentences that sparked an unusual public outcry
30 September 2019:
30 septembre 2019: Un tribunal moscovite a commué lundi la lourde condamnation d'un acteur accusé de 'violences' au cours d'une manifestation en une peine d'un an de prison avec sursis
9 October 2019:
9 octobre 2019: 'Le Fonds de lutte contre la corruption', organisation gérée par le principal opposant au Kremlin Alexeï Navalny, est accusé d'être un 'agent de l'étranger'
15 October 2019 opposition offices across the country raided:
15 October 2019: Russian police on Tuesday conducted nationwide raids on the offices of opposition politician Alexei Navalny's anti-corruption foundation, as Lyubov Sobol said 'shameless bastards from the Kremlin are seeking revenge for ‘Smart Voting’ and trying to destroy a network of our offices'
20 December 2019 climate activist sentenced to six days in prison:
20 December 2019: Russian 25-year-old climate activist and violinist Arshak Makichyan has been sentenced to six days in prison for taking part in a demonstration in Moscow, as supporters said the punishment was disproportionately severe, and was one of the harshest crackdowns on student campaigners anywhere in the world
26 December 2019 Anti-Putin activist Ruslan Shaveddinov 'forcibly conscripted' and Navalny again detained:
26 December 2019: Anti-Putin activist Ruslan Shaveddinov 'forcibly conscripted' and sent to Arctic, as opposition leader Navalny says 23-year-old is a ‘political prisoner’ after being taken to secret and remote air defence base
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26 December 2019: Moscow police again detain opposition leader Navalny when police forced their way into his organization's office Thursday, according to his spokeswoman Kira Yarmysh, without information on charges
January
2020
former KGB Putin plans to stay in power past 2024:
15 January 2020: Russian government quits as regime's former KGB Putin plans to stay in power past 2024
20 February 2020: Russian lawmakers call for relaxing rules on Nazi symbols:
20 February 2020: Russian lawmakers call for relaxing rules on Nazi symbols, after Nazi Germamy committed the biggest mass murder in human history in their country
29 February protest against Putin regime:
29 février 2020: L'opposition défile contre Vladimir Poutine
10 March 2020 constitutional amendment to allow Putin to run again for president backed by his party:
10 March 2020: Russia's ruling United Russia party said it would back a constitutional amendment that would allow war criminal Putin to run for president again despite a legal limit currently prohibiting such a move
29 May 2020 protesters against arrest of Russian journalist detained:
29 May 2020: Police in Moscow and St. Petersburg detained 25 people who came out to protest Friday against the arrest of a prominent Russian journalist, the OVD-Info rights group said
2 July 2020 Putin regime wins vote that could let Putin rule until 2036:
2 July 2020: Putin regime wins Russian vote that could let regime's head Vladimir Putin rule until 2036, as amendments include also constitutional mention of ‘faith in God’
24 July 2020 Russian defendant alleges police torture:
24 July 2020: Ruslan Kostylenkov, defendant in a controversial Russian extremism case, has accused the police of beating and sexually assaulting him in order to obtain a confession, the latest accusation of police torture in a high-profile trial in the country
Since 11 July 2020 Khabarovsk Krai protests in support of arrested governor Sergei Furgal:
Since 11 July 2020 protests in Khabarovsk Krai
in support of the current governor, Sergei Furgal, after his arrest, as protests in support of Furgal also took place in other cities including Novosibirsk, Vladivostok and Omsk
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Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia
18 July 2020 thousands in Khabarovsk protest against arrest of governor Sergei Furgal:
18 July 2020: Tens of thousands of people in the Russian city of Khabarovsk have turned out for a protest over the arrest of the region’s governor Liberal Democratic party's Sergei Furgal, elected governor in 2018 with unexpected victory
19 July 2020: 50,000 people took to the streets on Saturday in Khabarovsk:
19 July 2020: 50,000 people took to the streets on Saturday in Khabarovsk, a city 6,100 miles east of Moscow, to demand the return of Sergei Furgal, a former scrap metals trader, as Putin regime is poised to replace a governor from Russia’s far east charged with crimes, potentially kindling a fresh round of public anger that has already ignited the largest protests in the region’s history
25 July 2020 protest:
25 juillet 2020: D’importantes manifestations contre le gouvernement russe se sont de nouveau déroulées samedi dans la région russe de Khabarovsk, en Extrême-Orient, après l’arrestation d’un gouverneur populaire et son remplacement cette semaine par un homme nommé par le régime de Poutine et qui n’a jamais vécu dans cette région
29 July 2020 Putin’s trust rating falls to new low amid far east protests:
29 July 2020: Putin’s trust rating falls to new low amid far east protests
,
as nearly half of Russians support anti-Kremlin protests in far east, according to poll
1/2 August 2020 Khabarovsk saw a fourth consecutive massive rally Saturday:
1/2 August 2020: Russian far east protesters turn out by the thousands as crackdown intensifies, and as despite multiple arrests of protesters this week, Khabarovsk saw a fourth consecutive massive rally Saturday
August 2020 poisoning of Alexei Navalny:
August 2020 poisoning of Alexei Navalny
who fell ill during a flight from Tomsk to Moscow and was hospitalized in Omsk, as his spokeswoman said that he was in a coma
20 August 2020 Russian activist Alexei Navalny unconscious after being 'poisoned':
20 August 2020: Russian opposition activist Alexei Navalny is unconscious in hospital after allegedly being poisoned with a toxic substance in his tea, according to his press secretary Kira Yarmish, as Navalny has campaigned against Putin’s rule for years and was now travelling through several cities in Siberia to back candidates he supports in local elections involving 40 million voters next month, also calling for more volunteers, stating 'these crooks won’t kick themselves out of office'
21 August 2020 local doctors refuse to authorize Navalny's transfer to a top German medical facility from a Siberian hospital:
21 August 2020: Family and allies of comatose Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who has been in a coma for a day, were fighting Friday to get him flown to a top German medical facility from a Siberian hospital but local doctors refused to authorize the transfer
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21 August 2020: Alexei Navalny's wife asks Putin to let him be treated in Germany after doctors refuse to allow Kremlin critic to leave country
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21 August 2020: Kremlin says refusal to evacuate Navalny 'purely medical decision'
24 August 2020 Navalny is in serious condition:
24 August 2020: Berlin’s Charité hospital's tests indicate that Alexei Navalny was the victim of a poisoning, clinic has reported in the first medical corroboration of an attempt on the Kremlin critic’s life, while Charité hospital did not identify the specific poison responsible for Navalny’s sudden illness, saying the substance was part of a group that affects the central nervous system, and includes nerve agents and pesticides, and that Navalny is in serious condition, but 'there is currently no acute danger to his life'
13 September 2020 Russian local elections:
13 September 2020 local elections will be held including the election of the heads of 17 Republics and the election of deputies of legislative bodies in 11 districts of the Russian Federation
14 September 2020 Navalny allies win council seats in regional polls:
14 September 2020: As in several dozen of Russia’s 85 regions citizens voted for regional governors and lawmakers in regional and city legislatures as well as in several by-elections for national MPs, allies of poisoned Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny have said they have secured city council seats in Siberia as independent monitors condemned a reported 'stream' of voting irregularities in regional polls
13-17 January
2021
Navalny will return to Russia:
13 janvier 2021: Empoisonné en août et en convalescence en Allemagne, l’opposant russe Navalny annonce qu’il rentrera en Russie le 17 janvier
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13 January 2021: Alexey Navalny says he will return to Russia on Sunday after being poisoned, and after recent reporting from investigative group Bellingcat and CNN revealed that Russia's FSB had formed an elite team specializing in nerve agents that trailed Navalny for years
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17 January 2021: Alexei Navalny to fly into Moscow in challenge to Putin, as fascist Putin regime is likely to seek retaliation for a Bellingcat investigation that traced the movements of an FSB hit team that shadowed Navalny around Russia for years, and as Navalny himself elicited a confession by telephone from one of the men who took part in the operation
17 January 2021 Alexei Navalny detained at airport on return to Russia:
17 January 2021: Alexei Navalny detained at airport on return to Russia, picked up after landing in home country following recovery from poisoning
18 January 2021 Putin murder gang continues human rights violations as Navalny forced to appear in court:
18 January 2021: Alexei Navalny has appeared in court for the first time following his arrest at Moscow’s Sheremetyevo airport, amid growing international condemnation of the Russian opposition leader’s detention, as Navalny in a video called the court hearing 'lawlessness of the highest order' and said a judge was reviewing a request from a police official to keep him in custody
19 January 2021 Kremlin highlights regime not scared of Alexei Navalny:
19 January 2021: As Kremlin spokesman highlights conspicuously regime not scared of Alexei Navalny, Putin regime likely to block protests planned for Saturday in support of jailed opposition leader
22 January 2021 Navalny team releases investigation into Putin’s wealth:
22 January 2021: Alexei Navalny’s team has released a mammoth investigation into Vladimir Putin’s wealth, including a £1bn palace on the Black Sea allegedly built for the Russian president that the opposition leader called 'the biggest bribe in history'
22 January 2021 Putin regime detains Navalny aides and warns against Saturday protests:
22 January 2021: Russia is braced for mass protests on Saturday as thousands of supporters of the opposition leader Alexei Navalny are expected to hold rallies across the country to call for his release from jail, as police are expected to break up the unsanctioned demonstrations in Moscow, St Petersburg and dozens of other cities in what allies of Navalny say is their best chance of convincing the Putin regime to free him
Since 23 January 2021 Russian protests against Putin's terrorist policy:
Since 23 January 2021 Russian protests in more than 190 towns and cities in Russia, following Navalny’s almost succeeded August 2020 Novichok poisoning
23 January 2021 over 2,000 citizens arrested in Russia at Navalny rallies:
23 January 2021: The OVD-Info monitor reported that Putin regime's police seized at least 2,131 demonstrators at the protests held in dozens of Russian cities, with 795 arrests carried out in the capital Moscow, including the wife of jailed regime critic Alexei Navalny, as riot police hauled off demonstrators and beat others with batons, as protests took place in temperatures of minus-50 Celsius, following criminal arrest of regime critics, and as demonstrators also rallied outside Russian embassy in Tel Aviv in solidarity with Russian democrats
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23 January 2021: Calling for Navalny's release
,
tens of thousands protest in Russia, spanning from Kaliningrad in the west to Vladivostok in the far east, as the turnout of those calling for the opposition leader’s release from jail far surpassed many protesters’ expectations
27 January 2021 Russian police raid Alexei Navalny's home and offices:
27 January 2021: Russian police raid Alexei Navalny's home and offices, as pressure rises on Putin regime critic following mass protests against murderous regime
28 January 2021 fearless Alexei Navalny release bid fails and senior aides charged over protests:
28 January 2021: Fearless Alexei Navalny release bid fails and senior aides charged over protests, as Putin regime critic will remain in jail until parole hearing next week where the brave Russian citizen could be sent to penal colony and as series of inquiries meant to disrupt the protest movement that has arisen in support of the regime critic
29 January 2021 Russia braces for second weekend of pro-Navalny protests:
29 January 2021: Russia braces for second weekend of pro-Navalny protests, as opposition leader thanks supporters and says ‘they can’t put everyone in jail’
31 January 2021 police paralysed centres of Russia’s largest cities to beat back pro-democracy rallies:
31 January 2021: Police have paralysed the centres of Russia’s largest cities, including Moscow, as Putin regime sought to beat back rallies in support of jailed opposition leader Alexei Navalny, the country’s most significant protests in a decade
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31 January 2021: Navalny's wife detained in Moscow, as until now over 1,600 people have been detained during pro-Navalny rallies across Russia
January 2021 worldwide solidarity protests against Putin's terrorist policy:
January 2021 solidarity protests were also held in cities around the world on 23 January, including Berlin, Munich, Prague, Krakow, Helsinki, London, Tallinn, The Hague, Denver, Vienna, Tel Aviv, Copenhagen, and Tokyo
31 January 2021 Putin's police arrest thousands of protesters demanding Navalny's release:
31 January 2021: More than 4,000 people, including Alexei Navalny’s wife Yulia were detained at rallies across Russia as supporters of the Putin regime critic took to the streets to protest against his imprisonment, following his almost succeeded August 2020 Novichok poisoning, as Putin's riot police and national guards troops shut down metro stations in Moscow and blocked off streets to prevent a repeat of last week’s record protests
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The Moscow Times reports over regime's crack down on new Navalny protests
1 February 2021: Russian regime detains more than 5,000 at protests:
1 February 2021: Russian regime detains more than 5,000 at protests backing jailed Kremlin critic Navalny
2 February 2021 Navalny jailed for two years and eight months despite international condemnation:
2 February 2021: Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny jailed for two years and eight months, as court locks up Putin’s foe despite threat of protests and international condemnation, and as Navalny's supporters have called for a protest this evening near the Kremlin on Manezh Square
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2 février 2021: L’opposant russe Alexeï Navalny a qualifié sa comparution mardi devant la justice de tentative de 'faire peur à des millions' de Russes et s’est lancé dans un réquisitoire contre Vladimir Poutine
3 February 2021 UN office voiced deep dismay at the sentencing of A. Navalny calling for the immediate release of protesters:
3 February 2021: UN human rights office voiced deep dismay on Wednesday at the sentencing of Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny and called for the immediate release of peaceful protesters, including some 1,400 arrested on Tuesday
3 February 2021 1,438 more pro-democracy Russian protesters reportedly arrested amid brutal police crackdown:
3 February 2021: 1,438 more pro-democracy Russian citizens and protesters reportedly arrested amid brutal police crackdown following imprisonment of opposition leader Alexei Navalny, saying that his 32-month imprisonment will have not have 'significant influence' on Russian politics or lead to a mass protest movement similar to the one in neighbouring Belarus, as protesters detained at recent rallies in support of Navalny have complained of inhumane conditions and as police hold them in overcrowded jails or on buses in subzero temperatures days after their arrest
4 February 2021 Russian pro-Navalny detainees and relatives denounce jail conditions:
4 February 2021: Russian pro-Navalny detainees and relatives denounce jail conditions, as videos emerge from holding centre showing cells meant for eight filled with two or three times as many
5 February 2021 Putin regime expels German, Polish and Swedish diplomats over protests:
5 février 2021: Poutine régime a annoncé vendredi expulser des diplomates européens pour avoir participé à des manifestations pro-Alexeï Navalny, peu après que l’UE a jugé les relations russo-européennes au 'plus bas' du fait de l’emprisonnement et de l’empoisonnement de l’opposant
10 February 2021 Alexei Navalny's wife arrives in Germany on flight from Russia:
10 February 2021: Alexei Navalny's wife arrives in Germany on flight from Russia, as associates say departure of Yulia Navalnaya, wife of jailed opposition leader, is temporary
14 February 2021 Navalny supporters to defy Kremlin with candelit protests:
14 February 2021: Navalny supporters to defy Kremlin with candelit protests, as people set to gather in courtyards across Russia, also saying 'Putin is fear. Navalny is love. That’s why we will win', despite authorities warning they could face arrest, also on Valentine’s Day
20 February 2021 Alexei Navalny loses appeal against prison camp sentence:
20 February 2021: Moscow court has rejected an appeal from Alexei Navalny that virtually guarantees the Russian opposition figure will be sent to a prison camp for two and a half years.
27 February 2021 pro-democracy rallies in Russia remembering murdered Putin critic Boris Nemtsov:
27 février 2021: Plusieurs milliers de Russes se sont rassemblés samedi dans le centre de Moscou en mémoire de l’opposant Boris Nemtsov, l’un des principaux détracteurs du président Vladimir Poutine jusqu’à son assassinat il y a six ans
3 March 2021 Navalny succeeds to send a message:
3 mars 2021: De sa cellule, l’opposant russe Navalny assure aller 'bien', car il a réussi, actuellement dans un centre de détention à l’est de Moscou, à poster un message sur Instagram
13 March 2021 Putin regime detains scores of opposition figures at Moscow meeting:
13 March 2021: Russian regime's police detained about 150 people at a meeting of independent and opposition politicians in Moscow on Saturday, accusing them of links to an 'undesirable organisation', a monitoring group and a TV station said
15 March 2021 Alexei Navalny moved to ‘concentration camp’ known for strict control:
15 March 2021: Kremlin critic Alexei Navalny is being held in a prison camp in the Vladimir region of Russia north-east of Moscow known for its strict control of inmates, a message posted on the opposition politician’s Instagram account confirmed on Monday
31 March 2021 Navalny goes on hunger strike in protest at prison treatment:
31 March 2021: Alexei Navalny has gone on hunger strike after saying he was denied urgent medical treatment in prison, has complaining of a 'sharp deterioration' in his health since his transfer to a prison colony in the Vladimir region to serve a two-and-a-half year sentence on embezzlement charges, as the colony 60 miles from Moscow is notoriously strict and said to excel at isolating inmates from the outside world
5 April 2021 Putin passes law that may keep him in office until 2036:
5 April 2021: Vladimir Putin passes law that may keep him in office until 2036, as presidential terms ‘reset’ to allow ruler to run for presidency twice more in his lifetime, making him maybe the longest-serving leader since the Russian empire
6 April 2021 Alexei Navalny 'seriously ill' on prison sick ward, says lawyer:
6 April 2021: Alexei Navalny’s lawyer has said confirmed that the opposition leader is 'seriously ill' after reports emerged that he had been transferred to IK-2 prison colony sick ward for a respiratory illness and had been tested for covid-19, as on Tuesday Putin regime's police arrested several Navalny supporters who travelled to the prison 60 miles east of Moscow to petition for him to receive proper medical care
10 April 2021 Putin regime's police raid home of prominent journalist Roman Anin:
10 April 2021: Russian police raid home of prominent journalist Roman Anin, as officers seize phones and documents at apartment of reporter who investigated Putin regime and who worked on the Panama Papers investigations
18 April 2021 Alexei Navalny allies call for mass protests in Russia to save his life:
18 April 2021: Allies of Alexei Navalny have called on his supporters to stage mass protests on Wednesday in towns and cities all across Russia, amid a dire warning that the jailed Kremlin critic and opposition leader is now dangerously ill and could die 'at any minute'
19 April 2021 Alexei Navalny moved to hospital as fears grow:
19 April 2021: Alexei Navalny moved to hospital as fears grow for life of Putin critic, and as doctors say opposition leader, who is on hunger strike, is in danger of a heart attack or kidney failure
21 April 2021 Putin regime's police have arrested key supporters of Alexei Navalny:
21 April 2021: Putin regime's police have arrested key supporters of Alexei Navalny and begun closing down central squares in Moscow and other cities before demonstrations planned for Wednesday evening in support of the jailed opposition leader, while regime critic’s regional headquarters have also been raided as police seek to disrupt, and eventually liquidate, his political organisation across Russia, and as tensions have grown between regime and western capitals over concerns about Navalny’s health in prison, as well as Russia’s military build-up on the border with Ukraine, and accusations of aggressive Russian intelligence operations including a fatal explosion at a Czech ammunition dump in 2014
21 April 2021 thousands attend rallies calling for Navalny’s release:
21 April 2021: Thousands of Russians attend rallies calling for Alexei Navalny’s release, as allies of jailed opposition leader held as police close parts of Moscow and other cities
26 April 2021 regime’s prosecutor has suspended the activities of Alexei Navalny’s nationwide political organisation:
26 April 2021: Russian regime’s prosecutor has suspended the activities of Alexei Navalny’s nationwide political organisation ahead of a court ruling that is expected to outlaw the opposition movement as 'extremist' and threaten supporters with long jail terms
29 April 2021 Navalny has made his first public appearance, on screens:
29 April 2021: Alexei Navalny has made his first public appearance since holding a 24-day hunger strike, appearing gaunt but spirited during a courtroom appeal against a politically motivated defamation conviction
30 April 2021 Putin regime's watchdog adds Navalny network to 'terrorism' database:
30 April 2021: Russia’s state financial watchdog has added Alexei Navalny’s network of regional headquarters to a terrorism watchlist as the Putin regime appears poised to outlaw the opposition leader’s nationwide political movement
30 April 2021 Amnesty International demands the release of lawyer defending Navalny:
30 April 2021: Responding to news that Putin's FSB officers have detained Ivan Pavlov, a human rights lawyer defending the Anti-Corruption Foundation founded by Aleksei Navalny, Amnesty International’s Natalia Zviagina said that 'lawyers are the last line of defence against the government’s growing crackdown on human rights, and now the authorities are going after one of the country’s most courageous lawyers'
7 June 2021 Aleksei Navalny transferred back to his court-mandated prison:
7 juin 2021: Le principal opposant russe, Alexeï Navalny, a été transféré vers son lieu de détention habituel depuis l’hôpital pénitentiaire où il était en observation après une grève de la faim, ont indiqué ses proches et les autorités lundi
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7 June 2021 Aleksei Navalny has been transferred from prison hospital in the Correctional Colony No. 3 back to his court-mandated prison in the Vladimir region
9 June 2021 Russian court expected to outlaw Alexei Navalny’s organisation:
9 June 2021: Russian court expected to outlaw opposition politician Alexei Navalny’s nationwide political organisation on the grounds it is 'extremist', in a landmark step forward for Vladimir Putin’s crackdown on political dissent, as the highly anticipated court decision will effectively liquidate Navalny’s non-violent opposition movement and bar his allies from running for office for years, as the regime seeks to erase the jailed opposition leader from Russian political life
10 June 2021 obedient court has outlawed Navalny’s nationwide political organisation:
10 June 2021: Russian Putin regime's obedient court has outlawed opposition politician Alexei Navalny’s nationwide political organisation on the grounds it is 'extremist', as court hearing has coincided with a fierce crackdown on other opposition politicians and even lawyers who have defended the growing tide of political prisoners in court, and as trial marks a change of regime's attitude, which for years had harassed Navalny and his allies but resisted a widespread ban on street opposition, but since Navalny was targeted in a novichok poisoning last year it has grown more aggressive in its efforts to eliminate the opposition and to make a victim a perpetrator
29 June 2021 regime raids journalists probing corruption, preparing to publish against Putin’s interior minister Kolokoltsev:
29 June 2021: Russian police searched the apartments of three investigative journalists including Roman Badanin, Maria Zholobova and Mikhail Rubin, working for independent investigative outlet 'Proekt' and their relatives. as Proekt is one of the last independent media outlets focusing on in-depth investigations
26 July 2021 Putin regime blocks access to websites of Alexei Navalny and close allies:
26 July 2021: Russia blocks access to websites of Alexei Navalny and close allies, as action comes as Putin regime increases pressure on opponents and critics ahead of parliamentary elections
25 August 2021: Alexey Navalny says he is forced to watch state TV in prison and decries ‘culture of snitching’ and constant control:
25 August 2021: Alexey Navalny gives first interview from prison camp, saying he is forced to watch state television in prison and decries ‘culture of snitching’ and constant control
29 August 2021 Russia's Putin regime has silenced opposition voices using tax payers' money, approved cash payouts to potential voters:
29 August 2021: Russia's Putin regime has silenced opposition voices, approved cash payouts to potential voters, and made it nearly impossible to monitor the polls as it prepares for 'parliamentary elections' next month that the opposition has warned will be marred by fraud
17-19 September Russian Legislative elections:
17-19 September Russian Legislative elections, as 'United Russia' is the ruling party after winning the 2016 elections with 54.2% of the vote, taking 343 seats
17 September 2021 Russians will head to the polls for parliamentary elections:
17 September 2021: Russians will head to the polls for parliamentary elections that could serve as a platform for popular anger over the economy, a crackdown on dissent and the government response to the covid-19 pandemic, but the ruling Putin party 'United Russia' is likely to find a way to maintain a stranglehold on its control of the State Duma
-
17 September 2021: Apple and Google accused of ‘political censorship’ over Alexei Navalny app, as Navalny’s supporters say companies deleted tactical voting app from stores after pressure from Kremlin
20 September 2021 EU and 'Golos' reported threats, intimidation and Russia’s opposition has denounced the parliamentary election as a sham:
20 September 2021: Russia’s opposition has denounced the parliamentary election as a sham, after results handed the pro-Kremlin United Russia party victory, as election watchdog 'Golos' recorded thousands of violations, including threats against observers and ballot stuffing, blatant examples of which circulated on social media, and as EU foreign affairs spokesman Stano said 'what we have seen in the run-up to these elections was an atmosphere of intimidation of all the critical independent voices' and 'there was no international independent observation'
25 September 2021 Russians join Moscow protest over parliamentary election:
25 September 2021: Moscow people, angered by last week's parliamentary election, joined a protest in central Moscow on Saturday, holding posters carrying slogans such as 'bring back the elections'
25 January 2022 Russia adds jailed regime critic Navalny to list of ‘terrorists’:
25 January 2022: Russian regime's authorities have added jailed critic Alexey Navalny and a handful of his allies to an official list of 'terrorists and extremists', as - also on Tuesday - local news agencies reported that the federal prison service had demanded that Navalny’s brother Oleg be given a jail term in place of a one-year suspended sentence handed to him last year
26 January 2022 Russia issues arrest warrant for Navalny’s brother:
26 January 2022 Russia's Putin regime issues arrest warrant for Navalny’s brother, part of ongoing criminal efforts to silence opposition voices as almost all of Alexei Navalny’s most prominent allies have fled Russia after he was jailed and his organisations were outlawed
15 February 2022 Alexei Navalny after surviving poisoning attempt faces 15 more years in prison:
15 February 2022: Alexei Navalny faces 15 more years in prison as new trial starts at penal colony far from support base where Navalny is serving a three-and-a-half-year sentence at the prison for a fabricated charge after he survived a poisoning attempt on his life in 2020 and was arrested after returning to Russia last year with the intention to tear off the mask of the brutal Putin regime walking over corpses
Since 24 February 2022 ongoing anti-war demonstrations/protests against Putin regime's invasion of Ukraine:
Since 24 February 2022 ongoing anti-war demonstrations and protests
in Russia
against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, that sparked immediate daily protests in cities across Russia and worldwide, as Russian Putin regime's authorities have tried to intimidate the protesters through a total of 5,794 arrests by the end of Sunday 27 February
-
Since 24 February 2022 national and international pro-Ukrainian protests have occurred at several of Russia's embassies and consulates abroad, including those in meanwhile
59 global countries, listed by 'Wikipedia', page last edited on 1 March 2022
-
Since 24 February 2022 International reactions - listed alphabetically by continent and countries - to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, also including intergovernmental and international organizations, political parties, opposition politicians and other political groups, international human rights organizations, non-governmental organizations and non-political groups, listed by continent and countries by 'Wikipedia', page last edited on 1 March 2022
22 March 2022 Alexei Navalny has been given 9 years in a 'strict regime penal colony':
22 March 2022: Russia's most prominent opposition figure Alexei Navalny has been given nine years in a 'strict regime penal colony' in a fraud case rejected by supporters as fabricated, as Navalny was detained when he returned to Russia last year, after surviving a poisoning attack he blamed on the Kremlin, and as he is already serving three and a half years in jail for breaking bail conditions while in hospital
8 July 2022 Moscow councillor jailed for 7 years for speaking out against Russia's war in Ukraine:
8 July 2022: A Moscow councillor has been jailed for seven years for speaking out against Russia's war in Ukraine - in what is said to be the first full jail term under new laws targeting dissent, as Alexei Gorinov was arrested in April after he was filmed criticising Putin's invasion of Ukraine - a war crime according to internatinal law - in a city council meeting
30 August 2022 eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev died after long illness:
30 August 2022:
Mikhail Gorbachev
, the eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union, died after a long illness at the Moscow Central Clinical Hospital, provoking responses from many current and former world leaders and politicians
-
Reception and legacy of Gorbachev's politics
2 September 2022 before he died Gorbachev was shocked and bewildered by the Ukraine conflict:
2 September 2022: Mikhail Gorbachev, the last Soviet president, was shocked and bewildered by the Ukraine conflict in the months before he died and psychologically crushed in recent years by Moscow’s worsening ties with Kyiv, according to his interpreter Pavel Palazhchenko, who worked with Gorbachev for 37 years and was at his side at numerous Soviet-USA summits, and who spoke to Gorbachev a few weeks ago by phone and said he and others had been struck by how traumatised he was by events in Ukraine.
5 September 2022 Russian court sentenced ex-journalist Ivan Safronov to 22 years, finding him guilty of treason:
5 September 2022: A Russian court has sentenced ex-journalist Ivan Safronov to 22 years in a penal colony after finding him guilty of treason, as the former defence reporter Safronov for the Kommersant and Vedomosti newspapers turned adviser to the head of Russia’s space agency, was arrested in 2020 and accused of disclosing classified information
10 February 2023 Russian journalist Mikhail Fishman reported oppositional actions against Putin's Ukraine war:
10 February 2023: Mikhail Fishman reported in a blog of the Kennan Institute offering insights into Russia’s politics, history, culture and society
,
that 'in
Krasnodar
, a city in the south of Russia, a local couple has been detained after they sympathized with Ukraine in a private conversation in a restaurant, and another visitor joined their discussion, that in
Nizhny Novgorod
, a mechanic at an aircraft factory was fined 30,000 rubles after the authorities received a report that he was tearing leaflets supporting the Russian military off the factory walls, that in
Tver
, 160km northwest of Moscow, a local official reported on two women who had laid flowers and soft toys at a local memorial to victims of political repression as a tribute to the Ukrainians who had died in the shelling of a residential building in Dnipro on January 14, that in the small town of
Kasimov
, 300km from Russia, the police identified a woman who had left an antiwar message in a public bathroom in a local shopping mall, that in
Saratov
, a city on the Volga river, a doctor in a local perinatal center received the same fine, 30,000 rubles, after she said she opposed the war in Ukraine, as in
Moscow
, there is hardly any reminder of the war, apart from the increased number of police and the officially installed letters Z and V, emblems of Putin’s war.
North Caucasian Federal District, Committee for the Prevention of Torture in Russia, Chechen–Russian conflict and the insurgency in the North Caucasus:
North Caucasian Federal District
-
Committee for the Prevention of Torture in Russia
-
Chechen–Russian conflict, a centuries-long conflict, often armed, between Russian regimes and various Chechen nationalist and Islamist forces
-
Insurgency in the North Caucasus, concentrated in the North Caucasus republics of
Chechnya
,
Dagestan
,
Ingushetia
and Kabardino-Balkaria
2012-2016 list of clashes in the North Caucasus:
List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2012
-
List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2015
-
List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2016
2018 list of clashes in the North Caucasus:
List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2018
2019 list of clashes in the North Caucasus:
List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2019
Politics of Chechnya:
Politics of
Chechnya
2012:
6 August 2012: Interior ministry troops among the dead after suspected bombers strike outside Grozny
-
21 September 2012: At least 12 people killed in fighting between army and Islamist fighters in Chechnya and Kabardino-Balkaria
-
21 October 2012: Raids involving both local and federal Russian troops destroyed 90 bases across several republics in North Caucasus, Russia says
2014:
2014 Grozny clashes
-
4 December 2014: At least six gunmen and three policemen reportedly killed in gun battles in which a building was stormed in Grozny
2016
10 March 2016: Journalists on a tour organised by human rights activists in Chechnya have been attacked by masked men, with their minibus burned and two reporters hospitalised, according to activists
-
21 March 2016: After being thrown out of his hotel in Grozny and attacked, the head of the Committee to Prevent Torture Igor Kalyapin speaks out over office raids, beatings of journalists and attack on him in street
2018 Kadyrov's oppression:
10 January 2018: Human rights activist Titiev in Chechnya faces up to 10 years in prison on drug possession charges that critics have said were trumped up by officials as revenge for his reports on rights abuses
-
20 mai 2018: Quatre rebelles, deux policiers et un civil ont été tués en Tchétchénie lors d'une attaque contre une église orthodoxe, en plein centre de Grozny
September 2019 Kadyrov regime's oppression and death squads:
21 September 2019: Ramzan Kadyrov rules the Caucasus republic through fear and oppression, amid reports of torture, but those seeking asylum in Europe are not safe, as assassins hunt them down
15 July 2021 how public ‘apologies’ are used against domestic abuse victims in Chechnya:
15 July 2021: Activists say Ramzan Kadyrov’s regime uses televised confessions ‘under duress’ to hold back women’s rights, despite changes in society, as Khalimat Taramova only a couple of weeks fled her home, where she said she was subjected to violence after going against her family’s wishes, and sought help from a group of women’s rights activists, the Marem project, who let her stay in a flat in the neighbouring republic of Dagestan, then pleading for the Chechen authorities not to come looking for her, and days later the flat was raided by more than 20 men working for the Russian police and Chechen security forces, according to a journalist and activist who was present, as two activists say they were beaten and detained, and Taramova was taken back to Chechnya
Dagestan:
Dagestan
May 2012:
4 May 2012: Two blasts near a police post killed at least 15 people and wounded more than 20 in Dagestan
-
20. Mai 2012: Sieben Tote bei Anti-Terror-Einsätzen im Nordkaukasus
-
19 August: Masked gunmen burst into a mosque in the troubled Russian Caucasus region of Dagestan, wounding eight
-
28. August 2012: Selbstmordattentat auf Islamgelehrten und Amoklauf in Kaserne
May 2013:
20 May 2013: Two car bombs killed at least three people and wounded dozens of others on Monday in Dagestan's provincial capital Makhachkala
-
25 May 2013: Female suicide bomber, a widow of two Islamic radicals killed by security forces, injures 18 people
April 2017 beatings and death threats part of daily life for two activists who save people and free brick workers:
2 April 2017: Beatings and death threats are part of daily life for two activists who save people and free brick workers enslaved in the remote Russian republic of Dagestan
Ingushetia:
Ingushetia
August 2012 six policemen have died in Ingushetia region in a suicide bombing at the funeral of their colleague:
19 August 2012: Six policemen have died in Ingushetia region in a suicide bombing at the funeral of their colleague
Foreign relations of Russia:
Foreign relations of Russia
Wars involving the Russian Empire:
Wars
involving the 1721-1917 Russian Empire
Until 1917 Military history of the Russian Empire:
Military history of the
Russian Empire
,
the 1547-1721 'Tsardom of Russia'
,
and the 1721-1917 Russian Empire
-
Territorial changes of Russia
-
Foreign policy of the Russian Empire
1914-1918 European theatre of World War I:
The Eastern Front of the
European theatre of 1914-1918 World War I started by the
Austro-Hungarian Empire
and the
German Empire
-
Allies of World War I, the members of the original 'Triple Entente of 1907' were the French Republic, the British Empire and the Russian Empire, Italy and Japan entered the war on the side of the Entente, Belgium, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Romania were affiliated members of the Entente
1889-1916 'Socialist International' and 1917 Russian Revolution against war and tsarist autocracy:
1898-1918 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
-
1889-1916 'Socialist International' organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on 14 July 1889, the anniversary of the French Revolution
-
1917
Russian Revolution
against war and tsarist autocracy
-
'Decree on Peace' passed by the Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' Deputies on the 8 November 1917
1918 Central Powers' 'Operation Faustschlag':
February/March 1918 'Operation Faustschlag', the last major offensive of the
German and Austro-Hungarian empires
on the Eastern Front in World War I, supported by the Social Democratic Party of Germany after it had expelled opposition members against the World War in January 1917 including Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht and Hugo Haase, capturing huge territories in the Baltics, Belarus, and Ukraine and forcing the Bolshevik government of Russia to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1918-1925 Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War:
1918-1925 Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
by the British Empire (United Kingdom and colonies, Canada, Australia, British 'Raj'), USA, French Empire, Empire of Japan, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Italy, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Kingdom of Romania, Kingdom of Serbia and China to support the 'Russia White movement' and to destroy the 1917 Russian Revolution begun to abolish despotism, class rule and the causes of war
1917/1922-1991 Military history of the Soviet Union:
1917/1922-1991 Military history of the
Soviet Union
-
The Eastern Front of World War II, theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Northern, Southern and Central and Eastern Europe from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945
-
1947-1991 'Cold War', a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc the Soviet Union, its satellite states and allies, and powers in the Western Bloc, the USA, its NATO allies and others, including several regional conflicts and wars
Since 1936 Foreign military aid of the Soviet Union:
Foreign military aid of the Soviet Union, since 1936 supporting the 1931-1939
Second Spanish Republic
against the allied fascists
1939-1945 European theatre of World War II:
Eastern Front of the
European theatre of 1939-1945 World War II started by the
German Empire
-
Allies of World War II promoted the alliance as seeking to stop German, Japanese and Italian aggression, in 1939 the 'Allies' consisted of France, Poland and the United Kingdom, colonies and dependent states such as the British India and was formalised by the Declaration by 'United Nations', from 1 January 1942, the basis of the United Nations in 1945 with 51 member states and today 193
1941–1945 Jews in the Red Army:
1941–1945 Jews in the Red Army - from 1941 to 1945 between 350,000 and 500,000 Jews served in various roles in the Red Army during the Soviet-German war of 1941-1945, in the Red Army itself the estimates of the number of Jews killed during the war range from 120,000 to 142,000
1949/1950, following World War II:
Founded in 1950, the 'World Peace Council' was an international organization that advocates universal disarmament, sovereignty, independence, peaceful co-existence, and campaigns against imperialism, weapons of mass destruction and all forms of discrimination
-
1947-1991 Soviet influence on the peace movement
-
Founded in 1949 'Soviet Peace Committee' was a state-sponsored organization responsible for coordinating respective movements active in the Soviet Union, and existed until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991
March 1950:
On 15 March 1950 the 'World Peace Council' approved the Stockholm Appeal initiated by the French Communist physicist Frédéric Joliot-Curie, calling for an absolute ban on nuclear weapons and gathering petitions allegedly signed by 273,470,566 persons including the entire adult population of the U.S.S.R.
1985-1990/91 Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU:
1985-1990/91 Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU, the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union
Gorbachev's domestic policies:
Domestic policies
Gorbachev's foreign policy:
Foreign policy
1987–1989 Gorbachev's reforms until in the revolutions of 1989 Central/Eastern Europe held multi-party elections resulting in regime change:
Further reform: 1987–1989, including domestic reforms, relations with China and Western states, nationality question and the Eastern Bloc, until in the revolutions of 1989, most of the Marxist–Leninist states of Central and Eastern Europe held multi-party elections resulting in regime change
Since 1991 Military history of the Russian Federation:
Since 1991
Military history
of the
Russian Federation
-
Military budget of the Russian Federation
Russian military installations and bases abroad:
Military installations of Russia in other countries
-
List of
Russian military bases abroad
Since 1991:
Following the 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union, the 'World Peace Council' lost most of its support, dwindled to a small core group and lost most of its income and most of its staff
-
1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union
-
Since 1991 KGB sans phrase, now without Soviet flag, remaining in power - the main secret police, intelligence and counter-intelligence force since 1954, as a direct successor of such preceding agencies as the Cheka, NKGB, and MGB, now split into the Federal Security Service and the Foreign Intelligence Service
Since 1999/2000 Putin's KGB-regime and Russia's foreign policy:
Russia's foreign policy and
Putin regime since 1999/2000
Propaganda and cyberwarfare in the Russian Federation:
Propaganda in the Russian Federation
Since 2013/2014 Ukrainian crisis in Russian media and critical reactions in Russia:
Since 2013/2014 media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis and critical reactions in Russia
Cyberwarfare by Russia
includes denial of service attacks, hacker attacks, dissemination of disinformation and propaganda, participation of state-sponsored teams in political blogs, internet surveillance using SORM technology, persecution of cyber-dissidents and other active measures, according to investigative journalist Andrei Soldatov, some of these activities have been coordinated by the Russian signals intelligence, which is part of the FSB and was formerly a part of the 16th KGB department
Russian hacker groups:
22 June 2017: The World’s most dangerous
hacker groups
include 'Fancy Bear', which comes out of the GRU, Russia’s military intelligence agency, 'Cozy Bear', which represents the FSB, Russian antivirus firm Kaspersky and Sandworm group, believed to be associated with the Russians
Since 2004 GRU's 'Fancy Bear' cyber espionage group:
Since 2004 'Fancy Bear' cyber espionage group. Cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike has said with a medium level of confidence that it is associated with the Russian military intelligence agency GRU
-
Cyber attacks by 'Fancy Bear'
Since 2008 FSB's 'Cozy Bear' and attacks:
Since 2008 'Cozy Bear', a Russian hacker group believed to be associated with Russian intelligence, as the Dutch AIVD deduced from security camera footage that it is led by the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service
-
Cyber attacks by 'Cozy Bear'
Since 2003 'web brigades' and 'Internet Research Agency':
Since 2003
Russian 'web brigades'
(known as Russia's troll army, Russian bots, Kremlinbots, troll factory, or troll farms) are state-sponsored anonymous Internet political commentators and trolls linked to the Russian Putin regime, participants report that they are organized into teams and groups of commentators that participate in Russian and international political blogs and Internet forums using sockpuppets and large-scale orchestrated trolling and disinformation campaigns to promote pro-Putin and pro-Russian propaganda
-
Since 2013 'Internet Research Agency' (known in Russian Internet slang as the Trolls from Olgino), a Russian company based in Saint Petersburg and engaged in online influence operations on behalf of Russian business and political interests
Propaganda and use of social media in the Russian Federation:
Propaganda and
use of social media
in the Russian Federation
September 2018:
13 September 2018: Russian social network hosts 'Miss Hitler' beauty pageant
Since 2011 Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War:
Since 2011
Russian involvement in Assad's war against the Syrian people
Since 2011 vetoed UN Security Council resolutions on Syria, vetoed by Russia and China:
Vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions on Syria, vetoed by Russia and China since 2011
Since 2015 Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War:
Since 2015 Russian military intervention in Assad's war against the Syrian people
2016:
22 January 2016: Russian warships make display of might in eastern Mediterranean off coast of Syria
-
30 June 2016: Thanks in no small part to Russia, Hezbollah is now a full-fledged army, learning Russian methods of war, becoming familiar with advanced Russian weaponry, coming to understand the latest Russian technologies, and in some cases, actually fighting alongside Russian special forces
-
6 July 2016: Three Palestinians were killed and at least five injured by apparent Russian airstrikes on Monday targeting the Khan al-Shih neighborhood southwest of Damascus which is considered a Palestinian refugee camp, causing heavy damage to civilian houses and destroying a building housing the foundation’s Child Friendly Space, according to the Jafra Foundation
-
14 November 2016: Russian regime's warplane MiG-29 has crashed into the eastern Mediterranean as it was coming in to land on the Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier off the coast of Syria
-
21 November 2016: Russian MiG-29 jet fighter from the Admiral Kuznetsov carrier reportedly crashed into the sea because the arrestor gear rope snapped and engine failure
24 November 2016:
24 November 2016: Russia and terror organization Hezbollah have begun 'official' military coordination in Syria at the behest of Russian regime, establishing 'continual' communication and shared channels between the two sides over what’s happening on the battlefield, as Russia is especially interested in coordinating with Hezbollah’s infantry on the ground in Aleppo
Since 2014 Crimea annexation following Russian military intervention in Ukraine:
2013:
28 March 2013: Russia's Putin ordered unscheduled military exercises involving thousands of troops and dozens of ships in the Black Sea region
Since 2014:
Russian military intervention in Ukraine
since February 2014
-
Since 2014 Crimea crisis
Since 2013-2015:
International sanctions during the 2013–15 Ukrainian crisis
9 March 2020 trial of Russians and one allied Ukrainian accused of murdering 298 people in MH17 case:
9 March 2020: The trial of three Russians and one Ukrainian accused of murdering 298 people in the shooting down of the MH17 aircraft over eastern Ukraine has begun in the Netherlands, as presiding judge Hendrik Steenhuis said 'the loss of so many lives and the manner in which they so abruptly ended is barely conceivable', and as murderous and coward Russian Putin regime has always denied
any involvement in the brutal shooting down of the civilian plane
and war crimes in Syria
International membership of the Russian Federation, obstruction and aggression:
International membership
of the Russian Federation
-
Multilateral relations of Russia
Russia/United Nations relations:
Russia/
United Nations
relations
1945-1991 Soviet Union and the United Nations:
1945-1991
Soviet Union
and the United Nations
-
In 1945 at the behest of the USA the Soviet Union took a role in the establishment of the UN, insisting that there be veto rights in the Security Council and that alterations in the United Nations Charter be unanimously approved by the five permanent members
1985-1990/91 Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU:
1985-1990/91 Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU, the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union
Gorbachev's foreign policy:
Foreign policy
1987–1989 Gorbachev's reforms until in the revolutions of 1989 Central/Eastern Europe held multi-party elections resulting in regime change:
Further reform: 1987–1989, including domestic reforms, relations with China and Western states, nationality question and the Eastern Bloc, until in the revolutions of 1989, most of the Marxist–Leninist states of Central and Eastern Europe held multi-party elections resulting in regime change
1991/1992:
The legality of the 1991/1992
Russia's succession
of the Soviet Union's UN membership, including its permanent membership on the Security Council in UN, questioned by international lawyer Yehuda Z. Blum, who opined that 'with the demise of the Soviet Union itself, its membership in the UN should have automatically lapsed and Russia should have been admitted to membership in the same way' as other states
2013:
9 June 2013: We can't accept Russia's offer to replace Golan peacekeepers, UN says
-
5 September 2013: Russia holding UN Council 'hostage' on Syria, US says
-
22 November: UN-mandated International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ordered Russia to release Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise and its 30 crew members in return for a €3.6 billion bond to be paid by the Netherlands
2014:
5 March 2014: UN special envoy, Dutch diplomat Robert Serry, was forced to abandon a mission to Ukraine's Russian-occupied Crimea region after being stopped by armed men and besieged inside a cafe by a hostile crowd shouting 'Russia! Russia!'
-
13 March 2014: The UN Security Council is discussing a possible resolution that would reaffirm Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity
-
15 March: Russia vetoes UN resolution against Crimea referendum
-
27 March: Backing Ukraine’s territorial integrity, UN General Assembly
declares Crimea secession vote invalid
-
29 March: Russia threatened several Eastern European, Asian and African states with retaliation if they voted in favor of a UN resolution against its annexation of Crimea, UN diplomats say
-
2 April: In a diplomatic blow to Russia, the UN will continue to view Crimea as part of Ukraine in line with a General Assembly resolution
-
14 April: As UN Security Council meets over Ukraine and well-organised pro-Russian attackers using Russian-origin automatic weapons, Britain's UN ambassador says Russia had massed tens of thousands of well-equipped troops near the Ukrainian border in addition to the 25,000 troops it recently moved into Crimea to seize it
-
13 June 2014: The Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people calls on UN, OSCE to protect civilians in Crimea
-
17 June: Russia again finds no support at UN Security Council for a resolution on the humanitarian situation in Ukraine
-
6 August: UN Security Council supports Ukraine, points to Russia as a source of military crisis
2015:
1 March 2015: UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on Saturday condemned the assassination of Russian opposition leader Boris Nemtsov adding that he expects the perpetrators to be brought to justice swiftly
-
19 March: Russia refuses to participate in UN Security Council meeting on Crimea
-
21 March 2015: Russia to block UN mission in Donbas and will not vote in the UN Security Council on the draft resolution to deploy peacekeepers, regime's Lavrov says
-
24 October 2015: UNHCR's Amin Awad says that Russian airstrikes and increased fighting around the Syrian city of Aleppo had contributed to the 'dynamic of displacement', with about 30,000 displaced, as the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs puts the number at 50,000
-
31 October 2015: Making reference to the 'brazen and brutal erosion of respect for international humanitarian law', which was characterized by indiscriminate attacks on civilians areas, such as one reported yesterday in a marketplace in Syria and credited to government forces, UN's Ban Ki-moon
along with the head of the ICRC calls for action to stop suffering by ending conflict
,
saying 'Enough is enough'
-
2 November 2015: Assad regime’s air force is dropping dozens of barrel bombs on areas across Syria, just one day after Russia's ambassador to the UN Vitaly Churkin’s announcement that the Assad regime stopped the use of barrel bombs
-
3 November 2015: At least 191 civilians were killed in Douma during the month of October as regime and Russian air strikes targeted several neighborhoods of the city, with 74 deaths recorded over the last three days
-
2 December 2015: Citing Russia's bombing of the Al-Khafsa water treatment facility in Aleppo province on Thursday Unicef's Hanaa Singer condemns airstrikes cutting water supplies to Aleppo, noting that 'the rules of war, including those meant to protect vital civilian infrastructure, continue to be broken on a daily basis'
2016:
28 October 2016: It was the first time Russia and one of the permanent five members of the security council had failed to get elected to the HRC since its formation a decade ago, and followed a campaign by human rights groups opposing Russian membership because of its role in the bombing of Syrian cities, eastern Aleppo in particular
August 2017:
7 August 2017: UN Syria investigator Carla del Ponte quits over concern about
Russian obstruction
September 2017:
5 September 2017: Russian Putin regime threatens to veto UNIFIL mandate and renewal of UN peacekeeper force if Lebanon-based terror organization Hezbollah, its ally in Assad's war against the Syrian people, mentioned
November 2017:
14 November 2017: Russian Putin regime rejects 26 of 29 USA proposals for UN peacekeeping force in Donbas
April 2018:
18 April 2018: OPCW rejects Russian claims of second Salisbury nerve agent
8 November 2019 Russian support of terrorism in Donbas:
8 novembre 2019: La Cour internationale de justice s'est déclarée compétente pour juger une affaire entre la Russia et l'Ukraine, qui accuse la Russie de financer le terrorisme en soutenant les rebelles séparatistes dans l'est de l'Ukraine
8 September 2020 UN urges Russia to probe Navalny poisoning:
8 September 2020: UN rights chief calls on Russian regime to conduct or cooperate with a 'thorough, transparent, independent and impartial investigation' into the alleged nerve agent attack on Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny
3 February 2021 UN office voiced deep dismay at the sentencing of A. Navalny calling for the immediate release of protesters:
3 February 2021: UN human rights office voiced deep dismay on Wednesday at the sentencing of Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny, calling for the immediate release of peaceful protesters, including some 1,400 arrested on Tuesday, as UN's spokeswoman Ravina Shamdasani also said, concerning a 2014 suspended sentence in an embezzlement case, 'that the European Court of Human Rights had in 2017 already unanimously found to be arbitrary, unfair and manifestly unreasonable'
28 October 2021 UN experts urge CAR above all to cut ties with Russia's mercenaries:
28 October 2021: UN experts urged the CAR to cut ties with Russia's Wagner group, accusing the private security force of violent harassment, intimidation and sexual abuse. Wagner personnel have been reported in the CAR and other African countries, as well as in Syria and Libya, and Mali's junta has also contemplated a deal, as French FM Le Drian has called them 'a company of Russian mercenaries which makes war by proxy on Russia's account', adding that 'even if Russia denies it, nobody is fooled'.
Since February 2022 escalating Putin regime's war crimes in Ukraine, despite UN Charter's prohibition:
Since 24 February 2022 fresh and escalating wave of Russian Putin regime's war crimes in Ukraine, as - according to many specialists - the invasion of Ukraine, part of the Russo-Ukrainian War that started in 2014,
violated the Charter of the United Nations
prohibition on aggression and constitutes a crime of aggression according to international criminal law. Many indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas by Russian forces have occurred during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which may constitute war crimes
21 February 2023 Russia will halt participation in New Start nuclear arms treaty:
21 February 2023: Russia's dictator Putin has said Russia will halt its participation in New Start, the last major remaining nuclear arms control treaty with the USA, in a speech devoted to the one-year anniversary of Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine
Russian regime and the international criminal court:
November 2016:
16 November 2016: Russian regime is formally withdrawing its signature from the founding statute of the
International Criminal Court
, a day after the court published a report classifying the Russian annexation of Crimea as an occupation
-
16 November 2016: Russia’s announcement that it was formally withdrawing its signature from the founding statute of the International Criminal Court is designed 'to evade accountability for the war crimes its forces are committing against civilians in Syria', Syrian Coalition says
December 2019 UN report predicts 'bleak outlook' for the world as compliance with international law is declining:
5 December 2019: Attacks on healthcare workers have reached a record high according to UN’s global humanitarian overview 2020 report, that predicts a 'bleak outlook' for the world’s poorest people due to intense armed conflict and the climate emergency, as the number of highly violent conflicts has risen to 41, from 36 in 2018, causing deaths, injuries, significant displacement and hunger, and as compliance with international law is declining, while attacks against aid and health workers in areas hit by conflict are putting 'millions of people at risk' by denying them care and aid
Putin regime's war crimes, regime's terrorism and politics of lying:
November 2006:
November 2006 Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko in London using Polonium-210 produced in state-regulated nuclear reactors
2014:
17 April 2014: Putin, who earlier denied the presence of Russian troops in Crimea who described themselves as self-defense forces, admits during a Q&A session that people in military uniforms without any insignia in Crimea were Russian military
-
Since 17 July 2014:
International reactions to the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 shootdown by Russian BUK missile
2015:
8 October 2015: 'Bellingcat' says that scenarios of the terrorist downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 in July 2014 'presented by the Russian Ministry of Defense and Almaz-Antey are at best deeply flawed, and at worst show a deliberate attempt to mislead using fabricated evidence'
-
17 December 2015: Putin admits Russian military in Ukraine at annual marathon press conference
-
25 December 2015: Amnesty International responds to Russia's denial of committing war crimes in Syria, saying that the organization has compelling evidence that Russian airstrikes targeted civilians in markets, hospitals, mosques and populated areas and evidence of the use of cluster bombs
2016:
13 May 2016: Eastern Ukraine and Syria become a testing ground for Russian regime's modernized military equipment and weaponry in combat conditions, according to regime's Putin
-
19 September 2016: Sweden, USA, Romania, Denmark, Estonia and Lithuania declared they do not recognize Russian MP's to be elected in Crimea
March 2018:
4 March 2018 Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in Salibury using 'novichok'
April 2018:
18 April 2018: OPCW rejects Russian claims of second Salisbury nerve agent
-
25 April 2018: Russian regime says it has nothing to do with Russian contractors fighting in Syria but on three recent occasions groups of men flying in from Damascus headed straight to a defense ministry base in Molkino, Reuters reporters witnessed
Since February 2022 escalating Putin regime's war crimes in Ukraine, despite UN Charter's prohibition:
Since 24 February 2022 fresh and escalating wave of Russian Putin regime's war crimes in Ukraine, as - according to many specialists - the invasion of Ukraine, part of the Russo-Ukrainian War that started in 2014,
violated the Charter of the United Nations
prohibition on aggression and constitutes a crime of aggression according to international criminal law. Many indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas by Russian forces have occurred during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which may constitute war crimes
Since 1996 Russia in the Council of Europe:
Since 1996 Russian membership in the
Council of Europe
, founded on 5 May 1949 by the
'Statute of the Council of Europe' (Treaty of London), signed by Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom
-
List of Council of Europe treaties
Russia/Europe relations:
2012/2013:
19 October 2012: The member of anti-Kremlin punk group Yekaterina Samutsevich freed on appeal has taken her case to the
European Court of Human Rights
, her lawyer said on Friday, accusing Russia of violating her right to freedom of speech and illegally detaining her
-
25 July 2013: The European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russian officials violated the rights of jailed Mikhail Khodorkovsky, but the court rejected his claim that his trial was political
2014:
24 September 2014: Russia's FSB spy agency’s interception of data including texts and emails challenged by Russian journalist and now examined by European Court of Human Rights
-
31 October: OSCE outraged at Russian actor Porechenkov's shooting in Donetsk at the positions of Ukrainian forces in a helmet with the inscription 'Press'
2015:
6 February: France's Hollande and Germany's Merkel in truce talks in Ukraine and Russia
as TV report from Debaltseve shows 'a town almost too dangerous to live in' due to Russian weapons
-
24 February: Russian regime's Lavrov leaves Normandy format talks in Paris
-
28 May 2015: Nato's Jens Stoltenberg says Russian plans such as the deployment of nuclear-capable missiles near the Polish border and to move nuclear forces in Crimea are 'deeply troubling and dangerous'
-
3 September 2015: Aggression of the Russian Federation in Ukraine poses a challenge to security in Europe, the representatives of eight Nordic-Baltic countries say at a meeting on regional security in Copenhagen
2016:
31 March 2016: 'Russian aggression in Ukraine is security threat for the entire European continent', Professor Valbona Zeneli says in Kyiv, adding that 'there is a strong need for cooperative approaches to these challenges'
-
5 December 2016: To tackle the Russian aggression in Europe, the USA will boost its presence on the continent, the USA's Air Force Secretary Deborah James tells Reuters, adding that she's considering 'Russia to be the biggest threat'
17 February 2021 ECHR tells Russia to free Alexei Navalny on safety grounds:
The European court of human rights has told Russia to free Alexei Navalny, prompting a new standoff between Europe and Moscow over the fate of Vladimir Putin’s staunchest critic, as in the ruling published on Wednesday, the Strasbourg-based court granted Navalny a temporary release from jail because it said the government 'could not provide sufficient safeguards for his life and health'
Since February 2022 escalating Putin regime's war crimes in Ukraine, despite UN Charter's prohibition:
Since 24 February 2022 fresh and escalating wave of Russian Putin regime's war crimes in Ukraine, as - according to many specialists - the invasion of Ukraine, part of the Russo-Ukrainian War that started in 2014,
violated the Charter of the United Nations
prohibition on aggression and constitutes a crime of aggression according to international criminal law. Many indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas by Russian forces have occurred during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which may constitute war crimes
Russia a participating state in the OSCE:
Since 1990 Russian Federation a participating state in the
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
-
1975 'Helsinki Accords' of the 'Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe' of 35 states, including the USA, Canada, and all European states except Albania and Andorra, enumerate 10 articles including 'Refraining from the threat or use of force', 'Inviolability of frontiers', 'Territorial integrity of States', 'Peaceful settlement of disputes' and 'Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms', and represent a political commitment by all signatories
-
Legal status, structure and institutions of the OSCE
Since 1996 Arctic Council Russian membership:
Since 1996
Arctic Council
Russian membership
Arctic policy of Russia and territorial claims:
Arctic policy of Russia
-
Territorial claims in the Arctic
2007:
2 August 2007: Russia claims North Pole by planting flag on seabed
2013 'Arctic Sunrise' Greenpeace protests:
September 2013 'Arctic Sunrise' Greenpeace protests against Russian Gazprom
-
Gazprom's Prirazlomnaya oil platform and environmental issues
-
2013 Greenpeace Arctic Sunrise ship case
-
20 September 2013: Russia to tow Greenpeace ship to the port of Murmansk after armed raid
-
25 September: The Netherlands asks Russia for the immediate release of 30 Greenpeace activists arrested for a high seas protest against Arctic oil exploration
-
27 September: Russian court orders Greenpeace activists to be held without charge
-
27 September: The 30 activists from the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise being held by Russia hail from 18 different countries
-
29 septembre: Un tribunal russe a ordonné dimanche le placement en détention pour deux mois de six autres membres de l'équipage du navire de Greenpeace, l'Arctic Sunrise
-
4 octobre: Trente militants de Greenpeace inculpés de 'piraterie' par la justice russe
-
5 October: Greenpeace solidarity protests worldwide
to free journalists and activists held in Russian prison
-
9 octobre: La Russie accentue la pression sur les militants Greenpeace de l'Arctique
-
17 octobre: 11 Prix Nobel de la Paix écrivent à Poutine prenant la défense des 30 membres d'équipage d'un navire de Greenpeace arrêtés en septembre
-
21 October: The Netherlands on Monday asked the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea to order Russia to free the crew of the Greenpeace activist ship Arctic Sunrise
-
23 octobre: La Russie réduit les charges de l'équipage Greenpeace à 'hooliganisme', punissable de sept ans
-
27 octobre: Des militants de Greenpeace dénoncent leurs conditions de détention
-
16 November: Greenpeace organised protests in 263 cities around the world on Saturday to mark two months since 30 of its environmental activists were jailed in Russia
-
21 novembre: Huit militants de Greenpeace libérés sous caution en Russie
-
22 November: UN-mandated International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea orders Russia to free Greenpeace activists
-
25 December: Russia drops charges against 19 Greenpeace activists
-
27 December: Dutch Greenpeace activist Faiza Oulahsen who spent more than two months in Russian prison says the ordeal has made her 'even more dedicated' to saving the Arctic environment
-
28 décembre: Des militants de Greenpeace amnistiés demandent des excuses à la Russie
-
25 August 2015: A court in the Netherlands has ordered Russia to pay compensation for seizing the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise during a protest against an offshore oil platform two years ago, ruling that Russia violated international maritime conventions
2015:
21 June 2015: As Russia's Arctic territorial claims encompass an area of roughly 1.2m sqkm, regime announces deploying new radar stations and fighter aircraft on islands
-
25 July 2015: Russian military strengthens forces in oil-rich Arctic region
2014 Russia's suspension from 'Group of Eight' G8 and sanctions:
Russia's suspension from the
G8 nations
after its 2014 military intervention in Ukraine
-
List of individuals sanctioned during the 2014 Crimean crisis
-
24 March 2014: G7 countries snub Putin and refuse to attend planned G8 summit in Russia amid fears of further Russian military moves in Ukraine
,
warning Russia of more sanctions if Ukraine crisis escalates
-
26 April 2014: In a joint statement the G7 nations say they will act urgently to intensify 'targeted sanctions' on Russian regime
Bilateral relations of Russia:
Bilateral relations
of Russia
Russia/Afghanistan relations:
Russia/
Afghanistan
relations
1979-1992 history of Afghanistan and foreign powers::
1979-1992 history of Afghanistan
-
Soviet–Afghan War 1979-1989, Mujahideen insurgent groups, who received aid from several Western and Muslim countries, fought against the Soviet Army and allied Afghan forces, 850,000–1.5 million civilians were killed in the conflict
-
1989-1992 phase of the Afghan Civil War began after the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan, leaving the Afghan communist government to fend for itself against the Mujahideen
-
War in Afghanistan 1978–present
2015 Putin regime's exchange information with the Taliban and wants to supply weapons:
23 December 2015: Russia wants to supply weapons to Afghanistan and has established communication channels to exchange information with the Taliban, Putin's special envoy on Afghanistan Zamir Kabulov tells Interfax
2017:
24 April 2017: Russia is sending weapons to Taliban, USA general confirms
-
3 May 2017: Amid recent accusations by the USA military that Russian regime is supplying weapons and possibly funding to the Taliban, it has been courting influential Afghans, expressing veiled criticism of the NATO-led mission there
May 2019 Taliban terrorists in Moscow for talks:
28 May 2019: Hosting Taliban delegates, Russian regime calls for withdrawal Of foreign forces from Afghanistan
14 September 2019 Taliban terrorists in Moscow:
14 September 2019: Taliban terrorists have sent a delegation to Russia to discuss prospects for a withdrawal of USA troops from Afghanistan following the collapse of talks with the USA following a series of terror attacks in the country, causing many civilian casualtier
-
2019 terrorist incidents in Afghanistan
15/16 September 2019 Farah, Ghazni and Logar attacks:
16 September 2019: At least five civilians, including women and children, were killed when their vehicle struck a roadside bomb in western Farah province on Sunday, where the Taliban are active, as on Monday a sticky bomb attached to a mini bus belonging to Ghazni University exploded and killed the bus driver, wounding five Ghazni University students
31 October 2022 Russia recruiting Afghan special forces who fought with USA to fight in Ukraine:
31 October 2022: Afghan special forces soldiers who fought alongside American troops and then fled to Iran after the chaotic USA withdrawal last year are now being recruited by the Russian military to fight in Ukraine, three former Afghan generals have told the Associated Press. They said the Russians want to attract thousands of the former elite Afghan commandos into a 'foreign legion' with offers of steady, $1,500-a-month payments and promises of safe havens (if they survive, otherwise a place in the heaven like Afghan president since 1986 Mohammad Najibullah) for themselves and their families so they can avoid deportation home to what many assume would be death at the hands of the Taliban
-
1947 – 27 September 1996 Mohammad Najibullah's resignation in 1992, shortly after which the Taliban took over Kabul. After a failed attempt to flee to India, Najibullah lived in the UN headquarters until his assassination by the Taliban after their capture of the city
Russia/Africa relations:
Russia/
Africa
relations
21st century Russian mining incl. gold in several African countries:
Since 1993 Severstal ('Northern Steel'), a Russian company mainly operating in the steel and mining industry, headquartered in Cherepovets, listed on the Moscow Exchange and LSE, the largest steel company in Russia, as it is majority-owned and controlled by billionaire Alexey Mordashov. Severstal owns major industrial facilities in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, France, and Italy, as well as in several African countries. The company also has mining assets, thus securing its supply of raw materials.
-
Russian 'Nord Gold S.E.' since 2007 gold mining in Burkina Faso with several mines including Bissa mine, Bouly mine and Taparko mine
September 2018:
11 September 2018: Russia is engaged in a frantic new scramble for influence in Africa, which is being spearheaded by a rash of military cooperation and arms deals signed across the continent in 2018, raising fears over the human rights and security implications of selling arms to regimes that are weak or in conflict
June 2019 Russian effort to exert influence in Africa:
11 June 2019: Russian regime is seeking to bolster its presence in at least 13 countries across Africa by building relations with existing rulers, striking military deals, and grooming a new generation of 'leaders' and undercover 'agents', leaked documents reveal
August 2019 Russia pushing unsuitable nuclear power in Africa:
28 August 2019: Russian regime is attempting to gain influence in Africa and earn billions of pounds by selling developing nations nuclear technology that critics say is unsuitable and unlikely to benefit the continent’s poorest people
6 August 2020 Russia's Putin making Africa a priority, massively expanding military presence:
6 August 2020: Russian regime's Putin is making Africa a priority, massively expanding military presence, in particular intending to set up military bases in six regions, Central African Republic, Madagascar, Eritrea, Mozambique, Egypt, and Sudan, according to German intelligence ageny's classified report, seen by newspaper
27 November 2020 UN Sudan expert's links to Russian oligarch Prigozhin revealed:
27 November 2020: Leaked documents show links between an academic serving on a UN expert panel on Sudan, and Yevgeny Prigozhin, the Russian oligarch under USA sanctions who has led Russia’s recent push into Africa, as - according to the USA - Prigozhin runs the Wagner group, which has sent mercenaries to countries including Sudan, Libya and the Central African Republic, and is also behind a notorious internet troll factory that supported Donald Trump
24 December 2021 presence of Russian mercenaries in Mali, also present in more African countries, denounced:
24 December 2021: A number of western countries have denounced the presence of Russian mercenaries in Mali, as in a joint letter, 15 countries including France, Germany and Canada condemned the deployment of paramilitary company Wagner on Malian territory, as the letter did not threaten Bamako with the departure of foreign forces currently involved in anti-jihadist fighting. Previously, French president, Emmanuel Macron, said that the presence of Wagner's forces in Mali would be incompatible with the presence of French soldiers.
23 April 2022 Russia has deployed its 'Wagner Group' in operations across at least half a dozen African nations:
23 April 2022: Russia has deployed the 'Wagner Group' with Russian mercenaries in military operations across at least half a dozen African nations.
Since 1945 Russian/Arab League relations:
Russian/
Arab League
relations since 1945 Soviet Union, since 1992 Russian Federation
Russia/Argentina relations:
Russia/
Argentina
relations
2018:
2 mars 2018: Le cerveau russe présumé d'un incroyable trafic de cocaïne utilisant une dépendance de l'ambassade russe en Argentine a été arrêté en Allemagne
Russia/Armenia relations:
Russia/
Armenia
relations
2015:
15 January 2015: Thousands demonstrate against Kremlin influence after a Russian soldier is accused of killing a family of six
2016:
27 May 2016: Russia sued by relatives of Armenian Avetisyan family, massacred by Russian soldier Valery Permyakov in 2015
Russia/Australia relations:
Russia/
Australia
relations
April 2014 Russian ambassador to Australia called in to explain troops in Crimea:
3 April 2014: Russian ambassador to Australia called in to explain troops in Crimea
-
13 October 2014: Australia PM says will confront Putin at G20 over the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 and the murder of Australian citizens
-
18 October: Putin agrees to use his influence with pro-Russian separatists in Ukraine to aid the investigation into the crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 brought down by an explosion consistent with a surface-to-air missile, Australia's Julie Bishop says
-
19 October: Parents of three children Mo, Evie and Otis, who were killed with their grandfather Nick Norris in the downing of flight MH17, call for an end to war saying their lives are an 'ongoing hell'
2015 Australia excluded from Syria peace talks after Russian objection:
16 November 2015: Australia, which is participating in airstrikes against Islamic State terrorists, excluded from Syria peace talks involving 20 countries or regional groupings, after Russian objection
2016 Bellingcat names Russia Defence Ministry and Putin possibly involved in July 2014 MH17 crash:
24 February 2016: Bellingcat names those possibly involved in July 2014 MH17 crash, including Russia Defence Ministry and Putin
-
18 May 2016: NSW Coroner Michael Barnes has found the deaths of six NSW passengers in the Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 crash were caused by 'deliberate, malicious acts'
-
21 May 2016: Australian law firm wants compensation from Russian regime for MH17 crash and its President Putin on behalf of families of victims of July 2014 catastrophe, the relevant application was submitted to the European Court of Human Rights on 9 May 2016
September/October 2016 MH17 'killers' will be brought to justice:
28/29 September 2016: MH17 'killers' will be brought to justice, says Australian PM Malcolm Turnbull, adding that Australia will continue to pursue Russia
after two-year international investigation found Malaysian Airlines plane was downed by missile from Russia
-
2 October 2016: Australia’s FM Julie Bishop says that Russian-backed separatists responsible for shooting down the Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 in Ukraine, killing 298 people including 38 Australians, could face a Lockerbie-style prosecution once the investigation has concluded, and that other legal avenues are required because Russia would likely veto any moves by the UN security council to bring to trial those responsible
October 2016 protests opposed to Russian military intervention in Syria:
7 October 2016: Protesters opposed to Russian military intervention in Syria gathered outside the Russian Embassy in Canberra, with some carrying placards comparing Russian regime's Vladimir Putin to Adolf Hitler
July 2017 MH17 case:
16 July 2017: Australia says MH17 perpetrators, shot down by a Russian-made Buk missile in July 2014, may be tried in absentia
-
17 July 2017: Bellingcat's team of investigative journalists has released report summarizing all major open source evidence surrounding the downing of MH17 in an easy-to-read 73-page survey
,
naming Buk 332 of the Russian Armed Forces to be the only credible candidate for the missile launcher that downed MH17
May 2018 Russia formally accused of downing MH17:
25 May 2018: Australia and the Netherlands have formally accused Russia of being responsible for downing a Malaysia Airlines passenger jet in July 2014
,
after international Joint Investigation Team identified the missile used to shoot down the plane as coming from Russia's armed forces
,
murdering all 298 people on board
June 2018 Australian government joins UK in state boycott of World Cup 2018 in Russia:
8 June 2018: Australian government joins UK in state boycott of World Cup 2018 in Russia
July 2018 Perth parents of children who died when flight MH17 was shot down:
17 July 2018: The Perth parents of three children who died when Malaysian Airlines flight MH17 was shot down over Ukraine have condemned USA's Donald Trump for his refusal to hold the Russia's Vladimir Putin to account over the downing, killing 298 people including 38 Australians
Russia/Austria relations:
Russia/
Austria
relations
December 2016:
20 December 2016: Austrian Freedom Party's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Austrian party founded by former Nazis, signed a cooperation agreement with Russian Vladimir Putin's United Russia party and met with Michael Flynn, President-elect Donald Trump's nominee for national security adviser at Trump Tower in New York (USA)
November 2018:
9 November 2018: Austria has arrested a retired army colonel on suspicion of spying for Russian regime since 1990, saying the case and allegations of espionage in the Netherlands, 'don’t improve relations between Russia and the European Union'
Russia/Baltics relations:
In 1991
Baltic countries
claimed de facto independence, international recognition followed, and in 1998 Russia officially ended its military presence in the Baltics
2015:
7 November 2015: The Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia demand Russia pay compensation for decades of repressive Soviet rule
Russia/Belarus relations:
Russia/
Belarus
relations
2014 Russia and 'Eurasian Economic Union':
Eurasian Economic Union will go into effect on 1 January 2015 if treaty is approved by each country
-
Eurasia - continental landmass of Europe and Asia
-
29 May 2014: Ex-Soviet trade bloc treaty 'Eurasian Economic Union', uniting Russian, Kazakh, Belarusian economies into market, signed in Moscow
April 2015 Lukashenko refuses to attend 'Victory Day Parade in Mocow' with Chinese regime's Xi Jinping and North Korea's dictator Kim Jong Un:
19 April 2015: Belarus' Lukashenko refuses to attend Victory Day Parade in Mocow on May 9 as Chinese regime's Xi Jinping and North Korea's dictator Kim Jong Un are the most high-profile leaders to attend
October 2015 Belarus doesn't want to host a Russian military air base:
7 October 2015: Belarus doesn't want to host a Russian military air base, Lukashenko says following protests against his rule and reported Russian plans to beef up military presence
January 2019:
19 January 2019: Belarusian model Anastasia Vashukevich, who claimed she had proof of Russian collusion with the Trump 2016 election campaign, in Russian custody after police 'dragged' her from a transit zone in Moscow’s airport, her lawyer told AFP, branding the arrest an 'international scandal'
24 December 2019 Belarus' Lukashenko warns Putin against forceful merger:
24 décembre 2019: Le président bélarusse Loukachenko a mis en garde mardi les autorités russes contre une union sous la contrainte entre son pays et la Russie, qui discutent depuis des années d'une hypothétique fusion en un seul Etat
29 July 2020 dozens of militants detained near Minsk part of Russia's PMC Wagner:
29 July 2020: Belarus security forces overnight Wednesday apprehended just outside Minsk as many as 32 militants with Russia's Wagner private military company, whose fighters had been earlier spotted in various hotspots across the world, including Syria, Libya, and Donbas
16 August 2020 Putin tells Lukashenko Russia ready to provide 'help':
16 August 2020: Putin tells Lukashenko Russia ready to provide 'help' in accordance with a collective military pact if necessary, Russian regime said in a statement
3 February 2022 Russia has sent some 30,000 combat troops, modern weapons to Belarus, NATO says:
3 February 2022: Russia has been moving some 30,000 combat troops and modern weapons to Belarus over the last days, regimes's biggest military deployment to the country since the end of the Cold War, NATO's Jens Stoltenberg said
Russia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations:
Russia/
Bosnia and Herzegovina
relations
2018:
12 January 2018: 15 months after Russian intelligence was implicated in an abortive coup in Montenegro, in which mercenaries planned to storm parliament and assassinate PM Milo Ðukanovic, Russian-trained mercenaries back Bosnia's Serb separatists' new paramilitary unit, recruiting from the Serb criminal underworld
Russia/Burkina Faso relations:
Russia/
Burkina Faso
relations
Russian 'Nord Gold S.E.' since 2007 gold mining in Burkina Faso:
Russian 'Nord Gold S.E.' since 2007 gold mining in Burkina Faso with several mines including Bissa mine, Bouly mine and Taparko mine
-
Bissa gold mine
-
Since 1993 Severstal ('Northern Steel'), a Russian company mainly operating in the steel and mining industry, headquartered in Cherepovets, listed on the Moscow Exchange and LSE, the largest steel company in Russia, as it is majority-owned and controlled by billionaire Alexey Mordashov. Severstal owns major industrial facilities in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, France, and Italy, as well as in several African countries. The company also has mining assets, thus securing its supply of raw materials.
18 October 2016 gold occurrences are widespread in Burkina Faso:
18 October 2016: Gold occurrences are widespread in Burkina Faso
Russia/Cameroon relations:
Russia/
Cameroon
relations
2017:
30 June 2017: Russians dress up in blackface to represent Cameroon carrying bananas marched in an official parade in Sochi less than a month before the city hosts Cameroon for a Confederations Cup match, once again raising concerns about racism at football matches in Russia
Russia/Canada relations:
Russia/
Canada
relations
-
Uranium One
December 2013 North Pole dispute:
11 December 2013: Putin orders Russia's military to step up its presence in the Arctic after Canada signalled its intention to claim the North Pole
November 2019 'freedom' of racist speech in Russia:
12 November 2019: One day after the Canadian hockey pundit Don Cherry was fired by Sportsnet for xenophobic remarks made on Saturday night’s Hockey Night in Canada telecast, Russian team Dynamo Moscow has publicly recruited Cherry to come aboard as a TV analyst, offered to 'talk whatever he thinks'
16 July 2020 Russian state-sponsored hackers target UK, USA and Canadian covid-19 vaccine researchers:
16 July 2020: Russian state-sponsored hackers are targeting UK, USA and Canadian organisations involved in developing a covid-19 vaccine, according to British security officials, saying drug firms and research groups being targeted by group known as APT29
Russia/Central African Republic relations:
Russia/
Central African Republic
relations
December 2017 Russian regime supported by UN to send more weapons to CAR despite embargo:
15 décembre 2017:
Autorisée par l’ONU
, la Russie s’apprête à livrer des armes à la Centrafrique, malgré l’embargo imposé au pays depuis 2013
-
23 décembre 2017: La Russie a obtenu du Conseil de sécurité