October 2017 assassination of Daphne Caruana Galizia:: 16 October 2017 assassination of Daphne Caruana Galizia

October 2017 bomb detonated via mobile phone message: 19 December 2017: Bomb was ‘organic explosive’ detonated via mobile phone message, sent from a boat off the island’s coast as part of a carefully planned operation lasting several months

Organized crime in Malta: Organized crime and 'Ndrangheta in Malta

Human trafficking in Malta: Human trafficking in Malta

Law and legal history of Malta: Law of Malta - Human rights in Malta and history

Judiciary of Malta: Judiciary of Malta

Law enforcement in Malta: Law enforcement in Malta - The Malta Police Force

2017 police sergeant suspended after Facebook comments celebrating Caruana Galizia murder: 17 October 2017: Police sergeant suspended after Facebook comments celebrating Caruana Galizia murder

Foreign relations of Malta: Foreign relations of Malta

Treaties of Malta: Treaties of Malta

Immigration to Malta: Immigration to Malta - Illegal immigration in Malta - May 2007 Malta migrant shipwreck - 11 October 2013 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck - 13 octobre 2013: Après le naufrage au sud de Malte qui a coûté la vie à des dizaines de migrants en majorité syriens, le Premier ministre maltais Muscat a déploré que la 'Méditerranée soit en train de devenir un cimetière' - September 2014 Malta migrant shipwreck - 17 September 2014: About 500 migrants may have been killed when people smugglers rammed their boat bound for Malta, drowning the vast majority of its passengers, including refugees from Egypt, Sudan, Syria and Palestine, the IOM says after it debriefed two Palestinian survivors - 19 September 2014: World must vigorously pursue criminal gangs who doomed hundreds of migrants in the Mediterranean, IOM's William Lacy Swing says

Malta and the European Union: Malta and the European Union

March 2003 Maltese EU membership referendum: Maltese EU membership referendum March 2003

2013: 13. Oktober 2013: Nach dem Schiffsunglück am 11. Oktober zwischen Malta und Lampedusa sagt Joseph Muscat, Malta fühle sich in der Flüchtlingsproblematik von der EU im Stich gelassen

2017: 20 October 2017: As European parliament's Antonio Tajani says there was broad agreement among the EU27 on the need for some form of international involvement 'to fully clarify an event of unprecedented gravity', Pope Francis sent a rare letter of condolence to Malta following the murder of the investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia, amid calls from her sons for the island’s PM to resign and mounting pressure for an international investigation - 3 novembre 2017: La Commission européenne a demandé aux autorités maltaises de retrouver les 'barbares' qui ont tué la journaliste d'investigation Daphné Caruana Galizia mi-octobre

June 2018: 13 June 2018: EU’s justice commissioner Vera Jourová to fly to Malta to meet officers investigating the murder of Daphne Caruana Galizia after a damning report accused the authorities of seeking to delay and stall attempts to find those who wanted the journalist dead

Bilateral relations of Malta: Bilateral relations of Malta

Malta/France relations: Malta/France relations

1798-1800 French occupation of Malta: 1798-1800 French occupation of Malta

Malta/Germany relations: Malta/Germany relations

1940-1942 Siege of Malta by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: 1940-1942 Siege of Malta by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany during World War II, after the opening of a new front in North Africa in June 1940 increased the considerable value of the strategically important island of Malta

Since January 1941 German intervention: Since January 1941 German intervention

Since 1942: Since 1940 World War II sites in Malta

2017 sociétés 'boîte aux lettres': 10 mai 2017: Des milliers d'entreprises fictives enregistrées sur l'île de Malta et liées à de grands groupes allemands sont dans le viseur du fisc allemand

Malta/Italy relations: Malta/Italy relations

June–December 1940 Italian aerial bombardment of Malta: June–December 1940 Italian aerial bombardment of Malta

Since 1942: Since 1940 World War II sites in Malta

Malta/Libya relations: Malta/Libya relations

Malta/Russia relations: Malta/Russia relations

2016: 27 October 2016: Malta will not refuel Russia's 'death fleet' heading to Syria, after online petition to the Maltese government said the people of Malta did not want to be complicit in Russia's war crimes

Malta/Spain relations: Malta/Spain relations

Malta/Tunisia relations: Malte/Tunisia relations

2015: 9 July 2015: As Maltese holidaymakers strike Tunisia off their destination list following the Sousse terrorist attack in June, and British tourists decide to cut their holidays, some have declared in interviews and on social media they were determined to see their holiday through to the end to defy the terrorists

Malta/Turkey relations: Malta/Turkey relations

1565 Great Siege of Malta: 1565 Great Siege of Malta, when the Ottoman Empire tried to invade the island of Malta, then held by the Knights Hospitaller

Malta/United Kingdom relations: Malta/United Kingdom relations

1690–1967 British Mediterranean Fleet: British Mediterranean Fleet 1690–1967

1798-1800 Siege of Malta: Siege of Malta (1798–1800)

1813-1964 British Malta Colony: British Malta Colony 1813–1964

1964 Maltese referendum on a new constitution and independence: Maltese referendum on a new constitution and independence 1964

Malta/USA relations: Malta/USA relations

Environment of Malta: Environment of Malta - Natural history of Malta - Geology of Malta

Landforms of Malta: Landforms of Malta

Water in Malta: Water in Malta

Moldova - Geography of Moldova - Principality of Moldavia 1346–1859 - History of Moldova - Independence of Moldova since 1991 - History of independent Moldova - Demographics of Moldova

Economy of Moldova: Economy of Moldova - main industries include sugar, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, hosiery, shoes, textiles - Companies of Moldova by industry

Telecommunications in Moldova

Agriculture in Moldova: Agriculture in Moldova and food processing account for about 40% of GDP including wine, wheat, corn, barley, tobacco, sugar beet, soybeans, beef and dairy cattle

Moldovan wine: Moldovan wine

Tourism in Moldova: Tourism in Moldova

Banking and banks in Moldova: List of banks in Moldova - Since 1991 National Bank of Moldova

Economic history of Moldova and economic cycles: Economic history of Moldova

2006-2020 macroeconomic situation and development: 2006-2020 Macroeconomic situation, business and economic environment and development

Poverty in Moldova: Poverty in Moldova

Military of Moldova: Military of Moldova

Politics of Moldova: Politics of Moldova

Political parties in Moldova: Political parties in Moldova

Since May 2016 'Action and Solidarity Party': Since May 2016 'Action and Solidarity Party', a liberal pro-EU political party in Moldova, led by the former minister of Education of Moldova Maia Sandu, as the party was constituted on grounds of voluntary association of the citizens

Trade unions in Moldova: Trade unions in Moldova

Elections and politics in Moldova: Elections in Moldova

Moldovan parliamentary election 28 November 2010 - Pro-European Coalition since May 2013

Moldovan presidential election December 2011 – March 2012

November 2014 Moldovan parliamentary election: Moldovan parliamentary election 30 November 2014 - 29 November: Moldovan pro-Kremlin party leader flees to Moscow ahead of parliamentary ballot after court barred pro-Russian party over illegal funding - 30 November: Moldovans cast their ballots - 1 December: With 87.7% of the vote counted early Monday, the pro-Europe parties were ahead with about 44.4%, with 39.5% for the two pro-Russia parties

October 2016 Moldovan presidential election: 30 October 2016 Moldovan presidential election - 30 October 2016: Moldovans elect president for first time in 20 years - 31 October: Moldova presidential election heads to second round

November 2016: 14 November 2016: Igor Dodon becomes president-elect in Moldova getting alleged 52,29% of votes, while Maiya Sandu got 47,71%

December 2018: 14 December 2018: On 24 February 2019 Moldova will elect a new parliament based on a mixed electoral system adopted in July 2017 by the incumbent Democratic Party, led by oligarch Vladimir Plahotniuc, and the nominally opposition Party of Socialists controlled by President Igor Dodon, but opposed by all the other major political parties

February 2019 Moldovan parliamentary election and referendum: 24 February 2019 Moldovan parliamentary election - A two-part referendum will be held in Moldova on 24 February 2019, alongside parliamentary elections, as voters will be asked whether the number of MPs should be reduced from 101 to 61 and whether MPs should be open to recall

June 2019 Pavel Filip called early election: 9 juin 2019: Le nouveau président, Pavel Filip, a dissous le parlement sur fond de crise alors que l'ancien dirigeant pro-russe ne voulait pas un entente entre russes et européens

June 2019 - 12 November 2019 Sandu Cabinet of Moldova: June 2019 - 12 November 2019 Sandu Cabinet of Moldova, led by Maia Sandu, inaugurated on 8 June 2019 in the middle of the 2019 Moldovan constitutional crisis when the Constitutional Court declared unconstitutional her designation for this position as well as the appointment of the Government of the Republic of Moldova, however on 15 June 2019 the Constitutional Court revised and repealed its previous decisions declaring the Sandu Cabinet to have been constitutionally created, but it was ousted in a motion of no confidence in the Parliament of Moldova on 12 November that same year and subsequently replaced by a government headed by Ion Chicu

September 2019 Moldovan parliamentary election: 6 September 2019 Moldovan parliamentary election

Since 14 November 2019 Chicu Cabinet: Since 14 November 2019 Chicu Cabinet led by Ion Chicu and formed two days after the Sandu Cabinet led by Maia Sandu was ousted in a vote of no confidence

November 2020 Moldovan presidential election: 1 November 2020 Moldovan presidential election - 1 novembre 2020: Les Moldaves élisent dimanche leur président sous l’œil attentif de Moscou qui souhaite voir le chef de l’État sortant réélu face aux candidats pro-européens, sur fond d’inquiétude liée aux mouvements de contestation secouant l’espace ex-soviétique

2 November 2020 CEC data showed Sandu winning 36% against Dodon’s 32.7%: 2 November 2020: Moldova will hold a runoff presidential election after CEC data showed Sandu winning 36% against Dodon’s 32.7% with nearly all ballots counted, as Sandu was also backed by about 70% of Moldovans who voted abroad

15 November 2020 Moldovan presidential election second round: 15 November 2020 Moldovan presidential election second round, candidate from the Action and Solidarity Party, former PM Maia Sandu, won the elections

20 November 2020 Moldova's president-elect Maia Sandu says Crimea is part of Ukraine: 20 November 2020: Moldova's president-elect, former PM Maia Sandu, says Crimea is part of Ukraine, adding she has repeatedly expressed respect for the territorial integrity of neighbouring country, as Ukrainian president Zelensky has already invited Sandu to visit Ukraine

22 October 2021 Moldova in state of emergency for a montb amid soaring world energy prices: 22 October 2021: Moldova’s parliament has approved a government-requested state of emergency until 20 November as it tries to ease gas shortages amid soaring world energy prices, as country wedged between Romania and Ukraine gets gas from Russia via its pro-Russian separatist region of Transnistria and Ukraine

6 March 2022 Moldova seeks USA support over Ukraine war refugees: 6 March 2022: Moldova seeks USA support over Ukraine war refugees, as some 120,000 people have crossed into the small country since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine last week

5 April 2022 Moldova to receive aid from EU donors: 5 April 2022: Moldova to receive aid from EU donors, as EU countries pledge more than $720m in aid to Moldova to help it cope with the fallout from Russia’s war in neighbouring Ukraine

14 February 2023 Moldova’s president accuses Russia of plotting to overthrow the country’s pro-EU government: 14 February 2023: Moldova’s president has accused Russia of plotting to overthrow the country’s pro-EU government through violent actions disguised as opposition protest, as Maia Sandu said authorities had confirmed an alleged Russian plot to destabilise her country that Volodymyr Zelenskiy had revealed last week. Ukraine’s president told EU leaders that Ukraine had intercepted a plan from Russian intelligence, having uncovered a document that showed 'who, when and how was going to break the democracy of Moldova and establish control' over the country

Social movements and protests in Moldova: Protests in Moldova

1990/1991 'Bridge of Flowers': Bridge of Flowers

2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests: April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests

2013 'Pro Europe' demonstration: November 2013 'Pro Europe' demonstration in Moldova

2015 protest demanding an investigation of Moldova's state-owned savings bank: 4 May 2015: Thousands in Chisinau held a protest demanding an investigation into more than USD 1 billion that has gone missing from Moldova's state-owned savings bank and demanding the government do more to implement European reforms - 7 September 2015: Tens of thousands protest in Moldova, demand president's resignation and probe into bank fraud - 14 September: Anti-graft rally enters second week as more than 20,000 people rallied over the weekend - 5 October: Ongoing mass rallies demand action against corruption and the resignation of senior government officials - 26 November: Moldovan protesters begin hunger strike in tent city

April 2016 protests against influence of politically connected business people: 25 April 2016: Thousands of demonstrators demand government resignation and early elections, claiming the current government is under the influence of politically connected business people who dictate policy

November 2016 protests expressing discontent with the results of presidential elections: 14 November 2016: Thousands of people are protesting in the Moldovian capital Chisinau, expressing their discontent with the results of the recent presidential elections, accusing the authorities of a rigged election and demanding the third ballot, as Maiya Sandu pledges to appeal the ballot results and to consider each particular complaint

Society, demographics and human rights in Moldova: Moldovan society

Human rights in Moldova: Human rights in Moldova

Demographics, history of Moldova and history of the Jews in Bessarabia: Demographics of Moldova - Demographic history of Transnistria - History of the Jews in Bessarabia dating back hundreds of years, as in 1897 the Jewish population had grown to 225,637 of a total of 1,936,392, or 11.65%.

Cities and towns in Moldova: List of cities and towns in Moldova

Chisinau city: Chisinau city and the capital of the Republic of Moldova. The city is Moldova's main industrial and commercial center, and is located in the middle of the country, on the river Bâc, a tributary of the Dniester. According to the results of the 2014 census, the city proper had a population of 532,513 citizens, while the population of the Municipality of Chisinau (which includes the city itself and other nearby communities) was 700,00 inhabitants

Bîc river in Moldova: Bîc river in Moldova, a right tributary of the Dniester, originating in a spring in the village of Temeleu?i in west central Moldova. As it flows west and south, the upper Bâc cuts a deep canyon in the Codri Hills. It then flows through the town of Straseni into the Chisinau Sea reservoir, about 20km to the north and west of Chisinau city. The river then flows through the city along the northern edge of the center. After departing it flows further south and west through the town of Anenii Noi, and then empties into the Dnistr near the village of Gura Bîcului ('mouth of the Bîc')

History and timeline of Chisinau recorded since 1436: History and timeline of Chisinau recorded since 1436. Then, it has grown to become a significant political and cultural capital of South East Europe. In 1918 Chisinau became the capital of an independent state, the Moldavian Democratic Republic, and has been the capital of Moldova since 1991.

Since 1436 timeline of Chisinau: Timeline of Chisinau since 1436

19th century industrial age of Chisinau: History of Chisinau recorded since 1436. Then, it has grown to become a significant political and cultural capital of South East Europe. In 1918 Chi?inau became the capital of an independent state, the Moldavian Democratic Republic, and has been the capital of Moldova since 1991.

19th/20th century growing anti-Semitism in the Russian Empire and 1903 Kishinev pogrom In the late 19th century, especially due to growing anti-Semitic sentiment in the Russian Empire and better economic conditions, many Jews chose to settle in Chisinau, but 1903 Kishinev pogrom. Its population had grown to 92,000 by 1862 and to 125,787 by 1900. By the year 1900, 43% of the population of Chisinau was Jewish, one of the highest numbers in Europe

History of Chisinau 1918-1991 when the city became the capital of the Republic of Moldova: Since 1918 interwar period of Chisinau, Axis Powers 1939-1945 World War II as Chisinau was almost completely destroyed, as after the war, Bessarabia was fully integrated into the Soviet Union. Most of Bessarabia became the Moldavian SSR with Chisinau as its capital, and smaller parts of Bessarabia became parts of the Ukrainian SSR, and as between 1969 and 1971 a fight for the establishment of a Moldavian Democratic Republic brought secession from the Soviet Union and union with Romania, before Chisinau became the capital of the Republic of Moldova since 1991 following the establishment of new publications such as Glasul, Desteptarea, Tara, Sfatul Tarii, Limba Româna. The Popular Front of Moldova was formed in 1989.

21st century history of Chisinau: 21st century history of Chisinau

April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests: April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests in Chisinau, Cahul, Orhei, Balti, 13 cities in Romania including Bucharest, Washington, D.C., Boston, New York City, London, after the unrest began as a public protest following the announcement of preliminary election results on 6 April 2009, which showed the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova victorious, winning approximately 50% of the votes. Final results, published on 8 April, showed that the PCRM garnered 49.48% of the vote, gaining 60 parliament seats – one less than the three-fifths required for the party to control the presidential election. The opposition rejected the election results, accusing the authorities of falsification in the course of counting the votes and demanded new elections. - 8 April 2009: Romania blamed over Moldova riots, as Moldova, sandwiched between Romania and Ukraine, is the poorest country in Europe, where the average wage is just under $250 a month, as the people speak Romanian sharing many cultural links with Romania. However it was annexed by the Soviet Union in World War II and gained independence in 1991. There remains an unresolved conflict with the breakaway region of Trans-Dniester, which has run its own affairs, with Moscow's support, since the end of hostilities in a brief war in 1992, according to the BBC. The unrest was followed by May–June 2009 Moldovan presidential election, and July 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election.

3 November 2013 huge pro Europe demonstration in Chisinau: 3 November 2013 pro Europe demonstration took place in the capital Chisinau of Moldova. The demonstration was organised by three parties of the ruling coalition: Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova, Democratic Party of Moldova and Liberal Reformists Party. It's estimated that around 100,000 people participated at the demonstration, at that time being the biggest mass group or collection of groups of people, since Moldovan Declaration of Independence.

1 June 2023 second European Political Community Summit in Moldova: 1 June 2023 second European Political Community Summit, an organized meeting of the European Political Community to be held at Mimi Castle, Bulboaca 35km from Chisinau in Moldova. It is expected to be attended by 47 heads of states, governments, and European Union institutions, after the inaugural meeting of the European Political Community was held on 6 October 2022 in Prague in the Czech Republic. The inaugural meeting was attended by the heads of state or government of 44 European countries. Russia and Belarus - assaulting Ukraine since February 2022 - were not invited.

Balti city: Balti city in Moldova, the second largest city in terms of population, area and economic importance, after Chisinau. The city is one of the five Moldovan municipalities, and a major industrial, cultural and commercial centre and transportation hub in the north of the country. It is situated 127 kilometres north of the capital Chisinau, and is located on the river Raut, a tributary of the Dniester, on a hilly landscape in the Balti steppe

Raut river in Moldova: Raut river in Moldova, a right tributary of Dniester. Raut, generally navigable until 18-19th century, is navigable today only by small recreational boats. The towns Balti, Orhei and Floresti are located by the river.

History of Balti since the Middle Ages: History of Balti since the Middle Ages

Twentieth century up to 1989 history of Balti and Post-World War II period: Twentieth century up to 1989 history of Balti and Post-World War II period

Soroca city: Soroca city and municipality in Moldova, the administrative center of the Soroca District, situated on the Dniester river about 160km north of Chisinau and with a population of 22,196 citizens in 2014, as in 1919 its population was estimated at 35,000. It consisted mainly of Jews. Romanians, Germans and Russians also lived in the city. The city once had a Jewish population of around 18,000 but they are only 100 today and 20 of them are considered Jewish according to the halakha. In 2012, Soroca had an estimated 37,500 inhabitants.

Dniester river in Eastern Europe and Moldova: The Dniester river in Eastern Europe - in Ukrainian known as Dniester or Dnister, in Romanian as Nistru, in Russian as Dnestr, in Yiddish as Nester and in Lithuanian as Dniestra -, runing first through Ukraine and then through Moldova (from which it more or less separates the breakaway territory of Transnistria), finally discharging into the Black Sea on Ukrainian territory again

Port of Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky: Port of Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky in the city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky, Ukraine, located on the north-western shore of Black Sea at Dniester Estuary, to the south-west from Odessa. Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky Seaport is mainly a freight seaport

Tiraspol city: Tiraspol city, the proclaimed capital of Transnistria region as breakaway state in Moldova, where it is the second largest city. The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River. Tiraspol is a regional hub of light industry, such as furniture and electrical goods production. Tiraspol was founded by the Russian tsarist general Alexander Suvorov in 1792, although the area had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying ethnic groups

Ancient history of Tiras (pol or city): History of Tyras spelled Tiras, a colony of the Greek city Miletus, probably founded about 600 BC, situated some 10km from the mouth of the Tiras, today Dniester River. In the 2nd century BC it fell under the dominion of indigenous kings whose names appear on its coins. It was destroyed by the Thracian Getae about 50 BC. In 56 AD the Romans restored the city and made it part of the colonial province of Lower Moesia. A series of its coins exist that feature heads of Roman emperors from Domitian to Severus Alexander. Soon after the time of the latter, the city was destroyed again, this time by the invasion of the Goths. Its government was in the hands of five archons, a senate, a popular assembly and a registrar.

Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi city: Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi city, municipality and port situated on the right bank of the Dniester Liman (on the Dniester estuary leading to the Black Sea) in Odessa Oblast of southwestern Ukraine, in the historical region of Budjak. It also serves as the administrative center of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion, one of seven districts of Odessa Oblast. It is a location of a big freight seaport with a population of 48,197 citizens in 2021

Culture and languages of Moldova: Culture of Moldova - Languages of Moldova - Moldovan language - Moldovans - Controversy over linguistic and ethnic identity in Moldova

Education in Moldova: Education in Moldova

Schools in Moldova: Schools in Moldova

Universities and colleges in Moldova: Universities and colleges in Moldova

Health in Moldova: Health in Moldova

Disease outbreaks in Moldova: Disease outbreaks in Moldova

Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Moldova: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Moldova as part of the worldwide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoV-2

31 October 2020 76,040 covid-19 cases and 1,785 deaths in Moldova: 31 October 2020: 76,040 covid-19 cases and 1,785 deaths in Moldova

Healthcare in Moldova: Healthcare in Moldova - Medical and health organizations based in Moldova

Hospitals in Moldova: Hospitals in Moldova

Media in Moldova: Mass media in Moldova - Mass media in Moldova by city (7 cities) - Mass media of Transnistria, the breakaway territory within the borders of Moldova, featuring both state-owned or supported outlets and opposition media. Publications are in Russian, with a single newspaper in each of the other two official languages, Moldovan (Romanian), and Ukrainian

Legislative framework for Moldova's media: Legislative framework for Moldova's media, as legislation is deemed rather good, yet cases of abuses and intimidations persist. The Constitution of Moldova guarantees to all citizens 'the freedom of thought, opinion, as well as freedom of expression in public by words, images, or any other possible means'

Newspapers in Moldocva: List of newspapers in Moldova

Broadcasting and radio in Moldova: Broadcasting in Moldova - Radio in Moldova - Broadcasting companies of Moldova - Public broadcasting in Moldova

Since 1958 television in Moldova: Since 1958 television in Moldova

Telecommunications in Moldova: Telecommunications in Moldova and in Transnistria

Internet in Moldova: Internet in Moldova

Crime in Moldova and Transnistria: Crime in Moldova - Crime in Transnistria

Corruption in Moldova: Corruption in Moldova - Corruption in Moldova, Business Anti-Corruption Portal's report

Organized crime in Moldova:

2015: 7 October 2015: Criminal gangs, with suspected ties to Russia, have made several attempts to sell radioactive bomb-making material to extremists through Moldova - 26 November 2015: Moldovan police detains a total of 13 suspected members of a paramilitary group allegedly planning to attack cities in Moldova, with the aim of creating separatist republics similar to those in eastern Ukraine

Drugs in Moldova: Drugs in Moldova

Foreign relations of Moldova: Foreign relations of Moldova

Political status of Transnistria: Political status of Transnistria - Transnistria - War of Transnistria 1992 - Human rights in Transnistria - Crime in Transnistria - Foreign relations of Transnistria - Transnistrian republic recognized only by three states with limited recognition

2015: 29 November 2015 Transnistrian legislative and municipal election

Moldova/European Union relations: Moldova/European Union relations

Since 1998 EU-Moldova Partnership and Cooperation Agreement: 1 July 1998: EU-Moldova Partnership and Cooperation Agreement - European Neighbourhood Policy since 2003 - Delegation of the EU to Moldova since 2005

2014 Moldova keen to join the EU in 2019: 29 April 2014: Moldova keen to join the European Union in 2019 - 28 June 2014: EU signs association agreements with Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia

Moldova/Germany relations: Moldova/Germany relations

1941-1944 'Transnistria Governorate' Romanian-administered territory conquered by the Axis Powers: 'Transnistria Governorate' Romanian-administered territory conquered by the Axis Powers and occupied 1941-1944

1941-1944 The Holocaust in Transnistria: The Holocaust in Transnistria

Moldova/Nato relations: Moldova/Nato relations - 12 May 2014: NATO criticizes idea of bringing Transnistria closer to Russia and calls on Moscow to 'respect Moldova's territorial integrity'

Moldova/Romania relations: Moldova/Romania relations - Union of Bessarabia with Romania 1918 - 'Transnistria Governorate' Romanian-administered territory conquered by the Axis Powers and occupied 1941-1944

Moldova/Russia relations: Moldova/Russia relations - Following its victory in the Russo-Turkish War 1806–1812 the Russian empire annexed Bessarabia from the Ottoman Empire - 'Bessarabia Governorate' eastern part of Moldavia annexed by Russia 1812–1917 - Moldavian Democratic Republic 1917-1918 - Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 1940 - Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic 1944-1991 - Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 1941-1951

1991: Independence of Moldova since 1991

2006-2014: 2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines - 19 April 2014: Moldovan PM Iurie Leanca expresses concern that Moldova could be Putin's next conquest

Moldova/Ukraine relations: Moldova/Ukraine relations - Euroregion Dniester - Dniester river

20th/21st centuries history of Moldova–Ukraine relations: 20th/21st centuries history of Moldova–Ukraine relations, as since 2006 Ukraine conceded several important economic privileges to Moldova

20th/21st century 'bilateral' relationship Transnistria and Ukraine: 20th/21st century 'bilateral' relationship between the 'Pridnestrovian Moldovan Republic' - commonly known as Transnistria - and Ukraine. Ukraine does not officially recognize the independence of Transnistria. Nevertheless, it maintains special relations with Transnistria in the political, cultural and economic spheres.

Since 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine strained relations: Since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine relations were strained, as Transnistrian president officially took no side in the 2022 Russian war against assaulted neigbour marked by brutal Russian war crimes

25 February 2022 Moldova braces for waves of refugees from Ukraine: 25 February 2022: As Moldova braces for waves of refugees from Ukraine, president Maia Sandu warns population that Moldova has awoken to 'a new, more violent, world', voicing deep concern about the security situation on her country’s border caused by Russia’s invasion, as Russia stationed about 1,500 to 2,000 soldiers in the breakaway Moldovan region of Transnistria

5 April 2022 Russian regime's Ukraine war also threatens food security in Western Balkans: 5 April 2022: ussia’s attack on Ukraine has sent shockwaves throughout the globe, rocking world energy markets and causing the worst refugee crisis in Europe since World War II, as the ripple effects from the war may soon be felt in the area of food security as well, and Western Balkan countries are bracing for impact

Environment of Moldova: Environment of Moldova - Natural history of Moldova - Geology of Moldova

Landforms and ecoregions of Moldova: Landforms of Moldova - Ecoregions of Moldova

Water and rivers of Moldova: Water in Moldova - Rivers of Moldova - List of rivers of Moldova

Environmental issues of Moldova: Current environmental issues of Moldova include overuse of pesticides and artificial fertilizers, groundwater contamination by lingering chemicals, poor farming methods, climate change

Natural disasters in Moldova: Natural disasters in Moldova

Earthquakes in Moldova: Earthquakes in Moldova

22 November 2014 Vrancea earthquake with a moment magnitude of 5.7, as the earthquake was felt in northern Bulgaria and the Moldovan city of Chisinau

Floods in Moldova: Floods in Moldova

Poland - Geography of Poland - History of Poland - Demographics of Poland

Economy of Poland: Economy of Poland - main industries include machine building, iron and steel, mining coal, chemicals, ship building, food processing, glass

Companies of Poland by industry: Companies of Poland by industry - List of companies of Poland

Industry in Poland: Industry in Poland

Manufacturing companies of Poland: Manufacturing companies of Poland

Mines in Poland: Mines in Poland - List of mines in Poland - Copper mines in Poland

Coal mines in Poland: Coal mines in Poland

Mining disasters in Poland: Mining disasters in Poland

2016 earthquake caused a collapse at the Rudna copper mine: 1 December 2016: Eight people are dead, five more hospitalized, after a strong earthquake caused a collapse at the Rudna copper mine in Polkowice in southwestern Poland

Oil and gas industry in Poland: Oil and gas industry in Poland

Energy in Poland: Energy in Poland

Coal-fired power stations in Poland: Coal-fired power stations in Poland - around 95% of the nation's electricity is currently produced by burning coal

Nuclear energy in Poland: Nuclear energy in Poland

Renewable energy in Poland: Renewable energy in Poland

Wind power in Poland: Wind power, a minor source of electricity in Poland

Agriculture in Poland: Agriculture in Poland, vital for European and Global market because it produces a variety of agricultural, horticultural and animal origin products. The surface area of agricultural land in Poland is 15.4 million ha, which constitutes nearly 50% of the total area of the country,as its products include fruits, apples and vegetables, wheat, grains, feed grains, vegetable oil, potatoes and rye, sugar beets and triticale, rapeseed, cattle, meat, and dairy products

Types of farming in Poland, cultivation of four major grains, mixed farming: Types of farming in Poland as the quantity and quality of agricultural land ensured self-sufficiency and made considerable quantities of various agricultural products and processed foodstuffs available for export, and as grain production dominated Polish agriculture. The highest yields came from wheat, rye, barley, oats, as other major crops include potatoes, sugar beet, fodder crops, flax, hops, tobacco, and fruits. The northern and east-central regions of the country mainly offered poorer sandy soils suitable for rye and potatoes, as the richer soils of the central and southern parts of the country, excluding those at higher elevations, are making those regions the centers of wheat, sugar beet, hops, and tobacco production. The more accessible land at higher elevations is used to cultivate oats or was left as meadow and pastureland. In 1989 almost half of Poland's arable land was used for the cultivation of the four major grains, another 13% grew tomatoes. All regions of Poland raised dairy cows, beef cattle, pigs and poultry, and cultivated fruit, usually as an integral part of mixed farming

2018 main productions of agricultural products in Poland: 2018 main productions of agricultural products in Poland by quality and quantity, including 25 agricultural products, listed by 'Wikipedia'

2014-2020th Polish agriculture and EU: As Poland is part of the European Union and therefore subject to the CAP, Poland is one of the countries with the most subsidy-efficient farms and least reliant on them for investment, shown by inquiries about dependence of EU farms on subsidy payments including the question whether or how the CAP is helping EU agriculture to meet the targets set out in the European Green Deal in the 2020th, and including legislative framework, member states’ CAP strategic plans, governance framework, and political economy issues linked to effects on farm income

Forestry and forests in Poland: Forestry in Poland - Forests of Poland - List of Polish forest complexes in alphabetical order

Water in Poland: Water in Poland

Bodies of water, including Baltic Sea, Bays of Poland: Bodies of water, including Baltic Sea, Bays of Poland, Canals in Poland, Lakes of Poland, springs and rivers

Baltic Sea: Baltic Sea, arm of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the North and Central European Plain, as the Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea-Baltic Canal since August 1933 - passing through the Lake Lagoda and Lake Onega -, and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal - Major tributaries of the Baltic Sea - Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea

Rivers in Poland, longest rivers: Rivers in Poland in alphabetical order - List of 28 longest rivers in Poland

Vistula river, 'Little White Vistula' and 'Black Little Vistula' and connected cities: Vistula river, the longest river in Poland and the 9th-longest river in Europe at 1,047km in length. The drainage basin, reaching into three other nations, covers 193,960 km2, of which 168,868 km2 is in Poland. The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland, 1,220m above sea level in the Silesian Beskids, the western part of Carpathian Mountains, where it begins with the 'Little White Vistula' and the 'Black Little Vistula'.[4] It flows through Poland's largest cities, including Kraków, Sandomierz, Warsaw, Plock, Wloclawek, Torun, Bydgoszcz, Swiecie, Grudziadz, Tczew and Gdansk. It empties into the Vistula Lagoon (Zalew Wislany) or directly into the Gdansk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta of six main branches (Leniwka, Przekop, Smiala Wisla, Martwa Wisla, Nogat and Szkarpawa). The river is often associated with Polish culture, history and national identity. It is the country's most important waterway and natural symbol

Major Polish cities connected by the Vistula river: MajorPolish cities connected by the Vistula river

Tributaries of the Vistula river: Tributaries of the Vistula river, listed in a range of right and left tributaries with a nearby city, from source to mouth

Narew river: Narew river primarily in north-eastern Poland, a tributary of the river Vistula. The Narew is one of Europe's few braided rivers, with twisted channels resembling braided hair. Around 57km of the river flows through western Belarus

Bug river: Bug river, which flows through three countries with a total length of 774km, and a tributary of the Narew. The Bug forms part of the border between Ukraine and Poland for 185km and between Belarus and Poland for 178km, and is the fourth longest Polish river

Sola river in southern Poland: Sola river in southern Poland, a right tributary of the Vistula originating in the Western Beskids mountain range near the border with Slovakia, made up of the confluence of several small creeks at the village of Rajcza, then running downhill northeastwards through Zywiec Basin to the towns of Zywiec and Kety, forming the border between the Silesian and the Zywiec Beskids, and after 89km the Sola empties into the Vistula River after having passed the town of Oswiecim, flowing within metres of the Auschwitz concentration camp and today the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum

Oder river: Oder river in Central Europe. It is Poland's second-longest river in total length and third-longest within its borders after the Vistula and Warta. The Oder rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742km through western Poland, later forming 187km of the border between Poland and Germany. The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches Dziwna, Swina and Peene that empty into the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea

Cities connected by the Oder river: Cities connected by the Oder river

Warta river: Warta river, rising in central Poland and flowing greatly north-west into the Oder. Poland's second-longest river's - within its borders after the Vistula - drainage basin covers 54,529 square km and it is navigable from Kostrzyn nad Odra to Konin, approximately half of its length. It is connected to the Vistula by the Notec and the Bydgoszcz Canal.

Notec river: Notec river in central Poland, the largest tributary of the Warta river, as most portions of the Notec are navigable, and as several locks and dams connect the Vistula and the Warta/Oder waterways

Transport in Poland: Transport in Poland

Rail transport in Poland: Rail transport in Poland

Road transport in Poland: Road transport in Poland

Air transport in Poland: Air transport in Poland

Water transport in Poland: Water transport in Poland, as country's most important waterway is the river Vistula. The largest seaports are the Port of Szczecin and Port of Gdansk. Marine transport in Poland has two main sub-groups, riverine and seaborne. On the Baltic Sea coast, a number of large seaports exist to serve the international freight and passenger trade; these are typically deep water ports and are able to serve very large ships, including the ro-ro ferries of Unity Line, Polferries and Stena Line which operate the Poland – Scandinavia passenger lines. - Water transport in Poland

Main trading artery Vistula river in Poland, Oder river: Major Polish cities connected by the Vistula river as the Vistula river with a drainage basin reaching into three other nations together with its tributaries connects dozens of country's cities - The Oder river in southern and western Poland is navigable over a large part of its total length

Main seaports and harbors in Poland: Main seaports and harbors in Poland

Tourism in Poland: Tourism in Poland, part of the global tourism market with constantly increasing number of visitors, contributing to the country's overall economy. The most popular cities are Kraków, Warsaw, Wroclaw, Gdansk, Poznan, Szczecin, Lublin, Torun, Zakopane, the Salt Mine in Wieliczka and the historic site of Auschwitz, the NSDAP-ruled German empire's concentration camp in Oswiecim. The best recreational destinations include Poland's Masurian Lake District, Baltic Sea coast, Tatra Mountains (the highest mountain range of Carpathians), Sudetes and Bialowieza Forest.

Banking and banks of Poland: Banks of Poland

Since 1945 National Bank of Poland: Since 1945 National Bank of Poland, that controls the issuing of Poland's currency, the Polish zloty. The Bank is headquartered in Warsaw, and has branches in 16 major Polish cities. The NBP represents Poland in the European System of Central Banks, an EU organization

Stock exchanges in Poland: Stock exchanges in Poland

Poland, the euro and Law and Justice Party's nationalistic reasons: Poland and the euro in the EU since 2000/2001, as Poland does not use the euro as its currency. But under the terms of their 'Treaty of Accession with the European Union', all new Member States 'shall participate in the Economic and Monetary Union from the date of accession as a Member State with a derogation', which means that Poland is obliged to eventually replace its currency, the zloty, with the euro. 20 years after its intoduction in the EU, there is no target date for Polish euro adoption, and no fixed date for when the country will join ERM-II, as Euro adoption will require the approval of at least two-thirds of the Sejm to make a constitutional amendment changing the official currency from the zloty to the euro, but the 2020s ruling 'Law and Justice Party' opposes euro adoption for nationalistic reasons

Economic history of Poland and economic cycles: Economic history of Poland

Economic history in the period from 1989 to 2018: Economic growth in the period from 1989 to 2018, as Poland's GDP increased by 826.96%in after the abolishment of autocratic rule in Polsnd and eastern Europe

Main economic indicators between 1980 and 2020: 'Wikipedia' listed data show the main economic indicators between 1980 and 2020, showing significant decline in 2020 amid covid-19 pandemic since the beginning of the 2020s

21st century Polish property bubble: 21st century Polish property bubble, as real estate prices rose drastically from 2002 to 2008 in Poland

Since 2020 covid-19 pandemic's serious influence on the Polish economy: Since 2020 covid-19 pandemic and the isolation measures in response to it had a serious influence on the Polish economy, especially commerce, tourism and the hospitality industries

December 2021 OECD's quarterly national accounts including Poland: 4 December 2021 OECD's quarterly national accounts including Poland, quarterly growth rates of real GDP, change over previous quarter

Unemployment in Poland: Unemployment in Poland, history in the 21st century, regional distribution, reasons and consequences

Poverty and income inequality in Poland: Poverty and income inequality in Poland

Welfare in Poland: Welfare in Poland

Budget,debt and taxation in Poland: Budget and debt in Poland - Taxation in Poland

Politics of Poland: Politics of Poland - 1997 Constitution of Poland

Political parties in Poland: Political parties in Poland

Trade unions in Poland: Trade unions in Poland - History of trade unions in Poland

Since 1791 constitutions of Poland: Constitutions of Poland since 1791

21st century elections and politics in Poland: Elections in Poland - Präsidentschaftswahl in Polen 2010 - Selbstverwaltungswahlen in Polen 2010

2011 Polish parliamentary election: Polish parliamentary election 9 October 2011 - 10 October: Donald Tusk claims victory after lead in polls

10/24 May 2015 Polish presidential election: 10 May 2015 Polish presidential election - 11 May: Polish President Komorowski came second behind his opponent Duda in the first round and must now face him in a run-off - 25 May 2015: Poland elects right-wing president Duda who criticized predecessor’s apologies to Jews, as the Civic Platform party has been hurt by corruption scandals and many Poles are angry that the economic growth has only not trickled down to many Poles, with low wages and job insecurity

September 2015 Referendum in Poland: 6 September 2015 Polish referendum, asking voters whether they approve of introducing single-member constituencies for Sejm elections, maintaining state financing of political parties and introducing a presumption in favour of the taxpayer in disputes over the tax law

25 October 2015 Polish parliamentary election: 25 October 2015 Polish parliamentary election - 26 October: In Poland election Eurosceptics claim victory on anti-refugee rhetoric and welfare promises

December 2015: 24 décembre 2015: Le Sénat polonais a approuvé jeudi une loi très controversée sur le Tribunal constitutionne contre l'avis de L'UE - 30/31 December: New media law gives Polish government control of state-run television and radio, neglecting existing EU rules on media freedoms

2015/2016 Polish Constitutional Court crisis: 2015/2016 Polish Constitutional Court crisis - the ruling 'Law and Justice' party changed the court's decision-making power by prescribing a two-third majority vote and mandatory participation of at least 13 of the 15 judges on the Constitutional Tribunal, causing domestic and international protests

2016: 9 March 2016: Poland’s constitutional court has struck down a set of government reforms concerning its judges that have paralysed the country’s top court, but the government said that it would not recognise the ruling

December 2017: 7 December 2017: Poland's finance minister Morawiecki to replace Beata Szydlo as PM as administration gears up for series of elections

February 2018: 18 February 2018: Polish PM Morawiecki drew fresh criticism for paying his respects at the grave of Polish fighters who collaborated with Nazi Germany during World War II, hours after sparking outrage for claiming that Jews were involved in perpetrating the Holocaust

October 2018 Polish local elections: 21. Oktober 2018 Selbstverwaltungswahlen in Polen - 21 October 2018: Poland’s ruling Law and Justice party PiS won Sunday’s local elections with a worse-than-expected result, as a coalition led by the main opposition Civic Platform came second with 24.7% and the agrarian Polish People’s Party took 16.6%, heralding a fierce contest for European, parliamentary and presidential votes in 2019 and 2020

August 2019 Duda government invites rabbi Michael Schudrich to honor 'Holy Cross Mountains Brigade': 7 August 2019: Polish Duda government invites rabbi Michael Schudrich to event honoring accused Nazi collaborators, who says he felt 'insulted' by the invitation, blasting ceremony for Swietokrzyska Brigade and condemning ‘dangerous’ historical revisionism

8 August 2019 Marshal of the Sejm Marek Kuchcinski resigns: 8 août 2019: Le président conservateur de la chambre basse du parlement polonais Marek Kuchcinski a annoncé jeudi sa démission pour avoir utilisé des avions gouvernementaux une centaine de fois à des fins personnelles

11 August 2019: 11 August 2019: Polish president, ruling party officials honors World War II group that collaborated with Nazis

3 September 2019: 3 September 2019: Pro-European opposition coalition in Poland has announced unexpectedly that its candidate for prime minister as the country heads toward an October election will be the deputy parliamentary speaker Malgorzata Kidawa-Blonska

October 2019 Polish parliamentary election: 13 October 2019 Polish parliamentary election - 14 October 2019: Poland’s ruling nationalist Law and Justice party has won Sunday’s parliamentary election, doing better than when it swept to power four years ago, according to nearly complete results

27 January 2020 Holocaust survivors gather at the former German Auschwitz death camp: 27 January 2020: 75 years after the liberation of Auschwitz, Holocaust survivors gather at the former German Nazi death camp to honor its over 1.1 million mostly Jewish victims and to share their testimony as a stark warning amid a recent surge of anti-Semitic attacks on both sides of the Atlantic and especially fresh concerns over anti-Semitism in Europe, after war criminal Novichok-Putin, falsely accusing Poland of colluding with German Nazi dictator Hitler and contributing to the outbreak of World War II, spoke in Jerusalem on 23 January, and as Germany since 1961 refuses to rename Nazi general Erwin Rommel barracks in Augustdorf, continuing Nazi propaganda, misleading and indoctrinating young people and generations, as neo-Nazis and AfD since 2015 got stronger in Germany and elsewhere

June 2020 Polish presidential election: June 2020 Polish presidential election - 28 June 2020: Voting is under way in Poland’s presidential election, with the incumbent Duda up against a field of challengers including the liberal mayor of Warsaw, Rafal Trzaskowsk

12 July 2020 second round with Warsaw mayor Rafal Trzaskowski in presidential runoff: 29 June 2020: Duda forced into second round against liberal challenger and Warsaw mayor Rafal Trzaskowski in presidential runoff on 12 July - 11 July 2020: Ahead of election, Polish president rejects Holocaust restitution claims, as Andrzej Duda vows no reparations for assets seized from Jews during World War II

12 July 2020 Poles go to polls to vote: 12 July 2020: Poles go to polls to vote in tight presidential runoff, as liberal Warsaw mayor Rafal Trzaskowski seeks to upset conservative incumbent Duda, as first official results only expected Monday morning

13 July 2020 Andrzej Duda has won Poland’s presidential election: 13 July 2020: Andrzej Duda has won Poland’s presidential election, after results gave the incumbent 51.2% of votes with almost all the ballots counted, the national electoral commission said, as his Liberal challenger and mayor of Warsaw trailed with 48.8%

25 January 2022 Poland begins work on a new euro wall along the Belarus border: 25 January 2022: Polish contractors have begun work on a new 353 million euro wall along the Belarus border aimed at deterring refugee crossings following a crisis in the area last year, as 5.5-metre-high wall along 186km of the border has raised human rights concerns over how refugees will be able to seek asylum as well as environmental worries about the effect on wildlife along the mostly forested border

Protests in Poland: Protests in Poland - Polish trade union Solidarity

2012/2013 trade unions protest: 29 September 2012: Tens of thousands of opponents of Poland's centrist government massed in the capital for a protest called by trade unions and a catholic movement - 14 September 2013: Tens of thousands of Polish trade unionists are set to march through the capital in the finale of a four-day protest against the unpopular and increasingly fragile centre-right government

2015 protest against Polish Eurosceptic government: 13 December 2015: Thousands march against Polish Eurosceptic government over constitution spat - 20 December: Thousands of Poles have protested against the country's new government for the second time this month over constitutional row - 24 December: Poland's former president Lech Walesa warns over democracy in Poland, urging new election

2016 pro-democracy protests: 10 January 2016: Thousands on the streets of Poland across the country condemning new media law as government power grab - 11 January 2016: At various centres, Polish journalists protest at state control of public broadcasting - 23 January: Thousands of Poles marched through Warsaw to protests against their new conservative government's plan to increase its surveillance powers following moves to take more control of the judiciary and the media - 27 February: Tens of thousands of anti-government protesters rally for 'free and open Poland' - 11 March: After Polish PM is refused to publish a ruling of the country's Constitutional Tribunal, protesters in favour of the court projected passages from the ruling onto the walls of the prime minister's chancellery on Wednesday night - 12/13 March 2016: Tens of thousands of people took to the streets in the Polish capital Warsaw, in Poznan and Wroclaw against the government's collision course with the country's top court to undermine judicial independence - 7 mai 2016: Plus de 240'000 manifestants à Varsovie souhaitent que la place de la Pologne soit préservée en Europe, montrant du doigt les conservateurs au pouvoir - 5 June: Former presidents lead 50,000 marchers in Warsaw in pro-democracy protests - 13 December 2016: Thousands protest against Law and Justice party threatening to reverse democratic gains made since 1989 - 17 December 2016: Mass protests in Poland over media restrictions

2017 defense of liberties: 6 mai 2017: Plusieurs dizaines de milliers de personnes ont manifesté samedi à Varsovie pour 'défendre la liberté', menacée par le pouvoir conservateur nationaliste de Kaczynski - 18 July 2017: Demonstrations took place at the weekend to protest against a series of moves by the ruling 'Law and Justice party' to assume power over the appointments of judges and members of the country’s supreme court - 22 July 2017: Tens of thousands of protesters gathered in Warsaw and cities across Poland for candlelit vigils to protest as the senate approved a supreme court overhaul, defying the EU and critics at home who say the legislation will undermine democratic checks and balances - 23 July 2017: Protesters across Poland warn of impending dictatorship

July 2018 protest against government's power over court appointments: 27 July 2018: Thousands of protesters have rallied in central Warsaw chanting 'Shame!' after Poland's president granted the nationalist government more power over court appointments

December 2018: 8 décembre 2018: Plus d'un millier de manifestants ont traversé samedi Katowice dans le sud de la Pologne pour demander aux participants à la conférence mondiale COP-24 d'agir rapidement en faveur du climat

January 2019 protest against stabbing of mayor Pawel Adamowicz: 19 January 2019: Thousands of people from across Poland, joint by Polish and European officials, attend the funeral of Pawel Adamowicz, the mayor of the northern city of Gdansk, who died on Monday after being stabbed the night before at a charity event

May 2019 demonsration to support EU membership: 18 May 2019: Thousands are marching in the Polish capital to celebrate the nation’s European Union membership ahead of key European Parliament elections

30 October 2020 thousands protest against tightened abortion law: 30 October 2020: Pro-choice supporters hold biggest-ever protest against Polish government, as about 100,00o people take to the streets of Warsaw to oppose tightened abortion law

11 October 2021 more than 100,000 Poles have rallied in support of EU membership: 11 October 2021: More than 100,000 Poles have rallied in support of EU membership after a controversial court ruling raised concerns the country could eventually leave the bloc, as protest organisers said demonstrations took place in more than 100 Polish towns and cities on Sunday, and several cities abroad

Society, demographics, culture, human rights and religion in Poland: Polish society - Human rights in Poland - Religion in Poland

Voivodeships, counties and cities of Poland: Administrative divisions of Poland - 16 Voivodeships of Poland - 314 'land counties' (powiaty ziemskie) and 66 'city counties' (powiaty grodzkie) - Land counties of Poland by Voivodeship - Counties of Poland by city

Cities and towns in Poland: List of cities and towns in Poland - Cities and towns in Poland by Voivodeship - Economies by city in Poland - Port cities and towns in Poland

West Pomeranian Voivodeship: West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland. Its capital and largest city is Szczecin, as territory's area equals 22 892.48 km² and in 2021, it was inhabited by 1 682 003 people. It borders on Pomeranian Voivodeship to the east, Greater Poland Voivodeship to the southeast, Lubusz Voivodeship to the south, the German federal-states of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania and Brandenburg to the west, and the Baltic Sea to the north.

Pomeranian Voivodeship: Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland with the provincial capital Gdansk. It is bordered by West Pomeranian Voivodeship to the west, Greater Poland and Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeships to the south, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship to the east, and the Baltic Sea to the north. It also shares a short land border with Kaliningrad oblast and city (belonging since 1945 to the Soviet Union) on the Vistula Spit. The voivodeship comprises most of Pomerelia (the easternmost part of historical Pomerania), as well as an area east of the Vistula River

Gdansk city: Gdansk city, a Polish city on the Baltic coast with a population of 464,254 inhabitants, Poland's principal seaport and the centre of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area, also the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and of Kashubia - History of Gdansk

Economy of Gdansk: Economy of Gdansk

Timeline of Gdansk since early Middle Ages: Timeline of Gdansk since early Middle Ages

20th century history of Gdansk and NSDAP ruled German empire's 1938-1945 World War II: 20th century history of Gdansk and NSDAP ruled German empire's 1938-1945 World War II, as - following the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland - Germany in October 1938 urged the Danzig territory's cession to Germany. On 1 September 1939 Nazi Germany invaded Poland, initiating World War II. On 2 September 1939 Germany officially annexed the Free City. The Nazi regime murdered the Polish postmen defending the Polish Post Office, one of the first war crimes during the war. Other Polish soldiers defending the Westerplatte stronghold surrendered after seven days of fighting. Kazimierz Rasinski was brutally tortured by Germans and murdered when he refused to reveal Polish communication codes. On 7 September NSDAP organised night parade on Adolf-Hitlerstrasse to celebrate success - With the start of the war the Nazi regime began its policy of extermination in Pomerania. Poles, Kashubians and Jews and the political opposition were sent to concentration camps, especially neighbouring Stutthof where 85,000 victims perished. Kashubian and Polish intelligentsia were killed in the Piasnica mass murder site, which is estimated to have had 60,000 victims. In the city itself hundreds of prisoners were subjected to cruel Nazi executions and experiments, which included castration of men and sterilization of women considered dangerous to the 'purity of Nordic race' and beheading by guillotine. The courts and judicial system in the annexed territories of Nazi Germany was one of the main ways to legislate an extermination policy against ethnic Poles. On 30 March 1945 the Soviet Red Army occupied Danzig.

21st century timeline of Gdansk: 21st century timeline of Gdansk

Since March 2017 Museum of the Second World War opened in Gdansk: On 23 March 2017 Museum of the Second World War opened in Gdansk

January 2019 stabbing of Gdansk's mayor Pawel Adamowicz at a charity event: 13 January 2019 stabbing of Pawel Adamowicz - 14 January 2019: Pawel Adamowicz, the mayor of the Polish city of Gdansk, has died after he was stabbed in the chest on stage at a charity concert - 19 January 2019: Thousands of people from across Poland, joint by Polish and European officials, attend the funeral of Pawel Adamowicz, the mayor of the northern city of Gdansk, who died on Monday after being stabbed the night before at a charity event

1–19 September 2021 Men's European Volleyball Championship co-hosted in Gdansk: 1–19 September 2021 Men's European Volleyball Championship organised by Europe's volleyball body CEV, as for the second time, the EuroVolley was held in four countries including Poland, Czech Republic, Estonia and Finland

Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship: Since 1999 Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in northeastern Poland. Its capital and largest city is Olsztyn. The voivodeship has an area of 24,192 km2 and a population of 1,425,967 citizens in 2019

Olsztyn city: Olsztyn city on the Lyna River in northern Poland and the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. The population of the city was estimated at 171,249 residents in 2020. Founded as Allenstein in the 14th century, Olsztyn was under the control and influence of the Teutonic Order until 1463, when it passed to the Polish Crown, what was then confirmed in the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466. For centuries the city was an important centre of trade, crafts, science and administration in the Warmia region linking Warsaw with Königsberg. Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772 Warmia was annexed by Prussia and ceased to be the property of the clergy. In the 19th century the city changed its status completely, becoming the most prominent economic hub of the southern part of the province of East Prussia. The construction of a railway and early industrialisation greatly contributed to Olsztyn's significance. Following World War II, the city returned to Poland in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement

Stebark village, the 1410 'Battle of Grunwald' and WWI's August 1914 'Battle of Tannenberg': Stebark village (German 'Tannenberg'), a village in the administrative district of Gmina Grunwald, within Ostróda County in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. The village is chiefly known for two historic battles which took place there, the 1410 'Battle of Grunwald' and the 26–30 August 1914 'Battle of Tannenberg' in German emmpire's World War I

Lubusz voivodeship: Lubusz voivodeship in western Poland recalling the historic Lubusz Land name, although parts of the voivodeship belong to the historic regions of Silesia, Greater Poland and Lusatia. Until 1945, it mainly formed the Neumark within the Prussian Province of Brandenburg, today bordering West Pomeranian Voivodeship to the north, Greater Poland Voivodeship to the east, Lower Silesian Voivodeship to the south, and Germany (Brandenburg and Saxony) to the west.

Greater Poland Voivodeship: Greater Poland Voivodeship - also known as Wielkopolska Voivodeship - in west-central Poland, created in 1999 out of the former Poznan, Kalisz, Konin, Pila and Leszno Voivodeships. The province is named after the region called Greater Poland or Wielkopolska, as the modern province includes most of this historic region, except for some western parts. It is second in area and third in population among Poland's sixteen voivodeships, with an area of 29,826 square km and a population of close to 3.5 million inhabitants. Its capital city is Poznan, as other important cities include Kalisz, Konin, Pila, Ostrów Wielkopolski, Gniezno (an early capital of Poland) and Leszno. It is bordered by seven other voivodeships including West Pomeranian to the northwest, Pomeranian to the north, Kuyavian-Pomeranian to the north-east, Lódz to the south-east, Opole to the south, Lower Silesian to the southwest and Lubusz to the west.

Lódz city: Lódz city, the third-largest city in Poland and former industrial hub with a population of 687,702 inhabitants in 2018, located in the central part of the country approximately 120 kilometres south-west of Warsaw

Economy and infrastructure of Lódz: Economy and infrastructure of Lódz

Education in Lódz: Education in Lódz, schools and universities, including the University of Lódz, Technical University of Lódz, Medical University of Lódz, National Film School in Lódz and the Academy of Fine Arts and Design, as number of students in the higher education establishments in Lódz is still growing, educating in the first quarter of the 21st century 113,000 students from Poland and other countries

History of Lódz: History of Lódz, as the city is located in central Poland and for hundreds of years it was a non-important village. The big change arrived at the first quarter of the 19th century when it was decided on a massive industrialization program and transformation of the town to a large industrial center

Timeline of Lódz: Timeline of Lódz since 18th century

1793 Lódz becomes part of expanding Prussia: 1793 Lódz becomes part of South Prussia with a population of 190 citizens, amid the expansion of the Kingdom of Prussia, and as Poland ceased to exist as an independent state for 123 years with its territory and its native population split between the Habsburg Monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire

1815 Lódz becomes part of Russian client state Congress Poland: 1815 Lódz becomes part of Russian client state Congress Poland 1815–1867/1915 per Congress of Vienna

Since 1824 'Ksiezy Mlyn' area of textile factories in Lódz: Since 1824 'Ksiezy Mlyn', an area in the southern central part of Lódz which consists of a group of textile factories - mainly cotton spinning mills - and associated facilities, since the first decade of the 21st century the area undergoes major renovation and contains mixed-use development of offices and housing

1861-1939 Stara Synagogue, Lódz's principal Orthodox synagogue: 1861-1939 Stara Synagogue, Lódz's principal Orthodox synagogue

1899-1939 Ezras Izrael Synagogue in Lódz: Since 1899 Ezras Izrael Synagogue in Lódz, built from donations by the Jewish merchants including those expelled from Tsarist Lithuania and Belarus area, but burned to the ground by the Nazis on 11 November 1939 before the Lódz Ghetto was set up

June 1905 Lódz insurrection by Polish workers during the Russian Revolution: June 1905 Lódz insurrection, an uprising by Polish workers in Lódz against the Russian Empire and one of the largest disturbances in the Russian-controlled Congress Poland during the Russian Revolution of 1905, as Poland was a major center of revolutionary fighting in the Russian Empire in 1905–1907, and the Lódz insurrection was a key incident in those events as common demands were the improvement of workers' living conditions and greater rights for the Polish population, but insurgents were poorly armed and overwhelmed by the tsarist regular military

November-December 1914 Battle of Lódz following German aggession since August: November-December 1914 Battle of Lódz, fought between the German empire's Ninth Army, commanded by generals Erich Ludendorff and Mackensen and the Russian First, Second, and Fifth Armies, as assaulted forces counted 110,000 killed, wounded or captured soldiers

6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of ill prepared Poland after French and British pressure not to mobilize: 6-8 September 1939 Battle of Lódz during the German invasion of Poland, fought between the armies of Poland and Nazi Germany in World War II, after reason for Poland's late and insufficient mobilization was pressure from the French and the British not to mobilize, and as since 29 August 1939, when the Poles re—started the mobilization against advice from Paris and London, it was too late - Since 1938 'Western betrayal' (and earlier) concerning the fact that France, the United Kingdom, and sometimes the USA failed to meet their legal, diplomatic, military, and moral obligations with respect to the Czechoslovak and Polish states during the prelude to and aftermath of World War II, also sometimes referring to the treatment of other Central and Eastern European states at the time, enabling World War II that lasted from 1939 to 1945, the Holocaust by Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe, and the August 1945 atomic bombings forcing Japanese war criminals to surrender

1940 Lódz (renamed 'Litzmannstadt') an important industrial city for the German war machine: By 1940 the city of Lódz was renamed Litzmannstadt and became an important industrial city for the German war machine, as munitions and uniforms were manufactured in the newly established 'Ghetto Litzmannstadt' by Jewish slave labor, as Jews from Poland, Germany, Benelux and Czechoslovakia as well as Roma people from Austria were brought to live and work there in appalling conditions, while most of them were taken for extermination in the Nazi death camps, until Lódz was taken by the Soviet Army on 17 January 1945, and only 877 Jews survived to the moment of liberation from emerging and perishing German empire since 1793, 1848/1871, 1914 and 1939

Since February 1940 Lódz Ghetto, camp for Polish children, deportations: Since February 1940 Lódz Ghetto, established by the German authorities for Polish Jews and Roma, the second-largest ghetto in all of German-occupied Europe after the Warsaw Ghetto, originally intended as a preliminary step upon a more extensive plan of creating the Judenfrei province of Warthegau, then the ghetto was transformed into a major industrial centre, manufacturing war supplies for Nazi Germany and especially for the Wehrmacht, as the number of people incarcerated in it was increased further by the Jews deported from the Third Reich territories

Forms of resistance in the Lódz Ghetto and within other ghettos: Forms of resistance in the Lódz Ghetto and within other ghettos - After the Germans in 1942 ordered the final liquidation of the ghettos, residents recognized the imminence of their deaths and they resisted in the forests, in the ghettos, and even in the death camps, mocked by their murderers claiming their inability to resist, as Nazi followers and protectors even today in Germany and elsewhere agree, or require understanding and dialogue with the Nazis, criticize resistance and resistance's violence that is only a response, or do not take a stand

Since 1945 University of Lódz: Since 1945 University of Lódz, founded as a continuation of educational institutions functioning in Lódz in the interwar period, including the Teacher Training Institute 1921–1928, the Higher School of Social and Economic Sciences 1924–1928 and a division of the Free Polish University 1928–1939, and as a result of widespread cooperation with universities all over the world, including Université Jean Moulin Lyon, University of Texas at Austin, University of Baltimore, University of Maryland, Centria University of Applied Sciences Finland, students of the University of Lódz can graduate with dual diplomas

February 1971 Lódz textile workers' strike: February 1971 Lódz strikes, when textile workers began a strike action, in which the majority of participants were women, the only industrial action in pre-1980 Communist Poland that ended as a success

Since 2006 'Manufaktura' arts centre, shopping mall, and leisure complex: Since 2006 'Manufaktura', an arts centre, shopping mall, and leisure complex in Lódz, and a major tourist asset of the city, including the largest public square in Lódz, which acts as a venue for cultural and sports event

May 2019 effigy of late Polish Jewish communist Jakub Berman hung on gallows at former Lodz Ghetto: 2 May 2019: Effigy of late Polish Jewish communist Jakub Berman hung on gallows at former Lodz Ghetto, outside the headquarters of the city’s police station, as activist who says he is working to 'liberate Poland from American Jews occupation' shouted 'I did it, I hung a Jew'

Poznan city: Poznan city, one of the oldest cities in Poland on the River Warta in west-central Poland, within the Greater Poland region. The city is an important cultural and business centre, and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs, as among its most important heritage sites are the Renaissance Old Town, Town Hall and Gothic Cathedral. Poznan is the fifth-largest Polish city with a population of 529,410 citizens in 2021, while the 'Metropolia Poznan', comprising Poznan County and several other communities, is inhabited by over 1.1 million people. It is one of four historical capitals of medieval Poland and the ancient capital of the Greater Poland region, currently the administrative capital of the province called Greater Poland Voivodeship. In the 21st century Poznan is a center of trade, technology, education, tourism and sports. It is an important academic site, with about 130,000 students and Adam Mickiewicz University, the third largest Polish university. The city serves as the seat of the oldest Polish diocese, now being one of the most populous Catholic archdioceses in the country. The city also hosts the Poznan International Fair – the biggest industrial fair in Poland and one of the largest fairs in Europe. The city's other renowned landmarks include the National Museum, Grand Theatre, Fara Church and the Imperial Castle.

Economy, culture, education and science of/in Poznan city: Economy, culture, education and science of/in Poznan city

Since 968 timeline and history of Poznan city: Timeline of Poznan city since 968, as the town in 1253 gains Magdeburg rights - History of Poznan city

1918–1919 Greater Poland uprising against German rule, reconstituted Second Polish Republic: 1918–1919 Greater Poland uprising against German rule. The uprising had a significant effect on the Treaty of Versailles, which granted a reconstituted Second Polish Republic the area won by the Polish insurrectionists. The region had been part of the Kingdom of Poland and then Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth before the 1793 Second Partition of Poland when it was annexed by the German Kingdom of Prussia. It had also, following the 1806 Greater Poland uprising, been part of the Duchy of Warsaw 1807–1815, a French puppet state during the Napoleonic Wars.

Since 1921 Poznan International Fair: Since 1921 Poznan International Fair, the biggest industrial fair in Poland, located in the centre of the city opposite the main railway station Poznan Glówny, in the centre of Poland and in the centre of Europe

Since 1939 Poznanskie Slowiki - Poznan Nightingales: Since 1939 Poznanskie Slowiki - Poznan Nightingales -, a leading Polish choir founded when the Germans expelled the priest of Poznan Cathedral Gieburowski, and when the choirboy Stefan Stuligrosz then aged 19 took up running of choir in Gieburowski's name. After the war the choir was recognised and in 1950 became the Boys' and Men's Choir of the Poznan Philharmonic. The choir toured the USA in 1963 and many countries worldwide thereafter

September/October 1939 – 1944 'Konzentrationslager Posen' Nazi German death camp: September/October 1939 – 1944 'Konzentrationslager Posen' Nazi German death camp set up in German-occupied Poland during World War II. The prisoners were mostly Poles from the Wielkopolska region. Many were representatives of the region's intelligentsia, often people who had been engaged in social and political life, as well as known Polish patriots and veterans of the Wielkopolska Uprising 1918–1919 and Silesian Uprisings. In the early stages of the camp's existence prisoners were generally executed within a week of arrival. In October 1939 an early experiment in execution by gas chamber was carried out by an SS chemist Dr. August Becker, whereby around 400 patients and staff from psychiatric hospitals in Poznan were gassed at Bunker No. 17. The extermination of mentally ill was conducted by SS-Sturmbannführer Herbert Lange of the Gestapo in occupied Poznan. Lange served with Einsatzgruppe VI during Operation Tannenberg. He and his men were responsible also for the murder of 2,750 patients at Koscian, about 1,100 patients at Owinska, as well as 1,558 patients and 300 civilian Poles at Dzialdowo. Prisoners in the following period included political and military activists in the Polish Underground State, as in April 1944 Fort VII became a Telefunken factory producing radio equipment for submarines and aircraft

1956 Poznan protests, the Poznan June: 1956 Poznan protests, the Poznan June, the first of several massive protests against the government of the Polish People's Republic, as demonstrations by workers demanding better working conditions began on 28 June 1956 at Poznan's Cegielski Factories but were met with violent repression. About 100,000 people gathered in the city centre near the local Ministry of Public Security building, when 400 tanks and 10,000 soldiers of the Polish military and the Internal Security Corps were ordered to suppress the demonstration, firing at the protesting civilians, causing dozens of victims and over a hundred injured people, including a 13-year-old boy. The Poznan protests were an important milestone on the way to the Polish October and the installation of a less Soviet-controlled government.

December 2008 UN Climate Change Conference at Poznan International Fair Congress Centre: 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference at Poznan International Fair Congress Centre between 1 December and 12 December 2008, as representatives from over 180 countries attended along with observers from intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations - Since 1997 United Nations climate change conferences

7-21 October 2022 Poznan 16th International Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition: 7-21 October 2022 Poznan 16th International Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition

Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship: Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship in mid-northern Poland, on the boundary between the two historic regions from which it takes its name, Kuyavia and Pomerania. Its two chief cities, serving as the province's joint capitals, are Bydgoszcz and Torun.

Masovian Voivodeship: Masovian Voivodeship, the largest and most populous of the 16 Polish voivodeships with 5,411,446 inhabitants in 2019. Its principal cities are Warsaw with 1.783 million inhabitants in the centre of the Warsaw metropolitan area, Radom city with 212,230 inhabitants in the south, Plock city with 119,709 inhabitants in the west, Siedlce city with 77,990 citizens in the east, and Ostroleka with 52,071 citizens in the north. The capital of the voivodeship is the national capital Warsaw.

Masovian Voivodeship includes 42 powiats and 88 cities and towns: As Masovian Voivodeship is divided into 42 powiats (counties), 5 miasto na prawach powiatu (city counties) and 37 powiat ziemski (land counties) - further subdivided into 314 gminas, which include 85 'urban gminas' -, the voivodeship contains 88 cities and towns, listed by 'Wikipedia' in descending order of population and according to official figures for 2019

Warsaw city: Warsaw city, the capital and largest city of Poland, its population is estimated at 1.750 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 3.101 million residents in the 2020s

Economy of Warwaw: Economy of Warsaw

Timeline and history of Warsaw: Timeline of Warsaw - History of Warsaw

Since the Middle Ages city of Warsaw: Since the Middle Ages the city of Warsaw evolved from a cluster of villages to the capital of a major European power, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

November 1794 Battle of Praga and Russian victory: November 1794 Battle of Praga, or the Second Battle of Warsaw, a Russian assault of Praga, the easternmost suburb of Warsaw, during the Kosciuszko Uprising, followed by a massacre of the civilian population of Praga

November Uprising 1830–1831 against the Russian Empire: November Uprising 1830–1831, an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire, that began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw

January Uprising 1863-1864 against the Russian Empire: January Uprising 1863-1864, an insurrection instigated principally in the Russian Partition of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against its occupation by the Russian Empire

Polish Revolution of 1905: Polish Revolution of 1905 against the Russian Empire, as in 1905 and 1906 close to 7,000 strikes and other work stoppages occurred involving 1,3 million Poles, protesters demanded both improved conditions for workers and more political freedom for the Poles, and Russian empire contributed by trying to incite some anti-Jewish pogroms

Since 1914/1915 German bombing and invasion of Warsaw: After aerial bombing of the city in 1914 with airships, the German army entered Warsaw on 1 August 1915

Since 1 September 1939 Germann bombing of Warsaw: Since 1 September 1939 Germann bombing of Warsaw in World War II refers to the aerial bombing campaign of Warsaw by the German Luftwaffe during the siege of Warsaw in the invasion of Poland in 1939, it also may refer to German bombing raids during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, as during the course of the war approximately 84% of the city was destroyed due to German mass bombings, heavy artillery fire and a planned demolition campaign

Since September 1939 German siege of Warsaw, occupation and destruction: by September 1939 Siege of Warsaw by the invading German Army - April-May 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of Jewish resistance against Nazi Germany's final effort to transport the remaining Ghetto population to Treblinka - August-October 1944 Warsaw Uprising - German planned destruction of Warsaw

History of Warsaw since 1945: History of Warsaw since 1945, after the bombing, the revolts, the fighting, and the demolition had ended and most of Warsaw was in ruins

13/14 February 2019 Warsaw Middle East Conference: 13/14 February 2019 Warsaw Conference, hosted by Poland and the USA the issues of the event include 'terrorism and extremism, missile development and proliferation, maritime trade and security, and threats posed by proxy groups across the region' of Middle East and especially 'Iran’s influence and terrorism in the region' - 14 February 2019: '60 foreign ministers and representatives of dozen of governments, an Israeli PM and the foreign ministers of leading Arab countries stood together and spoke with unusual force, clarity and unity against the common threat of the Iranian regime', Israel's Netanyahu says in Warsaw - 14 February 2019: Israel's Netanyahu on Thursday called on Arab states to continue normalizing relations with Israel, as the Iranian regime, vowing to revenge, once again tries to blame Israel and the USA for an attack reportedly claimed by Jaish ul-Adl

April 2019: 23 April 2019: On the 76th anniversary of World War II uprising and destruction, foreign and Polish Jews gather in former Warsaw Ghetto for first seder since in 1943 the Jews imprisoned there began a bloody last stand against the Nazis, the largest single violent act of defiance by Jews during the Holocaust

June 2019 Holocaust historians divided over Warsaw ghetto museum: 22 June 2019: After the victims of German war crimes were forced to suffer the same fate, Holocaust historians divided over Warsaw ghetto museum

19 April 2020 anniversary of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising amid covid-19: 19 avril 2020: Une multitude d'hommages intimes, sur place ou depuis les lieux de confinement, ainsi que des initiatives en ligne ont remplacé dimanche les cérémonies anniversaires habituelles aux héros du soulèvement du ghetto de Varsovie de 1943, remodelées à cause de la pandémie covid-19

26 March 2022 'free world' opposes Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Joe Biden in Warsaw: 26 mars 2022: Président Joe Biden prononcera samedi en Pologne un discours au 'monde libre', qui s'oppose à l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie, et 'armée ukrainienne assure avoir détruit des chars et avions russes autour de Donetsk et Louhansk alors que Moscou affirme désormais concentrer son opération militaire à l'est de l'Ukraine, selon France24 'heure par heure'

26 March 2022 'free world' opposes Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Joe Biden in Warsaw: 26 March 2022: At Miday USA's FM Blinken and Defence Secretary Lloyd Austin meet with Ukrainian counterparts to discuss current issues, cooperation in political and defense directions, ahead of speech on Putin''s war against Ukraine, according to France24 'heure par heure'

19 avril 2023 á Varsovie, enfants et petits-enfants des juifs du ghetto sur les traces de leur histoire familiale: 19 avril 2023: À Varsovie, enfants et petits-enfants des juifs du ghetto sur les traces de leur histoire familiale. Des descendants des 400 000 juifs du ghetto de Varsovie, presque tous assassinés par l'Allemagne nazie, viennent à la rencontre de leur tragique histoire familiale, et s’interrogent aussi sur la lutte contre l’antisémitisme d’aujourd’hui.

Radom city: Radom city in east-central Poland, located approximately 100km south of the capital. It is situated on the Mleczna River in the Masovian Voivodeship, having previously been the seat of a separate Radom Voivodeship since 1975. Radom is the 14th largest city in Poland and the second-largest in its province with a population of 209,296 citizens as of 2020.

History of Radom city: History of Radom city

November Polish uprising 1830–1831 against the Russian Empire: November Uprising 1830–1831, an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire, that began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw

March-May 1848 Greater Poland uprising: March-May 1848 Greater Poland uprising of 1848, an unsuccessful insurrection of Poles against Prussian forces, during the Spring of Nations period. While the main fighting was concentrated in the Greater Poland region, fights also occurred in other part of the Prussian Partition of Poland, and protests were held in Polish inhabited regions of Silesia

January Polish uprising 1863-1864 against the Russian Empire: January Uprising 1863-1864, an insurrection instigated principally in the Russian Partition of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against its occupation by the Russian Empire

19th century, 20th century history of Radom city and World War I: 19th century, 20th century history of Radom city: When so-called 'Central Powers' including Austro-Hungarian and German empires began World War I in July/August 1914, Radom was a big, rapidly developing town, one of the most significant industrial centres in the whole country. However, the years 1914–1918 severely deteriorated the town's economy. In 1915, upon their withdrawal from Poland, Russians plundered Radom from machines and natural resources, while the impoverishment of the local community during the war contributed to a serious crisis in trade, crafts and services, especially since the town was no longer able to sell its products on the Russian market. As a result of World War I, in the period of the 'Second Polish Republic' since 1918, Radom became part of Kielce Voivodeship. Re-established Poland maintained moderate economic development, with cultural hubs of Poland including Warsaw, Kraków, Poznan, Wilno, Lwów becoming major European cities.

20th century history of Radom city and World War II: 20th century history of Radom city and World War II, as on 1 September 1939 - the first day of the German empire's invasion of Poland - the German air force brutally raided the city. Radom became the capital of one of the occupiers' districts of the 'General Government'. In 1941, a ghetto was established in Radom housing about 34,000 Jews. Most of the ghetto's inhabitants died in the extermination camp in Treblinka. Radom was liberated by the Red Army on 16 January 1945.

1941-1944 'Radom Ghetto' set up by German NSDAP regime: Since March 1941 'Radom Ghetto', a Nazi ghetto set up in the city of Radom during occupation of Poland for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of Polish Jews. It was closed off from the outside officially in April 1941. A year and a half later, the liquidation of the ghetto began in August 1942, and ended in July 1944, with approximately 30,000–32,000 victims - men, women and children - deported aboard Holocaust trains to their deaths at the Treblinka extermination camp. Only a few hundred Jews from Radom survived German empire's war. Among Polish rescuers of Jews, Radom mental hospital's Dr. Jerzy Borysowicz as well as his medical staff in total secrecy organized that the Jews, including children, were receiving daily help. Borysowicz also treated Mordechai Anielewicz, leader of the Jewish Combat Organization instrumental in engineering the 'Warsaw Ghetto Uprising' in April-May 1943. Most of Jerzy Borysowicz' patients however, did not survive the Holocaust. In January 1945, the occupiers sent the last transport of prisoners from Radom to Auschwitz, but it only reached Czestochowa, while the remaining prisoners were massacred in Firlej. On 16 January 1945 the city was captured by the Soviet Red Army and then restored to Poland.

21st century history of Radom: 20th/21st century history of Radom, as in 1984, city limits were greatly expanded by including several settlements as new districts, and as Radom was one of the main centres of the strike action taken by Polish health care workers in 2007

Timeline of Radom since 1155: Timeline of Radom since high Middle Ages, as in 1155 Radom was first mentioned in a 'bull'

1505-1938 modern timeline of Radom: 1505-1938 modern timeline of Radom, as in 1935 Radom–Warsaw railway opened, significantly shortening rail distance between Warsaw and Kraków, and as in 1938 90,059 inhabitants lived in the city

1863-1864 uprising in Radom and following events: 1863-1864 mementos of the uprising also in Radom in January 1863 until automn 1864 and the following events, including the years before its outbreak. The 1863-64 uprising was the biggest national Polish rebellious bid for independence. Representatives of all social classes joined the ranks including craftsmen, young people, even nobility and gentry. It met with wide support from international public opinion. It was a guerrilla war in which there were about 1200 battles and skirmishes. Despite initial successes, the uprising ended in failure - as since 1848 in France, Belgium, German states, Austria and whole Europe - because there was no sufficient information, discussion and therefore cooperation in the revolutionary 'party', work together between the democratic progressive opposition factions, especially without modern media later in European and global history. Tens of thousands of insurgents were killed, nearly 1000 were executed, about 38,000 were sentenced to penal servitude or sent down to Siberia, and about 10,000 emigrated. One of the positive effects of the uprising was the affranchisement of peasants which was carried out more radically than anywhere else in this part of Europe

1939-1945 timeline of Radom in Word War II: 1939-1945 timeline of Radom in Word War II, see '20th century history of Radom city and World War II' described in the text above

Since 1945 contemporary timeline of Radom: Since 1945 contemporary timeline of Radom

In 2007 Radom was one of the main centres of the strike action taken by Polish health care workers: In 2007 Radom was one of the main centres of the strike action taken by Polish health care workers after in January 1999 the 'Law on the Universal Health Insurance' had come into force, replacing the system of general tax financing based on budgetary rules for resource allocation with a system of financing from health contributions, based on social health insurance rules

Since 2007 Radom Chamber Orchestra: Since January 2007 Radom Chamber Orchestra, known in Polish as Radomska Orkiestra Kameralna, established as a municipal cultural organisation in 2007 by the Radom city authorities, and made up today of sixteen musicians

2021–2022 Belarus–EU border refugee and migrant crisis involving West Asia's war regions: 2021–2022 Belarus–EU border crisis, a migrant crisis consisting of an influx of several tens of thousands of immigrants, primarily from West Asia's war regions, with smaller groups hailing from elsewhere in Asia and from parts of Africa to Lithuania, Latvia, and Poland via those countries' borders with Belarus. The crisis was triggered by the severe deterioration in Belarus–EU relations, following the 2020 Belarusian regime polls, in connection the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests and more

Since February 2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis in Europe espially involving Poland: 2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis, an ongoing refugee crisis in Europe since late February 2022 after Russian Putin regime's invasion of Ukraine. Almost 4.8 million refugees have since left Ukraine (as of 15 April 2022), while an estimated 7.1 million people have been displaced within the country (as of 1 April 2022). In total, more than ten million people – approximately one-quarter of the country's total population – had left their homes in Ukraine by 20 March. 90% of Ukrainian refugees are women and children.

Lublin Voivodeship: Lublin Voivodeship located in southeastern Poland, that was created in January 1999 out of the former Lublin, Chelm, Zamosc, Biala Podlaska and (partially) Tarnobrzeg and Siedlce Voivodeships. The region is named after its largest city and regional capital Lublin, and its territory is made of four historical lands.

Lublin city: Lublin city, the ninth-largest city in Poland and the second-largest city of historical 'Lesser Poland'. In the 21st century it is the capital and the center of Lublin Voivodeship with a population of 338,586 citizens in 2020, the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River and about 170km to the southeast of Warsaw by road. Since 1385 the city developped within the Polish-Lithuanian Union of Krewo, and thrived as a centre of trade and commerce due to its strategic location on the route between Vilnius and Kraków. Its inhabitants had the privilege of free trade in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Lublin Parliament session of 1569 led to the creation of a real union between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, thus creating the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Lublin witnessed the early stages of Reformation in the 16th century. Jews established a widely respected yeshiva, Jewish hospital, synagogue, cemetery, and education centre and built the Grodzka Gate, the Jewish Gate, in the historic district. Jews were a vital part of the city's life until the Holocaust, during which they were relocated by Nazi Germany to the infamous Lublin Ghetto and ultimately murdered.

Economy and infrastructure of Lublin: Economy and infrastructure of Lublin, as large car factory Fabryka Samochodów Ciezarowych acquired by the South Korean Daewoo in the 1990s related to the Asian financial crisis practically collapsed. Efforts to restart its van production succeeded when the engine supplier bought the company to keep its prime market. With the decline of Lublin as a regional industrial centre, the city's economy has been reoriented toward service industries, and currently, the largest employer is the Maria Curie-Sklodowska University

History of Lublin city in the 19th, 20th and 21st century: History of Lublin city in the 19th and early 20th century, during NSDAP-ruled German empire's WWII until 1945 and in the post-war period

Timeline of Lublin since 501 AD, creation of settlements: Timeline of Lublin since 501 AD with the creation of 'Czwartek', considered the oldest early medieval settlement of Lublin. Archaeological excavations have revealed the remains of 20 residential half-dugouts and several cavities of an economic nature.

Early 20th century timeline of Lublin: Early 20th century timeline of Lublin, as in 1909 its population was 65,870 citizens and in July 1918 the Catholic University of Lublin was established

20th century timeline of Lublin, Nazi Germany's World War II and liberation by the Soviet army: 20th century timeline of Lublin, as on 4/% part of the Polish gold reserve was evacuated from Warsaw to Lublin by the Polish government during the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II, as on 7/8 September the Polish gold reserve was evacuated further east to Luck (today in Ukraine assaulted by Russia's Putin regime), as an 9 November 1939 the Germans carried out mass arrests of hundreds of Poles, including teachers, judges, lawyers, engineers and priests, as part of the 'Intelligenzaktion', as on 11 November the Germans carried out arrests of 14 lecturers of the Catholic University of Lublin, as on 17 November the Germans arrested around 60 of its students, as well as many local priests and lecturers of the local theological seminary, as on 23/24 December - Christmas eve - the Germans carried out an execution of 21 well-known and respected citizens of the region in Lublin, as on 25 December the German police carried out an execution of 10 Poles at the local Lemszczyzna brick factory, including local lawyers, professors, school principals and starosts of Lublin and Lubartów counties, as in 1940 the Germans committed many massacres, as in March 1941 Lublin Ghetto established by the occupiers and as in October the Majdanek concentration camp established by the occupiers, before in July 1944 the city captured by the Soviet Army.

1941-44 Majdanek Nazi concentration and extermination camp operated by the SS: Majdanek (or Lublin) Nazi concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. It had seven gas chambers, two wooden gallows, and some 227 structures in all. Although initially intended for forced labor rather than extermination, the camp was used to murder people on an industrial scale during Operation Reinhard, the German plan to murder all Polish Jews within their own occupied homeland. The camp, which operated from 1 October 1941 to 22 July 1944, was captured nearly intact. The rapid advance of the Soviet Red Army during Operation Bagration prevented the SS from destroying most of the camp's infrastructure, and Deputy Camp Commandant Anton Thernes failed to remove most incriminating evidence of war crimes.

Since October 1964 Maria Sklodowska-Curie Monument in Lublin: Since October 1964 Maria Sklodowska-Curie Monument in Lublin dedicated to Polish physicist and chemist Marie Curie 1867–1934 depicted in a long robe and holding a book in her right hand. The pedestal inscriptions read 'To Maria Sklodowska-Curie, from the University Bearing Her Name, and from Society' and 'On the 20th Anniversary of the Founding of the University 1944–1964' - In December 1903 Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel received the Nobel Prize in Physics, 'in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena', as Marie Curie continued her revolutionary work until her death in 1934, 11 years ahead of the first deployment of nuclear weapons during Axis powers' World War II by the USA to end Japanese empire's brutal war against the USA and Asian countries, to save hundred of thousands soldiers lifes in 1945, following received but ignored warnings

Since July 2020 'Lublin Triangle' of Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine: Since July 2020 Lublin Triangle, a regional alliance of three European countries – Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine – for the purposes of strengthening mutual military, cultural, economic and political cooperation and supporting Ukraine's integration into the European Union and NATO

Zamosc city: Zamosc, a city in southeastern Poland, situated in the southern part of Lublin Voivodeship 60 km from the border with Ukraine, with a population was 65,149 in 2014

Since 1580 history of Zamosc: Since 1580 history of Zamosc, when the city was founded by Jan Zamoyski on the trade route linking western and northern Europe with the Black Sea, modelled on Italian trading cities and built during the Baroque period by the architect Bernardo Morando Zamosc remains a perfect example of a Renaissance town of the late 16th century

SSince 19th century history of Jews in Zamosc: Since 1588 history of Jews in Zamosc, when the first Jewish settlers were mainly the Sephardi Jews coming from Italy, the Catholic Monarchy of Spain, Portugal and Turkey, in the 17th century the newcomers were recruited among the Ashkenazi Jews, and before Germany's World War II more than 12,500 Jews lived in Zamosc, accounting for 43% of its population, today only 3 Jews are living in Zamosc

5 March 1871 Róza Luksemburg born in Zamosc city: 5 mars 1871 théoricienne marxiste Róza Luksemburg née à Zamosc dans l'Empire russe et actuelle Pologne, morte assassinée le 15 janvier 1919 à Berlin en Allemagne

1939-1945 during Germany's World War II occupation of Zamosc (Zamojszczyzna): 1939-1945 during Germany's World War II Zamosc was seized by the German army and occupation forces, creating an extermination camp in the Zamosc Rotunda where more than 8,000 people were killed, including displaced residents of the Zamosc region (Zamojszczyzna) and Soviet prisoners of war

1942-1943 German 'ethnic cleansing' of Zamojszczyzna: 1942-1943 'ethnic cleansing' of Zamojszczyzna by NSDAP and SS ruled Germany

1942-1944 Zamosc uprising: 1942-1944 Zamosc uprising, comprising World War II partisan operations against Germany's Generalplan-Ost forced expulsion of Poles from the Zamosc region and the region's colonization by German settlers, one of Poland's largest resistance operations of World War II

March 2018 commemoration of Rosa Luxemburg and denial: 14. März 2018: Die in Zamosc an Rosa Luxemburg erinnernde Gedenktafel wurde auf Grundlage einer behördlichen Entscheidung entfernt und in ein Museum verbracht, der polnischen Regierungspolitik folgend und zum Schaden des Ansehens der Stadt - Commemoration of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebnecht since 15 January 1919 and July 1919 Versailles peace conference, agreements and then 'Treaty of Versailles' following WWI, not preventing World War II including the Holocaust

Silesia historical region: Silesia, a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within Poland, with small parts in Czechia and Germany, as its population is estimated at around 8,000,000 inhabitants in the 21st century. Silesia is split into two main subregions, Lower Silesia in the west and Upper Silesia in the east. Silesia has a diverse culture, including architecture, costumes, cuisine, traditions, and the Silesian language in Upper Silesia

History of Central European 'Silesia', in the 21st century including areas of 9 countries: History of Silesia, as in the second half of the 2nd millennium B.C. - late Bronze Age -, Silesia belonged to the Lusatian culture. About 500 BC Scyths arrived, and later Celts in the South and Southwest. During the 1st century BC Silingi and other Germanic people settled in Silesia. For this period we have written reports of antique authors who included the area. Slavs arrived in this territory around the 6th century. The first known states in Silesia were those of Greater Moravia and Bohemia. In the 10th century, Mieszko I incorporated Silesia into Civitas Schinesghe, a Polish state. It remained part of Poland until the Fragmentation of Poland - Great Moravia, the first major state that was predominantly West Slavic to emerge in the area of Central Europe, possibly including territories which are today part of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Austria, Germany, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Ukraine.

Lower Silesia: Lower Silesia, the northwestern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, as in the Middle Ages Lower Silesia was part of Piast-ruled Poland. It was one of the leading regions of Poland, and its capital Wroclaw was one of the main cities of the Polish Kingdom. Lower Silesia emerged as a distinctive region during the fragmentation of Poland, in 1172, when the Duchies of Opole and Racibórz, considered Upper Silesia since, were formed of the eastern part of the Duchy of Silesia, and the remaining, western part was since considered Lower Silesia. During the Ostsiedlung, German settlers were invited to settle in the sparsely populated region, which until then had a Polish majority. As a result, the region became largely Germanised in the following centuries. In the late Middle Ages the region fell under the overlordship of the Bohemian Crown, however large parts remained under the rule of local Polish dukes of the Piast dynasty, some up to the 16th and 17th century.

Cities in Silesia: List of cities in Silesia with a population greater than 20,000 inhabitants in 2015

Wroclaw city: Wroclaw city in southwestern Poland and the largest city in the historical region of Silesia, located on the banks of the River Oder in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Europe, roughly 350 kilometres from the Baltic Sea to the north and 40 kilometres from the Sudeten Mountains to the south, as the official population of Wroclaw in 2020 was 643,782, with a further 1.25 million residing in the metropolitan area

History of Wroclaw: History of Wroclaw that has long been the largest and culturally dominant city in Silesia, and is today the capital of Poland's Lower Silesian Voivodeship, after the history of the city started at a crossroads in Lower Silesia, becoming one of the centres of the Duchy and then Kingdom of Poland, and briefly, in the first half of the 13th century, the centre of half of the divided Kingdom of Poland, as its historical affiliations since AD 800 include Duchy of Poland 985–1025, Kingdom of Poland 1025–1038, Duchy of Bohemia 1038–1054, Kingdom of Poland 1054–ca. 1325, Duchy of Silesia 1202–1335, Kingdom of Bohemia 1335–1469, Kingdom of Hungary 1469–1490, Kingdom of Bohemia 1490–1526/1742, Habsburg Monarchy 1526–1742, Kingdom of Prussia 1742–1871, German Empire 1871–1918, Weimar Germany 1918–1933, NSDAP ruled Germany 1933–1945, People's Republic of Poland 1945–1989 and Republic of Poland 1989–present

Education in Wroclaw: Education in Wroclaw, the city is the third largest educational centre of Poland, with 135,000 students in 30 colleges which employ some 7,400 staff

Since 1948 Karol Lipinski Academy of Music: Since 1948 Karol Lipinski Academy of Music, a university level school of music in Wroclaw

October 2017 'Karol Szymanowski Music School Orchestra in Wroclaw' performed Vivaldi's Concerto No. 10 in B minor: 1 October 2017: Karol Szymanowski Music School Orchestra in Wroclaw performed Antonio Vivaldi's Concerto No. 10 in B minor for 4 violins, op. 3, composed in the 'Ospedale della Pietà' in Venice

Timeline of Wroclaw: Timeline of Wroclaw

Since 1872 New Synagogue in Breslau: Since 1872 New Synagogue in Breslau, now Wroclaw, and one of the largest synagogues in the German Empire and a centre of Reform Judaism in Breslau, burnt down during the Kristallnacht pogrom which swept across Nazi Germany on 9–10 November 1938

Since 1918/1945 Wroclaw University of Science and Technology: Since 1918/1945 Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

1944-1945 (6 May) Battle of Breslau: 1944-1945 Battle of Breslau, a three-month-long siege of the city of Breslau in Lower Silesia - after in August 1944 Adolf Hitler declared the city of Breslau to be a fortress (Festung), ordering that it must be defended at all costs - lasting to the end of World War II in Europe, after from 13 February 1945 to 6 May 1945 German troops in Breslau were besieged by the Soviet forces which encircled the city as part of the Lower Silesian Offensive Operation, and as the German garrison's surrender on 6 May was followed by the surrender of all German forces two days after the battle

Since 1945 liberated Wroclaw and reconstruction: Since 1945 liberated Wroclaw and reconstruction

After 13 May 1945 Boleslaw Drobner becomes mayor: Polish Boleslaw Drobner becomes mayor, after he led a delegation to Zagan on 13 May 1945

Since 1950 Wroclaw Medical University: Since 1950 Wroclaw Medical University, that has 22 international agreements of cooperation signed with other universities abroad, and as there is a wide exchange of students and teaching staff within the framework of the Socrates and Erasmus programmes of the EU, especially with France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands and England

Since 1951 Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences: Since November 1951 Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences (former Agricultural University and Agricultural Academy in Wroclaw), a state university established as an independent university and one of the best specialist universities in Poland, conducting training and research in the field of food, environmental and veterinary sciences

Since 1965 Museum of Architecture in Wroclaw: Since 1965 Museum of Architecture in Wroclaw, the only architecture museum in Poland, located in a 15th-century post-Bernardine set of buildings, including the St Bernardine of Sienna Church and a monastic quadrangle with a garden, as the Museum of Architecture was a founder-member of the International Confederation of Architectural Museums, and as its permanent exhibitions on display are 'Relics of Wroclaw's Mediaeval Architecture', 'Architectural Craft from the Twelfth to the Twentieth Century'

Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship: Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship, one of the 16 Polish voivodeships situated in southeastern Poland, in the historical region of Lesser Poland, and takes its name from the Swietokrzyskie mountain range. Its capital and largest city is Kielce.

Kielce city: Kielce city in southern Poland with 193,415 inhabitants. It has been the capital of the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship since 1999 and used to be the capital of its predecessor, Kielce Voivodeship 1919–1939, 1945–1998. The city is in the middle of the Swietokrzyskie Mountains, on the banks of the Silnica River, in the northern part of the historical Polish province of Lesser Poland, as Kielce has a history back over 900 years. Kielce - once an important centre of limestone mining - and its vicinity later became famous for natural resources like copper, lead and iron

Pinczów County in Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship: Pinczów County in Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship, south-central Poland. Its administrative seat and largest town is Pinczów, which lies 40km south of the regional capital Kielce. The only other town in the county is Dzialoszyce, lying 23km south-west of Pinczów

Bronocice village in Gmina Dzialoszyce district within Pinczów County: Bronocice village in Gmina Dzialoszyce district within Pinczów County. It lies approximately 4km south of Dzialoszyce, 26km south-west of Pinczów and 64 km south of the regional capital Kielce. In 1976 the Bronocice pot was discovered. Dating to approximately 3635–3370 BC, the pot bears the earliest known image of a wheeled vehicle

'Bronocice pot' - Nutzung des Rades zum Transport nördlich des Schwarzen Meeres vor 4000 v.Chr.: Bronocice pot with one of the earliest known depictions of what may be a wheeled vehicle discovered in the village of Bronocice near the Nidzica River in Poland. Attributed to the Funnelbeaker archaeological culture, radiocarbon tests dated the pot to the mid-fourth millennium BC. Today it is housed at the Archaeological Museum of the city of Kraków in southern Poland - Die ältesten Hinweise für die Nutzung des Rades zum Transport finden sich in Form von Miniaturrädern aus Ton nördlich des Schwarzen Meeres bereits vor 4000 v. Chr. Die Hinweise verdichten sich ab Mitte des 4. Jahrtausends über ganz Europa in Form von Wagenmodellen. Weitere mittelbare Hinweise auf die Anwendung als Wagenrad fanden sich z. B. in Form von Einritzungen auf einem Gefäß der Trichterbecherkultur in Bronocice bei Powiat Pinczowski in Polen

Pinczów town and Gmina Pinczó: Gmina Pinczó, an urban-rural gmina in Pinczów County, as its seat is the town of Pinczów 40km south of the regional capital Kielce. The gmina covers an area of 212.75 square kilometres, and as of 2006 its total population is 22,147 inhabitants. Gmina Pinczów also contains the villages and settlements of Aleksandrów, Bogucice Drugie, Bogucice Pierwsze, Borków, Brzescie, Bugaj, Byczów, Chrabków, Chruscice, Chwalowice, Gacki, Grochowiska, Kopernia, Kowala, Kozubów, Krzyzanowice Dolne, Krzyzanowice Srednie, Leszcze, Marzecin, Mlodzawy Duze, Mlodzawy Male, Mozgawa, Nowa Zagosc, Orkanów, Pasturka, Podleze, Sadek, Skowronno Dolne, Skowronno Górne, Skrzypiów, Stara Zagosc, Szarbków, Szczypiec, Uników, Winiary, Wlochy, Wola Zagojska Dolna, Wola Zagojska Górna, Zagórzyce, Zakrzów and Zawarza

Dzialoszyce town in Swietokrzyskie along important merchant route: Dzialoszyce town in Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship with 1,117 inhabitants in 2004 - located on the Nidzica river, a tributary to the Vistula - was in the Middle Ages placed along a merchant route from Kraków to Wislica. The earliest mention of Dzialoszyce in historical records comes from 1220. In 1409 King Wladyslaw II Jagiello gave it a city charter according to Magdeburg rights, and in the 1920th the town had a Jewish community consisting of 5618 people, or 83.6% of its total population. The vast majority of the Jewish population was exterminated in the Holocaust by German Nazis during their occupation of Poland since 1939. After the war, Jewish survivors from Dzialoszyce submitted contributions to a Memorial Book. In subsequent years the town's population did not recover, and today it is less than one-fifth of what it was before the war.

Opole Voivodeship: Opole Voivodeship, the smallest and least populated voivodeship of Poland. The province's name derives from that of the region's capital and largest city, Opole. It is part of Upper Silesia. A relatively large German minority, with representatives in the Sejm, lives in the voivodeship, and the German language is co-official in 28 communes. Opole Voivodeship is bordered by Lower Silesian Voivodeship to the west, Greater Poland and Lódz Voivodeships to the north, Silesian Voivodeship to the east, and the Czech Republic (Olomouc Region and Moravian-Silesian Region) to the south. Opole Province's geographic location, economic potential, and its population's level of education make it an attractive business partner for other Polish regions (especially Lower Silesian and Silesian Voivodeships) and for foreign investors. Formed in 1997, the Praded/Pradziad Euroregion with its headquarter in Prudnik has facilitated economic, cultural and tourist exchanges between the border areas of Poland and the Czech Republic.

Upper Silesia: Upper Silesia, the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic. Since the 9th century, Upper Silesia has been part of (chronologically) Greater Moravia, the Duchy of Bohemia, the Piast Kingdom of Poland, again of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and the Holy Roman Empire, as well as of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526. In 1742 the greater part of Upper Silesia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, and in 1871 it became part of the German Empire. After the First World War the region was divided between Poland (East Upper Silesia) and Germany (West Upper Silesia). After the Second World War, West Upper Silesia also became Polish as the result of the Potsdam Conference.

Cities in Silesia: List of cities in Silesia with a population greater than 20,000 inhabitants in 2015

Upper Silesian metropolitan area, Kraków metropolitan area, Czestochowa metropolitan area: Upper Silesian metropolitan area is a metropolitan area in southern Poland and northeast Czechia, centered on the cities of Katowice and Ostrava in Silesia and has around 5 million inhabitans. Located in the three administrative units, mainly Silesian Voivodeship, a small western part of Lesser Poland Voivodeship and a small east part of Moravian-Silesian Region. The polycentric metropolitan area lies within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, as Silesian metropolitan area (5.3 million people) with nearby Kraków metropolitan area (1.3 million people) and Czestochowa metropolitan area (0.4 million people) create a great metropolitan area covering 7 million people.

Katowice city: Katowice city, the capital of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland, and the central city of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area. It is the 11th-most populous city in Poland, while its urban area is the most populous in the country and one of the most populous in the EU. As of December 31, 2020 estimate, Katowice has a population of 290,553 citizens, and is a central part of the Metropolis GZM, with a population of 2.3 million, and a part of a larger Upper Silesian metropolitan area that extends into the Czech Republic and has a population of 5-5.3 million people. Katowice is a center of commerce, business, transportation, and culture in southern Poland, with numerous public companies headquartered in the city or in its suburbs, important cultural institutions such as Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra, award-winning music festivals such as Off Festival and Tauron New Music, and transportation infrastructure such as Katowice Korfanty Airport. In 2015, Katowice joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and was named a UNESCO City of Music.

Since 19th century Katowice's population: Katowice's population grew very fast between 1845 and 1960, fueled by the expansion of heavy industry and administrative functions. In the 60s, 70s and 80s, the city grew by another 100,000 people, reaching a height of 368,621 in 1988. Since then, the collapse of heavy industry, emigration, and suburbanization reversed the population development. Katowice lost approx. 75,000 people (20%) since the fall of communism in Poland, as - during the German empires second world war since September 1939 - the Nazi occupant committed severe crimes against the local Roma and Jewish communities, and most of them were eventually killed or transported by cattle wagons to concentration camps such as Auschwitz for complete extermination.

Tworków village: Tworków village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzyzanowice within Racibórz County in the Silesian Voivodeship, close to the Czech border. It lies approximately 3km west of Krzyzanowice, 10km south of Racibórz, and 62km south-west of the regional capital Katowice, ande has a population of 3,000 inhabitants in the 21st century

Geschichte Tworków seit dem 13. Jahrhundert: Im Mittelalter wurde Tworków vermutlich in der ersten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts gegründet und als Angerdorf angelegt. 1258 übertrug es der böhmische König einem böhmischen Adligen. Daraus ergibt sich, dass Tworkau/Tvorkov damals zur mährischen Provinz Troppau und nach der Gründung des Herzogtums Troppau 1318 zu diesem gehörte. Auf der Pariser Friedenskonferenz 1919 beanspruchte die Tschechoslowakei das Gebiet, wie auch Polen. 1936 erfolgte die Umbenennung des Amtsbezirks Tworkau in Amtsbezirk Tunskirch. Am 2. November 1920 wurde Franciczek Adamik in Torkowa (Tworków) geboren, der später bis zum Beginn des 2. Weltkriegs in Schlesien als Schneider arbeitete. Er wurde als Zwangsarbeiter nach Deutschland verschleppt. Später gelang ihm die Flucht nach Sanok und er arbeitete wieder als Schneider, und begann in dieser Zeit einen geheimen Transport von Menschen über die Grenze nach Ungarn zu organisieren. 1940 entkam er bei einer Razzia und versteckte sich in Krakau, wurde jedoch wieder aufgespürt und zur Zwangsarbeit verurteilt. Noch einmal gelang ihm die Flucht und er verband sich 1942 mit der 'Armia Krajowa' und beteiligte sich an der Organisierung der Flucht von Juden aus dem Krakauer Ghetto. 1945 im Januar wurde er von der Gestapo verhaftet und in das Konzentrationslager Groß-Rosen, dann nach Nordhausen und Dora gebracht, bis zu seiner Befreiung durch die Allierten. Im Konzentrationslager wurde Franciszek Adamik gezwungen an Leichenverbrennungen teilzunehmen. 1964 begann er Bilder aus dieser Zeit zu malen und erklärt wie er 'das Gemalte als Gefangener sah. Wenn man nur einmal eine Gaskammer in Funktion gesehen hat, vergißt man es nie.' 1993 konnten seine Bilder auch im Rahmen einer Veranstaltungsreihe 'Aufstand im Ghetto - Warschau 1943' in Osnabrück und Georgsmarienhütte von April bis Mai 1993 gezeigt werden.

Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland: Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland with a population of 3,404,863 citizens in 2019. It stretches far north, to Radom, and Siedlce, also including such cities, as Stalowa Wola, Lublin, Kielce, Czestochowa, and Sosnowiec. The province is bounded on the north by the Swietokrzyskie Mountains, on the west by Jura Krakowsko-Czestochowska - a broad range of hills stretching from Kraków to Czestochowa - and on the south by the Tatra, Pieniny and Beskidy Mountains. Politically it is bordered by Silesian Voivodeship to the west, Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship to the north, Subcarpathian Voivodeship to the east, and Slovakia - Prešov Region and Žilina Regions - to the south.

Kraków city: Kraków city, the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland, situated on the Vistula River in the Lesser Poland region, and dating back to the 7th century

Vistula river: Vistula river, the longest river in Poland and the 9th-longest in Europe, as the river is often associated with Polish culture, history and national identity. It is the country's most important waterway, also trading route and natural symbol, and the term 'Vistula Land' can be synonymous with Poland

History of Kraków: History of Kraków, as first written record of the city's name dates back to 965, when Kraków was described as a notable commercial centre controlled first by Moravia 876–879, but captured by a Bohemian duke Boleslaus I in 955. The first acclaimed ruler of Poland, Mieszko I, took Kraków from the Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the Piast dynasty towards the end of his reign. In 1038, Kraków became the seat of the Polish governmen and became a leading centre of trade, but the city was sacked and burned during the Mongol invasion of 1241. It was rebuilt practically identical, incorporated in 1257 by the high duke Boleslaw V who like Wroclaw introduced city rights modelled on the Magdeburg law allowing for tax benefits and new trade privileges for the citizens. In 1259, the city was again ravaged by the Mongols. A third attack in 1287 was repelled thanks in part to the newly built fortifications. During 15th and 16th centuries many works of Polish Renaissance art and architecture were created, including ancient synagogues in Kraków's Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz, such as the Old Synagogue, then various artists came to work and live in Kraków and Johann Haller established a printing press in the city.

Economy of Kraków: Economy of Kraków

Timeline of Kraków: Timeline of Kraków

Since 15th-century Old Synagogue: Since 15th-century Old Synagogue situated in the Kazimierz district of Kraków, the oldest synagogue building still standing in Poland and one of the most precious landmarks of Jewish architecture in Europe, that remained one of the most important synagogues in the city until the German invasion of Poland in 1939, renovated from 1956 to 1959 and currently operates as a museum

Since 1473 early printing in Cracow and Poland: Since 1473 early printing in Cracow and Poland

1815-1846 'Free City of Cracow': 1815-1846 'Free City of Cracow', an overwhelmingly Polish-speaking city-state as 14% of its population were Jews as the city of Kraków itself had a Jewish population reaching nearly 40%

February 1846 Kraków Uprising for national independence: February 1846 Kraków Uprising, an attempt to incite a fight for national independence and directed at the powers that partitioned Poland, in particular the nearby Austrian Empire, but ended with Austrian victory

1846-1918 'Grand Duchy of Kraków' part of the 'Empire of Austria': 1846-1918 Grand Duchy of Kraków, created after the incorporation of the Free City of Cracow into Austria in November 1846, as from 1846 to 1918 'Grand Duke of Kraków' was part of the official titulary of the 'Emperor of Austria'

1918-1939 Second Polish Republic: 1918-1939 Second Polish Republic

1939–1945 Kraków 'capital' of Nazi Germany's 'General Governorate': November 1939 – 19 January 1945 'General Governorate for the occupied Polish Region', a German zone of occupation established after the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in 1939 at the onset of World War II

Since 1940/1941 German politician and lawyer Hans Frank and Kraków Ghetto: Since 1940/1941 Kraków Ghetto was one of five major metropolitan Jewish Ghettos created by Nazi Germany in the new General Government territory during the German occupation of Poland in World War II, established for the purpose of exploitation, terror, and persecution of local Polish Jews, as well as the staging area for separating the 'able workers' from those who would later be deemed unworthy of life, as the Ghetto was liquidated between June 1942 and March 1943, with most of its inhabitants sent to their deaths at Belzec extermination camp as well as Plaszów slave-labor camp, and Auschwitz concentration camp

1939-1942 Kraków Ghetto establishment and mass murder called liquidation: In April 1940, German politician and lawyer Hans Frank, who served as head of the General Government, began the removal of Jews from the city of Kraków with the reasoning that the area '...will be cleansed and it will be possible to establish pure German neighborhoods...' within Kraków - 1939-1941/1942 Kraków Ghetto Jewish Council until in 1942 Nazi ghetto officials made David Gutter, the last chairman of the Kraków Ghetto

1942-1943 Kraków Jewish underground resistance: 1942-1943 Kraków Jewish underground resistance, stemmed from youth groups including Akiva, Iskra and Hahalutz Halochem, or the Fighting Organization of the Jewish youth, originally focused on providing support for education and welfare organizations within the ghetto and eventually establishing a magazine, and also focused on working with the Polish Underground and the Communist Partia Robotnicza, and ultimately focusing on more classical armed resistance actions

January 1945 Soviet army takes the city: January 1945 Soviet army takes the city, German occupation ends

Since 1954 Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks in Kraków: Since 1954 Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks, the second largest steel plant in Poland, in 2005 purchased by the Mittal Steel Company and now owned by Arcelor-Mittal, the largest steelmaker in the world

Since 1988 Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków: Since 1988 Jewish Culture Festival in Kraków

Subcarpathian Voivodeship: Subcarpathian Voivodeship in the southeastern corner of Poland. Its administrative capital and largest city is Rzeszów. In the WWI and WWII interwar period, it was part of the Lwów Voivodeship. The voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 out of the former Rzeszów, Przemysl, Krosno and Tarnów and Tarnobrzeg Voivodeships, pursuant to the Polish local-government reforms adopted in 1998. The name derives from the region's location near the Carpathian Mountains.

Przemysl County: Przemysl County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, on the border with Ukraine, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Przemysl, constituting a separate city county. As of 2019 Przemysl County's total population is 74,234 citizens

L'attitude des Polonais vis-à-vis des Juifs et le 10 novembre 1941: Durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale de l'empire allemand et malgré le comportement parfois hostile de la population, comme dans nombre d'autres pays occupés, la Pologne est le pays qui compte le plus grand nombre de Juste parmi les nations, titre décerné par le musée de Yad Vashem, grâce notamment aux actions du colonel Henryk Wolinski, du lieutenant-colonel Henryk Iwanski ou de l'enseignante Krystyna Adolnhowa. Le gouvernement polonais en exil fut le premier à diffuser - en novembre 1942 - des informations sur les camps d’extermination nazis à la suite des rapports de Jan Karski et de Witold Pilecki, membres d’Armia Krajowa. Le gouvernement polonais en exil est aussi le seul gouvernement à avoir mis en place une cellule de résistance dont l’objectif unique a été d’aider les Juifs en Pologne occupée, après le 10 novembre 1941 Hans Frank avait instauré la peine capitale pour des Polonais assistant les Juifs

Przemysl city: Przemysl city in southeastern Poland with 60,442 inhabitants in 2020. In 1999, it became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship as Przemysl owes its long and rich history to the advantages of its geographic location. The city lies in an area connecting mountains and lowlands known as the Przemysl Gate, with open lines of transportation, and fertile soil. It also lies on the navigable San River. Important trade routes that connect Central Europe from Przemysl ensure the city's importance. The Old Town of Przemysl is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland

21st century politics of Krosno/Przemysl constituency: Politics of Krosno/Przemysl constituency with members of Sejm elected from Krosno/Przemysl constituency

History of Przemysl since early Middle Ages until WWI 1914-1918: History of Przemysl, as city is the second-oldest city (after Kraków) in southern Poland, dating back to at least the 8th century, when it was the site of a fortified gord belonging to the Lendians, a West Slavic tribe. In the 9th century, the fortified settlement and the surrounding region became part of Great Moravia, since 1340 in the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as since 1772 - as a consequence of the First Partition of Poland - Przemysl became part of the Austrian Empire, seeking expansion to increase the number of subjects as empires did since the Middle Ages

1914-1918 - 1939 history of Przemysl since Central Powers' World War I: History of Przemysl since Central Powers' World War I 1914-1918, inter-war years, World War II 1939-1945, beginning for the city of Przemysl with the Septemer 1939 NSDAP rulen German empire's 'Battle of Przemysl'

1939-1945 history of Przemysl during and since Axis Powers' World War II: Sepmter 1939 'Battle of Przemysl' and efence of the city during the German Invasion of Poland, as the Polish Army garrison of the former Austrian fortress of Przemysl managed to halt the advance of the invading 'Wehrmacht' for three days. The city was forced to surrender on 14 September, not exactly knowing what is to come, but beginning with 1939 Przemysl massacres carried out by the German soldiers and police against hundreds of Jews who lived in the city. In total over 500 Jews were murdered in and around the city and the vast majority of the city's Jewish population was deported across the San River into the portion of Poland that was occupied by the Soviet Union.

History of Przemysl in the postwar period until today: History of Przemysl in the postwar period, as due to the murder of Jews in the Nazi Holocaust and the postwar expulsion of Ukrainians' the city's population fell to 24,000

25 March 2022 USA president in Przemysl to witness refugee crisis caused by Putin's war against Ukraine: 25 March 2022: Just 60 miles from Ukraine, USA president Joe Biden saluted Poland on Friday for welcoming more than 2 million refugees who have fled Russia’s invasion. Then he met with humanitarian experts on the ground about what will be needed to mitigate the growing suffering. Biden said he had hoped to get even closer to the border but was prevented because of security concerns. Still, he said he wanted to visit Poland to underscore that the assistance it is providing is of 'enormous consequence' as Europe experiences the biggest refugee crisis since World War II - 25 March 2022: After Brussels summits USA's Biden heads to Poland to witness refugee crisis, as Russian commander reportedly killed by own troops, as Russia admits 1,351 soldiers dead and 3,825 wounded, as video appears showing Russian shelling of civilians receiving humanitarian aid in Kharkiv, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates on the 30th day of Putin's war crimes

Medyka village, population, history: Medyka village/town in Przemysl County, on the border with Ukraine. It is the seat of the municipality called Gmina Medyka. It lies approximately 13 kilometres east of Przemysl and 72 km east of the regional capital Rzeszów. In 2006 the village had a population of approximately 2,800 citizens. - Shehyni village of Yavoriv Raion in Lviv Oblast of western Ukraine, hosting the administration of Shehyni rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Located at the border with Poland, known as the site of the Medyka-Shehyni border checkpoint, and situated 14km east of the city of Przemysl, it was first mentioned in 1515 in a royal charter under the name of Szechinie. For most of its existence the village belonged to the Land of Przemysl, the so-called key of estates including Medyka, Pozdziacz, Torki and Buców, centred on the manor in Medyka, all based on a local variant of Magdeburg law, dubbed Ruthenian law. Initially the peasants settled there were tasked with taking care of the royal stables in Medyka, with time their duty towards the owner of Medyka manor was modified to simple serfdom, with yearly rent paid in grain.

Early 20th century synagogue 'Synagoga w Medyce' in Medyka town, history: Since early 20th century synagogue 'Synagoga w Medyce'in Medyka town and history until 1939-1944 when it was devastated by NSDAP ruled German empire's invaders during empire's World War II

Mai/June 1935 'Anglo-German Naval Agreement': Mai/juin 1935 'traité naval germano-britannique' (Anglo-German Naval Agreement), un traité bilatéral signé le 18 juin 1935 - 18 juin 1815 'Battle of Waterloo' - par le Royaume-Uni et le Troisième Reich, entre Joachim von Ribbentrop pour les Allemands et Samuel Hoare pour les Britanniques. Sans concerter leurs alliés de la 'Première Guerre mondiale 1914-1918', ils autorisent le Troisième Reich à disposer d'une flotte de guerre au tonnage limité de façon permanente à 35% de celui de la Royal Navy, et Hitler aussitôt entreprit un vaste programme de construction navale. - French reaction to the '1935 Naval Pact' and impact

Participation de l'URSS en faveur des républicains en Espagne 1930-1939, mais l'expansion du fascisme: Participation de l'Union soviétique en faveur des républicains en Espagne 1930-1939, notamment par l'intermédiaire du Komintern, au nom de la lutte contre le fascisme. Plusieurs généraux républicains, membres du PCE, comme Juan Modesto ou Enrique Líster, ne sont pas sortis du rang, mais avaient été formés en URSS où ils avaient trouvé refuge au début des années 1930 - Bilan, victimes, réfugiés et exilés, après la Seconde Guerre mondiale a débuté avec la guerre civile qui oppose en effet de 1936 à 1939 républicains et nationalistes en Espagne, en Europe et au monde, et qui fait environ 400 000 morts. Dès 1936, les Européens y voient un conflit à portée universelle, elle marque l'expansion du fascisme.

September 1938 Munich Conference, without Soviet participation, German annexation of part of Czechoslovakia: At September 1938 Munich Conference Hitler's fierce anti-Soviet rhetoric was one of the reasons that Britain and France decided that Soviet participation in the 1938 Munich Conference on Czechoslovakia would be both dangerous and useless. In the Munich Agreement that followed the conference agreed to a German annexation of part of Czechoslovakia in late 1938, but in early 1939 it had been completely dissolved. The policy of appeasement toward Germany was conducted by the governments of British PM Neville Chamberlain and French PM Édouard Daladier. The policy immediately raised the question of whether the Soviet Union could avoid being next on Hitler's list. The Soviet leadership believed that the West wanted to encourage German aggression in the East and to stay neutral in a war initiated by NSDAP ruled German empire in the hope that Germany and the Soviet Union would wear each other out and put an end to both regimes. - The October/November 1917 'Decree on Peace', written by Vladimir Lenin, and passed by the emerging 'Soviet of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' deputies, proposing an immediate withdrawal of Russia from World War I, was never withdrawn

23 August 1939 'Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics': 23 août 1939 traité de non-agression entre l'Allemagne et l'Union soviétique, qui proclamait un renoncement au conflit entre les deux pays ainsi qu'une position de neutralité dans le cas où l'un des deux pays signataires était attaqué par une tierce partie. Chaque signataire promit de ne pas rassembler de forces qui seraient 'directement ou indirectement dirigées contre l'autre partie'.

History of Medyka town: History of Medyka town, as during the invasion of Poland in September 1939 the Polish 23rd Observation Escadrille was stationed in Medyka, and as German empire's invaders came later in their beginning World War II 1939-1945. Meanwhile the village was occupied by the Soviet Union - ahead of NSDAP ruled German empire's invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, planned and prepared by the German High Command since July 1940 - under which it was annexed to the newly formed Drohobych Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR. From 1941, it was occupied by Nazi Germany, and from 1944 again by the not defeated Soviet Union. It was eventually restored to Poland in 1948 during a revision of borders.

26 February 2022 'for Ukraine's refugees, Europe opens doors that were shut to others': 26 February 2022: 'For Ukraine's refugees, Europe opens doors that were shut to others', as 'New York Times' Lara Jakes reports, and as Washington's 'Al Jazeera' correspondent Kimberly Halkett came in late March 2022 to the small European village to report on the 2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis

March 2022 Medyka welcomes refugees escaping Russian regime's war crimes in Ukraine: 16 March 2022: Polish border town Medyka - a primary crossing point for refugees - welcomes refugees from Ukraine, but will itself need help, as mayor of Medyka says ‘these refugees have lost almost everything. We need to help them. Even if that means we’ll have to learn to live with less’

Demographics, demographic history and ethnic groups in Poland: Demographics of Poland - Demographic history of Poland

Ethnic groups in Poland: Ethnic groups in Poland - Ethnic minorities in Poland

Jews and history of the Jews in Poland: History of the Jews in Poland - History of the Jews in 20th-century Poland - 1921 there were 2,845,364 Jews living in the Second Polish Republic, by late 1938 that number has grown to approximately 3,310,000 mainly through migration from Ukraine and the Soviet Russia, from amongst the 6 million Polish citizens who perished during the German occupation of Poland in World War II, roughly half (or 3 million) were Polish Jews murdered at the Nazi-Germany's extermination camps of Auschwitz, Treblinka, Majdanek, Belzec, Sobibór, and Chelmno, others died of starvation and maltreatment in the ghettos, only about 50,000–120,000 Polish Jews survived the war on native soil

2014/2015: 25 October 2014: With the newly built Museum of the History of Polish Jews, Poland, on whose soil Nazi Germany carried out the darkest acts of the Holocaust, is starting to re-connect with its other role in Jewish history as a home for 1,000 years to one of the world's biggest Jewish communities - 23 May 2015: Polish regulation to compensate 20,000 Holocaust survivors in a new pension program providing monthly payments of $130 to Polish-born Jews and non-Jews who suffered hardships under the Nazis in World War II

April 2018: 28 April 2018: In Krakow, Jews celebrate their community’s 'revival’ amid rising xenophobia

August 2019: 8 August 2019: Poland’s chief rabbi Michael Schudrich criticized the Duda government’s decision to honor World War II ultra-nationalist fighters and called his invitation to the event a 'personal insult'

Romani people in Poland and Polska Roma: Romani people in Poland - Polska Roma are the largest and one of the oldest ethnolinguistic sub group of Romani people living in Poland - Bergitka Roma

Belarusian minority in Poland: Belarusian minority in Poland

German minority in Poland: German minority in Poland

Silesians: Silesians are the inhabitants of Silesia, a region divided by the current boundaries of Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic, and are considered to belong to a Polish ethnographic group, speaking a dialect of Polish

Ukrainians in Poland: Ukrainians in Poland

May 2016 around one million Ukrainians work in Poland: 22 May 2016: As around one million Ukrainians work in Poland, Ukrainian Workers' Trade Union to be set up in Warsaw

Vietnamese people in Poland: Vietnamese people in Poland, forming one of the ethnic minorities in Poland, the third-largest Vietnamese community in the European Union, after Vietnamese people in France and Germany

Immigration to Poland and 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: Immigration to Poland - 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis - 14 November 2015: Poland's new government will no longer accept migrants under European Union quotas after Friday's terror attacks in Paris - 2 December 2015: Detain refugees arriving in Europe for 18 months, Poland's European council president Tusk says

Languages and culture of Poland: Culture of Poland - Languages of Poland - Polish language

Music of Poland: Music of Poland

Women in Poland: Women in Poland

Women's rights in Poland: Women's rights in Poland

Education in Poland: Education in Poland - History of education in Poland

Schools in Poland: Schools in Poland

Universities and colleges in Poland: Universities and colleges in Poland - List of universities in Poland - Timeline of Polish science and technology

Museums in Poland: Museums in Poland

National Museum of Poland: 'National Museum of Poland' is the common name for several of the country's largest and most notable museums

World War II museums in Poland: World War II museums in Poland

Museum of World War II in Gdansk: Museum of World War II in Gdansk - Homepage of the 'Museum of the Second World War' - Educational projects of the 'Museum of the Second World War'

2016/2017: 21 December 2016: Minister of Culture and National Heritage refuses to comply with the Provincial Administrative Court’s decision suspending the merger of museums - 24 January 2017: Fate of Polish WWII museum unclear amid battle over history, as Director Pawel Machcewicz says 'it’s very unusual for the creation of a historical exhibit to encounter such huge pressure from the government'

POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews: POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews on the site of the former Warsaw Ghetto 1940-1943 - Jewish Historical Institute, a research foundation in Warsaw primarily dealing with the history of Jews in Poland - Ringelblum Archive

9 January 2020 Polish president pulls out of Holocaust event in Israel over snub: 9 January 2020: Polish president pulls out of Holocaust event in Israel to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz over snub, after being told he would not be allowed to speak at the event, but Russian regime’s war criminal Vladimir Putin

22 January 2023 lost photos from Warsaw Ghetto Uprising reveal horror of Jews’ last stand: 22 January 2023: Lost photos from Warsaw Ghetto Uprising taken by Polish firefighter who risked life to record how Jews fought the Nazis despite impossible odds reveal horror of their last stand. Holocaust historians say the imperfect pictures, discovered last month in a Polish attic decades after their creator died, are nonetheless priceless. They are the only known photographs from inside the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising not to be taken by Germans. The photographs will form part of an exhibition devoted to the 80th anniversary of the uprising in 2023, to be held in April at Warsaw’s POLIN museum of Jewish history

18 April 2023 - 8 January 2024 exhibition 'Around Us a Sea of Fire. The Fate of Jewish Civilians During the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising': 18 April 2023 - 8 January 2024 the 'Museum of the History of Polish Jews' in cooperation with the Holocaust Research Center organizes an exhibition 'Around Us a Sea of Fire. The Fate of Jewish Civilians During the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising' to commemorate the 80th anniversary of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

Commemorative events 16-20 April 2023 on the 80th anniversary of the outbreak of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: Program of commemorative events 16-20 April 2023 on the 80th anniversary of the outbreak of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, including a visit to the Monument to the Ghetto Heroes 9/11 Zamenhofa Street, further including a meeting with Hena Kuczer (Krystyna Budnicka), who was 11 years old at the time of the Uprising, and is today one of the last living survivors from the Warsaw ghetto (during the meeting, she will talk about her experiences as a civilian in hiding in the ghetto during the Uprising), further including a 'Remembering Together' concert of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in Tel Aviv, also including a 'Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Campaign' in schools, libraries and institutions of culture, and a further 'Remembering Together' concert of the Sinfonia Varsovia orchestra performing a premiere of the piano concerto titled For Josima with Hania Rani as a soloist, inspired by the music written and performed in the Warsaw ghetto by teenage pianist and composer Josima Feldschuh, and a Concertino for Piano and Orchestra composed by Wladyslaw Szpilman in the ghetto

Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum: Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum, a memorial and museum in Oswiecim, which includes the German concentration camps Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II-Birkenau and is devoted to the memory of the murders in both camps during World War II

Warsaw Uprising Museum: Warsaw Uprising Museum, dedicated to the Warsaw Uprising of 1944

Health in Poland: Health in Poland

Medical outbreaks and man-made disasters in Poland: Medical outbreaks in Poland - Disasters and man-made disasters in Poland

Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Poland: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Poland

22 April 2020 covid-19 infections surpassed 10,000 in Poland: 22 April 2020: Showing highest number in post-soviet central Europe, confirmed covid-19 infections surpassed 10,000 in Poland and some 16-17% of the infections were medical workers, now slowly easing restrictions on public life ahead of a presidential election set for May 10, as Poland has reported 404 deaths

Healthcare in Poland: Healthcare in Poland - Medical and health organisations based in Poland

Hospitals in Poland: Hospitals in Poland - List of hospitals in Poland

Since 1977 Children's Memorial Health Institute in Warsaw: Since 1977 Children's Memorial Health Institute in Warsaw - 1878-1942 Bersohn and Bauman Children's Hospital in Warsaw, between 1905 and 1912 Janusz Korczak worked in the hospital as a pediatrician

Coal and environment of Poland: Coal and the environment in Poland

Media of Poland: Media of Poland - Lists of Polish media - Media in Poland by city

Newspapers in Poland: List of newspapers in Poland

Broadcasting in Poland: Broadcasting in Poland

2016 protests against state control of public broadcasting: 10 January 2016: Thousands on the streets of Poland across the country condemning new media law as government power grab - 11 January 2016: At various centres, Polish journalists protest at state control of public broadcasting

Internet in Poland: Internet in Poland

April 2018: 29 April 2018: Facebook removes Polish nationalist pages for anti-Semitic content

May 2019: 17 mai 2019: Facebook a fermé en Pologne 27 pages diffusant des fausses nouvelles ou des contenus haineux, à l'approche des élections européennes, a annoncé l'ONG de cybermilitantisme Avaaz

Cinema of Poland: Cinema of Poland

Lists of Polish films by decade: Lists of Polish films by decade

September 2019 Wanda Jakubowska’s film 'The Last Stage’: 13 September 2019: Seventy years after its Tel Aviv premiere, Wanda Jakubowska’s Polish film 'The Last Stage’ is being shown in Israel once again, one of first feature films about the Holocaust, the first to be filmed at Auschwitz

History of religion in Poland: History of religion in Poland - Religion in Poland - History of the Jews in Poland - Christianity in Poland - History of Christianity in Poland - Islam in Poland - Buddhism in Poland - Hinduism in Poland

Secularism and freedom of religion in Poland: Secularism in Poland - Freedom of religion according to the constitution of Poland

April 2019 anti-Semitic Easter ritual: 23 April 2019: 'The Catholic Church will never tolerate manifestations of contempt towards members of any nation, including the Jewish people', Polish bishop Rafal Markowski announced, after residents, among them children, hanged, beat and burned an effigy of Judas, represented by a stereotypical Jew, in southeast Poland's town of Pruchnik on Good Friday, a tradition practised since 18th century and today in some other villages

18 December 2020 Jewish woman wins case against Polish church over land stolen after Holocaust: 18 December 2020: Poland’s Supreme Court ruled this week in favor of an Australian Jewish woman locked in battle with the Polish church over her family’s ancestral plot of land near Krakow, which she said was stolen by neighbors and handed over to the parish illegally after the Holocaust, as court’s Chamber of Extraordinary Control and Public Rights upheld a six-year-old ruling in favor of Ann Drillich, who has been battling Polish religious authorities for years

Roman Catholic church sex abuse cases in Poland: Roman Catholic chruch sex abuse cases in Poland

May 2013: 16 May 2013: Two French journalists invited to an interview with a Polish priest, who is being investigated for alleged child abuse, were briefly held against their will by the priest

May 2019: 17 May 2019: Poland has raised jail terms for convicted paedophiles to a maximum of 30 years after a groundbreaking documentary on child sexual abuse among Polish priests prompted public outrage

Crime in Poland: Crime in Poland

Since 1939 German invasion and World War II crimes in Poland: Since 1939 German invasion, occupation and World War II crimes in Poland

Corruption in Poland: Corruption in Poland - surveys of Polish citizens reveal that corruption is perceived to be a major problem - Police corruption in Poland

Since 2002 Lew Rywin affair: Rywin affair was a corruption scandal in Poland, which began in late 2002 when Lew Rywin called in at the office of Adam Michnik, editor of Poland's largest daily newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza, offering in exchange for a bribe of 17.5 million USD to arrange for a change in a draft law aimed at limiting the print media's influence on radio and television

2002-2004 Orlengate: 2002-2004 Orlengate

2006/2007: Oleksy tapes

Racism and antisemitism in Poland: Racism in Poland, existing in a variety of forms over the course of its history as the Polish people themselves have been the victims of anti-Polish racism under the German Empire and during World War II - Antisemitism in Poland

Since 1918: Antisemitism in Poland since the re-recreation of the independent Polish state in 1918

1939-1945: 10 February 2017: Drawing on Polish, Jewish and German records from the war and postwar periods, historian Jan Grabowski was able to document Poland's local population’s involvement in turning over and murdering the Jews who sought their help, but also the heroism of Poles who tried to rescue their Jewish neighbors and sometimes paid for it with their lives

1944-1946 anti-Jewish violence in Poland: Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946

November 2015 burning of an effigy of a Jewish citizen: 19 November 2015: A Polish demonstration against taking in Muslim refugees ended with the burning of an effigy of an ultra-Orthodox Jew holding the flag of the European Union

November 2017 anti-Semitic chants calling for a 'Jew free' Poland: 13 November 2017: Anti-Semitic chants calling for a 'Jew free' Poland were among the racist epithets shouted by tens of thousands of far-right nationalists who marched Saturday in Warsaw to mark 99 years of the country’s independence, while counter-protesters rallied against fascism

January 2018 new bill against blaming Poles for crimes of the Holocaust: 27 January 2018: Amid escalating tensions between Israel and Poland over a new bill passed in the lower house of Poland’s parliament, which would outlaw blaming Poles for crimes of the Holocaust, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center Yad Vashem said that 'while the term 'Polish death camps' is a historical misrepresentation', new Polish legislation may 'blur historical truths' on the help Germans received from Poles in Holocaust - 28 January 2018: Chairman of guides organization leading Holocaust tours asks for clarification regarding the legislation, which criminalizes holding Poles responsible for Nazi crimes

April 2019 anti-Semitic effigy hanged and burned in Polish Pruchnik as part of an Easter ritual: 22 April 2019: 'Disturbed by this ghastly revival of medieval anti-Semitism', the World Jewish Congress expressed its 'disgust and outrage' following reports that an effigy made to look like a stereotypical Jew was hanged and burned in the Polish town of Pruchnik as part of an Easter ritual, as residents including children beat and burned the effigy representing Judas, the discipline of Christ who betrayed him according to the New Testament, given a brimmed hat and sidelocks, making it resemble an ultra-Orthodox Jew, along with a long nose, a trope used by Nazi Germany and by anti-Semites worldwide to demonize and dehumanize Jews

19 December 2020 Polish society shunned Jewish survivors returning from death camps according to Polish historian Krzyzanowski: 19 December 2020: Polish society shunned Jewish survivors returning from death camps, as in study Polish historian Lukasz Krzyzanowski delves into postwar Radom, where Jews found new residents living in their stolen homes, and little empathy from the public

Hooliganism and riots in Poland: Football hooliganism in Poland - 11 November 2013: Polish independence day march in Warsaw marred by rioting young nationalists

Human trafficking in Poland: Human trafficking in Poland

Law and legal history of Poland: Law of Poland - Legal history of Poland - Constitutions of Poland - 1997 Constitution of Poland

1946-1948 Supreme National Tribunal: The Supreme National Tribunal was a war crime tribunal active in Poland from 1946 to 1948

1947 Auschwitz trial in Kraków: 1947 Auschwitz trial in Kraków, when Polish authorities (the Supreme National Tribunal) tried 40 former staff of the Auschwitz concentration camps built and operated by the German empire

Since 1982/1986 Constitutional Tribunal: Constitutional Tribunal since 1982/1986, the constitutional court established to resolve disputes on the constitutionality of the activities of state institutions, its main task is to supervise the compliance of statutory law with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland

Since 2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis: Since 2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis - National Council of the Judiciary, responsible for nominating judges and reviewing ethical complaints against sitting jurists - 12 July 2017: New law undermines the independence of the judiciary, rights group says

Judiciary and courts of Poland: Judiciary of Poland - Regional Courts

April 2019 anti-Semitic Easter ritual: 24 April 2019: The attorney general in the Polish province of Jaroslaw has reportedly opened a criminal investigation into an anti-Semitic ritual enacted over the Easter holiday that involved an effigy of Judas represented by a stereotypical Jew being hanged, beaten and set alight, known as 'Judgment over Judas' dating back to the 18th century and continued to be regularly performed until the Second World War and the Holocaust, then´largely abandoned with only a couple of villages continuing it, Pruchnik in south-eastern Poland

Supreme Court of Poland: Supreme Court of Poland, the court of last resort of appeal against judgements in the lower courts, supervises the adjudication in district, regional, and appeal courts in the areas of civil, criminal, family and labour law, and in military courts (circuit and garrison courts)

July 2018 supreme court's Malgorzata Gersdorf: 4 July 2018: Polish supreme court's Malgorzata Gersdorf has turned up for work in defiance of a retirement law which has been pushed through by the government but criticised by the EU for undermining judicial independence

Law enforcement in Poland: Law enforcement in Poland

Foreign relations of Poland: Foreign relations of Poland

Treaties of Poland: Treaties of Poland

Poland's membership international organisations: Poland's membership international organisations

Poland/United Nations relations, membership since 1945: Poland's ambassadors to the United Nations

2013 UN Climate Change Conference in Warsaw: 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Warsaw from 11 to 22 November - 11 November 2013: Poland, a top EU polluter, hosts UN climate summit aiming to map out the main points of an ambitious global agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions to be signed 2015 - 14 November: November 'Coal summit' in Warsaw stokes trouble at UN climate talks - 20 November 2013: Polish environment minister sacked as he chairs UN climate talks - 21 November: The second-last day of the global climate change conference in Warsaw has seen 800 NGO delegates walk out of the talks over a lack of progress - 24 November 2013: At the UN climate talks in Warsaw, rich and poor nations agree to commit to the reduction of greenhouse gases, waiting for a final deal in Paris in 2015

Since 1991 Poland member of the Council of Europe: Council of Europe

Poland and the European Union, since 2004 membership: Poland and the European Union

2003/2004 Polish EU membership referendum: 2003 Polish European Union membership referendum, accession approved by 77.6% of voters - 2004 Accession of Poland to the European Union

Since 2015 reactions to the Polish Constitutional Court crisis: Since 2015 EU and international reaction to the Polish Constitutional Court crisis

2016 EU inquiry: 13 January 2016: European commission launches unprecedented inquiry in response to controversial Polish legislation that puts more power into the hands of the government

March 2017: 13 March 2017: Poland's government has accused the EU of 'cheating' and announced a 'negative' policy towards Brussels after losing a diplomatic campaign to oust its own former PM Tusk as European council president - 23 July 2017: EU will hit Poland with deadline to reverse curbs on judicial freedom

July 2017 efforts to reverse curbs on judicial freedom: 23 July 2017: EU will hit Poland with deadline to reverse curbs on judicial freedom

November 2018 Warsaw's mayor Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz banned radical Polish nationalists from marching: 8 November 2018: Warsaw's mayor Hanna Gronkiewicz-Waltz banned radical Polish nationalists from marching on the 100th anniversary of Poland’s independence due to security concerns, followed by plans for an inclusive event Sunday that could be embraced by all citizens - 13 November 2018: Poland’s centennial celebration was stained by fear and hatred, as behind president and ordinary citizens thousands of nationalists carried horrifying symbols

19 October 2021 Polish PM escalates war of words with EU over rule of law: 19 October 2021: Poland’s PM Mateusz Morawiecki has clashed with the European Commission and MEPs after accusing EU institutions of seeking to turn the country into a province, in an escalation of the battle between Warsaw and Brussels over the rule of law

Bilateral relations of Poland: Bilateral relations of Poland

Poland/Austria relations: Poland/Austria relations

Since 1769 Austrian occupation of Spiš and Podhale: Since 1769 Austrian occupation of Spiš and Podhale

18th century three partitions of Poland: Towards the end of the 18th century three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years, and conducted by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures

1772-1795: 1772 First Partition of Poland - 1793 Second Partition of Poland - 1795 Third Partition of Poland

Since 1772 Austrian Partition: Since 1772 Austrian Partition

1795–1918 History of Poland: History of Poland 1795–1918 - 1815–1867/1915 Congress Poland or Russian Poland, created by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, until 1832 a state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire, in 1867 made an official part of the Russian Empire, and in 1915 replaced by the Central Powers during World War I with the proposed puppet state 'Regency Kingdom of Poland'

Poland/Belarus relations: Poland/Belarus relations

Polish minority in Belarus: The Polish minority in Belarus numbers officially about 300,000 in 2009, forming the second largest ethnic minority in the country after the Russians, at around 3% of the total population

Belarusian minority in Poland: The Belarusian minority in Poland is composed of 47,000 people in 2011, most of them living in the Podlaskie Voivodeship

20 September 2021 Poland accused Russia and Belarus of orchestrating a wave of illegal immigration: 20 September 2021: Poland accused Russia and Belarus of orchestrating a wave of illegal immigration at its land border, a day after four migrants were found dead at its Belarusian frontier, as thousands have been trying to cross from Belarus into EU members Latvia, Lithuania and Poland in recent weeks, and as EU suspects the influx of people mostly from the Middle East is being orchestrated by Belarusian autocratic Lukashenko in retaliation for sanctions on his regime

Poland/Brazil relations: Poland/Brazil relations

Polish Brazilians: Polish Brazilians, referring to Brazilians of full or partial Polish ancestry, arriving in Brazil in the late 19th century, and today 1,800,000–3 million people

1978 Poland's extradition request for war criminal Wagner rejected: Late 1930s—1945 Austrian member of the SS Gustav Franz Wagner, a starter deputy commander of the Sobibór extermination camp in German-occupied Poland, where more than 200,000 Jews were gassed during Operation Reinhard, known as 'The Beast' due to his brutality, sentenced to death in absentia after the war, but escaped with Franz Stangl to Brazil where he lived undisturbed until he was exposed by Simon Wiesenthal and arrested on 30 May 1978, but extradition requests from Israel, Austria, and Poland were rejected by Brazil's Attorney General Henrique Fonseca de Araújo, father of the current Brazilian chancellor Ernesto Araújo who was appointed by President Jair Bolsonaro in January 2019, the BBC interviewed Wagner in 1979

Brazilian-Polish trade relationsBrazilian-Polish trade relations, as Brazil is Poland's main trading partner in Latin-America

Poland/Czech Republic relations: Poland/Czech Republic relations

Poland/Denmark relations: Poland/Denmark relations

Poland/France relations: Poland/France relations

Poland/Germany relations: Poland/Germany relations

1772-1795: 1772 First Partition of Poland - 1793 Second Partition of Poland - 1795 Third Partition of Poland

Since 1772 Prussian Partition: Since 1772 Prussian Partition

Aftermath of the First World War: Aftermath of the First World War

1939-1945 German invasion of Poland 1939 and World War II: German invasion of Poland 1939, the beginning of World War II - War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II, called 'Schmutzstrecke' by German war criminals as for instance quartermaster-general Eduard Wagner - 'Germanisation' under Nazi Germany

1939-1945 World War II and the Holocaust in Poland: The Holocaust in Poland - Warsaw Ghetto - 18 October 2014: Polish lawyer Raphael Lemkin, who in 1943 coined 'Genocide' in 1943 spent his life trying to stop it

19 April 1943 – 16 May 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 19 April 1943 – 16 May 1943 - Ringelblum Archive, a collection of documents from the World War II Warsaw Ghetto, collected and preserved by the group 'Oyneg Shabbos', which included historians, writers, rabbis and social workers, dedicated to chronicling life in the Ghetto during the Nazi occupation and started in September 1939 and ended in January 1943 - Ghetto uprisings

1939-1945 Polish resistance movement against German assault and occupation: 1939-1945 Polish resistance movement in World War II, with the Polish Home Army at its forefront, was the largest underground resistance in all of Nazi-occupied Europe

August-October 1944 Warsaw Uprising: Warsaw Uprising 1 August – 2 October 1944

2013: 20 January 2013: For first time, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising diaries unveiled - 28 March 2013: German ZDF television drama about the Second World War has sparked outrage in Poland for trying to spread responsibility for the Holocaust - 1 April 2013: Cutting-edge 3D film 'Warszawa 1935' revives a Warsaw lost to war - 8 April: Thousands from across the globe marched solemnly at the former Nazi Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp to honour the six million Jews killed in the Holocaust during World War II

2017: 25 October 2017: Polish bill governing compensation denies compensation for most Holocaust survivors, families

Poland/Israel relations: Poland/Israel relations - History of the Jews in Poland - Poland was a centre of Jewish culture thanks to a long period of statutory religious tolerance and social autonomy ending with the Partitions of Poland which began in 1772

1939-1945 German war crimes and the Holocaust in occupied Poland during World War II: German war crimes in occupied Poland during World War II 1939-1945 - Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland - The Holocaust in occupied Poland 1939-1945 - Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust

October 1940 to May 1943 Warsaw Ghetto: 1940-1943 Warsaw Ghetto, the largest of all the Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe during World War II, the death toll among the Jewish inhabitants of the Ghetto, between starvation, disease, deportations to extermination camps, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and the subsequent razing of the ghetto, is estimated to be at least 300,000

1944–1946: Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–46 - Kielce Pogrom against the Jewish community July 1946

2013: 2 October 2013: Hundreds of Polish and Israeli high-school students paid homage to the victims of the former Nazi death camp of Treblinka in a memorial event seeking to connect Israeli youths with today's Poland and expose Polish youths to Jewish history

2018: 1 February 2018: Israel condemns passing of Polish Holocaust law, as politicians and Yad Vashem voice outrage - 1 February 2018: Yad Vashem criticized the Polish Senate’s approval of a contentious Polish Holocaust bill that would outlaw blaming the Polish state or nation for crimes of the Holocaust committed in Poland and vowed to continue supporting research into the 'Polish population’s attitudes toward Jews during the Holocaust' - 8 February 2018: Holocaust survivors entered the Polish embassy compound in Tel Aviv protesting the Polish complicity bill - 10 February 2018: Adviser Andrzej Zybertowicz to Poland's president says that Israel's reaction to a law criminalizing some statements about Poland's actions during World War II stems from a 'feeling of shame at the passivity of the Jews during the Holocaust', in a new version of victim blaming - 18 February 2018: Netanyahu slams Holocaust remark by Polish PM in Munich, who said - questioned by journalist Ronen Bergman who told of his mother's narrow escape from the Gestapo in Poland after learning that neighbours were planning to denounce them - that the Holocaust had involved 'Jewish perpetrators' as well as Polish, as the audience at the Munich Security Conference stayed quiet, according to Haaretz correspondent Noa Landau

February 2019: 15 February 2019: Poland moves to end spat with Israel over PM comments, blames media manipulation, as PM Netanyahu denied suggestions of going along with historical revisionism, stating 'Here I am saying Poles cooperated with the Nazis. I know the history and I don’t whitewash it'

September 2019 Polish president blames Israel for anti-Semitic incidents: 27 September 2019: Polish president's blaming Israel for anti-Semitic incidents in his own country reportedly provoked a shocked and angry response by several participants at meeting with Jewish leaders in New York

14 January 2020 Polish Jewish community backs president’s decision to skip Holocaust event in Jerusalem: 14 January 2020: Calling Russian Putin regime's attempt to blame Poles for cooperation with Hitler 'a provocation', Poland’s largest Jewish communal group expressed its support for Polish president Duda’s decision to withdraw from Holocaust memorial event in Jerusalem on 23 January after being left off speakers’ list and as representatives of France, Germany (!), Russia, the UK, the USA would all speak at the memorial

22 January 2020 Auschwitz Museum's Piotr Cywinski slams holding of World Holocaust Forum in Jerusalem: 22 January 2020: Director of Auschwitz Museum Piotr Cywinski slams holding of World Holocaust Forum in Jerusalem accusing organizers of trying to replace annual ceremony in Poland, as Jerusalem event co-organized by people in Israel influenced by Moscow-born Moshe Kantor, who is said to be close to Russian regime's war criminal Vladimir Putin, allied with Hezbollah terrorists, Iranian and Syrian regime

Poland/Lebanon relations: 10 May 2005: Relations between Lebanon and Poland

2015: 1 December 2015: 'Is the life of a Beirut citizen worth less than the life of a Paris resident', Polish expert Margarita Sytnik says discussing terrorist threats

Poland/Lithuania relations: Poland/Lithuania relations - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1795 - Third Partition of Poland - Polish–Lithuanian War 1919-1920 - Polish–Lithuanian relations during World War II

Poland/Russia relations: Poland/Russia relations

1772-1795: 1772 First Partition of Poland - 1793 Second Partition of Poland - 1795 Third Partition of Poland

Since 1772 Russian Partition: Since 1772 Russian Partition

Since 1914-1918 Central Powers (including Germany, Austria-Hungary) First World War and aftermath: Since 1914-1918 Central Powers (including Germany, Austria-Hungary) First World War and aftermath

1939-1947 Poles in the Soviet Union: 1939-1947 Poles in the Soviet Union

1939-2020 'Deported. Exiled. Saved. History and Memory of Polish Jews in the Soviet Union (1939–1959)': 29 December 2020: Herman 'Likwornik would have been one of about 230,000 Polish Jews who survived the Holocaust by reaching the Soviet Union ..., the largest group of Polish Jews to survive the Holocaust, yet historians have paid scant attention to their ordeals', co-editor Katharina Friedla of an upcoming book about this group of survivors called 'Deported. Exiled. Saved. History and Memory of Polish Jews in the Soviet Union (1939–1959)', says

2013 Russia moves nuclear-capable missiles closer to EU: 17 December 2013: Russia moves nuclear-capable missiles closer to European Union

2014/2015 USA's commitment to NATO allies amid tensions with Russia over Ukraine: 23 April 2014: USA is deploying 600 troops to Poland and the Baltics to highlight its commitment to NATO allies amid tensions with Russia over Ukraine - 29 April: The Visegrad Group foreign ministers of Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary condemn Russia's aggression against Ukraine

2016 Polish FM says Eastern Ukraine witnesses Russian aggression against another state and not a civil war: 16 February 2016: Eastern Ukraine witnesses Russian aggression against another state and not a civil war, Polish FM Witold Waszczykowski told the Munich Security Conference

2017 rally of solidarity with the political prisoners in Crimea held near the Russian Embassy: 1 March 2017: Rally of solidarity with the political prisoners in Crimea was held near the Russian Embassy in Warsaw

Poland/Syria relations:

2014/2015: 2014/2015 European and international refugee and migrant crisis - 12 July 2015: 158 Syrian Christians who landed in Warsaw on Friday night are happy that they can start anew, but some fear for the families they left behind - 14 November 2015: Poland's new government will no longer accept migrants under European Union quotas after Friday's terror attacks in Paris

Poland/Ukraine relations: Poland/Ukraine relations - Ukrainians in Poland - History of the Ukrainian minority in Poland - Poles in Ukraine

1943-1944: 1943-1944 Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia carried out in Nazi German-occupied Poland by the UPA

2013: 11 July 2013: Poland unveils Volyn WWII massacre memorial

2014: 29 April 2014: Poland opens consulate general in Donetsk - 22 September: Poland ready to export weapons to Ukraine - 28 November: Poland ratifies Association Agreement between Ukraine and EU - 23 December: Ukraine will be a member of NATO and the EU if the country meets alliance standards and if Ukrainian citizens wish so, Polish Defense Minister Tomasz Siemoniak says

2016: 22 May 2016: As around one million Ukrainians work in Poland, Ukrainian Workers' Trade Union to be set up in Warsaw

Poland/United Kingdom relations: Poland/United Kingdom relations

18th century, 19th and the beginning 20th century: Poland/United Kingdom relations in the 18th, 19th and the beginning 20th century

Since March/August 1939 Anglo-Polish agreement and military alliance: April/August 1939 Anglo-Polish agreement and military alliance for mutual assistance in case of military invasion from Germany

Since 1939 Polish government-in-exile: Polish government-in-exile, since 1940 in London - Since 1946 Federation of Poles in Great Britain

Since 1945, since 2004 Polish migration to the United Kingdom: Polish migration to the United Kingdom is the temporary or permanent settlement of Polish people, arriving in the UK after the 2004 enlargement of the EU and making them the largest foreign-born group in the country, as of 2015 the number of UK residents born in Poland was estimated at 831,000 and there is a wider population of British Poles, including the descendants of over 200,000 immigrants who settled in the UK after World War II

Poland/USA relations: Poland/USA relations

2014: 24 January 2014: Poland to look into new allegations about secret CIA jail - 23 April 2014: USA is deploying 600 troops to Poland and the Baltics to highlight its commitment to NATO allies amid tensions with Russia over Ukraine

2015: 22 April 2015: Poland to build missile defense with USA - 13 June 2015: USA is hampering Poland’s investigation into a secret CIA prison by snubbing repeated requests for vital documents, including a Senate report detailing CIA prison locations and practices, Polish prosecutor says

April 2019: 22 April 2019: USA ambassador to Poland Georgette Mosbacher on Friday wished Jews a happy Passover in Polish, and also wished Poles a happy Easter on Sunday, but lawmaker in ruling party calls her blessings to Jewish community a ‘provocation', while organizer of yearly Independence Day march that government leaders joined last year decries 'pagans and traitorous Jews', saying 'Christ died and was resurrected also for you, pagans and traitorous Jews'

May 2019: 12 May 2019: Thousands of Polish nationalists marched to the USA Embassy in Warsaw Saturday, protesting that the USA is putting pressure on Poland to compensate Jews whose families lost property during the Holocaust

Poland/Vietnam relations: Poland/Vietnam relations since 1950

Vietnamese people in Poland: Vietnamese people in Poland, estimated to be between 30,000-40,000 forming the largest non European migrant community in Poland

Environment of Poland: Environment of Poland - Natural history of Poland

Protected areas of Poland: Protected areas of Poland - Biosphere reserves of Poland - Landscape parks in Poland

Environmental issues and environmentalism in Poland: Environmentalism in Poland

Coal and the environment in Poland: Coal and the environment in Poland

Water in Poland: Water in Poland

Natural disasters in Poland: Natural disasters in Poland - Weather events in Poland

Floods in Poland: Floods in Poland - 2010 Central European floods - 2013 European floods

Storms in Poland: 15 July 2012: One person killed and at least 10 others injured during a series of freak tornadoes in northern and western Poland

Cold waves in Poland: 9 January 2017: Ten people have died in Poland as bitterly cold weather swept across Europe, bringing the toll number of hypothermia deaths in the country to 65 since November

Portugal - Geography of Portugal - History of Portugal - Portuguese Empire (from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999) - Portuguese Colonial War 1961-1974 - Demographics of Portugal

Economy of Portugal: Economy of Portugal - main industries include textiles, clothing, footwear, wood and cork, paper, chemicals, auto-parts manufacturing, base metals, dairy products, wine and other foods, porcelain and ceramics, glassware, technology, telecommunications; ship construction and refurbishment; tourism, building materials - Economic history of Portugal - Companies of Portugal by industry 21th century

Mining and mines in Portugal: Mining in Portugal - Mines in Portugal - Since 1988 Neves-Corvo mine, a zinc-copper mine in Castro Verde Municipality - Minas da Panasqueira, a set of mining operations between Cabeço do Pião and the village of Panasqueira

Energy in Portugal: Energy in Portugal

Fossil fuels in Portugal: Fossil fuels in Portugal - Oil and gas companies of Portugal

Electricity sector in Portugal: Electricity sector in Portugal, in 2014 electricity was generated by 30% hydroelectricity, 27% natural gas, 22% wind, 20% coal and 1% solar - List of power stations in Portugal

Hydroelectric power stations in Portugal: List of hydroelectric power stations in Portugal

Wind power in Portugal: Wind power in Portugal

Agriculture in Portugal: Agriculture in Portugal - products include cereals, grapes and wine, fruits, oranges, cherries, horticulture and floriculture products, beet sugar, sunflower oil, cork, tobacco, fish

Portuguese wine: Portuguese wine

Forestry in Portugal: Forestry in Portugal - Forests of Portugal

Fishing in Portugal: Fishing in Portugal

Water in Portugal: Water in Portugal

Rivers of Portugal: List of rivers of Portugal

Transport in Portugal: Transport in Portugal

Water transport in Portugal: Water transport in Portugal - Ports and harbours of Portugal - Port of Lisbon - Shipping companies of Portugal

Rail transport in Portugal: Rail transport in Portugal

Road transport in Portugal: Road transport in Portugal

Banking in Portugal: Banking in Portugal

Banco Espírito Santo - 3 August 2014: Portugal's central bank announced a plan to rescue the troubled lender Banco Espirito Santo forming a 'good bank' which will receive a $6.6 bn cash injection from Portugal's bailout fund

2015: 25 July 2015: Former head of collapsed Portugese bank BES Salgado put under house arrest

Economic history of Portugal and economic cycles: Since 20th century economic history of Portugal

2010–14 Portuguese financial and economic crisis (ongoing): European sovereign debt crisis (2010-present) - 2010–14 Portuguese financial crisis

2011-2014 Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal: 2011-2014 Economic Adjustment Programme for Portugal

2012/2013: 16. Mai 2011: EU und IWF Milliardenkredit für Portugal - 23. März 2012: Allein in 2011 haben 150.000 Portugiesen ihr Land verlassen - in den letzten fünf Jahren waren es 500.000 Emigranten - 16. August 2012: Bruttoinlandprodukt im Vergleich mit dem Vorquartal um 1,2% niedriger - schwache Inlandnachfrage - Arbeitslosenquote mit Rekord von 15,0% - 8 November 2013: IMF approves a nearly two-billion-euro loan installment for Portugal

Portuguese military: Since 12th century Portuguese Armed Forces - Military history of Portugal

Wars and battles involving Portugal: List of wars involving Portugal - Battles involving Portugal - Naval battles involving Portugal

Military coups in Portugal: Military coups in Portugal

28 May 1926 military coup d'état: 28 May 1926 coup d'état, military coup ending the Portuguese First Republic and initiating the National Dictatorship, that would last until the Carnation Revolution in 1974

Since 1941 Portuguese volunteers fighting the Soviet Union on the Axis side: Since 1941 Portuguese volunteers fighting the Soviet Union on the Axis side

Politics of Portugal: Politics of Portugal - Constitutions of Portugal since 1911, preceded by constitutions of 1822, following the Liberal Revolution of 1820, and 1838 after the Liberal Wars - 1976 Constitution of Portugal

Political parties in Portugal: Political parties in Portugal

Trade unions in Portugal: Trade unions in Portugal

1961-1974 Portuguese Colonial War in Africa: Portuguese Colonial War 1961-1974 against the emerging movements of independence in Portugal's African colonies

April 1974 Carnation Revolution and third republic: April 1974 Carnation Revolution initiated by military officers who opposed the regime, but soon coupled with an unanticipated and popular campaign of civil resistance, lead to the fall of the fascist 'Estado Novo' and the withdrawal of Portugal from its African colonies - Processo Revolucionário Em Curso - Portuguese transition to democracy - Third Portuguese Republic since 1974

Elections in Portugal since the 1974 'Carnation Revolution': Elections in Portugal since the 'Carnation Revolution' of 1974

April 1975 Portuguese Constituent Assembly election: 25 April 1975 Portuguese Constituent Assembly election

Portuguese legislative election 2011: Portuguese legislative election 2011 - 5. Juni 2011: Niederlage der sozialistischen Partei - 18 June 2011: Prime Minister unveils new 11-member cabinet - 28. Juni 2011: Vorstellung des Sparprogramms der neuen Regierung - 18. Juli 2011: Neues Haushaltsloch - Ankündigung weiterer Sparschritte

2012: 3 October 2012: Portugal outlines tax increases replacing previous plan that had to be abandoned in the face of widespread opposition and anti-austerity protests - 15 October: Government unveils harsh austerity budget

2013: 6 April 2013: Portugal's centre-right government condemned the constitutional court's rejection of the tough 2013 budget, saying that the decision makes it difficult to make budget cuts promised to creditors - 3 May: Portugal is planning to cut 30,000 civil service jobs and to raise the retirement age by one year to 66 - 26 septembre: La Cour constitutionnelle portugaise rejette la simplification des licenciement

June 2015: 2 June 2015: The Portuguese Parliament recently enacted Law 30/2015, aiming to comply with the recommendations addressed to Portugal on corruption by GRECO, UN and OECD, making amendments to several laws

October 2015 Portuguese legislative election: 4 October 2015 Portuguese legislative election - 5 October 2015: Centre-right and pro-austerity coalition retains power but could lose majority, as opposition Socialists of former Lisbon mayor Antonio Costa took 32.4% the vote

November 2015: 11 November 2015: Opposition alliance toppled the country's minority conservative government in a parliamentary vote on Tuesday

January 2016 Portuguese presidential election: 24 January 2016 Portuguese presidential election - 24 January: In Portugal’s presidential election Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa gains 52.4% of the vote to capture the mostly ceremonial post

October 2017 Portuguese local elections: 1 October 2017 Portuguese local elections

October 2017: 19 October 2017: Portugal’s interior minister de Sousa has been replaced amid criticism over the government’s handling of a series of deadly forest fires that have killed more than 100 people in four months

March/April 2019 prison becomes museum of resistance: 31 March 2019: On 27 April 2019, the 45th anniversary of the Peniche fortress prison’s closing, used to hold dissidents under Portugal’s dictatorship, and following the Carnation revolution, the fortress will reopen as the National Museum of Resistance and Freedom

May 2019 European Parliament election in Portugal: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Portugal

September 2019 Madeiran regional election: 22 September 2019 Madeiran regional election

October 2019 Portuguese legislative election: 6 October 2019 Portuguese legislative election - Opinion polling for the 2019 Portuguese legislative election

7 October 2019 socialists won general election: 7 October 2019: Taking 36.65% of the vote, followed by the center-right Social Democrats with 27.9%, PM Antonio Costa’s Socialists won general election marked by low turnout after presiding over a period of solid economic growth following years of austerity

27 October 2019: 27 octobre 2019: Le nouveau gouvernement socialiste portugais, qui a prêté serment samedi, prévoit d'augmenter le salaire minimum de 25% et veut aussi fermer les deux dernières centrales à charbon d'ici à la fin de son mandat de quatre ans

28 September 2020 Portugal records surge in racist violence: 28 September 2020: Portugal records surge in racist violence as neo-fascim linked movement rises and campaigners call for urgent institutional response after attacks and death threats targeting MPs, academics and activists

January 2021 Portuguese presidential election: 24 January 2021 Portuguese presidential election - Candidates of the 2021 Portuguese presidential election, including Ana Gomes (former Socialist Party MEP), André Ventura (CHEGA), João Ferreira (PCP), Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (president since 2016), Marisa Matias (Left Bloc BE MEP) - Opinion polling for the 2021 Portuguese presidential election

24 January 2021 Portuguese going to poll amid global and local crises: 24 janvier 2021: En dépit d’une situation critique sur le plan sanitaire, les Portugais ont commencé à voter dimanche pour une élection présidentielle qui doit sceller la reconduction du candidat sortant, le conservateur modéré Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa

September/October 2021 Portuguese local elections: September/October 2021 Portuguese local elections and main parties - Opinion polling for the 2021 Portuguese local elections

26 de Setembro 2021 resultados território nacional: 26 de Setembro 2021 resultados território nacional, PS 34,22%, 1.711.725 votos (2021 Portuguese local elections)

30 January 2022 early Portuguese legislative elections: 30 January 2022 early Portuguese legislative elections to elect members of the Assembly of the Republic as all 230 seats to the Assembly of the Republic will be at stake, after in October 2021 the budget proposed by the Socialist minority government was rejected by the Assembly - Opinion polling for the 2022 Portuguese legislative election - Portuguese politician Catarina Soares Martins, the national coordinator of the Left Bloc since 2012 and a member of the Assembly since 2009, professionally trained as a linguist and active in theater

31 January 2022 Portugal’s ruling Socialists won an outright parliamentary majority: 31 January 2022: Portugal’s ruling Socialists won an outright parliamentary majority in Sunday’s snap general election, securing a strong new mandate for PM Antonio Costa, as the result boosted by a higher than expected turnout despite the covid-19 pandemic

11 August 2022 young adults take Portugal climate crisis to court amid European heatwaves and wildfires: 11 August 2022: Following 2022 European heatwaves and wildfires, young adults take Portugal climate crisis to court, as Cláudia Agostinho, her siblings and cousins will have case heard at European court of human rights

Social movements, trade unions and protests in Portugal: Protests in Portugal

2011: 2011 Portuguese protests - 24 novembre 2011: Le portugal va tourner au ralenti avec une grève générale contre l'austerité

2012: NZZ 22. März 2012: Generalstreik, zu dem der grösste Gewerkschaftsverband CGTP aufgerufen hat, gegen Sparmassnahmen unter dem Diktat von EU und IMF - 16 September: More than 100.000 people took to the streets of Lisbon and other cities to protest against fresh austerity measures - NZZ 22. September: Nach den jüngsten landesweiten Protesten will die portugiesische Regierung besonders umstrittene neue Sparmassnahmen nicht umsetzen - 29 September: Thousands in new rally against Portuguese austerity - 13 October 2012: Thousands protest in Spain, Portugal against austerity cuts

2013: 17 February 2013: Thousands of protesters rallied in Portugal against austerity measures imposed on the country by its international creditors - 2 February 2013: Hundreds of thousands of Portuguese demonstrate in Lisbon and other cities demanding an end to austerity measures dictated by an international bailout and for the centre-right government to resign - 27 juin 2013: Une grève générale de 24 heures à l'appel des deux principaux syndicats du pays contre la politique d'austérité draconienne paralyse le Portugal - 19 octobre: Des dizaines de milliers de manifestants se sont mobilisés au Portugal et en Italie contre les nouvelles mesures d'austérité annoncées par leur gouvernement respectif - 26 October: Thousands of demonstrators protested in Portugal against salary cuts and public sector reforms - 1 novembre: Plusieurs milliers de Portugais manifestent devant le Parlement pour protester contre les coupes sévères dans les dépenses publiques prévues par le budget 2014 - 21 novembre: Des milliers de policiers, gendarmes et autres fonctionnaires des forces de l'ordre manifestent contre l'austérité

2014: 25 April: Protests over EU-imposed austerity have overshadowed the 40th anniversary of democracy in Portugal

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Portugal: Portuguese society - Human rights in Portugal

Regions, districts and municipalities in Portugal: Subdivisions and administrative divisions of Portugal - Regions of Portugal - 2 Autonomous Regions of Portugal, the Azores and Madeira - 18 Districts of Portugal - 308 Municipalities of Portugal - 3,091 Freguesia

Cities and towns in Portugal: List of cities in Portugal - List of towns in Portugal - List of Portuguese municipalities by population - Metropolitan areas Lisbon and Porto

Lisbon: Lisbon, the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with a population of 552,700 and with a population of around 3 million people in its urban area - Economy of Lisbon - Civil parishes and bairros of Lisbon

Timeline of Lisbon: Timeline of Lisbon since 205 BCE, Roman municipio in Lusitania province

Since 1139 Kingdom of Portugal: Since 1139 Kingdom of Portugal and since 1256 Lisbon capital

April 1506 Lisbon massacre of Jews: April 1506 Lisbon massacre, in which a crowd of Catholics persecuted, tortured, killed, and burnt at the stake hundreds of people who were accused of being Jews and, thus, guilty of deicide and heresy, thirty years before the establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal and nine years after the Jews were forced to convert to Roman Catholicism in 1497

November 1755 Lisbon earthquake: 1 November 1755 Lisbon earthquake

Since 1974 'Third Portuguese Republic': Since 1974 Lisbon the capital of the 'Third Portuguese Republic'

October 2017 local elections: 1 October 2017 Portuguese local elections

January 2019 police brutality: 31 January 2019: Police brutality reveals Portugal's urban reality, as viral video of police violence, showing officers beating, pushing and dragging anyone who came into their path, brings national attention to the long-ghettoised community in 'Bairro da Jamaica' neighbourhood on the southern outskirts of greater Lisbon

Demographics of Portugal: Demographics of Portugal - Ethnic groups in Portugal

Afro-Portuguese: Afro-Portuguese are descendants or migrants issuing from the former Portuguese African colonies Angola, Guinea-Bissau, São Tomé and Príncipe, Cape Verde and Mozambique, even if residual numbers originate in other Sub-Saharan African countries

Angolans in Portugal: Angolans in Portugal form the country's second-largest group of African migrants, after Cape Verdeans

Brazilians in Portugal: Brazilians in Portugal, represent approximately 25% of the foreign population in Portugal and 106,961 people

Cape Verdeans in Portugal: Cape Verdeans in Portugal, in 2008 Portugal’s National Statistics Institute estimated that there were 68,145 Cape Verdeans who legally resided in Portugal

Indians in Portugal: Indians in Portugal, including recent immigrants and people who trace their ancestry back to India, together number around 70,000

History of the Jews in Portugal: History of the Jews in Portugal, reaching back over two thousand years and directly related to Sephardi history, a Jewish ethnic division that represents communities that originated in the Iberian Peninsula

Since 15th century persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal: Since 15th century persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal, as on 5 December 1496 King Manuel I of Portugal signed the decree of expulsion of Jews and Muslims - Since 1536 Portuguese Inquisition, formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of King John III, after Manuel I had asked for the installation of the Inquisition, but it was only after his death that Pope Paul III acquiesced, in the period after the Medieval Inquisition, it was one of three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition along with the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition

Sephardi Jews in modern Spain and Portugal: Sephardi Jews in modern Spain and Portugal

2016: 31 December 2016: The UK’s decision to leave the EU has fuelled an 80-fold increase in the number of British Sephardic Jews seeking Portuguese citizenship under a recent law intended to make amends for their ancestors’ expulsion from the Iberian peninsula more than 500 years ago, forced to convert to Catholicism or burned at the stake

6 October 2019 recently naturalized Sephardic Jews vote: 6 October 2019: Thousands of Israelis, recently naturalized Jews of Sephardic descent who recently received Portuguese citizenship, were eligible to vote in Sunday’s Portuguese national elections for the first time

Immigration to Portugal: Immigration to Portugal

2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis

2016: 22 février 2016: Portugal propose aux pays européens subissant 'une forte pression migratoire' d'accueillir jusqu'à 10'000 réfugiés, tout en voyant une opportunité pour repeupler ses régions de l'intérieur

Culture of Portugal: Culture of Portugal

Women and women's rights in Portugal: Women in Portugal

Children and youth in Portugal: Childhood in Portugal - Youth in Portugal

Education in Portugal: Education in Portugal

Schools in Portugal: List of schools in Portugal

Colleges and universities in Portugal: List of universities and colleges in Portugal

Health in Portugal: Health in Portugal

Health disasters in Portugal: Health disasters in Portugal

2014 Portugal legionellosis outbreak: 2014 Portugal legionellosis outbreak was an outbreak caused by Legionella bacteria in multiple cities of Portugal's Lisboa district

Healthcare in Portugal: Healthcare in Portugal - Hospitals in Portugal

Access to healthcare for migrants in Portugal and payments: Access to healthcare for migrants in Portugal and payments

Portuguese media: Portuguese media - Media in Portugal by city

Censorship in Portugal: Censorship was a fundamental element of Portuguese national culture throughout the country's history up until the Carnation Revolution in 1974, as from its earliest history Portugal was subject to laws limiting freedom of expression

Newspapers in Portugal: Newspapers in Portugal

Broadcasting in Portugal: Broadcasting in Portugal

Internet in Portugal: Internet in Portugal

Crime in Portugal: Crime in Portugal

Racism in Portugal: Racism in Portugal

28 June 2021 white Portuguese man sentenced to 22 years for murder of black actor: 28 June 2021: A Portuguese court has sentenced a white man who shot dead a black actor in a busy street last year to more than two decades in jail, in a case that has put racism and the country’s colonial past in the spotlight, after Bruno Candé of Guinean origin was shot several times by a white Portuguese man, Evaristo Marinho, at Avenida de Moscavide about six miles from Lisbon’s city centre, in July 2020

Antisemitism in Portugal: Antisemitism in Portugal

1536-1821 Portuguese and Goa inquisition: Since 1536 Portuguese Inquisition, formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of King John III, after Manuel I had asked for the installation of the Inquisition, but it was only after his death that Pope Paul III acquiesced, in the period after the Medieval Inquisition, it was one of three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition along with the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition - Since 1560 Goa Inquisition, a colonial era Portuguese institution between the 16th- and 19th-century to stop and punish heresy against Christianity in Asia

History of the conversos since 15th century: History of the conversos since 15th century

Corruption in Portugal: Corruption in Portugal

Since 2004 'Apito Dourado' affair: Since 2004 'Apito Dourado' affair is a sports corruption scandal in Portuguese football, involving suspects of corrupting or attempting to corrupt referees

Since 2009 'Face Oculta' scandal: Since 2009 'Face Oculta' Portuguese nationwide political corruption, money-laundering and corporate tax evasion scandal

2013 political corruption in Portugal: 2013 Transparency International’s Global Corruption Barometer reveals that political parties, Parliament, the judiciary and the military are the most corrupt institutions in Portugal

January 2018: January 2018: Companies face an overall moderate risk of corruption when doing business in Portugal, and corruption and abuse of power are most prevalent in the areas of urban planning and public procurement, according to Business Anti-Corruption Portal

Police corruption in Portugal: Police corruption in Portugal

Terrorism in Portugal: Terrorism in Portugal

Human trafficking in Portugal: Human trafficking in Portugal

Law and legal history in Portugal: Law of Portugal - Legal history of Portugal - Constitutions of Portugal since 1911, preceded by constitutions of 1822, following the Liberal Revolution of 1820, and 1838 after the Liberal Wars

Since 1982 Constitutional Court: Constitutional Court Portugal since 1982

Judiciary and courts of Portugal: Judiciary of Portugal - Courts in Portugal

Since 1833 Supreme Court of Justice: Supreme Court of Justice of Portugal since 1833, the highest court of law in Portugal without prejudice to the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court

Law enforcement agencies of Portugal and Polícia de Segurança Pública: Law enforcement in Portugal - Law enforcement agencies of Portugal - Polícia de Segurança Pública

2015: 20 May 2015: Outrage in Portugal over police beating of man in front of his children

Foreign relations of Portugal: Foreign relations of Portugal

Wars and battles involving Portugal: List of wars involving Portugal - Battles involving Portugal - Naval battles involving Portugal

1415-2002 Portuguese Empire: From the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999 Portuguese Empire 1415-2002

Portugal/Africa relations: Portugal/Africa relations

From the 15th through to the 19th centuries Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch and French Atlantic slave trade and slavery in their empires: From the 15th through to the 19th centuries Portuguese, Spanish, British, Dutch and French slavery in their empires and Atlantic slave trade across the Atlantic Ocean bringing millions of enslaved Africans from the central and western parts of Africa to the Americas to be sold at markets - Since 16th century Iberian Slave Trade, Portugal and Spain under the same monarch until 1640, were the pioneers of the transatlantic slave trade - Atlantic slave trade - more than half of the slave trade took place during the 18th century with the British, Portuguese and French being the main carriers - Portuguese Colonial War 1961-1975

2001 Durban conference acknowledgement of the slave trade and slavery as crime against humanity: 3 October 2001: The August/September 2001 anti-racism conference in Durban says that slave trade and slavery was and is 'a crime against humanity'

September 2018 Lisbon museum plan: 17 September 2018: Lisbon museum plan stirs debate over Portugal's colonial past, as critics say 'Museum of the Discoveries' would glorify slavery and other historical abuses

Portugal and the United Nations: Portugal and the United Nations

10 November 1975 Portugal and UN General Assembly's anti-Semitism marking the 37th anniversary of Nazi Germany's November 1938 'Kristallnacht': On 10 November 1975 by a vote of 72 to 35 (with 32 abstentions) UN General Assembly adopted resolution 3379, that 'determine[d] that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination', with the support of the Arab- and Muslim-majority countries, many African countries, the Soviet bloc, and a few others including Portugal after its Socialist Party PS won the April 1975 election for the Constituent Assembly - Throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s UN documents systematically denied the existence of the Jews, Israel ancient history, the Holocaust, and the notion that Jews deserve the same rights granted to other groups, as most infamous example of this trend was the passage of UN General Assembly's resolution 3379, which equated Zionism with racism on 10 November 1975, the first postwar 'ideology' to ever be condemned in the United Nations' history, as many observers noted that the resolution was passed on the 37th anniversary of November 1938 'Kristallnacht' in Nazi Germany, the pogrom historians agree marked the beginning of the Holocaust

Since 1986 Portugal and the European Union: Portugal and the European Union, membership since 1986/1993

March 2021 Council of Europe calls on Portugal to do more to confront its colonial past and its role in the slave trade: 25 March 2021: Europe’s top human rights body has called on Portugal to do more to confront its colonial past and its role in the transatlantic slave trade in order to help fight racism and discrimination in the country today, as the comments by the Council of Europe come amid an escalating debate in Portugal over how to remember its history as the country prepares to unveil its first memorial to victims of slavery

Treaties of Portugal: Treaties of Portugal

Since 1536 Portuguese Inquisition: Portuguese Inquisition formally established in 1536 at the request of its king, in the period after the Papal Medieval Inquisition it was one of three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition along with the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition

Bilateral relations of Portugal: Bilateral relations of Portugal

Portugal/Afghanistan: Portugal/Afghanistan

21 May 2022 National Institute of Music of Afghanistan, women’s orchestra Zohra in exile in Portugal: 21 May 2022: National Institute of Music of Afghanistan and women’s orchestra Zohra in exile in Portugal after in the summer of 2021, with the return of the Taliban, they had to leave their instruments behind and flee, as Emirate of Qatar prepares its territory hit by heatwaves for Worl Cup 2022 amid ongoing catastrophic covid-19 pandemic

Portugal/Angola relations: Portugal/Angola relations

1482-1975 colonial history of Angola: The colonial history of Angola is considered to run from the appearance of the Portuguese under Diogo Cão in 1482, settlement since Novais's establishment of São Paulo de Loanda (Luanda) in 1575, the Portuguese government formally incorporated Angola as a colony in 1655

Slavery in Angola: Slavery in Angola existed since the late 15th century when Portugal established contacts with the peoples living in what is the Northwest of the present country, and founded several trade posts on the coast

1575–1975 Portuguese Angola: 1575–1975 Portuguese Angola refers to Angola during the historic period when it was a territory under Portuguese rule in southwestern Africa

1641-1648 Reconquest of Angola: 1641-1648 Reconquest of Angola was Portugal's campaign to regain its colony in Angola from the Dutch

Debt bondage, forced labour and slavery in Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia: Since 1869 Chibalo, debt bondage, forced labour and slavery in Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia, most notably in Portuguese Angola and Portuguese Mozambique, after in 1869 the Portuguese officially abolished slavery, but in effect it continued nonetheless, as under the Salazar regime chibalo was used in Mozambique to grow cotton

1961-1974 War of Liberation and Angolan War of Indepencence: Angolan War of Indepencence 1961-1974 - 1961-1974 'Portuguese Colonial War', in the former colonies 'War of Liberation', was fought between Portugal's military and the emerging nationalist movements in Portugal's African colonies, the Portuguese regime in Portugal itself was overthrown by a military coup in 1974 and the change in government brought the conflict to an end

Since 2009: In 2009 the Central Bank of Angola was victim in a fraud case of about $160 million that were transferred to overseas accounts, revealed by the Portuguese newspaper Diário de Notícias in 2011 several supects were sentenced up to eight years in prison and there are still investigations going on in Portugal and Angola

2011: 16 November 2011: Portugal seeks Angola investment - PM Coelho visit

2014: 28 July 2014: It was announced that the Angolan state takes over the majority of Banco Espirito Angola, as its Angolan partners inject fresh capital of about US$3 billion into the Angolan bank

Portugal/Benin relations:

Ajashe/Hogbonu in the 16th century renamed to 'Porto Novo' for Portuguese and European slave trade: Benin's Ajashe/Hogbonu in the 16th century renamed to Porto Novo by the Portuguese, meaning 'New Port', and originally developed as a port for the slave trade

1830 Contonou founded as a slaving port: 1830 Contonou founded as a slaving port

Portugal/Bolivia relations: Portugal/Bolivia relations - 3 July 2013: Snowden drama ensnares an angry Bolivia after France and Portugal were reportedly acting under US pressure to rescind permission for President Evo Morales' plane to traverse their airspace

Portugal/Brazil relations: Portugal/Brazil relations, beginning in 1532 with the establishment of São Vicente, the first Portuguese permanent settlement in the Americas - Portuguese colonization of the Americas since 1494 - Territorial evolution of colonial Brazil

1500–1815 Colonial Brazil and slavery: 1500–1815 Colonial Brazil, slaves especially those brought from Africa, provided most of the work force of the Brazilian export economy after a brief period of Indian slavery, the economic exploitation was based first on brazilwood extraction in the 16th century, sugar production in the 16th–18th centuries, finally on gold and diamond mining in the 18th century - Slavery in Brazil

During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries resistance of slaves: Resistance of slaves during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries - Quilombo settlements founded by people of African origin, mostly escaped slaves, later these escaped African slaves in some cases would help provide shelter and homes to other minorities of marginalised Portuguese, Brazilian aboriginals, Jews and Arabs, and/or other non-black, non-slave Brazilians

1815-1825 'United Kingdom' of Portugal and Brazil: 1815-1825 United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

Since 1822 Independence of Brazil: Since 1822 Independence of Brazil, comprising a series of political and military events that occurred in 1821–1824

1822-1825 War of Independence of Brazil: 1822-1825 War of Independence of Brazil between the newly independent Empire of Brazil and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, which had just undergone the Liberal Revolution of 1820

January 1835 Malê slave rebellion: January 1835 Malê revolt, slave rebellion in Brazil following the Haitian Revolution 1791-1804

Portugal/China relations: Portugal/China relations - Portuguese colony Macau 1537–1999 - Slavery in Portuguese Macau and the coast of China

Portugal/Equatorial Guinea relations:

1472-1778 Portuguese and Dutch slave trade: Since 1472 the Portuguese developed Bioko island for sugarcane crops, in 1642 the Dutch East India Company established trade bases centralizing from there its slave trade in the Gulf of Guinea, but in 1648 the Portuguese appeared again on the island, replacing the Dutch Company with one of their own, also dedicated to slave trading - Spanish immigration to Equatorial Guinea - 1778 Treaty of El Pardo of two colonial powers aiming at resolving long-standing territorial disputes linked to 1761–1763 Spanish–Portuguese War and 1776–1777 Spanish–Portuguese War - 'Río Muni' was ceded by Portugal to Spain in 1778 in the Treaty of El Pardo, as the Spanish hoped to collect slaves to work in their other overseas possessions

Portugal/Germany relations: Portugal/Germany relations

1914-1915 German campaign in southern Portuguese Angola: October 1914 – July 1915 German campaign in Angola, the campaign in southern Portuguese Angola took place before a formal state of war had been declared, the German empire didn't declare war on Portugal until 9 March 1916 - October-December 1914 Germans raided the Portuguese fort at Cuangar and attack the town and commune of Naulila

1894-1916 German Kionga Triangle in Portuguese Mozambique: 1894 the German empire established an outpost south of the Rovuma River designated as the border between the German and Portuguese colonies, naming the area Kionga Triangle - on 9 March 1916 during World War I Germany declared war on Portugal and the Portuguese military seized the disputed area in April 1916

November 1917 Battle of Ngomano: November 1917 Battle of Ngomano fought between the German Empire and Portugal during the East African Campaign of World War I

April 1918 Battle of the Lys: April 1918 Battle of the Lys, also known as the Fourth Battle of Flanders, and casualties, including British, French, Portuguese and German

1941-1945 Portuguese wolfram export to Germany: After the invasion of the Soviet Union and as Nazi Germany became dependent on Portugal and Spain for its wolfram supplies in producing war munitions, Portuguese Salazar's 'Estado Novo' set up an export quota system in 1942 supplying equal division of products to belligerents, Salazar's regime survived the horrors of war significantly wealthier

Portugal/Guinea-Bissau relations: Portugal/Guinea-Bissau relations

1474-1974 'Portuguese Guinea' West African colony of Portugal: 1474-1974 'Portuguese Guinea', a West African colony of Portugal from the late 15th century until 10 September 1974, when it gained independence as Guinea-Bissau

Since the 15the century Portuguese slave trade: Since the 15the century Portuguese era of the slave trade

1963-1974 Guinea Bissau War of Indepencence: Guinea Bissau War of Indepencence 1963-1974

2012: 22 October 2012: Guinea-Bissau accuses Portugal of backing a coup bid after a gun battle that claimed at least seven lives

Portugal/Hungary relations:

Since 2015 'Football Leaks': Since 2015 'Football Leaks', initially a website created by Rui Pinto, the largest leak in the history of sports revealing 'murky' financial transactions in the world of European professional football and exposes the tax tricks employed by some of the continent's biggest stars, refers to the series of investigations published in December 2016 and November 2018 by media partners of the European Investigative Collaborations

March 2019: 5 March 2019: Portuguese Rui Pinto, who was detained in Hungary on a European arrest warrant issued by Portuguese authorities and linked to the Football Leaks website, is set to be extradited to Portugal after spending time under house arrest in Hungary, a court said on Tuesday, a move his lawyers oppose as they defend him as a 'whistleblower' and not a criminal

Portugal/India relations: Portugal/India relations - Indians in Portugal, including recent immigrants and people who trace their ancestry back to India, together number around 70,000

Portuguese India 1505–1961: Portuguese India 1505–1961 - Slavery in India under European colonial powers - Portuguese Conquest of Goa 1510

1560-1812 Goa Inquisition: Goa Inquisition 1560-1812

1961: 22 Indians killed by Portugal in the liberation of Goa 1961 ending 456 years of Portuguese colonial rule

Portugal/Israel relations: Portugal/Israel relations

Jewish Portuguese history: History of the Jews in Portugal, reaching back over two thousand years and directly related to Sephardi history, a Jewish ethnic division that represents communities that originated in the Iberian Peninsula - Jewish Portuguese history

Portugal/Luxembourg relations: Portugal/Luxembourg relations

Espírito Santo Financial Group - 18 July 2014: Espirito Santo International, Holding company of Portugal's second-largest bank, files for creditor protection saying it can't meet its obligations

Portugal/Mozambique relations: Portugal/Mozambique relations

1498–1975 'Portuguese Mozambique' colony: 1498–1975 'Portuguese Mozambique' colony and overseas province of the Portuguese Empire

1890-1972 Mozambique 'royal companies': 1891-1972 Mozambique royal company operating in Portuguese Mozambique, that had the concession of the lands in the Portuguese colony corresponding to the present provinces of Manica and Sofala in central Mozambique - 1890-1920 Niassa royal company in the Portuguese colony of Mozambique, then known as Portuguese East Africa, that had the concession of the lands that include the present provinces of Cabo Delgado and Niassa

Since 1890 royal companies and chibalo forced labour system: The power of the royal companies was based on the chibalo system, a forced labor policy, which forced the Mozambicans to work on plantations, cotton fields and on public works projects, additionally Mozambicans were forced to pay hut taxes that kept them in debt. The chibalo system enabled the Niassa Company to establish plantations and to force peasants to work for them and prevent them from growing their own crops for sale

1964-1974 Mozambican War of Indepencence: Mozambican War of Indepencence 1964-1974 - September 1974 Lusaka Accord between the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique FRELIMO and the Portuguese government installed after the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon

Portugal/South Africa relations: Portugal/South Africa relations - October 2007: Political relations between Portugal and South Africa from the end of the second World War until 1974 - 1 June 2015: South Africa beach service to be held in Cape Town, near recently discovered wreck site of Portuguese ship that went down with 212 slaves on board in 1794

Portugal/East Timor relations: Portugal/East Timor relations

1702–1975 'Portuguese Timor' Portuguese colony: 1702–1975 'Portuguese Timor' Portuguese colony, during most of this period Portugal shared the island of Timor with the Dutch East Indies

1974-2002 end of Portuguese and foreign rule in East Timor: 1974-2002 End of Portuguese and foreign rule in East Timor, following the 1974 Carnation Revolution and the beginning of the decolonisation process for Portuguese territories in Asia and Africa, and following the end of Indonesian occupation in 1999 and a UN administered transition period, East Timor became formally independent in 2002

Portugal/Vatican relations: Portugal/Vatican relations

Since 1536: Portuguese Inquisition formally established in 1536 at the request of its king, in the period after the Papal Medieval Inquisition it was one of three different manifestations of the wider Christian Inquisition along with the Spanish Inquisition and Roman Inquisition

2015: 10 July 2015: Visiting Latin America Pope Francis apologises in Bolivia for the sins and crimes of the Catholic Church against the indigenous peoples during the colonial conquest of the Americas since 1492, also saying that a 'new colonialism' is now threatening them, represented in "corporations, loan agencies, certain 'free trade' treaties, and the imposition of measures of 'austerity'"

Environment of Portugal: Environment of Portugal - Natural history of Portugal - Geology of the Iberian Peninsula - Geology of Portugal - Climate of Portugal

Ecoregions in Portugal: List of ecoregions in Portugal

Forests in Portugal: Forests of Portugal

Water in Portugal: Water in Portugal

Rivers of Portugal: List of rivers of Portugal

Environmental issues and environmentalism in Portugal: Environmental issues in Portugal include soil erosion, air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions, water pollution, especially in coastal areas - Environmentalism in Portugal

Natural disasters in Portugal: Natural disasters in Portugal - Natural disasters in the Azores

Heatwaves and wildfires in Portugal: Wildfires in Portugal

2012/2013: 4 September 2012: Portugal seeks EU help to fight forest fires - 30 August 2013: Wildfires in Portugal have claimed five lives, officials say

2016: 2016 Portugal wildfires are a series of wildfires that burned across mainland Portugal and the Madeira archipelago in the north Atlantic Ocean during August - 10 août 2016: Les incendies qui font rage sur l'île portugaise de Madère ont fait trois morts dans la nuit et un millier de personnes ont dû être évacuées

June 2017: June 2017 Portugal Wildfires - 18 June 2017: At least 57 people have been killed by huge forest fires in central Portugal, with many dying in their cars as they tried to flee the flames

October 2017: October 2017 Iberian wildfires - Octubre 2017 Incendios al noroeste de la península ibérica - 16 October 2017: 6 people killed in Spain, Portugal as wildfires fanned by hurricane Ophelia

July-August 2018 heatwave and wildfires in Portugal: 2018 heat wave in Portugal and Spain - 4 August 2018: More than 740 firefighters battled a forest fire in southern Portugal on Saturday as temperatures climbed to near record highs in the Iberian Peninsula amid a Europe-wide heatwave that has brought drought and wildfires from Greece to Sweden - 6 août 2018: Plus de 1150 pompiers luttent contre l'incendie dans le sud du pays

July 2019 wildfires in Portugal: 21 July 2019: About 1,800 firefighters have been struggling to contain wildfires in central Portugal that have injured 20 people, including eight firefighters

Floods and landslides in Portugal: Landslides in Portugal

2010: February 2010 Madeira floods and mudslides

Earthquakes in Portugal: Earthquakes in Portugal

1755: November 1755 Lisbon earthquake

1969: February 1969 Portugal earthquake

1980: January 1980 Azores Islands earthquake

Romania - Geography of Romania - History of Romania - Demographics of Romania

Economy of Romania: Economy of Romania - main industries include electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining - Companies of Romania - Companies of Romania by industry

Industry of Romania: Industry in Romania - Construction industry of Romania - Automotive industry in Romania

Arms industry in Romania: Arms industry in Romania

Mining industry of Romania: Mining industry of Romania

Coal mines in Romania: Coal mines in Romania - Coal mining disasters in Romania

Energy in Romania: Energy in Romania - Energy infrastructure in Romania - Energy policy of Romania

Fossil fuels and petrochemical industry in Romania: Fossil fuels in Romania - Romania has the largest oil reserves in Central and Eastern Europe (except Russia) and the second largest natural gas reserves (except Russia) - Petrochemical industry in Romania - Oil fields in Romania - Oil shale mines in Romania - Oil pipelines in Romania - Natural gas pipelines in Romania

Electric power in Romania: Electric power in Romania with 62.42% non-renewable energy sources - Power companies of Romania

Hydroelectricity, solar and wind power in Romania: Hydroelectricity in Romania, 27.36% of total electric power and the second most important source of electricity generation after the fossil fuels - Wind power in Romania - Solar power in Romania

Nuclear power in Romania: Nuclear power in Romania, in 2007 nuclear power generation was an estimated 21,158 million kilowatts, or 23.1% of total electric power, nuclear waste is stored on site at reprocessing facilities

Agriculture in Romania: Agriculture in Romania employs about 29% of the population and contributes about 8.1% of GDP - products include wheat, vegetables, dairy products, pork, poultry, apples, fruits and wine - Rice production in Romania - Romanian wine - Agricultural universities and colleges in Romania

1864, 1921, 1945 and 1991 land reforms: In 1864, 1921, 1945 and 1991 four major land reforms have taken place in Romania

Forestry and forests in Romania: Forestry in Romania - Forests of Romania

Water in Romania: Water in Romania - Bodies of water of Romania - Black Sea - Black Sea region - Since 1992 Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation

2004-2009 Case concerning maritime delimitation in the Black Sea: 2004-2009 Case concerning maritime delimitation in the Black Sea of the International Court of Justice, establishing a maritime boundary including the continental shelf and exclusive economic zones for Romania and Ukraine

Rivers of Romania: Rivers of Romania - Alphabetic lists of rivers of Romania - Longest rivers of Romania - Rivers of Romania by county - Rivers of Romania by subbasin

Danube: Danube is Europe's second-longest river after the Volga River, located in Central and Eastern Europe - The greater part of the Danube Delta lies in Romania's Tulcea County, while its northern part, on the left bank of the Chilia arm, is situated in Ukraine's Odessa Oblast - List of tributaries of the Danube - Since 1994 International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River

Water supply and sanitation in Romania: Water supply and sanitation in Romania

Transport in RomaniaTransport in Romania - Rail transport in Romania - Road transport in Romania and roads in Romania

Water transport in Romania: Water transport in Romania - Ports and harbours of Romania - List of ports in Romania by region

List of rivers of Romania and drainage areas: List of rivers of Romania which entirely or partially flow through Romania, listed by 'Wikipedia' by the length of the rivers on Romanian territory, but also including the drainage area

Tourism in Romania: Tourism in Romania - Visitor attractions in Romania

Foreign trade of Romania: Foreign trade of Romania

Banking in Romania: Banking and list of banks in Romania

Economic history and economic cycles in Romania: Economic history of Romania - Social class in Romania - 1980s austerity policy in Romania

2002-2007 Romanian property bubble: 2002-2007 Romanian property bubble

Since 2007 Great Recession in Europe: Great Recession in Europe since 2007 and Romania

2007-2017 growth and economic cycles in Romania: Growth and economic cycles in Romania 2007-2017

Labor in Romania: Labor in Romania - Labor disputes in Romania - Welfare in Romania

Wealth in Romania: Wealth in Romania

Taxation in Romania: Taxation in Romania

Budget of Romania: Budget of Romania 2013

2014: 26 June 2014: Romania’s budget deficit reaches EUR 1.1 bln in five months - 29 July 2014: Romanian Government revises budget upwards, adds EUR 305 mln to expenditures

Politics of Romania: Politics of Romania - 1866, 1923, 1838, 1948, 1952, 1965 and 1991 Constitutions of Romania - 1991 Constitution of Romania

Political parties in Romania: Political parties in Romania

Trade unions in Romania: Trade unions in Romania

Elections and politics in Romania: Elections in Romania

1991: 1991 Romanian constitutional referendum

2008-2012: Parlamentswahlen in Rumänien 2008 - Präsidentschaftswahlen in Rumänien 2009 - Romanian local election 2012

2012 Romanian political crisis: 2012 Romanian political crisis - NZZ 27. April 2012: Regierung Ungureanu im Streit um Sparmassnahmen vom Parlament gestürzt - Nachfolger soll der Vorsitzende der oppositionellen Sozialisten Victor Ponta werden - 6 July: Romanian parliament votes to suspend President Basescu - a referendum on whether to remove him from office will follow - 29 July: Romania holds referendum on suspended president - 30 July: Romanian referendum invalid due to low turnout at 45.92 percent - NZZ 13. August: Berichte, daß der zurückgetretene rumänische Innenminister Ioan Rus unter Druck gesetzt wurde, um die Wählerlisten des Impeachment-Referendums nachträglich zu ändern

2012 Romanian legislative election: Romanian legislative election 9 December 2012 - 9 December: Polls in Romania's parliamentary elections have opened - 9/10 December: Exit poll shows Victor Ponta's Social-Liberal Union within reach of 57% of the vote, the ARD (Right Romania Alliance) trailed far behind on 19%

November 2014 Romanian presidential election: Romanian presidential election 2/16 November 2014 (First and second round) - 16 November: Victor Ponta loses to Klaus Iohannis in Romania’s presidential run-off

December 2014: 22 December 2014: Romania's sworn-in new president Iohannis says he wants a graft-free country when his term ends in five years

2015: 9 June 2015: Romanian parliament blocks investigation into forgery, money-laundering, tax evasion and conflict of interest in connection with PM Victor Ponta - 13 July 2015: Romanian prosecutors charged PM Victor Ponta as part of a corruption probe, piling more pressure on the embattled politician to resign - 22 July: Romania’s president has signed into law legislation that punishes Holocaust denial and the promotion of the fascist Legionnaires’ Movement with prison sentences of up to three years - 18 September: Victor Ponta indicted on charges of forgery, money laundering as part of corruption sweep, mainly concerning his time as a lawyer prior to taking office - 29 September: Thousands protest as Romanian PM Ponta withstands no-confidence vote - 4 November: Romanian PM and government resign after protests - 16 November: Prime minister-designate Dacian Ciolos has named a government, tapping European Union experts as well as private and non-profit sectors leaders to steer the country until elections next year

June 2016 Romanian local elections: June 2016 Romanian local elections - 6 June 2016: Romania's Social Democrats emerged as the top party from nationwide local elections, partial official results showed on Monday, boosting their chances to form a government after a parliament election this year

December 2016 Romanian legislative election: 11 December 2016 Romanian legislative election - 12 December 2016: Romania's Social Democrats easily win parliamentary elections

2017: 4 February 2017: The Romanian government announces repeal of law that would have watered down fight against corruption after days of mass protests - 9 February: Romanian justice minister resigns after anti-corruption protests - 13 February: Romanian parliament approves anti-corruption referendum - 21 June 2017: Romania's government collapses as PM Grindeanu loses power in 241-7 no-confidence vote brought by members of his Social Democratic party - 30 June 2017: Romanian parliament approves Social Democrat government of new PM Mihai Tudose

October 2018 Romanian constitutional referendum: 6/7 October 2018 Romanian constitutional referendum to prohibit same-sex marriage, failed as the turnout was only 21.1%

May 2019 European Parliament election in Romania: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Romania

26 May 2019 Romanian referendum against corruption: in 26 May 2019 prohibition of amnesties and pardons for corruption offences approved by 85.41% of the vote (turnout 41.03%) in Romanian referendum

June 2019: 6 June 2019: Romania's president Iohannis has called on the PSD-led government to honor referendum results and reverse a series of measures to weaken the judiciary and the rule of law that have been criticized by the European Union and USA

November 2019 Romanian presidential election: 10 November 2019 Romanian presidential election, with a possible second round on 24 November 2019 - 10 November 2019: Klaus Iohannis poised for victory in Romanian presidential vote, as opinion polls also point to centrist incumbent winning runoff on 24 November

24 November 2019 Romanian presidential election runoff: 10 November 2019 Romanian presidential election second round

December 2020 Romanian legislative election: 6 December 2020 Romanian legislative election - 6 décembre 2020: Les Roumains ont commencé à voter dimanche pour des législatives dont les libéraux pro-européens au pouvoir sont donnés favoris, malgré une gestion critiquée de la pandémie de coronavirus qui menace de plomber les fêtes de fin d’année

10 October 2021: ‘catastrophic’ fourth COVID wave rips through Romania: 10 October 2021: ‘Catastrophic’ fourth COVID wave rips through Romania, as - following one of Europe’s weakest vaccination campaigns - Romania’s health system nears collapse

Social movements and protests in Romania: Protests in Romania

1956: Bucharest student movement of 1956

1989: 1989 Romanian Revolution

2012 Romanian protests: 2012 Romanian protests, series of protests and civil manifestations triggered by the introduction of new health reform legislation - 15 January 2012: Romania anti-austerity protest turns violent - 17 January: Romania reinstates public health official - 6 February 2012: Romania spy chief nominated to replace PM Emil Boc after Boc resigned amid widespread austerity protests

2013 Romanian protests against the Rosia Montana Project: 2013 Romanian protests against the Rosia Montana Project - 1 September 2013: Thousands of people took to the streets to protest against shale gas exploration and a controversial Canadian gold mine project using cyanide - 10 September: Romania expected to reject gold mine following week of protest - 22 septembre: Plus de 15.000 Roumains dans la rue contre le projet minier canadien

2012–14 Romanian social unrest: 2012–14 Romanian protests against shale gas - 2012–14 Romanian social unrest

2015: 2015 Romanian protests - 2 November 2015: Thousands of people marched through Bucharest to commemorate the victims after a Romanian club fire death toll was raising to 30, which also left nearly 200 injured during a rock concert that featured the use of fireworks indoors - 4 November: Tens of thousands of Romanians are marching against government corruption, angry that licences are given for businesses which do not pass necessary health and safety tests - 6 November: Massive anti-corruption rallies continued in Bucharest's University square for the third night, calling for the reform of the political class and public administration which are widely seen as corrupt - 9 November: Anti-corruption protests continue in Romania, calling for change amid the political class, as fire death toll rises

2017 Romanian protests: 2017 Romanian protests - in January 2017, days after the PSD government was sworn in, massive protests took place throughout Romania against the government ordinance bills that were proposed by the Ministry of Justice regarding the pardoning of certain committed crimes, and the amendment of the Penal Code, especially regarding the abuse of power - 2 February 2017: Protesters have clashed with police in Bucharest after hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets in cities across Romania in anger at the government’s decriminalising of a string of corruption offences - 4 février 2017: La crise se poursuit, les manifestations aussi - 6 February 2017: An estimated half a million Romanians have continued to protest against the government, with many calling on it to quit even after it scrapped the corruption legislation that sparked a week of public outrage - 12 February 2017: Among the of placards of mass anti-government protests in Romania many read 'Hands off DNA', Romania’s national anti-corruption directorate founded in 2003 and at the forefront of the country’s fight against official misconduct - 13 February 2017: Tens of thousands gathered in Bucharest to call for the government to stand down, despite resignation of justice minister

August-November 2017: 28 August 2017: Thousands protest in Romania over changes to the judicial system - 6 November 2017: Thousands in Romania protest against planned changes to judicial system that critics say will weaken the country's anticorruption measures

January 2018: 21 January 2018: Tens of thousands protest against corruption in Romania, as people return to the streets in the graft-plagued EU member to oppose laws that would weaken judicial independence

August 2018 Romanian protests: August 2018 Romanian protests - 11 August 2018: Tens of thousands of people took part in in Friday's protest in Bucharest and several other Romanian cities against corruption and low wages, as more than 400 people were injured by police using tear gas, pepper spray and water cannons, as several police officers were also hurt, as president Iohannis 'firmly condemn(ed) riot police's brutal intervention, strongly disproportionate to the actions of the majority of people', and as video footage posted on social media show police beating non-violent protesters holding their hands up - 12 August 2018: Tens of thousands of demonstrators gathered in the Romanian capital Bucharest returning to the streets without fear in a huge anti-corruption protest on Saturday, 24 hours after more than 450 people were hurt, many needing treatment, and about 30 arrested - 12 août 2018: Des milliers de Roumains se sont rassemblés pour le troisième soir consécutif à Bucarest et dans d'autres villes de Roumanie et ont demandé la démission de Viorica Sancila et dénoncé la corruption au sein du gouvernement social-démocrate

February 2019 anti-corruption protests: 24 February 2019: Thousands of Romanians protested across the country on Sunday after the government passed an emergency decree that critics said chipped away at prosecutors’ independence in one of the European Union’s most corrupt states

August 2019 anti-government protest: 10 août 2019: Plusieurs milliers de Roumains ont manifesté à Bucarest pour demander la démission du gouvernement, un an jour pour jour après un rassemblement violemment réprimé par les forces de l'ordre

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Romania: Romanian society - Human rights in Romania

Regions in Romania: Administrative divisions of Romania - Regions of Romania

Counties, communes and villages in Romania: Counties of Romania - List of local administrative units of Romania, grouped by macroregions, development regions and counties - Communes and villages in Romania

Cities, towns and metropolitan areas in Romania: List of cities and towns in Romania - Metropolitan areas in Romania

Bucuresti – Ilfov development region: The Bucuresti – Ilfov development region in Romania, encompassing the national capital Bucharest as well as the surrounding Ilfov County. As other development regions, it does not have any administrative powers, its main function being to co-ordinate regional development projects and manage funds from the EU

Bucharest city and Bucharest metropolitan area: Bucharest metropolitan area - Bucharest city, the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre, located in the southeast of the country on the banks of the Dâmbovita River - History of Bucharest since ancient times, as Bucharest was never under Roman rule, with an exception during Muntenia's brief conquest by the troops of Constantine I, as is assumed that the local population was 'Romanized' after the initial retreat of Roman troops from the region, during the Age of Migrations in the Early Middle Ages

Economy of Bucharest: Economy of Bucharest, producing around 21% of the country's GDP and about one-quarter of its industrial production, while only accounting for 9% of the country's population

Since 1459 timeline of Bucharest: Since 1459 timeline of Bucharest shown since the late Middle Ages

20th/21st centuries timeline of Bucharest: 20th century and 21st centuries timeline of Bucharest

Transylvania region in central Romania and history since 2nd century BC: Transylvania historical region in central Romania, bordering to the east and south the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Apuseni Mountains, as broader definitions of Transylvania also encompass the western and north-western Romanian regions Crisana, Maramures and occasionally Banat. Transylvania is known for the scenery of its Carpathian landscape and its rich history, and is well known for the cities of Cluj-Napoca, Brasov, Sibiu, Târgu Mures, Alba Iulia, Sighisoara. - Since 2nd century BC documented history of Transylvania, as in the 20th century in August 1940 during Axis Powers World War II, the northern half of Transylvania 'Northern Transylvania' was annexed to Hungary by the second Second Vienna Award, leaving Southern Transylvania to Romania. On 19 March 1944, following the occupation of Hungary by the Nazi German army through Operation Margarethe, Northern Transylvania came under German military occupation. After King Michael's Coup, Romania left the Axis and joined the Allies, and fought together with the Soviet Union's Red Army against Nazi Germany, regaining Northern Transylvania. In the 21st century 'Transylvania proper' is included within the Romanian counties of Alba, Bistrisa-Nasaud, Brasov, Cluj, Covasna, Harghita, Hunedoara, Mures, Salaj and Sibiu, including several regions

Sibiu city in Transylvania: Sibiu city in Transylvania, a historical region of Romania. Located some 275km north-west of Bucharest, the city straddles the Cibin River, a tributary of the river Olt. Now the capital of the Sibiu County, between 1692 and 1791 and 1849–65 Sibiu was also the capital of the Principality of Transylvania, as in the 21st century the city is a well-known tourist destination for both domestic and foreign visitors. Known for its culture, history, gastronomy and diverse architecture, which includes the iconic houses with eyes that gave Sibiu its nickname, the city has garnered significant attention since the beginning of the 21st century. In 2004, its historical center began the process of becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sibiu was designated the European Capital of Culture in 2007.

Since ancient times timeline of Sibiu: Timeline of Sibiu since ancient times, as Sibiu was initially a Daco-Roman city called Cedonia. Its later Latin name, Cibinium, was derived from that of the river, a tributary of the Olt, which rises in the Cibin Mountains southwest of the city.

Caras-Severin county on the border with Serbia: Caras-Severin county of Romania on the border with Serbia. The majority of its territory lies within the historical region of Banat, with a few northeastern villages considered part of Transylvania. The county seat is Resita. The Caras-Severin county is part of the Danube–Cris–Mures–Tisa Euroregion

Resita city: Resita city in western Romania and the capital of Caras-Severin County. It is located in the Banat region, broadly considered part of Transylvania. The city had a population of 73,282 citizens in 2011

History and economy of Resita city: History and economy of Resita city, as after the fall of the Nicolae Ceau?escu regime in 1989/1990, the Resita Steelworks was bought by a USA investor who brought the factory just one step away from bankruptcy. Today the steelworks are run by TMK Europe GmbH, a German subsidiary of the OAO TMK in Moscow, which has projects of modernization for the CSR

Danube–Cris–Mures–Tisa Euroregion in Hungary, Romania, Serbia: Danube–Cris–Mures–Tisa Euroregion located in Hungary, Romania and Serbia. It is named after four rivers in the region including Danube, Cris, Mures and Tisa river

Member regions in DKMT and largest cities: 8 member regions of the Danube–Cris–Mures–Tisa Euroregion and list of largest cities

Timis county: Timis county of western Romania on the border with Hungary and Serbia, in the historical region of Banat, with the county seat at Timisoara. It is the westernmost and the largest county in Romania in terms of land area, with population of 705,270 inhabitants in 2021. The county is also part of the Danube–Cris–Mures–Tisa Euroregion

Economy of Timis County: Economy of Timis County has one of the most dynamic economies in Romania. It ranks third in terms of GDP, reaching 50.5 billion lei in 2021. The most significant share in the total production of the county is held by the manufacturing industry, having as sub-branches electronics industry, food industry, chemical industry, textile industry, metal and wood processing industry and construction.

Agriculture of Timis County: Agriculture of Timis County ranks first in the country in terms of both agricultural and arable land. One of the oldest and most important agricultural activities in the county, with favorable climatic conditions, is the cultivation of cereals and technical plants, and viticulture is practiced in most of the communes in the plain and hill area of the county.

Timisoara city: Timisoara city, the capital city of Timis County and the main economic, social and cultural center in western Romania, located on the Bega River, with a population of 319,279 citizens in 2011. Nicknamed the 'Little Vienna' or the 'City of Flowers' Timisoara is a member of Eurocities, and with an active cultural scene due to the city's three state theaters, opera, philharmonic and many other cultural institutions it will be the next European Capital of Culture in 2023

Sânnicolau Mare town: Sânnicolau Mare town in Timis County and the westernmost of the country. Located in the Banat region, along the borders with Serbia and Hungary, it has a population of just over 14,000 citizens in the 21st century.

History of Sânnicolau Mare town, documented since ancient times: History of Sânnicolau Mare town since ancient times, as the oldest inhabitants of this land would have been the Agathyrsi, named after Agathyrsus, a son of Heracles. Herodotus wrote that in 513 BC next to the Maris (Mures) river lived the Agathyrsi who were of Thracian origin, engaging in cultivation of the land and even winemaking. The Agathyrsi have over time merged with the Dacians. At that time, the hearth of the town was made up partly of swampy lands fed by the overflow of Mures and Aranca rivers. In 106 AD, Roman emperor Trajan conquers Dacia and transforms it into a Roman province. In the time of Trajan

Since 18th century modern history of Sânnicolau Mare: Since 18th century modern history of Sânnicolau Mare, as the European revolutionary year 1848 was also felt in Sânnicolau Mare, and many locals participated in the revolutionary battles, even constituting an area called Sânnicolau Mare Sârbesc, as in the period since 1860s dozens of workshops, manufactories, banks, bakeries, slaughterhouses, doctor's offices, veterinary clinics etc. developped, followed by Central Powers World War I, the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire, the rise of Axis powers and World War II

Culture, press, media, literature and music of Sânnicolau Mare: Culture, press, media, literature and music of Sânnicolau Mare, as the city is the birthplace of Béla Bartók and the birthplace of Emilia Lungu-Puhallo, the first woman journalist in Banat and Transylvania - 1881-1945 composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist Béla Bartók

Demographics, ethnic groups and minorities of Romania: Demographics of Romania - Ethnic groups in Romania - Minorities of Romania

Roma in Romania: Roma in Romania - Romani people by country - History of the Romani people

History of the Jews in Romania: History of the Jews in Romania - The Holocaust in Romania

Hungarians in Romania: Hungarian minority of Romania, the largest ethnic minority in Romania, consisting of 1,227,623 people and making up 6.1% of the total population in 2011

Immigration to Romania: Immigration to Romania

2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis

Culture of Romania: Culture of Romania

Women and women's rights in Romania: Women in Romania - Women's rights in Romania - Women in Business Romania, non-profit organization founded in 2009 by entrepreneur Alice Botnarenco, developping projects addressed to female entrepreneurs as well as for women working in companies, who seek to improve themselves professionally

Childhood in Romania: Childhood in Romania - Street children in Romania - Romanian orphans - Youth in Romania

January 2020 disabled Romanian children given chance: 4 January 2020: Disabled Romanian children given chance to shine, as recent shows in which children with Down syndrome had the starring roles illustrate how much that has changed since 1989

Education in Romania: Education in Romania - Education in Romania by county - Education in Romania by city

Schools in Romania: Schools in Romania - Schools in Romania by county - Schools in Romania by city

Secondary schools in Romania: List of secondary schools in Romania by county - High schools in Romania - National Colleges in Romania

Universities and colleges in Romania: Universities and colleges in Romania - Universities and colleges in Romania by type

Universities in Romania: List of universities in Romania

Health in Romania: Health in Romania

Disease outbreaks in Romania; Disease outbreaks in Romania

Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Romania: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Romania is part of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached Romania on 26 February 2020

Healthcare in Romania: Healthcare in Romania

Medical and health organizations based in Romania: Medical and health organizations based in Romania - Medical education in Romania

Hospitals in Romania: List of hospitals in Romania

1 October 2021 seven killed in Romanian hospital fire: 1 October 2021: Seven people killed in Romanian hospital fire, as people jump from windows to escape a blaze at Constanta hospital in the third deadly incident at healthcare facilities within a year

Media of Romania: Media of Romania - Media in Romania by city

Newspapers in Romania: Newspapers published in Romania

Broadcasting in Romania: Broadcasting in Romania

Internet in Romania: Internet in Romania

Crime in Romania: Crime in Romania

2015: 2 November 2015: Romanian nightclubs admit safety failures after deadly Bucharest fire

Corruption in Romania: Corruption in Romania - List of corruption scandals in Romania

2014: 3 February 2014: EU corruption report's says that corruption costs Europe $162 billion annually, the findings may prove most problematic for the EU's newest members

2018: 21 June 2018: Social Democratic party's Liviu Dragnea sentenced to prison in a blow to a government that has showered praise on Donald Trump’s 'drain the swamp' rhetoric, and threatened to create the EU’s latest populist headache

Racism and anti-Semitism in Romania: Racism and anti-Semitism in Romania

Since 2000 Noua Dreapta, an ultranationalist organization in Romania and Moldova

Roma wall in Baia Mare: Roma wall in Baia Mare built by local authorities to segregate the Roma minority from the rest of the population - 18 November 2011: Mayor of northern Romanian town Baia Mare fined for building a wall between a Roma neighbourhood and a main road

Anti-Semitism in Romania after World War II: 13 April 2008: European anti-Semitism remained after World War II, also in Romania - 1944-1946 anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe including Romania - Holocaust denial in Romania

Human trafficking in Romania: Human trafficking in Romania - Since 1999 Reaching Out Romania, non-governmental charitable organization that helps girls ages 13 to 22 exit the sex industry, rescueing these girls from the Moldovan and Romanian mafia, which have normally trafficked the girls out of Romania and into Western Europe

Law and legal history of Romania: Law of Romania - Legal history of Romania - 1866, 1923, 1838, 1948, 1952, 1965 and 1991 Constitutions of Romania - Since 2014 Penal Code of Romania

Judiciary of Romania: Judiciary and court system of Romania

High Court of Cassation and Justice: High Court of Cassation and Justice, Romania's supreme court and the court of last resort

Law enforcement and Romanian Police: Law enforcement in Romania - Romanian Police

Foreign relations of Romania: Foreign relations of Romania

Treaties of Romania: Treaties of Romania

Romanian membership in international organsisations and the EU: Romanian membership in international organsisations and in the European Union

Romania and the European Union: Romania and the European Union - 2007 enlargement of the European Union - Romania and the euro

Anti-Romanian prejudices even in some EU member states: Anti-Romanian sentiment, a hostility, hatred towards, or prejudice against Romanians as an ethnic, linguistic, religious, or perceived ethnic group also and even in some European and even EU member countries

January 2018 EU's 'Greco' issued an indictment of Romania’s anti-corruption drive: 19 January 2018: Council of Europe’s anti-corruption watchdog, known as Greco, issued an indictment of Romania’s anti-corruption drive, when it concluded that its government had complied with only two out of 13 of its recommendations on tackling corruption in public life

Bilateral relations of Romania: Bilateral relations of Romania

Romania/Bulgaria relations: Romania/Bulgaria relations

1916-1918 Romanian campaign: 1916-1918 Romanian campaign, part of the Balkan theatre of World War I, with Romania, Russia allied with Britain and France against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria, allied with Bulgaria and Turkey - 1912-1945 Bulgarian Third Army was a Bulgarian field army during the Balkan Wars, World War I, and World War II

Since 1996 Central European Initiative: Since 1996 Central European Initiative, a forum of regional cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe, counting 18 member states

Since 2015 Craiova Group: Since 2015 Craiova Group cooperation project of the three European states Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia for the purposes of furthering their European integration as well as economic, transport and energy cooperation with one another

Romania/Canada relations: Romania/Canada relations

Romania/Canada trade relations: Romania/Canada trade relations

2013: 4 September 2013: Thousands of citizens first took to the streets in cities across the country, spurred by the Romanian government's recent draft bill to allow Canadian company 'Gabriel Resources' to mine gold and silver at the Carpathian town Rosia Montana

2017: 14 July 2017: Romania has served Canadian mining company 'Gabriel Resources' with a $8.6m back taxes bill days after the company filed a $4.4bn compensation claim over a stalled gold mine project in the Apuseni mountains

Romania/France relations: Romania/France relations, diplomatic relations date back to 1880 when mutual legations were opened, although contacts between France and Romania's precursor states stretch into the Middle Ages, today both countries are full members of NATO and of the EU

Romania/Germany relations: Romania/Germany relations

1914-1918 Romania during World War I: Romania had the only oil fields in Europe and became part of the Balkan theatre of World War I, with Romania and Russia allied with Britain and France against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria, and Turkey in the Romanian campaign 1916-1918 - May 1918 Treaty of Bucharest - June 1919 Treaty of Versailles

March 1939: March 1939 German–Romanian Treaty for the Development of Economic Relations between the Two Countries - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact

1939-1945 Romania in World War II: 1939-1945 Romania in World War II - Antonescu's rise to power - Military history of Romania during World War II

History of the Jews in Romania and the Holocaust: History of the Jews in Romania and the Holocaust in Romania - Antisemitic laws in Romania, existing since the creation of the modern state of Romania in mid-19th century, but their number and scope was greatly expanded in the late-1930s and 1940s - June 1941 Iasi pogrom

2017: 13 July 2017: 76 Years Later, survivors of the 1941 Iasi pogrom and of the so-called 'death trains' will for the first time be eligible to receive a pension from the German government

Romania/Hungary relations: Romania/Hungary relations

Hungarians in Romania: Hungarian minority of Romania, the largest ethnic minority in Romania, consisting of 1,227,623 people and making up 6.1% of the total population in 2011 - Romanians in Hungary

Romania/Israel relations: Romania/Israel relations

History of the Jews in Romania: History of the Jews in Romania, minimal until the 18th century, the size of the Jewish population increased after around 1850, and more especially in the aftermath of World War I

1930s and 1940s: Antisemitic laws in Romania, existing since the creation of the modern state of Romania in mid-19th century, but their number and scope was greatly expanded in the late-1930s and 1940s - History of the Jews during Antonescu's regime

Romanian Jews in Israel: Romanian Jews in Israel

August 2018: 13 August 2018: Israel’s embassy protested to the Romanian government, after four Israeli tourists were allegedly dragged out of a taxi and beaten by riot police in Bucharest, during a violent anti-corruption protest, even though they showed their passports and explained they had nothing to do with the protest

Romania/Russia relations: Romania/Russia relations - Paris Peace Treaties 1947

2014: 10 May: Romania asks Russia for an explanation after regime's deputy PM Dmitry Rogozin, sanctioned by the EU, tweeted he would return in a TU-160 strategic bomber reacting to being barred from Romania's airspace

Romania/Turkey relations: Romania/Turkey relations

1923 Treaty of Lausanne: 1923 Treaty of Lausanne following World War I

Romania/Ukraine relations: Romania/Ukraine relations - Romanians in Ukraine - Ukrainians of Romania

March 2022 hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians fled to Romania since Russia's invasion on 24 February: 7 March 2022: More than 291,000 Ukrainians fled to Romania since Russian regime's military invasion of the neighbor, wanting to join the EU as Romania did - 20 March 2022: Ukrainians continue to flee to the north-eastern Romanian border checkpoint of Siret, after Russia launched an all-out invasion of Ukraine

Romania/United Kingdom relations: Romania/United Kingdom relations

Environment of Romania: Environment of Romania - Natural history of Romania - Geology of Romania - Geology of the Carpathians - Volcanoes of Romania

Landforms of Romania and mountain ranges: Landforms of Romania - Mountain ranges of Romania - Plains of Romania - Protected areas of Romania

Environmental issues in Romania: Environmental issues in Romania - Environmentalism in Romania

Forests in Romania: Forests of Romania

Water in Romania and Black Sea: Water in Romania - Bodies of water of Romania - Black Sea

List of rivers of Romania and drainage areas: Rivers of Romania - List of rivers of Romania which entirely or partially flow through Romania, listed by 'Wikipedia' by the length of the river on Romanian territory, but also including the drainage area

Danube river and tributaries: Danube river - List of tributaries of the Danube - Since 1994 International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River

Mures river in Eastern Europe: Mures river in Eastern Europe, as its drainage basin covers an area of 30,332 km2. It originates in the Hasmasu Mare Range in the Eastern Carpathian Mountains, rising close to the headwaters of the river Olt, and joins the Tisza at Szeged in southeastern Hungary - Tributaries of the river Mures, from source to mouth, listed by left and right side - Towns and villages along the river Mures, from source to mouth in Romania and in Hungary

Natural disasters in Romania: Natural disasters in Romania

2013/2014: 15 September 2013: Flash floods have killed nine people and forced thousands to flee their homes in eastern Romania in the last four days - 31 July 2014: Flooding caused by torrential rains in eastern Europe has killed three people, with a further four missing, Romanian and Bulgarian authorities say

2017: 18 September 2017: A powerful storm of up to 100km/h in Romania has killed eight people and injured about 70

Serbia - Geography of Serbia - History of Serbia - Demographics of Serbia - Demographic history of Serbia

Economy of Serbia: Economy of Serbia - List of companies of Serbia - Companies of Serbia by industry

Agriculture in Serbia: Agriculture in Serbia

Banking in Serbia: Banking in Serbia

Taxation in Serbia: Taxation in Serbia

Politics of Serbia: Politics of Serbia - Constitution of Serbia - List of political parties in Serbia

Elections and politics in Serbia: Elections in Serbia

May 2012 Serbian parliamentary election: Serbian parliamentary election 6 May 2012

May 2012 Serbian presidential and local elections: Serbian presidential election 6 May 2012 - Serbian local elections 6 May 2012 - 6 May 2012: Serbians will vote on Sunday in presidential, parliamentary and local elections - 7 mai: Boris Tadic et le nationaliste Nikolic au second tour - 9 May: The Socialists agree to revive their coalition with the Democrats saying they will back Tadic in the presidential run-off - 20 May: Incumbent President Tadic has conceded defeat in the presidential run-off against rightist opposition leader Nikolic - 10. Juli: Einigung von SPS, SNS und URS auf Koalitionsabkommen, Regierungschef soll am 23. Juli der sozialistische Parteichef Ivica Dacic werden - 27 July: Milosevic’s former spokesman Ivica Dacic became Serbia’s new Prime Minister promising to promote reconciliation in the Balkans - NZZ 3. August: Funktionär aus Milosevic-Ära wird Geheimdienstchef

March 2014 Serbian parliamentary election: Serbian parliamentary election 16 March 2014 - 16 March: Serbian election exit polls indicate win for pro-EU party, pledging to fight corruption

Belgrade local election 16 March 2014

April 2016 Serbian parliamentary election: 24 April 2016 Serbian parliamentary election - 25 April: Serbian PM's Progressive party wins election in endorsement of pro-EU policy

April 2017 Serbian presidential election: 2 April 2017 Serbian presidential election, with a possible second round on 16 April - 2 avril 2017: Aleksandar Vucic élu président dès le premier tour

16 January 2022 Serbian constitutional referendum: 16 January 2022 Serbian constitutional referendum, in which voters will decide on changing the Constitution in the part related to the judiciary. In order to bring the judiciary into line with EU legislation, the government has previously proposed changing the way judges and prosecutors are elected, and the National Assembly adopted it by a two-thirds majority on 7 June 2021, shortly before the parliamentary election in which the ruling Serbian Progressive Party won a supermajority of seats

3 April 2022 Serbian general election: 3 April 2022 Serbian general election to elect both the president and members of the National Assembly. Initially, parliamentary elections were scheduled to be held in 2024, however, in October 2020 president Vucic stated that snap parliamentary elections would be held in or before April 2022. In addition to the general elections, local elections were held simultaneously in 12 municipalities and 2 cities, including Belgrade.

4 April 2022 Serbian president Vucic has won a second term initial projections suggest: 4 April 2022: Aleksandar Vucic won Sunday presidential election hands down, but his party’s victory was less impressive, and the result in Belgrade also reflected changing relations on Serbia’s political scene

1 November 2023 Serbia’s president dissolves parliament and sets date for early legislative vote: 1 November 2023: Serbia’s president dissolves parliament and sets date for early legislative vote, 'The Guardian' reported with live updates

Protests and social movements in Serbia: Protests in Serbia

March 1991 protests against misuse of Radio Television Belgrade: March 1991 protests in Belgrade organized by Serbian Renewal Movement, an opposition political party in Serbia, protesting the rule of Slobodan Miloševic and his party, particularly their misuse of Radio Television Belgrade

1996/1997 protests: 1996/1997 series of peaceful protests in Serbia in response to electoral fraud attempted by the Socialist Party of Serbia of President Miloševic after the 1996 local elections

October 2000 overthrow of Slobodan Miloševic: October 2000 protests and the overthrow of Slobodan Miloševic

April-May 2017 Serbian protests against PM Vucic' autocratic rule: April-May 2017 Serbian protests, ongoing mass protests organized across Belgrade, Novi Sad, Niš and other cities and towns in Serbia, against PM Aleksandar Vucic, as a result of the presidential election marred by accusations of voter intimidation and a near total domination of Serbia’s media by Vucic and his populist conservative Serbian Progressive Party

April 2017: 8 April 2017: Serbian protesters accuse media of turning blind eye, as anti-corruption rallies continue for the sixth day in a row, saying 'we are here to demand more democracy, an end to Vucic’s dictatorial regime and a better future’

December 2018: 30 December 2018: Around 25,000 protesters turned out for a fourth week of anti-government demonstrations in Belgrade, piling more pressure on the Serbian president Vucic, who is accused of establishing autocratic rule

January 2019: 5 janvier 2019: Des milliers de personnes ont manifesté pour le cinquième samedi consécutif à Belgrade contre le pouvoir du président Vucic, taxé d'autoritarisme

March 2019: 17 March 2019: Protesters broke into Serbia’s state television building for the first time in almost 20 years

Since May 2023 mass protests in Serbia following the Belgrade school shooting and a mass murder near Mladenovac and Smederevo: Since May 2023 series of mass protests in Belgrade and other locations in Serbia, following the Belgrade school shooting and a mass murder near Mladenovac and Smederevo. The protests, named 'Serbia Against Violence' had been attended by tens of thousands of demonstrators since 8 May

28 May 2023 tens of thousands rally in Belgrade to protest against government rule: 28 May 2023: Tens of thousands rally in Belgrade to protest against government rule

3 June 2023 tens of thousands demonstrate in Belgrade, the fifth anti-government protest this month: 3 June 2023: Tens of thousands gathered on Saturday for the fifth anti-government protest this month in Serbia's capital Belgrade after two back-to-back shootings that killed 18 people, half of them children. The 'Serbia against violence' protests have evolved into some of the largest rallies since widespread demonstrations triggered the fall of Slobodan Milosevic over two decades ago.

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Serbia: Serbian society - Human rights in Serbia

Districts, municipalities and cities of Serbia: 29 districts of Serbia - Municipalities and cities of Serbia

Cities in Serbia: List of cities in Serbia

Belgrade: Belgrade, the capital and largest city of Serbia, located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans, with a population of 1.23 million inhabitants, while nearly 1.7 million people live within its administrative limits - Timeline of Belgrade since 5500–4500 BCE Vinca culture - History of Belgrade - Sieges of Belgrade 1440, 1456, 1521, 1688, 1690, 1717, 1739, 1789, 1806, 1944

Economy of Belgrade: Economy of Belgrade - Companies based in Belgrade - Belgrade IT sector - Port of Belgrade

Novi Sad: Novi Sad city, the second largest city of Serbia, the capital of the autonomous province of Vojvodina and the administrative center of the South Backa District, located in the southern part of the Pannonian Plain, on the border of the Backa and Srem geographical regions and bordering the banks of the Danube river

History of Novi Sad: History of Novi Sad

November 1918 end of German/Austro-Hungarian empires World War I, 20th/21st century history of Novi Sad: 20th/21st century history of Novi Sad, as Serbian troops entered the city on 9 November 1918 - two days before the end of German/Austro-Hungarian empires World War I - , and on November 25, 1918, the Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci, and other nations of Vojvodina in Novi Sad proclaimed the unification of Vojvodina region with the Kingdom of Serbia (the assembly numbered 757 deputies, of which 578 were Serbs, 84 Bunjevci, 62 Slovaks, 21 Rusyns, 6 Germans, 3 Šokci, 2 Croats, and 1 Hungarian). Since December 1, 1918, Novi Sad is part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. According to the 1921 census, the city had 39,122 inhabitants, of which 16,071 were Serbs, 13,065 Hungarians, 6,486 Germans, 2,663 Jews, 1,294 Slovaks, 672 Russians, 613 Slovenes. In 1929, Novi Sad became the capital of the Danube Banovina. In 1941, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was invaded and partitioned by the Axis Powers - once again German empire, now including Italy's empire -, and its northern parts, including Novi Sad, were annexed by Hungary. During World War II, about 5,000 citizens were murdered and many others were resettled (in a 1942 raid alone, Hungarian gendarmerie killed 1,246 citizens, among them 809 Jews, 375 Serbs, 18 Hungarians, 15 Russians and 2 Rusyns, and threw their corpses into the icy waters of Danube [9]). During the war, the resistance movement was active in the city. Citizens of all nationalities – Serbs, Hungarians, Slovaks and others fought together against the Axis authorities. On August 7, 1944, the Allies bombed the Novi Sad oil facilities as part of the Oil Campaign of World War II. The partisan forces from Srem and Backa entered the city on October 23, 1944, and Novi Sad became part of the new socialist Yugoslavia. The post-war Yugoslav authorities punished those responsible for war crimes, as well as those that collaborated with the Axis authorities

Economy of Nove Sad: Economy of Nove Sad, the economic centre of Vojvodina, the most fertile agricultural region in Serbia, also representing one of the largest economic and cultural hubs in Serbia - Companies based in Novi Sad

Port of Novi Sad, unsuccessful attempts to privatize it, but ...: Port of Novi Sad, a cargo and passenger port on the Danube river, as the Port of Novi Sad was established in 1982 and by 1984, becoming an international river port. As of 2015, the Port of Novi Sad was the only port in Serbia that was state-owned, with other 11 ports being privatized. Since then, there were several unsuccessful attempts to privatize it. In 2016 calendar year, the Port of Novi Sad made a historic high load turnover of 1.18 million tonnes, the most of any port in Serbia

May 2019 Dubai’s P&O Ports agrees deal to operate Serbia’s Novi Sad: 10 May 2019: Dubai’s P&O Ports agrees deal to operate Serbia’s Novi Sad, as agreement will grant P&O Ports rights to operate Novi Sad for an initial 25 years with an option to renew for another 25 years. P&O Ports will retain exclusive rights to undertake all waterside operations, container handling, project cargo and fertilizer activities. Chairman Sultan Ahmed Bin Sulayem said 'the Port of Novi Sad provides connections with DP World Constanza in Romania, with onward handling of bulk cargos in Jebel Ali Port, Dubai'

Timeline of Novi Sad: History and timeline of Novi Sad

April-June 1999 NATO bombing of Novi Sad ruled by the local Democratic Opposition: April-June 1999 NATO bombing of Novi Sad as the city, opposing the regime in Belgrad, was ruled by the local Democratic Opposition, targeting oil refineries, roads, bridges, and telecommunications relay stations, facilities linked to military uses, as bombing of the city caused great damage to local civilians, including severe pollution and widespread ecological damage as well as lasting consequences for the well being of the population

NATO bombing's impact on civilians, greatly affected by the bombing of their city: Impact on civilians The civilians of Novi Sad were greatly affected by the bombing of their city. The city's oil refinery was bombarded daily, causing severe pollution and widespread ecological damage

NATO bombing's impact on civilians, greatly affected by the bombing, violating international law: Legitimacy of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, seriously questioned. The UN Charter is the foundational legal document of the United Nations and is the cornerstone of the public international law governing the use of force between States. NATO members are also subject to the North Atlantic Treaty NATO. Critics of the bombing have argued that the campaign violated international law.

Demographics and ethnic groups in Serbia: Demographics of Serbia - Demographic history of Serbia - Ethnic groups in Serbia

Arabs in Serbia: Arabs in Serbia

Bosniaks of Serbia: Bosniaks of Serbia

Hungarians in Serbia: Hungarians in Serbia

Jews in Serbia: History of the Jews in Serbia - The Holocaust in Serbia, genocide against Jews and Romani during World War II in the German 'Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia' 1941–1944 supported by the puppet government led by Milan Nedic

Romani people in Serbia: Romani people in Serbia

Serbs: Serbs, South Slavic nation and ethnic group native to the Balkans

Immigration to Serbia: Immigration to Serbia - Serbian people by ethnic or national origin

2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis

2015: 19 October 2015: More than 10,000 refugees stranded in Serbia as borders close, UNHCR reports, as UN's Ban Ki-moon says, refugees are fleeing difficult hardships they can't bear by themselves - 11 November 2015: 10,000 migrants queue in Serbian town of Presevo to receive registration papers allowing them to continue their journey towards western Europe

2016: 23 July 2016: Hundreds of migrants, mostly young men from Afghanistan and Pakistan, began a hunger strike to protest closed borders and march from Belgrade towards Hungary, carrying cardboards with messages reading 'Stop wars if you want to stop refugees'

Culture and languages in Serbia: Serbian culture - Languages of Serbia - Serbo-Croatian, South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro - 15 minority languages are spoken in Serbia, Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Bunjevac, Croatian, Czech, German, Hungarian, Macedonian, Romani, Romanian, Pannonian Rusyn, Slovak, Ukrainian and Vlach

Cultural Heritage of Serbia

Education in Serbia: Education in Serbia - Schools in Serbia - Universities in Serbia

Health in Serbia: Health in Serbia

16 January 2022 Serbia said number of people tested stands at 1,436,395 confirmed cases of covid-19: 16 January 2022: Serbian Health Ministry said on Sunday total number of people tested to date stands at 7,634,520 with 1,436,395 confirmed cases of covid-19 pandemic, reporting 26 deaths, 11,248 new cases in Serbia over the previous 24 hours, bringing the total number of deaths to 13,071, as country waits for constitutional referendum results and as unvaccinated Serbian tennis player must leave Australia amid surge of cases also in this carefully country

Healthcare in Serbia: Healthcare in Serbia

Serbian media: Serbian media - Media in Serbia by city - Media companies of Serbia - News agencies based in Serbia

Media freedom in Serbia: Media freedom in Serbia, deemed 'partly free' by Freedom House and ranks 59th out of 180 countries in the 2016 Press Freedom Index report compiled by Reporters without borders

Newspapers in Serbia: Newspapers in Serbia

Broadcasting in Serbia: Radio in Serbia - Television in Serbia - Sports broadcasting contracts in Serbia

Since 1924 Radio Belgrade: Since 1924 Radio Belgrade, a state-owned and operated radio station

Since 1958/2006 Radio Television of Serbia: Since 1958/2006 Radio Television of Serbia, the public broadcaster in Serbia broadcasting news, drama, and sports programming through radio, television and the Internet and financed primarily through monthly subscription fees and advertising revenue

Internet and telecommunications in Serbia: Internet in Serbia - Telecommunications in Serbia - Serbian Wikipedia

Crime in Serbia: Crime in Serbia

War crimes in Serbia: War crimes in Serbia

1941-1945 Germany's Nazi war crimes in Serbia: Nazi war crimes in Serbia - The Holocaust in Serbia, the Nazi genocide against Jews and Romani during World War II in the Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia[Note 1] supported by the puppet government led by Milan Nedic

Axis occupation of Vojvodina: Axis occupation of Vojvodina

Serbian war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars: Serbian war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars

1998/1999 Kosovo Albanian and Serbian war crimes in the Kosovo War: 1998/1999 Kosovo Albanian and Serbian war crimes in the Kosovo War

Corruption in Serbia: Corruption in Serbia

2014 political corruption in Serbia: 2014 overview of political corruption in Serbia

December 2015: 27 December 2015: Serbia arrests 79 in anti-corruption sweep, including ex-minister

2015 stagnation in fight against corruption in Serbia: Stagnation in fight against corruption in 2015, according to Transparency Serbia

Organised crime in Serbia and Serbian mafia: Organised crime in Serbia - Serbian mafia

Terrorism in Serbia: Terrorism in Serbia

December 1998 Panda Bar massacre: 14 December 1998 Panda Bar massacre, an attack on Serbian civilians in the city of Pec in north-western Kosovo

July 2016: 2 July 2016: Five people dead and 20 wounded after gunman opens fire in a crowded cafe in the village of Zitiste in Serbia

Law and and legal history in Serbia: Law of Serbia - Legal history of Serbia - Constitutions of Serbia - 2006 Constitution of Serbia - Human rights in Serbia

Judiciary and court system of Serbia: Supreme Court of Cassation and jurisdiction - Constitutional Court of Serbia

Law enforcement in Serbia: Law enforcement in Serbia

Foreign relations of Serbia: Foreign relations of Serbia

Treaties of Serbia: Treaties of Serbia

Immigrants to Serbia: Immigrants to Serbia

Serbia has a UN facility at Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport for applicants for asylum

2015: 15 July 2015: As Serbian migrant centre grows to 5000 in a week, Hungary started building border fence with Serbia to keep out migrants

Serbia in intergovernmental organizations: Serbia in intergovernmental organizations

Serbia and the United Nations: Serbia and the United Nations, the Republic of Serbia joined the United Nations on 1 November 2000 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, originally the previous Yugoslav state was one of the original 51 member states of the UN in 1945 - 1945-1992 Yugoslavia and the United Nations

Bilateral relations of Serbia: Bilateral relations of Serbia

Serbia/Austria relations: Serbia/Austria relations - 23 July 1914: Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia - July 1914 preparations for the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum, content and Serbian response - 1914-1918 Serbian Campaign (World War I)

2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - 28/29 June 2014: Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation, as divisions still run deep

Serbia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: Serbia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations

1992-1995 Bosnian War: 1992-1995 Bosnian War, following a number of violent incidents in early 1992 the main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and those of the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat entities within Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and Herzeg-Bosnia, which were led and supplied by Serbia and Croatia, respectively

2011-2017 trial of Ratko Mladic: Since 2011 Trial of Ratko Mladic, a case before the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague concerning crimes committed during the Bosnian War by Ratko Mladic as his role as a general in the Yugoslav People's Army and the Chief of Staff of the Army of Republika Srpska

2015: 11 July 2015: On the eve of the 20th anniversary of Srebrenica Massacre hundreds of people light candles in Belgrade

November 2017 Mladic found guilty of 10 of the 11 charges: On 22 November 2017 Mladic found guilty of 10 of the 11 charges - 24 November 2017: 'Butcher of Bosnia' falls, but in Belgrade, men closely linked to wartime strongman Slobodan Milosevic are returning to high-profile jobs

February 2018 concerns over the intentions of the separatist-led regional government and deepening Russian influence: 13 February 2018: The purchase of thousands of new guns by the Bosnian Serb police has raised concerns over the intentions of the separatist-led regional government and deepening Russian influence in a divided and economically depressed nation

23 January 2023 in the river Drina 'embarrassment' of beauty spot's plastic waste: 21 January 2023: Experts say that along with general plastic waste, household items in the river Drina - which runs along a portion of the border between Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina - a great embarrassment for all of us as we seem unable to solve this issue for a period of 20 years

Serbia/Bulgaria relations: Serbia/Bulgaria relations - Serbo-Bulgarian War 1885 - Second Balkan War 1913 - Bulgaria during World War I, declaring war on Serbia on 14 October 1915 - Surdulica massacre was the mass murder of Serbian men by Bulgarian occupational authorities in Surdulica in 1916/1917 during World War I - Bulgaria's alliance with the Axis Powers during World War II

Serbia/Croatia relations: Serbia/Croatia relations

1914-1945 Croatia and Serbia in World War I and World War II: 1914-1945 Croatia and Serbia in World War I and World War II

1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence: 1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence

2016: 31 March 2016: UN judges acquitted Serbian nationalist firebrand Vojislav Seselj of war crimes and crimes against humanity on Thursday, a shock verdict that delivers a boost to his anti-EU Serbian Radical Party ahead of April elections and that sees war victims and leaders of neighbouring countries reacting with dismay

Serbia/EU relations - accession of Serbia to the European Union: Accession of Serbia to the European Union - 28 June 2013: EU leaders agree to open accession talks with Serbia, whose EU bid was long delayed by a dispute over its breakaway region of Kosovo - 18 December 2013: Serbia to start EU entry talks in January 2014 - 28 March 2015: EU calls for accession negotiations with Serbia to begin by end of 2015

Serbia/Germany relations: Serbia/Germany relations - Serbian Campaign - World War I - German invasion of Yugoslavia - World War II - Kragujevac massacre was the murder of Serbian, Jewish and Roma men and boys by German Wehrmacht soldiers on 20 and 21 October 1941 - Serbia under German occupation - 'Government of National Salvation' German puppet government in Serbia 1941-1944 - Banjica concentration camp - Crveni Krst concentration camp operated by the German Gestapo - Sajmište concentration camp - Topovske Šupe concentration camp

The Holocaust in Serbia: The Holocaust in Serbia

2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018

Serbia/Hungary relations: Serbia/Hungary relations - Hungarians in Serbia - Serbs in Hungary

1939-1945: Hungarian military occupation then annexation of the Yugoslav territories Backa, Baranja, Medimurje and Prekmurje regions during World War II - Novi Sad raid by Hungarian troops against civilians January 1942, after the Axis invasion

2015: 15 July 2015: As Serbian migrant centre grows to 5000 in a week, Hungary started building border fence with Serbia to keep out migrants

Serbia/Israel relations: Serbia/Israel relations - History of the Jews in Serbia - The Holocaust in Serbia

Serbia/Italy relations: Serbia/Italy relations

Since 1941 invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia: Since 1941 invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia - 1941-1943 Governorate of Dalmatia, annexed territory by Italy after the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers

1941-1945 Axis war crimes in Yugoslavia: Axis war crimes in Yugoslavia - Serbian collaborators with Fascist Italy

Serbia/Kosovo relations: Serbia/Kosovo relations - 19 April 2013: In a move favorable for talks on EU membership, Serbia and Kosovo’s prime ministers agreed to an agreement to settle their relations

Since July 2022 North Kosovo crisis, as tensions between Serbia and Kosovo heightened: Since July 2022 North Kosovo crisis, as tensions between Serbia and Kosovo heightened due to the expiration of the eleven-year validity period of documents for cars on 1 August 2022, between the government of Kosovo and the Serbs in North Kosovo, as on 30 December 2022 after months of tensions barricades were removed, and talks were announced - regarding a proposed agreement - beginning in mid-January

Serbia/Lebanon relations: Serbia/Lebanon relations

December 2018 Serbia and Lebanon boost economic co-operation: 3 December 2018: Serbia and Lebanon have agreed during high-level talks in Belgrade to strengthen commercial ties and enhance economic cooperation across four main sectors including technology, agriculture, tourism and the pharmaceutical industry

14 September 2020 Serbia designates all of Hezbollah a terror group: 14 September 2020: Serbia decided to designate Lebanon’s Shiite Iran-backed Hezbollah in its entirety as a terrorist organization, said to be included in a deal between Serbia and Kosovo reached earlier this month that will also see Pristina establish diplomatic relations with Israel, as the EU, Britain, Lithuania, Germany and other states have decided as well, but terrorist friendly French president Macron decided to continue 'good deals' with Hezbollah

Serbia/Romania relations: Serbia/Romania relations

Serbs of Romania, Romanians in Serbia: Serbs of Romania, a recognized ethnic minority concentrated in western Romania, in the Romanian part of the Banat region - divided with Serbia -, where they constitute the absolute majority in two communes and the relative majority in one other - Romanians in Serbia, a recognised national minority in Serbia mostly concentrated in Banat, in Vojvodina, while declared Vlachs are mostly concentrated in the Timok Valley, in eastern Serbia

Serbia/Syria relations: Serbia/Syria relations

Syrian, Iraqi, Libyan citizens in Serbia: Syrian, Iraqi, Libyan citizens in Serbia, as countries were earlier part of the Ottoman Empire throughout the Early Modern period

2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis

Serbia/Turkey relations: Serbia/Turkey relations - List of Serbian–Turkish conflicts 1371-1913 - First Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule 1804-1813 - Serbian Revolution 1804-1835

Serbia/Ukraine relations: Serbia/Ukraine relations

Political, economic and cultural relations betweem Serbia and Ukraine: Political, economic and cultural relations betweem Serbia and Ukraine

Environment of Serbia: Environment of Serbia - Natural history of Serbia - Geology of Serbia - Climate of Serbia

Ecoregions of Serbia: Ecoregions of Serbia - Landforms of Serbia - Mountains of Serbia

Forests of Serbia: Forests of Serbia

Water in Serbia: Water in Serbia

Rivers of Serbia: List of rivers of Serbia Danube, known by various names in several languages, is Europe's second longest river and located in Central and Eastern Europe - International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River

Environmental issues in Serbia: Environmental issues in Serbia, including the 1999 NATO bombings, which caused lasting damage to the environment of Serbia, with several thousand tons of toxic chemicals stored in targeted factories being released into the soil, atmosphere and water basins affecting humans and the local wildlife

Natural disasters in Serbia: Natural disasters in Serbia

Earthquakes in Serbia: Earthquakes in Serbia

November 2010 Serbia earthquake: 3 November 2010 Serbia earthquake

Floods in Serbia: Floods in Serbia

February-_April 2006 European floods: February-_April 2006 European floods

May-June 2013 European floods: May-June 2013 European floods

May 2014 Southeast Europe floods: May 2014 Southeast Europe floods - 16 May 2014: Three people have drowned in Serbia and more than 3,000 evacuated following flooding caused by torrential rain

Slovakia - Geography of Slovakia - History of Slovakia - Demographics of Slovakia

Economy of Slovakia: Economy of Slovakia - main industries include metal and metal products, food and beverages, electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel, chemicals and manmade fibers, machinery, paper and printing, earthenware and ceramics, transport vehicles, textiles, electrical and optical apparatus, rubber products - List of companies of Slovakia - Companies of Slovakia by industry

Mines in Slovakia: Mines in Slovakia

Agriculture in Slovakia: Agriculture in Slovakia - products include wheat, rye, corn, potatoes, sugar beets, grains, sunflowers, fruits, grapes and wine, livestock products, including pigs, cattle, sheep, and poultry

Forests of Slovakia: Forests of Slovakia

Water in Slovakia: Water in Slovakia

Rivers of Slovakia: List of rivers of Slovakia - Rivers of Slovakia - Lakes of Slovakia

Danube: Danube, Europe's second-longest river flowing through 10 countries

Politics of Slovakia: Politics of Slovakia - Political parties in Slovakia

Slovak political scandals since 1991: Slovak political scandals since 1991 - Privatization in Slovakia - Gorilla (Slovak Secret Service wiretap file) political corruption scandal 2005-2006, which leaked to the internet in December 2011

Politics and elections in Slovakia: Elections in Slovakia - Slovak parliamentary election 12 June 2010 - 12. Oktober 2011: Regierung Radicova über Ablehnung der Erweiterung des Euro-Rettungsfonds und damit verbundenem Vertrauensvotum gestürzt - 14. Oktober 2011: Neuwahlen am 10. März 2012 - Zustimmung des Parlaments zu erweitertem Euro-Rettungsschirm - 21. Oktober 2011: Regierung bleibt bis März 2012 als Übergangsregierung

2012/2013: Slovak parliamentary election 10 March 2012 - 11 March: The social democrat opposition in Slovakia has won the general election outright, taking 84 out of 150 seats - 24. November 2013: Rechtsextremist gewinnt Wahl zum Regionspräsidenten von Banska Bystrica

Slovak presidential election 15 March 2014: Slovak presidential election 15 March 2014 - 16 March 2014: Second round of Slovakia's presidential election on March 29 - 30 March: Political newcomer and millionaire Andrej Kiska elected Slovak president

2015: Slovak same-sex marriage referendum February 2015 - 8 February 2015: Slovak conservatives receiving the support of Pope Francis fail to cement same sex marriages ban in referendum with a turnout of just 21.07%

March 2016 Slovak parliamentary election: 5 March 2016 Slovak parliamentary election - 5 March 2016: Slovak PM Robert Fico has won the election, but lost his majority in parliament

March 2018: 12 mars 2018: Le ministre slovaque de l'Intérieur Robert Kalinak a annoncé sa démission dans le contexte de l'assassinat en février du journaliste Jan Kuciak, après des manifestants, l'opposition et un parti de la coalition gouvernementale réclamaient sa démission

March 2019 Slovak presidential election: 16/30 March 2019 Slovak presidential election - 16 mars 2019: Les Slovaques aux urnes pour élire leur président - 17 March 2019: Pro-EU and anti-corruption campaigner Zuzana Caputová wins first round of presidential election, securing 40% of the vote and facing run-off with ruling Smer party candidate, who had 18.7% - 30 March 2019: Slovakia votes in poll that could elect first female president Zuzana Caputová, who won first round with 40.6% of the vote - 31 März 2019: Im zweiten Wahlgang erhielt Zuzana Caputová 58,40 % der Stimmen, Maroš Šefcovic 41,59 %, und wird als Präsidentin voraussichtlich am 15. Juni das Amt antreten

29 February 2020 Slovak parliamentary election: 29 February 2020 Slovak parliamentary election - Opinion polling for the 2020 Slovak parliamentary election - 29 fevrier 2020: Les Slovaques votent samedi pour renouveler leur parlement dans l'espoir de réduire la corruption, imputée notamment aux populistes du gouvernement sortant, cet objectif étant devenu priorité nationale après le meurtre d'un journaliste d'investigation en 2018

1 March 2020 Slovakia’s populist opposition wins parliamentary election: 1 March 2020: Slovakia’s populist opposition wins parliamentary election, as OP party captures 25% of vote and 53 of 150 seats in parliament

30 September 2023 Slovak parliamentary election: 30 September 2023 Slovak parliamentary election to elect members of the National Council. The 2020 Slovak parliamentary election resulted in a coalition government led by the Ordinary People and Independent Personalities movement. On 15 December 2022 the Slovak government lost a no-confidence vote, and subsequently the National Council amended the Constitution so that an early election could be held on 30 September 2023. - Opinion polling for the 2023 Slovak parliamentary election

30 September 2023 Slovakia polls open in knife-edge vote with Ukraine high on agenda: 30 September 2023: Voting has started in a knife-edge election in Slovakia that could decide whether the country sticks with its liberal, pro-western line or abandons its staunch support for neighbouring Ukraine to lean more towards Moscow, as after a virulent campaign nationalist Robert Fico and his Smer-SD party were neck and neck with the newcomers Progressive Slovakia heading into the vote, with the more socially liberal PS just ahead in two of the final four opinion polls

Social movements and protests in Slovakia:

1989 Nežná Revolúcia: 1989 Nežná Revolúcia (Velvet Revolution non-violent transition of power November 1989)

2012 protest against corruption: 10 February 2012: Thousands of Slovaks staged a protest rally in Bratislava over corruption of politicians, officials and business executives concerning procurement and privatisation contracts

2016 protest against fascists: 7 March 2016: Thousands in Bratislava protest the fascist party of Marian Kotleba, the People's Party Our Slovakia, which made it into the national legislature with 8% of the vote and 14 seats in the 150-member legislature for the first time ever as a result of Parliamentary elections over the weekend - 22 June 2016: Slovak opposition to continue anti-government protests

March 2018 protests following the murder of journalist Ján Kuciak: 2 mars 2018: Des milliers de personnes ont manifesté à Bratislava et dans d'autres villes de Slovaquie en mémoire du journaliste d'investigation Jan Kuciak assassiné, qui était spécialisé dans les enquêtes sur des fraudes fiscales et des détournements de subventions - 9 March 2018: In protests called the biggest since the 1989 Velvet revolution, tens of thousands of Slovaks have rallied to demand the resignation of PM Robert Fico’s government following the murder of journalist Ján Kuciak that has shocked the central European nation and stoked anger over sleaze in public life, also calling for foreign experts to join the team investigating the killings - 16 March 2018: Tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets across Slovakia on Friday to call for snap elections following crisis over journalist’s death, saying the premier’s resignation was not enough to address what they see as a corrupt government

April 2018: 6 April 2018: Up to 45,000 people rally for independent investigation into journalist Jan Kuciak’s murder and a 'trustworthy’ government

June 2018: 8 juin 2018: Des milliers de Slovaques se sont réunis vendredi à Bratislava pour protester à l'appel de groupes antifascistes après la mort d'un Philippin, battu à mort par un néonazi présumé

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Slovakia: Slovak society - Human rights in Slovakia

Demographics of Slovakia: Demographics of Slovakia - Ethnic groups in Slovakia

History of the Jews in Slovakia: History of the Jews in Slovakia goes back to the 11th century

1939-1945: The Holocaust in Slovak Republic 1939–1945, a client state of Nazi Germany

Roma in Slovakia: Roma in Slovakia - Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015 - 9 September 2013: The European Commission has called for the destruction of an anti-Roma wall built in Kosice, Slovakia's second city and a European capital of culture

Immigration to Slovakia: Immigration to Slovakia - Slovak people by ethnic or national origin

Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis

2016: 8 January 2016: Slovakia will fight against immigration from Muslim countries, PM Robert Fico says, declaring multi-culturalism 'a fiction'

Languages and culture in Slovakia: Culture in Slovakia - Languages in Slovakia - Slovak language belongs to the West Slavic languages, together with Czech, Polish, Silesian, Kashubian, and Sorbian

Education in Slovakia: Education in Slovakia

Schools in Slovakia: Schools in Slovakia

Universities and colleges in Slovakia: Universities and colleges in Slovakia

Health in Slovakia: Health in Slovakia

Healthcare in Slovakia: List of hospitals in Slovakia - Medical and health organisations in Slovakia

Media in Slovakia: Slovak media - Newspapers in Slovakia

February 2018 murder of Slovak investigative journalist Ján Kuciak: February 2018 murder of Slovak investigative journalist Ján Kuciak and Martina Kušnírová - 28 February 2018: A vigil has been held in Slovakia for journalist Jan Kuciak whose death police believe is likely linked to his work as a reporter of the news website Aktuality.sk focused mainly on investigating tax fraud of businesspeople connected to Slovak politicians

March 2018: 2 March 2018: Colleagues of Ján Kuciak, killed after investigating mafia links and ties with politicians, vow to continue his work - 26 March 2018: The murder of a Slovak investigative journalist and his fiancee last month, which sparked mass protests and forced PM Robert Fico, to resign, is likely to have been a contract killing, prosecutor says

October 2018: 1 octobre 2018: Un procureur slovaque a identifié lundi une femme, Alena Zs., comme commanditaire de l'assassinat du journaliste d'investigation slovaque Jan Kuciak, payé 70'000 euros, en février dernier, selon plusieurs médias slovaques

Telecommunications in Slovakia: Telecommunications in Slovakia

Internet in Slovakia: Internet in Slovakia

Crime in Slovakia: Crime in Slovakia

Racism and antisemitism in Slovakia: Racism in Slovakia - Antisemitism in Slovakia

2016: 18 November 2016: Kotleba's People’s Party Our Slovakia, that won almost 10% of the seats in Parliament in March, openly admires the Nazi puppet state that the country was during the World War II, its party members use Nazi salutes, blame Roma for crime in deprived areas and want the country out of Nato and the European Union

Corruption in Slovakia: Corruption in Slovakia - corruption is ranked as the second most problematic factor for doing business in Slovakia, according to the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014, after inefficient government bureaucracy

Slovak mafia: Slovak mafia

Human trafficking in Slovakia: Human trafficking in Slovakia

Law of Slovakia: Law of Slovakia - 1992 Constitution of Slovakia - Language law of Slovakia

Constitutional Court of Slovakia: Constitutional Court of Slovakia

October 2019 Slovak authorities charged four people over the murder of Ján Kuciak and his fiancee: 21 October 2019: Slovak authorities have charged four people over the murder of an investigative journalist and his fiancee in a case that led to mass protests against high-level corruption and forced then PM Robert Fico to resign

Law enforcement in Slovakia: Law enforcement in Slovakia

Foreign relations of Slovakia: Foreign relations of Slovakia

Treaties of Slovakia: Treaties of Slovakia

Membership in international organisations: Slovakia's membership in international organisations

Bilateral relations of SlovakiaBilateral relations of Slovakia: Bilateral relations of Slovakia

Slovakia/Czech Republic relations: Slovakia/Czech Republic relations

Slovakia/Germany relations: Slovakia/Germany relations

1938 Munich Agreement and 1939-1945 German occupation of Czechoslovakia: Munich Agreement 1938 signed by France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, excluding the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia, permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia - 1939-1945 German occupation of Czechoslovakia

1939-1945 Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia: Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia

1939-1945 Slovak Republic client state of Nazi Germany: Slovak Republic 1939–1945, a client state of Nazi Germany - Slovak invasion of Poland September 1939 - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact - 8 May 1945 Massacre in Trhová Kamenice, German troops escaping from Chrudim back to Nazi Germany passed through the village of Trhová Kamenice where they decided to punish supposed partisans and villagers

History of the Jews in Slovakia, the Slovak Republic 1939-1945 and the Holocaust: History of the Jews in Slovakia - The Slovak Republic and the Holocaust

1944-1946 anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia and Eastern Europe: Anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia and Eastern Europe 1944–46

August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising: August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising

Slovakia/Hungary relations: Slovakia/Hungary relations

Hungarians in Slovakia: Hungarians in Slovakia

Slovaks in Hungary: Slovaks in Hungary

November1938 First and August 1940 Second Vienna Award: November 1938 First Vienna Award, arbitration and award were direct consequences of the Munich Agreement the previous month and deciding the partitioning of Czechoslovakia - August 1940 Second Vienna Award

February 1947 Paris Peace Treaties: February 1947 Paris Peace Treaties

2009 state language law: Since 2009 International and Hungarian reactions to the state language law of Slovakia amendment

2009 ban of Hungarian President from Slovakia: 2009 ban of Hungarian President from Slovakia

Slovakia/Israel relations: Slovakia/Israel relations - History of the Jews in Slovakia goes back to the 11th century - The Slovak Republic 1939-1945 and the Holocaust - Anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia and Eastern Europe 1944–46

Slovakia/Italy relations: Slovakia/Italy relations

Slovakia/Poland relations: Slovakia/Poland relations - Slovak Nazi client state invasion of Poland September 1939

Slovakia/Russia relations: Slovakia/Russia relations

Slovakia/Syria relations: 19 August 2015: Slovakia will take in 200 Syrian refugees, but they have to be Christian

Slovakia/Ukraine relations: Slovakia/Ukraine relations, as both countries established diplomatic relations in 1993. Slovakia has an embassy in Kyiv, a general consulate in Uzhhorod, and 2 honorary consulates in Donetsk and Uzhhorod, as Ukraine has an embassy in Bratislava and a general consulate in Prešov. Both countries share 97km of common border, and - until February 2022 - there are between 40,000 and 100,000 people of Ukrainian descent living in Slovakia

26 February 2022 tens of thousands of Ukrainians escape Putin's war by crossing borders to the west: 26 February 2022: Tens of thousands of Ukrainians are fleeing from Russian regime's war against Ukrainians, crossing borders to the west in search of safety as Putin regime pounded their capital and other cities with air raids, as cars were backed up for several kilometres at some border crossings, and as authorities in Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Moldova mobilised to receive them, offering shelter, food and legal help. Many walked through the night while others escaped the east of the country by train, car or bus. Many were greeted by awaiting relatives and friends, as the UN refugee agency has said about 150,000 people have so far fled Ukraine into neighbouring countries in the wake of the Russian invasion.

Environment of Slovakia: Environment of Slovakia - Geology of Slovakia - Geology of the Western Carpathians

Forests of Slovakia: Forests of Slovakia

Water in Slovakia: Water in Slovakia

Environmentalism in Slovakia: Environmentalism in Slovakia

Natural disasters in Slovakia: Natural disasters in Slovakia

2013 European floods: 2013 European floods

Spain - Espagne - Geography of Spain - History of Spain - 'Reconquista' period 718-1492 on the Iberian peninsula, coming before the discovery of the Americas and the period of colonial empires - Spanish colonization of the Americas since 1492 - Spanish American wars of independence 1808-1833 - Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939 - Demographics of Spain

Economy of Spain: Economy of Spain - main industries include machinery, machine tools, metals and metal manufactures, shipbuilding, automobiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, tourism - Economic history of Spain - Companies of Spain by industry 21th century

Mining in Spain: Mining in Spain - Mines in Spain - Mining disasters in Spain - 29 October 2013: Six killed after gas leak at the Santa Lucia coalmine near the town of Pola de Gordon

Automotive industry in Spain: Automotive industry in Spain

Construction and civil engineering companies of Spain: Construction and civil engineering companies of Spain

Chemical and pharmaceutical industry in Spain: Chemical companies of Spain - Pharmaceutical companies of Spain

2015: 31 August 2015: An explosion at a fireworks factory left at least five people dead and three seriously wounded in Zaragoza

Energy in Spain: Energy in Spain - Fossil fuels in Spain - Electricity sector in Spain - Nuclear power in Spain

Renewable energy in Spain: Renewable energy in Spain - Solar power in Spain - Wind power in Spain - 6 January 2014: Wind power was Spain's top source of electricity in 2013 - 30 April 2014: Spanish island El Hierroto be fully powered by wind, water

Cooperatives in Spain: Cooperatives in Spain - Mondragon Corporation

Agriculture in Spain: Agriculture in Spain - products include citrus fruits, grapes and wine, mangos, strawberries, tomatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, potatoes, legumes, olives, olive oil, cereal grains, and fodder grasses, cotton, dairy products, livestock products, poultry

February 2019 small communities endangered: 12 février 2019: Quand début 2018, le Conseil économique et social espagnol dénombrait quelque 3900 municipalités de moins de 500 habitants ayant un 'risque élevé' de disparition, les habitants d'Oliete, village au nord-est de l'Espagne, ont mis en place un système de parrainage des oliviers qui permet de faire revivre le village et d'attirer de nouvelles familles

4 August 2020 exploited foreign worker dies: 4 aoûr 2020: Œuvrant dans des conditions abominables dans une plantation de Murcie, un immigré et travailleur de 42 ans exploité meurt déshydraté

31 March 2023 migrants in Spain's supermarket supply chains face 'horrific” conditions': 31 March 2023: Abusive conditions are endemic in parts of Spain’s fruit sector, with workers telling the Guardian they have been regularly underpaid and forced to live in dilapidated shacks. The fruit-picking workforce in southern Spain – dominated by migrants from Morocco and sub-Saharan Africa – are frequently paid less than the minimum wage and required to work overtime without pay, according to a new report from the organisation Ethical Consumer, calling on supermarkets to take immediate steps to protect the rights of migrant agricultural workers in Spain, as Aldi, Asda, Co-op, Lidl, M&S, Morrisons, Sainsbury’s, Tesco, and Waitrose are named in the report

Forestry in Spain: Forestry in Spain

Water in Spain: Water in Spain - Bodies of water of Spain

Rivers of Spain: Rivers of Spain - List of rivers of Spain by drainage and region

Water supply and sanitation in Spain: Water supply and sanitation in Spain - Reservoirs in Spain - List of dams and reservoirs in Spain by region

Drought in Spain: Drought in Spain

Transport in Spain: Transport in Spain

Water transport in Spain: Water transport in Spain - Shipping companies of Spain

Ports and harbours of Spain: Ports and harbours of Spain - List of ports in Spain - Mediterranean port cities and towns in Spain - Port cities and towns on the Spanish Atlantic coast

Rail transport in Spain: Rail transport in Spain - Santiago de Compostela derailment 24 July 2013 - 26 July: Spanish train inquiry looks at a driver obsessed with speed - 30 July and black box truth: Data recorders from derailed train show the driver was on the phone and travelling at almost twice the speed limit, officials said Tuesday, adding that he braked only seconds before the crash - 2 August and further black box truth: Black boxes show Spanish train derailed at 179 kph

Tourism in Spain: Tourism in Spain - Visitor attractions in Spain - World Heritage Sites in Spain

Banking in Spain: Banking in Spain - Banks of Spain - Savings bank - Santander Group, largest bank in the Eurozone by market value with operations across Europe, Latin America, North America and Asia

2012: 9 juin 2012: L'Espagne obtient une aide européenne de 100 milliards pour soutenir ses banques - 25 juin 2012: L'Espagne officiellement demande l'aide européenne pour sauver ses banques

2017: 7 June 2017: Santander rescues Spain's failing Banco Popular from collapse

Economic history of Spain and economic cycles: Economic history of Spain since 1985 and the European integration - Economic history of Spain

2007-2015 Spanisch economic and financial crisis: Late 2000s recession: Spain - Spanish 'property bubble' - European sovereign debt crisis (2010-present) - 2008–2015 Spanish financial crisis

2011/2012 Spain's unemployment rate rose to 22,8%: 27 January 2012: Spain's unemployment figure passes five million (5,3 million) in the last quarter of 2011, the rate rose to 22,8% - 13. März 2012: In 2012 erwartet Spanien einen Rückgang seiner Wirtschaftsleistung um 1,7%, hat mit 22,9% bereits die höchste Arbeitslosenquote in der EU und bekommt sein Defizit von ca. 6% nicht unter Kontrolle - 3 April: Spain's jobless rate at 23.6% in February - 23. April 2012: Spanien zu Jahresbeginn 2012 in Rezession - 27 April: Spanish unemployment hits record 5.64 million at the end of March 2012 - 9 May: Spanish lender Bankia to be partly nationalised - 25 May: Spain's Bankia seeks 19bn-euro bailout from government - 1. Juni: Zunehmende Kapitalflucht aus Spanien - 10 June: Spain asks for eurozone help - 11. Juni: EU: Troika soll Spanien überwachen - 25 juin 2012: L'Espagne officiellement demande l'aide européenne pour sauver ses banques

July-December 2012: 27 juillet: 24,63% de la population active sans-emploi - 28 août: La récession s'est aggravée au 2ème trimestre - 3 September: Andalusia has become the latest region to request a financial lifeline from the central government - 29 September: Spain's banks 'need $76.3 billion' - 26 octobre: Le chômage en Espagne a encore grimpé au troisième trimestre, à 25,02% de la population active - 5 November: A total of 4.8m people are now out of work in Spain, according to the Labour Ministry - 19 November: Spain's central bank says level of loans considered at high risk of not being repaid reached 10.7% of total loans

2012/2013 unemployment rate 26% and nearly 55% of Spanish youth out of job: 24 January 2013: Nearly 55% of Spanish youth under 25 years out of job as unemployment rate surges to 26% in final quarter 2012 - 25 avril: Le chômage en Espagne a encore progressé au premier trimestre 2013, atteignant le nouveau seuil historique de 27,16% avec plus de six millions de sans-emploi, alors que le pays reste plongé dans la récession - 31 juillet 2013: L'Espagne a déjà atteint la limite de déficit fixée pour fin 2013 - 27 November 2013: Fearful for their jobs, Spaniards are accepting ever deeper wage cuts

March 2020 severe disruption in economic activity due to Covid19 pandemic: 25 March 2020: Spain has experienced a severe disruption in economic activity since early March due to the coronavirus pandemic and restrictions implemented to halt its spread, the Bank of Spain said

Labor in Spain: Labor in Spain - Labour disputes in Spain - Trade unions in Spain - 2010 Spanish Labor Reform

Cooperatives in Spain: Cooperatives in Spain

Unemployment in Spain: Unemployment in Spain, higher than in other Western European countries the unemployment rate since the Spanish economic crisis of 2008 quickly rose to 20% in 2010 and 25% in 2012, in some regions of Spain less than in others - Unemployment benefits in Spain

Youth unemployment in Spain: Youth unemployment in Spain, at the end 2016 the rate of unemployment among young people was 42.91% - 1991-2016 Youth unemployment rate in Spain, according to ILO

2017: 2017-01-26: La tasa de paro juvenil baja 3 puntos en 2016, hasta el 42,9%, según la EPA

Poverty in Spain:

2015 rising child poverty in Spain according to EU: 13 November 2015: Spain is facing rising levels of child poverty as its economic recovery fails to bridge a growing gulf between rich and poor, storing up problems for an already-strained social security system, according to EU figures

2017 child poverty on the rise according to Unicef: 19 April 2017: As child poverty is on the rise in wealthy countries after the economic crisis and years of austerity, in Spain, the proportion of children living below the poverty line increased by nine percentage points between 2008 and 2014, to reach almost 40%, according to Unicef - 28 July 2017: Poverty hits millions in Spain despite growth

February 2020 Spain abandoning people in poverty despite post-recession recovery: 7 February 2020: Spain is abandoning people in poverty and failing to take social rights seriously despite its post-recession recovery, according to a UN expert Philip Alston, as unemployment rate stands at 13.85%, youth unemployment at 30.5%, and as Spain’s Roma population of 750,000 people and its 6 million migrants remain especially vulnerable groups

Social security in Spain: Social security in Spain - April 1995 Toledo Pact, reform of the Spanish social security system approved by the Spanish parliament - Since 2000 Social Security Reserve Fund in Spain - Pensions in Spain

Wealth in Spain: Wealth in Spain

Spanish billionaires: Spanish billionaires

Taxation in Spain: Taxation in Spain - Income tax in Spain - Capital gains tax in Spain

Spanish Armed Forces: Spanish Armed Forces - Military history of Spain - List of wars involving Spain - Military coups in Spain - Spanish coup of July 1936 - Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 - Francoist Spain 1939-1975

Politics of Spain: Politics of Spain - Since 1812 Constitutions of Spain - March 1812 Spanish Constitution drafted and adopted by the Cádiz Cortes, Spain's first national sovereign assembly, establishing the principles of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy and freedom of the press, supporting land reform and free enterprise, one of the most liberal constitutions of its time - Federal Constitution of the First Republic of Spain 1873–1874 - December 1931 Constitution of Spain, approved by the Constituent Assembly in 1931, was the constitution of the Second Spanish Republic founded 14 April 1931 and in force until 1 April 1939, in the second period of Spanish history in which both head of state and head of government were democratically elected - The Spanish Constitution of 1978, is the current supreme law of the Kingdom of Spain enacted after the country's 1978 constitutional referendum in the period of the Spanish transition to democracy

Political parties in Spain: List of political parties in Spain

PSOE: Spanish Socialist Workers' Party PSOE founded in 1879 - Socialist Youth of Spain, the youth organisation of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party founded in 1906 and aligned internationally with the Young European Socialists and the International Union of Socialist Youth

United Left and Communist Party of Spain: United Left (Izquierda Unida), a political coalition that was organized in 1986, bringing together several left-wing political organizations - The Communist Party of Spain PCE is the largest member organization of the United Left electoral coalition and has influence in the largest Spanish trade union 'Workers' Commissions'

'Podemos': 'Podemos' Spanish political party since 2014 - 27 May 2014: After European Parliament election, 'Podemos' party has five MEPs and determination to change political landscape

Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes: Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya–Catalunya Sí), a Catalan pro-independence left-wing electoral coalition

People's Party (Spain): The People's Party is a conservative and Christian democratic political party in Spain

2017: 10 February 2017: Key figures in Spain’s huge Gürtel corruption case, a major political corruption scheme affecting Spain’s ruling Popular Party, get 13-year jail terms, as Francisco Correa, Pablo Crespo and Álvaro Pérez found guilty over role in massive kickbacks scandal

Citizens: Citizens (Ciudadanos), a liberal political party in Spain

Trade unions in Spain: Trade unions in Spain - Unión General de Trabajadores UGT - The Workers' Commissions (Comisiones Obreras) since the 1970s has become the largest trade union in Spain with more than one million members, the most successful union in labor elections - The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo CNT is a confederation of anarcho-syndicalist labour unions founded in 1910

Elections, referendums and politics in Spain: Elections in Spain - Referendums in Spain

14 March 2004 Spanish general election: Spanish general election 14 March 2004 - 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings explosions, that killed 193 people and injured around 2,000 - the the deadliest terrorist attack in the history of Spain and the deadliest in Europe since the 1988 bombing over Lockerbie - as official investigation by the Spanish judiciary found that the attacks were directed by an al-Qaeda terrorist cell

March 2004 election results: Electoral outcome, heavily influenced by the aftermath of the Madrid train bombings on 11 March, as the PP government kept blaming the terrorist organization ETA for the bombings, even in spite of mounting evidence suggesting the involvement of Islamist groups that would have been perceived as the direct result of Spain's involvement in the Iraq War, which had been highly unpopular among the public, then described by some media as an 'unprecedented electoral upset', following abuse of the PP's absolute majority throughout the legislature, with a focus on Spain's involvement in Iraq, was said to have helped fuel a wave of discontent against the incumbent ruling party, with the government's mismanagement on the bombings serving as the final catalyst for change to happen, as 11 million votes and 42.6%, the opposition Spanish PSO increased by 3.1 million, and the PP, which opinion polls earlier in the year had predicted would secure a diminished but still commanding victory, lost 35 seats resulting in the worst defeat for a sitting government since 1982, and as the 75.7% turnout was among the highest since the Spanish transition to democracy

March 2008 Spanish general election: Spanish general election 9 March 2008, as after four years of growing bipolarisation of Spanish politics, the election saw a record result for both ruling PSOE and opposition PP, together obtaining more than 83% of the vote, as United Left had its worst general election performance ever with less than 4% and 2 seats, as PM Zapatero was sworn for a second term in office just as the Spanish economy began showing signs of fatigue and economic slowdown after a decade of growth and amid global period of general economic decline since 2008 observed in world markets

November 2011 Spanish general election: Spanish general election 20 November 2011

May 2011: Regional- und Kommunalwahlen in Spanien 22. Mai 2011, schwere Verluste für PSOE - 23 May: Defeat of PSOE - Success of PP and Basque separatists

June-September 2011: 28. Juni 2011: Zapatero kündigt weitere Sparpakete am 28. Juni an - 29. Juli 2011: Zapatero kündigt vorgezogene Parlamentswahlen für den 20. November an - 2. September: Schuldenbegrenzung in spanischer Verfassung von Abgeordnetenhaus angenommen

November/December 2011: Spanish general election 20 November 2011 - 21 November: Popular party wins election seizing an absolute majority of seats in parliament - 30 December: Popular party government unveils spending cuts to tackle deficit estimated to equal 8% of GDP

March/April 2012: 30 mars: L'Espagne présente un budget d'une rigueur historique au lendemain de manifestations monstres - 9. April: Regierung Rajoy will durch eine Reform des Bildungs- und Gesundheitssystems die Ausgaben in diesen Bereichen um mehr als zehn Milliarden Euro senken - 17 April: King Juan Carlos has come under intense media fire for hunting elephants in Botswana when his country was being sucked back into the eurozone's financial crisis and one young Spaniard out of two was unemployed

July 2012: 11 July: After Eurozone finance ministers agreed to provide 30bn euros for Spain's banks Spanish PM to unveil fresh cuts - 11. Juli: Regierung Rajoy will zu Lasten der arbeitenden Bevölkerung (Erhöhungen indirekter Steuern etc.) in den nächsten zweieinhalb Jahren 65 Milliarden Euro einsparen - 29. Juli: Nach einer 'El País' Umfrage würde die PP jetzt 14,6% weniger als vor acht Monaten erhalten - das Erbe Zapateros verhindert PSOE Gewinn

September 2012: 27 September: Rajoy government outlines further $50bn worth of savings, tax rises and structural reforms against a backdrop of a falling economy and 25% unemployment rate

October 2012: 21 October: Pro-independence parties are poised to make strong showing in local elections in Spain's Basque Country - 22 October: People's Party in Galicia with 41 seats, but in the Basque Country the PNV with 27 seats in the regional parliament, Bildu took 21, Socialist Party in third place with 16 seats, followed by the Popular Party with 10

November 2012: 25 November: Catalonia is holding important regional elections, after a campaign that has focused on the issue of independence - 26 November: Catalonia has voted into office a large majority of pro-independence legislators, but regional president Artur Mas saw its parliamentary majority fall to 50 seats from 62

February 2013: 1 February: The newspaper El País reports that PM Rajoy and other conservative politicians had received regular payments from a previously undisclosed account run by treasurers of his Popular Party

December 2013: 12 décembre: La Catalogne défie Madrid avec un référendum sur l'indépendance le 9 novembre 2014

April 2014: 24 April: Spain restricting people's right to protest, report says

May 2014 Spain European Parliament election: Spain European Parliament election 25 May 2014 - 27 May 2014: Barely 100 days old, Podemos party born from indignados movement now has five MEPs and determination to change political landscape

September/October 2014: 29 September: Catalonia independence referendum halted as constitutional court agrees to hear central government’s challenge to vote

2014 Catalan self-determination referendum: Catalan self-determination referendum 9 November 2014 - 14 October: Catalan government decides not to hold vote, challenged in court by Madrid, and moves to announce an alternative process

October 2014: 27 October 2014: Spanish authorities arrest 51 top figures in anti-corruption sweep, members of Rajoy’s ruling People’s party were among those arrested a day after PM Rajoy played down scale of corruption in Spain

2015: 21 May 2015: Anti-austerity and newcomer parties in Spain hoping to make gains in this Sunday's local and regional elections

24 May 2015 Spanish municipal elections - 24 May 2015 Spanish regional elections - 2015 elections in Spain by communities and cities - 25 May: Spaniards opted for change in the shape of new anti-establishment parties - 13 juin: Plusieurs grandes villes espagnoles sont passées au mouvement du 'changement' lors des régionales du 24 mai, notamment Madrid, Barcelone, Cadiz, La Coruna, Séville ou Valence - 15 June: Spain's indignado mayors stay true to their roots in first day on the job

September 2015 Catalonian parliamentary election: 27 September 2015 Catalonian parliamentary election - 28 septembre 2015: 'La démocratie a gagné' clame Artur Mas, revendiquant la victoire des indépendantistes lors des élections régionales en quatre langues, catalan, espagnol, français et anglais

2015: 12 October 2015: Barcelona mayor joins other officials in decrying holiday that honours Columbus’s arrival in the Americas saying 'shame that a nation celebrates genocide', as King Felipe presides over a noisy and smoky military parade that costs 800,000 euros to celebrate Spain’s 'National Day'

20 December 2015 Spanish general election: 20 December 2015 Spanish general election - 20 décembre: Les Espagnols ont commencé à voter - 21 diciembre 2015: El PP con 123 escaños, el PSOE con 90 diputados, el partido Podemos con 69, y Ciudadanos con 40 asientos en el Congreso, los resultados, reacciones y posibles pactos tras las elecciones generales

2016: 23 janvier 2016: Rajoy renonce à former un gouvernement laissant la voie ouverte aux socialistes et Podemos pour se mettre d'accord sur une alliance - 15 April 2016: Spain’s industry, energy and tourism minister Soria resigns with immediate effect after alleged links to offshore dealings emerged in the Panama Papers - 23 avril 2016: Les Espagnols vont retourner aux urnes en juin

June 2016 Spanish general election: 26 June 2016 Spanish general election - 26 June 2016: Spaniards vote in repeat elections on Sunday - 27 juin: Sur les quatre grandes formations qui se partagent le Parlement en Espagne, seul ce parti de droite a gagné du terrain

August/September 2016: 25 August 2016: As political impasse continues, Spain faces prospect of its third general election in just over a year, on 25 December - 2 septembre 2016: Les députés espagnols ont de nouveau refusé la confiance au Rajoy

October 2016: 4 October 2016: Leading figures in ruling People’s party among defendants accused of taking part in kickbacks-for-contracts scheme - 29 Octubre 2016: Quince diputados socialistas han votado en contra de la investidura de Mariano Rajoy, en la segunda votación, que se resolvía por mayoría simple

April 2017: 26 April 2017: Eighty years after Nazi bombers devastated the Basque town of Guernica, inspiring Pablo Picasso’s famous painting, Madrid city council has removed a last, lingering trace of the most notorious atrocity of the Spanish civil war, dismantling a mausoleum in 'La Almudena' cemetery where seven pilots of the German Condor legion are buried

August 2017: 30 August 2017: Spain’s PM challenged lawmakers to table a no confidence vote in his government as he answered questions over alleged illegal financing of his conservative People’s Party, as all of the Spanish and Catalan parties said they did not trust Rajoy and the PSO and Podemos even called for his resignation

September 2017: 21 September 2017: A day after Spanish Guardia Civil officers raided regional government buildings and arrested 14 senior officials, regional president of Catalonia Carles Puigdemont has accused the Spanish government of acting 'beyond the limits of a respectable democracy' and violating fundamental rights as it strives to prevent independence referendum - 27 September 2017: The Catalan regional government has accused the Spanish authorities of behaving like Turkey, China and North Korea by blocking websites designed to help people vote in Sunday’s independence referendum - 28 September 2017: UN human rights experts have weighed in on the escalating row over Catalonia’s independence referendum, warning the Spanish authorities that their 'worrying' efforts to halt Sunday’s poll appear to violate fundamental rights and risk stifling debate 'at a critical moment for Spain’s democracy'

October 2017 Catalan independence referendum: 1 October 2017 Catalan independence referendum - 1 October 2017: 38 injured as riot police attack protests, while Catalans cast independence votes in peaceful defiance of Spanish government - 2 October 2017: Preliminary results of Catalan referendum show 90% in favour of independence, after raids on ballot stations by riot police left hundreds of Catalans injured - 4 October 2017: Catalonia’s president Puigdemont has accused King Felipe of Spain of acting as a mouthpiece for the Rajoy government after Catalonia’s independence referendum was marred by police violence and as the country wrestles with the crisis - 6 October 2017: After hundreds of people were injured by Spanish police attempting to stop independence referendum by raiding polling stations, beating voters and firing rubber bullets at crowds, Spanish government has apologised for police violence strangely insisting that the region’s political leaders are to blame - 10 October 2017: Catalan president Puigdemont says he has mandate to declare independence but proposes waiting 'a few weeks' to encourage dialogue - 11 October 2017: Rajoy threatens Catalonia with direct rule after Catalan offer of talks - 12 October 2017: Catalan president Puigdemont accuses Rajoy of ignoring call for talks, as vice-president Junqueras says that 'a sincere dialogue is what the international community wants and what Catalonia expects, not confrontation and new threats', and as Human Rights Watch documents that police used excessive force in Catalonia during referendum, calling for an independent report into the violence - 13 October 2017: As the central government in Madrid appears to be hostage to some of the most reactionary forces in Spanish society, Spain’s need for a new constitution is greater than Catalonia’s need for independence, historian John Payne says - 16 October 2017: Catalan president Carles Puigdemont repeats his calls for negotiations with the Madrid government to resolve the country’s ongoing political crisis - 17 October 2017: Rajoy government has signalled a hardening line over Catalonia by jailing the leaders of two of the largest separatist organisations in a move seen as taking Rajoy closer to imposing central rule over Catalonia - 22 October 2017: Catalan president Puigdemont said in a televized speech that the decision by PM Rajoy to fire the regional government and force a new election is 'the worst attack against the institutions and the people of Catalonia since the military dictatorship of Francisco Franco' - 28 October 2017: Rajoy government takes direct control of Catalonia, firing the region’s defiant separatist government a day after Catalan lawmakers passed a declaration of independence for the prosperous northeastern region, and calls fresh elections - 28 October 2017: Calling for 'democratic opposition' to the takeover Catalonia's Puigdemont vows 'peaceful resistance' - 31 October 2017: Catalan leaders facing rebellion charges flee to Belgium - 2 novembre 2017: Certains membres du gouvernement catalan destitué ont comparu à Madrid dans une enquête pour sédition et rébellion

November 2017: 2 November 2017: Spain’s national court's judge Lamela jails eight members of deposed Catalan government including Oriol Junqueras while they are investigated on possible charges of sedition, rebellion and misuse of public funds, as prosecutors seek European arrest warrant for region’s ousted president - 5 November 2017: A Belgian judge has released the ousted Catalan leader Carles Puigdemont and four of his ministers on bail after a hearing lasting more than 10 hours

December 2017 Catalan regional election: 21 December 2017 Catalan regional election - 22 December 2017: Catalan pro-independence parties have held their absolute majority in snap regional elections, dealing a severe blow to the Rajoy administration, which had called the polls in the hope of heading off the secessionist push - 23 December 2017: Tensions continue to rise as Catalans elect 19 jailed, exiled or bailed politicians, and separatists claim the judiciary is acting on Rajoy government’s orders

March 2018: 23 March 2018: Spanish supreme court judge Llarena announces that 13 senior Catalan leaders, including Turull and the deposed regional president, Carles Puigdemont, would be charged with rebellion, charging Catalonia’s presidential candidate Jordi Turull with rebellion and ordering him to remain in custody less than 24 hours before he was due to attend an investiture debate

April 2018: 7 avril 2018: Carles Puigdemont s'est dit prêt, au lendemain de sa libération en Allemagne, à travailler avec le gouvernement espagnol, disant 'l'indépendance n'est pas l'unique solution'

June 2018: 1 Jun 2018: Pedro Sánchez, presidente del Gobierno tras ganar la moción de censura a Rajoy

July/August 2018: 12 July 2018: Spain’s new government has announced plans to establish a truth commission to investigate crimes against humanity committed by the regime of the former military dictator Francisco Franco - 24 August 2018: Spanish government approves exhumation of Francisco Franco, which have lain in the Valley of the Fallen mausoleum near Madrid since his death in 1975

February 2019: 13 February 2019: Spain is set for its third general election in less than four years after rightwing parties and Catalan secessionists rejected the national budget in a key vote on Wednesday - 15 February 2019: Spain's PM calls snap general election for 28 April

April 2019 Spanish general election: 28 April 2019 Spanish general election no later than Sunday 26 July 2020 - 28 April 2019: The PSOE emerged greatly strengthened, but will need the support of Podemos and other parties to form a coalition and government

May 2019 Spanish regional and local elections: 26 May 2019 Spanish regional elections - 26 May 2019 Spanish local elections

May 2019 European Parliament election in Spain: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Spain

19 October 2019 Catalan president calls for talks with government in Madrid: 19 October 2019: Catalan president calls for talks with Spain's government after unrest, as Quim Torra urges dialogue for democratic solution to tensions

November 2019 Spanish general election: 10 November 2019 Spanish general election - all 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies will be up for election, as well as 208 of 265 seats in the Senate - 11 November 2019: With its hard line against Catalan separatism, immigration and feminism, xenophobic party Vox was the big winner of Spain’s repeat general election on Sunday, surging into third place, the most significant showing since Spain’s return to democracy following dictator Franco’s death in 1975

12 January 2020 Spain’s coalition government: 12 January 2020: Spain’s first coalition government since the 1930s is preparing for office following a tumultuous and extraordinarily bad-tempered week of political argument that presages a fraught legislature

19 March 2020 Spain still paying bonuses to 115 police including torturer given medals by Franco: 19 March 2020: More than four decades after the death of the dictator Francisco Franco, the Spanish government has said it continues to pay bonuses to 115 police officers who were awarded medals during his regime, including one officer accused of multiple acts of torture

6 July 2020 former UN expert decries Spain's 'utterly inadequate' social protection system: 6 July 2020: The covid-19 pandemic has revealed the 'utterly inadequate' state of Spain’s social protection system, according to former UN poverty expert Philip Alston who is calling on the government to ensure its actions on basic rights 'live up to the rhetoric'

13 July 2020 Catalan politicians 'targeted by government-grade spyware': 13 July 2020: One of Catalonia’s most senior politicians has been warned his mobile phone was targeted using spyware its makers say is only sold to governments to track criminals and terrorists, as a joint investigation by the Guardian and El País has revealed that the speaker of the Catalan regional parliament, Roger Torrent and at least two other pro-independence supporters were told they were targeted last year in what experts said was a 'possible case of domestic political espionage' in Europe

25 October 2020 Spain declares covid-19 state of emergency: 25 October 2020: Spain declares covid-19 state of emergency, as government imposes nationwide curfew after country hits 1m cases, and as Italians urged to stay home

15 February 2021 Catalan pro-independence parties increase majority: February 2021 Catalan regional election - 15 February 2021: Catalan pro-independence parties increase majority, as Catalan Socialist party finishes first and as secessionists win more than half the vote on turnout of only 53%

3 October 2021 ICIJ's October 2021 'Pandora Papers' reveal more than 700 offshore companies linked to Spain: 3 October 2021: ICIJ's October 2021 'Pandora Papers' based on secret files from 14 law firms reveal more than 700 offshore companies linked to Spain, as this global investigation led by the CIJ exposes the murky business dealings of politicians, millionaires and artists from more than 90 countries

28 May 2023 Spanish regional and local elections: 28 May 2023 Spanish regional elections - 28 May 2023 Spanish local elections to elect all councillors in the municipalities of Spain and all 1,038 seats in 38 provincial deputations. The elections will be held simultaneously with regional elections in twelve autonomous communities, as well as local elections in the three foral deputations of the Basque Country, the four island councils in the Balearic Islands and the seven island cabildos in the Canary Islands.

28 May 2023 Spain’s conservative opposition heading for emphatic win in regional polls: 28 May 2023: Spain’s opposition conservative 'People’s party' is poised to wrest the regions of Valencia, Aragón and the Balearic islands from the ruling Spanish Socialist Workers’ party PSOE, according to 'The Guardian', as 'telesur' reported a low turnout in Spain's subnational elections

29 May 2023 Spain’s conservative opposition heading for emphatic win in regional polls: 29 May 2023: Pedro Sánchez’s Socialist Workers’ Party suffered heavy losses in Spain’s local elections, as the PP took control of a string of key city halls and regions. The elections held for 12 of the country’s 17 regional parliaments and in municipalities nationwide are seen as a bellwether just months before a general election, 'politico' reports

29 May 2023 Spain’s PM calls snap election after opposition triumphs in local polls: 29 May 2023: Spain’s socialist PM Pedro Sánchez has responded to the triumph of the rightwing opposition in Sunday’s regional and municipal elections by calling a risky snap general election that will determine his political future and that of his minority coalition governmen, saying Spaniards need to clarify what they want after gains by conservative and far-right parties

23 July 2023 Spanish general election: 23 July 2023 Spanish general election - Opinion polling for the 2023 Spanish general election

23 July 2023 Spanish general election reported with live updates by the 'British Guardian': 23 July 2023: Vote survey shows no clear majority but rightwing parties in lead, as Spain election 2023 results reported with live updates by the 'British Guardian'

24 July 2023 Pedro Sánchez rules out return to polls after Spanish vote delivers hung parliament: 24 July 2023: Spanish Socialist leader Pedro Sánchez has ruled out a return to the polls following Sunday’s inconclusive snap general election, insisting a new government can be formed after his ruling coalition was narrowly beaten by the opposition conservative PP

Social movements and protests in Spain: Protests in Spain - Labour movement in Spain

Since 1807 Timeline of the Peninsular War: Timeline of the Peninsular War 1807–1814, including major battles, smaller actions, uprisings, sieges and other related events that took place during that period, following the French democratic revolution 1789 - Karl Marx, Das revolutionäre Spanien seit 1808

Since 1855 Labour disputes in Spain: Since 1855 Labour disputes in Spain

Since 1973 anti-nuclear movement in Spain: Since the late 1950s and early 1960s saw a strong push from the Spanish Government to establish a national nuclear power industry, as in response to the surge in nuclear power plant plans, a strong anti-nuclear movement emerged in 1973, as in 2017 Spain has extended the life of the Almaraz Nuclear Power Plant and a nuclear storage facility will be built according to the Spanish secretary of State for the EU Jorge Toledo Albiñana, stating work will start regardless of Portugals complaints, and uranium bars that will remain radioactive for the next 300 years will be stored on site

Since December 1988 Spanish general strikes: December 1988 Spain's general strike called by the two main trade unions CCOO and Unión General de Trabajadores, followed by more important general strikes in modern Spain 1991-2012

2011-2012 Spanish protests: 2011–12 Spanish protests

May 2011: 19. Mai 2011: Demonstrationen in Spanien trotz Verbots - 20. Mai 2011: Protestverbot in Spanien - 21 May: Spain's protesters defy government ban - 21. Mai 2011: Mehr als 60 Protestcamps in Spanien - Zapatero sieht Verpflichtung - 27 May 2011: Police clash with protesters in Barcelona - Spanien Proteste Mai 2011

June/July 2011: 19. Juni 2011: Fortgesetzte Demonstrationen in mehreren spanischen Städten - Mass protests against crisis continue in Spains capital 24 July

August-November 2011: 4/5 August: Madrid protesters against crisis and unemployment clash with riot police - 5/6 August: Thousands of protesters retake Madrid's 'Puerta del Sol' square - 18 August: Thousands have rallied in Madrid against the cost of a visit by the Pope at a time of economic hardship - earlier a Mexican student arrested for plotting to gas the anti-Pope rallies - 6. September 2011: Demonstrationen auch in spanischen Städten gegen Schuldenbegrenzung - 14 November: Protests against unemployment ahead of election on 20 November

February-June 2012: 19 février 2012: Des centaines de milliers d'Espagnols sont descendus dans les rues pour protester contre la réforme du travail - 11 März: Hunderttausende demonstrieren in 60 spanischen Städten gegen die Arbeitsmarktreformen und Sparmassnahmen der Regierung, Gedenken an Bombenanschläge 2004 - 29. März: Generalstreik in Spanien - Protest gegen Arbeitsmarktreform - 30 March: Spanish workers angry at the labour 'reform' staged general strike on Thursday, bringing factories and ports to a standstill - protests across the country - 29. April 2012: Zehntausende Spanier demonstrieren gegen das neue Sparpaket, das insbesondere im Gesundheits- und Bildungsbereich Kürzungen vorsieht - 12 May: Spain's 'indignants' to take over streets - 13 May: Thousands march against economic gloom in Spain - 22 May: Spanish school and university protest at education cuts - 15 June: Striking Spanish miners clash with police in Asturias - Asturian miners' strike June 2012 - 28 June: Spanish pensioners are joining in a wave of social protests in Spain

July-December 2012: 11 juillet 2012: Arrivés à Madrid, les mineurs grévistes manifestent pour défendre leurs emplois - 11 July: Spain's government announces budget cuts, sales tax rising from 18% to 21% etc. amid protests of thousands - 16 juillet: Des milliers de fonctionnaires manifestent, spontanément, à Madrid contre le plan de rigueur du gouvernement - 20 juillet: Des centaines de milliers contre le plan de rigueur, manifestants dispersés violemment à Madrid - 22. Juli: Tausende arbeitslose Demonstranten gegen die unsoziale Regierungspolitik nach Sternmarsch in Madrid - 11 September: More than a million people gather in Barcelona, accusing Madrid government of dragging them into economic trouble - 15 September: Tens of thousands of people have rallied in Spain and Portugal to protest against fresh austerity measures - 22. September: Tausende protestieren in Madrid gegen Sparmassnahmen und fordern Entmachtung der Banker - 25 September: Spanish riot police fires rubber bullets at protesters injuring several people as thousands rally against austerity - 30 septembre: Une nouvelle manifestation anti-austérité dégénère à Madrid - 7 octobre: Quelques milliers de manifestants à Madrid contre l'austérité - 13 October: Thousands protest in Spain, Portugal against austerity cuts - 27 October: Several thousand people have marched to Spain's parliament in an anti-austerity protest, but were held back from surrounding the building - 10 November: Spain anti-bank protest decries second evictee suicide - 19 décembre: Des milliers de manifestants devant l'Assemblée régionale de Madrid pour protester contre les coupes dans le budget de la santé publique

January-June 2013: 14 January: Thousands demonstrated in Madrid against plans to privatise parts of their public health care system - 27 January 2013: Anger mounts over corruption in recession-hit Spain - 12 February: As Spain debates reform fresh anti-eviction protests after evictees committed suicide - 16 février: Manifestations dans toute l'Espagne pour mettre fin aux expulsions - 24 February: Tens of thousands marched through cities across Spain to protest economic policy, the privatisation of public services and political corruption - 10 March: Thousands march in cities across Spain protesting government austerity policies, unemployment - 14 mars: Des milliers d'étudiants espagnols ont manifesté jeudi à Madrid contre les coupes budgétaires qui frappent les écoles et les universités - 15 April: Thousands of protesters took to the streets of Madrid on Sunday to demand the abdication of Spain's scandal-hit monarchy - 18 avril: Pendant les députés adoptent une loi controversée contre les expulsions plusieurs dizaines de militants anti-expulsions ont manifesté leur colère près du Congrès des députés - 21 April: Thousands of doctors, nurses and other healthcare workers marched in Madrid to protest against government spending cuts and plans to partly privatise medical services - 25 avril: La police espagnole a dispersé jeudi à coups de matraque des manifestants rassemblés près du Congrès des députés à Madrid, ripostant à des jets de projectiles - 12 mai: Deux ans après, les Indignés sont de retour à la Puerta del Sol - 1 June: Thousands protest Europe crisis in Madrid on Saturday in a string of demonstrations across Europe

July-December 2013: 15 July: Protesters, outraged by the corruption allegations at a time of recession and record unemployment, rallied outside the Popular Party's Madrid headquarters - 19 août: Manifestation des pêcheurs espagnols contre la construction du récif de Gibraltar par les autorités britanniques - 12 septembre: Les partisans de l'indépendance de la Catalogne ont formé une chaîne humaine d'environ 400 km le long de la côte méditerranéenne pour réclamer un référendum sur l'autodétermination de la région autonome - 22 septembre: Manifestation à Madrid pour défendre la santé publique - 17 October: Scientists held a minute of silence at universities across Spain to protest against drastic cuts to the country's science budget - 17 October: Respite for families in Spain mass eviction protest - 27 octobre: Des victimes de l'ETA manifestent pour réclamer justice après l'arrêt des juges du CEDH qui pourrait entraîner la libération de dizaines de militants de l'ETA - 14 November: Madrid street sweepers and public parks gardeners strike against plans to cut their salaries by up to 40 percent and slash 1,135 jobs hampers Spanish capital's image and tourism - 24 novembre: Manifestations contre l'austérité en Catalogne et Andalousie - 1. Dezember: Im Nordwesten Spaniens haben tausende Menschen gegen das Urteil zum Untergang des Öltankers 'Prestige' protestiert - 5 décembre: Les victimes de la police franquiste réclament 'justice et vérité' à Madrid

2014: 12 January: Huge silent march in Bilbao after ban on Eta prisoner rally, victims of Eta violence said the march made a mockery of their suffering - 22 March: Tens of thousands 'marching for dignity' in Madrid against Rajoy's tax increases and budget cuts - 4 April: Tens of thousands took to the streets in cities across the country to demonstrate against the government’s austerity measures - 2 June 2014: Tens of thousands in more than 60 Spanish towns and cities took to the streets to demand a referendum on the future of the monarchy after Juan Carlos' abdication - 6 June: Spanish protesters across Spain and Europe call for a referendum on the monarchy and for a republic - 29 November 2014: Thousands stage anti-government protest in Madrid against austerity, unemployment and corruption - 20 December: Thousands of people protest in Spanish cities such as Barcelona, Bilbao and Madrid against a new law that sets hefty fines for offences such as burning the national flag and demonstrating outside parliament buildings or strategic installations

2015 anti-austerity movement and protests in Spain: 2015 anti-austerity movement and protests in Spain since 2011

January 2015 protests: 31 January 2015: Tens of thousands join Podemos anti-austerity rally in Madrid demanding change in Spain - 22 March: Thousands of people took part in a 'march for dignity' in Madrid to protest against austerity measures on the eve of a closely-watched regional election in Andalusia - 11 August 2015: About 200 people took to the square in Salou in protest against 50-year-old Senegalese Mor's death, who jumped from a balcony on the third floor in an attempt to escape police who raided his house on Tuesday morning - 11 September: Nearly 1.5 million Catalans took to the streets of Barcelona to rally for independence, as the region’s politicians launched their campaigns for a looming election - 5 November 2015: More than 430,000 people have signed a petition opposing government's plans to create optional bullfighting course for students aged 15 to 17

2016 protests: 15 mai 2016: Des milliers d’Espagnols ont manifesté au centre-ville de Madrid pour souligner le cinquième anniversaire du mouvement de protestation des 'Indignés' - 29 octubre 2016: Miles de personas se manifiestan contra 'la investidura ilegítima' de Mariano Rajoy

2017 protests: 18 February 2017: Tens of thousands of demonstrators march in Barcelona following mayor’s call to challenge the Spanish government over its failure to accept country’s quota of migrants agreed in 2015 - 27 August 2017: Hundreds of thousands march in Barcelona to show unity after terrorist attacks - 11 September 2017: Up to a million Catalans have gathered in Barcelona to call for independence less than three weeks ahead of referendum on 1 October - 20/21 September 2017: Protests in Barcelona after Spanish police raid Catalan government buildings, as tens of thousands rallied to protest searches and arrests - 21 September 2017: Podemos as well as regional parties backed a demonstration in Madrid to protest the raids in Barcelona against organizers of the independence referendum, saying 'Detencions NO', 'Democrácia SI'

October 2017 Catalonia general strike: 3 October 2017: Catalonia holds general strike in protest over referendum violence - 3/4 October 2017: An estimated 700,000 people rally in Barcelona outside the headquarters of Spain’s national police force amid strikes in protest at police violence during the Catalonian independence referendum - 8 October 2017: Mired by fascist salutes from Falange party members in Madrid, while shouting slogans such as 'Puigdemont to Prison' or 'Long live the National Police and Civil Guard', that injured 900 people in Barcelona, and organized by an anti-independence group under the slogan 'Let’s recover our senses', tens of thousands also took to Barcelona streets for anti-independence rally - 17 October 2017: Hundreds of thousands of people have taken to the streets of Catalonia to protest against a Madrid judge’s decision to detain pro-independence leaders Jordi Sánchez and Jordi Cuixart, as tensions between the Madrid and Barcelona governments continue to rise - 22 October 2017: 450,000 protesters rally in Barcelona after Rajoy government moves to impose direct rule over Catalonia and arrest region’s president

November 2017 Catalonia protest: 3 novembre 2017: Des milliers de personnes sont descendues dans la rue et se sont rassemblées dans la soirée à Barcelone contre la détention des huit membres du gouvernement catalan - 11 November 2017: Hundreds of thousands of Catalan independence supporters lined one of Barcelona’s main avenues to demand the release of separatist leaders held in prison for their roles in the banned independence referendum

2017 protest against glorification of Spain’s former dictator: 23 November 2017: Nearly 219,000 Spaniards have signed a petition filed in parliament on Thursday asking the government to ban the National Francisco Franco Foundation, which glorifies Spain’s former dictator and gets indirect subsidies

8 March 2018 first nationwide 'feminist strike': 8 March 2018: Women in Spain give up work for a day to participate in the country’s first nationwide 'feminist strike', which aims to highlight sexual discrimination, domestic violence and the wage gap, coinciding with 2018 International Women’s Day under its theme 'Time is Now: Rural and urban activists transforming women’s lives'

17 March 2018 defense of social security: 17 March 2018: Des dizaines de milliers de personnes ont marché une nouvelle fois en Espagne pour exiger une revalorisation de leurs retraites et défendre le système actuel menacé à terme de privatisation

March 2018 Catalonia protest: 26 March 2018: Following the detention of former Catalan leader Carles Puigdemont in Germany, Spanish police use force against protestors in Barcelona - 27 mars 2018: Des militants indépendantistes bloquaient mardi matin deux routes en Catalogne, protestant contre l'arrestation en Allemagne de l'ex-président régional Puigdemont et l'incarcération d'autres leaders indépendantistes en Espagne

April 2018 Catalonia protest: 15 April 2018: Hundreds of thousands of demonstrators take to the streets of Barcelona to call for the return of the 16 Catalan leaders who are in prison or have fled the country in the aftermath of last October’s independence referendum - 26 April 2018: Protests are being held across Spain after five men accused of the gang rape of a teenager during the running of the bulls festival in Pamplona were found guilty of the lesser offence of sexual abuse - 29 April 2018: Tens of thousands of people have marched in northern Spain for a third consecutive day to protest against the rape acquittal of five men, as state prosecutors said they would appeal the ruling

November 2018 protests opposing violence against women: 25 November 2018: Tens of thousands of demonstrators marched through the streets of Madrid and dozens of other Spanish towns and cities to oppose violence against women

March 2019 Catalonia protest: 16 mars 2019: Des milliers de militants pour l'indépendance de la Catalogne ont défilé à Madrid et ont dénoncé le procès de leurs dirigeants jugés pour la tentative de sécession

2019–2020 Catalan protests: 2019–2020 Catalan protests, following the sentencing of nine Catalan independence leaders in a 2019 trial by the Supreme Court of Spain

21 February 2021 thousands on the streets across Spain to protest against Pablo Hasél's jailing: 21 February 2021: Police and demonstrators in Barcelona clashed for a fifth night on Saturday, with thousands taking to the streets across Spain to protest against the jailing of a controversial Pablo Hasél in a highly contentious free speech case

6 July 2021 protests across Spain after gay man beaten to death in Galicia: 6 July 2021: Thousands of people have taken to the streets of towns and cities across Spain to demand justice, equality and protection after a gay man was beaten to death by a group in what police believe could have been a homophobic attack, after 24-year-old victim and nursing assistant Samuel Luiz was out with friends in the Galician city of A Coruña on Saturday

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Spain: Spanish society - Human rights in Spain

Nationalities, regions, provinces and cities of Spain: Nationalities and regions of Spain - 1833 territorial division of Spain - 50 provinces in Spain, the second-level territorial and administrative divisions of the country. The provincial scheme has its roots in the liberal ideal of uniformity followed in the Napoleonic division of Spain into 38 prefectures in 1810. The scheme was created in 1833 by Javier de Burgos and based upon the limits of the old Hispanic kingdoms, though dividing them, if necessary, due to geographic and/or demographic reasons, i.e. to ensure a relative homogeneity in size and population. The provinces legal status has always been controversial in Spain

8,131 municipalities of Spain by province: List of 8,131 municipalities of Spain by province, as of 10 June 2022 and with a population of 3 - 3,305,408 citizens (Madrid)

17 Autonomous communities of Spain and 2 autonomous cities: 17 Autonomous communities of Spain and 2 autonomous cities in accordance with the Spanish constitution of 1978

Galicia autonomous community: Galicia autonomous community of Spain, located in the northwest Iberian Peninsula, and including the provinces of A Coruña, Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra. Located in Atlantic Europe, it is bordered by Portugal to the south, the Spanish autonomous communities of Castile and León and Asturias to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Cantabrian Sea to the north. It had a population of 2,701,743 inhabitants in 2018. Galicia has over 1,660km of coastline, including its offshore islands and islets, among them Cíes Islands, Ons, Sálvora, Cortegada Island, which together form the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park, and the largest and most populated, A Illa de Arousa. The area now called Galicia was first inhabited by humans during the Middle Paleolithic period, and takes its name from the Gallaeci, the Celtic people. - Economy of Galicia

Government and politics of Galicia: Government and politics of Galicia

History of Galicia: History of Galicia

October 2012 Galician parliamentary election: Galician parliamentary election 21 October 2012

2017 wildfires: Octubre 2017 Incendis de Galícia

Vigo city: Vigo city and municipality in the province of Pontevedra, within the autonomous community of Galicia. Located in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, it sits on the southern shore of an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, the Ria de Vigo, the southernmost of the so-called Rías Baixas. The municipality, with a population of 295,364 citizens in 2019 including rural parishes, is the most populous municipality in Galicia. The area of the municipality includes the Cíes Islands, part of the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park. Vigo is one of the region's primary economic agents, owing to the French Stellantis Vigo Plant and to its port. Close to the Portugal–Spain border, Vigo is part of the Galicia–North Portugal Euroregion.

Port of Vigo: Port of Vigo, the biggest fishing port in the world and one of the busiest in transportation. It is home of the world's largest fishing company Pescanova. In 2008, unloaded fish reached 751,971 tonnes. Vigo is the base for the big fishing companies which have prominent presence in countries such as Namibia, South Africa, Mozambique, Australia, Argentina, the Falkland Islands, Chile and Peru, among others. Fish is sent all over Spain and abroad to countries like Portugal, Italy, France and other more distant markets including Asia.

Santiago de Compostela city: Santiago de Compostela city, the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia with a population of 97,849 citizens in 2020. The city has its origin in the shrine of Saint James the Great, now the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, as the destination of the Way of St. James, a leading Catholic pilgrimage route since the 9th century. In 1985, the city's Old Town was designated a Unesco World Heritage Site. Santiago de Compostela has a very mild climate for its latitude with heavy winter rainfall courtesy of its relative proximity to the prevailing winds from Atlantic low-pressure systems.

Asturias autonomous community: Asturias autonomous community in northwest Spain. It is coextensive with the province of Asturias and contains some of the territory that was part of the larger Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages. Divided into eight comarcas (counties), the autonomous community of Asturias is bordered by Cantabria to the east, by Castile and León to the south, by Lugo, Galicia to the west, and by the Cantabrian sea to the north. Asturias is situated in a mountainous setting with vast greenery and lush vegetation, making it part of Green Spain. The region has a maritime climate. It receives plenty of annual rainfall and little sunshine by Spanish standards and has moderated seasons, most often averaging in the lower 20s celsius

Gijón port city: Gijón city and port in north-western Spain, the largest city and municipality by population in the autonomous community of Asturias. It is located on the coast of the Cantabrian Sea in the Bay of Biscay, in the central-northern part of Asturias, approximately 24km north-east of Oviedo and 26km from Avilés. With a population of 271,780 citizens in 2019, Gijón is the 15th largest city in Spain, forming part of a large metropolitan area that includes twenty councils in the center of the region, structured with a dense network of roads, highways and railways and with a population of 835,053 inhabitants in 2011. During the 20th century, Gijón developed as an industrial city in the steel and naval industries. However, due to the decline in manufacturing in these industries, in recent years Gijón is undergoing a transformation into an important tourist, university, commercial and R&D center.

Port of Gijón 'El Musel': El Musel seaport located in the north of Spain in Asturias, and in the middle point of the Cantabrian Sea coast. It is the Port of Gijón as a gateway to Europe through highways, allowing direct access to the west and centre of the Iberian Peninsula. The El Musel port was built as a result of the industrial revolution that began in the second half of the 19th century in Asturias, based on iron and steel manufacturing and more particularly on coal mining in the central basins of the region. Right from the start, these two industrial activities were to be promoted by bankers and native and essentially foreign experts.

Oviedo city: Oviedo city, the capital city of the Principality of Asturias in northern Spain and the administrative and commercial centre of the region. It is also the name of the municipality that contains the city. Oviedo is located approximately 24km southwest of Gijón on the shoreline of the Bay of Biscay

Cantabria autonomous community: Cantabria autonomous community in northern Spain with Santander as its capital city, bordered on the east by the Basque autonomous community (province of Biscay), on the south by Castile and León (provinces of León, Palencia and Burgos), on the west by the Principality of Asturias, and on the north by the Cantabrian Sea (Bay of Biscay). Cantabria belongs to Green Spain, the name given to the strip of land between the Bay of Biscay and the Cantabrian Mountains, so called because of its particularly lush vegetation, due to the wet and moderate oceanic climate.

Santander city and seaport: Santander city and seaport, the capital of the autonomous community and historical region of Cantabria situated on the north coast of Spain. It is a port city located east of Gijón and west of Bilbao with a population of 172,000 citizens in 2017. It is believed to have been a port since ancient times, due to its favorable location, and is documented as far back as the 11th century.

Timeline of Santander since 13th century: Timeline of Santander since 13th century

Basque Country: Basque Country - History of the Basque people - Basque language - Economy of the Basque Autonomous Community - Basque Parliament

Bilbao city: Bilbao city in northern Spain, the largest city in the province of Biscay and in the Basque Country as a whole, as it is also the largest city proper in northern Spain, with a population of 345,141 citizens as of 2015, as the Bilbao metropolitan area has 1,037,847 inhabitants - History of Bilbao

Economy of Bilbao: Economy of Bilbao

Timeline of Bilbao since 14th century: Timeline of Bilbao since 14th century, after Bilbao was foundet in 1300

19 June 1937 Franco fascists capture Bilbao following April 1937 Guernica masscre by NSDAP ruled German empire: 19 June 1937 Franco fascists capture Bilbao following April 1937 Guernica masscre by NSDAP ruled German empire and Italian fascists

27 June 2021 Senegalese immigrant saves stranger from drowning in Bilbao river: 27 June 2021: When a 72-year-old man fell unconscious into the Nervión River in the northern Spanish city of Bilbao, Senegalese migrant Mouhammad Diouf did not hesitate. Diouf jumped into the river and for 15 minutes kept the man afloat, saving him from drowning in Spanish river

Aragon: Aragon - Kingdom of Aragon 1035–1715 - War of the Spanish Succession 1701-1714 - Aragonese Corts

Zaragoza city: Zaragoza city. the capital city of the Zaragoza Province and of the autonomous community of Aragon. It lies by the Ebro river and its tributaries, the Huerva and the Gállego, roughly in the center of both Aragon and the Ebro basin. On 1 January 2021 the population of the municipality of Zaragoza was 675,301 citizens. The population of the metropolitan area was estimated in 2006 at 783,763 inhabitants. The municipality is home to more than 50% of the Aragonese population. The city lies at an elevation of about 208 metres (682 feet) above sea level.

Navarre autonomous community: Navarre autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France. The capital city is Pamplona. The present-day province makes up the majority of the territory of the medieval Kingdom of Navarre, a long-standing Pyrenean kingdom that occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost part, Lower Navarre, located in the southwest corner of France. Navarre is in the transition zone between Green Spain and semi-arid interior areas, and thus its landscapes vary widely across the region.

Pamplona city: Pamplona city, the capital city of the Chartered Community of Navarre in Spain. It is also the third-largest city in the greater Basque cultural region. Lying at near 450m above sea level, the city (and the wider Cuenca de Pamplona) is located on the flood plain of the Arga river, a second-order tributary of the Ebro river. It is located in a transitional location between the rainy Atlantic northern façade of the Iberian Peninsula and its drier inland. Early population in the settlement traces back to the late Bronze to early Iron Age,

Catalonia and Catalan history: Catalonia autonomous community of Spain, designated as a nationality by its Statute of Autonomy. Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran), lies on the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, to the south of the Pyrenees mountain range. Catalonia is administratively divided into four provinces of Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. The capital and largest city, Barcelona is the second-most populated municipality in Spain and the fifth-most populous urban area in the EU. It comprises most of the former Principality of Catalonia, with the remainder Roussillon now part of France's Pyrénées-Orientales. It is bordered by France and Andorra to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the east, and the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon to the west and Valencia to the south. The official languages are Catalan, Spanish, and the Aranese dialect of Occitan - History of Catalonia - Catalan constitutions, the first constitutions were promulgated by the Corts of 1283, the last ones were promulgated by the Corts of 1705 - Catalan Republic, proclaimed 1641, 1873, 1931 and 1934 - 1934 Proclamation of the Catalan Republic within the Spanish state by the President of the Generalitat Lluís Companys - 1939–1975 Catalonia under Franco's dictatorship - 1939/1940 Lluís Companys exiled, detained and extradited by Nazi German secret police Gestapo to their fascist Spanish allies, tortured and beaten, sentenced to death and executed at Montjuïc Castle in Barcelona on 15 October 1940 - 1979 Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, a constitutional law defining the region of Catalonia as an autonomous community within the Kingdom of Spain and one of seventeen such statutes granted, in various forms and capabilities, to the different autonomous communities of Spain since 1970s transition to democracy of the, on 18 June 2006 a referendum altering the statute to expand the authority of the Catalan government was approved

Culture and languages of Catalonia: Catalan culture - Languages of Catalonia - Catalan language

Economy of Catalonia: Economy of Catalonia, a highly industrialized land the nominal GDP of Catalonia in 2014 was €200 billion, the highest in Spain - Parliament of Catalonia

Municipalities of Catalonia: 948 Municipalities of Catalonia as of 2015

Barcelona and province of Barcelona: Province of Barcelona of eastern Spain, in the center of the autonomous community of Catalonia, bordered by the provinces of Tarragona, Lleida, and Girona, and by the Mediterranean Sea - Barcelona metropolitan area centered on the city of Barcelona, with a population of around 5 million it's the most populous metropolitan area on the Mediterranean coast - Barcelona, the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, and the country's second most populous municipality, with a population of 1.6 million within city limits - Economy of Barcelona

Timeline of Barcelona since 218 BCE: Timeline of Barcelona since 218 BCE, when Barcino established by Carthaginian general and statesman Hamilcar Barca

12 July 2023 drought forces Catalonia to diversify water sources, saving every drop: 12 July 2023: With Spain currently experiencing a heatwave, the country is trying to adapt. Barcelona, a city on the frontline of climate change, is doing everything it can to replenish its water reservoirs. This includes treating wastewater and even desalinating sea water.

Politics of Barcelona: Politics of Barcelona - Municipal elections in Barcelona

May 2015 Barcelona City Council election: 24 May 2015 Barcelona City Council election

January 2020 Barcelona bans older, most polluting cars: 2 janvier 2020: Barcelone bannit les véhicules les plus polluants, les véhicules diesel immatriculés avant 2005 et les essences avant 2000 ne peuvent plus circuler durant la journée dans l'ensemble de la ville

Girona and province of Girona: Province of Girona - Girona

Lleida and the province of Lleida: Province of Lleida - Lleida, the capital city of the province of Lleida

Tarragona and province of Tarragona: Province of Tarragona - Tarragona

Politics of Catalonia: Politics of the autonomous community of Catalonia, with a high-level of self-government, primarily related to the autonomous Government of Catalonia institutional system, including the Parliament of Catalonia, the President and the Executive Council - Generalitat de Catalunya, consisting of the Parliament of Catalonia, the President of the Generalitat de Catalunya, and the Executive Council of Catalonia - Parliament of Catalonia, founded 1932 and exiled between 1939 and 1980 during fascist rule in Spain - Elections in Catalonia since 1980

1931 Catalan autonomy referendum: 2 August 1931 Catalan autonomy referendum, approved by 99% of voters

1979 Catalan autonomy referendum: 25 October 1979 Catalan autonomy referendum, resulted in 91.9% of voters supporting the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia on a turnout of 59.3%

1980 first Catalan regional election since 1930s: 20 March 1980 Catalan regional election

June 2006 Catalan constitutional referendum: 18 June 2006 Catalan constitutional referendum

2009-2011 Catalan independence referendums: 2009-2011 Catalan independence referendums, a series of non-binding and unofficial referendums (consultes populars), that took place in municipalities around Catalonia - Institutional support for the queries on the independence of Catalonia, as the Catalonian independence referendums of 2009–2010 have been carried out by civil society and the implications of public institutions for their organizations have been persecuted by the Spanish State, but several city councils and comarcal councils have approved motions in favor of this referendum to be called a civil organization

2014: Catalan self-determination referendum 9 November 2014

2015: 11 September 2015: Nearly 1.5 million Catalans took to the streets of Barcelona to rally for independence, as the region’s politicians launched their campaigns for a looming election

September 2015 Catalonian parliamentary election: 27 September 2015 Catalonian parliamentary election - 28 September 2015: The Catalan Junts pel Sí (62 seats) and Popular Unity Candidacy (10 seats) win election and a yes vote for independence

November 2015: 11 November 2015: Catalonia vows to continue secession process after Spain’s constitutional court suspended Catalan legislation for up to five months following central government's demand

2016: 10 January 2016: Catalan separatists to form regional government after president steps aside naming Carles Puigdemont as his replacement - 20 October 2016: As nine of 12 judges claim a common 'cultural' heritage of mistreatment on the Iberian peninsula, Spain’s constitutional court overturns Catalonia’s ban on bullfighting, imposed in 2010 by the regional government no longer allowing animals to be mistreated

October 2017 Catalan independence referendum: 1 October 2017 Catalan independence referendum - 2 October 2017: The Catalan regional government is holding an emergency meeting to discuss the next steps towards declaring independence from Spain a day after millions of Catalans voted in a tumultuous poll that left more than 800 people injured - 6 October 2017: The Catalan government will defy the Spanish constitutional court by pressing ahead with a parliamentary debate to discuss Sunday’s referendum result - 9 octobre 2017: Maire de Barcelone Ada Colau s'est prononcée contre une déclaration d'indépendance - 10 October 2017: A group of members of the Catalan Parliament have taken Monday's plenary suspension imposed by the Spanish Constitutional Court to the European Court of Human Rights - 10 October 2017: Catalan government suspends declaration of independence, after Tusk appealed to Puigdemont to step back from a unilateral declaration of independence and begin dialogue with the Spanish PM Rajoy - 23 October 2017: Catalan MPs to discuss response to Rajoy government's move towards direct rule - 30 October 2017: Rajoy government’s resolve faces crucial test as Catalan independence group calls for widespread campaign of civil disobedience

December 2017 Catalan regional election: 21 December 2017 Catalan regional election - 22 December 2017: Pro-independence parties secured a renewed majority in the Catalan parliament

January 2018: 10 January 2018: Catalan pro-independence parties agree deal to try to re-elect ousted leader Carles Puigdemont, who fled to Belgium after referendum row

March 2018: 11 mars 2018: Des dizaines de milliers de Catalans ont manifesté à Barcelone à l'appel d'une association séparatiste et ont réclamé la formation d'un gouvernement déterminé à avancer vers la sécession - 29 mars 2018: Policiers catalans, qui se trouvaient dans le même véhicule que l'ex-président catalan Carles Puigdemont lors de son arrestation dimanche en Allemagne, arrêtés par la police espagnole

May 2018: 11 May 2018: Hopes of end to Catalan impasse as Puigdemont anoints new successor Quim Torra, a close ally and former leader of the pro-independence grassroots group Òmnium Cultural

September 2018: 11 septembre 2018: Les indépendantistes catalans manifestaient pour célébrer la 'Diada', qu'ils considèrent comme la fête nationale de région, et pour clamer leur volonté d'indépendance

14/15 October 2019 independence leaders sentenced: 14 October 2019: After nine independence leaders had been found guilty of sedition and handed stiff sentences of between nine and 13 years, within minutes the streets of Barcelona and other major towns began to fill with protesters, as Catalans, separatist or not, have all along regarded the charges and now the sentences as disproportionate - 14 October 2019: Violent clashes over Catalan separatist leaders' prison terms - 15 October 2019: New Catalan vote on independence is inevitable, says jailed leader Oriol Junqueras, adding that crisis ‘must be resolved via ballot boxes’, confirming that the jailed leaders would take their case to the European court of human rights in Strasbourg

20 October 2019 protest: 20 octobre 2019: Après de violents affrontements ayant fait plus de 180 blessés vendredi, la tension a nettement baissé en Catalogne samedi au sixième jour de la mobilisation contre la condamnation de dirigeants séparatistes pour leur rôle dans la tentative de sécession de 2017

26 October 2019 protest: 27 octobre 2019: Près de 350'000 personnes sont descendus dans le centre de Barcelone pour demander 'liberté pour les prisonniers politiques', dans une nouvelle démonstration de masse après les violences qui avaient suivi la condamnation de dirigeants séparatistes pour avoir tenté de faire sécession de l'Espagne

November 2019 Catalonia's Quim Torra on trial for allegedly disobeying Spain’s electoral board: 18 November 2019: Regional president of Catalonia Quim Torra was on trial Monday for allegedly disobeying Spain’s electoral board by not removing secessionist symbols from public buildings in the northeastern region during an election campaign.

Castile and León autonomous community: Castile and León autonomous community - 1230–1715 Crown of Castile - Cortes of Castile and León

Autonomous community of Castile and León does not have a legally established capital city: The Spanish autonomous community of Castile and León does not have a legally established capital city, because the region's 1983 statute of autonomy did not name a capital city. The articles referred only to the 'seat of government', that could only be fixed with a two-thirds approval in the Cortes of Castile and León. In 1987, President of the Junta of Castile and León José María Aznar approved that the basic bodies of regional rule - the presidency, Junta and the Cortes - would be located in Valladolid. One reason for the lack of the official capital is that the merger of Castile and León as one autonomous community caused uproar in the latter, which wanted to be separate. Other autonomous bodies are in the capitals of other provinces of the region. The High Court of Justice of Castile and León is in Burgos, the Court of Audits is in Palencia, the Advisory Council is in Zamora, the Ombudsman is in León. In March 2009, the Junta of Castile and León apologised for textbooks that named Valladolid as capital, saying that it was an honest confusion of its status as a seat. In February 2010, the PP party in Valladolid City Hall rejected a Spanish Socialist Workers' Party proposal for the city to become the official capital, saying it could 'provoke eight motions against it' from the other provincial capitals. In September 2019, José Antonio de Santiago Juárez of Valladolid's PP made a proposal of the same matter, which was opposed by the party leadership.

Junta of Castile and León serving as the executive branch of the community: The Junta of Castile and León, the governing and administrative body of the Spanish autonomous community of Castile and León serving as the executive branch and regulatory authority. It comprises the President of the Junta, the vice-presidents and the ministers.

Valladolid city: Valladolid city, the primary seat of government of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is also the capital of the province of the same name. It has a population around 300,000 people in 2021, and located roughly in the centre of the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula's Meseta Central, at the confluence of the Pisuerga and Esgueva rivers 15km before they join the Duero, surrounded by winegrowing areas. The area was settled in pre-Roman times by the Celtic Vaccaei people, after 1072 growing in prominence within the context of the Crown of Castile, being endowed with fairs and different institutions such as a collegiate church, University, Royal Court and Chancellery and a royal mint. The city was briefly the capital of the Habsburg Monarchy between 1601 and 1606. The city then declined until the arrival of the railway in the 19th century, and with its industrialisation into the 20th century.

Timeline of Valladolid since 920 CE: Timeline of Valladolid since 920 CE

Zamora province: Zamora province of western Spain, in the western part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the provinces of Ourense, León, Valladolid, and Salamanca, and by Portugal.

19 July 2022 two people were killed by forest fires in Spain's north-western Zamora region: 19 July 2022: Two people were killed by forest fires in Spain's north-western Zamora region, and trains in the area were halted because of fire near the tracks. An elderly couple died while trying to escape fires in northern Portugal, as deadly wildfires in France, Greece, Portugal and Spain have forced thousands of people to evacuate their homes.

Tábara municipality: Tábara municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León. According to the 2004 census, the municipality has a population of 950 inhabitants, as Tábara is the capital of the Tierra de Tábara comarca. Tábara municipality is located in the vicinity of the Sierra de la Culebra range, an important place for agritourism and wildlife watching

19 July 2022 Angel Martin Arjona trying to stop fire from reaching his town when flames closed in on him: 19 July 2022: BBC footage shows a man narrowly escaping a wildfire in Tábara, northwestern Spain, as Angel Martin Arjona had been digging a trench to stop a fire from reaching his town when the flames closed in on him and he had to flee. He was taken to hospital with serious burns, his friend Juan Lozano reported

Castile-La Mancha autonomous community: Castile-La Mancha autonomous community of Spain. Comprising the provinces of Albacete, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara and Toledo, it was created in 1982. The government headquarters are in Toledo. The region largely occupies the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula's Inner Plateau, including large parts of the catchment areas of the Tagus, the Guadiana and the Júcar, while the northeastern relief comprises the Sistema Ibérico mountain massif. It is bordered by Castile and León, Madrid, Aragon, Valencia, Murcia, Andalusia, and Extremadura. It is one of the most sparsely populated of Spain's regions. Albacete, Guadalajara, Toledo, Talavera de la Reina and Ciudad Real concentrate the largest urban areas in the region. - 1230–1715 - Cortes of Castile-La Mancha

Toledo city: Toledo city, the capital of the province of Toledo and the de jure seat of the government and parliament of the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha. Located on the banks of the Tagus in central Iberia, Toledo is known as the 'Imperial City' because it was the main venue of the court of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Spain, and as the 'City of the Three Cultures' for the cultural influences of Christians, Muslims, and Jews reflected in its history. It was the capital from 542 to 725 AD of the Visigothic kingdom, which followed the fall of the Roman Empire, and the location of historic events such as the Councils of Toledo. By the end of the 7th century the bishop of Toledo was the leader of all other bishops in Hispania, a situation unusual in Europe. It was also unmatched as a symbolic center of monarchy. Under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo multiple persecutions (633, 653, 693 CE) and stake burnings of Jews (638 CE) occurred; the Kingdom of Toledo followed up on this tradition (1368, 1391, 1449, 1486–1490 CE) including forced conversions and mass murder and the rioting and blood bath against the Jews of Toledo in 1212 CE, scetching Spain's further way into the early modern age, in European wars and Spanish empire's colonization of the Americas. The city had a long history in the production of globally feared bladed weapons. As of 2015, the municipality had a population of the small number of 83,226 citizens.

Madrid community: Madrid community - Assembly of Madrid

Timeline of Madrid: Timeline of Madrid - since Quaternary period or Lower Paleolithic, first archaeological signs of human occupation discovered

16th century Madrid becoming capital of Spain: 16th century Madrid becoming capital of Spain, amid and following the reign of catholic monarchs of Spain after its unification and the 711–1492 'Reconquista'

1936-1939 siege of Madrid: 1936-1939 siege of Madrid, a 1/2-year siege of the Spanish capital city of Madrid during the Spanish Civil War, as city was held by various forces loyal to the Spanish Republic, but was besieged and subject to aerial bombardment by fascists under Franco supported by Nazi Germany and fascist Italy

2011 Madrid Assembly election: Madrid Assembly election 22 May 2011

June 2015 elected Madrid mayor Manuela Carmena backed by 'Podemos' and socialists: 13 June 2015: Elected mayor of Madrid Manuela Carmena backed by 'Podemos' and socialists after running an anti-corruption campaign ends 24 years of PP rule

March 2018 clashes between police and migrants after death of Senegalese street vendor: 15 March 2018: Migrants have clashed with police in central Madrid following the death of Senegalese street vendor Mmame Mbage who they said was chased through the streets by police

March 2020 elderly patients found abandoned amid Covid-19: 24 March 2020: Spanish soldiers deployed to help fight the Chinese coronavirus outbreak have found elderly patients abandoned, and sometimes dead, at retirement homes, according to minister Margarita Robles, as an ice rink inside a Madrid shopping mall was turned into a temporary morgue to cope with a surge in cases, as coronavirus death toll in Spain surged to 2,696

20 January 2021 Madrid building explosion: 20 January 2021 Madrid building explosion on the Calle de Toledo causing it to partially collapse, killing four people and wounding ten others

Valencian autonomous community: Valencian Community - Kingdom of Valencia 1238-1707 - Valencian people - Valencian culture - Corts Valencianes

Extremadura autonomous community: Extremadura autonomous community - Junta de Extremadura - Extremaduran Assembly election 22 May 2011

Andalusia autonomous community: Andalusia autonomous community the southernmost territory in Peninsular Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest autonomous community in the country, and officially recognised as a 'historical nationality'. The territory is divided into the eight provinces of Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga, and Seville. Its capital city is Seville. The seat of the High Court of Justice of Andalusia is located in the city of Granada. Andalusia is located south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha, west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea, east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean, and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar. Andalusia is the only European region with both Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines. The small British overseas territory of Gibraltar shares a 1.2 kilometres land border with the Andalusian portion of the province of Cádiz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar. The main mountain ranges of Andalusia are the Sierra Morena and the Baetic System, consisting of the Subbaetic and Penibaetic Mountains, separated by the Intrabaetic Basin. In the north, the Sierra Morena separates Andalusia from the plains of Extremadura and Castile–La Mancha on Spain's Meseta Central. To the south the geographic subregion of Upper Andalusia lies mostly within the Baetic System, while Lower Andalusia is in the Baetic Depression of the valley of the Guadalquivir river. - History of Andalusia - Parliament of Andalusia - 22 March 2015 Andalusian parliamentary election - 23 March 2015: The Socialists winning 35% percent of the vote will continue to govern Andalusia as anti-austerity party Podemos wins 15 seats

December 2018: 2 December 2018 Andalusian regional election - 9 December 2018: Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Andalusia wins 33 seats, as the anti-immigration, anti-feminist Vox party has gained a neo-fascist foothold unseen since Franco’s death, winning 12 seats

Seville city: Seville city, the capital and largest city of Andalusia and the province of Seville with a municipal population of about 685,000 citizens in 2021, and a metropolitan population of about 1.5 million. It is situated on the lower reaches of the River Guadalquivir, in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. The Seville harbour, located about 80 kilometres from the Atlantic Ocean, is the only river port in Spain. The capital of Andalusia features hot temperatures in the summer, with daily maximums routinely above 35°C in July and August

Timeline of Seville since 491 CE: Timeline of Seville since 491 CE

Murcia autonomous community: Murcia autonomous community of Spain located in the southeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula on the Mediterranean coast

Murcia city, agriculture: Murcia city in south-eastern Spain, the capital and most populous city of the autonomous community of the Region of Murcia, with a population of 447,182 inhabitants in 2018. It has a climate with hot summers, mild winters, and relatively low precipitation. The city is called 'Europe's orchard' due to its long agricultural tradition and its fruit, vegetable, and flower production and exports.

Timeline of Murcia since 8th century: Timeline of Murcia since 8th century

Balearic Islands and Mallorca: Balearic Islands - Mallorca island, the largest island in the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain and located in the Mediterranean, as the capital of the island, Palma, is also the capital of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. The Balearic Islands have been an autonomous region of Spain since 1983. There are two small islands off the coast of Mallorca includidng Cabrera (southeast of Palma) and Dragonera (west of Palma). Like the other Balearic Islands of Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera, the island is an extremely popular holiday destination, particularly for tourists from Germany and the UK

22 May 2011 Balearic Islands parliamentary election: 22 May 2011 Balearic Islands parliamentary election

12 August 2019 Palma de Mallorca played a banned fascist anthem amid controversy over the reintroduction of bullfighting: 12 August 2019: A stadium in the Spanish resort city of Palma de Mallorca played a banned fascist anthem on Sunday amid controversy over the reintroduction of bullfighting to the Spanish island of Mallorca, as demonstrators protest outside

22 September 2021 before the Spanish Inquisition until 1834 Mallorca had a sizeable Jewish community: 22 September 2021: Before the Spanish Inquisition, the island of Mallorca had a sizeable Jewish community. Every fall, the island became dotted with the leaf-roofed huts that Jews are commanded to erect during the holiday of Sukkot. But that all changed under the Inquisition’s campaign of persecution that began in 1488 (four years before it started on Spain’s mainland) and was only officially abolished centuries later in 1834

Mallorca island: Mallorca island, the largest island in the Balearic Islands, which are part of Spain and located in the Mediterranean, as the capital of the island, Palma, is also the capital of the autonomous community of the Balearic Islands. The Balearic Islands have been an autonomous region of Spain since 1983. There are two small islands off the coast of Mallorca includidng Cabrera (southeast of Palma) and Dragonera (west of Palma). Like the other Balearic Islands of Menorca, Ibiza and Formentera, the island is an extremely popular holiday destination, particularly for tourists from Germany and the UK

22 May 2011 Balearic Islands parliamentary election: 22 May 2011 Balearic Islands parliamentary election

Canary Islands: Canary Islands - Canarian Parliament - Canarian parliamentary election 22 May 2011

Demographics and ethnic groups in Spain: Demographics of Spain - Ethnic groups in Spain

History of the Jews in Spain: History of the Jews in Spain - Sephardi Jews established communities throughout Spain and Portugal - Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain

1492-1968 Alhambra Decree against Jews and Spanish Inquisition: Alhambra Decree 1492-1968 - Spanish Inquisition 1478-1834 - Converso

2014 Limud Barcelona: Limud Barcelona held its first event in 2014 organised by a team of over 20 volunteers with nearly 200 participants

2015/2016 citizenship to Sephardic Jews since 1492: 2 October 2015: Spain on Friday grants citizenship to 4,302 Sephardic Jews whose ancestors fled after being told in 1492 to convert to Catholicism or go into exile ahead of the Spanish Inquisition - 23 January 2016: First Israeli set to get Spanish citizenship after tracing ancestry back to 1492 expulsion

2017: 5 November 2017: Israel president Rivlin pledged Israel’s support in the fight against anti-Semitism taking part in an event at Madrid’s Ibn Gabirol School to mark 100 years since the reestablishment of the nation’s Jewish community after the expulsion of 1492

May 2019 Mallorca Limmud conference: 11 May 2019: Jews on the island of Mallorca in Spain are preparing for a Limmud conference, the largest Jewish event held there in centuries, with 45 presenters from abroad, as participants will gather at a memorial for victims of the Inquisition and commemorate the many hundreds of people persecuted in that church and government-led campaign, which began in 1492

1492 - October 2019 expelled Jews file citizenship applications: 2 October 2019: 130,000 descendants of Jews expelled from Spain in the 1492 Spanish inquisition file citizenship applications

8 December 2021 Spanish village that dropped ‘Kill Jews’ name hit by antisemitic graffiti attack: 8 December 2021: Spanish village that dropped ‘Kill Jews’ name hit by antisemitic graffiti attack, as Castrillo Mota de Judíos’ Sephardic centre was among four locations defaced in the ‘cowardly’ attack, after in 2015 Spain attempted to atone for what it termed the 'historical wrong' of the expulsion and persecution of its Jewish communities by offering citizenship to the descendants of those who were forced from their homeland, resulting until October 2019 in 132,226 people of Sephardic descent applying for Spanish citizenship

Islam in Spain and 'Reconquista' 722-1492: Islam in Spain - Reconquista 722-1492

Afro-Spaniards: Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent, today coming mainly from Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Mali and Senegal, and estimated 683,000 people

Arabs in Spain: Arabs in Spain today are expatriates from a range of Arab countries, particularly Morocco, Lebanon, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, and Iraq, and also small groups from Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Jordan and Sudan, estimated to be between 702,000 and 1,600,000 - 1,800,000 people

Bolivians in Spain: Bolivians in Spain, in 2014 126,421 people

Colombians in Spain: Colombians in Spain, the total Colombian-born population in Spain in 2015 was 356,475 people

Dominicans in Spain: Dominicans in Spain, from Dominican Republic, in 2013 100,000 to 200,000 people

Immigration to Spain: Immigration to Spain

February 2014 EU to probe Spain over rubber bullets fired at migrants: 15 February 2014: EU to probe Spain over rubber bullets fired at migrants - 28 February 2014: More than 200 migrants from sub-Saharan Africa storm into Spanish enclave of Melilla

3 January 2022 an estimated 12 people a day died or disappeared while trying to reach Spain in 2021: 3 January 2022: An estimated 12 people a day died or disappeared while trying to reach Spain in 2021, as the 4,404 refugees who perished included 205 children, according to 'Caminando Fronteras' saying that the number of deaths was more than twice the 2,170 deaths and disappearances recorded in 2020

Culture and languages of Spain: Culture of Spain - Languages of Spain

Women in Spain: Women in Spain

2017 voices of Spanish women silenced by Franco are being heard: 15 February 2017: Voices of Spanish women silenced by Franco are being heard once more, as contribution of lost generation of female writers, artists, scientists and thinkers eight decades on is finally being recognised

Children in Spain:

2016 Spain among the worst developed countries for childhood inequality: 15 April 2016: Spain is among the worst developed countries for childhood inequality, with more than a third of children at risk of poverty, according to a new Unicef report

Youth in Spain: Youth in Spain

Youth unemployment in Spain: Youth unemployment in Spain, as in 2014, 57.9% of young people in Spain were unemployed

Education in Spain: Education in Spain - Education in Spain by autonomous community

Schools in Spain: Schools in Spain

Universities and colleges in Spain: Universities and colleges in Spain - Universities and colleges in Spain by type - Higher education in Spain

Health in Spain: Health in Spain

Medical outbreaks in Spain: Medical outbreaks in Spain - Health disasters in Spain

1647–1652 Great Plague of Seville during its imperial 'Golden age': 1647–1652 Great Plague of Seville, a massive outbreak of the disease in Spain that killed up to a quarter of Seville's population during Seville's imperial 'Golden age' since the 16th century

1963 Spanish Methanol Poisonings: 1963 methanol poisonings in Spain, when alcohol merchant Rogelio Aguiar from Galicia sold drinks containing dangerous amounts of methanol, and as official count of victims is 51 dead and 9 blind, but estimates of number of victims vary between 1000 and 5000 dead

2009 flu pandemic in Spain: 2009 flu pandemic in Spain

2014 Ebola virus disease in Spain: 2014 Ebola virus disease in Spain during the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa

Since January 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Spain: Since January 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Spain

23 March 2020 Spain's coronavirus death toll reached 2,182, adding 462 fatalities overnight: 23 March 2020: Spain's coronavirus death toll reached 2,182, adding 462 fatalities overnight, health ministry says, as the number of cases registered in Spain rose to 33,089 up from 28,572 cases on Sunday - 23 March 2020: Spain has nearly 4,000 health workers infected with the coronavirus, more than one in ten of total confirmed cases, as nurses, doctors and other health workers say they are not getting enough protective kits

26 March 2020 government extends lockdown as virus death toll tops 4,000: 26 March 2020: 655 people die from COVID-19 within 24 hours in Spain, bringing total fatalities to 4,089, as confirmed cases of disease rise to 56,188, and as government extends lockdown

12 April 2020 Spain's overnight covid-19 death toll rises, total at 16,972: 12 April 2020: Spain's overnight covid-19 death toll rises, total at 16,972

15 April 2020 Spain records drop in daily virus death toll but number of new cases rises: 15 April 2020: Spain records drop in daily virus death toll, but number of new cases rises

Health disasters in Spain: Health disasters in Spain

Water supply and sanitation in Spain: Water supply and sanitation in Spain

Health care in Spain: Health care in Spain - Spanish National Health System, the agglomeration of public healthcare services that has existed in Spain since it was established in 1986, as management of these services has been progressively transferred to the distinct autonomous communities of Spain

October 2014 Spanish health workers attack poor training for combating Ebola virus: 8 October 2014: Spanish health workers attack poor training for combating Ebola virus after infection of Spanish nurse

Since March 2020 Spain coronavirus quarantine concerning about 46 million people: Since March 2020 Spain coronavirus quarantine in response to the increasing number of cases of the 2019–20 Chinese coronavirus pandemic, as Spanish government declared a state of emergency and announced that it will impose a national quarantine on 16 March as part of emergency measures to combat the coronavirus outbreak in that country, including about 46 million people quarantined (all of Spain)

Sport in Spain: Sport in Spain, dominated in the second half of the 20th century by football, as other popular sport activities include basketball, tennis, cycling, handball, American football, rally, motorcycling, judo, Formula One, water sports, rhythmic gymnastics, bullfighting, golf, and skiing

Sport in Spain by sport: Sport in Spain by sport

Football in Spain: Football in Spain

Women's football in Spain: Women's football in Spain is not one of the traditional powers of women's football since the sport has a small following. Although football in the most popular sport in Spain, men's football usually gets most money and the biggest following.

25 August 2023 'ego above dignity', RFEF's Luis Rubiales’ defiance over kiss shocks Spain: 25 August 2023: RFEF's Luis Rubiales was at the centre of new misogyny allegations as he faces growing calls to be sacked for kissing Jenni Hermoso on the lips after her team’s 1-0 triumph over England in the Women’s World Cup final in Sydney on Sunday. The general director of the Futbolistas ON players’ union, Tamara Ramos, has now alleged that Rubiales made obscene comments to her when they worked together at the Spanish footballers’ association, including asking what colour her underwear was.

Media of Spain: Media of Spain - Lists of Spanish media

Lists of Spanish media by autonomous community, province and city: Media in Spain by city - Spanish media by autonomous community - Catalan media - Agència Catalana de Notícies

2016: 8 mai 2016: Trois journalistes espagnols free-lance libérés après une séquestration de près de dix mois en Syrie sont arrivés dimanche à Torrejon

Newspapers in Spain: Newspapers in Spain

May 2018: 13 May 2018: Spanish newspaper El País appoints its first gender correspondent in aftermath of #MeToo movement and recent women’s rights protests across the country

June 2018: 8 June 2018: Spanish newspaper El País has appointed its first female editor at the end of a week that has also seen a record number of women chosen to serve in the new government’s cabinet, saying that readers 'fundamentally want from us is that we don’t stray from the truth'

Broadcasting in Spain: Broadcasting in Spain - Radio in Spain - Television in Spain - List of television stations in Spain nationwide, by autonomous community and province

2012: 5 August 2012: Spanish government accused of purging critics from national radio and TV, as journalists who have questioned Rajoy's Partido Popular's austerity policy have lost jobs at RTVE

2018: 11 May 2018: For the third Friday in a row, journalists working for Spain’s public broadcaster have worn black on screen to protest against alleged political interference, gender bias and unequal pay, in a campaign known as viernes negro intended to highlight the Spanish government’s continuing refusal to approve a transparent process to appoint an independent board at RTVE

Telecommunications in Spain: Telecommunications in Spain

Internet in Spain: Internet in Spain

May 2017: 12 May 2017: Hackers have launched a 'massive ransomware attack' on Telefónica and other Spanish companies and organisations, taking aim at the Windows operating system by 'encrypting all its archives and all the connected units inside the network'

Human rights in Spain: Human rights in Spain

Religion in Spain: Religion in Spain - History of Roman Catholicism in Spain - Islam in Spain - Reconquista 722-1492 - History of the Jews in Spain - Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain

1492-1968 Alhambra Decree against Jews and Spanish Inquisition: Alhambra Decree 1492-1968 - Spanish Inquisition 1478-1834 - Converso - Auto-da-fé

'Opus Dei' and politics since 1928: Opus Dei and politics since 1928 - 28 September 2014: Spain's Catholic Church celebrates beatification of early Opus Dei leader Alvaro del Portillo

2017: 2 February 2017: Sister Lucía Caram, a well-known Dominican nun with more than 183,000 Twitter followers, receives death threats for suggesting Mary was not a virgin, after appearing on Spanish TV to discuss sex and faith

Monarchy of Spain: Monarchy of Spain - Spanish Empire 1492-1898

Republicanism in Spain: Republicanism in Spain

1854 'Das revolutionäre Spanien': 1854 'Das revolutionäre Spanien', 11 Artikel von Karl Marx, die die Periode der ersten bürgerlichen Revolution (1808 - 1814), die der zweiten (1820-1823) und die der dritten bürgerlichen Revolution in Spanien (1834-1843) umfaßten, wobei von diesen Artikeln in der 'New-York Daily Tribune' nur die ersten acht (bis 1820) veröffentlicht wurden

1873-1874 First Spanish Republic: First Spanish Republic 1873-1874

1873/74 Aufstand in Spanien: 1894 Vorbemerkung zur Denkschrift über den Aufstand in Spanien im Sommer 1873 'Die Bakunisten an der Arbeit', von Friedrich Engels

1931-1939 Second Spanish Republic: Second Spanish Republic 1931-1939

Contemporary Spanish monarchy: Contemporary Spanish monarchy

Royal household of Spain: Royal household of Spain

2012/2013: 24 February 2012: King of Spain's son-in-law to face judges over corruption scandal - 13 April 2013: Royal family engulfed in scandal

2014: 7 janvier 2014: L'infante d’Espagne inculpée de fraude fiscale et blanchiment d'argent, la popularité de la famille royale est au plus bas - 25 June: Court upholds money-laundering and tax fraud charges against Cristina and husband Urdangarin in first test for brother king Felipe - 26 June: Law passed in Spain to protect former king Juan Carlos from legal action

2017: 17 February 2017: King’s sister Princess Cristina acquitted, but husband Iñaki Urdangarin given six-year jail sentence on charges including embezzlement, fraud and tax evasion

June 2018: 13 juin 2018: Le beau-frère du roi a 5 jours pour aller en prison, après sa condamnation à cinq ans et dix mois de prison mardi

March 2020 Spain's king renounces inheritance and cuts father's income over 'offshore fund': 16 March 2020: Felipe VI has renounced his personal inheritance from his father and stripped the former king Juan Carlos of his annual stipend after it was alleged that Felipe VI was poised to receive millions of euros from a secret offshore fund with ties to Saudi Arabia

15 July 2020 allegations over offshore funds swirl around Spain's former king: 15 July 2020: Damaging allegations over the financial arrangements of Spain’s former king Juan Carlos have placed the royal family under unprecedented scrutiny but are unlikely to result in current or futures monarchs losing their constitutional immunity, according to legal experts

4 August 2020 Spanish monarch on the run: 4 August 2020: Spain speculates over whereabouts of scandal-hit ex-king Juan Carlos, as palace refuses to reveal former monarch’s location one day after he announced 'exile', now facing questions over €6.7bn Saudi rail deal, after he received a $100m payment from earning on oil Saudi Arabia’s king in 2008, three years before the contract was awarded, in the tradition of the 'House of Bourbon'

Racism and antisemitism in Spain: Racism in Spain - Antisemitism in Spain

15th-19th century 'Limpieza de sangre': 15th-19th century 'Limpieza de sangre' racist legislation, referred to those who were considered pure 'Old Christians', without recent Muslim or Jewish ancestors, or within the context of the empire (New Spain and Portuguese India) usually to those without ancestry from the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Asia, or Africa

1492-1968 Alhambra Decree against Jews and Spanish Inquisition: Alhambra Decree 1492-1968 - Spanish Inquisition 1478-1834

Since 1939 Jewish Archive in Francoist Spain: Jewish Archive in Francoist Spain 1939-1975 - instructions of the Francoist 'Directorate of General Security' the provincial governors of Spain assembled records of all Jews who lived in Spain, whether or not they were Spanish, recording 6,000 Jews living in Spain, that were handed to Heinrich Himmler's SS in Germany in 1941 and were included in Adolf Eichmann's Jewish Population Census, tabled at the Wannsee Conference, chaired by Reinhard Heydrich, in January 1942

2014: 26 May 2014: Residents in a tiny northern Spanish town vote to scrap 'Kill Jews' name in existence since at least 1623

2018: 30 June 2018: Defying multiple rulings in Spain that declared boycotting Israel illegal, the City Council of Sagunto near Valencia Tuesday declared itself an 'Israeli apartheid-free space', as some 50 municipalities have passed resolutions in recent years endorsing BDS in catholic embossed Spain, more than in any other European country

16 February 2021 Spain probes anti-Semitic speech at neo-Nazi rally attended by a Catholic priest: 16 February 2021: Spain probes anti-Semitic speech at neo-Nazi rally attended by a Catholic priest, and which was a commemoration of the Spanish 'Blue Division' that fought for the Nazis during World War II, including the siege of Leningrad, as at the cemetery the neo-Nazis laid flowers in front of the memorial to the fallen Blue Division soldiers and as a young woman gave an inflammatory speech echoing rhetoric from the 1930s

Slavery in Spain and in the Spanish New World colonies: Slavery in Spain - Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies

Crime in Spain: Crime in Spain

War crimes of the Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 and aftermath: War crimes of the Spanish Civil War

1936-1975 Francoist crimes against humanity: White Terror, also known as The Francoist Repression, was the series of political actions taken by the Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 and during the first decade of Francisco Franco's dictatorship, for years since 1936 the mass killings of the loyalists to the Second Spanish Republic 1931–39 included the Popular Front, liberals, Socialists, Trotskyists, Communists, anarchists, Protestant Christians, freethinkers, intellectuals, Freemasons, and Catalan and Basque separatists

August 1936 massacre of Badajoz: August 1936 massacre of Badajoz, between 1,341 and 4,000 civilian and military supporters of the Second Spanish Republic were killed by the Nationalist forces, following the seizure of the town of Badajoz on 14 August 1936

1936 Poet Federico García Lorca was arrested and killed: Federico García Lorca 1898-1936 - 23 April 2015: Poet Federico García Lorca was arrested and killed in 1936 on the orders of rightwing military authorities in Granada, according to newly released documents

February 1937 attack on Málaga: 8 February 1937 attack on the republican-dominated city of Málaga, its citizens and Málaga–Almería road massacre

February 1937 Battle of Jarama: February 1937 Battle of Jarama, up to 45,000 casualties after Nationalist forces crossed the river in an attempt to cut the main road from Madrid to the Republican capital at Valencia

March 1937 Bombing of Durango: 31 March 1937 Bombing of Durango

1 April 1937 Bombing of Jaén: 1 April 1937 Bombing of Jaén

26 April 1937 Bombing of Guernica: 26 April 1937 Bombing of Guernica

May 1937 Bombardment of Almería: May 1937 Bombardment of Almería

March 1938 Bombing of Barcelona: March 1938 Bombing of Barcelona was a series of Nationalist airstrikes during the Spanish Civil War, up to 1,300 people were killed and at least 2,000 wounded

May 1938 Bombing of Alicante: May 1938 Bombing of Alicante

January 1939 Bombing of La Garriga: 28/29 January 1939 Bombing of La Garriga

Since 1936 lost children of Francoism: Since 1936 lost children of Francoism were the children abducted from Republican parents, who were either in jail or had been assassinated by Francoist troops, during the Spanish Civil War and Francoist Spain, the number of abducted children is estimated to be up to 300,000

In 2012 Spain's Supreme Court barred Garzón, who also investigated Francoist crimes against humanity, from the legal profession for 11 years: 17. Januar 2012: Richter Garzón, der u.a. Franco-Verbrechen und einen Korruptionsskandal der Partido Popular untersuchen ließ, droht durch die spanische 'Justiz' Berufsverbot - 29 January 2012: Thousands have joined a demonstration in Madrid in support of human rights judge Baltasar Garzón - 1. Februar 2012: Erstmals sagen Opfer der Franco-Diktatur vor Gericht aus - 9. Februar 2012: Ein zu konsequenter Demokrat für ein überschätztes Spanien in der Krise - Berufsverbot gegen Richter Garzón verhängt mittels eines Schandurteils des Obersten Madrider Gerichts zugunsten der konservativen Volkspartei und der Franco-Anhänger - 9 February 2012: Spanish judge Baltasar Garzon vows to fight conviction - 20. Februar 2012: Amtsenthebung Garzóns endgültig - 27 February 2012: Spanish human rights investigator Baltasar Garzón escaped a second conviction for abuse of his powers when the supreme court declared him not guilty in a case involving his investigation of crimes committed under the Franco dictatorship, but the decision came too late to save Garzón's career as an investigating magistrate as the the supreme court had already disbarred him in a separate case for wiretapping conversations between defence lawyers and their clients in a corruption investigation involving PM Mariano Rajoy's People's party

2016: 9 mai 2016: La justice espagnole a autorisé pour la première fois l'exhumation des corps de deux victimes républicaines de la guerre d'Espagne enterrées et transférés en 1959 vers un monument sans le consentement de leur famille

Terrorism in Spain: Terrorism in Spain

Neo-Nazi terrorism in Spain:

January 1977 Atocha massacre: 24 January 1977 Atocha massacre, a part of neofascist terrorism in Spain, was an attack during the Spanish transition to democracy after the death of Franco in 1975, killing five and injuring four, and committed in an office located near the Atocha railway station in Madrid, where specialists in labour law, members of the Workers' Commissions trade union and the then-clandestine Communist Party of Spain PCE, had gathered

1980: Asesinato de Yolanda González Martín en 1980

2013: 8 mars 2013: La famille de la victime Yolanda Gonzalez d'un commando d'extrême droite en 1980 veut une enquête

2013-2016 Memoria de Yolanda González: 2013-2016 Memoria de Yolanda González

December 2018: 7 December 2018: García Juliá, who was among those gunmen linked to neo-Nazi organizations convicted of the 24 January 1977 attack against a legal office working for labor unions near the Atocha train station in central Madrid, killing of five lawyers, has been taken into custody in Brazil’s biggest city São Paulo

List of ETA attacks since 1961: List of ETA attacks since 1961 - ETA

2006 Madrid-Barajas Airport bombing: 2006 Madrid-Barajas Airport bombing

July 2009 Burgos and Palma Nova bombings: 29 July 2009 Burgos bombing, targeting Civil Guards, their family members, children and citizens, instead of only officers - 30 July 2009 Palma Nova bombing

2012: 21 February 2014: International inspectors say Eta has put some of its weapons beyond use

May 2018: 2 May 2018: Basque separatist group Eta, which killed more than 800 people during its 40-year terror campaign, has announced its full dissolution, as its apology to its victims and their families last month was dismissed by victims’ groups

Islamist terrorism in Spain: Islamist terrorism in Spain

March 2004 Madrid train bombings: 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings, killing 192 people and injuring 2,050 - Reactions to the 2004 Madrid train bombings, 11,400,000 demonstrators took to the streets protesting against the train bombings and the whole world seemed to be united in the condemnation of the attacks

August 2017 Barcelona vehicle-ramming attack: 17 August 2017 Barcelona vehicle-ramming attack, when a van was driven into pedestrians in Las Ramblas, killing 13 and injuring at least 100 - Domestic and international reactions to the 2017 Barcelona attack - 17/18 August 2017: 2 suspects arrested, a third killed after Barcelona attack, as Islamic State terrorist group takes credit for car ramming crime - 22 August 2017: Four suspects face court after Las Ramblas attacker Abouyaaqoub wearing fake suicide vest was killed in Subirats

August 2018: 20 August 2018: Spanish police treating Barcelona would-be stabbing as terror attack

Corruption in Spain: Corruption in Spain

Since 2009: Since 2009 'Gürtel case', an ongoing political corruption scandal in Spain, which implicates officers of the People's Party, Spain's major right-wing party, and a circle of businessmen, as accusations include bribery, money laundering and tax evasion, illicit party funding and the awarding of contracts by local/regional governments in Valencia, the Community of Madrid and elsewhere

2013: 27 January 2013: Anger mounts over corruption in recession-hit Spain - 4 October 2013: 53 people convicted in the Costa del Sol resort after a two-year trial, centred around a cash-for-votes scandal, extended across political parties and that involved former mayors, numerous town councillors and a German aristocrat

2014: 27 October 2014: Spanish authorities arrest 51 top figures in anti-corruption sweep, members of Rajoy’s ruling People’s party were among those arrested a day after PM Rajoy played down scale of corruption in Spain

2016: 4 October 2016: Thirty-seven people who allegedly took part in a kickbacks-for-contracts scheme involving businessmen and members of Spain’s ruling People’s party stand trial at the national court

2017: 10 février 2017: La justice espagnole a prononcé des peines de 3 à 13 ans de prison pour des membres du parti conservateur au pouvoir en Espagne et des hommes d'affaires, impliqués dans une vaste affaire de corruption

2013 Political corruption in Spain and Rajoy's Popular Party PP: 1 February 2013: The newspaper El País reports that PM Rajoy and other conservative politicians had received regular payments from a previously undisclosed account run by treasurers of his Popular Party - 3 April 2013: A Spanish judge charged King Juan Carlos's daughter in a corruption probe into alleged misuse of public funds by her husband Inaki Urdangarin - 9 July 2013: Spanish newspaper El Mundo has published documents, admitted by Barcenas for the first time, showing PM Mariano Rajoy and other top politicians received illicit payments - 15 juillet 2013: L'opposition exige la démission de Mariano Rajoy après la publication de messages échangés entre le Premier ministre et l’ex-trésorier du Parti populaire - 24 juillet 2013: Le président andalou démissionne, sur fond de corruption - 1 August 2013: Rajoy admits he trusted 'delinquent’ party official

2016 PP's politicians in court over corruption: 4 October 2016: Leading figures in Spain's ruling People’s party among 37 defendants accused of taking part in kickbacks-for-contracts scheme

May 2018 PP's Bárcenas jailed: 24 May 2018: Spain’s ruling party PP has suffered a major blow after its former treasurer Bárcenas was jailed for 33 years for fraud and money laundering, and the party itself was found to have profited from an illegal kickbacks-for-contracts scheme, in a case that has become emblematic of political corruption in the country

White-collar crime in Spain:

2014: 2014 Iberian Lawyer's white-collar crime report

2017: 17 February 2017: Spain’s Princess Cristina husband Iñaki Urdangarin was sentenced to six years and three months in prison and fined more than €500,000 after being found guilty of charges including embezzlement, fraud and tax evasion

2017: 14 June 2017: Spanish prosecutors have accused footballer Cristiano Ronaldo of defrauding the authorities of €14.8m in unpaid taxes between 2011 and 2014, saying footballer used shell company, failed to declare some earnings and under-reported others

Gangs in Spain: Gangs in Spain

Doping network: Operación Puerto - doping network involving world's cyclists, football and tennis - Eufemiano Fuentes - 29 January 2013: Eufemiano Fuentes at the centre of a Spanish blood-doping trial has admitted treating athletes from sports other than cycling

Drugs in Spain: Drugs in Spain - Spanish drug traffickers - Drug-related deaths in Spain

October 2020 Spain becomes cannabis hub as criminals fill tourism void: 11 October 2020: Spain becomes cannabis hub as criminals fill tourism void

Violence against women in Spain: Violence against women in Spain

2003-2013: 3 noviembre 2013: 700 mujeres muertas por violencia de género en la última década

2015 list of incidents of violence against women in Spain: List of incidents of violence against women in Spain

June 2018: 28 June 2018: Four men and a boy reportedly arrested on suspicion of drugging and sexually assaulting an underage girl at a resort in the Canary Islands, calling themselves 'la nueva manada' after a gang that was jailed for sexually abusing an 18-year-old woman in Pamplona two years ago and released on bail to widespread outrage last week

20 September 2019: 20 September 2019: So far this year, 42 women have been murdered in domestic violence attacks and 32 children left motherless, as since the government began recording such murders in 2003, 1,017 women have been killed by their current or former partners

Law and legal history of Spain: Law of Spain - Legal history of Spain - Since 1812 Constitutions of Spain - March 1812 Spanish Constitution drafted and adopted by the Cádiz Cortes, Spain's first national sovereign assembly, in refuge in Cádiz during the Peninsular War, establishing the principles of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy, freedom of the press, and supporting land reform and free enterprise - December 1931 Constitution of Spain, approved by the Constituent Assembly, was the constitution of the Second Spanish Republic founded 14 April 1931 and in force until 1 April 1939, in the second period of Spanish history in which both head of state and head of government were democratically elected - Spanish Constitution of 1978, enacted after the country's 1978 constitutional referendum in the period of the Spanish transition to democracy

Since 1979 Constitutional Court: Since 1979 Constitutional Court of Spain, the highest body with the power to determine the constitutionality of acts and statutes of the Spanish Government

Judiciary of Spain: Judiciary of Spain, consisting of Courts and Tribunals

Courts in Spain: Courts in Spain

Since 2009 judicial process of the 'Gürtel case': Since 2009 judicial process of the Spanish political corruption scandal 'Gürtel case'

July 2017: 27 July 2017: PM Rajoy, the first sitting Spanish PM to give witness testimony in a court case, was appearing before a tribunal hearing the so-called Gürtel case, a massive corruption investigation into alleged kickbacks for public contracts involving local administrations under the control of Rajoy’s Popular Party and the illegal financing of the same party

June 2018: 27 juin 2018: Le premier procès des 'bébés volés' du franquisme a été suspendu mercredi à Madrid, car l'accusé ne s'est pas présenté au deuxième et dernier jour d'audience

Supreme Court of Spain: Supreme Court of Spain - Since 1978 General Council of the Judiciary, the constitutional body that governs all the Judiciary of Spain, such as courts, and judges, the President of the CGJP is also the president of the Supreme Court

April 2018: 18 April 2018: Spanish supreme court judge has asked Spain’s finance minister Montoro, stating 'I do know it wasn’t public money', to explain why he claimed that no public money was used to stage the Catalan referendum vote, saying the assertion contradicts one of the key allegations facing the former regional president and other members of his sacked government triggering prosecutions and persecutions across Europe

December 2018: 27 décembre 2018: La Cour suprême renonce à juger six Catalans après la tentative de sécession, et a transmis leur dossier à un tribunal de Catalogne

Since 12 February 2019 Trial of Catalonia independence leaders: Since 12 February 2019 Trial of Catalonia independence leaders - 12 February 2019: 12 Catalan separatist leaders have appeared at the supreme court to stand trial over their alleged roles in the regional independence crisis

14 June 2019 Catalan blocked from joining EU parliament: 14 June 2019: Spanish court blocks jailed Catalan leader from joining EU parliament

14/15 October 2019 independence leaders sentenced: 15 October 2019: New Catalan vote on independence is inevitable, says jailed leader Oriol Junqueras, adding that crisis ‘must be resolved via ballot boxes’, confirming that the jailed leaders would take their case to the European court of human rights in Strasbourg

Law enforcement in Spain: Law enforcement in Spain - Law enforcement agencies of Spain - Regional law enforcement agencies of Spain - Ertzaintza, the police force for the Basque Country - Municipal law enforcement agencies of Spain

Foreign relations: Foreign relations of Spain

Wars involving Spain: Wars involving Spain - List of wars involving Spain by date

1492–1975 Spanish Empire: Spanish Empire 15th century to the 1970s

718-1492 'Reconquista' period on the Iberian peninsula: 718-1492 'Reconquista' period on the Iberian peninsula, coming before the discovery of the Americas and the period of colonial empires - 1478-1834 Spanish Inquisition

Since 15th century 'conquistadores': Conquistadores, a term used to refer to the soldiers of the Spanish Empire or the Portuguese Empire, that were professional warriors, using European tactics, firearms, and cavalry, as their units would often specialize in forms of combat that required long periods of training

Since 1492 Spanish colonization of the Americas and wars: Spanish colonization of the Americas since 1492 - Spanish missions in the Americas - Wars involving Spain - Spanish American wars of independence 1808-1833

1415-2002 Portuguese Empire: Portuguese Empire 1415-2002

Spain/Africa relations:

Since 16th century Iberian Slave Trade: Since 16th century Iberian Slave Trade, Portugal and Spain under the same monarch until 1640, were the pioneers of the transatlantic slave trade - Atlantic slave trade - more than half of the slave trade took place during the 18th century with the British, Portuguese and French being the main carriers

1912-1956 Spanish protectorate in Morocco: 1912-1956 Spanish protectorate in Morocco established 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate, as Spanish protectorate consisted of a northern strip on the Mediterranean and the Strait of Gibraltar, and a southern part of the protectorate around Cape Juby, bordering the Spanish Sahara, as the northern zone became part of independent Morocco in April 1956, shortly after France had ceded its protectorate French Morocco, as Spain finally ceded its southern zone through the Treaty of Angra de Cintra in April 1958 after the short Ifni War, and as the city of Tangiers was excluded from the Spanish protectorate and received a special internationally-controlled status as Tangier International Zone

1914-1918 Spanish 'neutrality' in the First World War: 24 Februar 2011: 'At what cost?: Spanish neutrality in the First World War', 2009, by Carolyn S. Lowry, University of South Florida, saying 'while one expects adversity in war, the First World War left no nation untouched, and even the neutral powers did not escape unscathed, particularly Spain. The case of Spain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries shows the ultimate demise of one of Europe’s greatest empires. While Spain had dominated the continent in earlier centuries, its great empire fell far behind as the world expanded through industrialization and further imperial conquest', and as now Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare campaign ravaged Spanish shipping, exacerbating economic hardships

1936-1939 Francoist military coup and war against the Spanish Republic since 1931: 1936-1939 Francoist military coup and war against the second Spanish Republic 1931-1939

1939-1975 Francoist Spain: 1936/1939-1975 Francoist Spain

1939-1947 Miranda Francoist concentration camp: Miranda Francoist concentration camp that remained active until 1947, and was the last camp to close down. During its existence, it held more than 65,000 prisoners, both Spanish and foreign

1940-1945 Spain in World War II and support of the Axis: Spain in World War II, as regime's 'neutrality' wavered after the Fall of France in June 1940, as Franco wrote to Hitler offering to join the war in June 1940, as the meeting with Hitler in Hendaye ended without accession to the Axis Powers but with Franco's support of the Axis — whose members Italy and Germany had supported him during the Spanish Civil War — in various ways

1939-1945 Axis ship-watching activities in the Gibraltar area: 1939-1945 Axis ship-watching activities in the Gibraltar area

1940-1944 resupply of Nazi Germany's submarines in Spain: 1940-1944 Resupply of Nazi Germany's submarines in Spain

1940-1945 Occupation of Tangier: 1940-1945 Occupation of Tangier

June 1941-1944 Francoist Blue Division within the German Nazi 'Wehrmacht' on the Eastern Front and common war crimes: Blue Division, a unit from Francoist Spain within the German Nazi 'Wehrmacht' on the Eastern Front during World War II, participating in common war crimes of the '1941-1944 Siege of Leningrad' and the 1943 'Battle of Krasny Bor'

Legacy of the 1939-1975 Francoist Spain: Legacy of the 1939-1975 Francoist Spain, as by the decision of King Juan Carlos I, dictator Franco was entombed in the monument of Valle de los Caídos, until his body was moved in October 2019, as Equestrian statue of Franco in the Plaza del Ayuntamiento of Santander was at last taken down in late 2008, as in Germany a squadron was named after Werner Mölders who led the escorting units in the bombing of Guernica, and as recently as in 2006 an MEP of the 'League of Polish Families' had expressed admiration for Franco's stature who allegedly 'guaranteed the maintenance of traditional values in Europe'

1946-1958 Spanish West Africa grouping of Spanish colonies along the Atlantic coast: 1946-1958 Spanish West Africa, a grouping of Spanish colonies along the Atlantic coast of northwest Africa

1945-1955 Spain/United Nations relations: 1945-1955 Relationship between Spain and the United Nations, centered on the fact that the UN refused to enter Spain in the organization due to the alliance of the fascist Franco regime with the 'Axis powers', the aggressor countries in World War II

1950 UN resolution 386 and 1955 accession of Spain: 1950 UN resolution 386, after the USA government changed its attitude towards the Franco regime, considering that Spain, due to its geographical situation and anti-communist government, would be useful for the so-called 'free world' plans, paved the way for fascist Spain to join the UN system, which began in 1951 with the incorporation of agencies such as UPU, ITU, FAO and WHO, and completed with the accession of Spain to the UN in 1955 - 1951 Investigation of the 'Spanish Question' before the United Nations (Dale Raymond Tash)

Since 1986 Spain in the EU: Since 1986 Spain in the European Union

October 2017: 10 October 2017: After the EU has sided with Spain's Rajoy, ordering police batons in the standoff with Catalonia’s government, European Council President Donald Tusk now made a direct appeal to Catalonia’s pro-independence leader Carles Puigdemont on Tuesday not to go ahead with a unilateral declaration of independence, saying that he himself was 'as a man who knows what it feels like to be hit by a police baton' - 10 October 2017: Catalan government suspends declaration of independence, after Tusk appealed to Puigdemont to step back from a unilateral declaration of independence and begin dialogue with the Spanish PM Rajoy

Bilateral relations of Spain: Bilateral relations of Spain

Spain/Argentina relations: España/Argentina relaciones - 17 April 2012: Move to regain majority stake in oil company YPF by ousting Spain's Repsol prompts angry row between Buenos Aires and Madrid - 18 April: Spain warns Argentina over Repsol takeover

Spain/Bangladesh relations: Spain/Bangladesh relations - Inditex S.A.

2013: 27 January 2013: The unlicensed 'Smart Export Garments Ltd' factory in Dhaka where seven women workers died in a fire Saturday, was making clothing for Spanish giant Inditex and several French brands - 26 April 2013: British low-cost fashion line Primark and Spanish giant Mango have acknowledged having their products made in the collapsed factory bloc in Dhaka, that has so far claimed the lives of over 250 local workers - hundreds of thousands of workers walked out of their factories in solidarity with their dead colleagues on Thursday

2016: 27 December 2016: At least 1,500 workers sacked from Bangladesh garment factories after tens of thousands of workers walked out of factories in Ashulia, which make clothes for top western brands such as USA's Gap, Spain's Zara and Sweden's H&M, in protests sparked by the sacking of 121 workers, but soon evolved into a demand for the trebling of workers’ pay from the current monthly minimum of 5,300 taka or £54, and escalated after police fired rubber bullets injuring demonstrators, branded the protests illegal and arrested workers including union leaders and a television reporter by using a controversial wartime-era law intended to deal with threats to state security

Spain/Bolivia relations: Spain/Bolivia relations - 2 May 2012: Spain's economy minister has expressed disappointment with Bolivia's nationalisation of a Spanish-owned electric power company - 30 December 2012: Bolivia has nationalised two electricity distribution companies owned by Spanish utility Iberdrola - 4 de julio de 2013: En La Paz, el presidente Morales advierte que los pueblos no cederán a la amenaza porque son dignos y soberanos - 5 July 2013: South America's leaders rallied to support Morales over the rerouting of his presidential plane, saying they are not colonies any more and claiming respect

Spain/Brazil relations: Spain/Brazil relations

Spain/Colombia relations: Spain/Colombia relations

13 October 2020 Native American protests against Spain and Columbus: 13 octobre 2020: Des milliers de membres des communautés indigènes de Colombie et du Chili ont manifesté lundi, jour de commémoration de l’arrivée de Christophe Colomb sur le continent américain et de la fête nationale en Espagne

Spain/Equatorial Guinea relations: Spain/Equatorial Guinea relations - Spanish immigration to Equatorial Guinea

1778 and Spanish slave trade: 'Río Muni' was ceded by Portugal to Spain in 1778 in the Treaty of El Pardo, as the Spanish hoped to collect slaves to work in their other overseas possessions - 1778 Treaty of El Pardo of two colonial powers aiming at resolving long-standing territorial disputes linked to 1761–1763 Spanish–Portuguese War and 1776–1777 Spanish–Portuguese War

1778–1968 Spanish colony Guinea: Spanish Guinea, Spanish colony 1778–1968, part of Spanish colonial empire in Africa

18th—19th centuries: 1778-1810 Spain administered the territory of Equatorial Guinea via its colonial Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, based in Buenos Aires in Argentina, 1827-1843 the United Kingdom had a base on Bioko to combat the continuing Atlantic slave trade conducted by Spain and illegal traders

1968 independence of Equatorial Guinea: Since 1968 under pressure from Equatoguinean people and the United Nations independence of Equatorial Guinea

Since 1968 Equatoguinean/Spanish trade relations: Equatoguinean/Spanish trade relations - in 2016 trade between Equatorial Guinea and Spain totaled €748 million Euros, 90% of Equatorial Guinea's exports to Spain is in oil, Spain's main exports to Equatorial Guinea include drinks, furniture and lamps, mechanical equipment, automobiles and trucks, and electronic material

Spain/Germany relations: Spain/Germany relations

1618-1648 Thirty Years' War: 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War in Central Europe (mainly present-day Germany) was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, as well as the deadliest European religious war in the fragmented Holy Roman Empire, it gradually developed into a more general conflict involving most of the great powers including the Spanish Empire, Austria, Hungary, Poland, England, France, Sweden, Russian Tsardom, Ottoman Empire etc., employing relatively large mercenary armies, resulting in millions of casualties

1899: 1899 German–Spanish Treaty between the German Empire and the Kingdom of Spain, with the latter selling the vast majority of its remaining Pacific Ocean islands to Germany for 25 million pesetas

1936-1939: 1936-1939 German involvement in the Spanish Civil War following the military coup of July 1936 against the Spanish democracy, with German dictator Hitler immediately sending in powerful air and armored units to assist General Franco and fascist Spain

1936-1939 Condor Legion: 1936-1939 Condor Legion composed of volunteers from the German Air Force and from the German Army serving the fascists during the civil war and developing methods of terror bombing which were used widely in the Second World War shortly afterwards - Maritime operations - Activities in support of ground forces became the main focus of Condor Legion, until the Republican defeat due to foreign military support against the Republicans and a mainly British policy of appeasement tacitly approving the decisive support against the Spanish Republic

1937 Bombing of Guernica: Bombing of Guernica 1937 by planes of the German 'Condor Legion' and the Italian 'Aviazione Legionaria'

1936-1945: Since November 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact between NSDAP-Germany and the Empire of Japan, formation of so-called 'Axis Powers' including Italy, revised pact including Spain, Hungary, Manchukuo, Finland, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Slovakia, China-Nanjing, Turkey (observer) and World War II - Spanish 'Blue Division' active in the German Army 1941-1943 on the Eastern Front of the Second World War

1968: 28 October 1968: NSDAP/CDU Kurt Georg Kiesinger arrives on the first visit to fascist Spain ever made by a West German chancellor

2012: 13 July 2012: Germany to help Spain give skills to jobless youths as Spain's youth unemployment has soared to 52%

2015: 24 March 2015 Germanwings Airbus 320 Flight 9525 crashed in the French Alps - 27 March: Family members of Germanwings Airbus A320 crash victims, mainly from Germany and Spain, arrived at site

August 2017: 19 August 2017: Germany urges Spain not to extradite German writer Dogan Akhanli, who was born in Turkey but emigrated to Germany in 1991 after spending years in Turkish prison, to Turkey, after he was arrested on a Turkish warrant while in Granada on holiday - 20 August 2017: German writer Akhanli, who has written about human rights in Turkey, and held in Spain on Turkish warrant granted conditional release

Spain/Guatemala relations: Spain/Guatemala relations

Before the 15th century pre-Columbian societies in 'Mesoamerica': Before the 15th century pre-Columbian societies in 'Mesoamerica' - Pre-Columbian era

Since 15th century Spanish colonization of the Americas and Guatemala: Spanish colonization of the Americas since 1492

Since 1524 Afro-Guatemalan: Afro-Guatemalan since 1524

1609-1821 Spanish colony 'Captaincy General of Guatemala': Spanish colony 'Captaincy General of Guatemala', including Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala and Chiapas, 1609-1821

Spain/Israel relations: Spain/Israel relations

Since 1961/2000 Israeli membership in the UN's Western European and Others Group WEOG: After years of discussions marked by opposition from key European nations reportedly led by Ireland, Spain and France, since 2000 Israeli membership in the Western European and Others Group WEOG, one of five unofficial Regional Groups in the UN that act as voting blocs and negotiation forums formed since 1961 to encourage voting to various UN bodies from regional groups

2015: 20 July 2015: Consortium of Israeli and Spanish companies to build 121-megawatt facility in Negev desert - 23 October 2015: Israel’s ambassador to Spain celebrated with officials over the changing of an ancient Spanish town’s name from Castrillo Matajudios to Castrillo Mota de Judios

2017: 31 October 2017: Breaking with USA and EU, Israel will neither support nor oppose Catalonian independence remaining wary of standing with Spain, which it sees as major funder of anti-Israel activities

Spain/Italy relations: Spain/Italy relations - Italian Corps of Volunteer Troops to support Franco during the Spanish Civil War 1936-39 - Italian Aviazione Legionaria 1936-1939 - Bombing of Barcelona March 1938

Spain/Latin America relations: Spain/Latin America relations

Wars: List of wars involving Spain and wars of the Spanish Empire - Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish Empire

1511-1529 Taíno Rebellion: 1511-1529 Spanish and Taíno War of San Juan–Borikén, also known as the Taíno Rebellion of 1511, was the first major conflict to take place in the modern-day Puerto Rico after the arrival of the Spaniards on 19 November 1493

1511-1697 Spanish conquest of Guatemala and of the Maya: Since 1511 Spanish conquest of Guatemala, was a prolonged Spanish war because the Maya resisted integration into the Spanish Empire with such tenacity that their defeat took almost two centuries - 1511-1697 Spanish conquest of the Maya, who occupied a territory that is now incorporated into the modern countries of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and El Salvador - 1618-1697 Spanish conquest of Petén

1519-1521 Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire: 1519-1521 Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

1523-1695 Spanish conquest of Chiapas: 1523-1695 Spanish conquest of Chiapas was the campaign undertaken by the Spanish conquistadores against the Late Postclassic Mesoamerican polities in the territory that is now incorporated into the modern Mexican state of Chiapas, inhabited before the Spanish conquest by a variety of indigenous peoples, including the Zoques, various Maya peoples, such as the Lakandon Ch'ol and the Tzotzil, and an unidentified group referred to as the Chiapanecas

1532-1572 Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire: 1532-1572 Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire

1536-1825 Spanish Arauco War against the Mapuche people: 1536-1825 Arauco War was a long-running conflict between colonial Spaniards and the Mapuche people, mostly fought in the Araucanía

1537-1540 Spanish war against the Muisca: 1537-1540 Spanish war against the Muisca, who were the inhabitants of the central Andean highlands of Colombia before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors

1540-1541 Tiguex War: 1540-1541 Tiguex War between Europeans and Native Americans in what is now the USA, fought by the expedition of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado against pueblos of Tiwa Indians as well as other Puebloan tribes along both sides of the Rio Grande

Since the 15th and 16th centuries Afro-Latin Americans: Afro-Latin Americans or Black Latin Americans refers to Latin American people of significant African ancestry, who mostly mostly arrived in Latin America as part of the Atlantic slave trade since the 15th and 16th centuries

1808-1833 Spanish American wars of independence: 1808-1833 Spanish American wars of independence - 1806-1836 Timeline of the Spanish American wars of independence - Latin American Wars of Independence were the revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America, following the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas

Spain/Libya relations: Spain/Libya relations

24 May 2021 Spain reiterates support for Libyan government GNU: 24 May 2021: Spain reiterates support for Libyan government GNU, as Libya’s Abdallah Al-Lafi held a meeting with the Spanish Ambassador Garcia-Larrache to discuss the latest political developments in the country

Spain/Mexico relations: Spain/Mexico relations

1519-1933 Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas: 1519-1521 Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire - Spanish colonization of the Americas - Spanish/Mexican Indian Wars 1519-1933

Spaniards in Mexico: Spaniards in Mexico, after Spanish immigration to Mexico in the early 1500s large-scale Spanish immigration waves to Mexico during the colonial period, the second during the Porfiriato, the third after Spanish Civil War and the fourth and current after the 2008 financial crisis

March 2019 Mexican demand for apology for crimes against indigenous people but Sánchez reacts angrily: 26 March 2019: After Mexican president López Obrador wrote to King Felipe VI demanding that he apologise for crimes committed against Mexico’s indigenous people during the conquest 500 years ago, saying 'there were massacres and oppression', 'the so-called conquest was waged with the sword and the cross', 'they built their churches on top of the [indigenous] temples', and 'let us ask forgiveness first', Spain's Pedro Sánchez government reacted angrily to López Obrador’s letter, conservative People’s party leader says 'it’s scandalous ignorance and a real affront to Spain and its history', also saying 'we didn’t colonise, what we did was to make Spain larger', but Podemos party says López Obrador 'has every right to ask the king to apologise for the abuses of la conquista'

11 October 2020 Mexico asks Pope Francis for apology for church's role in 16th century Spanish conquest: 11 October 2020: Mexico’s president has written to Pope Francis to ask for an apology for the Catholic church’s role in the oppression of indigenous people in the Spanish conquest 500 years ago, also asking the Vatican to temporarily return several ancient indigenous manuscripts held in its library, ahead of next year’s 500-year anniversary of the Spanish conquest of Mexico

Spain/Morocco relations: Spain/Morocco relations

Since 1859 Spanish colonial wars in Morocco: Spanish colonial wars in Morocco since 1859

1913–1956 Spanish 'Protectorate' in Morocco: Spanish 'Protectorate' in Morocco 1913–1956

1415 conquest of Ceuta by the Portuguese: 1415 conquest of Ceuta by the Portuguese marks an important step in the beginning of the Portuguese Empire in Africa

Since 1668 Spanish Ceuta: Ceded to Spain in 1668 Ceuta is a Spanish city on the north coast of Africa, separated by 14 kilometres from Cadiz province on the Spanish mainland by the Strait of Gibraltar and sharing a 6.4 kilometre land border with M'diq-Fnideq Prefecture in the Kingdom of Morocco

Since 1936: In July 1936, fascist general Francisco Franco took command of the Spanish Army of Africa and rebelled against the Spanish republican government, starting the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 and transporting troops to mainland Spain in an airlift using transport aircraft supplied by Germany and Italy, Ceuta and its people became one of the first casualties of the fascist war

1497 Conquest of Melilla: 1497 Conquest of Melilla

1909-1910 Second Melillan campaign: 1909-1910 Second Melillan campaign

Melilla: Spanish Melilla, located on the north coast of Africa, sharing a border with Morocco

Since 1936: Since 1936: Fascist general Franco used the city of Melilla as one of his staging grounds for the rebellion against Spanish democracy in 1936, starting the Spanish Civil War, a statue of him is still prominently featured

2013: 5 August 2013: A Spanish paedophile pardoned in a joint royal action by Morocco's king and freed last week from jail in response to a request from Spanish king has been detained in Murcia after the royal action sparked protests and the pardon was revoked

2018: 12 March 2018: Moroccan Farid Hilali, who was freed in 2009 after spending almost four years in prison in the UK and one more in Spain as Spanish prosecutors 'disrespected British justice' by presenting false evidence and the UK was compliant, and then had to stay in Spain, registering daily at a police station and ineligible for a work permit or benefits, after Spain’s national court admitted the 'inexistence of any kind of evidence' that Hilali was an al-Qaida member and Hilali is still waiting for Spain’s justice ministry to decide on his claim

25 June 2022 eighteen people killed as hundreds try to cross into Spain’s Melilla enclave: 25 June 2022: Eighteen people have died after a mass attempt to cross from Morocco into Spain’s enclave of Melilla, as about 2,000 people approached Melilla at dawn on Friday and more than 500 managed to enter a border control area after cutting a fence with shears, the Spanish government’s local delegation said in a statement

Spain/Netherlands relations: Spain/Netherlands relations

1549-1581 Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands: 1549-1581 Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands in the 15th and 16th century

1566–1648 Dutch Revolt: 1566–1648 Dutch Revolt was the successful revolt of the northern, largely Protestant Seven Provinces of the Low Countries against the rule of the Roman Catholic King Philip II of Spain

1568-1648 Eighty Years' War: 1568-1648 Eighty Years' War or Dutch War of Independence was a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces against the political and religious hegemony of Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands

1581–1795 Republic of the United Netherlands: 1581–1795 Republic of the United Netherlands existing from 1581 when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule

Spain/Russia relations: Spain/Russia relations - Second Spanish Republic/Soviet Union diplomatic relations since July 28 1933 until 1939 - Anti-Comintern Pact and World War II

1941-1943: Spanish 'Blue Division' active in the German Army 1941-1943 on the Eastern Front of the Second World War

2016: 26 October 2016: Spain is facing criticism for reportedly preparing to allow the refuelling of Russian warships en route to bolstering the bombing campaign against the besieged Syrian city of Aleppo

Spain/Switzerland relations: Spain/Switzerland relations

1574-1838 Schweizer Truppen in spanischen Diensten: 1574-1838 Schweizer Truppen in spanischen Diensten (zwei davon nicht reguläre Einheiten) unterstützten nacheinander zwei Königsdynastien und kurzzeitig einen Herrscher von Napoleons Gnaden - Swiss mercenaries (Reisläufer) were notable for their service in foreign armies, especially the armies of the Kings of France, throughout the Early Modern period of European history, from the Later Middle Ages into the Age of the European Enlightenment

April 2018: 5 April 2018: Italian and French national Hervé Falciani, the whistleblower who exposed wrongdoing at HSBC’s Swiss private bank freely sharing a list of 130,000 names of organisations and individuals who were using the Swiss banking system to launder money and evade taxes freely with authorities in the EU, India and Argentine, is facing extradition from Spain to Switzerland after his arrest in Madrid widely seen as a favour to the Swiss in the hope that Switzerland will extradite two Catalan and republican fugitives, after Spanish tax authorities recovered some €300m in unpaid tax from some of the 637 Spaniards who appeared on Falciani’s list and despite Spain’s national court rejected a Swiss extradition request in 2013 on the grounds that the charge of violating bank secrecy was not an offence in Spain if the secrecy was used as a cover for serious offences

Spain/Syria relations: Spain/Syria relations

2017: 27 March 2017: A Spanish court is to investigate allegations that nine members of the Syrian Assad regime committed 'state terrorism' by kidnapping, torturing and murdering a truck driver who disappeared in Damascus four years ago, the first criminal complaint accepted against Assad’s regime by a European court, brought on behalf of the victim’s sister, a Spanish citizen who lives in Madrid

Spain/Turkey relations: Spain/Turkey relations

October 2019 Spain supports Turkish illegal military operation in northern Syria: 9 October 2019: Spain has announced its support for Turkish regime’s illegal military operation in northern Syria, making it the first European country to do so

Spain/United Arab Emirates relations: Spain/United Arab Emirates relations

9 August 2020 former King of Spain Juan Carlos moved to the United Arab Emirates: July/August 2020: Fleeing Europe to new shores, former King of Spain Juan Carlos traveled to the United Arab Emirates after announcing he was leaving his home country in connection with a corruption investigation, now occupying an entire floor of the five-star Emirates Palace in Abu Dhabi

Spain/United Kingdom relations: Spain/United Kingdom relations - August 1704 Capture of Gibraltar by the forces of the Grand Alliance occurred between 1–3 August 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession - 1807–1814 Peninsular War was a military conflict between Napoleon's empire and the allied powers of Spain, Britain and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars and is regarded as one of the first wars of national liberation

Gibraltar since 1713: Gibraltar located at the entrance of the Mediterranean, British Overseas Territory since the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht - Disputed status of Gibraltar - Economy of Gibraltar, main industries include tourism, banking and finance, ship repairing tobacco - Taxation in Gibraltar

2011-2015: 8 December 2011 Gibraltar general election - 16 August 2013: British PM Cameron urges EU investigation of Gibraltar border checks - 17 août 2013: Dans la baie de Gibraltar les pêcheurs espagnols craignent la ruine - 19 août: Manifestation des pêcheurs espagnols contre la construction du récif de Gibraltar par les autorités britanniques - 28 July 2014: Andalusian Workers' Union plans tax-haven protest with one-day 'occupation' of Gibraltar also reclaiming Gibraltar as Spanish territory - 26 November 2015 Gibraltar general election

October 2017: 7 October 2017: Facebook group called 'Españoles en Londres' proposed launching a 'hunt for independence supporters', threatening to remove Catalan flags hung in windows, with the promise of a 'night of broken glass' to follow

2 January 2021 Spain will have the last word on who can enter Gibraltar, FM says: 2 January 2021: Spain will have the last word on who can enter Gibraltar under the terms of the preliminary post-Brexit deal announced this week, Spain’s FM has said, in an assertion that was swiftly challenged by Gibraltar’s chief minister

24 June 2021 Gibraltar abortion referendum: 24 June 2021 Gibraltar abortion referendum

Spain/USA relations: Spain/USA relations - The United States and Franco - trade and military alliance ending Franco's isolation - 28 October 2013: Spain demands details of US eavesdropping, saying new reports of mass telephone surveillance in the country would be 'inappropriate and unacceptable'

Spain/Holy See–Vatican relations: Spain/Holy See–Vatican relations

Since 1478: Spanish Inquisition established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs of Castile intending to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and to replace the Medieval Inquisition, which was under Papal control

1851/1941: Concordat of 1851 between the Spanish government of Queen Isabella II and the Vatican, saying the Roman Catholic religion to be the only religion of the Spanish nation, reinstated by dictator Franco in 1941

Spain/Western Sahara relations: Spain/Western Sahara relations - Spanish Sahara 1884-1976 - Western Sahara conflict 1973–present

Environment of Spain: Environment of Spain - Water in Spain - Water supply and sanitation in Spain - Pollution of the Zadorra

Environmental organisations based in Spain: Environmental organisations based in Spain

Maritime incidents in Spain: Maritime incidents in Spain - Naufrage du pétrolier Prestige 2002 - Crown Resources AG - 16 October 2012: Spain Prestige oil spill disaster case in court - investigaton complicated by the range of nationalities involved

Prestige oil spill 2002/2003: Prestige oil spill off the coast of Galicia 2002/2003 - 13 novembre 2013: Les trois accusés pour le naufrage du pétrolier Prestige en novembre 2002, à l'origine d'une des plus graves marées noires de l'histoire, acquittés pour le naufrage

Natural disasters in Spain: Natural disasters in Spain

Earthquakes in Spain: Earthquakes in Spain

2011: Spain earthquake May 2011

Heatwaves and wildfires in Spain: Weather events in Spain

2003 European heat wave in Spain: 2003 European heat wave in Spain

2012: 24 July 2012: The death toll has risen to four in forest fires raging in Spain's north-eastern Catalonia region - 31 August: Marbella wildfire causes mass evacuation

2013: 30 August 2013: Firefighters tamed a major wildfire in northwest Spain and continued battling smaller ones there and in neighbouring Portugal

June 2017: 25 June 2017: Emergency services fight to contain major blaze in Huelva, Andalucía, which has been on high alert due to heat wave

October 2017: Octubre 2017 Incendios al noroeste de la península ibérica - Octubre 2017 Incendis de Galícia - 16 October 2017: 6 people killed in Spain, Portugal as wildfires fanned by hurricane Ophelia

July/August 2018 European heat wave in Portugal and Spain: July/August 2018 heat wave in Portugal and Spain - 7 août 2018: Le bilan de la canicule dont souffre l'Espagne s'est alourdi à neuf morts en une semaine

June 2019 wildfires: 27 June 2019: Spain battles biggest wildfires in 20 years as heatwave grips Europe

August 2019 Gran Canaria wildfire: August 2019 Canary Islands wildfires - 11 August 2019: A raging wildfire on the Spanish island of Gran Canaria has burned through 2,470 acres and forced the evacuation of 1,000 residents - 19 August 2019: About 8,000 people have been evacuated from their homes on Gran Canaria in Spain’s Canary Islands, where firefighters are battling saying blaze is out of control and spreading on several fronts

12 September 2021 firefighters battle to contain blazes in Andalucía as Spain drafts in military to help: 12 September 2021: People have fled their homes in six more Andalucían towns and villages as Spain sent in a military unit to help tackle wildfires raging close to a Costa del Sol resort, as blaze fanned by strong winds has driven out almost 2,000 people and killed one emergency worker since it began on Wednesday

20 May 2022 Spain braces for heatwave of ‘extraordinary intensity’: 20 May 2022: Spain braces for heatwave of ‘extraordinary intensity’ to exceed 42C on Saturday bringing dusty skies, a heightened risk of forest fires and blistering conditions, as forecasters also predict France will see hottest May on record

10 June 2022 Spain is in the grip of its first heatwave of the year: 10 June 2022: Spain is in the grip of its first heatwave of the year, with temperatures in parts of the west and south expected to reach 44C - the result of the anti-cyclone Alex and a mass of very hot air over north Africa -, is expected to last at least until Tuesday and is the third earliest on record

July 2022 Spain wildfires amid North African, Mediterranean and European heatwaves: July 2022 Spain wildfires amid North African, Mediterranean and European heatwave, Spain's first fire broke out in the Sierra de Mijas mountains, which forced 2,300 to flee near the Costa del Sol. In July, Extremadura experienced wildfires which spread to Salamanca in Castile and León and burnt more than 4,000 hectares. - 22 July 2022: Dutch 'Land Life company' with offices in Spain and the USA, said wildfire affecting one of its reforestation projects in Ateca in the north-eastern region of Aragón, estimated to have damaged 14,000 hectares of land

19 May 2023 Extremadura wildfire: 19 May 2023: Hundreds of civilian and military firefighters are tackling a wildfire in south-west Spain that has burned across at least 7,500 hectares of land and forced the evacuation of more than 500 people since it began on Wednesday evening. Efforts to fight the 'very large and difficult' fire in the Las Hurdes and Sierra de Gata areas of northern Extremadura are being hindered by strong winds

Storms and floods in Spain: Floods in Spain

2012 southern Spain floods: 29 September 2012: Deadly flash floods hit southern Spain

December 2016 Costa del Sol floods: 5 décembre 2016: Deux personnes sont mortes dimanche dans des inondations sur la Costa del Sol

October 2018 Mallorca floods: 10 October 2018: At least nine people have died in Mallorca in Spain’s Balearic Islands and a number of others are missing, after the island was hit by flash flooding

September 2019 storms and floods: 13 September 2019: Heavy storms, rain and floods in southeastern Spain claimed another victim Friday, bringing the weather-related death toll to three - 14 September 2019: Record rainfall in southeastern Spain has claimed two more lives, taking the death toll to six from the storms that have flooded roads and towns

October 2019 Catalonia floods: 23 octobre 2019: Un homme a été retrouvé mort mercredi et quatre personnes étaient portées disparues au lendemain de fortes inondations en Catalogne, qui ont aussi privé d'électricité 25'000 foyers, selon les autorités

January 2020 storm 'Gloria': 22 January 2020: Nine people dead and four missing as storm 'Gloria' batters Spain

9 January 2021 deadly snowstorm Filomena: 9 January 2021: At least 3 people die in Spain's worst snowstorm in 50 years, as public urged to stay at home while storm Filomena traps motorists and brings Madrid to standstill

Sweden - History of Sweden - Geography of Sweden - Urban areas in Sweden - Demographics of Sweden

Economy of Sweden: Economy of Sweden - main industries include telecommunications equipment, wood pulp and paper products, motor vehicles, pharmaceutical products, iron and steel - List of companies of Sweden - Companies of Sweden by industry - Mines in Sweden

Agriculture in Sweden: Agriculture in Sweden - products include wheat, rapeseed and other oil plants, potatoes, sugar beet, barley and oat, animal feed especially for pigs and poultry

Banking in Sweden: Banking in Sweden - Swedish banking rescue 1991-1992 and 2007–2008

Welfare in Sweden: Welfare in Sweden - Social security in Sweden

Swedish Armed Forces: Swedish Armed Forces

28 July 2015: Sweden investigates submarine wreck discovered in country's territorial waters

Taxation in Sweden: Taxation in Sweden - Swedish National Financial Management Authority website - Swedish fiscal policy framework

Budget of Sweden: Central government budget for 2015 - 23 October 2014: Government submitted its proposal for the central government budget for 2015 to the Riksdag

Politics in Sweden: Politics of Sweden

Since 1634 constitutions of Sweden: Since 1634 constitutions of Sweden - Basic Laws of Sweden - 2009 amendment of 'Basic Laws of Sweden'

Political parties in Sweden: - Political parties in Sweden

December 2018 researchers traced how deep 'Sweden Democrats' party’s Nazi roots run: 17 December 2018: 'Sweden Democrats' did well in the recent elections and have deadlocked the country’s politics, but a trio of researchers has traced just how deep the party’s Nazi roots run, revealing that its founder Gustaf Ekström volunteered in the Waffen SS, churned out Nazi propaganda and worked out of buildings confiscated from Jews

Swedish labour movement: Swedish labour movement

Since 1992 'Olof Palme International Center': Since 1992 'Olof Palme International Center' - Olof Palme International Center website - Since 1992 'Olof Palme International Center', working with international development co-operation and the forming of public opinion surrounding international political and security issues, established in 1992 by the Swedish Social Democratic Party, the Trade Union Confederation and the Cooperative Union, the Palme Center today has 28 member organizations within the labour movement

Trade unions in Sweden: Trade unions in Sweden

Elections and politics in Sweden: Elections in Sweden - Government of Sweden

September 1964 Swedish general election: September 1964 Swedish general election, when Swedish Social Democratic Party remained the largest party, winning 113 of the 233 seats in the Second Chamber of the Riksdag

September 1968 Swedish general election: September 1968 Swedish general election, resulting in a landslide victory for the Social Democratic government and PM Tage Erlander

Since 1969 policies and views of Swedish PM Olof Palme: Policies and views of Olof Palme, PM since 1969

1973 Swedish general election: 1973 Swedish general election, when the Social Democratic remained the largest party, winning 156 of the 350 seats

28 February 1986 Assassination of Olof Palme: 28 February 1986 Assassination of PM of Sweden Olof Palme and PM since 1967, who led the Swedish Social Democratic Party from 1969 until his assassination in 1986 when he was fatally wounded by a single gunshot while walking home from a cinema with his wife Lisbet Palme on a central Stockholm street, and as case remains unsolved giving rise to various different theories

September 2010 Swedish general election: Swedish general election 19 September 2010

April 2012 Swedish culture minister Liljeroth cutting cake designed like an African tribal woman: April 2012: Swedish culture minister Lena Adelsohn Liljeroth cutting cake designed like an African tribal woman - demands to resign

September 2014 Swedish general election: 14 Sepember 2014 Swedish general election - 15 September: Sweden’s Social Democrat-led bloc seeks to form government

December 2014: 3 December: Swedish snap election on 22 March after far-right party helped defeat the government's first budget in parliament - 27 December: Sweden's centre-left government avoids snap poll in deal that counters far right

September 2018 Swedish general, regional and municipal elections: 9 September 2018 Swedish general, regional and municipal elections - 10 September 2018: Sweden is headed for a period of uncertainty after legislative elections saw Swedish anti-immigrant party with neo-Nazi roots making gains and Social Democrats winning 28.4% of votes, down 2.8 points from the 2014 elections - 25 September 2018: Sweden’s centre-right parties and anti-immigrant party with neo-Nazi roots have combined to oust the country’s centre-left PM Stefan Löfven, in a mandatory no-confidence vote

May 2019 European Parliament election in Sweden: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Sweden

8 June 2020 Sweden to present findings on Olof Palme assassination: 8 June 2020: Sweden to present findings on Olof Palme assassination, as sources say South Africa handed over dossier on 1986 murder, but not everyone is hopeful mystery will be solved

10 June 2020 Sweden identifies dead man as main suspect in 1986 murder of PM Palme: 10 June 2020: Sweden identifies dead man, Stig Engstrom who died in 2000, as main suspect in 1986 murder of PM, closes probe

21 June 2021 Swedish PM Stefan Löfven loses no-confidence vote: 21 June 2021: Swedish PM Stefan Löfven loses no-confidence vote in the country's parliament, making him the first premier to be ousted by opposition MPs in the country’s history and giving him a week to resign or call snap elections

29 November 2021 Sweden’s first female PM Magdalena Andersson elected for a second time in a week: 29 November 2021: Sweden’s first female PM elected for a second time in a week, as Magdalena Andersson will form a one-party, minority government, with a cabinet expected to be named on Tuesday

PM Andersson said 'it’s very important that we do have these security assurances' from Europe and Nato: 7 September 2022: Sweden’s Social Democratic PM Magdalena Andersson has said the country is at a pivotal moment as it prepares for its most critical election in years, in which rightwing populists with neo-Nazi roots are likely to become the second biggest party. The election comes at a tumultuous time for Sweden, against the backdrop of growing hostility from Russia as it prepares to join Nato, a Europe-wide energy crisis, and violence on the streets. PM Andersson said she did not consider Russia a 'direct military threat', but she added 'it’s very important that we do have these security assurances that we got from the UK, the USA, France, Germany and many other countries during our Nato application. We’re very grateful for that, it means a lot to us'. Calling for Europe to become less dependent on Russian gas, she said gas and electricity prices must be 'decoupled'.

11 September 2022 Swedish general election: 11 September 2022 Swedish general election to elect the 349 members of the Riksdag. They in turn will elect the Prime Minister of Sweden. Under the constitution, regional and municipal elections will also be held on the same day. - Opinion polling for the 2022 Swedish general election, as the date range for these opinion polls are from the previous general election held on 9 September 2018, to the present day

12 September 2022: Sweden’s future is balanced on a knife-edge as the country awaits a final tally of the votes: 12 September 2022: Sweden’s future is balanced on a knife-edge as the country awaits a final tally of the votes. With 95% of the vote counted, the right bloc was on 49.7%, while four parties on the left, including the incumbent Social Democrats, stood at 49%. The final picture will come on Wednesday after the votes of Swedish citizens living abroad and those of some who voted early are counted

Social movements and protests in Sweden: Protests in Sweden - Swedish labour movement

May 2013 Stockholm riots: 2013 Stockholm riots since 19 May - 22 May 2013: Hundreds of youths have set fire to cars and attacked police and rescue services in poor immigrant suburbs in three nights of rioting in Stockholm - 24 May: The ongoing riots in Stockholm's immigrant-dominated suburbs for the fifth straight night, have sparked a debate about the situation of immigrants, who make up about 15% of the population - 25 May: Police reinforcements sent to Stockholm had reduced the violence in a sixth night of rioting - 26 May: Parents patrolling streets help deter Stockholm rioters

2014: 31 August 2014: Thousands of Swedes rally in Stockholm against growing anti-Semitism - 26 December 2014: Swedish democrats turned out in Eskilstuna to denounce Christmas Day arson attack on a mosque that injured five people

2015: 2 January 2015: More than 1,000 demonstrators take to streets of Gothenburg, Malmö and Stockholm after third mosque fire in a week, demanding end to attacks

2016: 15 February 2016: A sit-in was organized in Stockholm to protest against the crimes committed by Russia and the Assad regime in Syria - 4 May 2016: The lone protest of Tess Asplund defying a march of 300 uniformed neo-Nazis is set to become an iconic image of resistance to the rise of the far-right in Scandinavia

April 2017: 9 avril 2017: Des milliers de personnes ont manifesté leur rejet du terrorisme à Stockholm, deux jours après l'attentat au camion bélier qui a fait quatre morts et une quinzaine de blessés, et après le suspect principal de l'attaque, favorable aux thèses djihadistes, s'était vu refuser un permis de séjour en 2016

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Sweden: Swedish society - Human rights in Sweden - Religion in Sweden

Provinces of Sweden: Provinces of Sweden, 25 historical, geographical and cultural regions of Sweden. In some cases, the administrative counties correspond almost exactly to the provinces, as is Blekinge to Blekinge County and Gotland, which is a province, county and a municipality.

Counties and Municipalities of Sweden: 21 Counties of Sweden - County administrative boards of Sweden - County councils of Sweden, self-governing local authority and one of the principal administrative subdivisions of Sweden - 290 Municipalities of Sweden, which are responsible for a large proportion of local services, including schools, emergency services and physical planning

Urban areas, cities and metropolitan areas in Sweden: 1,956 urban areas in Sweden, having a minimum of 200 inhabitants - Populated places in Sweden by municipality - List of cities in Sweden - List of metropolitan areas in Sweden

Stockholm and Stockholm County: Stockholm County - Stockholm, the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries, 942,370 people live in the municipality, approximately 1.5 million in the urban area, and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area - Stockholm Municipality - Stockholm urban area - History of Stockholm

Scania province: Scania, the southernmost of the historical provinces of Sweden located in the south tip of the geographical region of Götaland, as the province is roughly conterminous with Skåne County, created in 1997

div>Småland province: Småland province in southern Sweden, as Småland borders Blekinge, Scania, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea

div>Östergötland province: Östergötland province in the south of Sweden, bordering Småland, Västergötland, Närke, Södermanland and the Baltic Sea. Today, the largest city in the province is Linköping, with Norrköping second. Skänninge is one of the oldest areas but small; Vadstena is also small. Additional towns without a royal charter that have emerged in the 20th century are Finspång and Åtvidaberg.

div>Norrköping city: Norrköping city in the province of Östergötland, the seat of Norrköping Municipality in Östergötland County, about 160 km southwest of the national capital Stockholm, 40 km east of county seat Linköping and 60 km west of the Södermanland capital of Nyköping. The city has a population of 95,618 inhabitants in 2016, out of a municipal total of 130,050, making it Sweden's tenth largest city and eighth largest municipality.

Economy, government agencies, logistics, infrastructure, and culture of Norrköping city: Economy, government agencies, logistics, infrastructure, and culture of Norrköping city

Lunnevads folkhögskola: Lunnevads folkhögskola i Östergötland grundades 1868 och är en av Sveriges tre äldsta folkhögskolor, tillsammans med Folkhögskolan Hvilan och Önnestads folkhögskola i Skåne. Lunnevads folkhögskola har sedan många år tillbaka en estetisk profil och idag utgörs skolans verksamhet av huvudprogrammen konst, dans och musik, samt allmän kurs. På musiklinjen finns inriktningarna folkmusik, klassisk musik och jazz. På allmän kurs finns inriktningarna hantverk, konst och musik.

7 October 2007 canon 'Dona Nobis Pacem' in Norrköping: 7 oktober 2007 i Norrköping 'Dona Nobis Pacem', ViN-kören, Laholms Manskör, St. Olai Motettkör, Mats Strand med elever från De Geer musikgymnasium och Lunnevads folkhögskola, Henrik Bergion på piano, Leif Ahlberg dirigerar och leder allsången

History and timeline of Norrköping city: History and timeline of Norrköping city

Demographics of Sweden and people by ethnic or national origin: Demographics of Sweden - Swedish people by ethnic or national origin and ethnic groups in Sweden

History of the Jews in Sweden: History of the Jews in Sweden

Sami people in Sweden: Sami people in Sweden and Sami history - Sami Parliament of Sweden - Sami languages in Sweden - Northern Sami language

Contemporary immigration to Sweden and countries of origin: Immigration to Sweden - Contemporary immigration to Sweden - Countries of origin for persons born abroad

2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis

2016 refugees and Sweden: 4 janvier 2016: La Suède ferme le pont de l'Öresund aux réfugiés et migrants sans papiers - 28 January: Sweden plan to expel 80,000 failed asylum-seekers - 21 May 2016: Refugees fleeing war in the Middle East have brought a vibrant culture and a trade revival to Sweden’s third city of Malmö

Culture of Sweden: Culture of Sweden - Provinces of Sweden - Museums in Sweden

Languages of Sweden: Languages of Sweden - Immigrant languages in Sweden

Women and women's rights in Sweden: Women in Sweden - Women's rights in Sweden

2017: 4 February 2017: Sweden’s deputy PM Isabella Lövin, who also serves as environment and development aid minister, has published a photograph of herself surrounded by her closest female colleagues signing a climate bill, that aims to make Sweden carbon neutral by 2045 and 'marks a new era in Swedish climate politics'

Children and children's rights in Sweden: Ombudsman for Children in Sweden - Swedish children's literature

Education in Sweden: Education in Sweden - Education in Sweden by city or town

Schools in Sweden: Schools in Sweden - Gymnasiums in Sweden

Universities and colleges in Sweden: Universities in Sweden - List of universities and colleges in Sweden

Health in Sweden: Health in Sweden

Medical outbreaks in Sweden: Medical outbreaks in Sweden

Since January 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Sweden: Since January 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Sweden

Timeline of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Sweden: Timeline of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Sweden since November/December 2019

15 April 2020 Sweden passes the number of 1,200 coronavirus deaths: 15 April 2020: Sweden has passed the number of 1,000 coronavirus deaths with 1,203 victims, far exceeding the tolls of its nearest neighbours, but suggested it may be nearing the outbreak’s peak as scientists continue to question the government’s light-touch approach

Healthcare in Sweden: Healthcare in Sweden - Medical and health organisations based in Sweden - National Board of Health and Welfare in Sweden

Hospitals in Sweden: Hospitals in Sweden

Media of Sweden: Media of Sweden

Internet in Sweden: Internet in Sweden - History of the Internet in Sweden

April 2017: 9 avril 2017: Les Stockholmois ont sonné la mobilisation sur Facebook en organisant une manifestation pour marquer leur cohésion face au terrorisme, après l'attentat sanglant au camion

Crime in Sweden: Crime in Sweden

Corruption in Sweden: Corruption in Sweden - July 2013 Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention: Reported corruption in Sweden, structure, risk factors and countermeasures

Fraud in Sweden: Fraud in Sweden - 2007 ICA meat repackaging controversy

Ikea use of forced labour: Ikea holdings and foundations in Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland - Ikea criticisms - 16 November 2012: The Swedish furniture company 'Ikea' used political prisoners as forced labour in the so-called 'German Democratic Republic' from the 1960s to 1980s - 4 July 2014: Romania's brutal communist-era secret police received covert six-figure payments from Ikea as part of the Swedish group's deals with a local furniture manufacturer in the 1980s

Tax evasion in Sweden: Tax evasion in Sweden

2016: 5 May 2016: Effects of changes in tax policy and tax evasion in Sweden 2002–2013

2017: 1 June 2017: The richest 0.01% of households, involving those with more than £31m assets, evade paying 30% of their taxes on average, as 'by our estimate, the top 0.01% of the [wealth] distribution owns about 50% of [the wealth]', according to an academic study of tax evasion by Danish, Norwegian and Swedish researchers, who studied the wealth of people in Norway, Sweden and Denmark, based on data revealed in the Panama Papers and the leaks concerning the HSBC Swiss private bank

Racism in Sweden: Racism in Sweden

1991-1992: 1991-1992 white nationalist Ausonius' shooting spree, who shot eleven people in the Stockholm and Uppsala area to scare immigrants out of the country

2016: 30 January 2016: A gang of masked men have been detained in Stockholm after distributing leaflets threatening to punish 'north African street children roaming' the Swedish capital

Nazism and antisemitism in Sweden: Nazism in Sweden - Antisemitism in Sweden

1994-2008: National Socialist Front 1994-2008

March 2009 Malmö anti-Israel riots: March 2009 Malmö Davis Cup riots were anti-Israel riots in the Swedish city of Malmö against a Davis Cup tennis match between Sweden and Israel

Since 2010: Increasing antisemitism in Sweden since 2010

2010/2012: 2010 and 2012 Malmö synagogue arson attacks

2012: 7 décembre 2012: Un 'artiste' suédois utilise des cendres de victimes de la Shoah, volées lors d’une visite du camp d'extermination de Majdanek

2013: 31 July 2013: Rampant anti-Semitism of primarily Muslim immigrants in Sweden's third-largest city Malmoe causing serious concern for local Jews

2014: 20 August 2014: Jewish woman attacked and badly beaten by angry group of muslims for wearing star of David in Uppsala - 17 December 2014: Remarks of far-right leader Söder who said Jews cannot be Swedes unless they abandon their Jewish identity condemned by Swedish Jewish community's Lena Posner Körösi

2015: 22 October 2015 Trollhättan school attack - 23 October 2015: Swedish police are treating the killing of a pupil and a teacher at Kronan school in Trollhättan as a racist hate crime, as dozens of people gathered quietly outside the school on Thursday evening to pay their respects

December 2017: 10 December 2017: More than a dozen men hurled firebombs at a synagogue in Gothenburg in southern Sweden hours after locals marched in the city against the USA's recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s capital - 11 December 2017: Jewish cemetery in Malmö attacked, in Sweden's second suspected anti-Semitic incident this week

July 2018: 5 July 2018: Neo-Nazis in Sweden assaulted pro-Israel activists and disrupt Israel-centered pavilion at Gotland festival, set up by the Israel-Sweden Friendship Association, as neo-Nazi party Nordic Resistance Movement has been allowed by the Swedish police to publicly hold meetings and demonstrations at the Almedalen Week

December 2018: 17 December 2018: 'Sweden Democrats' did well in the recent elections and have deadlocked the country’s politics, but a trio of researchers has traced just how deep the party’s Nazi roots run, revealing that its founder Gustaf Ekström volunteered in the Waffen SS, churned out Nazi propaganda and worked out of buildings confiscated from Jews

Organized crime in Sweden: Organized crime in Sweden

Terrorism in Sweden: Terrorism in Sweden - Islamist terrorism in Sweden

28 February 1986 Assassination of Olof Palme: 28 February 1986 Assassination of Olof Palme

2010 Stockholm bombings: 2010 Stockholm bombings

2014/2015: 25 December 2014: An arsonist set fire to a mosque in Eskilstuna on Thursday, injuring five people - 2 January 2015: A third suspected arson attack on a Swedish mosque in a week took place in Uppsala

2017: April 2017 Stockholm attack - 8 April 2017: After four people died and 15 were injured by hijacked truck that careered into pedestrians on Stockholm’s busiest shopping street, suspect arrested for terrorist crime - 11 April 2017: Stockholm attack suspect Akilov admits terrorist crime - 1 May 2017: Swedish mosque damaged in suspected arson attack

Violence in Sweden: Violence in Sweden

3 March 2021 a man armed with an axe injured eight people in Vetlanda: 3 March 2021: A man armed with an axe has attacked and injured eight people in southern Sweden town of Vetlanda in what authorities called a suspected terrorist crime

Arson in Sweden: Arson in Sweden

October 1998 Gothenburg discothèque fire: 29 October 1998 Gothenburg discothèque fire

April 2000 Bäckaby Old Church arson attack: 28 April 2000 Bäckaby Old Church arson attack

2014 mosque arson attacks in Sweden: 2014 mosque arson attacks in Sweden

Since 2014/2015 Arson attacks on asylum centres in Sweden: Since 2014/2015 Arson attacks on asylum centres in Sweden

May 2016 riots in Sweden: May 2016 riots in Sweden

October 2016 Malmö Muslim community centre arson: October 2016 Malmö Muslim community centre arson

2017 Rinkeby riots: February 2017 Rinkeby riots

August 2018: 15 August 2018: The Swedish authorities on Wednesday were investigating the burning of more than 100 vehicles on the nation’s west coast, in what they said was a coordinated arson attack by groups of young men

October 2018: 10 October 2018: Swedish Jewish politician’s house in Lund burned in suspected anti-Semitic attack

Law and legal history in Sweden: Law of Sweden - Legal history of Sweden - Since 1634 constitutions of Sweden - Basic Laws of Sweden - 2009 amendment of 'Basic Laws of Sweden'

Judiciary of Sweden: Judiciary of Sweden

District courts and courts of appeal: District courts of Sweden, the court of first instance for the general courts in Sweden - Courts of appeal in Sweden, the second instance on issues relating to criminal cases, contentious cases and other judicial issues that have already been dealt with by a district court, the next and final instance is the Supreme Court

Supreme Court of Sweden: Supreme Court of Sweden

Administrative courts in Sweden: Administrative courts in Sweden - Migration Court, part of the general administrative courts in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Malmö and Luleå - Swedish Migration Agency - Administrative courts of appeal in Sweden - Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden

Law enforcement in Sweden: Law enforcement in Sweden

Swedish Prosecution Authority: Swedish Prosecution Authority

Swedish Economic Crime Authority

Foreign relations of Sweden: Foreign relations of Sweden

Treaties of Sweden - Treatis of the Swedish Empire 1611–1718 - Peace treaties of Sweden until 1815 - The 1814 peace with Norway at Moss concluded the last Swedish war

Sweden's participation in international organizations: Sweden's participation in international organizations

Since 1946 UN membership: Since November 1946 Sweden a member of the United Nations

March 1953 UN Secretary-General selection of Dag Hammarskjöld for a 5-year term: March 1953 United Nations Secretary-General selection of Dag Hammarskjöld for a 5-year term

September 1957 UN Secretary-General selection of Dag Hammarskjöld for a second term: September 1957 UN Secretary-General selection of Dag Hammarskjöld for a second 5-year term

18 September 1961 UN Secretary-General Hammarskjöld killed in Northern Rhodesia plane crash: On 18 September 1961, UN Secretary-General Hammarskjöld was en route to negotiate a cease-fire between UN Operation in the Congo forces and Katangese troops under Moise Tshombe, as his Douglas DC-6 airliner crashed near Ndola, Northern Rhodesia and now Zambia, and Hammarskjöld perished in the crash, as did all but one of the 16 passengers, who died from injuries a few days later, setting off a succession crisis at the UN - UN special report and three official inquiries into the circumstances that led to the crash, the Rhodesian Board of Investigation, the Rhodesian Commission of Inquiry, and the United Nations Commission of Investigation

November 1961 UN Secretary-General selection to replace killed Dag Hammarskjöld by U Thant: November 1961 United Nations Secretary-General selection to replace Dag Hammarskjöld after he was killed in a plane crash, and within two weeks, U Thant of Burma emerged as the only candidate who was acceptable to both the Soviet Union and the USA

August 2011 evidence suggests UN chief Dag Hammarskjöld's plane was shot down 50 years ago: 17 August 2011: evidence suggests UN chief Dag Hammarskjöld's plane was shot down 50 years ago, as eyewitnesses claim a second aircraft fired at the plane raising questions of British cover-up over the 1961 crash and its causes

June 2015 UN's Ban Ki-moon receives report on Dag Hammarskjöld’s death: 12 June 2015: UN's Ban Ki-moon receives report probing new information on Dag Hammarskjöld’s death

January 2019 pilot Jan van Risseghem ‘admitted 1961 killing of UN secretary general’: 12 January 2019: RAF veteran Jan van Risseghem, always been described simply as a Belgian pilot, ‘admitted 1961 killing of UN secretary general’, as cold case documentary casts new light on mystery of Dag Hammarskjöld’s plane crash, also saying that in 1961 Van Risseghem was in the Congo, flying for separatist rebels who had declared independence for the breakaway province of Katanga, and ordered the pilot to shoot down a plane, then named as the possible attacker by the USA ambassador to the Congo in a secret cable sent the day of Hammarskjöld’s death and only recently declassified

Since 1995 EU membership: In January 1995 Sweden became a member of the European Union - Sweden and the European Union

Nordic-Baltic Eight regional co-operation: Nordic-Baltic Eight or NB8 since 1992 is a regional co-operation format that includes Sweden, Finland, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

2015: 3 September 2015: Aggression of the Russian Federation in Ukraine poses a challenge to security in Europe, the representatives of eight Nordic-Baltic countries say at a meeting on regional security in Copenhagen

Bilateral relations of Sweden: Bilateral relations of Sweden

Sweden/Afghanistan relations: 'Swedish Committee for Afghanistan' aid organisation active in Afghanistan since 1980 - On 11 March 2014 Swedish journalist Nils Horner shot dead in a street in Kabul in execution-style - 11 March 2014: Swedish journalist Nils Horner was shot and killed in Kabul in an attack that many worry reflects the growing danger for foreigners in Afghanistan’s capital

Sweden/Bangladesh relations: Sweden/Bangladesh relations

Sweden/China relations: Sweden/China relations

2018 Sweden condemns China’s 'brutal' detention of Hong Kong bookseller and Swedish citizen Gui Minhai: 6 February 2018: Sweden’s foreign minister has condemned China’s 'brutal' detention of a Hong Kong bookseller and Swedish citizen Gui Minhai, who was picked up by plainclothes agents on 20 January as he travelled on a train to Beijing with two Swedish diplomats - 9 March 2018: Sweden criticises China's 'unacceptable' behaviour in detaining bookseller, as FM Margot Wallström demands that regime gives Gui Minhai access to medical and diplomatic staff

21 November 2023 ‘breakthrough battery’ from Sweden may cut dependency on China: 21 November 2023: ‘Breakthrough battery’ from Sweden may cut dependency on China, as Swedisch Northvolt - Europe’s only large homegrown electric battery maker - says new lithium-free sodium-ion battery is cheaper, more sustainable and doesn’t rely on scarce raw materials like lithium, nickel, graphite and cobalt

Sweden/Germany relations: Sweden/Germany relations - Economic relations between Sweden and Germany

1914-1918: Swedish neutrality during Word War I 1914-1918

1915: 13 March 1915: First neutral ship Swedish S.S. 'Hanna' torpedoed without warning and sunk by German submarine

1939-1945: Swedish neutrality during Word War I 1939-1945 - Swedish iron mining during World War II - Operation Weserübung's - German occupation of Denmark and Norway - effects on Sweden

Humanitarian efforts during World War II: Sweden's humanitarian efforts during World War II

1975: 24 April 1975 West German embassy occupation in Stockholm carried out by terrorists of the Red Army Faction

Since 1960s 'Ikea' gained from forced labour of political prisoners: 16 November 2012: The Swedish furniture company 'Ikea' used political prisoners as forced labour in the so-called 'German Democratic Republic' from the 1960s to 1980s

2017 Ausonius trial: 2 January 2017: John Ausonius is accused of murdering Blanka Zmigrod in Frankfurt during months-long shooting spree in 1992 - 13 December 2017: Swedish white nationalist Ausonius, whose shooting spree in the 1990s inspired terrorists such as Anders Breivik will go on trial in Germany for an unresolved murder of an Auschwitz survivor in Frankfurt 25 years ago

Sweden/Iran relations: Sweden/Iran relations

10 August 2021 Iranian Hamid Noury stands trial in Sweden for alleged 1980s war crimes: 10 August 2021: Iranian stands trial in Sweden for alleged 1980s war crimes, as Hamid Noury is accused of involvement in alleged state-sponsored executions during final phase of 1980s Iran-Iraq war

Sweden/Israel relations:Sweden/Israel relations

Timeline of Israel-Sweden relations written by the 'Times of Israel': Timeline of Israel-Sweden relations written by the 'Times of Israel'

Since 1953 Sweden–Israel Friendship Association: Since 1953 Sweden–Israel Friendship Association, nationwide since 1978

March 2009 Malmö anti-Israel riots: March 2009 Malmö Davis Cup riots were anti-Israel riots in the Swedish city of Malmö against a Davis Cup tennis match between Sweden and Israel

10 June 2020 Sweden and Israel to boost joint research and development: 10 June 2020: Sweden and Israel are setting up an initiative to boost joint research and development projects, making use of the advantages each nation has in the innovation ecosystem

Sweden/Kurds in Sweden: Kurds in Sweden may refer to people born in or residing in the Sweden of Kurdish origin

Sweden/Norway relations: Sweden/Norway relations - Swedish–Norwegian War (1814) - Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden 1905

Nobel Prize since 1901 and Right Livelihood Award: Nobel Prize since 1901 - Right Livelihood Award

2013 Peace and physics Nobel prize: 11 October 2013: Chemical weapons watchdog OPCW wins Nobel Peace Prize for Syrian mission - 8 October 2013: Peter Higgs, Francois Englert win physics Nobel for particle mass

2014 Nobel prizes: 6 October 2014: British-American John O'Keefe, Norwegian Edvard and May-Britt Moser win the Nobel Medicine Prize for discovering how the brain navigates - 8 October: Eric Betzig, William Moerner and Stefan Hell win the Nobel Prize in chemistry for developing optical microscopy to study the interplay between molecules inside cells, including the aggregation of disease-related proteins - 9 October: French novelist Patrick Modiano wins the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature - 10 octobre: Prix nobel de la paix 2014 pour leur lutte contre l'oppression des enfants et pour le droit à l'éducation à Malala Yousafzai et Kailash Satyarthi - 25 September 2014: USA whistleblower Snowden wins Swedish human rights award for 'revealing the unprecedented extent of state surveillance' - 2 December 2014: Co-winning 'alternative Nobel', Snowden calls on UN to protect privacy

2016 Peace Nobel prize: 7 October 2016: The Colombian president Juan Manuel Santos has been awarded the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize as the Nobel committee praised Mr Santos' 'resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end'

October 2017 Nobel Peace Prize: 2017 Nobel Peace Prize is awarded to International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons - 6 October 2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons wins Nobel peace prize 2017, as Norwegian Nobel Committee says award made in recognition of work to draw attention to catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons

October 2018 Nobel Peace Prize: 5 October 2018: The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Congolese doctor Denis Mukwege and Nadia Murad, a Yazidi former captive of the Islamic State terrorist group, for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict

October 2019 Nobel prize in chemistry: 9 October 2019: Nobel prize in chemistry awarded for development of lithium-ion batteries

16 October 2019 Nobel peace price 2020 proposed for the people of Hong Kong but denied by ommittee: 16 octobre 2019: La politicienne norvégienne Guri Melby a annoncé avoir proposé le 'peuple de Hong Kong' au Prix Nobel de la paix 2020, qui 'risque sa vie et sa sécurité tous les jours pour défendre la liberté d'expression et la démocratie de base' - 2019 Nobel Peace Prize

6/7 October 2020 Nobel prize in physics and chemistry: 6 October 2020: Scientists Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez together have won the 2020 Nobel prize in physics for their work on black hole formation and the discovery of a supermassive blackhole at the centre of our galaxy - 7 October 2020: Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A Doudna have been awarded the 2020 Nobel prize in chemistry for the discovery of the CRISPR genetic scissors used to edit the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with extremely high precision

Sweden/Palestinian territories relations: 3 October 2014: Sweden to be first EU country to recognize Palestine, saying 'the conflict between Israel and Palestine can only be solved with a two-state solution, negotiated in accordance with international law' - 30 October: Sweden officially recognizes Palestinian state

Sweden/Poland relations: Sweden/Poland relations

Sweden/Romania relations: 4 July 2014: Romania's brutal communist-era secret police received covert six-figure payments from Ikea as part of the Swedish group's deals with a local furniture manufacturer in the 1980s

Sweden/Russia relations: Sweden/Russia relations

2015: 19 June 2015: Russia warns Sweden it will face military action if it joins Nato - 4 September 2015: Sweden rethinking neutrality amid fear of Russian aggression - 17 November 2015: Sweden's and Lithuania's foreign ministers have expressed concern about the escalation of military conflict between Russian militants and Ukraine's government forces in eastern Ukraine

2016: 15 February 2016: A sit-in was organized in Stockholm to protest against the crimes committed by Russia and the Assad regime in Syria, as moments after signing off on the Munich truce agreement on Friday, the Russian air force escalated air raids on Syria, the most violent of which hit rebel-held areas in Homs, Aleppo, Latakia and Dara’a provinces

Sweden/Rwanda relations: Sweden/Rwanda relations

2016: 16 May 2016: A Swedish court sentenced Claver Berinkindi, a Swedish citizen originally from Rwanda, to life in prison for genocide in Rwanda in 1994, the second such case brought by the Nordic country over crimes during the conflict

Sweden/Saudi-Arabia relations: 9 March 2015: Saudi Arabia blocked Swedish foreign minister Margot Wallström's speech to the Arab League, in which she was due to 'celebrate women’s achievements' and focus on women’s rights and representation - 11 March 2015: Sweden cancels arms deal with Saudi Arabia worth billions of crowns to its industry after criticism of regime's human rights record sparked a diplomatic row - 8 June: Sweden’s FM Margot Wallström says she stands by her denunciation of a Saudi blogger’s flogging as medieval, three months after her criticism of the Gulf kingdom’s human rights record ignited a diplomatic crisis and infuriated business leaders fearful for trade losses

Sweden/South Africa relations: Sweden/South Africa relations

2018: 14 January 2018: South African police have cleared protesters who were trashing outlets of Swedish clothing giant H&M in Johannesburg over an advertisement of of black child with inscription 'coolest monkey in the jungle'

Sweden/Syria relations: Sweden/Syria relations - Syrians in Sweden, including migrants from Syria to Sweden as well as their descendants, the number of Syrians in Sweden is estimated at around 40,000 people in March 2015 and consists mainly of refugees of the Syrian Civil War, many are of Kurdish descent

2016: 15 February 2016: A sit-in was organized in Stockholm to protest against the crimes committed by Russia and the Assad regime in Syria

2018: 9 February 2018: After UN Security Council failed to back an appeal for a month-long humanitarian ceasefire in Syria, dismissed by Russian regime as 'unrealistic', Sweden and Kuwait, which requested the meeting, said they were considering other ways to address the worsening humanitarian crisis in the war-wracked country

Sweden/Turkey relations: Sweden/Turkey relations - Turks in Sweden

2009: 21 April 2009: Swedish PM Reinfeldt says Sweden supports Turkey's EU membership

2010: 11 March 2010: Turkey recalled its ambassador to Sweden after the Swedish parliament branded the World War I killing of Armenians by Ottoman forces genocide

2016: 18 février 2016: Explosion dans un local associatif turc à Stockholm sans faire de blessé, quatre jours après des coups de fusil qui ont grièvement blessé un homme en marge d'un rassemblement pro-kurde dans ce même quartier de Fittja

Sweden/United Kingdom relations: Sweden/United Kingdom relations

Since 2012: Since 2012 Julian Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority, set of legal proceedings in the UK concerning the requested extradition of Julian Assange to Sweden to further a 'preliminary investigation'

2017: 19 May 2017: Swedish prosecutors will drop a preliminary investigation into an allegation of rape against WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange on Friday, bringing to an end a 7-year legal stand-off

Sweden/USA relations: Sweden/USA relations

Since 17th-century Swedish colonization of the Americas: Swedish colonization of the Americas since 17th-century

19th and early 20th centuries Swedish emigration to the USA: Swedish emigration to the USA in the 19th and early 20th centuries

2005: 2005 Sweden's contribution to the international response to Hurricane Katrina in the USA

Environment of Sweden: Environment of Sweden - Natural history of Sweden - Geology of Sweden - Climate of Sweden

Landforms and forests of Sweden: Lists of landforms of Sweden - List of mountains in Sweden - Forests of Sweden - List of islands of Sweden

Water in Sweden: Water in Sweden - Bodies of water of Sweden - Rivers of Sweden - List of lakes of Sweden

Environmental issues and environmentalism in Sweden: Environmentalism in Sweden - Making Sweden an Oil-Free Society - in 2005 the government of Sweden appointed a commission to draw up a comprehensive programme to reduce Sweden's dependence on petroleum, natural gas and other 'fossil raw materials’ by 2020 - Environmental Protection Agency in Sweden - Environmental organizations based in Sweden - Conservation in Sweden

Climate change in Sweden: Climate change in Sweden

Natural disasters in Sweden: Natural disasters in Sweden

Weather events in Sweden: Weather events in Sweden

2005 Cyclone Gudrun: January 2005 Cyclone Gudrun

2007 Cyclone Per: January 2007 Cyclone Per

Landslides in Sweden: Landslides in Sweden

Heat waves and wildfires in Sweden: Skogsbränder i Sverige

2014 Swedish heat wave: 2014 Swedish heat wave

2018 Swedish heat wave and wildfires: 2018 Sweden wildfires - Skogsbränderna i Sverige 2018 - 18 July 2018: Sweden has called for emergency assistance from its EU partners to help fight the blazes, which have broken out across a wide range of its territory and prompted the evacuations of four communities

2010 Swedish cold waves: 2010 Swedish cold waves

Ukraine - Geography of Ukraine - History of Ukraine - Demographics of Ukraine

Economy of Ukraine: Economy of Ukraine - main industries are coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food processing - List of companies of Ukraine - Companies of Ukraine by industry

Metal mining and production: Metal mining and production in Ukraine

Energy in Ukraine: Energy in Ukraine - Energy companies of Ukraine

Fossil fuels in Ukraine: Fossil fuels in Ukraine

Coal in Ukraine: Coal in Ukraine

Coal mining disasters in Ukraine: Coal mining disasters in Ukraine - 2007 Zasyadko mine disaster - 2008 Ukraine coal mine collapse - 2011 Ukraine mine accidents

March 2015 Zasyadko mine disaster: 4 March 2015 Zasyadko mine disaster - 4/5 March 2015: An explosion occurred at the Zasiadko coal mine in Donetsk, more than 30 victims reported

May 2016 deadly gas explosion at the Maloivanivska coal mine: 3/4 May 2016: Deadly gas explosion at the Maloivanivska coal mine traps miners underground in the Luhansk region occupied by Russia-backed separatists - 8 May 2016: Nine bodies of miners have been recovered from inside the Maloivanivska coal mine hit by an explosion on May 3

Natural gas in Ukraine: Natural gas in Ukraine - domestic production, imports and main transit route for Russian natural gas sold to Europe - Natural gas transmission system of Ukraine

Electric power in Ukraine: Electric power in Ukraine, in 2011 90% of electricity came from nuclear and coal - List of power stations in Ukraine - Fossil fuel power stations in Ukraine - Electric power infrastructure in Ukraine - Power companies of Ukraine

Nuclear power in Ukraine: Nuclear power in Ukraine, in 2014 nuclear power supplied 49.4% of Ukraine's electricity production of 168 billion kWh

Since 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster: 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster in a light water graphite moderated reactor at the nuclear power plant near Pripyat, in what was then part of the Soviet Union

2016 testing in areas contaminated by the Chernobyl nuclear disaster has been cut or restricted: 9 March 2016: Economic crises convulsing Russia, Ukraine and Belarus mean testing in areas contaminated by the Chernobyl nuclear disaster has been cut or restricted, Greenpeace says, and people continue to eat and drink foods with dangerously high radiation levels - 29 November 2016: Taking several years to build, costing more than €1.5bn and complicated by the high radiation levels near the reactor, Chernobyl disaster site enclosed by shelter to prevent radiation leaks 'for 100 years', as people are further on banned from living in the zone around Chernobyl and access is only granted by special permit

Renewable energy in Ukraine: Renewable energy in Ukraine - Hydroelectric power stations in Ukraine - Solar power in Ukraine

Agriculture in Ukraine: Agriculture in Ukraine, agriculture accounted for 8.29% of the country's GDP in 2008 and by 2012 has grown to 10.43% of the GDP - Ukraine is the world's largest producer of sunflower oil, a major global producer of grain and sugar, also one of the largest producers of nuts, one of the world's largest honey producers and an important producer of meat and dairy markets - Beekeeping in Ukraine

2015 grain losses and grain exports: 17 March 2015: Ukraine loses 1.5 million tonnes of grain in its occupied territories - 3 November 2015: With exports reaching 36 million tonnes, Ukraine ranked third largest world grain exporter in the 2014-2015 marketing year

December 2021 Ukraine's agricultural sector has grown by 16.7% in 2021: 29 December 2021: Ukraine's agricultural sector's highest growth rate over 11 months of 2021 compared to other sectors of the economy, by 16.7%. 'The agricultural sector continues to be the engine of the economy, the guarantor of stable export earnings and food security of Ukraine and the world, the hub of tens of thousands of jobs and billions of local budgets', ministry says

15/17 March 2022 huge harvest losses feared following Russian agression according to APK-Inform and FAO: 15 March 2022: Russian invasion poses ‘clear, growing threat’ to food security in Ukraine and in many other countries, FAO says - 15 March 2022: 'After the invasion of Russian troops into the territory of Ukraine' around 2m hectares of winter wheat, barley and rye sown for 2022 harvest could be damaged or unavailable for harvest due to the hostilities and only around 5.5m hectares of winter grain crops could be threshed, 'it means 28% losses', according to APK-Inform reported by Reuters, Lviv, as Ukraine has already suspended exports of rye, oats, millet, buckwheat, salt, sugar, meat and livestock in the face of the invasion, and introduced licenses for wheat, corn and sunflower oil exports - 17 March 2022: Ukrainian 2022 grain crop to decline substantially

6 May 2022 Ukraine’s wheat harvest may fall by 35%, raising fears of global shortage: 6 May 2022: Ukraine’s wheat harvest may fall by 35%, raising fears of global shortage, as satellite imagery ‘illustrates spectre of rising food prices and hunger’ due to invasion of world’s sixth-largest wheat exporter

15 May 2022 Ruaaia's aggression against Ukraine had led to global food security crisis: 15 May 2022: G7 countries leading economies warned that the war in Ukraine is stoking a global food and energy crisis which threatens poor countries, and urgent measures are needed to unblock stores of grain that Russia is preventing from leaving Ukraine, as German FM Baerbock, who hosted a meeting of G7 diplomats, said the war had become a 'global crisis'

Forests of Ukraine: Forests of Ukraine

July 2015: 19 July 2015: Ukraine's forests under attack as illegal amber mines mushroom

Fishing in Ukraine: Fishing in Ukraine

Water in Ukraine: Water in Ukraine - Bodies of water of Ukraine

Rivers of Ukraine: Rivers of Ukraine - List of major rivers in Ukraine

Dnieper river: Dnieper, one of the major rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, and flowing through Russia, Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea, with a total length of approximately 2,200 km, with a drainage basin of 504,000 square kilometres and noted for its dams and hydroelectric stations

Transport in Ukraine: Transport in Ukraine - Transport in Ukraine by region - Transport infrastructure in Ukraine - Public transport in Ukraine - History of transport in Ukraine

Aviation in Ukraine: Aviation in Ukraine

25 September 2020 An-26 military plane crash: 25 September 2020 Chuhuiv air crash, as an AN-26Sh military plane crashed during a training flight and 26 people died as a result of crash - 26 September 2020: A CCTV camera on a high-rise building in the town of Chuhuiv is believed to have captured the moment of the crash of the An-26 military plane carrying air force cadets

Rail transport in Ukraine: Rail transport in Ukraine, as railway infrastructure transport in Ukraine in majority is owned by government of Ukraine through Ukrzaliznytsia (Ukrainian Railways) that officially has a country-wide monopoly on passenger and freight transport by rail. A portion of the Ukrainian rail network in eastern Ukraine was privatized in the late 1990 creating from those assets the biggest private railway company in the country called Lemtrans, focused on freight transport.

Since February 2022 Ukrainian rail transport amid Russian invasion: The Russian invasion of Ukraine since February 2022 showed the crucial role of railways in both civilian and military logistics in the area. Ukraine's exports and imports were shifted even more to rail than in peacetime as Russia captured or cut off many important Black Sea Ports which usually handle a large share of Ukraine's external trade. Railways were crucial in transporting refugees and European governments and state railways organized special trains for humanitarian aid to and from Ukraine

Roads and road transport in Ukraine: Road transport in Ukraine - Roads in Ukraine - Network of trunk roads (M-highways) including some expressways of Ukraine

Water transport in Ukraine: Water transport in Ukraine - Ferry transport in Ukraine

Ports and harbours of Ukraine: Ports and harbours of Ukraine - List of ports in Ukraine - Maritime history of Ukraine

List of sea ports in Ukraine: List of sea ports in Ukraine - Ukrainian Sea Ports Authority USPA, a state company created in 2013 uniting all ports of Ukraine under one administration. Total throughput of 13 seaports in 2019 exceeded 160 million tons. The mission of USPA is to facilitate the development of Ukraine's maritime transport infrastructure and increase the competitiveness of Ukrainian sea ports in the Azov-Black Sea basin by means of creating necessary conditions for the economic activity of maritime terminals and enterprises whose main products and/or raw materials are subject to exports-imports transactions being handled in the sea ports as cargo

Ports of the Black sea: Ports of the Black sea, indluding ports of ports of Crimea, ports of Mikolaiv and ports of Odesa

Ports of Odessa: Port of Odessa, the largest Ukrainian seaport and one of the largest ports in the Black Sea basin, with a total annual traffic capacity of 40 million tonnes, with an immediate access to railways allowing quick transfer of cargo from sea routes to ground transportation - Pivdennyi Seaport since 1978, the largest and most profitable port of Ukraine, as its functions are performed by the Southern branch of the state enterprise of the Ukrainian Sea Ports Authority - <Port of Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky located on the north-western shore of Black Sea at Dniester Estuary to the south-west from Odessa, mainly a freight seaport - Port of Chornomorsk located on the north-western shore of Black Sea at Sukhyi Estuary, to the south-west from Odessa, and a universal seaport

Port of Kherson: Port of Kherson in the city of Kherson, Ukraine since 1778. It is located in the delta of Dnieper river. The berthing line of the seaport is 1.5km, with depths up to 9.6m. The port is served by the railway station Kherson-Port, has one railway entry. There are 7 railway tracks in the port area, and the highways are adjacent to the port

Port of Sevastopol temporarily occupied by Putin regime: Port of Sevastopol, mostly the port belonged to the national government of Ukraine, as in March 2014 the port came under temporarily Russian control in the interim following illegal Russian military occupation

Ports of the Danube Delta: Ports of the Danube Delta

Izmail Sea Commercial Port: Izmail Sea Commercial Port, a state-owned and multidisciplinary port located in the waters of the Kiliia River estuary of the Danube, and an important transport hub of Ukraine. The functions of the seaport administration are performed by the Izmail branch of the state enterprise of the Ukrainian AMPU. The number of employees at Port of Izmail as of 2009 was 2,520 people - Izmail city and municipality on the Danube river in Odessa Oblast, serving as the administrative center of Izmail Raion, one of seven districts of Odessa Oblast. It is the largest Ukrainian port in the Danube Delta, on its Chilia branch. As such, Izmail is a center of the food processing industry and a popular regional tourist destination. It is also a base of the Ukrainian Navy and the Ukrainian Sea Guard units operating on the river.

Reni Seaport on the left bank of the Danube combining river, sea, road, and rail transport: Reni Commercial Seaport located on the left bank of the Danube. It is an important transport hub of Ukraine, where the work of river, sea, road, and rail transport is closely intertwined. Navigation takes place throughout the year. The maximum depth near the berths is 3.5–12 m (average 7.5 m), which allows you to handle any type of cargo.

Ust-Danube Seaport at the mouth of the Ochakiv estuary of the Danube Delta: Ust-Danube Commercial Seaport, a state-owned enterprise of the Ukrainian transport system located in the southern part of the Zhebriyans'ka Bay of the Black Sea and at the mouth of the Ochakiv estuary of the Danube Delta, since 1970. The port administration is located in Vylkove in Odessa Oblast. - 9 December 2021: Ust-Danube commercial seaport to be privatized - Port of Kiliya, a river port of the Ust-Danube Commercial Seaport located on the 47-km section of the Kiliya estuary of the Danube River, as the port was founded in the late 19th century, during the active development of the Port of Odessa. The port specializes in handling bulk cargo, including grain, which is exported to the Middle East and the Mediterranean. The port has a grain processing complex and equipped warehouses.

Ports of the Azov sea: Ports of the Azov sea, including port of Berdiansk, port of Kerch (temporarily closed), Kerch Seaport Komysh-Burun, and port of Mariupol

Port of Berdiansk: Port of Berdiansk, the only one in the Zaporizhzhia Oblast and one of the two Azov ports of Ukraine (along with Mariupol)

Port of Mariupol: Port of Mariupol, located on the north-western coast of the Taganrog Bay of the Azov sea, governed by the port authority managed by Ukrainian Sea Ports Authority

Tourism in Ukraine: Tourism in Ukraine - Ukraine is the 8th most popular tourism destination in Europe with 23 million visitors in 2012 - Visitor attractions in Ukraine - World Heritage Sites in Ukraine - Seven Wonders of Ukraine

Foreign trade of Ukraine: Foreign trade of Ukraine, Ukraine trade law and free trade agreements of Ukraine

In 2019 Ukraine exported $49bn in products in 2019 and Russia $407bn: Russia exported $407bn in products and Ukraine $49bn in 2019, while Russia is the world’s biggest exporter of wheat, among other products, Ukraine is the biggest exporter of seed oils, and Russia’s bilateral trade with Ukraine has tanked from its peak of almost $50bn in 2011 to $11bn in 2019, as in 2019, Russia and Ukraine together exported more than a quarter (25.4%) of the world’s wheat, according to the Observatory of Economic Complexity OEC, as 'Al Jazeera' gives an overview of the main exports and top export countries

25 May 2022 battle for the Black Sea, global trade and food security: 25 May 2022: The battle for the Black Sea may be the most important showdown in the Ruaaia's 21st century war against its European neighbour, for Ukraine and for the world

23 June 2022 southwestern corner of Ukraine of Odesa oblast now playing a key role in global trade: 23 June 2022: The once-quiet southwestern corner of Ukraine of Odesa oblast is now playing a key role in global trade, as there are only three Ukrainian-run ports that are still operating in the country, and all are on the Danube River

Banking and banks of Ukraine: Banks of Ukraine - National Bank of Ukraine

2014/2015 new banking law to start cleaning up an over-populated and corrupt financial system: 16 May 2014: Revenues ministry catches three banks on laundering UAH 14.5 billion - 20/21 April 2015: Ukrainian government plans to use new banking law to start cleaning up an over-populated and corrupt financial system - 20 June 2015: IMF praises new Ukrainian law on strengthening National Bank's independence

June 2016 scores of thousand Ukrainians lost jobs in insolvent banks: 14 June 2016: Scores of thousand Ukrainians lost jobs in insolvent banks - 19 December 2016: Ukraine moves to nationalize its largest bank, partly owned by Ukraine's billionaire and former Dnipropetrovsk governor Kolomoyskiy, as government says Privatbank will be taken over to prevent financial collapse

Financial services in Ukraine: Financial services companies of Ukraine - Investment Capital Ukraine

Economic history and economic cycles in Ukraine: Economic history of Ukraine 2000-2014 and since 2014

2008/2009 Ukrainian financial crisis: 2008-2009 Ukrainian financial crisis

Since 2013/2014 Ukrainian crisis: Since 2013/2014 Ukrainian crisis and decline of its economy by 6.8%, due to the loss of its largest trading partner Russia, over the annexation of Crimea in March 2014 and the Russian war against Donbas

2014/2015: 29 April 2014: Ukrainian economy shrinks by 1% in Q1 2014, slightly better than predicted - 28 October 2014: The losses of Ukraine's largest banks over the conflict in Donetsk and Luhansk regions have reached about UAH 60 billion - 15 May 2015: Gross domestic product in the first quarter of 2015 totaled 82.4% on year-on-year basis for 1Q 2014 - 23 July 2015: Industrial production collapses by 50% in Donetsk region in first half 2015 - 3 September 2015: The unemployment rate among the population is the highest in Ukraine's history, reaching 23% among young people

2016: 16 August 2016: The number of registered unemployed people in Ukraine grew by 100,000 compared to the previous year, and reached 1.8 million - 2 November 2016: The IMF retains its forecast for Ukraine's economy growth for 2017 at the level of 2.5%, GDP forecast for 2016 remaining unchanged at 1.5%

2016/2017: 25 July 2017: The volume of investments in the Ukrainian economy reportedly reached $4.4 billion in 2016

December 2018: 27 December 2018: The growth of Ukraine's gross domestic product in 2018 will exceed 3%, according to deputy PM Stepan Kubiv

5 February 2022 Ukraine's GDP in 4th quarter of 2021 increased by 5.9% compared to 2020: 5 February 2022: Ukraine's GDP in the fourth quarter of 2021 increased by 5.9% compared to the fourth quarter of 2020, Ukrinform reports

31 March 2022 Ukraine's economy projected to shrink by 20% amid Russia's aggression: 31 March 2022: The economies of Russia and Ukraine will shrink by 10% and 20% respectively in 2022, according to the EBRD, warning in its first economic forecast since Russian regime’s invasion on 24 February that the war had triggered 'the greatest supply shock since at least the early 1970s' and would have a severe effect on economies far beyond the immediate area of the conflict'

22 July 2022 Istanbul deal signed to unblock Ukrainian grain exports: 22 July 2022: Istanbul deal signed to unblock exports of grain from Ukraine, meaning Russia agrees to a truce to allow grain exports of Ukraine (one of the world's largest grain producers) after blockading its major Black Sea ports in its brutal war, the BBC reports with live updates

Labor in Ukraine: Labor in Ukraine - Trade unions in Ukraine - Labor Code of Ukraine, the national code of laws about labor

Cooperatives in Ukraine: Cooperatives in Ukraine

Unemployment in Ukraine: Unemployment in Ukraine

Poverty in Ukraine: Poverty in Ukraine

Armed Forces of Ukraine: Armed Forces of Ukraine

Structure of the Armed Forces of Ukraine: Structure of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

Ukrainian Ground Forces: Ukrainian Ground Forces, the land forces of Ukraine and one of the five branches of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. They were formed from Ukrainian units of the Soviet Army after Ukrainian independence.

Ukrainian Air Force: Ukrainian Air Force with its headquarters in the city of Vinnytsia. When the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, many aircraft were left in Ukrainian territory. Ever since, the Ukrainian Air Force has been downsizing and upgrading its forces. The main inventory of the air force still consists of Soviet-made aircraft.

Ukrainian Navy: Ukrainian Navy, the maritime forces of Ukraine consisting of five components including surface forces, submarine forces, naval aviation, coastal rocket-artillery and naval infantry. As of 2022, the Ukrainian navy had 15,000 personnel, including 6,000 naval infantry.

Military history of Ukraine: Military history of Ukraine

21 February 2014 deputy army chief resigned: 21 February 2014: Ukraine's deputy army chief has resigned in protest over government attempts to involve the army to put down unrest - 8 August 2014: NATO ready to help Ukraine reform defense - 20 January 2015: The first wave of partial mobilization has started in Ukraine - 26 March 2015: Military authorities have ordered that all the troops that are not part of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the National Guard should be withdrawn and leave Mariupol zone - 22 August 2015: The budget of the Armed Forces of Ukraine becomes record and amounts to about 45 billion hryvnia this year, Ukraine's Poroshenko says

25 February 2022 thousands of Ukrainians sign up to fight for their country as Russian invasion continues: 25 February 2022: Long lines of Ukrainians ready for battle, civilians donating blood to wounded soldiers, these are images on social media as thousands of civilians in Ukraine mobilise to protect their country from the Russian invasion, ater early on Friday president Zelensky urged conscripts and reservists nationwide to fight for their country

3 September 2022 over the past day Ukrainian aviation made over 40 sorties to support ground troops: 3 September 2022: Over the past day, Ukrainian aviation made more than 40 sorties to support the actions of ground groups, destroying several enemy control points and an ammunition depot according to a recent report of the General Staff

12 June 2023 Nazi symbols on Ukraine’s front lines highlight thorny issues of history: 12 June 2023: New York Times' headline 'Nazi Symbols on Ukraine’s Front Lines Highlight Thorny Issues of History' shows journal's chief concern, the worry that evidence of Nazism in Ukraine 'risks fueling Russian propaganda'

Budget of the Armed Forces of Ukraine: Budget of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

Taxation and budget in Ukraine: Taxation in Ukraine

Ukraine government budget: Ukraine government budget - Ministry of Finance of Ukraine

2014 loans worth $37bln had gone missing from state coffers during Yanukovich's rule: 27 February 2014: New Ukraine PM says loans worth $37 billion had gone missing from state coffers during Yanukovich's rule - 28 March 2014: The IMF announced a $14-$18 billion bailout for Ukraine as UN rejects Russia's Crimea annexation - 1 May 2014: IMF approves $17 billion two-year aid program for Ukraine - 13 May: Donbas provides itself only for 40%, Ministry of Finance says - 26 June: The deficit of Ukraine's state budget in the first five months of 2014 shrank by 33.9% year-on-year, to UAH 12.224 billion - 2 July: Ukraine's state budget grew by UAH 13 billion in January through June 2014 - 22 December: Ukraine's defense and security budget for 2015 will amount to UAH 86bln, Oleksandr Turchynov says - 23 December 2014: Main macroeconomic indicators of draft budget for 2015

2015 VR passes amendments to State Budget, increasing expenditure on subsidies: 3 March 2015: Verkhovna Rada passes amendments to State Budget, increasing expenditure on subsidies in connection with the future increase in gas tariffs and also aid to nearly one million Ukrainian citizens, who were forced to leave their homes - 22 June: Yanukovych raised $40 billion in loans being repaid and restructured now, Ukrainian PM Yatsenyuk says - 26 July 2015: Second installment of $17.5 billion IMF bailout allocated to Ukraine, Ukraine's Poroshenko says, based on government's progress of implementing reforms including legislative changes to the banking system and energy sector - 27 August 2015: Ukraine has secured debt restructure agreement with 20% write down

2016 discussion after Ukrainian officials, lawmakers have disclosed their incomes and assets: 1 November 2016: Experts, lawyers and activists discuss what's going to happen after tens of thousands of Ukrainian officials and lawmakers have disclosed their incomes and assets in a publicly available database for the first time, revealing their extraordinary wealth

Politics of Ukraine: Politics of Ukraine

Political parties in Ukraine: Political parties in Ukraine

Trade unions in Ukraine: Trade unions in Ukraine - Since 1991 Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine - Confederation of Free Trade Unions of Ukraine - Since 2004 National Confederation of the Trade-Union Organizations of Ukraine

2004-2005 Ukraine Orange Revolution and Maidan People's Union since December 2013: October-December 2004 Ukrainian presidential election - Ukraine Orange Revolution 2004-2005 - Timeline of the Orange Revolution - People's Committee to Protect Ukraine - Maidan People's Union since December 2013

Constitution and parliament 'Verkhovna Rada' of Ukraine: Constitution of Ukraine - Legislation of Ukraine - Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine - Ukraine's parliament

Directly elected president of Ukraine: The president of Ukraine, the head of state of Ukraine. The president represents the nation in international relations, administers the foreign political activity of the state, conducts negotiations and concludes international treaties. The president is directly elected by the citizens of Ukraine for a five-year term of office (whether the presidential election is early or scheduled), limited to two terms consecutively

Since 1991 list of presidents of Ukraine: List of presidents of Ukraine, since the modern Ukrainian presidency was formed when the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic passed a law on 5 July 1991 establishing the office of the 'President of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic'. Upon the proclamation of Ukrainian independence from the Soviet Union on 24 August 1991, the title was changed to the 'President of Ukraine'. The first election of the President of Ukraine, which was held on 1 December 1991, was won by Leonid Kravchuk.

Since May 2019 Volodymyr Zelenskyy elected, sworn in 6th President of Ukraine: Since 21 April, 20 May 2019 Volodymyr Zelenskyy elected, sworn in 6th President of Ukraine

Since 24 September 2021 video collection of president Zelenskyy's speeches: Since 24 September 2021 video collection of president Volodymyr Zelenskyy's speeches and addresses

Since February 2022 president Zelensky's choice to wear a simple, olive-drab crewneck T-shirt: 25 March 2022: Since the Russian invasion began in February 2022, president Zelensky has been seen in little else but that olive T-shirt, as it was already his choice to wear a simple, olive-drab crewneck T-shirt while addressing the USA Congress on 16 March, which he also pulled on to address the Israeli Knesset on March 20th and the French Parliament on March 23rd (while addressing the Japanese Parliament the same day, he pulled on a similarly hued zip jacket)

Government of Ukraine: Government of Ukraine - Cabinet of Ukraine - Government of Arseniy Yatsenyuk since 27 February 2014 - 26 March 2014: New defense minister Mykhailo Koval

Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine: Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine

Politics and elections in Ukraine: Elections in Ukraine

2008 Ukrainian political crisis: 2008 Ukrainian political crisis

2010 Ukrainian presidential election 17 January and 7 February: Ukrainian presidential election 17 January and 7 February 2010

31 October 2010 Ukrainian local elections: Ukrainian local elections 31 October 2010

October 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election: Ukrainian parliamentary election 28 October 2012 - 28 octobre: Des législatives sur fond de fraudes et de corruption - 29 October: Ukraine ruling party ahead in the country's parliamentary election, early results show - 30 October: OSCE observers, considering the abuse of power and the excessive role of money in the parliamentary election, issued a strong statement - 5 novembre: Les autorités électorales en Ukraine ont promis un nouveau vote dans cinq circonscriptions législatives - 5 November 2012: Opposition rally in Kiev to protest against alleged fraud in parliamentary elections

November 2013 Ukrainian opposition calls for early elections and national strike: 30 November 2013: Ukrainian opposition calls for early elections and national strike

January-May 2014 Ukrainian parliament votes to oust Yanukovich, set an early election for May 25: 17 January 2014: MPs loyal to Yanukovych have rushed through sweeping legislation aimed at curbing continuing anti-government protests - 22 February 2014: Ukrainian parliament votes to oust President Yanukovich, set an early election for May 25 and votes for Yulia Tymoshenko's release - 23 February 2014: Speaker of Ukrainian parliament Oleksandr Turchinov appointed interim president - 24 February: Interior minister says warrant issued for arrest of Yanukovych - 25 February: Ukraine's interim President Turchynov is due to form a unity government - 25 February 2014: Ukraine parliament votes to have Yanukovych tried in The Hague - 26 February 2014: Nominated PM Arseniy Yatsenyuk warns of tough days ahead - 25 March 2014: Ukrainian lawmakers dismissed acting defense minister Tenyukh over his handling of the Crimea crisis - 29 March 2014: Klitschko's withdrawal sets stage for election contest between billionaire Poroshenko and former PM Yulia Tymoshenko - 7 April 2014: Ukraine's president to hold emergency meeting after eastern Ukraine attacks - 22 April 2014: Crimean Tatars living in Crimea will be able to elect Ukraine's president on the border area, Mejlis member Bariev says - 7 May 2014: Verkhovna Rada adopts law on partial mobilization - 8 May 2014: Ukrainian PM Yatseniuk will propose a provision according to which local councils can grant official status to Russian and other languages while maintaining the status of Ukrainian as a sole state language - 9 May 2014: A nationwide unity roundtable is scheduled for May 14, PM Yatseniuk says - 13 May 2014: Unity dialogue roundtables will be held in all regions, coordinated by a high Ukrainian representative and the OSCE, Ukraine's Danylo Lubkivsky says - 14 May: Round table for the national unity to take place today in Kyiv, involving PM Yatsenyuk, Parliament's Oleksandr Turchynov and expecting mayor of Donetsk and Luhansk regions as well as invited local businessmen - 15 May: Next roundtable to be held no later than Monday, Leonid Kravchuk says - 16 May: 'The national round table can be attended only by officially registered non-governmental organizations that have a charter and a program', Kravchuk says - 17 May: At the second national roundtable in Kharkiv PM Yatseniuk promises to give Russian language special status - 20 May: Ukraine brings suits against Russia in international, national courts, Petrenko says - 21 May 2014: Third round table for national unity ends in Mykolayiv, calling all Ukrainians to take part in Sunday elections

25 May 2014 Ukrainian presidential election: Ukrainian presidential election 25 May 2014 - 29 May 2014: Poroshenko elected with 54.7% of the vote

25 May 2014 Ukrainian local elections: Ukrainian local elections 25 May 2014 - 5 June 2014: Klitschko becomes Kyiv Mayor after he won the mayoral elections with 56.7%

June/July 2014 69% of Ukrainians want early parliamentary elections this year: 5 June 2014: 69% of Ukrainians want early parliamentary elections this year, DIF poll in all regions except Crimea finds - 6 June 2014: PM Yatseniuk vows Donbas to be freed from terrorists - 19 June 2014: The parliament approved Valeria Hontareva as governor of the National Bank of Ukraine - 24 July 2014: Parliament fails to pass law to increase army financing and regulate country's energy situation - 24 July: 'I am announcing my resignation due to the collapse of the coalition and the blocking of government initiatives', PM Arseniy Yatseniuk says - 31 July: Verkhovna Rada does not accept Yatseniuk's resignation, now supporting allocation of UAH 9bn for the army until the end of 2014 and UAH 2bn for renewal of the regions in the east of Ukraine - 31 July 2014: Government will not stop financing social payments in east

September 2014 Poroshenko calls on world's democracies to unite in fight against terrorism: 11 September: Ukraine's Poroshenko calls on world's democracies to unite in fight against terrorism - 16 September: Verkhovna Rada, European Parliament have ratified association agreement simultaneously - 16 September: Ukraine draws closer to EU and passes legislation to grant autonomy to rebel-held parts in east - 17 September: Verkhovna Rada passes law on lustration - 25 September: Poroshenko orders government to abandon Ukraine's non-aligned status - 25 September: Ukraine should hold early elections of local governments after the parliamentary elections, Poroshenko says - 26 September: CEC finished registering the nationwide party lists, a total of 29 parties will participate in the parliamentary election - 29 September: Ukrainian people will not allow reanimation of fascism, and the Babyn Yar tragedy should serve as a reminder, Petro Poroshenko says during a ceremony of honoring the victims of Babyn Yar - 29 September: Starting in Kharkiv, Ukraine opens first proceeding for bribing voters

October 2014 package of anticorruption laws: 7 October 2014: Results of voting for a package of anticorruption laws will be published in the newspaper Holos Ukrainy, official voice of Verkhovna Rada - 7 October 2014: Parliament votes for creation of anti-corruption bureau - 14 October: Verkhovna Rada appoints Stepan Poltorak Defense Minister - 17 October: Poroshenko has signed law on special status of Donbas to restore constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens - 23 October 2014: Ukrainian president signs anti-corruption laws

October 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, People’s Front wins: Ukrainian parliamentary election 26 October 2014 - 26 October: Ukrainian citizens are electing people's deputies in the first parliamentary election since the revolution 2013/2014 - 27 October: Early count suggests that Yatseniuk’s People’s Front wins 21.67%, the Poroshenko bloc 21.63% and according to exit polls the pro-European Samopomich party 13.2% - 28 October: With nearly 84% of votes counted, the People's Front wins 22.02%, the Bloc of Petro Poroshenko 21.65% and Samopomich Union 10.96% of the vote - 29 October: With 99% of votes counted, Svoboda does not enter parliament, People's Front remains in first place with 22.17% of the vote

October-December 2014 anti-corruption, taxation reform efforts: 29 October: 222 officials included in lustration register - 29 October Yatseniuk invites Poroshenko Bloc, Batkivshchyna, Samopomich, Radical Party to coalition - 27 November: With the backing of 341 deputies out of 390 Ukraine's parliament confirms PM Arseniy Yatsenyuk to lead a new coalition government - 3 December: Ukrainian new government - 9 December: PM Yatseniuk presents government action program, announcing new economic policy and full-scale health insurance - 18 December: Anti-Corruption Bureau to be created in Ukraine on January 14, Poroshenko says - 23 December: The Cabinet of Ministers will submit to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine the bills envisaging an increase in taxes for oligarchs - 23 December: Verkhovna Rada cancels Ukraine's non-bloc status - 29 December: MPs adopt state budget for 2015, envisaging the Ukraine's GDP at minus 4.3%, nominal GDP at UAH 1.721 trillion, inflation at 13.1%

January-May 2015 Donbas conflict, Poroshenko appoints Georgia's failed Saakashvili governor of Odessa: 1 January: Poroshenko says in his New Year address to the nation that Ukrainians will win the imposed war 'because for us, it is just' - 5 January: Parliamentary immunity will be cancelled in 2015 through amendments to the Constitution, Yuriy Lutsenko says - 13 January: Ukraine ready to provide Donbas status of special economic zone with its own regime of relations with the EU and Russia, Poroshenko says - 22 January: Ukraine marks Unity Day - 26 February: Cabinet extends emergency measures in energy sector - 6 March: The Ukrainian government fears a GDP decline to 11.9% in 2015 - 17 March: , Supported by 265 members of parliament, separate areas in Donbas receive special local government rule - 18 March: 341 members of parliament out of 450-seat assembly support appeal to UN and EU for peacekeepers - 25 March: Ukraine's president fires oligarch Kolomoisky as regional chief of Dnipropetrovsk, after armed men that lawmakers said were linked to the oligarch raided a state-owned oil firm - 2 April: Ukrainian PM Yatseniuk announces an international business forum in July on attracting investment in agricultural, infrastructure and energy sectors, confirming that Ukraine is holding up its side of the Minsk II agreement - 4 April: The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine starts drastic personnel reshuffles - 9 April 2015: Ukrainian Parliament declares May 8 as Remembrance and Reconciliation Day, passing the law on perpetuation of victory over fascism in the WWII of 1939-1945 - 28 April 2015: Kyiv hosts International Support for Ukraine Conference, aiming to present the investment opportunities of Ukraine, not to get donor assistance, as Poroshenko says at the 7th EU-Ukraine summit, that Ukraine should apply for EU membership in five years - 13 May 2015: Ukraine's government approves privatization of more than 300 companies - 20 May 2015: PM Yatseniuk asks MPs to let peacekeepers in Ukraine - 21 May: New Ukrainian law outlaws the display of Nazi and Communist symbols but another law requires that nationalist groups involved in the killings of Jews and Poles be honored - 30 May 2015: Ukraine's Poroshenko appoints former Georgian leader Mikheil Saakashvili governor of the strategic Odessa region, who once began a war with Russia in 2008 and is now wanted by Georgia over criminal charges - August 2008 Battle of Tskhinvali, fight for the city of Tskhinvali after Georgian ground troops entered the city on early 8 August 2008 following artillery assault, parts of Tskhinvali were devastated in the three-day fighting - Humanitarian impact and casualties of the Georgian-Russian War 2008

June-September 2015: 16 June 2015: Ukrainian Anti-Corruption Bureau to start operating in October - 12 July: Government forces barricade bases of nationalist militia in western Ukraine, which has helped it battle pro-Russian forces, after gunfight reportedly killed two people - 17 July: Parliament adopts resolution on the appointment of regular elections of members of local councils and village, town and city mayors on 25 October 2015 - 28 July: In by-elections in Chernihiv 'Bloc of Petro Poroshenko's' Serhiy Berezenko scored 35.90% of votes and UKROP party's Hennadiy Korban 14.76% - 12 August: Poroshenko signs bill to hike defense spending by UAH 5.3 billion in 2015 - 1 September 2015: National Guard soldiers killed and more than 140 people injured in clashes among the law enforcers and demonstrators against voting for amendments to the Constitution paving the way for further decentralization, as a grenade was thrown at the law enforcers near the Ukrainian Parliament by suspected Ihor Gumenyuk - 1 September: Ukraine raises minimum wages, pensions and scholarships on 1 September 2015

October/November 2015 Ukrainian local elections, revealing growing disenchantment with slow pace of reform: October/November 2015 Ukrainian local elections - 25 October 2015: Local elections take place in all regions of Ukraine, except for the territories temporarily occupied - 26 October: Ukraine's local elections reveal growing disenchantment with slow pace of reform - 11 November 2015: Mariupol and Krasnoarmiysk to hold local elections on 29 November

November/December 2015: 12 November: The Parliament of Ukraine passes an anti-discrimination amendment to the Labour Code of Ukraine - 29 November: Ukrainian local elections in several areas near frontline, as residents in Mariupol and nearby Krasnoarmiysk are voting for city council deputies and other mayors - 2 December: Independent becomes mayor, opposition wins council in Mariupol elections - 15 December 2015: Spat between Ukrainian interior minister Arsen Avakov and former Georgian warmonger Mikheil Saakashvili follows a brawl between MP Oleh Barna, from Poroshenko’s ruling coalition, attempting to remove Ukrainian PM Yatsenyuk from the speaker’s podium forcefully last week - 25 December: Ukraine's parliament passes 2016 budget, providing expenditures at UAH 667.733bln, raising of the minimum salary, increased spending on the national defense and security, limiting the deficit to 3.7% of gross domestic product, outlays to $ 40bln and expexting 1.7bln more from the IMF and an additional $ 2.3bln from other benefactors

2016 Ukraine's ruling coalition in turmoil, ongoing Russian aggression: 17 February 2016: Former premier Tymoshenko’s party Batkivshchyna exits the parliament coalition - 18 February: Ukraine's ruling coalition in turmoil after government narrowly survives no confidence vote - 19 February: Ukrainian Parliament's Volodymyr Groysman announces Samopomich fraction's exit from the ruling coalition - 21 February: Ukrainian MP's must still pass a law to unlock $1.5 bln worth of funds seized from allies close to ex-president Yanukovych, according to PM - 11 April: New parliament coalition expected to be created on 12 April, following resignation of Yatsenyuk - 14 April: Parliament chairman Groysman replaces PM Arseniy Yatsenyuk - 15 October 2016: Ukrainian president Poroshenko believes that Russia will not terminate its policy of aggression until the world is united to stop Russian Putin regime, calling 'to make every effort to unmask the manifestation of Russian aggression wherever we only can – in Donbas, in the case of the downed MH17, and in Aleppo', emphasizing the importance of solidarity of the whole world in this issue and further extension of sanctions against Russia - 7 November 2016: Georgia's Saakashvili announces he is leaving his position as Odesa Regional State Administrator due to 'a difficult situation'

March 2018 Kremlin's chemical attack in the UK, international reactions: 17 March 2018: 'The Kremlin's 'chemical attack' in the UK is nothing but an encroachment on British sovereignty ... and our message to Russia is the same as that of British defense secretary Gavin Williamson, 'shut up and go away',' Ukraine's Poroshenko says - 4 March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, as on 27 November 2019 the OPCW global chemical weapons watchdog added Novichok nerve agent used in the attack to its list of banned toxins

8 May 2018 Day of Remembrance of the victims of Nazi Germany's World War II: 8 May 2018: On 8 May Ukrainians mark the Day of Remembrance and Reconciliation, which pays tribute to the victims of the World War 1939-1945 and all victims of Nazism, as Ukraine also decided to celebrate 9 May as the day of victory over German Nazi forces in the second World War - 8 May 2018: Ukraine's Poroshenko says that Ukraine seeks new international security system, ruined by Russian aggression - 9 May 2018: Ukraine marks the Day of the Victory over Nazism in World War II of 1939-1945 in a new way, without a military parade and ribbons of Saint George

October 2018 budget for 2019 at first reading: 18 October 2018: Ukrainian parliament adopts draft budget for 2019 at first reading, as projected revenues of the consolidated budget for 2019 grow by UAH 130.5 billion, or 11.2%, compared to 2018

November 2018 commission to investigate violent attacks on civic activists: 14 November 2018: Activist Kateryna Handzyuk's death has led Ukraine’s parliament to create a temporary commission to investigate violent attacks on civic activists

December 2018 Ukraine's unsettled Nazi collaborators' past: 27 December 2018: Ukrainian parliament last week declared January 1 a national day of commemoration for Nazi collaborator Stepan Bandera, who hoped the Germans would allow his country independence from the Soviet Union, though the Nazis later arrested him, as separately Ukraine’s State Committee on Television and Radio Broadcasting banned the 'Book of Thieves' by Swedish historian Anders Rydell due to his critical analysis of the actions of Symon Petliura, another nationalist whose troops murdered countless Jews in pogroms

February 2019 83 presidential candidates registered in Ukraine: 4 February 2019: Eighty-three presidential candidates registered in Ukraine, as CEC said it had approved 28 of the applications, rejected 22 others, and have left open 33 for consideration

March 2019 Ukrainian presidential election: 31 March 2019 Ukrainian presidential election - Declared candidates for the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election - Opinion polling for the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election - 30 March 2019: Ukraine's candidates push limits of 'quiet day' before polls open, as thousands have died in a war with Russian-backed separatists in the country’s southeast, reforms have stalled, and utility prices have increased

April 2019 Zelensky's comedy at the very front as Ukrainians killed in Putin's war: 1 April 2019: Ukrainian comedian Volodymyr Zelensky was the top vote-getter with 30.45% of the vote in the first round of Ukraine’s presidential election, ahead of Petro Poroshenko with 16.22% and with more than 67% of Sunday’s first-round results counted, a run-off is scheduled for April 21 - 2 April 2019: Tymoshenko has no chance of making it to runoff after 98% of ballots processed - 4 April 2019: Comedian Zelensky in major lead after all cast votes counted, as Poroshenko agrees to hold debates with Zelensky at Kyiv's Olympiyskiy Stadium

12-20 April 2019 Kolomoisky's straw man Zelensky's evasion from the army: 12 April 2019: Ukrainian Defense Ministry will check reports of Volodymyr Zelensky's evasion from the army, after deputy of the Verkhovna Rada Tatyana Chernovol demanded to check the information that the presidential candidate Vladimir Zelensky allegedly declined to be called up for military service and refused to act as a defender - 14 April 2019: Statement from the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense accusing Vladimir Zelensky of evading citations - 19 April 2019: While Zelensky portraying himself as a fighter against oligarchs, in reality he is clearly linked to the Ukrainian oligarch Ihor Kolomoisky, the owner of 1+1 TV, where the candidate’s show has appeared since 2012, and according to an investigation led by Volodymyr Ariev the start of this TV cooperation coincided with large financial transactions between Privat Bank, Ukraine’s largest bank which was at that time owned by Kolomoisky, and Zelensky and other team members, 2012-2016 $41 million was directed from the bank through a series of intermediary companies into the accounts of Zelensky and Co. companies as Ariev contends that Kolomoisky used Zelensky’s companies for money laundering

April 2019 Ukrainian presidential election: 21 April 2019 Ukrainian presidential election second round - 22 April 2019: Actor and comedian Volodymyr Zelenskiy with no political experience other than playing the role of president in a TV series until recently, has won a landslide victory in Ukraine’s presidential election and will take charge of a country facing numerous challenges, including a struggling economy and an ongoing war against Russia-backed separatist forces in the east that has claimed more than 13,000 lives

Since May 2019 Zelensky steps into his new role as president: 20 May 2019: Volodymyr Zelensky, who won a landslide victory in elections and stepped into his new role as Ukrainian president with his inauguration, dissolves parliament, urges ministers to resign and vows to solve Donbas crisis, saying ‘we must defend our land like Israelis’, also saying his first task was to achieve a ceasefire in eastern Ukraine, as Putin spokesman says 'no plans' to congratulate democratically elected president Zelenskiy

July 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election: 21 July 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election - Opinion polling for the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election - 22 July 2019: Ukrainians gave their comedian-turned-president Volodymyr Zelensky a mandate to reboot the country’s politics by handing his party a record score in parliamentary elections, exit polls showed

9 October 2019: 9 October 2019: Members of the Last Checkpoint movement heading to the town of Zolote to prevent the disengagement of troops were stopped by police, as Andriy Biletsky said that the Ukrainian government wanted to leave local residents in Zolote, Petrivske, and Stanytsia Luhanska unprotected, to make them 'a sacrificial lamb to the LPR'

17 October 2019 Ukraine passes whistleblower law: 17 October 2019: Ukraine passes whistleblower law, as deputy chair of the anti-corruption committee Yanchenko noted in her introductory address, that law enforcement had been failing to tackle corruption without additional help

27 October 2019 Ukrainian PM, minister attended neo-Nazi concert: 27 October 2019: Ukrainian PM, minister attended neo-Nazi concert in Kyiv

12 November 2019 Gontareva's accusations against oligarch Kolomoiskiy: 12 November 2019: Accusations levelled by Ukraine's ex-central banker Valeria Gontareva against oligarch Ihor Kolomoiskiy, blaming him for attacks on her familiy, provide test for Ukraine’s president Zelenskiy, seen as close to Kolomoiskiy, after making his name as an actor in a show broadcast on the oligarch’s TV channel and appointing a number of Kolomoiskiy-linked figures to key posts

December 2019 Israel urges Ukraine to remove Nazi collaborators from its ‘List of Heroes’: 27 December 2019: Israel’s embassy to Ukraine asked the country’s parliament to remove from its 'List of Heroes' 10 people who oversaw massacres of Jews or supported the Nazi regime

25 October - 15 November 2020 Ukrainian local elections: 25 October - 15 November 2020 Ukrainian local elections, as deputies of district councils and rural townships will be elected and elections for city mayors will be held, in November 2020 is the approximate date of an if needed second round of mayoral elections in cities with more than 75,000 voters - 5 November 2020: Repeat mayoral elections will be held in 15 towns and cities of Ukraine, as repeat voting to elect the mayor has been scheduled in 14 territorial communities with the number of voters exceeding 75,000 people in 11 regions of Ukraine, according to CEC

5 November 2020 bill on Ukraine's 2021 budget passes its first reading: 5 November 2020: Bill on Ukraine's 2021 budget passes its first reading, as over 2,400 amendments were submitted to the draft law on the national budget of Ukraine for 2021, which provides for a deficit of 6% of GDP, as budget revenue for 2021 is set at US$37.6 billion, while spending is fixed at US$47.4 billion, and as the deficit of the budget is capped at US$9.47 billion

23 November 2020 five political parties get most support in local elections: 23 November 2020: The aggregated rating of parties gained in local elections says the conditional 5% electoral threshold was tackled by the Servant of the People (14.5%), European Solidarity (13.7%), Opposition Platform - For Life (12.5%), Za Majbutne (For the Future) (8.6%), and Batkivshchyna (8.5%)

22 September 2021 Ukraine bans antisemitism with new law, sets penalty for offenses: 22 September 2021: As an estimated 0.2% of Ukraine's population is Jewish - after its pre-war Jewish population of about 1.5 million was virtually wiped in the NSDAP ruled Germany's Holocaust - Ukraine's parliament on Wednesday passed a law defining the concept of antisemitism and establishing punishment for transgressions

30 January 2022 Ukrainian president urged West to remain 'vigilant and firm' in talks with Putin regime: 30 January 2022: Ukraine's president Volodymyr Zelensky urged the West to remain 'vigilant and firm' in its talks with Russia, as UK to offer more NATO troops and as USA president Joe Biden announced a small troop deployment to eastern Europe amid fears Putin regime could order the invasion of Ukraine

12 February 2022 thousands of Ukrainians rally in Kyiv amid fear of Russian invasion: 12 February 2022: As Ukraine’s president told people not to panic and pushed back against what he said was a glut of bleak war predictions being reported in the media, several thousand Ukrainians rallied in Kyiv on Saturday to show unity amid fears of a Russian invasion, with tension has mounted after Putin regime has built up more than 100,000 troops near Ukraine and carried out large-scale exercises, as the US said an invasion could start at any moment

Since February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine began partisan groups became active in occupied territories: Since the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine began, Russian fascist Putin regime forces occupied vast portions of the territory of Ukraine. Some territories, more precisely parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts as well as the entire Autonomous Republic of Crimea, were already under Russian occupation since 2014. Partisan groups began to be organized in the summer of 2021. After the start of the invasion, these individuals became active in those territories occupied by Russia, which included cities like Kherson and Melitopol

1 May 2022 commemoration of the dead in Ukraine, today including the victims of ongoing Russian war crimes: 1 May 2022: Annual commemoration of the dead in Ukraine, as the country marks the commemoration day a week after Easter when people are visiting cemeteries to remember the dead. This year has been especially poignant. Thousands of people fell victim of the Russian invasion. In Irpin, a city on the outskirts of the capital Kyiv, there are dozens of new graves. Civilians and military killed when Russian troops advanced on the city are buried at the local cemetery. Ukrainian authorities have accused Russia's departing forces of committing war crimes and leaving behind devastating scenes in Irpin and other towns surrounding Kyiv, 'africanews' reports with a video showing destroyed cities, villages without further comment

Social movements and protests in Ukraine: Protests in Ukraine - Social movements in Ukraine

2004/2005 'Orange Revolution': Orange Revolution 2004-2005 - Allegations of dioxin poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko since 2004 - 17 August 2011: 2004 Orange Revolution allies in court 2011 - Yushchenko testifies against old Orange ally Tymoshenko on charges of exceeding her authority in a contract with ... Russia

2008 Ukrainian political crisis: 2008 Ukrainian political crisis

March 2012 murder of Oksana Makar and protests: 8 March 2012 murder of Oksana Makar and protests demanding justice

November 2012 protest against alleged fraud in parliamentary elections: 5 November 2012: Opposition rally in Kiev to protest against alleged fraud in parliamentary elections

June 2013 rape of Iryna Krashkova and protests: June 2013 rape of Iryna Krashkova and protests against protection, refusal to bring to justice and police brutality

Since November 2013 Ukraine protests and Euromaidan: Ukraine protests since 21 November 2013 - List of people killed during Euromaidan - 2013/2014 protests across Ukraine - 2014 Ukrainian Regional State Administration occupations - International reactions to the Euromaidan

November 2013 pro EU protests: 22 November 2013: Thousands of protesters are rallying across Ukraine for the second day, angry at the government's move to delay an association deal with the EU - 24/25 novembre: Des dizaines de milliers d’Ukrainiens ont à nouveau battu le pavé de la capitale pour dénoncer le revirement de leur gouvernement qui a décidé de renoncer à un accord d’association avec Bruxelles - 26 novembre: Les manifestants pro-européens continuent de mettre la pression sur le gouvernement - 29 November: Ukrainian opposition at a mass rally in Kiev on Friday demanded that President Yanukovych step down after refusing to salvage a key deal with the European Union - 30 November: Tear gas fills Kiev's Liberty Square as critics of president's decision to block EU trade deal are dispersed by force

December 2013 rallies demanding the resignation of Yanukovich: 1 décembre: L'opposition ukrainienne exige une élection présidentielle anticipée et le départ du président Ianoukovitch - 2 December: Hundreds of thousands of protesters defied a government ban on public rallies to mass on Kiev’s Independence Square on Sunday, demanding the resignation of Yanukovich - 3 décembre: Assiégé par plusieurs milliers de manifestants pro-européens, le Parlement ukrainien examine une motion de défiance - 4 December: Kiev's pro-EU protesters brave freezing temperatures - 4 décembre: La mobilisation continue malgré l'échec d'une motion de défiance à Kiev - 5 décembre: Dans une lettre ouverte, trois ex-présidents de l'Ukraine ont apporté mercredi leur soutien à la contestation pro-européenne - 5 December: OSCE summit in Kyiv calls respect for the rule of law and basic freedoms - 6 December: Calling for anti-government march at weekend after Yanukovych visit in Russia - 8 December: Hundreds of thousands of pro-EU Ukrainians rallied in Kiev for a new protest aimed at forcing Yanukovych to resign, furious over the decision to back out of a historic agreement with the EU under Kremlin pressure - 10 décembre: La police démonte les barricades des manifestants pro-Europe - 11 décembre: La police donne l'assaut à la mairie de Kiev - 11 December: Ukrainian police storm Kiev's Independence Square in a move that sparked immediate international concern - 12 December: Ukraine protesters defy police, leaders reject talks with president after the destruction of a protest camp - 13 December: Ukraine protesters rebuild barricades in centre of Kiev - 13 December: Ukrainian court frees nine pro-EU protesters, but talks between opposition and Yanukovych have made little progress - 14 décembre: L'administration Ianoukovitch fait un geste à l'égard de l'opposition, en révoquant deux hauts responsables qui avaient fait disperser violemment la manifestation du 30 novembre - 15/16 December: Hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians demanding political change braved freezing temperatures and aggressive policing in Kiev - 18 December: Yanukovych under pressure over deal with Russia - 22 December: Ukraine’s opposition continues rallies against the regime, encouraging the pro EU-protests to spread across the country by announcing the creation of a new movement - 25/26 December: Outrage in Ukraine after brutal attack on Ukrainian civic activist and journalist Tetyana Chernovil, hundreds of journalists and opposition activists demand the resignation of interior minister - 26 December: Journalist Tetyana Chernovil in intensive care after beating as protesters rally in Kiev holding photos - 29 décembre: Nouvelle mobilisation massive de l'opposition à Kiev - 29 December: Tens of thousands of irate Ukrainians rallied amid swelling anger over the brutal beating of the pro-European journalist Tetyana Chernovil

January 2014 pro-EU protests: 1. Januar: Rund 200.000 pro-europäische Demonstranten protestieren in Kiew und fordern Neuwahlen - 11 January: Several people, including former minister and leading opposition figure Yuriy Lutsenko, injured in clashes between protesters and riot police in Kiev - 12 January: Ex-Interior Minister Yuriy Lutsenko has been moved from intensive care after reportedly attacked by baton-wielding police in Kiev - 12 janvier: Environ 50.000 personnes ont manifesté dimanche en plein centre de Kiev contre le tabassage de l'opposant Iouri Loutsenko - 13 janvier: À Kiev, la mobilisation anti-Ianoukovitch reprend de l'ampleur - 19 January: Pro-EU demonstrators are preparing for a big rally in Kiev, in defiance of recently adopted laws aimed at curbing public protests - 19 January: Up to 100,000 pro-Europe Ukrainians protest in Kiev in defiance of sweeping new laws aimed at stamping out anti-government rallies - 20 January: After violent clashes in Kiev and calls for an end to the violence and political talks, Yanukovych has agreed to negotiate with pro-EU protesters and opposition leaders - 21 January: Clashes have continued for a second consecutive night in Kiev - 22 January: After police stormed barricades in Kiev two people reported dead on Wednesday morning, one man reportedly shot four times - 22 janvier: La police a lancé mercredi un assaut contre les manifestants pro-européens rassemblés à Kiev, faisant plusieurs morts et 300 blessées - 23 janvier: Au lendemain d'une journée sanglante qui a fait 5 morts, les chefs de file de l'opposition menacent de passer à l'offensive ce jeudi si Ianoukovitch ne fait pas de concessions - 24 January: Opposition leaders who held discussions with Yanukovich told protesters that Yanukovich called for an emergency session of parliament next Tuesday to end the country's political crisis - 24 January: Protesters in Ukraine built more barricades in Kiev early on Friday, after opposition leaders emerged empty-handed from initial direct negotiations - 25 January: As protests spread from Ukraine's capital to nearly half of the country and protesters occupy government buildings in a number of cities, Kiev protesters demand Yanukovych's resignation and clashes resume - 25 janvier: Le gouvernement ukrainien se trouve samedi sous une pression accrue de la contestation, à Kiev et dans l'ouest du pays, et de l'UE qui intensifie les contacts à l'issue d'une semaine de violences - 26 January: Ukraine opposition seek early elections and the repeal of an anti-protest law after offer of top government posts - 26 January: Reports of unrest in the north, east and south of Ukraine (Chernihiv, Sumy, Cherkasy, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhya, Odessa), as in Kiev thousands mourned the 25-year-old protester Mikhail Zhiznevsky, who died of gunshot wounds - 27 January: Ukraine protests spread as the EU delegation in Ukraine on Monday urges the government to uphold the promises made during negotiations with the opposition - 28 janvier: Avant la session extraordinaire du Parlement ukrainien, Ianoukovitch a accepté d'abolir les lois anticontestation votées le 16 janvier - 29 janvier: Le Parlement doit discuter de nouvelles concessions dont une amnistie de manifestants en prison - 30 janvier: Le gouvernement annonce une amnistie, l'opposition dénonce un chantage - 30 January: Yanukovych reportedly ill but defiant amid turmoil - 31 January: Ukrainian opposition activist Dmytro Bulatov, who vanished for eight days, emerged bloodied and badly beaten, saying his captors cut off an ear and drove nails through his hands before dumping him in a forest

February 2014 Ukrainian revolution: February 2014 Ukrainian revolution - 2 February: Opposition politician Vitali Klitschko and FM Kozhara clashed face to face at Munich summit, as EU's Herman Van Rompuy and USA's John Kerry backed Ukraine's 'fight for democracy' - 3 February 2014: Ukrainian regime allows injured activist Dmytro Bulatov to receive treatment in Lithuania - 4 February: Opposition MPs seek to curb president's powers, as parliament begins a new term and thousands of people remain on the streets - 9 February: An estimated 70,000 pro-Europe Ukrainians rallied in Kiev on Sunday vowing never to give up their drive to oust Yanukovych for his alliance with Putin's regime - 16 February: Amnesty will come into force after Ukraine protesters and police pulled back in contest over Yanukovich - 19 February: More than 20 people dead as riot police move in to clear Kiev's Independence Square, and defiant Yanukovych rejects calls to halt the ferocious assault - 20 February: EU and US consider sanctions against Yanukovich's regime - 20 February: Crackdown and clashes continue in Kiev despite truce and crisis talks with foreign ministers from France, Germany and Poland - 21 February: Statement that Yanukovych has reached a deal with the opposition to end the crisis, after all-night talks mediated by EU foreign ministers - 22 February: Yanukovych reportedly flees Kiev for his support base in Ukraine's Russia-leaning east - 22 February: President's Kiev offices are unguarded, with opposition protesters reportedly in full control of the government district - 22/23 February: After her release from prison former PM Yulia Tymoshenko addresses protesters on Kiev's Independence Square - 23 February: Ukraine's parliament, exercising power since Yanukovych's flight, names its new speaker as acting president and works to form a new government - 25 February 2014: Promising that his coalition administration will be a 'government of the people', interim President Turchynov is due to form a unity government

March 2014 protests against Putin's grip on Crimea: 10 March 2014: Tens of thousands demonstrate in rival rallies, as Putin's regime continues to strengthen its grip on Crimea

June 2014: 14 June 2014: Protesters pelted the Russian embassy in Kiev with eggs and ripped up a Russian flag following the deaths of 49 Ukrainian servicemen on board a transport plane that was shot down by pro-Russian separatists

February 2015 evidence of Russia's involvement in the Maidan mass killing: 19 February 2015: PGO has evidence of Russia's involvement in the mass killing of Maidan protesters in February 2014 - 20/21 February 2015: Thousands mark one year since Euromaidan uprising which toppled corrupt former president - 25 February 2015: Several hundred residents of Kharkiv gathered to mourn the victims of Sunday's terror-attack, which killed four pro-Ukraine activists marking the 2014 Euromaidan shootings at Euromaidan in Kyiv

Since March 2015 Ukrainian unity rallies: 14 March 2015: Mariupol residents gather to show they support Ukraine - 29 March: Unity rally held on Saturday in Dnipropetrovsk - 22 April 2015: Coal miners in protest rally in Kyiv, demanding Demchysyn's resignation and convening of the NSDC to deal with the crisis in the coal industry - 12 July 2015: Local residents in militant-held Luhansk region protest against occupation, complaining to the self-styled regional administration about crime rates, lack of food - 21 September: Ukrainians mark International Peace Day with symbolic march between war memorials - 23 September: Hundreds mark Yom Kippur in Kyiv and gather near Babyn Yar - 29 September: Ukrainian protesters burn portraits of Putin outside Dutch embassy in Kyiv

2016 political, economic and anti-corruption protests: 20 February 2016: Ukraine honours 2014 Maidan massacre victims - 9 March 2016: Ukraine's activists march on international women's day in support of gender equality and women's rights - 13 March: Professional sportsmen, social activists and ordinary citizens take part in 'Run for Crimea' event in Kyiv aimed to raise political awareness - 8 April: Ukrainian protesters rallied in Kyiv demanding corrupt officials and separatists be dismissed from their senior positions in law enforcement agencies across Ukrainian regions, as earlier in the day farmers rallied outside the Cabinet of Ministers, demanding milk purchase prices be increased - 16/17 April 2016: Many of Poroshenko's supporters are disappointed in the slow pace of reforms and an apparent unwillingness to crack down on corrupt officials, as Ukrainian president is facing a crisis of confidence after his name appeared in the 'Panama Papers' leak and the country's PM, with whom he clashed, stepped down - 15 November 2016: Several hundred people gathered in front of the Russian Embassy in Kyiv, condemning the aggression of the Russian regime against Ukraine - 16 November 2016: Protests in central Kyiv go on for second day, as protesters against the Ukrainian government, mostly older people and students, came to the National Bank office

December 2016 protests against Russian war crimes in Syria: 15 December 2016: Protests are being held in front of the Russian embassy in Kyiv, expressing anger over Russia's war crimes in Aleppo and calling on the USA and the EU to impose fresh sanctions on Russia over the war crimes in Syria, and also ensure safety and decent conditions for civilians in war-torn Syria

January 2018 protests against brutal killing of human rights lawyer Iryna Nozdrovska: 4 January 2018: The brutal killing of human rights lawyer Iryna Nozdrovska in Kiev, who disappeared days after helping to block the release from jail of Dmytro Rossoshansky, an influential judge's nephew jailed in May for seven years for running down and killing Nozdrovska’s sister Svitlana Sapatanyska in 2015, has sparked widespread anger and protests amid allegations of entrenched corruption within the Ukrainian justice system

8 March 2018: 8 March 2018: On International Women's Day several rallies for women's rights and against gender discrimination were held in Kyiv center, attacked by a group of provocateurs

July 2018 support of Ukrainian filmmaker Oleh Sentsov: 2 July 2018: Dozens of Ukrainian cities have joined rallies in support of Ukrainian filmmaker Oleh Sentsov, who is serving a 20-year term in prison in Russia and has been on hunger strike since May 14

November 2018 protests against the murder of anti-corruption activist Handzyuk: 5 November 2018: Several hundred supporters of murdered anti-corruption activist Handzyuk gathered by the interior ministry in downtown Kiev on Sunday evening to demand that police found the killers

October 2019 protests against president's plan to hold a local election in Donbas: 6 October 2019: Thousands rallied in the Ukrainian capital against the president's plan to hold a local election in the country's rebel-held east, denouncing the move as a capitulation to Russia, which has backed the separatists and saying 'our soldiers have given their lives for a united Ukraine, and we don't want peace at any cost on Russia's conditions', called the 'Steinmeier formula' - 15 October 2019: Thousands of people marched through central Kiev on Monday to protest against Zelenskiy's deal with Russian regime to grant special status to a pro-Russian rebel-held region of eastern Ukraine

8 December 2019 protest against Russian aggression: 8 décembre 2019: Environ 5000 manifestants ont appelé dimanche à Kiev le président ukrainien Zelensky à ne pas céder à la pression du régime russe, à la veille d'une rencontre avec Poutine lors d'un sommet sur le conflit ukrainien à Paris

16 August 2020 Kyiv solidarity with protesters in Belarus: 16 August 2020: A rally is under way in Kyiv on Sunday to show solidarity with protesters in Belarus, as rallies will be held in Minsk and other Belarusian towns and cities

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Ukraine: Ukrainian society - Human rights in Ukraine

Human rights in Ukraine: Human rights in Ukraine, as the European country a party of several international treaties, signed the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, and is a party of many European treaties since the 1950s

24 July 2022 Dmytro Lubinets appointed as the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights: 24 July 2022: Dmytro Lubinets appointed as the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights

Oblasts, raions, cities and local government in Ukraine: Administrative divisions of Ukraine - Oblasts of Ukraine - Raions of Ukraine - Local government in Ukraine

2014 Ukraine's southeast poll finding worries about banditry, collapse of economy, threat of civil war: 24 April 2014: Ukraine's southeast poll finds, that most worry about rampant banditry (43%), collapse of the economy (39%), threat of civil war (32%), and only 6.5% about imposing one language and 5% about cutting off Russian TV channels

List of cities in Ukraine by population in 2021: List of cities in Ukraine by population in 2021, as since the 2010s there were 459 cities, smaller settlements, villages and urban-type settlements comparable with towns in Ukraine - Cities in Ukraine

Volyn Oblast: Volyn Oblast in northwestern Ukraine. Its administrative centre is Lutsk. Kovel is the westernmost town and the last station in Ukraine on the rail line running from Kyiv to Warsaw, with a population of 1,027,397 citizens in 2021

Ukrainian and Belarusian Pripyat river: The Pripyat river begins on the Volyn Hill, between the villages of Budnik and Horn Smolars of Lyubomlsky district in Volyn oblast After 204 km downstream, then crossing the border of Belarus running through Europe's largest wilderness Polesia, for the last 50km the Pripyat flows again in Ukraine and flows several kilometers south of Chernobyl into the Kyiv reservoir

23 December 2020 Chernobyl fears resurface due to giant E40 waterway linking Baltic to the Black Sea: 23 December 2020: Chernobyl fears resurface as Pripyat river dredging begins in exclusion zone, and as scientists warn of threat of nuclear contamination from work on giant E40 waterway linking Baltic to the Black Sea

History of Volhynia since the Middle Ages: History of Volhynia, as Volyn was once part of Kievan Rus' before becoming an independent local principality and an integral part of the Halych-Volynia, one of Kievan Rus' successor states. In the 15th century, the area came under the control of neighbouring Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in 1569 of Poland and then in 1795 - since the partitions of Poland and the '1814/1815 Congress of Vienna' until 1914-1918 Central Powers WWI to the Russian Empire where it was a part of the Volynskaya Guberniya. In the interwar period most of the territory, organized as Wolyn Voivodeship was under Polish control. In 1939 Poland was invaded and divided by NSDAP-rule German empire and the Soviet Union, as Volyn was joined to Soviet Ukraine as 'Volyn Oblast districts' and many Ukrainians rejoiced at the 'reunification', after WWI and the November revolution in 1917 no longer in the Tsardom of Russia with its ruling Romanov dynasty. In July 1941 Volyn along with the Soviet Union was invaded by the Nazi Germany's 'Barbarossa Offensive'. Nazis alongside Ukrainian collaborators completed their Holocaust of the Jews of Volhynia in late 1942, despite partisan activity started in Volyn in 1941, soon after German occupation. Partisans were involved in the Rail War campaign against German supply lines and were known for their efficiency in gathering intelligence and for sabotage. The region formed the basis of several networks and many members of the local population served with the partisans. The Poles in the area became part of the Polish Home Army, which often undertook operations with the partisan movement. UPA initially supported Nazi Germany which had in turn supported them with financing and weaponry before the start of World War II. Many served in the various RONA and SS units. Once they became disillusioned with the Nazi program, they independently began to target all non-Ukrainians (Poles, Jews, Russians, among others) for extermination. Thousands of Poles, Czechs, remaining Jews, and Ukrainians who tried to help others escape were killed in retaliation until in January 1944 the Red Army recaptured the territory from the Nazis. The area underwent rapid industrialisation including the construction of the Lutskiy Avtomobilnyi Zavod. Nevertheless, the area remains one of the most rural throughout the former Soviet Union.

Kovel raion in Volyn Oblast: Kovel raion in Volyn Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Kovel city with a population of 268,082 citizens in 2021 after in July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Volyn Oblast was reduced to four, and the area of Kovel Raion was significantly expanded. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 40,395 citizens

Kovel city: Kovel city in Volyn Oblast, serving as the administrative center of Kovel raion with a population of 67,991 citizens in 2021

History of Kovel city: History of Kovel city

July-August 1916 Battle of Kowel, Russian defeat and Central Powers victory: July-August 1916 Battle of Kowel between the Central Powers (Austro-Hungarian and German Empires) and the Russian empire, as the ineffective barrage and the tactic of using 'waves' of attacking soldiers resulting in significant Russian casualties and the stalling of the Brusilov offensive. 500,000 Russian casualties during the offensive, culminating in the battle of Kowel 'finished Russia as an active participant in the war'.

Liuboml town: Liuboml town located in the western Ukrainian Volyn Oblast close to the border with Poland. It served as the administrative center of former Liuboml - since July 2020 abolished and merged into Kovel raion - with a population of 10,421 citizens in 2021

Lutsk city: Lutsk city on the Styr River in northwestern Ukraine. It is the administrative center of the Volyn Oblast and the administrative center of the surrounding Lutsk Raion within the oblast, though it is not a part of the raion. Lutsk has the status of a city of oblast significance, equivalent to that of a raion, and a population of 217,197 citizens in 2021

June 1916 Battle of Lutsk on the Eastern Front during Central Powerw World War I: June 1916 Battle of Lutsk on the Eastern Front during Central Powerw World War I, the opening attack of the Brusilov Offensive under the overall command of Alexei Brusilov. The Russian 8th Army made a decisive breakthrough in the defenses of the Austro-Hungarian Fourth Army in the area of the city of Lutsk in Ukraine. Within days, 130,000 Austro-Hungarian soldiers were lost. The influential German high-command requested the dismissal of Archduke Joseph, which was subsequently granted. The success of the Russian breakthrough caused Austria to halt its attacks in Italy and convinced Romania to enter the war. The Brusilov Offensive would continue with success until running out of steam in late September 1916

History of Lutsk city since WWI: Since 1918/19 Second Polish Republic, following 1914-1918 World War I including history of Volyn Oblast and Lutsk since then, 1919-1921 Polish–Soviet War, and 1939-1945 World War II, as 7 September 1939 the Polish government, which had left Warsaw the day before, arrived at Luck (Lutsk city). German NSDAP intelligence quickly found out about it, and the city was twice bombed by the German Luftwaffe on 11 and 14 September. After German 'Blitzkrieg' panzer units of the Wehrmacht had crossed the Bug river on 14 September the government of Poland left Luck and headed southwards, to Kosow Huculski, which at that time was located near the Polish–Romanian border. As a result of the invasion of Poland and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Luck, along with the rest of western Volyn, was annexed by the Soviet Union. After the start of German empire's 'Operation Barbarossa' the city was captured by the Wehrmacht on 25 June 1941. Upon Nazi occupation most of the Jewish inhabitants of the city were forced into a new Luck Ghetto and then murdered at the execution site on Górka Polonka hill not far from the city. In total, more than 25,000 Jews were executed there at point-blank range, men, women and children. The Luck Ghetto was liquidated entirely through the Holocaust by bullets. During the massacres of Poles in Volhynia approximately 10,000 Poles were murdered by the Ukrainian 'Insurgent Army' in the area. It was captured by the Soviet 'Red Army' on 2 February 1944.

21st century economy, industry and commerce of Lutsk, an important centre of industry: 21st century economy, industry and commerce of Lutsk, an important centre of industry. Factories producing cars, shoes, bearings, furniture, machines and electronics, as well as weaveries, steel mills and a chemical plant are located in the area.

11 March 2022 two servicemen killed, 6 wounded in Russian attack on airfield in Lutsk: On March 11, four missiles were fired on the military airfield in Lutsk from a Russian army bomber as we assess. Unfortunately, there are human losses. At present, two servicemen have been killed and six have received wounds of varying severity. The rubbles are being cleared away', official Yuriy Pohulyayko as Ukrinform reports

Rivne Oblast: Rivne Oblast in Ukraine with a population of 1,148,456 citizens in 2021 as the Rivne Oblast was created as part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic on 4 December 1939

Rivne city: Rivne city in western Ukraine. Historically known as Rovno, the city is the administrative centre of Rivne Oblast, as well as the surrounding Rivne Raion created in USSR within the oblast and in the 21st century with a population of 245,289 citizens in 2021. Between World War I and World War II, the city was located in Poland as a county seat in Wolyn Voivodeship. At the start of World War II in 1939, Rivne was occupied by the Soviet Red Army and received its current status by becoming a seat of regional government of the Rivne Oblast which was created out of the eastern portion of the voivodeship. During the German occupation of 1941–44 the city was designated as a capital of 'German Reichskommissariat Ukraine'.

20th/21st century history of Rivne city: 20th century history of Rivne city, as on 28 June 1941 Rivne was invaded by the 6th army of the NSDAP ruled German empire, which later established the city as the administrative centre of Reichskommissariat Ukraine on 20 August. A prison for the Gestapo was created on Belaia Street. At the time, roughly half of Rivne's inhabitants were Jewish. About 23,000 were taken to a pine grove in Sosenki and killed between 6–8 November. A ghetto was established for the remaining 5,000 Jews. In July 1942, its population was sent 70km north to Kostopil where they were killed, and the ghetto was subsequently liquidated. On 2 February 1944, the city was captured by the Red Army in the Battle of Rovno, and remained under Soviet control until Ukraine regained its independence on the break-up of the USSR in 1991, following the failure of Mikhail Gorbachev's 'glasnost' and 'perestroika'

Lviv Oblast: Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine, with a population of 2,497,750 citizens in 2021, as the administrative center of the oblast is the city of Lviv

Lviv city: Lviv city, the largest city in western Ukraine and the sixth-largest city in the country overall with a population of 717,510 citizens in 2021

Timeline and history of Lviv: Timeline and history of Lviv city since 1256

18th-19th centuries history of Lviv: 18th-19th centuries history of Lviv

Lviv revolution of 1848 with demands to re-introduce local self-government: Lviv revolution of 1848 with demands to re-introduce local self-government, education in Polish and Ukrainian, and granting Polish with a status of official language, as on 6 November 1848, Austrian forces commenced bombardment of the city center for three hours, setting fire to the town hall, as well as the Academy building, library, museum, and many streets lined with houses. A committee of public safety composed of prominent residents surrendered, state of siege was put in force, martial law declared

Since 1914 amid German-Russian conflict 1914/1915 Russian occupation: Since 1914 amid German-Russian conflict 1914/1915 Russian occupation

September 1939 in the beginning of German empire's World War II Battle of Lwów: September 1939 in the beginning of German empire's World War II Battle of Lwów for the control over the Polish city of Lwów (now Lviv in Ukraine) between the invading German Wehrmacht, the Polish Army and the Red Army. The city was seen as the key to the so-called Romanian Bridgehead and was defended at all cost.

June-July 1941 Lviv pogroms, the consecutive pogroms and massacres of Jews: June-July 1941 Lviv pogroms, the consecutive pogroms and massacres of Jews in the city of Lwów in Eastern Poland/Western Ukraine. The massacres were perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists (specifically, the OUN), German death squads (Einsatzgruppen), and urban population from 30 June to 2 July, and from 25 to 29 July, during the German invasion of the Soviet Union. Thousands of Jews were killed both in the pogroms and in the Einsatzgruppen killings

1941-1943 Lwów (Lviv) Ghetto: 1941-1943 The Lwów Ghetto, a Nazi ghetto in the city of Lwów (now Lviv) in the territory of NSDAP empire's administered 'General Government' in German-occupied Poland, responsible for the death of 120,000 Polish Jews. The ghetto, set up in the second half of 1941, was liquidated in June 1943, and all its inhabitants who survived prior killings were deported to the Belzec extermination camp and the Janowska concentration camp.

21st century history of Lviv: 21st century history of Lviv

26 February 2022 Ukrainians slam the West for failing to stop Russian invasion: 27 February 2022: Ukrainians slam the West for failing to stop Russian invasion, and as many have fled to the neighbouring Poland

27 February 2022 refugees passed through Lviv on their way to Poland to escape Russian aggression: 27 February 2022: Tens of thousands of refugees have passed through Lviv on their way to Poland as they escape the Russian aggression, as UN refugee agency said that 368,000 people had fled Ukraine as of Sunday, but life goes on while the city prepares for another Russian attack in this winter

7 March 2022 united in defiance, residents fortify Lviv against Russian attack: 7 March 2022: United in defiance, residents fortify Lviv against Russian attack, Canada's 'Global News' reports

18 April 2022 Russian forces out deadly missile attacks on the city of Lviv: 18 April 2022: Russian forces have carried out missile attacks in parts of southern and western Ukraine, including in the city of Lviv where authorities reported at least 7 people dead, as the bombardment on Monday came as Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy warned that Russia was preparing to 'finish off' the entire region of Donbas after failing to break through in the north and seize the capital Kyiv

11 October 2022 Lviv braces for cold times as agressor Putin seeks to weaponise winter: 11 October 2022: Lviv braces for cold times as agressor Putin seeks to weaponise winter, and as mayor of western Ukrainian city Andriy Sadovyi - addressing local and international journalists - urges local people to gather heaters and fire wood after Russia destroys two of its power plants

4 March 2023 EU's prosecutor Laura Kövesi and Ukrainian prosecutor Andriy Kostin at conference 'United For Justice' in Lviv city: 4 March 2023: European Chief Prosecutor Laura Kövesi's speech at conference 'United For Justice' in Lviv city - 4 March 2023: What the Russian invaders committed in Ukraine is a crime against humanity and against the whole world. That is why the world must unite forces to create a tribunal to punish the aggressor country, in the name of a better future for the next generations, Ukrainian prosecutor Andriy Kostin stated at the 'United for Justice' international conference in Lviv

9 March 2023 'BBC' reports on Russia's missile attack on Lviv Oblast's Zolochiv district: 9 March 2023: 10:31 drone footage shows Lviv debris after Russian strike, region's governor shared the footage on Telegram, the 'BBC' reports

6 July 2023 Russian cruise missile attack on Ukraine city of Lviv kills five citizens: 6 July 2023: Russia has fired cruise missiles at a western Ukraine city far from the frontline of the war, killing at least five residents in a block of flats, in what officials said was the heaviest attack on civilian areas of Lviv since Putin regime’s forces invaded Ukraine last year. The night-time attack destroyed the roof and top two floors of a residential building, injuring nine people as emergency crews with search dogs went through the rubble.

Yavoriv city near the Polish border: Yavoriv city located in Lviv Oblast of western Ukraine near the Polish border, the administrative center of Yavoriv Raion and 50km west of oblast's capital Lviv. Its population is approximately 12,888 citizens in 2021. Not far from it is the watering-place of Shklo with sulfur springs.

History and timeline of Yavoriv city: History and timeline of Yavoriv city, as town was first mentioned in written documents in 1436. It received Magdeburg rights in 1569, located along main merchant route from Jaroslaw to Lwów, as in 1772 it was annexed by the Habsburg Empire, as part of Austrian Galicia, where it remained until late 1918. In Galicia, it was the seat of a county, with the population of almost 11,000 citizens including Poles, Jews, Ukrainians and Czechs.

September 1939 Battle of Jaworów between the NSDAP ruled German empire's forces and Polish Army members: September 1939 Battle of Jaworów between the NSDAP ruled German empire's forces and Polish Malopolska Army members during the German Invasion of Poland. In the effect of a two-day assault, the Polish forces broke through the German line of defence on their way towards the city of Lwów (modern Lviv), as the engagement is best known for the destruction of one battalion of three battalions of SS-Germania regiment together with the capture of the heavy equipment of the entire regiment.

1941-1944 NSDAP ruled German empire's occupation of Yavoriv city: 1941-1944 Yavoriv city, as its Jewish population before the German occupation on 26 June 1941 was around 3000. Immediately after the Germans arrived, antisemitic Ukrainians launched a pogrom, robbing and killing Jews. German forces took 15 Jews to a nearby forest and shot them. After that, for several months, Jews lived in their own homes but were banned on the main street and had a 6 pm curfew. The Ukrainian police brutalized them, with beatings and some plunder and rape. Several hundred Jews were sent to local forced labor camps. In November 1942, German and Ukrainian police rounded up 1200 Jews, killed 200 on the spot, and sent the others to the Belzec killing camp where they were immediately murdered. A few days later, German and Ukrainian police hunted Jews in hiding and murdered about 200 at the Jewish cemetery. After that, the Germans established a Jewish ghetto which housed about 600 Jews. Soon after, Jews from a few neighboring villages were brought to Yavoriv bringing the ghetto population to 6000. The overcrowding, starvation, and poor sanitary conditions soon led to a typhus epidemic. After about 500 more able-bodied Jews were sent to a labor camp, on 16 April 1943, the German and Ukrainian police took more than 3500 Jews to the Porudno forest and murdered them. More than 2500 Jews were murdered before noon on the 16th, the rest over the next few days. The Germans and Ukrainians burned the ghetto and searched for those in hiding. Those found were shot. A few were transferred to a labor camp in Lwow. In 1944 the town was liberated and re-occupied by the Soviets, as they soon continued their resistance war in Poland before liberating Berlin in May 1945.

13 March 2022 Russian rocket attack on the 'International Peacekeeping and Security Centre' military base near Lviv: 13 March 2022: A Russian rocket attack on the 'International Peacekeeping and Security Centre' military base near Lviv has killed at least nine people, according to the area’s governor Maksym Kozytskyy saying that people had been killed in airstrikes with 57 wounded, as 'The Guardian'’s Luke Harding, who is in Yavoriv where the base is, has spoken to an emergency worker who said the death toll could be as high as 20

Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast: Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in western Ukraine with a population of 1,361,109 citizens in 2021. Its administrative center is the city of Ivano-Frankivsk

11 March 2022 Russian invaders long-range attack on airfields in Ivano-Frankivsk and Lutsk: 11 March 2022: Russian invaders have launched a high-precision, long-range attack on two military airfields in the Ukrainian cities of Lutsk and Ivano-Frankivsk and reportedly taken them out of action

Ivano-Frankivsk city: Ivano-Frankivsk city located in Western Ukraine, the administrative centre of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, and with a population of 237,855 citizens in 2021

20th/212st centuries history of Ivano-Frankivsk city: 20th/212st centuries history of Ivano-Frankivsk city

20th/21st centuries history of Ivano-Frankivsk city: 20th/21st centuries history of Ivano-Frankivsk city, since German and Central Powers World War I, followed by NSDAP ruled German empire's and Axis powers World War II 1939-1945, including Nazi occupation of Galicia since July 1941. During the occupation 1941–44, more than 600 educated Poles and most of the city's Jewish population were murdered - Stanislawów Ghetto Nazi ghetto established in 1941 by the SS in Stanislavov - today Ivano-Frankivsk - in Western Ukraine. Before 1939, the town was part of the Second Polish Republic. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany incorporated the town into District of Galicia, as the fifth district of the semi-colonial 'General Government'

11 March 2022 Russian Putin regime's attacks began in Ivano-Frankivsk oblast: Timeline of 20th/21st centuries Ivano-Frankivsk city history, as in 1991 Ivano-Frankivsk became a city of independent Ukraine, and as since 11 March 2022 Russian Putin regime's attacks began also at Ivano-Frankivsk oblast

11 March 2022 Russian invaders long-range attacks on airfields in Ivano-Frankivsk and Lutsk: 11 March 2022: Russian invaders have launched a high-precision, long-range attack on two military airfields in the Ukrainian cities of Lutsk and Ivano-Frankivsk and reportedly taken them out of action - 11 March 2022: Russian regime's bombs hit Lutsk, Dnipro and Ivano-Frankivsk amid relentless bombardment of Kharkiv, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates

Zakarpattia Oblast: Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine, coterminous with the historical region of Carpathian Ruthenia. Its administrative centre is the city of Uzhhorod, as other major cities include Mukachevo, Khust, Berehove and Chop which is home to railroad transport infrastructure. Situated in the Carpathian Mountains of western Ukraine, Zakarpattia Oblast is the only Ukrainian administrative division which borders upon four countries, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. The Carpathians are an important tourist and travel destination housing many ski and spa resorts, meaning that they play a major part in the oblast's economy. The oblast was established in January 1946, attached to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic under a treaty between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union.

Uzhhorod city: Uzhhorod city and municipality on the river Uzh in western Ukraine, at the border with Slovakia and near the border with Hungary. The city is approximately equidistant from the Baltic, the Adriatic and the Black Sea making it the most inland city in this part of Europe. It is the administrative center of Zakarpattia Oblast, as well as the administrative center of the Uzhhorod Raion within the oblast

21st century history of Uzhhorod: 21st century history of Uzhhorod

Vynohradiv city: Vynohradiv city in western Ukraine, Zakarpattia Oblast with a population of 25,442 citizens in 2021. It was the center of Vynohradiv Raion and since 2020 it has been incorporated into Berehove Raion.

Since 1262 recorded history of Vynohradiv: Since 1262 recorded history of Vynohradiv, first mentioned by the name Zceuleus in an area becoming an important wine district. The city was called Sevlush following the Hungarian word szolos, meaning vineyard, because it was inhabited by winemakers of the royal court. In 1717, most of the citizens of the town were killed by an invading Tatar horde. By 1880, the population was about 4,400. After in 1329, Hungarian King Charles Robert had granted privileges to the town, which became the seat of the Comitatus, Vynohradiv held this rank, until the Treaty of Trianon was signed in 1920 in Versailles following WWI.

1889–1892 composer and pianist Béla Bartók lived in Vynohradiv where his mother worked as a teacher: 1889–1892 composer and pianist Béla Bartók lived in the house opposite Vynohradiv's mansion, where his mother worked as a teacher. Bartók held his first recital here in the county hall.

20th century history of Vynohradiv and demographics: After in 1910 Vynohradiv city had a population of 7,811 citizens the religious make-up was 3,311 Greek Catholics (42.5%), 2,237 Jews (28.6%) and 1,124 Calvinists (14.4%). After German empire's invasion of Poland and the Soviet Union, the city became a Jewish ghetto amid the Holocaust. At its height from May to June 1944, most of the Jews of this section of northern Transylvania were deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp to be gassed shortly after arrival. Jews from the area typically spent about two weeks in the ghetto before being deported. Conditions were extremely cramped with many families housed in a single room, a deliberate arrangement meant to cause suffering and disease. In late 1944, Carpathian Ruthenia was liberated by Soviet Union Red Army and eventually became part of the state established in 1917-1922 in 1946. The city name became Vinogradovo (Russian), Vynohradiv (Ukrainian), or Vynohradovo (Rusyn). All mean 'Grape City'. A local newspaper is published since December 1945.

21st century Transcarpathian news portal 'Holos Karpat' in Vinogradov: 21st century Transcarpathian news portal 'Holos Karpat' (Voice of the Carpathians) operates in the Transcarpathian city Vinogradov

Chernivtsi Oblast: Chernivtsi Oblast in Western Ukraine, consisting of the northern parts of the regions of Bukovina and Bessarabia. It has an international border with Romania and Moldova. The oblast is the smallest in Ukraine by area and population. The oblast has a large variety of landforms, including the Carpathian Mountains and picturesque hills at the foot of the mountains gradually change to a broad partly forested plain situated between the Dniester and Prut rivers. It has a population of 896,566 citizens as of 2020, and its capital is the city Chernivtsi.

Prut river: Prut river, a 953 km long river in Eastern Europe, and a left tributary of the Danube. In part of its course it forms Romania's border with Moldova and Ukraine.

History of Chernivtsi oblast since the Neolithic era: History of Chernivtsi oblast, as archaeological evidence discovered in the area surrounding Chernivtsi indicates that a population inhabited it since the Neolithic era. Later settlements included those of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture, the Corded Ware culture, as artifacts from the Bronze and Iron Ages were also found in the city. In the Middle Ages there lived East Slavic tribes, White Croats and Tivertsi. A fortified settlement located on the left (north-eastern) shore of the Prut river dates back to the time of the Principality of Halych and is thought to have been built during the reign of Grand Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl. Legendary accounts refer to this fortress-city as Chern', or Black city, said to owe its name to the black color of the city walls, built from dark oak layered with local black-colored soil. This early stronghold was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Europe by Boroldai in 1259.

20th/21st century history of Chernivtsi oblast, the Holocaust, 'Bericha Movement': 20th/21st century history of Chernivtsi oblast, as under the regime of military dictator Ion Antonescu, Romania had switched from an ally of France and Britain to one of NSDAP ruled German empire. Subsequently in July 1941, the Romanian Army retook the city as part of the Axis attack on the Soviet Union during World War II. Chernivtsi would become the capital of the 'Romanian Bukovina Governorate'. In August 1941, Antonescu ordered the creation of a ghetto in the lowland part of the city, where 50,000 Bukovina Jews were crammed, two-thirds of whom would be deported in October 1941 and early 1942 to Transnistria, where the majority perished. In 1944, when Axis forces were driven out by the Red Army, the city was reincorporated into the Ukrainian SSR. Over the following years, most of the Jews emigrated to Israel, as the city was an important node in the Berihah network, also called the 'Bericha Movement' underground organized effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape post–World War II Europe to the British Mandate for Palestine

20th century, WWII, the Holocaust, since late 1944 'Bericha Movement', escape routes: Bericha Movement that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors to escape late WWII and post–World War II Europe to the British Mandate for Palestine, after Soviet, USA, British armed forces liberated German concentration camps, and survivors suffered from disease, severe malnutrition and depression. Many were displaced persons who were unable to return to their homes from before the war. In some areas the survivors continued to face antisemitic violence, as during the 1946 Kielce pogrom in Poland 42 survivors were killed when their communal home was attacked by a mob. For many of the survivors, Europe had become 'a vast cemetery of the Jewish people' and 'they wanted to start life over and build a new national Jewish homeland in Eretz Yisrael'. In late 1944 and early 1945, Jewish members of the Polish resistance met up with Warsaw ghetto fighters - only a very small number survived by fleeing through Warsaw's sewers - in Lubin to form Bricha as a way of escaping the antisemitism of Europe, where they were convinced that another Holocaust would occur. After the liberation of Rivne, Eliezer and Abraham Lidovsky, and Pasha (Isaac) Rajchmann, concluded that there was no future for Jews in Poland. They formed an artisan guild to cover their covert activities, and they sent a group to Cernauti, Romania to seek out escape routes

Since February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and Chernivtsi: Since February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, as since the start of Putin's 2022 war crimes Chernivtsi has been a host for refugees from the fighting in eastern and central Ukraine and a resting point for refugees on their way to nearby Romania. Some Chernivsti residents have also left the country.

Chernivtsi city: Chernivtsi city in Southwestern Ukraine, situated on the upper course of the Prut River, and the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast, which includes the Ukrainian part of Bukovina. Chernivtsi is also the administrative center of Chernivtsi Raion and hosts the administration of the Chernivtsi urban hromada. In 2001 the population of the city was 240,600 citizens. The current population is 265,471. Chernivtsi is viewed as one of Western Ukraine's main cultural centers. The city is also considered one of Ukraine's important educational and architectural sites. Historically a cosmopolitan community, Chernivtsi was once dubbed 'Little Vienna' and 'Jerusalem upon the Prut'. The city is a major regional rail and road transportation hub, also housing an international airport.

Sadhora town, district of Chernivtsi city: Sadhora town in Ukraine, now a Sadhirskyi District of Chernivtsi city, located 6km from the city center. Previously it was an independent town.

Sadigura Hasidic dynasty: Sadigura Hasidic dynasty named for the city of Sadhora (Sadigura in Yiddish), which belonged to Austria in the 19th and early 20th century. The dynasty began in 1850 with Rabbi Avrohom Yaakov Friedman, and was based in Sadigura until 1914. During the interwar period the dynasty was led by Rebbes in Vienna and Przemysl, Poland, and on the eve of World War II was transplanted to Israel, where it thrives to this day. As Sadigura is one of the branches of the Ruzhiner dynasty, in 2013 Sadigura has several hundred members in Israel, the USA and Europe. Its members reside in Israel in Jerusalem, Ashdod, Los Angeles, New York City, Modiin Ilit, Beitar Ilit, and Elad, and in Europe in London and Antwerp. The dynasty today is centered on the current Sadigura Rebbe's beis medrash in Bnei Brak, Israel.

Since 1918 'Hava Nagila' to celebrate the Balfour Declaration and British victory over the Ottomans: Since 1918 Hava Nagila (Hebrew Havah Nagilah, 'Let us rejoice'), a Jewish folk song, traditionally sung at celebrations, such as weddings. Written in 1918 and attributed to the Sadigurer Chasidim, it quickly spread though the Jewish diaspora, as one of the first modern Jewish folk songs in the Hebrew language. It went on to become a staple of band performers at Jewish weddings and bar and bat mitzvah celebrations. The melody is based on a Hassidic Nigun. It was composed in 1918 to celebrate the Balfour Declaration and the British victory over the Ottomans in 1917. It was first performed in a mixed choir concert in Jerusalem. - Original version of 'Hava Nagila', performed in November 2019, performed in May 2021

Ternopil Oblast of western Ukraine: Ternopil Oblast of western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Ternopil, through which flows the Seret, a tributary of the Dniester, with a population of 1,030,562 citizens in 2021

Economy and transportation in Ternopil oblast: Economy and transportation in Ternopil oblast, as its economy is predominantly agriculturally oriented. Among industries, there is a well developed food industry particularly sugar production, alcohol, and dairy such as butter. There is also number of factories such as 'Vatra' lighting equipment, Ternopil Harvester Plant, 'Orion' radio communication among a few. Ternopil Oblast has an adequate network of highways, while the city of Ternopil is located at the intersection of main European corridors along the E50 and E85 highways, and there is a small airport and a well developed railroad network which is a part of the Lviv Railways. Water transportation is limited and mostly along the Dniester River, that finally connects with Moldova breakaway territory of Transnistria (with Russian military presence) and cities like Rybnytsia - Dniester river in Eastern Europe, running first through Ukraine and then through Moldova - from which it more or less separates the breakaway territory of Transnistria -, finally discharging into the Black Sea on Ukrainian territory again

April 2022 Russian air attack on critical infrastructure facility in Ternopil: 4 April 2022: Russian regime's air attack on a critical infrastructure facility in Ternopil during an air raid tried to destroy a critical infrastructure facility in Ternopil, Ternopil's official Volodymyr Trush announced - 6 April 2022: Ammonia leakage caused by Russian missile fragment localized in Ternopil Region

Since 12th century history of Ternopil oblast: History of Ternopil oblast since 12th century, as in the 21st centuries in 2005 the population of the oblast had grown to roughly 225,000 inhabitants, consisting primarily of ethnic Ukrainians with a large Russian-speaking minority. The city of Ternopil has important institutions of higher education, including two teacher's colleges, an international medical school with instruction in English, and one of three economics institutes in Ukraine. The religion of the majority is Eastern Rite Catholic, though there is a notable Orthodox presence and a small Protestant minority. The local Jewish community, which was very large before 1939, disappeared in the Holocaust due to mass murder including German extermination camps mainly established in occupied Poland. There are no active synagogues in the oblast and only a few isolated individuals affiliating with the Jewish faith.

Ternopil city: Ternopil city located on the banks of the Seret. Until 1944, it was known mostly as Tarnopol. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical regions of Galicia and Podolia. It is served by Ternopil Airport. The population of Ternopil was estimated at 225,238 citizens in 2021

History of Ternopil city in the 20th/21st centuries: History of Ternopil city and oblast in the 20th/21st centuries, during German empire's World War II, including the Holocaust in Poland, Ukraine, Soviet Union, in Europe and northern Africa, as in the 21st century in July 2020 Ternopil was designated as a city of oblast significance

Other cities in Ternopil Oblast: Other cities in Ternopil Oblast

Khmelnytskyi Oblast in western Ukraine: Khmelnytskyi Oblast in western Ukraine covering portions of such historical regions like western Podolia and southern Volhynia. The administrative center of the oblast is the city of Khmelnytskyi. The current estimated population is around 1,243,787 citizens in 2021

Administrative divisions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast: Administrative divisions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast, subdivided into raions which are subdivided into amalgamated territorial hromadas (communities). The oblast was established on 22 September 1937 named the 'Kamianets-Podilskyi Oblast' to replace the Kamianets Okruha and other neighboring administrative regions in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Its administrative center was moved from Kamianets-Podilskyi to Proskuriv in 1941, and when Proskuriv's name was changed to Khmelnytskyi, the oblast's name was changed as well. The administrative divisions in the oblast have remained the same since January 2006, as its population was 1,426,649 citizens in 2001, and as the oblast borders upon Rivne Oblast to the northwest, Zhytomyr Oblast to the northeast, Vinnytsia Oblast to the east, Chernivtsi Oblast to the south, and Ternopil Oblast to the west. In the 21st century the oblast has 24 urban-type settlements, 568 rural municipalities, 1409 villages, and five rural settlements

Geography, rivers and lakes of Khmelnytskyi Oblast: Geography, rivers and lakes of Khmelnytskyi Oblast with 120 rivers with a length of 10 km or more. The largest of these are the Dniester River, which flows for 160 km within the oblast as well as its tributaries Smotrych, Ushytsia, Zbruch rivers - and the Southern Bug (also called Buh) river which flows for 120 km within the oblast, and its tributaries Buzhok, Ikva, and Vovk rivers. The rivers of the Dnieper River's basin - Horyn, Khmora, and Sluch rivers - also run through the oblast. The oblast's lakes are located mostly in basin of the Horyn River. The largest reservoir in the oblast is the Dniester Reservoir.

Cities in Khmelnytskyi Oblast: Cities in Khmelnytskyi Oblast

Khmelnytskyi city: Khmelnytskyi city in western Ukraine, the administrative center for Khmelnytskyi Oblast and Khmelnytskyi Raion. Khmelnytskyi is located in the historic region of Podolia on the banks of the Bug (Buh) River. The city received its current local government designation in 1941. The current city's population is estimated 274,582 citizens in 2021

Demographics, education, economy and transport in Khmelnytskyi: Demographics, education, economy and transport in Khmelnytskyi, as the city has infrastructure for transportation connections with Moscow, Prague, Bratislava, Warsaw, Budapest, Belgrade and all major Ukrainian citie