Russian internal troops, Intelligence Community, Federal Security Service FSB, law enforcement agencies, repression and corruption: Russian Intelligence Community - Security Council of Russia

Internal Troops of Russia: Internal Troops of the Ministry for Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation

Federal Security Service FSB and Foreign Intelligence Service: Federal Security Service (KGB/FSB) - Service des renseignements extérieurs de la Fédération de Russie - Éléments opérationnels des services spéciaux russes

September 2018 suspects in the Salisbury poisoning: 23 September 2018: Leak of Russian regime's data about the suspects in the Salisbury poisoning may provide a rare insight into how Russia’s military intelligence agency provides cover identities for its agents abroad

October 2018: 5 October 2018: String of own goals by Russian spies exposes a strange sloppiness, as GRU seems to have lost its way in the age of internet search and as bungling agents leave Putin exposed in the global spotlight

October 2018: 31 October 2018: A local 17-year-old man reportedly set off a bomb at the entrance of the local branch of Russia's main intelligence agency in the northern city of Akhangelsk, injuring three security officials and killing himself

November 2018: 22 November 2018: Reportedly starting to feel unwell in mid-September and October, Russia's chief of military intelligence, Igor Korobov, has died after a serious and long illness, according to ministry

April 2019: 17 April 2019: SBU accuses Russian FSB general Dmitry Minaev of organizing assassination of Ukrainian intelligence operatives

December 2019 shooting at Russia’s FSB, the former KGB agency and Putin's lyceum and political home: 19 December 2019: One person has been shot dead after an unidentified gunman opened fire on the office of the FSB, Russia’s former KGB agency and Putin's lyceum and political home, in the heart of Moscow

28 April 2020 key MH17 figure identified as senior FSB official Burlaka: 28 April 2020: Key 2014 MH17 shoot-down figure identified as senior Russia's FSB official Andrey Ivanovich Burlaka, who was in a crucial role supervising militant activities in Donbas and authorizing the flow of weapons across Ukrainian/Russian border, 'Bellingcat' investigation says

23 September 2020 Putin investigators targeting Navalny and others using imported phone-hacking tech: 23 September 2020: Putin investigators targeting Navalny and others use Israeli phone-hacking tech, as committee headed by Putin associate Alexander Bastrykin claims it used Cellebrite’s technology more than 26,000 times for hacking phones

23 September 2020 treated in Berlin for Novichok poisoning Russian opposition leader Navalny's condition improved enough for him to be released: 23 September 2020: The German hospital treating Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny for poisoning said Wednesday that his condition improved enough for him to be released, and suggested a 'complete recovery' from the Russian nerve agent was possible, as French newspaper citing unnamed sources on Tuesday reported that Russian regime's Putin told his French counterpart Macron, that Navalny was an 'internet troublemaker' who may have poisoned himself, as Putin's spokesman Peskov on Wednesday said 'Le Monde' had misrepresented the call and its report was 'imprecise'

14/17 December 2020 Russian FSB hit squad poisoned Alexei Navalny according to Bellingcat: 14 December 2020: An undercover hit squad working for Russia’s FSB spy agency poisoned the opposition activist Alexei Navalny in August, after shadowing him on multiple previous trips, the investigative website Bellingcat has claimed, citing 'voluminous' telecoms and travel data, and reporting that the squad had secretly tracked Navalny since 2017, as recent regime's crime apparently began after he announced plans to stand against Putin in presidential elections - 17 December 2020: Former KGB/FSB agent Putin rejects Navalny poisoning allegations as 'falsification' as he holds end-of-year press event, saying 'if they’d wanted to [poison him] then they probably would have finished the job'

21 December 2020 Navalny says Russian agent has admitted to role in death plot: 21 décembre 2020: L’opposant russe Alexeï Navalny a affirmé lundi avoir piégé au téléphone un agent des services de sécurité russes FSB pour lui faire admettre qu’il avait bien été la victime d’un empoisonnement cet été en Sibérie

22 December 2020 spokesman for Vladimir Putin accuses Alexei Navalny of 'comparing himself to Jesus': 22 December 2020: In an extended and unusual attack indicative of anger over recent revelations about the FSB, spokesman for Vladimir Putin accuses Alexei Navalny of 'comparing himself to Jesus', after a chartered plane paid for by 'Cinema for Peace Foundation' was sent in August from Germany to evacuate Navalny from Omsk for treatment at the Charité in Berlin to save his life, after the doctors treating him in Omsk had initially declared he was too sick to be transported, and as in October the OPCW announced that results of testing samples obtained from Navalny had confirmed the presence of a 'Novichok' agent

12 April 2021 operatives of the FSB agency searched Roman Anin's apartment, colleagues said: 12 April 2021: Operatives of the FSB agency searched the apartment of Roman Anin, his Vazhnye Istorii investigative news website colleagues said, after website recently published articles on possible links between the FSB and organized crime, and others on torture and mistreatment in Russian prisons, including the ongoing surveillance and 2021 renewed imprisonment of regime critic Alexei Navalny, once more critically endangered, whose biography in recent years now furnishes final proof concerning Putin's crimes and intentions

FSB's legal power to engage in targeted killing: FSB's legal power to engage in targeted killing

2015 Russian special services' involvement in terrorism: 7 December 2015: Former Russian Federal Security Service officer Yevgeniy tells TSN about Russian special services' involvement in terrorist organizations and terror attacks

2015: 30 December 2015: Putin signs into law new legislation which allows FSB to shoot at civilians including women and children in 'terror' related incidents

Federal law enforcement agencies of Russia and police: Law enforcement in Russia - Federal law enforcement agencies of Russia - FSB - Police of Russia - Federal Protective Service

Military Police

Investigative Committee of Russia

Border Guard Service of Russia - Federal Migration Service

Penal system in Russia and Federal Penitentiary Service: Penal system in Russia - Federal Penitentiary Service - Prisons in Russia - Corrective labor colony

2014/2018 destroyed Gulag data: 8 June 2018: Gulag History Museum in Moscow has discovered a secret Russian order from 2014 instructing officials to destroy data on prisoners, a move it said 'could have catastrophic consequences for studying the history of the camps'

July 2018: 20 July 2018: A recently published video of prison guards in Yaroslavl torturing a detainee has spurred Russian authorities to launch an investigation into abuse, in a case that had previously been ignored by regional officials - 24 juillet 2018: Un surveillant d'un camp pénitentiaire russe a été arrêté pour avoir tué un détenu, ont indiqué mardi les autorités locales

August 2018: 13 August 2018: Following the trial of those accused of beating Makarov, Ruslan Vakhapov, now a representative of Public Verdict, recognised all the prison guards on trial last month for the brutal torture of the inmate in the Yaroslavl prison, who used to be his jailers too

Torture in Russia: Torture in Russia

Police brutality in Russia: Police brutality in Russia

2012: 29 March 2012: New charges against Russian police officers accused of torturing detainees amid growing public outrage over police brutality

2015: 1 April 2015: 21 deaths recorded in Russian police custody last month

2016: 200 people died in Russian police custody in 2015, website of investigative journalist says, tracking epidemic of prisoners dying in detention

Crime in Russia: Crime in Russia

Corruption in Russia: Corruption in Russia - Areas of corruption in Russia - Category: Corruption in Russia - Putin Corruption

2012/2013: 6 November 2012: Putin dismisses the defence minister after his ministry was caught up in a corruption scandal - 21 June 2013: Russia's Putin backs amnesty for white-collar crime

2016: 3 April 2016: A massive leak of 11.5m documents detailing the activities of more than 200,000 offshore companies shines new light on the fabulous fortunes of Putin’s inner circle - 8 April: Russia's 'offshore bandits' expose the Kremlin's deep hypocrisy, The Moscow Times explains - 14 November 2016: Russia’s economic development minister Ulyukayev, who has spoken out against state intervention in economy, arrested over alleged $2m cash bribe as part of a sting operation

Russian mafia state: Russian mafia state following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991

2010: 1 December 2010: WikiLeaks cables condemn Russia as 'mafia state', saying that Kremlin relies on criminals and rewards them with political patronage while top officials collect bribes 'like a personal taxation system' - 2 December 2010: Putin knew of poison plot that killed former KGB spy Litvinenko in London, according to WikiLeaks revelations - 8 March 2012: In a discussion on the death of lawyer Sergei Magnitsky British MP's described Putin's Russia as a mafia state - 25 July 2012: Security obsessed Putin fears being poisoned and gets every meal tested by professional tasters - 25 September 2012: Two Russian police officers have been jailed after a man was tortured in custody and later died of his wounds

2014: 17 April 2014: Putin, who earlier denied the presence of Russian troops in Crimea who described themselves as self-defense forces, admits during a Q&A session that people in military uniforms without any insignia in Crimea were Russian military

2015: 9 March 2015: Vladimir Putin now describes secret meeting when Russia decided to seize Crimea - 23 September 2015: Putin's regime is built using the criminal syndicate pattern, journalist Brian Whitmore who has been studying Russia since the 1990s says

2016: 3 May 2016: Spanish 'Audiencia National' has issued an international arrest warrant for several Russian former high-rank officials, accused of participating in Tambov and Malyshev's criminal gangs, according to Spanish daily newspaper El Mundo

September 2016: 28 September 2016: Dutch-led joint investigation team including representatives from Australia, Malaysia, Ukraine, and Belgium states that there is 'irrefutable evidence' that a Russian Buk 9M38 missile downed the Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777 in 2014, killing all 298 people on board, also concluding that the Buk missile system was brought across the border from Russia and later transported back escorted by several other vehicles and by 'armed men in uniform', according to witnesses, photographs, video, damning intercepted telephone calls, radar data, forensic examinations, tests and reconstructions

December 2016: 27 December 2016: Russian officials admit for the first time to a state-backed campaign of doping that involved hundreds of the country’s athletes, as the acting director of Russia’s national anti-doping agency Anna Antseliovich and others in a serie of intervies detail that 'it was an institutional conspiracy' concerning the entire Olympic movement

October 2018: 23 October 2018: Russian businessman Yevgeny Prigozhin dubbed 'Putin’s chef' for organizing catering events for Russian Putin regime and even personally serving him, who has also been indicted by USA investigators for allegedly trying to interfere with the 2016 USA election, has been involved in attacks on several people and at least one killing, according to Novaya Gazeta

Since 1990s contract killings and poisonings in Russia: Poison laboratory of the Soviet and Russian secret services, a covert research and development facility of the Soviet secret police agencies which reportedly reactivated in late 1990s - Human experimentation to find a tasteless, odourless chemical that could not be detected post-mortem, as deadly poisons including mustard gas, ricin, digitoxin, curare, cyanide, and many others tested on prisoners

1990s contract killings: 8 August 1995: Murders panic Russian business elite, as a top banker Kivelidi is buried and government comes under fire for failing to stop contract killings - 9 August 1995: Poisoning added to the business risks in Russia, as at least 16 bankers have been killed in the last year and a half and as 8 members Mr. Kivelidi's 'Business Round Table' founded in 1993 have been slain

1995/2018: 23 March 2018: Nerve agent 'novichok' was used in 1995 murder, claims Vladimir Uglev, developer of Soviet-era chemical weapons, contradicting Russian regime's denials at existence of novichok nerve agents

2004: 2 September 2004: The Committee to Protect Journalists is alarmed by reports that prominent Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya was poisoned last night en route to Beslan in North Ossetia, where about 40 heavily armed fighters, reportedly of Chechen and Ingush origin, seized hostages at an elementary school yesterday

October/November 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko: October/November 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko - in January 2016 a UK public inquiry found that Andrey Lugovoy and Dmitry Kovtun were responsible for the poisoning of Litvinenko, also finding that there was a strong probability that Lugovoy and Kovtun were acting under the direction of the FSB, probably approved by both FSB's Nikolai Patrushev and Russian regime's Putin - Litvinenko's allegations about Russian government's actions since the 1990s, most of which are related to conducting or sponsoring domestic and foreign terrorism - Possibly related events in 2002, 2007, 2015/2016 to the 2006 poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko

March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal: 4 March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in Salisbury with a chemical determined by the United Kingdom to be Russian 'novichok' nerve agent

April 2018: 28 April 2018: Novichok scientist Vladimir Uglev, who was run over by a car and left with serious injuries, fears for his safety after claiming his lab developed nerve agent used in Salisbury attack, saying Putin regime’s denial of culpability over the attempted assassinations of Sergei and Yulia Skripal do not withstand scrutiny

Nationalism and racism in Russia: Russian nationalism - Racism in Russia

Nationalist parties in Russia: Nationalist parties in Russia - Fascist parties in Russia

Since 2001 'United Russia', the ruling political party of the Russian Federation, holding 340 (or 75.56%) of the 450 seats in the State Duma since 2017 - Since 1992 'Liberal Democratic Party of Russia', frequently described as neither liberal nor democratic as its ideology is based primarily on Zhirinovsky's ideas of 'imperial reconquest' (a 'renewed Russian Empire') and on an authoritarian vision of a 'Greater Russia'

Antisemitism in the Russian empire since the 18th century: Antisemitism in the Russian Empire

Antisemitism in the Russian empire in the 18th and 19th century: Pale of Settlement since the 18th century - Odessa pogroms since 1821 - Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire 1881–1884 and 1903–1906

Since 1904: 1904/1 February 2000: According to the Russian historian Mikhail Lepekhine the anti-Semitic pamphlet 'Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion' 1904 were concocted by Russian propagandist Mathieu Golovinski as part of a monarchist scheme to persuade Czar Nicholas II that the capitalist modernization of Russia was really a Jewish plot - 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion' ordered to be studied in German classrooms by the Nazi Party since 1933 - 'Jewish Bolshevism' is part of the Jewish World Conspiracy theory that Jews control the world - Contemporary Middle East imprints of 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion' - many Arab governments funded new printings of the Protocols and taught them in their schools as historical fact - The Charter of the Hamas, issued on 18 August 1988, explicitly refers to 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'

Since 1922: History of the Jews in the Soviet Union - Antisemitism in the Soviet Union - Stalin and antisemitism - Jewish Autonomous Oblast since 1934

Antisemitism in the Russian Federation since 1991: Antisemitism in the Russian Federation

April 2018: 4 April 2018: Russian-born Israeli Mikhail Verevskoy beaten to death in Russia in suspected anti-Semitic attack, succumbing five days after he was attacked outside his St. Petersburg apartment building

April 2019: 19 April 2019: Russia’s largest yeshiva attacked with arson and swastikas ahead of Passover in eastern Moscow, hours before 60 people gathered for traditional seder meal

13 April 2020 in third assault since 2015 synagogue in Arkhangelsk severely damaged by arson: 13 April 2020: Northern Star Jewish community center and synagogue in Arkhangelsk was severely damaged in a fire that the local Jewish community said was caused by arsonists, as local Jewish leader says it was third assault since 2015

Facism, Nazism and Neo-Nazism in Russia: Russian facism and organizations in the 1930s and 1940s, in the 1990s and in the 2000s - Russian collaboration with Nazi Germany 1933-1945 - Russian Nazi collaborators - Neo-Nazism in Russia - White nationalism in Russia - Far-right politics in Russia

2 March 2020 UN says Russia committed war crimes in Syria as world expects end of impunity: 2 March 2020: Russia committed war crimes in Syria, finds UN report, as Putin regime also blamed for indiscriminate attacks in civilian areas without 'a specific military objective', also documenting 'unprecedented levels of displacement and dire conditions for civilians' in Syria

6 November 2020 Russian MPs prepare lifetime immunity for former presidents: 6 November 2020: Russian lawmakers have introduced a bill to parliament that would give Vladimir Putin lifetime immunity from prosecution if and when he decides to leave office, as bill would give a former president immunity from criminal prosecution for any offences committed during his lifetime, and a supermajority of lawmakers would be required to revoke the protections, as currently, ex-presidents are protected for actions taken only while they were in office

Notable hate crimes and murder of anti-fascist activists in Russia: Hate crimes and murder of anti-fascist activists in Russia

October 2013: 14 October 2013: A mob attacked businesses known for employing immigrants and clashed with police during riots in Moscow following the killing of a young Russian that was widely blamed on a man from the Caucasus - 14 octobre 2013: Le maire de Moscou a lancé lundi de vastes opérations policières contre les immigrés, au lendemain d'émeutes xénophobes qui ont fait 23 blessés et qui témoignent de la montée des sentiments anti-immigrés et ultra-nationalistes en Russie

Religion and freedom of religion in Russia: Religion in Russia - Freedom of religion in Russia

2012: 17 October 2012: The Russian authorities have cancelled a modern art exhibit in Saint Petersburg which Russia's Orthodox conservatives have denounced as anti-religious

2016: 15 August 2016: Russian air strikes that Idlib in Syria destroying a large part of the Church of the Virgin Mary, the only church in the city, in addition to destroying much of the Christian district in a repeated assault

February 2019: 6 February 2019: A Russian court found a Danish adherent of the Jehovah's Witnesses guilty of organising the activities of a banned extremist organisation and jailed him for six years in a case Western governments cast as a test of religious freedom

September 2019 priests back jailed protesters and bystanders: 18 September 2019: Several dozen Russian Orthodox priests have signed a public petition, condemning a series of recent trials and prison sentences for anti-government protesters and even bystanders

April 2022 Russian Orthodox Church is helping drive Putin’s war against Ukraine, no separation of church/state: 18 April 2022: Russian Orthodox Church lends legitimacy to Vladimir Putin’s war against Ukrainian people, 'Financial Times' reports, after in 1934, as Adolf Hitler consolidated his grip on power in Germany, a courageous group of Protestant pastors resisted attempts to create a pro-Nazi unified Reich Church, asserting the absolute separation of church and state

Since 2013 amended blasphemy law in Russia: Blasphemy and blasphemy law in Russia

November 2015 religious censorship: 13 November 2015: Since the amended Russian blasphemy law, which see actions deemed insulting to religious beliefs punishable by up to three years in jail, came into force in July 2013, Russian journalists have faced a growth of religious censorship, according a Zdravomyslie study

Human rights, pressure on media, repression and political crime in Russia: Human Rights in Russia - Political repression in Russia - Freedom of assembly in Russia - Torture in Russia - Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia - LGBT rights in Russia

2015/2016 'Human Rights Watch' Russia report: 2015/2016 'Human Rights Watch' Russia report examining freedom of association, freedom of expression, political opposition, intensification of harassment and persecution of independent critics, North Caucasus, sexual orientation and gender identity, palliative care, Russia and Ukraine, disability rights, key international actors, foreign policy (Russia and Syria - United Nations OHCHR monitoring Russia's compliance with obligations of human rights treaties

2016 'Big Brother law': 26/27 June 2016: Russia’s parliament passes legislation that human rights campaigners say will roll back personal freedoms and privacy, called 'Big Brother law' by Edward Snowden

October 2016 international pressure to expel Russia from UN's HRC over its military campaign in Syria: 25 October 2016: Over 80 human rights and aid organizations, including Human Rights Watch, CARE International and Refugees International, have urged the UN member states to expel Russia from the Human Rights Council over its military campaign in Syria

September-December 2016 Russian-Assad coalition committed war crimes during bombing campaign in Syria: 1 December 2016: Russian-Syrian coalition committed war crimes during a month-long aerial bombing campaign of opposition-controlled territory in Aleppo in September and October 2016, Human Rights Watch documents

2017 Russia today is more repressive than it has ever been in the post-Soviet era: Human Rights Watch report 2017 on Russia, also saying that Russia today is more repressive than it has ever been in the post-Soviet era, using a wide range of tools, the state has tightened control over free expression, assembly, and speech, aiming to silence independent critics, including online

August 2019 Russia violated Magnitsky’s right to life: 27 August 2019: 10 years after his death, the European Court ruled that Russia violated Magnitsky’s right to life by failing to hold an effective investigation into the alleged medical negligence that resulted in his death, that his detention conditions amounted to inhuman and degrading treatment, that repeated extensions of his detention was unjustified, and that his posthumous trial and conviction by a Russian court was inherently unfair

September 2019 Ukrainian prisoner tortured by Putin regime: 16 September 2019: Ukrainian political prisoner Volodymyr Balukh, who has recently been freed from Russian captivity in a prisoner swap, has said he was tortured immediately after arriving in the Russian colony

28 December 2021 Russia’s Supreme Court ruled that 'Memorial' should be shut down: 28 December 2021: Russia’s Supreme Court has ruled that 'Memorial', the country’s best-known human rights group, should be shut down, marking the latest step in a sweeping crackdown on rights activists, independent media and opposition supporters, as last month, prosecutors accused the Moscow-based Memorial Human Rights Centre and its parent structure, Memorial International, of violating Russia’s 'foreign agent' law, asking the court to dissolve them, 'Al Jazeera' reports

29 December 2021 Russian court orders closure of another human rights group 'Memorial Human Rights Centre': 29 December 2021: Russian court orders closure of another human rights group, as 'Memorial Human Rights Centre' liquidated a day after its sister group 'Memorial' in assault on civil liberties

Legal history and law of Russia: Legal history of Russia - Law of Russia

December 2019 Putin's law to declare journalists and bloggers as 'foreign agents': 3 December 2019: Russia's Putin has signed a law that will allow regime to declare journalists and bloggers as 'foreign agents' in a move critics say will allow the Kremlin to target government critics

Judiciary in Russia: Judiciary and court system in Russia - Judiciary of Russia is subject to manipulation by political authorities, according to Constitution of Russia top judges are appointed by the Federation Council, following nomination by the President of Russia

Supreme Court of Russia: Supreme Court of Russia, judges are nominated by the President of Russia and appointed by the Federation Council

December 2017: 30 December 2017: Russia supreme court rules Putin regime critic Navalny cannot run for president, as Navalny's lawyers say they will appeal at European court of human rights

Repression and political crime in Russia: Repression, political crime and killed journalists in Russia

2003 Detention of Mikhail Khodorkovsky: Prosecution and detention of Mikhail Khodorkovsky 2003-2013 - 22 December 2013: At a news conference in Berlin Khodorkovsky says 'that he intends to do everything he can to help political prisoners in Russia to freedom'

7 October 2006 Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya: Anna Politkovskaya - Assassination of Anna Politkovskaya 2006 - 25 July 2013: Moscow City Court began hearing the case against five men suspected over the murder of anti-Kremlin reporter Anna Politkovskaya, despite a boycott of the trial by her children and their lawyers - 20 May 2014: Court in Moscow has found five men guilty of the murder of Anna Politkovskaya in 2006

16 November 2009 Death of Sergei Magnitsky: Death of attorney Sergei Magnitsky in Polonium-Putin's custody 16 November 2009 - 9. April: Das Verfahren gegen eine Gefängnisärztin wegen des Todes des prominenten russischen Anwalts und Menschenrechtsaktivisten Sergej Magnitski in Untersuchungshaft vor mehr als zwei Jahren wird in Moskau wegen Verjährung eingestellt - 28 December: A Moscow court acquitts prison doctor Kratov charged with the death of lawyer Sergei Magnitsky who died in jail after his pancreatitis went untreated - an investigation by Russia's presidential council on human rights had concluded he was severely beaten and denied medical treatment - 28 January 2013: A Russian court has opened the posthumous fraud trial against Sergei Magnitsky, a lawyer who died in prison in 2009 after accusing state officials of a multimillion-dollar tax scam - 11 March 2013: 'Trial' of dead lawyer Sergei Magnitsky to begin in Russia - relatives say it's inhuman to try a dead man and the trial is revenge by the Kremlin - 22 March: Russia court begins proceedings against deceased lawyer Sergei Magnitsky who died in jail after an alleged beating - 11 July 2013: In 'one of the most shameful moments for Russia since the days of Joseph Stalin', tortured and severely beaten Sergei Magnitsky posthumously found guilty of fraud by a Moscow court after his violent death in custody - 22 March 2017: Russian lawyer Nikolai Gorokhov who represents the family of Sergei Magnitsky is in intensive care after falling from the fourth floor of his apartment building, according to unconfirmed reports

6 November 2010 attack on Oleg Kashin: On 6 November 2010, journalist Oleg Kashin assaulted in attempted murder by unknown attackers in Moscow, hospitalized with several fractures, after Kashin had been reporting on a highway project covering youth political movements, including the Young Guard of United Russia, associated with the United Russia political party chaired by Vladimir Putin - 20 October 2015: Attempted murder of Oleg Kashin a symbol of impunity for attacks on journalists - 2 November 2016: Russia's intervention in Syria could have been stopped 20 years ago, as the war in Chechnya laid the foundations for Putin’s aggressive foreign policy, but western leaders remained silent, Oleg Kashin explains

August/September 2011: 16. August 2011: Willkürliche und gesetzwidrige Festnahme des Oppositionspolitikers Boris Nemzow durch St. Petersburger Polizei am 15. August - 22. August 2011: Bürgermeister J. Duschko der russischen Großstadt Sergijew Possad auf offener Straße ermordet - zuvor von kriminellen Wirtschaftskreisen bedroht - 24 August: Arrest of former senior police official over 2006 Politkovskaya murder - 27. August: Im Mordfall Anna Politkowskaja neue Hinweise auf Tatbeteiligung der 'Sicherheitskräfte' - 20. September: Europäischer Gerichtshof sieht Rechte des zerschlagenen Yukos-Konzerns durch russische Regierung verletzt

2012: 20. März 2012: Scharfe Kritik an russischen Sicherheitsbehörden wegen eines zu Tode gefolterten Häftlings - 9. April: Das Verfahren gegen eine Gefängnisärztin wegen des Todes des prominenten russischen Anwalts und Menschenrechtsaktivisten Sergej Magnitski in Untersuchungshaft vor mehr als zwei Jahren wird in Moskau wegen Verjährung eingestellt

13. Juni 2012: Der stellvertretende Chefredaktor Sergej Sokolow der russischen Oppositionszeitung 'Nowaja Gaseta' flieht wegen Todesdrohungen des hohen Justizvertreters A. Bastrykin ins Ausland - 14. Juni: Bastrykin entschuldigt sich bei einem Treffen mit dem Chefredaktor der 'Nowaja Gaseta', Dmitri Muratow

27 octobre: Accusée à tort de terrorisme, la Tchétchène Zara Mourtazalieva a vécu près d’une décennie dans une colonie pénitentiaire de Mordovie - 24 November: UN report voices concern at Moscow's failure to investigate widespread allegations of torture

November 2012: Alexander Perepilichnyy, who had a rare poison in his stomach when he died abruptly in Surrey, feared revenge over his role in exposing a huge fraud in Russia

1 December 2012: Six years after the murder of Anna Politkovskaya and ongoing concerns over safety of journalists the trial of a man suspected of the murder has been extended until March 2013 - 14 December: Ex-policeman jailed for his role in the Anna Politkovskaya murder

2013: 20 December 2013: Kremlin critic Mikhail Khodorkovsky on Friday walked out of jail after more than 10 years behind bars, immediately flying to Germany following his surprise pardon by Putin

2014: 25 January: After more than 10 years in prison, Mikhail Khodorkovsky's associate Platon Lebedev freed following Russian court ruling - 28 July 2014: Hague arbitration court ruled Russian regime carried out 'politically motivated' expropriation of oil giant Yukos' assets

February 2015 Murder of Boris Nemtsov: 27 February 2015 murder of Boris Nemtsov in Moscow - 28 February 2015: Russian opposition politician Boris Nemtsov reportedly shot four times in the back by a killer in a passing car in the centre of Moscow two days before Nemtsov was due to lead a major opposition rally in Moscow - 28 February: Politicians worldwide condemn the assassination of Boris Nemtsov, pressing the Russian regime to ensure that the killing is thoroughly investigated, as Boris Nemtsov allies fear killers of Russian politician will escape justice - 2 March: Immediately after murder, Russian investigators removed all evidence of Russian troops in Ukraine from Nemtsov apartment - 2 March: Nemtsov's Ukrainian companion Anna Duritskaya says being held against her will after murder - 3 March: Foreign officials barred from attending Boris Nemtsov funeral - 8 March: Zaur Dadayev, one of the men detained on suspicion of killing Boris Nemtsov, reportedly served nearly a decade in a police unit in the Russian region of Chechnya - 10 March 2015: Boris Nemtsov's friend Ilya Yashin rejects regime's allegation, as Russia's Putin this week awards Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov a medal for 'professional achievements, public activities', and as this Ramzan Kadyrov praises Chechen Zaur Dadayev publicly to be 'a true patriot of Russia', who is now charged by Russian authorities with the murder of Boris Nemtsov - 11 March: Former law enforcement officer Dadayev charged with involvement in the murder of opposition leader Boris Nemtsov has claimed that he was forced to confess to the killing, monitoring group that visited Dadayev and two other suspects in jail allegedly found evidence that the confession had been forced - 12 March: Zhanna Nemtsova, the daughter of assassinated Boris Nemtsov, says Vladimir Putin must bear responsibility for his death - 14 May 2015: The report 'Putin. War', the work of murdered Boris Nemtsov published on the website 'Putin. Results' - 18 May 2015: Russian State Duma committee refuses to investigate Nemtsov's murder

2016: 1 November 2016: Russian dissident Ildar Dadin, jailed in 2015 after staging anti-government protests under a controversial new Kremlin law, says he is being beaten, repeatedly tortured and threatened with murder at notorious Karelia penal colony where he is being held in north-west Russia

2017: 7 February 2017: Russian regime critic Vladimir Kara-Murza, screening a documentary film about his friend Boris Nemtsov, 'poisoned by undefined substance', after in 2015 he was diagnosed with acute kidney failure in connection with poisoning and only just survived - 23 October 2017: An intruder forced his way into the offices of Russian radio station Ekho Moskvy and stabbed the station's anchor Tatyana Felgengauer in the neck, who has been hospitalised - 23 October 2017: Russian journalists have said an increasingly polarised and violent political climate in the country may have encouraged a knife attack in which well-known radio host Tatyana Felgengauer was stabbed in the neck

February 2018: 12 février 2018: Grigory Rodchenkov, qui a dévoilé le scandale du dopage institutionnalisé en Russie est apparu grimé pour sa première interview depuis l'affaire, diffusée dimanche sur CBS, expliquant toujours craindre pour sa vie, sûr que le régime de Poutine veut le faire taire pour de bon

April 2018: 16 April 2018: Maksim Borodin, a journalist for the online news site Novy Den in Yekaterinburg, who was previously attacked in 2017 when he gave an interview to TV Rain about the controversial film Matilda about Tsar Nicholas' Polish mistress, and who wrote about Wagner mercenaries dies under suspicious circumstances after falling from the fifth floor

August 2020 suspected poisoning of Alexei Navalny: August 2020 suspected poisoning of Alexei Navalny who fell ill during a flight from Tomsk to Moscow and was hospitalized in Omsk, as his spokeswoman said that he was in a coma

Terrorism in Russia: Terrorism in Russia

1 January 1918 Saint Petersburg assassination attempt on Lenin: 1 January 1918: As Lenin's car drove away from Mikhailovsky Manège, a group of terrorists - among them the best sharpshooters in the former Russian Army - who were hiding in ambush in the next lane began shooting, shattering the car's windshield where Lenin was sitting in the back seat with Fritz Platten, but 'Platten grabbed Lenin by the head and pushed him down (and) Platten’s hand was' met and wounded - 1 January 1918: After his 'Speech at the send-off of the socialist army’s first troop tains' in Saint Petersburg's Mikhailovsky Manège, an assassination attempt was made on Lenin returning to the Smolny, when a bullet went through the car's windscreen and passed over his head, and the Swiss Communist Fritz Platten, who was with Lenin, was wounded

30 August 1918 Moscow assassination attempt on Lenin and death 1924: 30 August 1918: After Lenin spoke at Michelson arms factory in Moscow and before entering his car, Socialist Revolutionary Party's member Fanny Kaplan fired three shots on him, but despite the severity of his injuries, Lenin survived, never fully recovering followed by strokes that incapacitated and eventually killed him in 1924 - 28 July 2019: After Lenin was seriously wounded by the August 1918 assassination attempt, Russia fell deeper into civil war

1918-1925 'Allied Powers', allied with anti-communist 'White forces', including terrorists, against Russia's governemt: 4 September 1918: Russian government official Moisei Uritsky was assassinated, his murderers arrested, and as a direct result of this incident numerous houses were searched in Petrograd, including the British embassy where shots were fired - 1918-1925 after the Bolshevik government withdrew from World War I, the Allied Powers, including the British Empire, France, USA and other countries, openly backed the anti-communist 'White forces', including terrorists, in Russia - 1919 British forces use mustard gas intervening in the Russian Civil War against the Red Army

Terrorist incidents in Russia by year: Terrorist incidents in Russia by year since 1995 - Suicide attacks in the North Caucasus conflict

2013-2015 Volgograd bus bombings: 21 October 2013 Volgograd bus bombing - 29 December 2013 Volgograd station bombing - 29 December 2013: Suicide bomber kills at least 16 people at train station in Volgograd - 30 December 2013 Volgograd trolleybus bombing - 30 December: At least 10 people were killed when a bomb blast ripped through a trolleybus in the second deadly attack in Volgograd in two days

February 2015 assassination of Boris Nemtsov: 27 February 2015: Assassination of Boris Nemtsov, a Russian statesman and politician opposed to the Putin regime, in central Moscow

2016: 11 April 2016: Three terrorists blew themselves up targeting a police station in Stavropol Region, one was killed

December 2015 homemade explosive detonated at a bus stop in central Moscow: 8 December 2015: Five people were lightly injured when a homemade explosive detonated at a bus stop in central Moscow

2017 terrorist incidents in Russia: Terrorist incidents in Russia in 2017 - 3 April 2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing - 6 April 2017: Thousands of people gathered outside the Kremlin walls in Moscow in solidarity with the killed and injured innocent people who were victims of Monday’s bomb blast in St Petersburg - 27 December 2017: At least 10 people injured after bomb packed with shrapnel goes off in supermarket in St Petersburg

Russian Mafia: Russian Mafia - 17 January 2013: A reputed Russian crime boss has been shot dead by an unidentified gunman in central Moscow in an apparent contract killing

Society, demographics, culture and languages in Russia: Russian society

Federal subjects, oblasts, districts and cities of Russia: Subdivisions of Russia - 83 Federal subjects of Russia - Federal districts of Russia - City of federal subject significance - 22 'Republics of Russia', most of them representing areas of non-Russian ethnicity

12 Russian economic regions: 12 Russian economic regions, groups of federal subjects sharing some characteristics - List of federal subjects of Russia by GRP

46 Russian oblasts: The Russian Federation is divided into 85 subjects, of which 46 are oblasts

Municipal divisions, cities and towns in Russia: Municipal divisions of Russia - Alphabetical list of cities and towns in Russia - List of cities and towns in Russia by population - 3 Federal cities of Russia Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Sevastopol

2014 annexation of Crimea: 18 March 2014: Defying Ukrainian protests and Western sanctions, Russian regime's Putin signed a treaty in Moscow making Crimea part of Russia - 2014 Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

Northwestern Federal District: Northwestern Federal District, one of the eight federal districts of Russia, consisting of the northern part of European Russia with a population of 13,616,057 citizens (83.5% urban) in 2010

Murmansk Oblast: Murmansk Oblast, a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the northwestern part of the country, with its administrative center Murmansk

Economy of Murmansk Oblast: Economy of Murmansk Oblast, that is very rich in natural resources with deposits of over 700 minerals, as the main industries of the region are in the sphere of raw material extraction and basic processing, including metallurgy (36,6%), electric power-production (22,9%) and food-industry (fishing 13,7%), and as the icefree port of Murmansk plays an important role in marine transportation in Russia, having a 41% share of the total Russian marine transport market, and as the fishing industry is among the most profitable in the region, supplying 16% of Russia's total fish production

Murmansk city: Murmansk city, a port city and the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast in the far northwest part of Russia

Economy and port of Murmansk: Economy of Murmansk - Murmansk is set to be the Russian terminus of the 'Arctic Bridge', a sea route linking it to the Canadian port of Churchill, Manitoba - Port of Murmansk, located on the eastern shore of the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea, ranking fourth in Russia in terms of processed goods and the second-largest port in northwest Russia (after the port of St. Petersburg), one of the largest ice-free ports in Russia and forming the backbone of the economy of the city

Arkhangelsk Oblast: Arkhangelsk Oblast, including the Arctic archipelagos of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, as well as the Solovetsky Islands in the White Sea, with a population (including Nenetsia) of 1,227,626 residents in 2010

Arkhangelsk city: Arkhangelsk city, the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, in the north of European Russia, with 348,783 inhabitants in 2010

Economy of Arkhangelsk: Economy and companies of Arkhangelsk - Port of Arkhangelsk, located at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River, for much of Russia's history its main centre of international maritime trade, and a major naval base of the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy

History and timeline of Arkhangelsk: History and timeline of Arkhangelsk

Early history of Arkhangelsk since the Middle Ages: Early history of Arkhangelsk since the Middle Ages

March 2004 Arkhangelsk explosion: March 2004 Arkhangelsk explosion, destroying a corner section of a nine-story apartment building and killing 58 people (33 women, 16 men and 9 children)

Since 8 August 2019 rocket engine explosion near Severodvinsk: 8 August 2019 Nyonoksa radiation accident - 10 August 2019: Russian nuclear agency Rosatom confirms role in rocket test explosion, saying five staff died in accident that caused radiation levels to spike in Arkhangelsk - 26 August 2019: Russia’s state weather agency has said it found the radioactive isotopes of strontium, barium and lanthanum in test samples after 8 August 2019 rocket engine explosion during a test at a military site

Leningrad Oblast: Leningrad Oblast, a federal subject of Russia (and oblast) established on 1 August 1927, although it was not until 1946 that the oblast's borders had been mostly settled in their present position. Named after the city of Leningrad - Saint Petersburg (Petrograd) since 1547 Ivan IV's 'Tsardom of Rus' foundation and the 18th century foundation of Saint Petersburg by Peter I in 1721, but unlike the oblast the city retained the Tsardom's name at the end of the 20th century in disregard of the Russian revolutions since 1905

Saint Petersburg city: Saint Petersburg city, Russia's second-largest city after Moscow with five million inhabitants in 2012 and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea - History of Petersburg

Timeline of Saint Petersburg: Timeline of Saint Petersburg

17th–18th centuries timeline of Saint Petersburg: 17th–18th centuries timeline of Saint Petersburg

17th century Swedish Nyen town and Nyenschantz: 17th century Swedish Nyen town and Nyenschantz fortress at the confluence of the Neva River and Okhta River, the site of present-day Saint Petersburg in Russia. Nyenschantz was built in 1611 to establish Swedish rule in Ingria, which had been annexed from the Tsardom of Russia during the Time of Troubles. The town of Nyen, which formed around Nyenschantz, became a wealthy trading center and a capital of Swedish Ingria during the 17th century. In 1702, Nyenschantz and Nyen were conquered by Russia

May 1703 wooden house of tsar Peter first later town's 'palace': May 1703 cabin of tsar Peter, a small wooden house which was the first St Petersburg 'palace', as the log cabin was constructed in three days in by soldiers and as at that time, the new St. Petersburg was described as 'a heap of villages linked together, like some plantation in the West Indies'. The date of its construction is now considered to mark the foundation of the city.

Since 1724 The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences: Since 1724 The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences

19th/20th centuries timeline of Saint Petersburg: 19th/20th centuries timeline of Saint Petersburg

Since 1862 Saint Petersburg Conservatory: Since 1862 Saint Petersburg Conservatory - Notable faculty and notable graduates of Saint Petersburg Conservatory

January 1905 unarmed demonstrators attacked by the Imperial Guard as they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition: 22 January 1905 'Bloody Sunday', the name given to the events of 22 January (O.S. 9 January) 1905 in St Petersburg, when unarmed demonstrators, led by Father Georgy Gapon, were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard as they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, as this 'Bloody Sunday' caused grave consequences for the Tsarist autocracy governing Imperial Russia, provoking public outrage and a series of massive strikes that spread quickly to the industrial centres of the Russian Empire, and as the massacre is considered to be the start of the active phase of the Revolution of 1905

Since October 1905 Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Delegates: Since October 1905 Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Delegates (later the Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies) was a workers' council, or soviet

1917 February Revolution in Petersburg and Russia: 1917 February Revolution in Petersburg and Russia

12 March 1917 Petrograd Soviet formed: 12 March 1917 Petrograd Soviet formed

Summer 1917/1918 Sergei Prokofiev's first symphony, the Classical: In the summer of 1917 Sergei Prokofiev composed his Symphony No. 1 'Classical', a modern reinterpretation of the classical style of Franz Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, premiered in April 1918 in Petrograd, as the name was Prokofiev's own and as the music is in a style that, according to Prokofiev, Joseph Haydn would have used if he were alive at the time, incorporating some advanced musical elements

1917 October Revolution in Petersburg and Russia: 1917 October Revolution in Petersburg and Russia

8 November 1917 Decree on Peace written by Vladimir Lenin was passed, Moscow and Kiev uprisings: 8 November 1917 Decree on Peace written by Vladimir Lenin, was passed by the Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' Deputies, following the success of the October Revolution. It was published in the Izvestiya newspaper on 9 November 1917. It proposed an immediate withdrawal of Russia from World War I, and and proposed to all warring peoples and their governments to begin at once negotiations leading to a just democratic peace. It was ultimately implemented through the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Woodrow Wilson's 'Fourteen Points' of January 1918 were largely a response to this Decree.

Since November 1917 timeline of the spread of Soviet power: Since November 1917 timeline of the spread of Soviet power (Gregorian calendar dates) - Since 7 November 1917 Moscow Bolshevik Uprising, the armed uprising of the Bolsheviks in Moscow, during the October/November 1917 Revolution of Russia. It was in Moscow where the most prolonged and bitter fighting unfolded. - Days of the Revolution in Moscow - 8-13 November 1917 Kiev Bolshevik Uprising (October 26–31 by old style), a military struggle for power in Kiev (Kyiv) after the fall of the Russian Provisional Government due to the October Revolution. It ended in victory for the Kievan Committee of the Bolshevik Party and the Central Rada

Since September 1918 Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Since September 1918 Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, one of Russia's largest research centers specialized in physics and technology, run for several decades by Abram Ioffe, as the Institute is a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and as the development of science was one of the priorities of the new Communist government

Since 1921 Art Culture Museum: Since 1921 Art Culture Museum - List of museums in Saint Petersburg

Since 1922 Bryantsev Youth Theatre: Since 1922 Bryantsev Youth Theatre

Since 1923 Russian Museum of Ethnography: Since 1923 Russian Museum of Ethnography in St. Petersburg that houses a collection of about 500,000 items relating to the ethnography, or cultural anthropology, of peoples of the former Russian Empire and the Soviet Union

Since 1931 Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Since 1931 Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a leading botanical institution in Russia, named after the Russian botanist Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov 1869–1945 - List of Russian and Soviet biologists

Since 1934 Leningrad Secondary Art School for gifted children: Since 1934 Leningrad Secondary Art School, the first art school for gifted children

Since 1930/1936 Arctic and Antarctic Museum in St. Petersburg: Since 1930/1936 Arctic and Antarctic Museum in St. Petersburg, established in November 1930 as part of the Soviet Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, but was not opened until six years later

Since 1936, 2011, and March 2022 Prokofiev's symphonic fairy tale for children 'Peter and the Wolf': 1936 symphonic fairy tale for children 'Peter and the Wolf' op. 67, a musical composition written by Sergei Prokofiev, as a narrator tells a children's story, while the orchestra illustrates it, and that became Prokofiev's most frequently performed work and one of the most frequently performed works in the entire classical repertoire - 8 June 2011 Sergej Prokofiev's 'Peter and the Wolf' - In 2009 published by Oxford University Press, Simon Morrison recounts Prokofiev's Soviet years in his book 'The People's Artist', describing Prokofiev's return to Stalin's Soviet Union in the 1930th, facing the rising NSDAP ruled German empire preparing its 'Blitzkrieg' operations in the 1936-39 Spanish Civil War, the September 1939 Invasion of Poland, the summer 1940 'Blitzkrieg' against the Low Countries and France, and since June 1941 German empire's invasion of the Soviet Union, first involving a number of breakthroughs and encirclements by motorised forces 'to destroy the Russian forces deployed in the West and to prevent their escape into the wide-open spaces of Russia', allowing the 'Luftwaffe' to achieve total air supremacy over all the battlefields within the first week, as during the Battle of Moscow October 1941 - January 1942, the Red Army defeated the German Army Group Center and for the first time in the war seized the strategic initiative.

Since 1938 State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg: Since 1938 State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg, as during German empire's WWII on the eastern front the content were moved to Sarapul, and the first full historical exhibitions began in 1957, celebrating the 250th anniversary of Leningrad

1941-1944 German siege of Leningrad: 1941-1944 German siege of Leningrad

Since April 1941 timeline of German siege of Leningrad, Soviet resistance and defense: Since April 1941 timeline of German siege of Leningrad and Soviet resistance and defense, after German dictator Hitler with OKW at least since April 1941 intended to occupy and then destroy Leningrad ('Generalplan Ost') and in the summer on 22 June 'Axis' powers' invasion of Soviet Union begins with brutal aggression first using 'Blitzkrieg' methods

Since 1941 'Road of Life' against German war crimes: Since 1941 Road of Life, the ice road winter transport route across the frozen Lake Ladoga, which provided the only access to the besieged city of Leningrad while the perimeter in the siege was actively maintained by the German Army Group North (supported by Franco's 'Blue Devision'), as the siege lasted for 29 months from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944, and as over one million citizens of Leningrad died from starvation, stress, exposure and bombardments

Since 31 December 1944 State Puppet Theatre of Fairy Tales: Since 31 December 1944 State Puppet Theatre of Fairy Tales, as composer Boris Kravchenko wrote music for many of the company's productions, following the simple and expressive style of Russian folk songs

Since 1945 timeline of post-war recovery of Leningrad: Since 1945 timeline of post-war recovery of Leningrad

1991 Vladimir Poutine quitte le KGB pour commencer une carrière politique à 'Saint-Petersbourg': En 1991 - après 15 ans de bons et loyaux services - Vladimir Poutine quitte le KGB pour commencer une carrière politique au côté d'Anatoli Sobchak, le maire de 'Saint-Petersbourg'. Sobchak perd la mairie en 1996 et Poutine se met donc au service d'Anatoli Tchoubaïs, chef de l'administration présidentielle. Boris Eltsine, au vu du passé de Poutine, le nomme à la tête du FSB (le nouveau nom du KGB). Poutine devient un bavard sans scrupules depuis 1991 en contre-révolution russe, après en 1917 la révolution de février et plus tard de novembre fait chuter en quelques jours l'Ancien régime tsariste, que l'immense majorité du peuple (paysans, ouvriers, petite-bourgeois...) en était venu à détester.

31 janvier 2013 'HRW' affirme que Poutine a fait subir les pires répressions depuis la chute de l'Union soviétique: 31 janvier 2013: L'ONG Human Rights Watch affirme dans son rapport annuel que la Russie de Vladimir Poutine a fait subir à son peuple en 2012 les pires répressions depuis la chute de l'Union soviétique

22 June 2022 volunteers arranged candles in St Petersburg to commemorate Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union: 22 June 2022: Some 150 volunteers arranged 50-thousand candles in St Petersburg early on Wednesday to commemorate the 81st anniversary of Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. NSDAP ruled Germany launched 'Operation Barbarossa', a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June 1941, followed by never seen war crimes, as World War II losses of the Soviet Union from all related causes were about 27,000,000 both civilian and military, although exact figures are disputed. The post-Soviet government of Russia puts the Soviet war losses at 26.6 million. - 23 January 1930 – 1 July 1944 Tanya Savicheva, a Russian child diarist who endured the siege of Leningrad during World War II. During the siege, Savicheva recorded the successive deaths of each member of her family in her diary, with her final entry indicating her belief to be the sole living family member. Although Savicheva was rescued and transferred to a hospital, she succumbed to intestinal tuberculosis in July 1944 at age 14. Her image and the pages from her diary became symbolic of the human cost of the siege of Leningrad, and she is remembered in St. Petersburg with a memorial complex on the Green Belt of Glory along the Road of Life. Her diary was used during the Nuremberg Trials as evidence of the Nazis’ crimes.

Pushkin municipal town in Pushkinsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg: Pushkin municipal town with a population of 92,889 citizens in 2010, located in Pushkinsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg 24 kilometers south from its center, and as its railway station is directly connected by railway to the Vitebsky Rail Terminal of the city. Pushkin was founded in 1710 as an imperial residence named 'Tsarskoye Selo' ('Tsar's Village'), receiving status of a town in 1808. The first public railways in Russia, Tsarskoye Selo Railways, were opened here in 1837 and connected the town to the capital, St. Petersburg. After the October Revolution, the town was renamed to 'Detskoye Selo' ('Children's Village'). Its name was further changed in 1937 to Pushkin to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the death of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. The town contains an ensemble of the 18th century 'Tsarskoye Selo', following October/November 1917 and also today a museum complex including the 'Catherine Palace', 'Alexander Palace' and other buildings and associated parks

Timeline and history of Pushkin town: Timeline and history of Pushkin town in the 19th century in the period of lasting Russian empire, Soviet period since 1917/18 and 21st century

Shlisselburg town: Shlisselburg town in Kirovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, located at the head of the Neva River on Lake Ladoga, 35 kilometers east of St. Petersburg with a population of 13,170 citizens in 2010

Economy of Shlisselburg town: Economy of Shlisselburg town, housing several shipyards, as the main company operating in the city is 'Nevsky shipyard' which was founded in 1913 when the ship repair workshops were established. The main activities of the company include shipbuilding, ship repair, modernization and renovation and machine-building

On 8 May 1887 Lenin's older brother Aleksandr Ulyanov was hanged at Shlisselburg: On 8 May 1887 Aleksandr Ulyanov and his four comrades were hanged at Shlisselburg. Aleksandr's execution drove his younger brother Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Vladimir Lenin) to pursue the Russian revolutionary struggle ever more fervently. Vladimir was already active in politics prior to his older brother's arrest. Vladimir admired his older brother, however, he was quite dismissive of his older brother's political attitude.

Since 1995 'St. Petersburg League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class', 1898 'RSDL Party': Since 1995 'St. Petersburg League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class', a Marxist group in the St. Petersburg region founded by Vladimir Lenin, Julius Martov, Gleb Krzhizhanovsky and others, uniting 20 different Marxist study circles, but Lenin dominated the league through the 'central group'. Its main activity was agitation amongst the workers of St Petersburg and the distribution of socialist leaflets to the factories there. Towards the end of 1895, the League had prepared the first issue of their new newspaper, Rabocheye Delo. It was ready to go to press when it was seized by the gendarmes during a raid on the house of Vaneyev, on December 20. Six League members were arrested, Lenin among them. When the news spread among the workers of the Shlisselburg Highway that the discovery and arrest were facilitated by an agent provocateur, N. N. Mikhailov. Later the group's organization contributed to the founding of the 'Russian Social Democratic Labor Party' in 1898. Lenin went on to become the leader of the Bolshevik faction of the party, while Martov became leader of the Menshevik faction, after the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903. - Since 1883 'Emancipation of Labour', the first Russian Marxist group. It was founded in exile by Georgi Plekhanov, Vasily Ignatov, Vera Zasulich, Leo Deutsch, and Pavel Axelrod, at Geneva in Switzerland in 1883

Published 1899 Lenin's early economic work 'The Development of Capitalism in Russia': Published 1899 'The Development of Capitalism in Russia', an early economic work by Lenin written whilst he was in exile in Siberia, published in 1899 under the pseudonym of 'Vladimir Ilyin', and established his reputation as a major Marxist theorist, after he has managed to examine a large amount of literature on the Russian economy, enabling the author to attack the Populist claim that Russia could avoid the stage of capitalism, and that the rural commune could serve as the basis for communism. Instead Lenin argued that the rural communes had already been wiped out by capitalism and statistics showed the degree to which feudalism was already dying in Russia. Lenin noted the growth of a national market for goods in Russia replacing local markets, the tendency to grow cash crops rather than rely on subsistence agriculture and a growth of individual rather than communal property ownership. Lenin also noted the growth of class division amongst the peasants with a growing division between a landholding rural bourgeoise and a mostly landless rural proletariat recruited from a diminishing middle peasantry. Lenin saw a community of interest between rural and urban proletariat and the possibility of a worker–peasant alliance against the representatives of capital. - Works by Vladimir Lenin listed by 'Wikipedia'

Novgorod Oblast: Novgorod Oblast, a federal subject of Russia as its administrative center is the city of Veliky Novgorod with a population of 634,111 citizens in 2010. Novgorod Oblast borders with Leningrad Oblast in the north and in the northwest, Vologda Oblast in the east, Tver Oblast in the southeast and in the south, and Pskov Oblast in the southwest. The western part is a lowland around Lake Ilmen, while the eastern part is a highland. In the center of the oblast is Lake Ilmen, one of the largest lakes in Central Russia. The major tributaries of Lake Ilmen are the Msta, which originates in the east of the Valdai Hills and collects the rivers in the east of the oblast, the Lovat, the Pola, and the Polist, which all flow to the lake from the south, and the Shelon, flowing from the southwest. The only outflow of the lake is the Volkhov, a major tributary of Lake Ladoga. Some of the oldest Russian cities, including Veliky Novgorod and Staraya Russa, are located in the oblast.

Novgorod city: Novgorod city and administrative center of Novgorod Oblast. It is one of the oldest cities in Russia, being first mentioned in the 9th century. The city lies along the Volkhov River just downstream from its outflow from Lake Ilmen and is situated on the highway connecting Moscow and Saint Petersburg

History of Novgorod city since 9th century, trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks: History of Novgorod city, documented since 9th century, when Sofia First Chronicle makes initial mention of it in 859, while the Novgorod First Chronicle first mentions it in 862, when it was purportedly already a major Baltics-to-Byzantium station on the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks - The 'Varangians' - the name given by Eastern Romans to Vikings, mostly Swedes -, as between the 9th and 11th centuries, Varangians ruled the medieval state of Kievan Rus', settled among many territories of modern Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, and formed the Byzantine Varangian Guard which later also included Anglo-Saxons. According to the 12th-century Kievan Primary Chronicle, a group of Varangians known as the Rus' settled in Novgorod in 862 under the leadership of Rurik - 'Garðaríki', the Old Norse term used in medieval times for the states of Rus', as 9th century map shows Varangian or Rus' settlements, location of Slavic tribes and settlements, and mid-9th century Khazar influence

Since 882 princely state within Kievan Rus': Since 882 princely state within Kievan Rus'

In the high Middle Ages Norway ties, then 'Hanseatic League' ties with European cities: In the high Middle Ages Viking kings and yarls came from Norway to Novgorod seeking refuge or employment. At Novgorod in 1080, Visby merchants established a trading post which they named Gutagard (also known as Gotenhof). Later, in the first half of the 13th century, merchants from northern Germany established their own trading station in Novgorod, known as Peterhof. At about the same time, in 1229, German merchants at Novgorod were granted certain privileges. In 1136, the Novgorodians dismissed their prince Mstislavich, the traditional beginning of the Novgorod Republic. The city was able to invite and dismiss a number of princes over the next two centuries, but the princely office was never abolished. In the 13th century, Novgorod, while not a member of the 'Hanseatic League', was the easternmost kontor, or entrepôt, of the league, being the source of enormous quantities of luxury (sable, ermine, fox, marmot) and non-luxury furs (squirrel pelts - Die 'Hanse' - im Frühmittelalter eine Gruppe von Kaufleuten, die gemeinsam Handel trieben und bestimmte Privilegien im Ausland genossen - hatte sich aus der 'Kaufmannshanse' zur 'Städtehanse' entwickelt, also einem Zusammenschluss von Städten zum Schutz der Kaufleute und der Handelswege. Städtebündnisse und Landfriedensbündnisse dienten demselben Zweck. Die Handelsaktivitäten der Lemgoer Kaufleute seit dem 13. Jh. spiegelten sich in zahlreichen Bürgschaftsurkunden und Verbindungen und lassen sich so bis Nowgorod, Lübeck, Antwerpen oder Riga belegen.

1136–1478 Novgorod Republic: 1136–1478 Novgorod Republic

13th century Mongol invasion, Novgorod Republic paid a large bribe to Golden Horde's Subutai: 13th century Mongol invasion and its aftermath, as Novgorod Republic managed to escape the horrors of the Mongol invasion because it was the only Rus principality to preemptively and peacefully submit to the Mongols. Instead of being formally conquered, the Republic paid a large bribe to Subutai in 1241, agreed to become a vassal, and later began to pay tribute to the khans of the Golden Horde. In 1259, Mongol tax-collectors and census-takers arrived in the city, leading to political disturbances.

January 1570 Tsar Ivan's massacre of Novgorod and subjugation: January 1570 Massacre of Novgorod, an attack launched by Tsar Ivan IV 'The Terrible' oprichniki on the city of Novgorod, subjugation of Novgorod as the Tsar took out the brunt of his sadistic anger on the population of Novgorod, namely the upper and middle classes. The peasantry suffered a more generic, though equally brutal, punishment, amid the brutality directed at the more prominent members of society, as - with tortures visited on the upper and middle classes - peasants and paupers were treated with disregard and disdain, albeit of a broader nature. The oprichniki centered its attack on the townspeople around two main objectives to increase the royal treasury and to terrorize the lower classes into submission. Ivan's fear of conspiracies and revolution in any combination, led him to try to quell disaffection and discourage revolutionary tendencies, generally through the manipulation of fear and violence, then Ivan ordered an attack on the trade streets of Novgorod, hoping to cripple the middle-class merchants (generally considered to be the seat of discontented revolutionary ideas) in order to suppress popular insurrection and guarantee dependency and submission. The oprichniki were to seize all profitable goods and destroy shops and storehouses, then move into the suburbs, where their instructions were to loot and destroy homes and kill all inhabitants who resisted (and, periodically, even those who complied), regardless of age or sex. Cold, hunger, and disease also killed the hundreds of families that were evicted and exiled from the city and surrounding villages. The famines that had plagued the area for the previous years (exacerbated by the oprichniki's razing of the farm land on their trek to Novgorod) had drawn many of the poor from the surrounding land into the city for shelter. With little regard for the lives at stake, the tsar ordered the collected paupers and beggars expelled from the city in the middle of winter, abandoning them to die of exposure or starvation.

Since 1570 devastated Novgorod Republic officially became a thing of the past: After previous blows dealt to the city by Ivan and his grandfather, the 1570 attack, massacre by Ivan IV contributed heavily to the decline of the once great city of Novgorod. An attack from one's own ruler, especially one as devastating to life and property as Ivan's campaign against Novgorod, was crippling. After the attack, many of the inhabitants either fled the city to escape persecution from Moscow, or died from increasingly damning conditions, exacerbated by high taxes and food shortages and the epidemics that tend to accompany poor living conditions that followed. As part of his attack Ivan burned the fields, laying waste roughly 90% of the arable land surrounding Novgorod. Coupled with the crop failures of the years before, this would create a massive food shortage (and cause supply problems for Russia in the Livonian war). With the loss of the majority of its production capacity and the economy essentially in ruins, Novgorod, a city that, until Ivan III, rivaled Moscow for the seat of power in Russia, lost its political standing and the Novgorod Republic officially became a thing of the past.

History of Novgorod in the 20th, 21st century: On 15 August 1941, during World War II, the city was occupied by NSDAP ruled German empire's military. The population of the whole country was forced to defend their lives against the most terrible aggressor. The historic monuments were systematically obliterated. The Red Army liberated the city on 19 January 1944. Out of 2,536 stone buildings, fewer than forty remained standing. After the war, thanks to plans laid down by Alexey Shchusev, the central part was gradually restored. In 1992, the chief monuments of the city and the surrounding area were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site

Pskov Oblast: Pskov Oblast, located in the west of the country. Its administrative center is the city of Pskov. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 673,423 citizens. Pskov Oblast is the westernmost federal subject of contiguous Russia. It borders with Leningrad Oblast in the north, Novgorod Oblast in the east, Tver and Smolensk Oblasts in the southeast, Vitebsk Oblast of Belarus in the south, and with the counties of Latvia and Estonia in the west. In the northwest, Pskov Oblast is limited by Lake Peipus, which makes up most of the state border with Estonia, and is located in the Baltic Sea drainage basin, mostly in the basin of the Narva River. The biggest river of this basin is the Velikaya, which flows across the whole oblast from south to north and drains into Lake Peipus.

History of Pskov Oblast: History of Pskov Oblast

Pskov city: Pskov city, the administrative center of Pskov Oblast, located about 20km east from the Estonian border on the Velikaya River, with a population of 203,279 citizens in 2010. Pskov is one of the oldest cities in Russia, that served as the capital of the Pskov Republic and was a trading post of the Hanseatic League before it came under the control of the Grand Duchy of Moscow

Since 903 Timeline of Pskov: Timeline of Pskov since 903

1348-1510 Pskov Republic: 1348-1510 Pskov Republic, a medieval state on the south shore of Lake Pskov. Originally a principality and then a part of the Novgorod Republic, Pskov became an independent republic in 1348. Its territory was roughly equivalent to the modern Pskov Oblast of Russia. The capital city was and is Pskov

Economy of Pskov and veche republic: Economy of Pskov, that has always played a special role in Russian trade with the West. Archaeological data shows the presence of imported goods in Pskov in the 10th and 11th centuries. This was due to the extensive trade contacts of emerging cities with Scandinavia, which also was the source of Russian military elite since the 10th century. Archaeological excavation revealed a large variety of found articles, among them Byzantine coins, bronze and copper items, confirming that Pskov was not an economically isolated region and shows extensive trade contacts with both the West and the East. Pskov republic started to be recognized as a sovereign state after Treaty of Bolotovo was concluded in 1348, which granted political independence from the Novgorod Republic. This happened just ten years before the establishment of the Hanseatic League - commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns, which played a major part in Pskov economic development. Pskov at that was a veche republic, where all free people were considered its citizens with the right to participate in governing of their city-state, which was expressed in veche assemblies and election of local officials.

20th century timeline of Pskov: 20th century timeline of Pskov

Central Federal District: Central Federal District, comprising the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions and eighteen federal subjects and one of the eight federal districts of Russia, considered as the core of the Russian state and its predecessor, the Grand Duchy of Muscovy, situated in the extreme west of present-day Russia although it can be considered as the central region of European Russia

Kursk Oblast: Kursk Oblast, a federal subject of Russia as its administrative center is the city of Kursk, with a population of 1,127,081 citizens in 2010 - Geography of Kursk oblast, with an average elevation of 177–225m, occupying the southern slopes of the middle-Russian plateau as its surface is hilly and intersected by ravines, as Chernozem soils cover around 70% of the oblast's territory and podsol soils cover 26%, and as low relief, gentle slopes, and mild winters make the area suitable for farming, with much of the forest disappearing

Kursk Oblast comprising 28 districts, 10 cities/towns and 2,771 rural localities: Administrative divisions of Kursk Oblast, comprising 28 districts, 10 cities/towns and 2,771 rural localities

Cities and towns in Kursk Oblast: Cities and towns in Kursk Oblast

Kursk city: Kursk city, the administrative center of Kursk Oblast, located at the confluence of the Kur, Tuskar, and Seym rivers, as the area around Kursk was the site of a turning point in the Soviet–German struggle during World War II and the site of the largest tank battle in history, finally ending German empire's 'Blitzkrieg' of generals Guderian, Rommel etc., as Kursk's population in the 21st century comprises 415,159 citizens in 2010 Census

Economy and infrastructure of Kursk: Economy and infrastructure of Kursk

Timeline and history of Kursk: History of Kursk as first written record of Kursk is dated 1032

Kursk in the 1905 Russian Revolution as oblast had dominant role in the food industry: Russian Revolution of 1905, a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government, including worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies and leading to constitutional reform (namely the 'October Manifesto'), including the establishment of the State Duma, the multi-party system, and the Russian Constitution of 1906

Since 1934 Kursk State Pedagogical Institute and later State University: Since 1934 Kursk State University, Kursk's oldest higher educational institution, founded as Kursk State Pedagogical Institute, later transformed into Kursk State Pedagogical University and has a current status since 2003

Since 1934 Kursk State University Library: Since 1934 Kursk State University Library collecting books, journals, newspapers, magazines and prints

1943 'Battle of Kursk' blocking the way of further Nazi Germany's 'Blitzkrieg' in the coming up winter: 1941-1943 during Axis powers' World War II Kursk was occupied by NSDASP and SS Germany between 4 November 1941 – 8 November 1943, as in July 1943 the Germans launched 'Operation Citadel' in an attempt to recapture Kursk, as during the resulting 'Battle of Kursk', the village of Prokhorovka near Kursk became the center of a major armoured engagement between Soviet and German forces, which is widely considered to have been one of the largest tank battles in history, and as Operation Citadel was the last major German offensive against the Soviet Union and the final stage, blocking the way of further Nazi Germany's 'Blitzkrieg' in the coming up winter - Soviet army's resistance and defense campaign was a strategic Soviet success, as for the first time, a major German offensive had been stopped before achieving a breakthrough, despite German empire was using more technologically advanced armour than in previous years, yet unable to break through the in-depth Soviet defences, caught off guard by the significant operational reserves of the Red Army, as this result changed the pattern of operations on the Eastern Front, with the Soviet Union gaining the operational initiative, but the Soviet victory was costly, with the Red Army losing considerably more men and materiel than the German Army, finally enforcing the Soviet Union's larger industrial potential and pool of manpower, as Nazi 'Blitzkrieg' general Guderian wrote 'with the failure of Zitadelle we have suffered a decisive defeat', long before 1944 'Operation Overlord' against NSDAP Germany and the Italian puppet 'Social Republic', (established by Kesselring's, Rommel's, von Rundstedt's, von Weichs' and Löhr's 'Operation Achse')

Since 1944 T-34 tank as a war memorial in Kursk: Since 1944 as a war memorial in Kursk T-34 tank, a Soviet medium tank introduced in 1940, famously deployed with the Red Army during World War II against NSDAP-ruled German empire's brutal aggression since June 1941 with 'Blitzkrieg' operations, sieges, use of starvation as weapon against millions of humans, deportations, mass murder, as T-34 tanks since 1941/42 were mainly produced in Chelyabinsk (called 'Tank City', where work force increased to 60,000 workers by 1944, from 25,000 during non-military production, and as workers and machinery from Leningrad's Voroshilov Tank Factory were incorporated into the Ural Factory), and as - after the industrial complex surrounding the Dzerzhinsky Tractor Factory in Stalingrad continued to work double shifts throughout the period of Soviet withdrawal (September 1941 - September 1942) to make up for production lost and produced 40% of all T-34s during this period - the factory became surrounded by heavy fighting in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942/43 with desperate: manufacturing innovations necessitated by material shortages, with unpainted T-34 tanks driven out of the factory directly to the battlefields around it, so that Stalingrad kept up production until September 1942 despite Germany's 'Blitzkrieg' - German empire's 'Panzer IV' 1939-1945 produced by Krupp, Vomag and 'Nibelungenwerk', later in Syria until 'Six-Day War', then ruled by Ba'th regime - Vomags (Vogtländische Maschinenfabrik), Geschäft mit dem Krieg seit 1914 und innerhalb von 4 Jahren einer der größten Rüstungsproduzenten der Armee des kaiserlichen Deutschen Reiches, und seit 1939-1945 profitmachender Rüstungsbetrieb des NSDAP berrschten 'Dritten Reiches', zu einem 'Musterbetrieb' deutscher Rüstung aufgestiegen, der von 1944-1945 in Mehltheuer in einem Außenlager des KZ Flossenbürg hunderte von weiblichen Häftlinge Zwangsarbeit für die Vomag - deren Produkte bedient und befehligt von skupellosen Verbrechern im Dienste größenwahnsinniger Politiker incl. Chef des Generalstabes des Heeres seit 1944 Heinz Guderian und GFM Erwin Rommel ihre Familien vernichten halfen - verrichten ließ - 1914-1945 armaments products produced for profit in 'Krupp Industries', employing workers conscripted by the NSDAP, SS and Gestapo regime from across Europe - Since 1864 rifle manufacturer and WWII armament poducer's 'Nibelungenwerk' (Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG) armament products produced for profit in Upper Austria - 1940s Tiger German heavy tanks of World War II that operated beginning in 1942 in Africa, in the Soviet Union and in France, usually in independent heavy tank battalions - Since 1935, Henschel began manufacturing Panzer I tanks produced for profit - also responsible for license production of the Dornier Do 17Z medium bomber -, as during World War II since 1939 it began large-scale production of the Panzer III, becoming the sole manufacturer of the Tiger I - and alongside Porsche the Tiger II - and as in 1945 the company had 8,000 workers working in two shifts each of 12 hours, and forced labour was used extensively

Soviet losses in NSDAP Germany's 'Battle of Kursk': Soviet losses in NSDAP Germany's 'Battle of Kursk' comprise 254,470 killed, missing or captured people, 608,833 wounded or sick people (74% wounded and 26% sick, a total of 863,000 men (~710,000 casualties in combat)

Since 1964 Kursk State Technical University: South-West State University (Kursk State Technical University) founded in 1964 as Kursk Politechnical Institute

September 1979 stony Florian asteroid 3073 Kursk discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh: 24 September 1979 provisionally known as 1979 SW11, stony Florian asteroid 3073 Kursk and synchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.7 kilometers in diameter, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh, as minor planet was named after the city of Kursk

Belgorod Oblast: Belgorod Oblast with a population of 1,532,526 citizens in 2010, as its administrative center is the city of Belgorod

Natural resources of Belgorod oblast: Over 40% of known iron ore reserves of Russia are concentrated in the oblast. Deposits are confined to the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly area. Among them are Korobkovsky, Lebedinskoye, Stoylenskoye, and prospective Prioskolskoye iron ore deposits in Stary Oskol District, Bolshetroitskoye in Shebekinsky District, as well as Yakovlevskoye and Pogremetskoye fields. Identified and explored in varying degrees are the large deposits of bauxites, apatites, underground mineral waters, and numerous deposits of construction materials such as chalk, sand, clay, and more. There are also known occurrences of gold, graphite, and other rare metals.

Economy of Belgorod oblast and trade turnover between Russia and Ukraine: Belgorod Oblast is a highly developed industrial-agrarian region, whose economy relies on its enormous wealth of mineral resources and the unique black soils. The oblast has traditionally had and still has strong ties with the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. Despite its relatively small size, the oblast accounts for one fifth of the trade turnover between Russia and Ukraine.

History of Belgorod Oblast: History of Belgorod Oblast documented since turn of the 17th century, when a solid line of military fortifications was built in the area, stretching for almost 800 kilometers. Ukrainian Cossacks, who moved here because of the nobility and the tax burden, were in charge of the line defenses. Even more Cossacks moved to the area during the Khmelnytsky Uprising 1648–1657 and the internecine wars in the Cossack Hetmanate 1659–1679. Belgorod became the military and administrative center, after originating as an outpost on the southern borders of Russia. From 1708 to 1727, the territory of the modern Belgorod Oblast was part of Kiev and Azov Governorates.

Belgorod city: Belgorod city, the administrative center of Belgorod Oblast located on the Seversky Donets River 40 kilometers north of the border with Ukraine and with a population of 356,402 citizens in 2010

History of Belgorod city: History of Belgorod city, as records first mention the settlement in 1237, when the Mongol-led army of Batu Khan ravaged it. It is unclear whether this Belgorod stood on the same site as the current city. In 1596 Tsar Feodor Ioannovich of Russia ordered its re-establishment as one of numerous forts set up to defend Muscovy's southern borders from the Crimean Tatars.

Moscow Oblast: Moscow Oblast, a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), with a population of 7,095,120 inhabitants in 2010

Moscow city: Moscow city, the capital and most populous city of Russia with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.1 million within the urban area - History of Moscow

Economy of Moscow: Economy of Moscow

Timeline of Moscow since European Middle Ages: Timeline of Moscow since European Middle Ages

879–1240 Kyivan Rus' federation of East Slavic, Baltic and Finnic peoples in Eastern and Northern Europe: Kievan Rus' or Kyivan Rus', a loose federation of East Slavic, Baltic and Finnic peoples in Eastern and Northern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century, under the reign of the Rurik dynasty, founded by the Varangian prince Rurik. The modern nations of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestors, with Belarus and Russia deriving their names from it. The Rurik dynasty would continue to rule parts of Rus' until the 16th century with the Tsardom of Russia. At its greatest extent, in the mid-11th century, it stretched from the White Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south and from the headwaters of the Vistula in the west to the Taman Peninsula in the east, uniting the majority of East Slavic tribes.

Since 2nd century BC history and timeline of the 'Kremlin': History and timeline of the 'Kremlin' site, that had been continuously inhabited by Finnic peoples, especially the Meryans, since the 2nd century BC. The East Slavs occupied the south-western portion of Borovitsky Hill as early as the 11th century, as evidenced by a metropolitan seal from the 1090s which was unearthed by Soviet archaeologists in the area. The Vyatichi built a fortified structure on the hill where the Neglinnaya River flowed into the Moskva River. Up to the 14th century, the site was known as the 'grad of Moscow', and the word 'Kremlin' was first recorded in 1331. - Since 1586 Tsar cannon during the reign of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible - As history of Russian bell founding goes back to the 10th century, the original Tsar Bell since 16th century crashed to the ground in a fire in the mid-17th century and was broken to pieces, as the second Tsar Bell since 1655 was again destroyed by fire in 1701, as the third was finally successfully raised in the summer of 1836 by the French architect Auguste de Montferrand and placed on a stone pedestal, and as its broken slab alone is nearly three times larger than the world's largest bell hung for full circle ringing, the tenor bell at Liverpool Cathedral, and French enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher Voltaire - famous for his wit, his criticism of Christianity (especially the Roman Catholic Church) and of slavery, as well as his advocacy of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state - once joked that the Kremlin's two greatest items were a bell which was never rung and a cannon (the Tsar Pushka) that was never fired

1237-1242 Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus', part of the Mongol invasion of Europe: 1237-1242 Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' part of the Mongol invasion of Europe, in which the Mongol Empire invaded and conquered Kievan Rus' in the 13th century, destroying numerous cities, including Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir and Kiev, with the only major cities escaping destruction being Novgorod and Pskov

Since 1237 Mongol influence brought changes, incl. capital punishment, torture: Since 1237 Mongol influence brought about changes in the economic power, in the political and judicial sphere, as capital punishment - which during the times of Kievan Rus' had only been applied to slaves - became widespread, and the use of torture became a regular part of criminal procedure. Specific punishments introduced in Moscow included beheading for alleged traitors and branding of thieves (with execution for a third arrest).

1812 fire of Moscow ahead of French invasion: 1812 Fire of Moscow, when Russian troops and most of the remaining residents abandoned the city of Moscow just ahead of Napoleon's vanguard troops entering the city after the Battle of Borodino

Since 1851 Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway: Since 1851 Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway

October/November 1917 Moscow Bolshevik Uprising: October/November 1917 Moscow Bolshevik Uprising, following German empire's war against Russia

Since 1 January 1918 assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin: Since 1 January 1918 several assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin

Februar 1918 Lenins 'Wie soll man den Wettbewerb organisieren?': 'Eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben, wenn nicht die wichtigste, besteht jetzt darin, diese selbständige Initiative der Arbeiter und überhaupt aller Werktätigen und Ausgebeuteten bei der schöpferischen organisatorischen Arbeit in möglichst breitem Umfang zu entwickeln', Zitat aus 'Wie soll man den Wettbewerb organisieren?' Lenin Werke Band 26, S. 407

July 1918 uprising against the Bolsheviks intended to restart the war against Germany: 6-7 July 1918 uprising against the Bolsheviks intended to restart the war against Germany and one of a number of uprisings against the Bolsheviks that took place during the Russian Civil War

30 August 1918 assassination attempt on Lenin that killed him in 1924: 30 August 1918 Russian revolutionary politician Vladimir Lenin spoke at an arms factory in southern Moscow, but before he had entered his car to leave Fanny Kaplan called out to him and fired three shots with a Browning pistol as one passed through his neck, punctured part of his left lung and stopped near his right collarbone, and the other lodging in his left shoulder, then Lenin was taken back to his living quarters at the Kremlin refusing to leave the security of the Kremlin to seek medical attention, the doctors were brought in to treat him but could not remove the bullets outside a hospital, as despite the severity of his injuries, Lenin survived, but his health never fully recovered from the attack and it is believed the shooting contributed to the strokes that incapacitated and eventually killed him in 1924

Since 1919 Moscow State Jewish Theatre: Since 1919 Moscow State Jewish Theatre, serving as a prominent expression of Jewish culture in Russia

Since 1921 Moscow State Academic Children's Music Theater: Since 1921 Moscow State Academic Children's Music Theater, a theater specializing in opera, ballet and dramatic productions for children and the world's first professional theater for children

Since 1935 Biblioteka Imeni Lenina station of the Moscow Metro, also shelter: Since 1935 Biblioteka Imeni Lenina, a station on the Sokolnicheskaya Line of the Moscow Metro, opened on 15 May 1935 as a part of the first stage of the Metro and situated in the very centre of the city under Mokhovaya Street - Moscow metro and stations were built not only as public transport, as he deepest stations of the Moscow metro reach 84 meters, the height of 28 storey building, as depth of the tunnels usually ranges from 35-55 meters. In 1930-s the country was already preparing for a possible war. During the German empire's 1941 Siege of Moscow, metro stations were used as air-raid shelters. Council of Ministers moved its offices to the platforms of Mayakovskaya, where Stalin made public speeches on several occasions. Another station Chistye Prudy accommodated the headquarters of the Air Defense. Following the defeat of German empire in May 1945 and since then during the so-called 'Cold War', many Moscow stations built are very deep and were planned as shelters in the event of nuclear attack.

1936-1938 Moscow Trials: 1936-1938 Moscow Trials, a series of show trials held in the Soviet Union

1941/1942 Battle of Moscow against German military and war crimes: October 1941 - January 1942 Battle of Moscow, German military campaign consisting of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a 600 km sector of the Eastern Front during World War II

Since 1941, 1945 Moscow Metro not only continued to carry passengers but also served as a bomb shelter ...: 1941-2022 after - throughout Axis Powers' World War II until 1945 - the Moscow Metro not only continued to carry passengers on a daily basis but also served as a bomb shelter for millions of people - 29 June 2022: CCTV footage from a pond in the Ukrainian city of Kremenchuk has captured civilians, children running for cover and falling to the ground as Russian missile strikes hit nearby, leaving at least 18 people dead. The BBC has analysed the footage - and it appears one missile hit close to the eastern end of a shopping centre, while the other hit the northern end of a nearby factory.

July/August 1957 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow: July/August 1957 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow, attracting 34,000 people from 130 countries

1985-1990/91 Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU: 1985-1990/91 Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU, the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev's domestic policies: Domestic policies

Gorbachev's foreign policy: Foreign policy

1987–1989 Gorbachev's reforms until in the revolutions of 1989 Central/Eastern Europe held multi-party elections resulting in regime change: Further reform: 1987–1989, including domestic reforms, relations with China and Western states, nationality question and the Eastern Bloc, until in the revolutions of 1989, most of the Marxist–Leninist states of Central and Eastern Europe held multi-party elections resulting in regime change

October 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis: October 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis

February/August 2004 Moscow Metro bombings: February 2004 Moscow Metro bombing - August 2004 Moscow Metro bombing

March 2010 Moscow Metro bombings: March 2010 Moscow Metro bombings

February 2015 assassination of Boris Nemtsov: February 2015 assassination of Boris Nemtsov, a Russian politician opposed to the Putin regime, happening in central Moscow after appealing to the public to support a march against Russia's war in Ukraine

20 July 2019 protest demanding free and fair polls: 20 juillet 2019: Plus de 20'000 personnes se sont rassemblées samedi dans le centre de Moscou pour réclamer des élections locales libres et équitables, après les autorités ont invalidé l'enregistrement d'une soixantaine de candidats

February 2020 effects of 'Putinism' are flashing back amid waves of false alarms for months: 10 février 2020: Depuis plus de deux mois, la capitale russe subit les assauts d'une vague de fausses alertes à la bombe qui perturbent administrations, écoles et entreprises, atteignant parfois mille alertes quotidiennes, sous le regard impuissant d'autorités largement silencieuses

March 2020 Moscow's non-working week amid Chinese coronavirus pandemic and Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign: 28 March 2020: Moscow mayor Sobyanin urged Muscovites to stay at home during the non-working week amid the spread of the coronavirus, as authorities said they had recorded 1,264 coronavirus cases, a rise of 228, the largest daily increase since the start of the outbreak - Since September 2015 Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign

2022 opposition against dictatorial Putin regime: Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia, 2022 anti-war protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, and list of opposition figures, listed alphabetically by 'Wikipedia'

Since 1 March 2022 escalating number of arrested anti-war protesters against Putin's war crimes in Ukraine: Since 1 March 2022, the Moscow radio station Echo of Moscow, as well as the independent television channel Dozhd, was forced off air for having aired opposition to Putin's brutal war against the Ukrainian people, as on 4 March, the Russian parliament attempted to further dissuade protests by passing a 'new law' to punish citizens with up to 15 years in jail for spreading 'fake news' about the military assault on Ukraine, amid an escalating number of anti-war protestors arrested day by day since February

9 May 2022 Ukrainian Mockery Version of Den' Pobedy: 9 May 2022 Ukrainian Mockery Version of Den' Pobedy - 15 January 2011: Das sowjetische Lied 'Straßen' wurde einige Wochen nach dem Ende des deutschen Angriffskrieges geschrieben, von der Sowjetunion und den Westallierten siegreich abgeschlossen mit der Befreiung Europas inkl. Polens, aber mit allein für die Sowjetunion weit über 20 Millionen Kriegstoten - World War II casualties of the Soviet Union - Since February casualties of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, causing Europe's largest refugee crisis since WWII with more than 8.8 million Ukrainians fleeing the country and a third of the population displaced. The invasion also caused global food shortages, while on 16 June 2022 the Ukrainian defense minister told CNN that he believed tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, adding that he 'hoped' that the true death toll was below 100,000 - On 2 May 1945 Soviet army soldier Aleksey Khaldei from Yuzovka assisted by Private Kovalev from Kiev scaled the now pacified Reichstag in Berlin to take a picture. Khaldei was born to a Jewish family in Yuzovka (now Donetsk) and was obsessed with photography since childhood, having built his first childhood camera with his grandmother's eyeglasses. His father and three of his four sisters were murdered by the Nazis during the war, as the Ukrainian soldier in May 1945 was carrying with him a large flag, sewn from three tablecloths for this very purpose by his uncle.

24 July 2022 Moscow chess robot grabs and breaks finger of seven-year-old 'opponent': 24 July 2022: Moscow chess robot - in a game of strategic thinking without violence, but that cannot always be said of machines and especially Russian robots - grabs and breaks finger of seven-year-old 'opponent', exactly how Russian defence ministry spokesman Igor Konashenkov - as usual in Moscow today - alleged that Putin's military in Ukraine is always using 'high-precision weapons' in its very 'special military operation' to terrorize its neighbour - July 2022: 80 years after the beginning of German empire's invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Russia blocks move on 'Killer Robots Ban', as 'Campaign to Stop Killer Robots' Stephen Goose said 'Russia demonstrated conclusively that the CCW is unlikely to make any meaningful progress on this issue'

21 November 2022 Putin's Advent calendar and his advent gifts: 21 November 2022: Putin's Advent calendar and his advent gifts mean that the Armed Forces of Ukraine from February 24 to November 21 eliminated nearly 84,600 Russian invaders, including 390 in the past day alone, also, Ukraine’s defenders destroyed 2,892 enemy main battle tanks (+6 in past day), 5,822 (+5) armored combat vehicles, 1,870 (+2) artillery systems, 393 (+0) MLR systems, 209 (+0) air defense systems, 278 (+0) warplanes, 261 (+0) helicopters, 1,537 (+0) operational and tactical-level UAVs, 480 (+0) cruise missiles, 16 (+0) warships/cutters, 4,378 (+7) trucks and fuel tankers, and 161 (+0) units of specialized equipment

22 November 2022 dictator Putin will meet mothers of soldiers fighting in Ukraine on 27 November: 22 November 2022: Russian dictator Putin will meet mothers of soldiers fighting in Ukraine, because Russia celebrates Mother’s Day on 27 November

23 November 2022 war ciminal Putin's missiles destroy maternity ward of the Vilniansk Hospital: 23 November 2022: Russian missiles destroy maternity ward of the Vilniansk Hospital, killing a newborn baby overnight in Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia region, according to Zaporizhzhia Regional State Administration's Oleksandr Starukh

24 November 2022 a Russian rocket attack completely destroyed a kindergarten in Toretsk: 24 November 2022: 'The Russians launched another rocket attack on Donetsk region, this time targeting Toretsk. A Russian rocket completely destroyed a kindergarten', according to Donetsk Regional Military Administration's Pavlo Kyrylenko

25 November 2022 in Ukraine's liberated Kherson Putin's armed gang leaves explosives even in children's toys: 25 November 2022: Retreating from Kherson city, the Russian military left explosives even in children's toys. 'Currently, the main focus is on demining. The scale of mining is extremely large there. 'I constantly receive photo reports (about discovered ammunition - ed.) in children's toys, there was a mine between two soccer balls, etc.,' interior ministry's adviser Rostyslav Smirnov said, noting that in the liberated territories of Kherson region, rescuers have already disposed more than 5,000 explosive objects. - 24 July 2018: Novichok victim mother-of-three Dawn Sturgess found substance disguised as perfume in sealed box in Amesbury

25 November 2022 Putin tells Russian group of 17 mothers carefully chosen for the meeting he shares their pain: 25 November 2022: Across Russia, groups of mothers of serving soldiers have been openly complaining that their sons are being sent into battle poorly trained and without adequate weapons and clothing, especially as the winter sets in. Some have also accused the Russian military of turning those forcefully mobilised into 'cannon fodder', following a string of heavy military defeats in recent months. Earlier this month, Mark Milley, the most senior US general, estimated that about 100,000 Russian and 100,000 Ukrainian soldiers had been killed or injured since the war began on 24 February.

27 November 2022 Mother's Day in Russia in the context of a long tradition: After on the eve of World War I campaigning for peace, Russian women observed their first International Women's Day on the last Sunday in February 1913, International Women's Day was later transferred to other dates but remained the global date for International Women's Day ever since - 27 November 2022: Mother's Day in Russia on the last Sunday of November

20 December 2022 calls between Russian 'cannon fodder' and their loved ones, eavesdropped by Ukraine: 20 December 2022: Calls between Russian soldiers and their loved ones - eavesdropped by Ukraine - reveal reality of war for Kremlin’s forces. Out on the frontline, near the eastern Ukrainian city of Lyman, on 8 November at 15.10, a Russian serviceman called Andrey decided to ignore the orders of his superiors and call his mother with an unauthorised mobile phone. 'No one feeds us anything, mum', he complained. 'Our supply is shit, to be honest. We draw water from puddles, then we strain it and drink it.' Russian forces had been on the back foot in the Donetsk oblast for weeks. Lyman, taken by the Russians in May, was liberated by Ukrainian forces in October. Two days before Andrey made his afternoon call back home, the Russian forces had 'finally' started firing at Ukrainian positions with phosphorus bombs, he told his mother, but the promises of munitions that could turn the battle had come to nothing.

Odintsovsky city and district: Odintsovsky District, one of the 36 in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located in the western central part of the oblast bordering with the federal city of Moscow in the east, Leninsky District in the southeast, Naro-Fominsky District in the south, Ruzsky District in the west, Istrinsky District in the north, and with Krasnogorsky District in the northeast. Its administrative center is the city of Odintsovo, as the population of Odintsovo accounts for 43.9% of the district's total population. The Moskva River with its tributaries flow through the district. Drinking water for the city of Moscow is collected from five stations on the Moskva River and from the Upper Volga reservoirs (north and north-west of the city.

Novo-Ogaryovo estate: Novo-Ogaryovo estate in the Odintsovsky District of Moscow Oblast, located by the Rublyovo-Uspenskoye Highway west of the city of Moscow. It operates as the suburban residence of the president of Russia, officially recognized as such in 2000. Since 1991, Novo-Ogaryovo has been reserved as a government residence, mostly unused until Russia's Putin - in office since 31 December 1999 - had it renovated in 2000. A six-meter-high wall surrounds the residence. In October 2012, Putin announced his intention to work at Novo-Ogaryovo to avoid commuting into Moscow, allegedly due to the city's extensive traffic congestion. In April 2020, Putin self-isolated at Novo-Ogaryovo after meeting with the head doctor of City Clinical Hospital No. 40 in Moscow, who later tested positive for covid-19. - Constructed since 2005 'Putin's Palace', an Italianate palace complex located on the Black Sea coast near Gelendzhik, Krasnodar Krai. The complex first came to public attention in 2010 after whistleblower Sergei Kolesnikov published an open letter to Russia's Dmitry Medvedev exposing the construction of the palace. Kolesnikov also stated that the undertaking was run by Nikolai Shamalov who was acting on behalf of Vladimir Putin. The complex drew substantial public attention in 2021, when Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny's Anti Corruption Foundation FBK released an investigative documentary film about it which detailed a corruption scheme allegedly headed by Putin and claimed that the palace was built for the president's personal use. The FBK investigation estimated the cost of the build to be over 100 billion rubles at 2022 prices. - 'Mezhyhirya Residence' in Ukraine where Viktor Yanukovych lived when he was PM and then president of Ukraine. Yanukovych lived in the estate from 2002 to 21 February 2014, when he fled the country during the Ukrainian 'Revolution of Dignity'.

Ryazan Oblast: Ryazan Oblast, a federal subject of Russia as its administrative center is the oblast's largest city of Ryazan, the oblast with a population of 1,154,114 citizens in 2010 - Districts of Ryazan Oblast

Landforms and rivers of Ryazan Oblast: Landforms of Ryazan Oblast - Meshchera Lowlands - Rivers of Ryazan Oblast

Economy of Ryazan Oblast: Economy and companies of Ryazan Oblast - Since 1962 SAAZ, a Russian factory of automotive components (telescopic struts, shock absorbers, pneumatic-stops and gas springs)

Politics of Ryazan Oblast: Politics of Ryazan Oblast

History and timeline of Ryazan Oblast: History of Ryazan Oblast

1097-1521 Grand Duchy of Ryazan: 1097-1521 Grand Duchy of Ryazan existed several centuries after it was separated from the Chernigov Principality as the provincial Murom Principality

1941-1945 Ryazan city was bombed by Germany in World War II: 1941-1945 Ryazan city was bombed by Germany in World War II, as immediately after the war, rapid development of the city began and Ryazan became a major industrial, scientific, and military center of the European part of Russia

8 October 2020 explosion and fire at munitions depot sends 2,000 fleeing from villages in Ryazan region: 8 October 2020: Russia explosion and fire at munitions depot sends 2,000 fleeing, as villages in Ryazan region south-east of Moscow cleared after grass fire reaches military facility

Administrative divisions and cities and towns in Ryazan Oblast: Administrative divisions of Ryazan Oblast - Districts of Ryazan Oblast - List of rural localities in Ryazan Oblast - Urban-type settlements in Ryazan Oblast - Cities and towns in Ryazan Oblast

Ryazan city: Ryazan city, the largest city and administrative center of Ryazan Oblast located on the Oka River in Central Russia, 196 kilometers southeast of Moscow, with a population of 524,927 citizens, making it the 33rd most populated city in Russia - Since 1915/1930 Ryazan State (Pedagogical) University

Economy of Ryazan city: Economy of Ryazan city, as major industries in the city include electronics and oil refining and as Ryazan has a reputation of being one of Russia's electronics hubs

Rostov Oblast: Rostov Oblast, a federal subject of Russia (an oblast), located in the Southern Federal District, with a population of 4,277,976 inhabitants in 2010, and with its administrative center Rostov-on-Don

Rostov-on-Don: Rostov-on-Don, a port city and the administrative center of Rostov Oblast on the Don River, 32 kilometers from the Sea of Azov, with a population of 1,125,000 inhabitants - Economy of Rostov-on-Don

Timeline of Rostov-on-Don: Timeline of Rostov-on-Don

1941 Battle of Rostov: November-December 1941 Battle of Rostov, a battle of the Eastern Front of World War II, fought around Rostov-on-Don between the Army Group South of Nazi Germany and the Southern Front of the Soviet Union

August 1942 27,000 Jews massacred by the German military: On 11/12 August 1942 in Rostov-on-Don 27,000 Jews were massacred by the German military at a site called Zmievskaya Balka

Volga Federal District: Volga Federal District, one of the eight federal districts of Russia. It forms the south-eastern part of European Russia. It is second most populated federal district (after Central). Its population was 29,899,699 citizens in 2010, living on an area of 1,038,000 square kilometers. The historical center of the district is known as the Idel-Ural region

Tatarstan republic: Tatarstan, a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is a part of the Volga Federal District, as its capital and largest city is Kazan, one of the most important cultural centres of Russia. The republic borders Kirov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, and Orenburg Oblasts, the Mari El, Udmurt, and Chuvash Republics, and the Republic of Bashkortostan. As of the 2010 Census, the population of Tatarstan was 3,786,488 citizens. The state languages of the Republic of Tatarstan are Tatar and Russian

Kazan city: Kazan city, the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and the Kazanka rivers, covering an area of 425.3 square kilometres, with a population of over 1.2 million residents, up to roughly 1.6 million residents in the urban agglomeration. Kazan is the fifth-largest city in Russia, and the most populous city on the Volga, as well as the Volga Federal District. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Kazan grew to become a major industrial, cultural and religious centre of Russia. In 1920, after the Russian SFSR became a part of the Soviet Union, Kazan became the capital of the Tatar ASSR. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazan stayed as the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan

Since 1438 timeline of Kazan: Timeline of Kazan since 1438

20th and 21st centuries timeline of Kazan: 20th and 21st centuries timeline of Kazan

11 May 2021 Kazan mass school shooting, as also a bomb was detonated: 11 May 2021 Kazan mass school shooting, as also a bomb was detonated. Nine people (seven 8th-grade students and two teachers) were killed, and 23 others were injured. The 19-year-old shooter, Ilnaz Galyaviev, was identified as a former student. He pleaded guilty to the murder of two or more persons on 12 May and is being detained

Southern Federal District: Southern Federal District, one of the eight federal districts of Russia. Its territory lies mostly on the Pontic–Caspian steppe of southern Russia. The Southern Federal District shares borders with Ukraine, the Azov Sea, and the Black Sea in the west, and Kazakhstan and the Caspian Sea in the east. On 19 January 2010, the Southern Federal District was split in two, with its former southern territories forming a new North Caucasian Federal District

Volgograd Oblast: Volgograd Oblast, a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the Volga region of Southern Russia, with its administrative center Volgograd

Volgograd city: Volgograd city, an important industrial city and the administrative center of Volgograd Oblast, situated on the western bank of the Volga River with 1,021,215 inhabitants in 2010

Timeline of Volgograd: Timeline of Volgograd

1942-1943 Battle of Stalingrad: 1942-1943 Battle of Stalingrad, a major battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (Volgograd) in Southern Russia

Significance of the battle of Stalingrad: Significance of the battle of Stalingrad, often identified as the turning point on the Eastern Front, in the war against Germany overall, and in the entire Second World War

Commemoration of the battle of Stalingrad: Commemoration of the battle of Stalingrad

Ural Federal District: Ural Federal District, one of the eight federal districts of Russia, with a population of 12,080,523 (79.9% urban) inhabitants in 2010, and located at the border of the European and Asian parts of Russia with its administrative centre Yekaterinburg city, contributing 18% to Russia’s Gross Regional Product GRP, although its population is only 8.5% of the Russian total

Sverdlovsk Oblast: Sverdlovsk Oblast, a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia located in the Ural Federal District, its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, formerly known as Sverdlovsk and its population is 4,297,747 inhabitants, according to the 2010 Census

Yekaterinburg, formerly known as Sverdlovsk: Yekaterinburg city, the fourth-largest city in Russia and the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast, located on the Iset River east of the Ural Mountains

April 2018: 3 April 2018: Politicians in Yekaterinburg have cancelled an upcoming election in order to oust mayor Yevgeny Roizman, who has been in office since 2013 and has decried Putin regime’s influence in local politics and his election to a fourth term in power, now saying 'it’s a direct insult to the citizens of Yekaterinburg, a belittling of the status of Yekaterinburg, a show of disrespect to the city, the city’s traditions'

Siberian Federal District: Siberian Federal District, one of the eight federal districts of Russia, as its population was 17,178,298 according to the 2010 Census, living in an area of 4,361,800 square kilometers andas the entire federal district lies within the continent of Asia

Omsk Oblast: Omsk Oblast, a federal subject of Russia located in southwestern Siberia with a population of 1,977,665 citizens in 2010 Census and with its administrative center Omsk, bordering Tyumen Oblast in the north and west, Novosibirsk and Tomsk Oblasts in the east, and Kazakhstan in the south

Omsk city: Omsk city, the administrative center of Omsk Oblast, located in southwestern Siberia with a population of 1,154,116 citizens, Russia's third-largest city east of the Ural Mountains after Novosibirsk and Yekaterinburg - History of Omsk - Transportation in Omsk, as city is a major rail, road, and air hub, served by a station on the Trans-Siberian Railway, and by the Tsentralny Airport, as Omsk additionally possesses a river port on the Irtysh, offering service to domestic destinations and to cities within Kazakhstan

Economy of Omsk: Economy of Omsk - Companies based in Omsk - Since 1995 Gazprom Neft, formerly Sibneft, is the third largest oil producer in Russia

Timeline of Omsk since 18th century: Timeline of Omsk since 18th century

August 2020 poisoning of Alexei Navalny: August 2020 poisoning of Alexei Navalny who fell ill during a flight from Tomsk to Moscow and was hospitalized in Omsk, as his spokeswoman said that he was in a coma

2 September 2020 Novichok use shows ‘only state’ could have poisoned Navalny aide says: 2 September 2020: Germany’s finding that Alexey Navalny was poisoned with nerve agent Novichok shows that only the Russian state could be responsible, opposition's Ivan Zhdanov says

17 September 2020 Novichok traces found on water bottle in Navalny's hotel room in Tomsk: 17 September 2020: Colleagues of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny said that a bottle of water with a trace of the Novichok nerve agent was found in his hotel room in Tomsk after his poisoning

Tomsk Oblast: Tomsk Oblast, a federal subject of Russia located in the southeastern West Siberian Plain, in the southwest of the Siberian Federal District, as its administrative center is the city of Tomsk and with a population of 1,078,923 citizens in 2010

Tomsk city: Tomsk city, the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia located on the Tom River with a population of 524,669 citizens in 2010

Economy of Tomsk: Economy of Tomsk, as Tomsk consumes more electric energy than produced by the city's power plants GRES-2 (281 MWt) and TEC-3 (140 MWt) belonging to Tomskenergo Inc., Tomsk supplements its energy needs with electricity generated at Seversk

Politics of Tomsk: Politics of Tomsk, as city is governed by a mayor and a 33-member Duma, and as of the 33 members, 16 are elected from the eight double mandate districts while 17 are chosen from party lists

Timeline and history of Tomsk since 17th century: History and timeline of Tomsk since 17th century

Since 1604 fortress Tomsk: In 1604 Tomsk originated when the tsar sent 200 cossacks to construct a fortress on the bank of the Tom River, overlooking what would become the city of Tomsk

Since 1941 during WWII Tomsk became the new home for many factories: Since 1941 during German empire's World War II, Tomsk like many Siberian cities became the new home for many factories relocated out of the war zone, and the resulting growth of the city led the Soviet government to establish the new Tomsk Oblast, with Tomsk serving as the administrative center

14 September 2020 French and Swedish labs confirm Navalny's Novichok poisoning Germany says: 14 September 2020: Three laboratories have independently confirmed that Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny was poisoned with the Novichok nerve agent, Germany said Monday, renewing calls for Russia to explain the incident

14 September 2020 Navalny allies win council seats in regional polls: 14 September 2020: As in several dozen of Russia’s 85 regions citizens voted for regional governors and lawmakers in regional and city legislatures as well as in several by-elections for national MPs, allies of poisoned Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny have said they have secured city council seats in Siberia as independent monitors condemned a reported 'stream' of voting irregularities in regional polls

Novosibirsk Oblast: Novosibirsk Oblast, a federal subject of Russia located in southwestern Siberia, as its administrative and economic center is the city of Novosibirsk, and with a population of 2,788,849 citizens in 2018

Novosibirsk city: Novosibirsk city, the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast in Russia, located in the southwestern part of Siberia on the banks of the Ob River, and the third-most populous city in Russia (after Moscow and St. Petersburg) as well as the most populous city in Asian Russia, with a population of 1,612,833 inhabitants in 2018

Krasnoyarsk Krai federal subject of Russia: Krasnoyarsk Krai, is a federal subject of Russia, with its administrative center in the city of Krasnoyarsk, the third-largest city in Siberia (after Novosibirsk and Omsk) and comprising half of the Siberian Federal District

Norilsk city in Krasnoyarsk Krai: Norilsk city in Krasnoyarsk Krai, located above the Arctic Circle, east of the Yenisei River and south of the western Taymyr Peninsula, with a permanent population of 175,000 citizens reaching 220,000 with temporary inhabitants included

April 2016 failed talks in Qatar to freeze oil production: 19 April 2016: Failed talks in Qatar to freeze oil production and to stabilize prices bring nothing but disappointment for the Russians

September 2016 world's biggest nickel producer Norilsk Nickel spillage: 12 September 2016: The world's biggest nickel producer has admitted a spillage at one of its plants was responsible for a river in the Russian Arctic turning blood-red, as Norilsk Nickel admits 'red river' responsibility for overflow into the Daldykan river at its Nadezhda plant

June 2020 fuel reservoir at power plant near Norilsk collapsed: 3 June 2020: Putin has ordered a state of emergency after 20,000 tonnes of diesel fuel spilled into a river inside the Arctic Circle, occurring when a fuel reservoir at a power plant near the city of Norilsk collapsed, and as the plant is operated by a division of Nornickel, whose factories in the area have made the city one of the most heavily polluted places on Earth

Kemerovo Oblast: Kemerovo Oblast, a federal subject of Russia located in southwestern Siberia, where the West Siberian Plain meets the South Siberian Mountains. The oblast, which covers an area of 95,500 square kilometers, shares a border with Tomsk Oblast in the north, Krasnoyarsk Krai and the Republic of Khakassia in the east, the Altai Republic in the south, and with Novosibirsk Oblast and Altai Krai in the west. Kemerovo is the administrative center of the oblast, though Novokuznetsk is the largest city in terms of size. Kemerovo Oblast is one of Russia's most urbanized regions, with over 70% of the population living in its nine principal cities. Its ethnic composition is predominantly Russian, but Ukrainians, Tatars, and Chuvash also live in the oblast. The population was 2,763,135 citizena in 2010. - Geography of Kemerovo Oblast

Climate of Kemerovo: Seasons and climate of Kemerovo, showing a January-July difference to the amount of 80°C

Economy and industrialization of Kemerovo: Economy of Kemerovo, as the industrialization of Kemerovo was driven and underpinned by coal mining and by the heavy industry based on the availability of coal. It remains an important industrial city, built up during the Soviet period, with important steel, aluminum and machinery based manufacturing plants along with chemical, fertilizer, and other manufacturing industries. Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the city's industries have experienced a severe decline, creating high levels of unemployment. Major companies based in the city include Siberian Business Union.

19 March 2007 Ulyanovskaya coal mine disaster: 19 March 2007 Ulyanovskaya Mine disaster, caused by a methane explosion that occurred in the Ulyanovskaya longwall coal mine in the Kemerovo Oblast. At least 108 people were reported to have been killed by the blast, which occurred at a depth of about 270 meters at 10:19 local time. The mine disaster was Russia's deadliest in more than a decade.

24 May 2007 Yubileinaya coal mine disaster: 24 May 2007 Yubileinaya coal mine disaster in the Kemerovo Oblast area of Siberia, operated by Yuzhkuzbassugol, part owned by the Evraz Group. A methane explosion at the mine killed 38 miners and injured a further 7, one of whom subsequently died. Investigators believe that the explosion was caused by a spark from a damaged cable.

8 May 2010 Raspadskaya mine explosion: 8 May 2010 Raspadskaya mine explosion in the Raspadskaya mine, located near Mezhdurechensk in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, which occurred on 8 May 2010. It was believed to have been caused by a buildup of methane. The initial explosion was followed by a second approximately four hours later which collapsed the mine's ventilation shaft and trapped several rescue workers. By 18 May 2010, 66 people were confirmed to have died with at least 99 others injured and as many as a further 24 unaccounted for

25 November 2021 Listvyazhnaya mine disaster: 25 November 2021 Listvyazhnaya mine disaster was a mining accident that occurred in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. Smoke from a fire in a ventilation shaft caused the suffocation of more than 40 miners. A failed attempt to rescue the trapped miners killed at least five rescuers when the mine exploded. It is the deadliest mine accident in Russia since the 2010 Raspadskaya mine explosion in the same region

Kemerovom city: Kemerovom city, an industrial city and the administrative center of Kemerovo Oblast located at the confluence of the Iskitim and Tom Rivers, in the major coal mining region of the Kuznetsk Basin, with 532,981 inhabitants in 2010

March 2018 Kemerovo fire: 25 March 2018 Kemerovo Winter Cherry complex fire, killing at least 64 people according to official statements, after the blaze started somewhere on the top floor of the four-storey complex, and people were seen jumping from windows to escape it - 27 March 2018: Forty-one children have died in the fire at the 'Zimnyaya Vishnya' shopping mall in Kemerovo, as total number of the victims is reportedly 64 persons

27/28 March 2018 Russians have rallied in Kemerovo to demand a full probe of fire: 27 March 2018: Thousands of angry and distraught Russians have rallied in Siberian city of Kemerovo to demand a full probe into a shopping centre fire that killed at least 64 people, many of them children - 28 mars 2018: Les Russes et proches de victimes réclamaient la tête des autorités locales et exigeaient justice à Kemerovo, alors que le pays observe mercredi une journée de deuil après l'incendie meurtrier d'un centre commercial dû à des violations choquantes des règles de sécurité - 29 mars 2018: La lenteur et l'inaction des pompiers dénoncées après l'incendie du centre commercial qui a fait au moins 64 morts dimanche

April 2018 governor of Russia's Kemerovo resigns over mall fire: 1 April 2018: Governor of Russia's Kemerovo resigns over mall fire that killed more than 60 citizens after a litany of violations in safety procedures left shoppers and children trapped inside the building

Irkutsk Oblast: Irkutsk Oblast, a federal subject of Russia located in southeastern Siberia in the basins of the Angara, Lena, and Nizhnyaya Tunguska Rivers. The administrative center is the city of Irkutsk. It borders the Republic of Buryatia and the Tuva Republic in the south and southwest, which separate it from Khövsgöl Province in Mongolia, Krasnoyarsk Krai in the west, the Sakha Republic in the northeast, and Zabaykalsky Krai in the east. It had a population of 2,428,750 inhabitants in 2010.

Angara river in Siberia: Angara river in Siberia, which traces a course through Russia's Irkutsk Oblast and Krasnoyarsk Krai. It drains out of Lake Baikal and is the headwater tributary of the Yenisey. It is 1,849km long and has a drainage basin of 1,039,000 square kilometres.

History of Irkutsk Oblast: History of Irkutsk Oblast

Administrative and municipal divisions of Irkutsk Oblast: Administrative and municipal divisions of Irkutsk Oblast

Irkutsk city: Irkutsk city, the largest city and administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast. With a population of 617,473 citizens in 2010, Irkutsk is the 25th largest city in Russia by population, the 5th largest in the Siberian Federal District, and one of the largest cities in Siberia. Located in the south of the eponymous oblast, the city proper lies on the Angara River, a tributary of the Yenisei, about 850km to the south-east of Krasnoyarsk and about 520km north of Ulaanbaatar. The Trans-Siberian Highway and Trans-Siberian Railway connect Irkutsk to other regions in Russia and Mongolia.

History of Irkutsk city since 19th century: History of Irkutsk city, after in the early 19th century, many Russian artists, officers, and nobles were sent into exile in Siberia for their part in the Decembrist revolt against Tsar Nicholas I. Irkutsk became the major center of intellectual and social life for these exiles, and they developed much of the city's cultural heritage. They had wooden houses built that were adorned with ornate, hand-carved decorations. Many still survive today, in stark contrast with the standard Soviet apartment blocks that surround them. By the end of the 19th century, the population consisted of one exiled man for every two locals. People of varying backgrounds, from members of the Decembrist uprising to Bolsheviks, had been in Irkutsk for many years and had greatly influenced the culture and development of the city. As a result, Irkutsk became a prosperous cultural and educational center in Eastern Siberia.

23 October 2022 Putin regime kills Russians on its home front: 23 October 2022: Two pilots have been killed when a Russian fighter jet Su-30 - a key component of the Russian regime's air force widely deployed in its war in Syria and invasion of Ukraine - crashed into a two-story residential building in the city of Irkutsk in southern Siberia, home to the aircraft factory producing the Su-30 fighters. The crash occurred less than a week after a Sukhoi Su-34 jet crashed into a multistory residential building in the Russian town of Yeysk, killing 15 people.

Far Eastern Federal District: Far Eastern Federal District, the largest of the eight federal districts of Russia but the least populated, with a population of 8,371,257 inhabitants in 2010, located within the easternmost part of Asia and covering the territory of the Russian Far East, with its administrative center Vladivostok

Jewish Autonomous Oblast: Jewish Autonomous Oblast, a federal subject of Russia in the Russian Far East, bordering Khabarovsk Krai and Amur Oblast in Russia and Heilongjiang province in China, as its administrative center is the town of Birobidzhan

History of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast: History of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, established in May 1934 - Administrative and municipal divisions of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Demographics of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast: Demographics of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Economy of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast: Economy of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast

Birobidzhan city: Birobidzhan city, the administrative center of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, located on the Trans-Siberian Railway near the China-Russia border, with a population of 75,413 citizens in 2010 and its official language Yiddish, as Birobidzhan is named after the two largest rivers in the autonomous oblast, the Bira and the Bidzhan, both tributaries of the Amur

Khabarovsk Krai federal subject: Khabarovsk Krai federal subject of Russia, located in the Far East region and part of the Far Eastern Federal District, as the administrative centre of the krai is the city of Khabarovsk, which is home to roughly half of the krai's population and the largest city in the Russian Far East and the fourth-largest federal subject by area with a population of 1,343,869 citizens 2010

Khabarovsk city: Khabarovsk city, the largest city and the administrative center of Khabarovsk Krai located 30 kilometers from the Chinese border at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, about 800 kilometers north of Vladivostok, also the largest city in the Russian Far East having overtaken Vladivostok in 2015 - Geography and climate of Khabarovsk

Economy and infrastructure of Khabarovsk: Economy and infrastructure of Khabarovsk, as primary industries include iron processing, steel milling, Khabarovsk shipyard, machinery, petroleum refining, flour milling, pharmaceutical industry, meat packing and manufacturing of various types of heavy and light machinery

Since 8th century timeline of Khabarovsk: History and timeline of Khabarovsk, founded in the 8th century

Since 1999 Khabarovsk Bridge crossing the Amur River: Since 1999 Khabarovsk Bridge, a road and rail bridge crossing the Amur River in eastern Russia, and connecting the urban-type settlement of Imeni Telmana in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast with the city of Khabarovsk in Khabarovsk Krai, after since 1916 an older bridge existed nearby

Since 11 July 2020 Khabarovsk Krai protests in support of arrested governor Sergei Furgal: Since 11 July 2020 protests in Khabarovsk Krai in support of the current governor, Sergei Furgal, after his arrest, as protests in support of Furgal also took place in other cities including Novosibirsk, Vladivostok and Omsk - Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia

18 July 2020 thousands in Khabarovsk protest against arrest of governor Sergei Furgal: 18 July 2020: Tens of thousands of people in the Russian city of Khabarovsk have turned out for a protest over the arrest of the region’s governor Liberal Democratic party's Sergei Furgal, elected governor in 2018 with unexpected victory

19 July 2020: 50,000 people took to the streets on Saturday in Khabarovsk: 19 July 2020: 50,000 people took to the streets on Saturday in Khabarovsk, a city 6,100 miles east of Moscow, to demand the return of Sergei Furgal, a former scrap metals trader, as Putin regime is poised to replace a governor from Russia’s far east charged with crimes, potentially kindling a fresh round of public anger that has already ignited the largest protests in the region’s history

25 July 2020 protest: 25 juillet 2020: D’importantes manifestations contre le gouvernement russe se sont de nouveau déroulées samedi dans la région russe de Khabarovsk, en Extrême-Orient, après l’arrestation d’un gouverneur populaire et son remplacement cette semaine par un homme nommé par le régime de Poutine et qui n’a jamais vécu dans cette région

29 July 2020 Putin’s trust rating falls to new low amid far east protests: 29 July 2020: Putin’s trust rating falls to new low amid far east protests, as nearly half of Russians support anti-Kremlin protests in far east, according to poll

1/2 August 2020 Khabarovsk saw a fourth consecutive massive rally Saturday: 1/2 August 2020: Russian far east protesters turn out by the thousands as crackdown intensifies, and as despite multiple arrests of protesters this week, Khabarovsk saw a fourth consecutive massive rally Saturday

Primorsky Krai: Primorsky Krai shares Russia's only border with North Korea, along the Tumen River in Khasansky District in the southwestern corner of the krai, a federal subject located in the Far East region of the country and a part of the Far Eastern Federal District, as the city of Vladivostok is the administrative center of the krai, as well as the largest city in the Russian Far East, and as the krai has the largest economy among the federal subjects in the Russian Far East, with a population of 1,956,497 citizens in 2010 - Administrative divisions of Primorsky Krai

Economy of Primorsky Krai: Economy of Primorsky Krai, the most balanced in the Russian Far East and also the largest in absolute terms, as food production is the most important sector, represented mainly by fish processing, followed by the machine building, where half of the output is geared toward the fishing industry and shipyards, as defense or military is another important sector, producing naval vessels and military aircraft, and as the construction materials industry including timber industry here provides for the whole Russian Far East

Vladivostok city: Vladivostok city, the administrative centre of Far Eastern Federal District and Primorsky Krai, located around the Golden Horn Bay, not far from Russia's borders with China and North Korea, and with a population of 604,901 inhabitants in 2018

Economy and ports of Vladivostock: Economy of Vladivostock, main industries include shipping, commercial fishing, and the naval base, as fishing accounts for almost four-fifths of Vladivostok's commercial production - Port of Vladivostock, ice-free all year round with the help of ice breakers - Free port of Vladivostok, a port zone under a special custom and taxation system, with a particular jurisdiction regarding investments

Timeline of Vladivostok: Timeline of Vladivostok

Sakha republic: Sakha officially known as the Republic of Sakha, a federal Russian republic, with a population of 958,528 citizens at the 2010 Census, mainly ethnic Sakha and Russians, as the republic - comprising half the Far Eastern Federal District - is the largest subnational governing body by area in the world at 3,083,523 square kilometers with its capital city of Yakutsk

Yakutsk city: Yakutsk city, the capital of the Sakha Republic located about 450 kilometers south of the Arctic Circle, with a population of an estimated 311,760 citizens in 2018

Demographics of Yakuts: Demographics of Yakuts, as ethnic composition in 2010 includes Yakuts (50.6%), Russians (38.4%), Ukrainians (1.4%) and others

History and timeline of Yakuts city and Yakuts people: History and timeline of Yakuts city and Yakuts people, also known as the Sakha people, migrating to the area during the 13th and 14th centuries from other parts of Siberia and mixed with other indigenous Siberians in the area, before the Russian settlement of Yakutsk was founded in 1632

18 December 2020 amid covid-19 pandemic Yakutsk is preparing the new year: 18 December 2020: Amid covid-19 pandemic Yakutsk is preparing the new year, as seasonal temperature differences found in the region are the greatest in the world with the city having the coldest winter temperatures of any major city, with an average monthly temperature in January of -38.6C

Demographics and ethnic groups in Russia:Demographics of Russia - Ethnic groups in Russia

Lists of indigenous peoples of Russia: List of larger indigenous peoples of Russia - Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East

Udmurt people: Udmurt people, 552,299 citizens in Russia in 2010

Indigenous peoples of Siberia: Indigenous peoples of Siberia - as the demographics of Siberia today is dominated by native speakers of Russian, there remain a considerable number of indigenous groups, between them accounting for below 10% of total Siberian population, about 4,500,000, which are also related to indigenous peoples of the Americas

History of ethnic groups in Russia: History of ethnic groups in Russia

Territorial evolution of Russia, Russification and Russians: Russification, a form of cultural assimilation process during which non-Russian communities, voluntarily or not, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian one - Territorial evolution of Russia - Russians - Citizenship of Russia

Ethnic minorities and diasporas in Russia: Armenians in Russia - Azerbaijanis in Russia - Belarusians in Russia - Georgians in Russia - History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union - Germans from Russia - Indians in Russia - Kazakhs in Russia - Kurds in Russia - Kyrgyz Russian - Polish minority in Russia - Siberian Yupik people - Sirenik Eskimos - Tatars - Ukrainians in Russia - Vietnamese people in Russia

Afro-Russian: Afro-Russian are people of African descent, as the Metis Foundation estimates that there are about 50,000 Afro-Russians

Chinese people in Russia: Ethnic Chinese in Russia, estimated 200,000–400,000 people as of 2004

Indigenous peoples of Russia: List of larger indigenous peoples of Russia - Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East

Udmurt people: Udmurt people, 552,299 citizens in Russia in 2010

Indigenous peoples of Siberia: Indigenous peoples of Siberia, about 4,500,000 people today

History of the Jews in Russia: History of the Jews in Russia, Jewish people have been present in contemporary Armenia and Georgia since the Babylonian captivity and the presence of Jewish people in the territories corresponding to modern Belarus, Ukraine, and the European part of Russia can be traced back to the 7th-14th centuries CE - Yiddish culture in Russia

Jews and Judaism in Russia: Jews and Judaism in Russia - Jewish communities in Russia

Since 1996 Russian Jewish Congress for revival of the Jewish life in Russia: Russian Jewish Congress for revival of the Jewish life in Russia since 1996

February 2019 Jewish community in Rostov-on-Don wants to add their names to the city’s memorial, but the Russian authorities don't agree: 12 February 2019: After years of painstaking research to discover the identities of the dead in the August 1942 German-led slaughter, the Jewish community in Rostov-on-Don wants to add their names to the city’s memorial, but the Russian authorities don't agree

24 July 2020 Holocaust survivor Irina Shur found stabbed to death in her Moscow apartment: 24 July 2020: The body of Irina Shur, a former professor at the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography and a Holocaust survivor, was found at her apartment late last week, TASS reported Wednesday, after she had been stabbed multiple times and had been dead for at least 24 hours

Romani people in Russia: Romani in Russia - Ruska Roma, the largest subgroup of Romani people in Russia and Belarus

June 2019: 19 June 2019: Hundreds of Roma people have been forcibly evicted from a village in western Russia, the head of the village council has admitted, after one ethnic Russian was killed and another left in a coma

Immigration to Russia and emigration: Immigration to Russia - Emigration in recent years, 171,872 Russian citizens left the country in 2014

November 2015 Russia deports Tajik mother after five-month-old baby's death in police custody: 17 November 2015: Russia deports Tajik mother after five-month-old baby's death in police custody, saying she was hastily deported to prevent a proper investigation into her son’s death

Culture in Russia: Culture in Russia - History of Russian culture

Yiddish culture in Russia: Yiddish culture in Russia

Languages in Russia: Languages in Russia - Official languages - List of languages in Russia

Russian language - History of the Russian language

Literature in Russia: Literature in Russia

History of literature in Russia: History of literature in Russia

Theatre in Russia: Theatre in Russia - Theatres in Russia

November 2018 Serebrennikov case: 15 November 2018: Russian stage and screen director Kirill Serebrennikov faces a tortuous, months-long criminal trial seen as a bellwether for artistic freedom in the country, charged with embezzlement

Women in Russia: Women in Russia

Russian women and World War I and women in the Russian Revolution 1917: Russian women and World War I and women in the Russian Revolution 1917 - 'Zhenotdel' was the department of the Russian Communist party, devoted to women's affairs in the 1920s and improving the conditions of women's lives throughout the Soviet Union, fighting illiteracy, and educating women about the new marriage, education, and working laws

Soviet women in World War II: Soviet women in World War II, most toiled in industry, transport, agriculture and other civilian roles, working double shifts to free up enlisted men to fight and increase military production, a sizable number of women served in the army, the majority were in medical units

Women in Russia since 1991, women's organizations and women's rights in Russia: Women in Russia since 1991 - women often face discrimination in the labour market, and the law itself lists 456 occupations and 38 branches of industry that are forbidden to women, despite this, many Russian women have achieved success in business - Women's organizations - Russian grassroots women’s organizations

Gender pay gap in Russia: Gender pay gap in Russia

Domestic violence in Russia: Domestic violence in Russia

2017: 25 January 2017: Russian MPs back bill reducing punishment for domestic violence, despite protests from rights groups - 7 February 2017: Putin has signed into law a controversial amendment that decriminalises domestic violence in Russia, where it is estimated domestic abuse kills a woman every 40 minutes

Women's rights in Russia: Women's rights in Russia

2013: 8 March 2013: Rights workers in Russia use International Women's Day to urge action against nation's domestic abuse

2016: 6 October 2016: The women risking everything to report from Russian regime's frontlines

Children and youth in Russia: Childhood in Russia - Youth in Russia

1928-1942 Volodia Dubinin, known for the defense of the Adzhimushkay quarry: 1928-1942 Volodia Dubinin, one of the group of Soviet partisans who went to live underground in an abandoned quarry near Kerch to resist German invasion during World War II, later known for the defense of the Adzhimushkay quarry for his knowledge of the area, but during demining an exploding treacherous land mine left by the Germans, Volodia lost his life on 4 January 1942

1925-1942 Sasha Filippov supported the Red Army during the Battle of Stalingrad: 1925-1942 Sasha Filippov, who had become a spy for the Red Army during the Battle of Stalingrad, providing exact firing coordinates after the German assault on Stalingrad resulted in battalions overrunning suburbs of the city, and many Russian families were caught unaware and found themselves unable to flee in time - 23/24 December 1942 murder of Sasha Filippov, when he and two others were hanged in view of neighbors and his parents, while Sasha's mother remained alone with the bodies of her son and two other youngsters' after the soldiers had marched off

2005 'Children of Leningradsky': 2005 'Children of Leningradsky', a 2005 Polish short documentary film about a community of homeless children living in the Leningradsky railway station in Moscow

January 2016 Vlad Kolesnikov's suicide, humiliated over T-shirt against war in Ukraine: 14 January 2016: Russian teenager Vlad Kolesnikov was humiliated and bullied after wearing a protest T-shirt against war in Ukraine to school in the Moscow suburb of Podolsk in June, saying before his suicide in December that his life had become unbearable

Orphans in Russia: Orphans in Russia

Education in Russia: Education in Russia - Education in Russia by federal subject - Education in Russia by city or town

Schools in Russia: Schools in Russia

July 2019 teacher visas denied to Anglo-American school in Moscow: 17 July 2019: Russian Putin regime has denied visas to teachers of the Anglo-American school in Moscow, in a move that will 'affect over 1,100 students and their families, who represent over 60 countries, including Russia', as the day school is popular among the children of western diplomats and businessmen, after Putin said on 28 June that 'the liberal idea has become obsolete, praising the rise of nationalist-populist and neo-Nazi linked movements in Europe, also saying the Salisbury poisonings and murder are not worth ‘all this fuss’, that the story is not worth 5 kopecks, and that liberals can no longer 'dictate’ to anyone

November 2019 student killed and wounded other students: 14 November 2019: A student killed a fellow student and wounded three more in a shooting Thursday at a college in Russia's Blagoveshchensk near the border with China before taking his own life

26 September 2022 Swastika-wearing ex-pupil kills 15 in Russian school shooting in Izhevsk: 26 September 2022 Izhevsk school shooting - 26 September 2022: A gunman with a swastika on his teeshirt killed 15 people, including 11 children, and wounded 24 at a school in Russia on Monday before committing suicide. The attacker who was named by authorities as Artem Kazantsev, killed two security guards and then opened fire on students and teachers at School Number 88 in Izhevsk, where he had once been a pupil.

Universities and colleges in Russia: Universities and colleges in Russia

Science and technology in Russia: Science and technology in Russia

Libraries and archives in Russia: Libraries in Russia - Archives in Russia

Museums in Russia: Museums in Russia - History museums in Russia

Monuments and memorials in Russia: Monuments and memorials in Russia - Russian cultural heritage register

2016 Putin regime's plan to erect a statue to 'Ivan the Terrible': 20 July 2016: After in in almost 500 years no one (no tsar, no emperor, no general secretary, no president) has erected a statue to 'Ivan the Terrible', officials' plan to erect a statue of the bloodthirsty tsar near a children’s theatre has drawn outrage from locals in Oryol

Health in Russia: Health in Russia

Medical outbreaks, health disasters and crimes in Russia: Health disasters in Russia - Medical outbreaks in Russia - Man-made disasters in Russia

Since 17th century documented famines in Russia: Since 17th century documented famines in Russia - Russian famine of 1601–03

May 1896 Khodynka stampede in Moscow during the the coronation of tsar Nicholas II: 30 May 1896 'Khodynka Tragedy', a human stampede that occurred on Khodynka Field in Moscow during the festivities after the coronation of tsar Nicholas II, the last Emperor of Russia, which resulted in the deaths of 1,389 people

Nuclear power accidents and waste in Russia: Nuclear power accidents in the Russian Federation - Nuclear waste in Russia - Pollution of Lake Karachay in the southern Ural Mountains, a dumping ground for nuclear weapon facilities

Soviet/Russian nuclear, biological and chemical weapons programs: Russia and weapons of mass destruction - Nuclear weapons programme of Russia - Soviet/Russian biological weapons program - Soviet/Russian chemical weapons program

1971 Aral smallpox outbreak: July 1971 Aral smallpox outbreak of the viral disease which occurred as a result of a field test at a biological weapons facility on an island in the Aral Sea

Since 1979 and 1992 Sverdlovsk anthrax leak: Since 1979 and 1992 Sverdlovsk anthrax leak, aftermath and ongoing classified activities

Since 1980s HIV/AIDS epidemic in Russia: Since 1987 (first documented case) HIV/AIDS epidemic in Russia, the total number of individuals with HIV estimated in 2016 to be between 0.85 and 1.5 million (the lower estimate is from the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation), as prevalence of HIV in adult people is between 0.8 and 1%, and as according to the UN, Russia has one of the fastest growing HIV/AIDS epidemics in the world

2016 Irkutsk mass methanol poisoning: December 2016 Irkutsk mass methanol poisoning - 21 December 2016: At least 60 people died in Irkutsk after being poisoned with non-edible alcohol containing bath product 'Boyaryshnik' - 23 December: The number of persons who died after getting poisoned with surrogate alcohol in Irkutsk has reached 74, with the total number of injured reaching 122

June/July 2018 'Novichok poisonings' of British and Russian nationals in Amesbury/Salisbury: 30 June 2018 Amesbury poisonings of two British nationals, who were hospitalised in a critical condition and were poisoned by Novichok nerve agent of the same kind used in the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in the city of Salisbury, 7 miles away - 6 July 2018: UK's police have warned more people could come into contact with deadly nerve agent after a second couple were poisoned with Novichok

Since January 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Russia: Since January 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Russia - Travel and entry restrictions, event cancellations and other preventive measures to curb the spread of COVID-19 in Russia

19 March 2020 Russia confirmed coronavirus-related death: 19 March 2020: Russia has confirmed coronavirus-related death, after a female professor at the Gubkin Oil and Gas University with pre-existing health conditions died in an infectious diseases hospital, and as Russia has registered 147 cases of coronavirus so far, a figure that has risen sharply in recent days

28 March 2020 Moscow's non-working week amid Chinese coronavirus pandemic and Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign: 28 March 2020: Moscow mayor Sobyanin urged Muscovites to stay at home during the non-working week amid the spread of the coronavirus, as authorities said they had recorded 1,264 coronavirus cases, a rise of 228, the largest daily increase since the start of the outbreak - Since September 2015 Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign

6 April 2020 Russia confirmed 954 new coronavirus infections: 6 April 2020: Russia confirmed 954 new coronavirus infections on Monday, bringing the official number of cases to 6,343 and marking a new record one-day increase in infections

7 April 2020 covid-19 cases rose by more than 1,000 as deaths rose to 58: 7 April 2020: The number of coronavirus cases in Russia rose by more than 1,000 for the first time to reach 7,497 in the past 24 hours, the country’s crisis response centre said, while deaths rose by 11 to 58

10 April 2020 Russia reported 1,786 more covid-19 cases: 10 April 2020: Russia reported 1,786 more covid-19 cases on Friday, its largest daily rise so far, which took the national tally of confirmed infections to 11,917,as number of coronavirus-related deaths rose by 18 to 94

12 April 2020 covid-19 spreads in Russia: 12 April 2020: Moscow hospitals see 'huge influx' of patients as covid-19 spreads in Russia and death toll rose to 106 and many regions have been in lockdown for nearly two weeks to stem the contagion

14 April 2020 regime warns Russia 'faces' extraordinary crisis: 14 April 2020: Regime's Putin warns Russia faces 'extraordinary' crisis, as country reports highest daily number of 2,558 new cases on Monday, as officials tighten lockdown restrictions in Moscow, as overall nationwide tally stood at 18,328 and the death toll was 148, and as Putin added that his regime would also bring in the defence ministry to intervene if necessary, proven experienced

17 April 2020 Russia reports record 4,000 new covid-19 cases: 17 April 2020: Russia reports record 4,000 new covid-19 cases, as war criminal Putin postpones WWII parade, as worldwide cases stand at over 2.1 million, and as Syrian people suffer in the tenth year of Assad's, Putin's and Khameini's brutal war

19 April 2020 Russia reports record rise of 6,060 new covid-19 cases: 19 April 2020: Russia on Sunday reported a record rise of 6,060 new covid-19 cases over the previous 24 hours, bringing its nationwide tally to 42,853

28 April 2020 with 6,411 new cases total covid-19 number in Russia climbed to 93,558: 28 April 2020: The number of new covid-19 cases in Russia climbed on Tuesday to 6,411, a record daily rise, bringing its nationwide tally to 93,558, as the number of deaths rose by 72

2 May 2020 Russia reported 9,623 new covid-19 cases on Saturday: 2 May 2020: Russia reported 9,623 new covid-19 cases on Saturday, its highest daily rise since the start of the pandemic, bringing the total to 124,054, mostly in the capital Moscow

30 May 2020 Russia accounts for 6.6% of covid-19 cases as known global infections exceed 5.7m and as crisis at wide-ranging levels spreads: 30 May 2020: Russia accounts for 6.6% of worldwide covid-19 cases, also reporting 8,952 new daily cases, as the UK accounts for 4.7%, Spain for 4.1%, Italy for 4%, and as Iran sees highest tally of new infections since early April

18 October 2020 Russia shuns tough restrictions even as infections soar: 18 October 2020: Russia shuns tough restrictions even as infections soar, as the outbreak in Russia this month is breaking the records set in the spring, when a lockdown to slow the spread of the virus was put in place

13 October 2021 Russia’s natural population has undergone its largest peacetime decline: 13 October 2021: Russia’s natural population has undergone its largest peacetime decline in recorded history over the last 12 months as the natural population, a number calculated from registered deaths and births, excluding the impact of migration, declined by 997,000 between October 2020 and September 2021, according to an analysis of official government statistics made by the independent demographer Alexei Raksha

14 October 2021 global covid-19 data include 239,964,416 cases, 474,139 new cases and 4,889,703 total deaths: 14 October 2021: Global covid-19 data include 239,964,416 cases, 474,139 new cases and 4,889,703 total deaths, according to Israel's 'Haaretz', as covid-19 main victim country USA reported 44.685.145 cases, as India reported 34.020.730 cases, as Turkey reported 7.540.193 cases, as Russia reported 7.773.388 cases, as UK reported 8.311.851 cases, according to Johns Hopkins University, as Russia registers 31,299 new cases in one day, as WHO reveals new team to investigate covid-19 origin, and as global covid-19 crisis and defense efforts continue, reported by 'The Guardian'

Major health issues in Russia: Major health issues in Russia

Alcohol consumption and abuse in Russia: Alcohol consumption in Russia stays among the highest in the world - Alcohol abuse in Russia - List of federal subjects of Russia by incidence of substance (alcohol and drug) abuse - Vodka belt in Europe and Asia

2014 Vodka and high death risk: 31 January 2014: Vodka to blame for high death risk in Russian men

Drugs in Russia: Drugs in Russia

Healthcare and hospitals in Russia: Healthcare in Russia, in 2008 621,000 doctors and 1.3 million nurses were employed in Russian healthcare, the number of doctors per 10,000 people was 43.8, but only 12.1 in rural areas - Timeline of healthcare in Russia

Russian people in health professions: Russian people in health professions - Russian physicians - Russian otolaryngologists

Since 2003 NDPHS: Since 2003 'Northern Dimension Partnership in Public Health and Social Well-being', a transnational cooperative effort of ten governments (including Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden), the European Commission and eight international organisations (excluding among others humanitarian NGO Syria Civil Defence SCD in Syria and Turkey, much more bombarded by the Putin and Assad regime)

Mai 2020 des soignants russes mystérieusement tombés des fenêtres d’hôpitaux montreraient la pression: 5 mai 2020: Des soignants russes mystérieusement tombés des fenêtres d’hôpitaux montreraient la pression subie par les soignants en Russie et 'témoignent des conditions particulièrement éprouvantes des soignants russes face au covid-19'

Hospitals in Russia: Hospitals in Russia - List of burn centers in Russia - Hospitals in Moscow - Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow since 1957

12 May 2020 fire at Russian hospital kills 5 covid-19 patients: 12 May 2020: A fire at St. George Hospital in St. Petersburg killed five covid-19 patients who were on ventilators, Russian emergency officials said

April 2013 psychiatric hospital fire: 26 April 2013: Fire swept through a decrepit psychiatric hospital in a Moscow suburb, killing 38 people and turning spotlight on Russia's terrible safety record - 13 September 2013: A pre-dawn fire has swept through a Russian psychiatric hospital in Novgorod, killing 37 people, following warnings that the mostly wooden building was unsafe

December 2015 psychiatric hospital fire: 13 December 2015: Twenty-one people killed and a further 20 injured in the blaze which destroyed a psychiatric hospital building in Alferovka, a village in the Voronezh region

January 2016: 9 January 2016: Russian doctor at a hospital in Belgorod filmed punching patient who later died

Drugs in Russia: Drugs in Russia - Russian sportspeople in doping cases

Doping in Russia: Doping in Russia - Doping in sport

November 2015 Russian state-sponsored doping revealed: 9 November 2015: 2012 London Olympics were sabotaged by Russia’s doping and the inaction of authorities, according to an independent World Anti-Doping Agency commission's investigation headed by Dick Pound - 9 November 2015: Russia accused of ‘state-sponsored doping’ and should be banned from athletics, according to damning Wada report - 13 November 2015: IAAF has provisionally suspended the All-Russia Athletic Federation ARAF as an IAAF Member with immediate effect - 19 November 2015: The World Anti-Doping Agency has suspended Russia's national anti-doping body as the international governing body continues its crack down on Russian drug cheats

2016: 12 May 2016: Former head of Russia’s national anti-doping lab admits to cheating tests before and during the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi in an astonishing state-run Russian doping programme

June 2016: 17 June 2016: There will be no track and field athletes competing under the Russian flag at the Rio Olympics 2016 after IAAF ruled they had not met readmission criteria imposed when they suspended over widespread state sponsored doping in November 2015 - 18 June 2016: The International Olympic Committee says it welcomed the IAAF's 'strong stance against doping' following athletics ruling body's extension of Russia's ban ahead of Rio Olympics

July 2016: 13 July 2016: In the Russian regime's inverted world, athlete Darya Klishina branded a 'traitor' after she agreed to compete under a neutral flag at next month’s Olympics thanking the IAAF for allowing her to compete - 18 July 2016: Wada's devastating and damning report into Russian sport has found that the country’s government, security services and sporting authorities colluded to hide widespread doping across 'a vast majority' of winter and summer sports - 19 July 2016: Several former Olympians who now serve on the International Olympic Committee’s athletes’ commission have warned of catastrophic consequences if the organisation does not ban Russia completely from the Rio Games - 25 July 2016: The World Anti-Doping Agency is 'disappointed' its recommendation to ban Russia from next month's Olympic Games in Rio has been rejected by the International Olympic Committee, saying the IOC's decision will inevitably mean 'lesser protection for clean athletes'

August 2016: 23 August 2016: Russia banned from Paralympics due to 'inability to fulfil its responsibilities' over doping after losing appeal against doping exclusion, the court of arbitration for sport has announced

December 2016: 9 December 2016: Over 1000 Russian athletes from over 30 disciplines were involved in state-sponsored doping programme in 2011-2015, including London 2012 and Sochi 2014 Olympic Games winners and medalists, and that also helped forging fake doping probes results by involving special services, World Anti-Doping Agency's report on Russian doping row says - 14 December 2016: Russia deprived of bobsleigh 2017 World Championship in Sochi - 24 December 2016: Following Sochi's loss last week of the right to host February's bobsleigh and skeleton world championships, Biathlon and speed skating events February/March 2017 taken away from Russia over doping scandal - 27 December 2016: Russian officials admit for the first time to a state-backed campaign of doping that involved hundreds of the country’s athletes, as the acting director of Russia’s national anti-doping agency Anna Antseliovich and others in a serie of interviews detail that 'it was an institutional conspiracy' concerning the entire Olympic movement

December 2017: 5 December 2017: Russia banned from Winter Olympics 2018 in Pyeongchang over state-sponsored doping and ordered to pay $15m in costs after making what the International Olympic Committee called an 'unprecedented attack on the integrity of the Olympic Games and sport'

November 2019 Russia is again facing Olympic ban: 23 November 2019: Russia is again facing a possible Olympic ban after the Wada's Compliance Review Committee recommended that the Russian Anti-Doping Agency be ruled non-compliant

9 December 2019 Russian regime banned from all major sporting events including 2020 Olympics and 2022 World Cup: 9 December 2019: Russian regime banned and handed a four-year ban from all major sporting events by the World Anti-Doping Agency Wada to include 2020 Olympics and 2022 World Cup

Sport in Russia: Sport in Russia - Sport in Russia by sport - Sport in Russia by federal subject - Sports competitions in Russia - Ministry of Sport in Russia, responsible for the development of Sport in Russia in all spheres

Concerns and controversies at the 2014 Winter Olympics: Concerns and controversies at the 2014 Winter Olympics - 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi - 7 October 2013: Russia has installed an all-encompassing surveillance system at the site of next year's Winter Olympic Games in Sochi that will allow security services to listen in on athletes and visitors, security analysts say - 10 December 2013: European Commission Vice-President Viviane Reding has said she will 'definitely not' attend the Winter Olympics in Sochi because of Russia's treatment of minority groups - 23 December: Nadezhda Tolokonnikova calls for foreign countries to boycott February's Winter Olympics, hours after she was freed from jail - 23/24 December: Benjamin Netanyahu joins Barack Obama, David Cameron, Francois Hollande and others in rejecting Sochi invite - 12 February 2014: Russian environmentalist Yevgeny Vitishko who campaigned against ecological damage from construction work for the Sochi Olympics is to spend three years in a prison colony

Migrant workers in Sochi: 2 February 2013: Dreams fade for unpaid Sochi migrant workers - 6 February 2013: Migrant workers abused at Sochi Winter Olympic sites - 30 October 2013: Angry construction workers are demanding to be paid as Sochi 2014 draws closer, amid accusations of massive corruption, shoddy workmanship and spiralling costs - 26 January 2014: Deported Serb workers, not paid and being detained as illegal workers, tell horror stories of Sochi Olympic construction work - 26. Januar 2014: Olympia-Bauarbeiter in Sotschi ohne offizielle Arbeitsdokumente, ohne Bezahlung und am Ende mit Gewalt ausgewiesen

Concerns and controversies at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, planned in Russia: List of 2018 FIFA World Cup controversies, discrimination and racism in Russia, its war against Ukraine and allegations of corruption

2015: 28 May 2015: Putin talks at length about soccer corruption case

May 2018: 30 May 2018: Donbas may face 'various kinds of changes' once World Cup 2018 in Russia over, according to Ukrainian General Romanenko, saying that the situation will be held back by the Putin regime until the football tournament finishes

6 June 2018: 6 June 2018: Ukrainian artist Andriy Yermolenko created a series of posters dedicated to 2018 FIFA World Cup hosted by Russia, showing the brutal and bloody nature of Russia's current regime

16 June 2018: 16 June 2018: A man driving a taxi on a crowded Moscow street on Saturday injured eight people including World Cup fans, when he ploughed into pedestrians near Red Square

21 June 2018: 21 June 2018: English football supporters have caused outrage by singing an anti-Semitic song and throwing Nazi salutes in a local pub before England's World Cup match in Volgograd, where more than a million Soviet soldiers died to stop the German assault since 1941, 77 years ago

1 July 2018: 1 July 2018: Russia’s soccer federation has been fined by FIFA for neo-Nazi banner at World Cup, as FIFA warned the Russian, Serbian and also Brazil’s federation for incidents involving its fans

4 July 2018 teenage protester detained: 4 July 2018: A Russian teenage activist was among four people detained after she staged a protest outside the World Cup stadium in St. Petersburg wearing a bloodied shirt that she said was intended to draw attention to the country's problems, Reuters reported

Media in Russia: Media in Russia - Freedom of the press in Russia - Censorship in Russia

Killed journalists in Russia: List of journalists killed in Russia

2000-2008 under Putin: Journalists killed in Russia since 2000 under Putin

2008-2011 during Medvedev presidency: 2008-2011 Journalists killed in Russia during Medvedev presidency

In July 2013 56 journalists killed in Russia since 1992 (motive confirmed): 9 July 2013: 56 journalists killed in Russia since 1992 (motive confirmed), CPJ says

Since 2012 journalists killed in Russia under Putin: Since 2012 Journalists killed in Russia again under Putin

2 October 2020 Russian Koza Press journalist Irina Slavina has died following persecution: 2 October 2020: Russian journalist Irina Slavina, who worked as editor-in-chief at Koza Press, has died after setting herself on fire in front of the local branch of the interior ministry in the city of Nizhny Novgorod, a day after her apartment was searched by police, as opposition activists said Slavina had been under pressure and 'over the past years security officials have subjected her to endless persecution because of her opposition [activities]'

Assassinated Russian journalists: Assassinated Russian journalists

May 2018: 29/30 May 2018: Russian journalist Arkady Babchenko, who was critical of Vladimir Putin, in particular of Russia's military intervention Ukraine and Syria, and who left Russia in 2017 after receiving death threats, collaborated with the SBU to expose Russian agents engaged in preparations for his contract killing and to assassinate 30 people in Ukraine

Newspapers and broadcasting in Russia: Newspapers in Russia - Broadcasting in Russia - Russian television networks - Television in Russia

2014: 20 January 2014: Centenary of WWI 1914-1918 largely ignored in Russia, 'The Moscow Times' says - 28 April 2014: Violating international law, Russian television shows three captured Ukrainian security guards bloodied, blindfolded, stripped of their trousers and shoes, their arms bound with packing tape in Slovyansk, where OSCE observers are also being held - 14 May 2014: 94% of Russians get news about Ukraine from Russian TV channels according to a poll conducted by the Russian Public Opinion Study Center - 20 May 2014: A total of 79.5% of respondents in all regions of Ukraine distrust the Russian media, according to a survey conducted by the Razumkov Center in April 2014 - 8 August 2014: Putin and Assad are using a lot of the same propaganda methods to conceal their crimes

Since 2014 Ukrainian crisis, Ukrainian revolution and Russian aggression in Russian media: Since 2014 Ukrainian crisis and Russian aggression in the Russian media, propagandizing and of waging an information war during its coverage of the events

2015: 28 January 2015: Students in Kiev release YouTube video for their Moscow equivalents speaking out against 'rampant Kremlin propaganda' they say fuels the conflict in eastern Ukraine - 1 March 2015: The West is ignoring some unpleasant truths about Putin - 5 October 2015: A Russian TV forecaster predicts 'excellent weather' for bombing Syria, edited with footage from a bombing raid - 25 November: Pretending to show pilots of its downed Sukhoi Su-24 jet, Russian media publishes an old video dating back to April 2015 near Kweris airbase in Aleppo

2016: 23 May 2016: French TV channel busts Russian journalists on facts distortion - 2 June 2016: According to a survey about Russians' attitude towards foreigners nearly three quarters of respondents are sure the USA are the most hostile state, Ukraine is the second with 48%, the third member of top-3 is Turkey - 27 November 2016: Ice dancers on Russian television including Tatiana Navka, the wife of Vladimir Putin’s press secretary Dmitry Peskov, performed dressed in a ragged concentration camp uniform with a yellow star to the music of the Oscar-winning film 'Life is Beautiful'

June 2018 'reckless and defamatory allegations' in Skripal and Litvinenko cases: 22 June 2018: Marina Litvinenko and Alex Goldfarb have demanded retractions from Russian RT and the state-run 'Channel One' after they made a series of 'reckless and defamatory allegations' in March and April in the aftermath of the poisonings of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, screening libellous claims that Alexander Litvinenko was murdered by his close friend Alex Goldfarb

June 2019 support for detained journalist Golunov: 10 June 2019: In a show of rare solidarity, Russia's three major newspapers put out nearly identical front pages to support detained journalist Ivan Golunov, as Kommersant, Vedomosti and RBK, among the most respected daily newspapers in Russia, published a joint editorial under the headline 'I am/We are Ivan Golunov', calling for a transparent probe into the case of the prominent investigative journalist

27 August 2021 Russia’s leading independent media have appealed to regime's Putin to halt crackdown: 27 August 2021: Russia’s leading independent media have appealed to regime's Putin and other officials to halt a crackdown on journalists under which some of the countries’ top outlets have been declared foreign agents or banned outright over the last year

15 March 2022 state Channel editor shouted during transmission ‘Stop the war. No to war’: 15 March 2022: Marina Ovsyannikova, an editor at Russia’s state Channel One television has interrupted the channel’s main news programme with an extraordinary protest against Putin’s invasion of Ukraine, bursting on to the set of the live broadcast of the nightly news on Monday evening, shouting 'stop the war. No to war'. She also held a sign saying 'don’t believe the propaganda. They’re lying to you here'.

Internet in Russia: Internet in Russia - Internet censorship in Russia - Russian Internet blacklist

2014 Putin regime blocks opposition news websites: 14 March 2014: Putin regime blocks three major opposition news websites as well as the popular blog of Alexei Navalny amid the regime's standoff with the West over Ukraine - 18 April 2014: Russia plans student web surveillance in new anti-terror law calling for continuous monitoring of Internet use in schools and universities - 24 April 2014: Putin calls internet a 'CIA project' and warns Russians against making Google searches - 25 April 2014: Petition to designate Russia as 'State Sponsor of Terrorism' available on White House website

2015: 24 June 2015: The secretive Russian agency that hires people to write pro-Kremlin propaganda on the web stepped into the public spotlight for the first time on Tuesday as former employee Savchuk took it to court for underpayment and labour violations and defending Nazarova made an offer but quickly left the court without speaking to the press - 18 August 2015: Agency, that hired people to write pro-Kremlin propaganda, and sued by ex-employee Lyudmila Savchuk to 'bring the internet trolls out of the shade’, ordered by a Russian court to pay symbolic damages

December 2016 Russian blogger Kungurov convicted: 20 December 2016: Russian blogger Alexei Kungurov convicted to two years in a penal colony for a LiveJournal post criticising Russia's military operation in Syria

2017: 4 August 2017: Critics have accused Russian Putin regime of attempting to neuter the internet as a political threat after the authorities launched a crackdown on virtual private networks VPNs

February 2018 Russian threats against YouTube and Instagram: 13 February 2018: Russian regime has threatened to block access to YouTube and Instagram if the websites do not remove videos and photos of a Kremlin-linked oligarch’s meeting between Oleg Deripaska, an aluminium and mining tycoon, and Sergei Prikhodko, a Russian deputy prime minister, that was the subject of a recent investigation by Alexei Navalny, barred from challenging Putin in next month’s presidential election and using social media

April 2018: 16 avril 2018: Régime russe bloque la messagerie Telegram car elle a refusé de donner accès aux aux messages cryptés de ses utilisateurs

November 2019 Putin regime censoring the internet: 7 November 2019: Study details how Russian Putin regime succeeds in censoring the internet

18 March 2021 new Russian regime's measures against social media: 18 March 2021: Russian regime has told Twitter to delete the account of an opposition news outlet following threats to block the social network entirely if it did not remove 'banned content' within a month, part of a wider crackdown on social media and the opposition after protests supporting the jailed regime critic Alexei Navalny, which were organised via online platforms

Since 1991 Propaganda and cyberwarfare in the Russian Federation: Since 1991 Propaganda in the Russian Federation

Since 2013/2014 Ukrainian crisis in Russian media and critical reactions in Russia: Since 2013/2014 media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis and critical reactions in Russia

Cyberwarfare by Russia: Cyberwarfare by Russia

Russian hacker groups: 22 June 2017: The World’s most dangerous hacker groups include 'Fancy Bear', which comes out of the GRU, Russia’s military intelligence agency, 'Cozy Bear', which represents the FSB, Russian antivirus firm Kaspersky and Sandworm group, believed to be associated with the Russians

Since 2004 GRU's 'Fancy Bear' cyber espionage group: Since 2004 'Fancy Bear' cyber espionage group. Cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike has said with a medium level of confidence that it is associated with the Russian military intelligence agency GRU - Cyber attacks by 'Fancy Bear'

Since 2008 FSB's 'Cozy Bear' and attacks: Since 2008 'Cozy Bear', a Russian hacker group believed to be associated with Russian intelligence, as the Dutch AIVD deduced from security camera footage that it is led by the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service - Cyber attacks by 'Cozy Bear'

Russian web brigades or troll farms: Russian web brigades or troll farms are state-sponsored anonymous Internet political commentators and trolls linked to the Russian government, organized into teams and groups of commentators that participate in Russian and international political blogs and Internet forums using sockpuppets and large-scale orchestrated trolling and disinformation campaigns to promote pro-Putin and pro-Russian propaganda - Internet Research Agency, known in Russian Internet slang as the Trolls from Olgino, a Russian company based in Saint Petersburg, engaged in online influence operations on behalf of Russian business and regime's political interests

Propaganda and use of social media in the Russian Federation: Propaganda and use of social media in the Russian Federation

September 2018: 13 September 2018: Russian social network hosts 'Miss Hitler' beauty pageant

Cinema of Russia: Cinema of Russia - Russian films by genre - List of Russian films by period and year

December 2018: 8 December 2018: Financed by Russia’s Ministry of Culture and screened last month at the Russian Documentary Film Festival in New York, Russian WWII film comprised almost entirely of German propaganda footage shows war through sympathetic German lens

Pressure on independent media and control: Pressure on independent media

2013: 10 December 2013: Putin dissolves Russian state news agency, tightens grip on media

2014: 14 janvier 2014: Le journaliste américain David Satter a affirmé qu'il avait été expulsé de Russie après avoir travaillé sur les manifestations pro-européennes en cours en Ukraine depuis novembre - 14 January: Russia has barred US journalist David Satter who is critical of Putin for five years - 14 March 2014: Putin regime censors media by blocking websites, adding Alexei Navalny blog and opposition news sites to banned list amid ongoing Ukraine crisis - 15 March 2014: Russian propaganda war in full swing over Ukraine, alleging Ukraine government is run by anti-Semitic fascists - 17 March 2014: Putin regime's TV says Russia could turn USA to 'radioactive ash' - 22 April 2014: 'Russian Facebook' founder Durov flees country after selling his share in the company under pressure from the security services - 27 September 2014: Curbs on foreign ownership will gut Russia's media after Russian parliament passed a law calling foreign ownership in domestic media assets at 20% and hitting some of the world's largest media companies

2016: 1 February 2016: Russian magazine 'New Times' cyber-attacked and fined after article on Putin's daughter, as Russian publications have recently begun to draw back the veil of secrecy, finding that Putin's daughters and their associates have enjoyed speedy success in politics and business along with other children of the regime - 17 February 2016: Ukrainian Afanasyev, Crimean photographer and member of the resistance movement against the Russian occupation of Crimea, who testified in the Russian trial of filmmaker Oleh Sentsov and later recanted his testimony has been transferred to a harsh punishment cell and is being denied medical care despite worsening health

2017: 23 October 2017: ‘Nobody defends us’, Russian journalists say decrying climate of hatred after Tatyana Felgenhauer was stabbed in neck at Ekho Moskvy radio station

2018: 16 avril 2018: Régime russe bloque la messagerie Telegram car elle a refusé de donner accès aux aux messages cryptés de ses utilisateurs

April 2019: 15 April 2019: Russian authorities blocked a regional news website over the weekend over a report about graffiti insulting Vladimir Putin, according to its chief editor, under a new ban on insulting officials online, as critics say the measure is a form of direct state censorship

10/11 August 2019: 11 August 2019: Russian regime, after peaceful protests, tells Google not to advertise 'illegal' events on its YouTube video platform

November 2019 Russian internet giant grants veto powers to regime-linked body: 18 November 2019: Yandex, the Russian search giant, has agreed to a corporate restructuring that will grant a veto over key company decisions, such as those covering the security of personal data and intellectual property, to Putin regime-linked body

24 April 2020 journalists at Vedomosti rebel against editor accused of censorship: 24 April 2020: Journalists at the Russian business newspaper Vedomosti have rebelled against their new management after the paper’s editor was accused of banning criticism of constitutional amendments backed by Vladimir Putin and the use of data from an independent pollster

8 October 2021 Russia's Putin regime labels investigative news outlet Bellingcat a ‘foreign agent’: 8 October 2021: Russia's Putin regime labels investigative news outlet Bellingcat a ‘foreign agent’ along with nine people who work for Russian language news outlets or non-governmental organisations, as the designations are the latest in a crackdown on media outlets authorities in Moscow see as hostile

Media opposition in Russia:

February 2014 state-owned or state-controlled companies owned over 60% of registered newspapers and periodicals: 27 February 2014: As Russian regime or state-owned or state-controlled companies in 2013 directly owned more than 60% of the country’s 45,000 registered local newspapers and periodicals, completely or partially owned approximately 66% of the 2,500 television stations, including all six national channels, independent news outlets running stories critical of the government often faced retaliation for such coverage

March/April 2014 RT protest at the deployment of Russia-backed forces in Ukraine: 6 March 2014: Moscow-funded RT television network presenter resigns live on air in protest at the deployment of Russia-backed forces in Ukraine, after another RT journalist criticized Russian military on her show - 14 April 2014: After Russian regime has removed the longtime editor of popular Russian Internet news site Lenta.ru and taken the independent TV channel off air, about 5,000 Russians rallied in Moscow to protest at what they say is a government crackdown on independent media intended to stifle debate about the crisis in Ukraine

2015 West is ignoring some unpleasant truths about Putin: 1 March 2015: The West is ignoring some unpleasant truths about Putin - 9 June 2015: Fifth birthday celebration for TV Rain, the small Russian television station that over the past five years has provided a small oasis of independent news and analysis - 2 December 2015: International and European Federations of Journalists EFJ and IFJ join their affiliate Russian Union of Journalists RUJ and condemn 'Foreign Agent' labelling of leading Russian Media Freedom group

May 2018 MH17 victims families' open letter to the Russian people: 22 May 2018: In an open letter to the Russian people families of the victims in downing of MH17 hold the Russian regime as ultimately responsible for the deaths of their family members, expressing confidence in the thoroughness and impartiality of the work conducted by the Joint Investigation Team, and condemning reports on MH17 coming out of the Russian regime and state media, asking 'do Russian people really want to live in a country where the truth has ceased to exist'

Politics, repression, elections, social movements and protests in Russia: Political repression in Russia - Protests in Russia

March 1917: On 8 March 1917, Putilov protesters were joined in uprising by those celebrating International Woman's Day and protesting against the government's implemented food rationing, both men and women flooded the streets of Petrograd, demanding an end to Russian food shortages, the end of World War I and the end of autocracy - 8–16 March 1917 Russian Revolution, called February Revolution - Since 15 March 1917 Russian Provisional Government following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II of the Russian Empire

8 March 2017: International Women’s Day demonstration in Petrograd on 8 March 1917 gave way to strikes that led to the overthrow of the tsar

Since March 2010: Since March 2010: Russian campaign 'Putin must go' - Strategy-31 defending freedom of assembly in Russia

September 2011: Campagnes électorales à la ... - 24 September: Russia's Putin set to return as president in 2012 - 26 septembre 2011: Ministre de finances Koudrine démissionne à la demande de Medvedev

Legislative election December 2011 and protests: Russian legislative election 4 December 2011 - 4 December: Russians voting in parliamentary poll amid allegations of violations of election law - 'Golos' leader Liliya Shibanova was held for several hours, her laptop confiscated - 5 December: Putin party suffers setback - reports of mass fraud and more than hundred detained pro democracy protesters - 5 December: 'United Russia', Putins tea party movement, wins election but ... - 5 December: Russia elections - OSCE sees 'numerous violations - 6 December: Activists detained after protests over results of criticised election - 6 December: Protesters defy rally ban in Moscow - 8 December: Gorbachev calls on Russia to annul vote - 8 December: Putin accuses foreign countries, the USA over poll protests - in Prague Medvedev says investigation of election results possible - 10 December: Moscow braces for fresh protests amid anger over disputed polls - 11 December: Tens of thousands demonstrate against alleged vote fraud and demand end to Putin's rule in largest rallies in years across Russia - 11 December: Medvedev orders probe into poll allegations - 13. Dezember: Kündigungen in russischen Medien nach Wahlberichterstattung - Journalisten-Union verurteilt Zensur - 25 December: Tens of thousands rally in growing protest against electoral fraud as Kremlin panel says it has proof of mass violations in parliamentary poll three weeks ago

2011/2012: 2011-2012 Russian protests

January 2012: 1 January 2012: Russian riot police arrest dozens at protests in Moscow and Saint Petersburg - 28 January: Putin critic barred from Russia elections in March

February 2012: 4 February: Tens of thousands of protesters have gathered in the Russian capital to demand fair presidential polls - PM's supporters gather for separate rally - 20. Februar: Putins Wahlprogramm der Aufrüstung Rußlands mit 575 Mrd. Euro in den kommenden 10 Jahren - Polonium-Putin und die Molekularbiologie: "Wir sind ein Sieger-Volk, das haben wir in den Genen". (Putin am 23. Februar 2012) - 26. Februar: Mit einem Sieg gegen eisige Kälte gelingt es in Moskau Zehntausenden binnen einer Stunde eine 16 km lange Menschenkette als Protest gegen Putin um das Stadtzentrum zu bilden

Presidential election March 2012 and protests: Russian presidential election 4 March 2012 - 5 March: Putin alleges victory with more than 60 per cent of vote was fair, but rivals and opposition allege fraud and call for protests - 6 mars: L'OSCE a dénoncé lundi une présidentielle russe 'biaisée' marquée par d'importantes irrégularités - 6 mars: Interpellation de plusieurs centaines de manifestants anti-Poutine - 6 March: Police in Moscow and Saint Petersburg break up protests against Putin's victory in Russian presidential vote - 7 mars: l'opposition appelle à de nouvelles manifestations malgré les centaines d'interpellations de la veille - 10 mars: L'opposition russe manifeste contre la victoire du président Poutine - 12 mars: Les enquêteurs ukrainiens n'ont pas trouvé de preuves de la préparation en février par deux suspects arrêtés en Ukraine d'un attentat contre Vladimir Poutine, à moins d'une semaine de la présidentielle du 4 mars remportée par l'ex-agent du KGB - 16 March: While political opponents of the president-elect Putin are sentenced to prison, political cronyism is alive and well - 18 March: Dozens held at Moscow protest over 'pro-Putin' TV film that accused the opposition of paying anti-government protesters

April 2012: 2. April: Die russische Opposition gewinnt die Lokalwahl in der Wolga-Stadt Jaroslawl - Oppositionskandidat Jewgeni Urlaschow erhält rund 70 Prozent der Stimmen

May 2012: 6. Mai 2012: Putin beginnt seine erschlichene dritte Präsidentschaft mit Einschränkung der Demonstrationsfreiheit, Festnahmen und Gewalt - 13 May: Protest 'stroll' of thousands in Moscow - 16 May: Police detain Russian Anti-Putin protesters - 17 May: Protesters set up new Moscow camp - 20 May: Moscow protesters driven out again - 22 May: A bill which massively increases the size of fines for unapproved rallies in Russia has begun its passage through parliament amid strong protests

June 2012: 1. Juni 2012: Zahlreiche Festnahmen bei Demonstrationen für das Recht auf Versammlungsfreiheit - 6. Juni: Begleitet von Festnahmen von Regierungsgegnern beschließt Staatsduma die scharf kritisierte Verschärfung des Versammlungsgesetzes - 8. Juni: Der Entscheid des russischen Parlaments, das Demonstrationsrecht einzuschränken, verstösst nach Einschätzung des russischen Menschenrechtsrats gegen die Verfassung - 11 juin: Perquisitions chez des leaders de l'opposition avant une manifestation - 12 juin: Forte mobilisation de l'opposition russe dans les rues de Moscou

July 2012: 7 July 2012: Russia house backs bill to tag NGOs as agents - 13 July: Pro Putin Duma adopts NGO 'foreign agents' bill - 27. Juli: Zeichen gegen die Repression - Solidaritätskundgebung in Moskau für die Gefangenen und Verfolgten vom 6. Mai - Russia today endangered by three singing women? On 30 July, three members of a punk band face seven years in prison for performing a 'punk prayer' against Putin - 31. Juli: Schlaf- und Nahrungsentzug für die drei angeklagten Frauen der Punk Band - 31 July: Putin critic Alexei Navalny charged with theft

August 2012: 1. August: Die russischen Behörden haben gegen den bekannten Kreml-Kritiker Alexei Nawalny Anklage wegen Veruntreuung erhoben - 7 August: Russian prosecutors ask for three-year sentence for the punk group who protested in a cathedral against Putin - 7. August: Im Büro des Putin-Kritikers Alexei Nawalny werden Abhörwanze und Kamera entdeckt - 15. August: Solidaritätskundgebung in Moskau für inhaftierte Punk Band Musikerinnen aufgelöst - 17 August: Punk protesters get two-year jail sentences - 17 August: The EU, US and human rights groups have condemned jail sentences imposed on three members of Russian punk band as 'disproportionate' - 26 August: Two members of anti-Kremlin punk band escape from Russia - 28. August: Acht Jahre Straflager für russische Aktivistin Taissja Ossipowa

September 2012: 12 September: Moscow allows new mass anti-Putin protest at the weekend - 12 September: Russia PM Medvedev suggests that three activists from punk band should be freed - 15 September: Tens of thousands of opposition supporters demonstrate in Moscow against President Vladimir Putin's rule, calling for greater freedom and equality four months after his inauguration

October 2012: 7 October: Russian police arrest anti-Putin protesters calling for answers in the death of journalist and Kremlin critic Anna Politkovskaya six years ago - 10 octobre: Le procès en appel du groupe de punk-rock reprend dans l'ombre de Poutine - 10 October: Russian appeals court frees one anti-Kremlin punk band member, keeps two in jail - 14 October: First elections held for regional governors since Putin banned such direct voting 2004 - 17 October: Putin's investigators opened criminal proceedings against prominent protest leader Sergei Udaltsov, saying a documentary on a pro-Kremlin TV channel showed evidence he had plotted mass disorder and placing him under house arrest - 18 October: Opposition aide Konstantin Lebedev charged with plotting mass anti-government riots and could face a 10-year jail term - 21 October: Opposition forces in Russia are holding a three-day national ballot to elect a leadership tasked with focusing the fight for fair elections - 23 October: Russian opposition elected a new opposition leadership to fight for election reform, the biggest vote-getter was Alexei Navalny - 23 October: Russia's lower house votes to broaden high treason laws - 27 October: Several Russian opposition leaders have been detained while demonstrating against the claimed torture of fellow activist Leonid Razvozzhayev

December 2012: 15 December: Russian opposition leaders arrested at anti-Putin rally - 24 December: Federal investigators open a third fraud inquiry into opposition leader and anti-corruption campaigner Alexei Navalny - 26 December: Several protesters have been detained outside parliament ahead of a vote by the upper chamber on a bill which would ban Americans from adopting Russian children

January 2013: 13 January: Tens of thousands protest in Moscow against the new law banning Americans from adopting Russian children - 26 January: Hours after police detained more than 20 mostly young protesting opponents, Russia's parliament has given initial backing to a bill banning homosexual 'propaganda' 9 February: Russian court has put prominent opposition leader Sergei Udaltsov under house arrest for two months banning him from using the internet and telephone, amid accusations he incited mass disorder to overthrow Putin

March 2013: 25 mars: Les autorités russes poursuivaient lundi une vaste campagne de vérification des ONG, des enquêteurs faisant notamment irruption à l'antenne moscovite d'Amnesty International - 30 March: Russian police detains around a dozen opposition activists for a rally to support their jailed colleagues

April 2013: 17 avril 2013: Ouverture du procès du principal opposant à Poutine, Alexeï Navalny

May 2013: 6 mai 2013: Grand rassemblement de l'opposition anti-Poutine pour le sombre anniversaire de la manifestation du 6 mai 2012 contre son retour au Kremlin

June 2013: 6 June: Former chess champion and anti-Kremlin activist Garry Kasparov has said he is staying out of Russia over fears he could be put on trial, becoming the latest Russian intellectual to leave his home country amid the crackdown on the opposition - 21 June 2013: Russia's Putin backs amnesty for white-collar crime

July 2013: 18 juillet: L'opposant Navalny reconnu coupable de détournement - 19 July: After Alexei Navalny was sentenced to five years in jail, thousands protested in Moscow and St Petersburg and prosecutors asked for him to be freed pending appeal - 19 July: Alexei Navalny freed on bail

August 2013: 23 August: Putin bans protests in Sochi, restricts access - 25 August: Russia arrests 10 activists marking 'Prague Spring' demonstation - 25 August: Russian opposition leader Navalny arrested after campaign rally

8 September 2013 Moscow mayoral election: Moscow mayoral election 8 September 2013 - 9 septembre 2013: L'opposant Alexeï Navalny a contesté dimanche soir la victoire annoncée du maire sortant de Moscou Sobianine, dénonçant des falsifications - 10 September: Thousands of cheering supporters answered a call by Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny to rally in protest against Moscow mayoral election he said was rigged to hand victory to a Putin ally - 23 September: Jailed punk band member Nadezhda Tolokonnikova starts hunger strike over prison conditions, saying she is made to work up to 17 hours a day and has had death threats from prison deputy

October 2013: 13 October: Several dozen journalists took to the streets of Saint Petersburg to demand the release of Denis Sinyakov, detained on piracy charges along with the crew of the Greenpeace 'Arctic sunrise' - 15 October: Russian police rounded up more than 1,600 migrants on Monday in Moscow after rioting and violence against migrants swept through southern neighbourhood - 16 October: Putin's political rival Alexei Navalny faces five years in jail - 17 octobre: L'opposant Alexeï Navalny accueilli par des partisans à son retour en train à Moscou, après que sa peine de 5 ans de camp a été commuée en sursis - 27 octobre: Plusieurs milliers de personnes dont Alexeï Navalny ont participé à une marche autorisée dans le centre de Moscou contre le régime de Poutine et pour soutenir les prisonniers politiques - 29 octobre: Des centaines de Moscovites ont rendu hommage mardi aux victimes des répressions staliniennes, en lisant le nom de milliers d'habitants de la capitale russe fusillés en 1937 et 1938

October/November 2013: 2 November: After two hunger strikes Nadezhda Tolokonnikova sent to a hospital and a new penal colony - 7 November: Concern mounting for Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, after her family said she had not been heard from since being transferred to a prison colony

December 2013: 22 December 2013: At a press conference in Berlin barely two days after he was freed from a Russian jail, Mikhail Khodorkovsky vowed to do all he can to ensure the release of other political prisoners in Russia - 23 December: Out of jail, Punk band member Maria Alyokhina slammed her early release under a Kremlin amnesty as a 'PR stunt' from Putin - 23 December: Punk band member Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, freed on Monday in a Kremlin-backed amnesty, slammed Russia's prison system and said that the whole country is built like a penal colony

February-April 2014: 12 February 2014: Environmentalist Yevgeny Vitishko jailed for three years after Sochi Games protest - 20 February: After being detained by police in Sochi, Russian punk group women beaten with whips by Cossacks - 25 February: Outside trial over anti-Putin rally 2012 Russian police detain hundreds protesting against jailing of activists - 2014 Russian anti-war protests - 2 March: While authorities accommodated and encouraged a pro-government rally, a smaller protest against Ukraine intervention down the street was not sanctioned - 2 March: Protesters in Moscow against Russian military intervention in Ukraine were quickly detained by police - 15 March: Tens of thousands of anti-government protesters marched in central Moscow against Kremlin-backed referendum in Crimea - 14 April: About 5,000 Russians, some waving Ukrainian flags, rallied in Moscow to protest at what they say is a government crackdown on independent media intended to stifle debate about the crisis in Ukraine - 28 April: Criticising environmental and state corruption leads to threats, intimidation and the impossibility to object to grand projects which have the authorities behind them, exiled Suren Gazaryan says

July-December 2014: 24 July: Russian opposition leader Sergei Udaltsov convicted of organising rioting at anti-Putin protest along with activist Leonid Razvozzhayev in trial human rights groups call 'mockery of justice' - 5 August: Russian authorities have banned a Siberian independence march, in sharp contrast to the treatment of separatists in Crimea and eastern Ukraine - 17 August: Pro-federalism protests in Siberia banned and at least nine activists, calling for greater regional autonomy in Russia, detained by police over protests - 21 September: A huge column of protesters marched through Moscow to protest against Putin's role in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict that has claimed nearly 3,000 lives and pitted Russians against Ukrainians - 30 novembre: Pour la première fois depuis des années, les personnels de santé descendent dans la rue dans plusieurs grandes villes de Russie, à Moscou ils vont manifester contre la fermeture de nombreux hôpitaux - 14 December: Hundreds march in Moscow to protest against healthcare and education reforms - 30 December: Opposition activist Navalny gets 3.5-year suspended sentence in his controversial fraud trial as his brother was handed a 3.5-year prison term - 30/31 December 2014: Navalny again detained after joining protest in Moscow

January-June 2015: 5 January: After receiving suspended sentence amid ongoing house arrest, Putin regime critic Alexei Navalny says he would no longer comply with the absurd terms of his house arrest and cuts off monitoring tag - 7 January: Alexei Navalny defies house arrest to go to his local store, quickly intercepted by three men who escorted him home - 20 January: Hundreds of Russians marched in Moscow and Saint Petersburg, six years after lawyer Stanislav Markelov and journalist Anastasia Baburova were murdered by nationalists - 28 February: Just a day before a planned protest against Putin's rule Russian opposition politician Boris Nemtsov shot dead in Moscow - 1 March: Tens of thousands march in memory of murdered politician Boris Nemtsov in Moscow, as many members of the democratic opposition blame regime and state-controlled media for pushing people toward aggression - 1/2 March: Protesters, most of them of Russian or Ukrainian origin, rallied in New York near the Russian mission to the UN to denounce the murder of regime critic Boris Nemtsov, despite fear of reprisals to themselves or family members back in Russia - 16 April: Police and special forces searched the Moscow office of Open Russia, a rights network led by Khodorkovsky, for protest flyers - 18 April: Russian opposition parties of murdered Boris Nemtsov and anti-corruption blogger Navalny form alliance against Putin ahead of 2016 parliamentary elections - 29 April: Russian Ministry of Justice has cancelled the registration of the Progress Party of Alexei Navalny - 14 May 2015: The report 'Putin. War', the work of murdered Boris Nemtsov published on the website 'Putin. Results' - 18 May: Russian anti-war protesters outside a key military headquarters in Tolyatti have demanded Russian regime withdraws regular servicemen from Ukraine, after two soldiers were captured on Ukrainian soil on May 16 - 24 May 2015: Putin signs law for shutting down 'undesirable' organizations - 28 May 2015: Putin has turned Ukrainans and Russians into enemies, Russian opposition activist Ilya Yashin says visiting Kyiv in support of report on Russian intervention - 7 June 2015: Several thousand protesters including scientists and intellectuals took to the streets of Moscow to express fears for the future of scientific research, after regime crackdowns - 9 June: Russian regime's 'Investigative Committee' launches a criminal inquiry against Ilya Ponomaryov, the lone State Duma representative to vote against the 2014 annexation of Crimea from Ukraine - 19 June 2015: My father was killed by Russian propaganda, says Nemtsov's daughter Zhanna Nemtsova

July/August 2015: 5 August 2015: An online petition signed by more than 170,000 people calls on the regime to rethink new law ordering destruction of sanction-busting imports and banned EU food products, saying it is grotesque to destroy food in a country where millions still live below the poverty line - 11 August: As Russian regime continues mass destruction of banned food in retaliation for sanctions, online petition calling to overturn the decision has already gained 340,000 signatures

September 2015 regional elections in Russia: 11 September 2015: The Democratic Coalition party has been permitted to campaign for Russia’s regional elections in Kostroma, but even here, hecklers have found them - 13 September 2015: Russian opposition party Parnas claims success in regional election in the province of Kostroma, but a regime pollster said it had not passed the 5% threshold - 14 September: Polls have closed in regional elections, as opposition Democratic Coalition was only allowed to stand in one region - 21 September: Thousands of people rallied on the streets of Moscow on Sunday against Putin, adressed by Illya Yashin - 28 September: Russian police detain protesters rallying in St. Petersburg and Moscow for peace in Ukraine

October-December 2015: 18 October 2015: Russian anti-war protesters in Moscow slam Putin's wars in Syria and Ukraine, protesting against Russian airstrikes in Syria and also against the Russian regime's corruption - 20 October 2015: Human rights activist Nadezhda Kutepova from a small town in the Urals has fled to Paris seeking asylum after adocumentary on state TV channel Rossia 1 portrayed her as an agent, accusing her of 'ndustrial espionage' and plotting against the nuclear industry - 12 December 2015: Several protesters detained during Moscow rally on Russian Constitution Day - 13 December 2015: Angry over the economic mismanagement of the country, Russian protesters rallied in Moscow, demanding to sack several top ministers over the crisis

February 2016: 20 February 2016: Truck drivers in Russia strike in 45 regions over road tax - 26/27 February 2016: Russian State Duma refuses to pay tribute to murdered Boris Nemtsov, as one year after his assassination crime remains unsolved - 27 February: Vyacheslav Kislitsin, an organizer of an upcoming march to commemorate slain Kremlin critic Boris Nemtsov, has been severely beaten by unknown men in the city of Chelyabinsk - 27/28 février 2016: Plusieurs milliers de personnes ont défilé dans les rues de Moscou et de Saint-Pétersbourg pour commémorer le premier anniversaire de l'assassinat de l'opposant Boris Nemtsov et pour protester contre Poutine

March 2016: 8 March 2016: Dozens of activists detained in Moscow for rallying in support of Ukraine's Nadiya Savchenko - 22 March: Several hundred people took to the streets of the Russian town of Artyomovsk to protest against poverty and unemployment, calling for better living conditions, long-sought housing repairs and the reelection of the authorities

April/May 2016: 8 April 2016: Protesters in St. Petersburg demand Putin's resignation over 'Panama Papers' scandal - 6 May 2016: Russian activist Andrey Bubeyev gets three years in jail for claiming Crimea is Ukraine

June/July 2016: June 2016: Around a thousand Russians protested against naming a new bridge in Saint Petersburg after Chechnya's Akhmad Kadyrov, after online petition against the 'Kadyrov's bridge' gained votes of around 70,000 people - 20 July 2016: After in in almost 500 years no one (no tsar, no emperor, no general secretary, no president) has erected a statue to Ivan the Terrible, officials' plan to erect a statue of the bloodthirsty tsar near a children’s theatre has drawn outrage from locals in Oryol

August/September 2016: 3 August 2016: Since Putin came back to the Kremlin in 2012, Russia has arrested, detained or interrogated the mayors of more than 25 cities, only a tiny minority of them were from opposition parties - 1 September 2016: Beslan mothers detained over anti-Putin protest at ceremony, after wearing T-shirts blaming Russian president for 2004 siege that left 186 children dead, and also journalists arrested, trying to film the brief protest - 6 September 2016: Russia moves to silence Levada Centre after damning public opinion polls

September 2016 Russian legislative election: 18 September 2016 Russian legislative election - 18 September 2016: The elections to Russia's State Duma violate international law because they take place in occupied Crimea as well, Ukrainian Foreign Ministry's Maryana Betsa says - 19 September 2016: Sweden, USA, Romania, Denmark, Estonia and Lithuania declared they do not recognize Russian MP's to be elected in Crimea - 19 September 2016: Pro-Putin party wins in Russian election, but nationwide turnout in Sunday's polls was only 47%, which analysts attribute largely to apathy amid hardships of an economic slowdown - 19 September 2016: Statistical analysis of Sunday’s parliamentary election results appears to show evidence of some of the same irregularities that plagued the 2011 State Duma contest, according to the 'Moscow Times' and 'Slon news' website

29 September 2016: 29 September 2016: A hundred years after an epochal movement in Russia against war and its causes, only 300 people protest in Moscow against the start of the Russian regime’s murderous Syria bombing campaign, as the main driver of public opinion remains the slavishly pro-regime state media and its worldwide allies, as doctors in Aleppo say that the Russian and Assad regime's warfare is testing the conscience of the world, giving account that 'children ... are coming to us as body parts', and as a Dutch-led international investigation team states that there is 'irrefutable evidence' that a Russian Buk 9M38 missile downed the Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777 in 2014 in Ukraine, killing all 298 people on board, also concluding that the Buk missile system was brought across the border from Russia and later transported back escorted by several other vehicles and by 'armed men in uniform', according to witnesses, photographs, video, damning intercepted telephone calls, radar data, forensic examinations, tests and reconstructions

December 2016: 16 December 2016: Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny claims he intends to hold an 'honest referendum' in Crimea and to completely fulfil Minsk agreements if elected Russia's president in 2018

February-November 2017 100th anniversaries of Russian February and November revolutions: 6 November 2017: February-November 2017 100th anniversaries of Russian February and November revolutions, as Putin - who has spoken out against the popular 'color revolution' uprisings that have toppled established regimes in the nations of the former U.S.S.R., especially the Ukrainian 'Orange Revolution' 2005/2006 and the Euromaidan-protests since 2013 with the aim of 'building a new Ukraine and a new Ukrainian government' by creating a new Ukrainian constitution and removing corrupt politicians, judges and prosecutors - cannot openly celebrate the holiday the Soviets called Red October, essentially the mother of all color revolutions, according to the 'Washington Post'

Since February 2017 pro Alexei Navalny and Boris Nemtsov movements in Russia: 8. Februar 2017: Nawalny am erneut schuldig gesprochen, um - wie er sagt - seine Präsidentschafts-Kandidatur zu verhindern - 26 February 2017: Thousands of protesters have marched in Moscow and other Russian cities to mark two years since the opposition leader Boris Nemtsov was gunned down near the Kremlin, as many fear whoever ordered the killing will not be brought to justice and as law enforcement officers confiscated some posters that referred to Putin by name

Since March 2017 Russian protests: Since March 2017 Russian protests

March 2017: 8 March 2017: Several female activists have been detained in Moscow after carrying posters with slogans such as 'A woman for president' and 'We're the majority', also trying to attach a banner to the walls of the Kremlin calling for the ouster of men from Russian politics - 26 March 2017: Thousands gather in major Russian cities to protest against corruption in largest anti-government demonstrations for five years, with over a hundred detained including opposition leader and anti-corruption campaigner Alexei Navalny - 27 March 2017: Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny in court following arrest, after tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets across Russia on Sunday in the biggest show of defiance since the 2011-12 anti-government protests

1/2 April 2017 anti-Putin protesters's plans for jailed opponent Navalny followed by arrests: 1 April 2017: Anti-Putin protesters plan next move as jailed opponent Navalny considers election bid - 2 avril 2017: Une semaine après l'interpellation de centaines de personnes lors d'un rassemblement de milliers d'opposants, la police russe a arrêté dimanche une trentaine de manifestants d'opposition qui tentaient de défiler dimanche à Moscou, mais à Novossibirsk environ 400 personnes ont participé à une manifestation similaire et autorisée par la municipalité

8 April 2017 two years on, Russia hasn’t forgotten Jewish anti-Putin politician Boris Nemtsov's assassination: 8 April 2017: Two years on, Russia hasn’t forgotten Jewish anti-Putin politician Boris Nemtsov's assassination outside the Kremlin, as he’s become something of a cult figure in a country known for silencing dissenters. Of at least four films out about the martyred man at least two of the documentaries are the work of Russian Jewish artists.

29 April 2017 peaceful pro-Navalny protesters detained in several cities calling for Putin to quit: 29 April 2017: Dozens detained as Russians in peaceful protests in several cities call for Putin to quit

14 May 2017: Thousands of protesters took to the streets of Moscow in a rally against a bill to tear down Soviet-era low-rise apartment buildings: 14 May 2017: Thousands of protesters took to the streets of Moscow in a rally against a bill to tear down Soviet-era low-rise apartment buildings and force them to live in high-rise blocks

June 2017 Russian protests: 9 June 2017: Russia's Alexei Navalny claims, if he is elected president, he is ready to withdraw Russian troops from the occupied areas of eastern Ukraine and hold a fair referendum in the Russian-annexed Crimea - 13 June 2017: Over 1,500 people were detained mainly in Moscow and St Petersburg at nationwide anti-corruption protests and demonstrations, as Navalny supporters face court who himself was arrested at his block of flats before he could even make his way to the protest and quickly slapped with a 30-day jail sentence - 13 June 2017: As 800 people were detained in Moscow and 900 in St Petersburg, several protesters were sentenced to 15 days in jail, including the opposition politician Ilya Yashin and political partner of Boris Nemtsov, who was murdered in 2015

23 June 2017 opposition and anti-corruption politician Alexei Navalny barred from standing against Putin in election: 23 June 2017: Russian opposition politician and anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny barred from standing against Putin in election, according to the regime’s Central Election Commission saying he was ineligible to run for office

July 2017: 23 July 2017: Russian demonstrators took to the streets of Moscow to protest Internet censorship and demand the resignation of the head of Russia’s state media regulator

August 2017: 4 August 2017: Critics have accused Russian Putin regime of attempting to neuter the internet as a political threat after the authorities launched a crackdown on virtual private networks VPNs - 22 August 2017: Russian investigators have arrested Kirill Serebrennikov, one of the country’s most prominent theatre directors, for fraud in a case that many fear is part of the ongoing crackdown on dissenting voices

September 2017: 29 September 2017: Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny says he has been detained by police as he left his Moscow home to attend a pre-election rally in the provincial town of Nizhny Novgorod

October 2017: 8 October 2017: Russian police violently broke up a rally in Saint Petersburg as thousands took to the streets across Russia Saturday on Putin’s 65th birthday, urging him to quit power, as rights group demands release of scores of peaceful protesters detained at rallies - 22 octobre 2017: Alexeï Navalny a annoncé dimanche avoir été libéré après avoir passé vingt jours en prison pour l'organisation de manifestations

6/7 November 2017 a hundred years later legacy of the Russian revolutions 1917 and Putin regime's confusion: Legacy of the Russian revolution in October/November 1917 - 6 November 2017: A hundred years later, Russians are split over whether the revolution should be commemorated at all, showing Putin regime's confusion - 7 novembre 2017: La moindre forme de contestation est immédiatement diabolisée par le régime en 2017 et la police russe a arrêté pendant le week-end des centaines de manifestants anti-Poutine descendus dans la rue

27 November 2017 anchor at TV Rain Mikhail Fishman explains how Russia is killing what little independent press it has: 27 November 2017: Anchor at TV Rain Mikhail Fishman (and the former editor in chief of Russian Newsweek and Moscow Times) explains how Russia is killing what little independent press it has, after he began to cover protest demonstrations - following Putin's return to his throne in the Kremlin after a four-year intermission as PM - for TV Rain and got a strong foothold with its exclusive in-depth coverage of Bolotnaya Square protests in Moscow - 2017-2023 Anchor at TV Rain's anchor Mikhail Fishman - who - further explained how the Kremlin treated the Panama Papers, that implicated members of Putin’s inner circle in an alleged $2 billion money-laundering scheme and identified musician and Putin’s close friend Sergei Roldugin as the owner of a number of offshore companies allegedly helping to channel funds back to Russia. Mikhail Fishman further said 'it wasn’t always like this'. 'In the late 1980s, after decades of Soviet censorship, Russian media emerged as harbingers of freedom and a key institution of the new system of checks and balances – the one that was expected to become a civilized democracy in the future. That didn’t work out as initially planned. It was turned into an industry deprived of purpose and competitiveness.' - Mikhail Fishman on 10 February 2023 - in a blog of the Kennan Institute offering insights into Russia’s politics, history, culture and society - Mikhail Fishman reported that 'in Krasnodar, a city in the south of Russia, a local couple has been detained after they sympathized with Ukraine in a private conversation in a restaurant, and another visitor joined their discussion, that in Nizhny Novgorod, a mechanic at an aircraft factory was fined 30,000 rubles after the authorities received a report that he was tearing leaflets supporting the Russian military off the factory walls, that in Tver, 160km northwest of Moscow, a local official reported on two women who had laid flowers and soft toys at a local memorial to victims of political repression as a tribute to the Ukrainians who had died in the shelling of a residential building in Dnipro on January 14, that in the small town of Kasimov, 300km from Russia, the police identified a woman who had left an antiwar message in a public bathroom in a local shopping mall, that in Saratov, a city on the Volga river, a doctor in a local perinatal center received the same fine, 30,000 rubles, after she said she opposed the war in Ukraine, as in Moscow, there is hardly any reminder of the war, apart from the increased number of police and the officially installed letters Z and V, emblems of Putin’s war.

December 2017: 7 December 2017: Opposition's campaign gathers steam ahead of 2018 election, but supporters face threats and intimidation, targeting whole families - 24 December 2017: Supporters of opposition politician Alexei Navalny have been gathering in some 20 Russian cities to back his bid to run in March's presidential poll - 26 décembre 2017: Suite au rejet de sa candidature à l'élection présidentielle de mars 2018, Alexeï Navalny appelle au boycott du scrutin

January 2018: 28 January 2018: After authorities in Moscow and St Petersburg refused to give permission for anti-Putin protests, opposition supporters rallied in about 100 cities across Russia, as in Moscow about 2,000 people defied bitter cold and a heavy police presence to gather in Pushkin Square - 28 January 2018: Hundreds detained at rallies across Russia, Alexi Navalny's office raided by Putin's police, and Navalny and 15 others arrested in Moscow attempting to join protest - 28 January 2018: Russia's youth takes the lead in countrywide protests against Putin, saying 'Money and power, that's all that Putin wants'

February/March 2018: 12 February 2018: Yabloko opposition party warns of a string of attacks on political and civic activists in St. Petersburg in the past month, including the late January death of local activist Konstantin Sinitsyn, the beating of human rights activist Dinar Idrisov and the kidnapping and reported torture of antifascist activists Viktor Filinkov, Igor Shishkin and Ilya Kapustin - 25 février 2018: Plusieurs milliers de personnes ont défilé dimanche à Moscou pour rendre hommage à l'ancien opposant à Vladimir Poutine, abattu le 27 février 2015 en plein centre de la capitale russe alors qu'il travaillait sur un rapport concernant le conflit en Ukraine - 25 February 2018: At least three people were detained at the Moscow march, as about 7,600 democrats gathered to honor slain opposition politician Boris Nemtsov and as rallies were also held in several other cities, including St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg - 25 February 2018: Disparate political movements in opposition to Russia's Putin came together for a brief few hours to march in the memory of murdered opposition politician Boris Nemtsov - 17 March 2018: Days before Russia’s presidential elections, police are trying to seize documents that give activist observers access to polling stations and independent elections watchdog Golos has unexpectedly seen its office lease revoked

March 2018 Russian presidential election: 18 March 2018 Russian presidential election - 19 March 2018: Despite opposition activists highlighting cases of vote rigging, Putin secures win in Russian presidential election - 19 March 2018: OSCE says Russian presidential election was characterized by restrictions on fundamental freedoms, lack of genuine competition and had been marked by unfair pressure on critical voices - 21 March 2018: Reporters have photographed what appears to be evidence of people voting twice in Russia’s presidential election

Since 23 March 2018: 27 March 2018: Thousands of angry and distraught Russians have rallied in Siberian city of Kemerovo to demand a full probe into a shopping centre fire that killed at least 64 people, many of them children - 28 mars 2018: Les Russes et proches de victimes réclamaient la tête des autorités locales et exigeaient justice à Kemerovo, alors que le pays observe mercredi une journée de deuil après l'incendie meurtrier d'un centre commercial dû à des violations choquantes des règles de sécurité

May 2018: 5 May 2018: Pro-democracy and anti-Putin protest rallies titled 'He's not our tsar' launched across Rusian cities, set up by supporters of the Russian opposition's Alexei Navalny, also saying 'Enough lies' and 'Enough war' - 5 mai 2018: Plusieurs manifestants qui se sont réunis pour contester l'investiture de Poutine, ont été interpellés 'de manière brutale' - 7 May 2018: The infamous 'Cossacks' who were seen whipping and beating up peaceful protesters at a #notourtsar rally in Moscow had previously taken part in Donbas hostilities as part of Putin regime's proxy forces in his hybrid war against Ukraine and are to patrol the streets of the Russian capital at the World Cup - 11 mai 2018: L'opposant Navalny de retour au tribunal pour avoir organisé des manifestations avant l'investiture de Poutine pour un quatrième mandat, dispersées manu militari par la police assistée d'unités paramilitaires

June 2018 World Cup protests: 10 June 2018: Students make rare protest against World Cup, as students at Moscow State University want soccer fan zone moved, fearing destruction of green space and eviction from dorms - 10 June 2018: Demonstrators have taken to the center of Moscow to protest against mass violations of human rights in Russia and to call for the release of political prisoners - 16 June 2018: Diversity House, organised by a group of NGOs, and Diversity fan zone on the sidelines of the World Cup blocked from opening in St Petersburg

June 2018 pension-reform protests: 20 June 2018: Planned protests against Russian regime's pension-reform legislation, announced the day the football World Cup began, come amid tightened restrictions on demonstrations in cities hosting the World Cup

July 2018 World Cup protests: 4 July 2018: A Russian teenage activist was among four people detained after she staged a protest outside the World Cup stadium in St. Petersburg wearing a bloodied shirt that she said was intended to draw attention to the country's problems, Reuters reported

July 2018 protests against retirement age hike: 1 July 2018: Thousands of Russians protested on Sunday in 39 cities across the country over a government decision to increase the retirement age, but there were no demonstrations in the cities hosting the World Cup because of security restrictions in force during the tournament - 19 July 2018: From Omsk to St. Petersburg, Russians took to the streets to protest the government’s controversial pension reform program that would see a hike in the country’s retirement age, a plan announced the day the football World Cup began, and that would see the age raised gradually from 60 to 65 for men, and from 55 to 63 for women - 29 juillet 2018: Des dizaines de milliers de Russes à Moscou et dans des dizaines d'autres villes ont participé samedi à des manifestations organisées à travers le pays par le Parti communiste contre un projet de hausse de l'âge du départ à la retraite

August 2018: 25 août 2018: L'opposant russe Alexeï Navalny arrêté à Moscou et blessé au doigt lors de son interpellation pour avoir participé à une manifestation antigouvernementale en janvier dernier

September 2018: 2 September 2018: Thousands of people across Russia joined protests, organized by different parties, against regime's plans to raise the pension age, also calling for taxing Russia’s oligarchs instead of raising the retirement age, despite recent promises to soften the unpopular measure

September 2018 regional elections: September 2018 Russian regional elections - 9 September 2018: On election day, anti-regime protesters rally across Russia against pension age hike as police detain hundreds - 10 September 2018: Support for Russia's ruling party slips in regional elections amid pension protests

18 September 2018: 18 September 2018: Pyotr Verzilov, one of four members of Pussy Riot who invaded the pitch dressed in police uniforms during the World Cup final in Moscow to protest against excessive Russian police powers, fell ill after a court hearing last Tuesday, as German doctors now treating him say claims he was poisoned are 'highly probable' based on his symptoms

23 September 2018: 23 September 2018: Thousands of Russians held authorised protest rallies organised by different groups across the country on Saturday as anger continues over the regime’s pension plan

October 2018: 8 October 2018: Trust in Putin and Russia’s ruling party have declined steeply over the past year with analysts pointing to the regime’s controversial pension changes as the main reason, as only 39% of Russians listed Putin as a politican they trust, a 20% decrease from November 2017 - 14 October 2018: Alexei Navalny released after back to back prison stints for organizing anti-corruption protests, says he will not be intimidated

19 October 2018: 19 October 2018: Moscow city authorities have refused permission for an annual ceremony honouring victims of Soviet dictator Josef Stalin, according to Russia’s most prominent human rights group, saying withdrawal of permission is outrageous

November 2018: 13 November 2018: Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny was stopped at the border and barred from leaving Russia as he was about to travel to a court hearing at the European Court for Human Rights in France, and as 'there is no explanation why' - 14 November 2018: Alexei Navalny flies out of Russia after ban lifted, without responding to a request for comment regarding Navalny’s allegations that Russian regime's actions were illegal

24 February 2019: 24 February 2019: Thousands of Russians gathered in central Moscow for an annual march in memory of Russian opposition leader Boris Nemtsov, who was shot and killed a stone's throw from the Kremlin in 2015, marching behind a banner reading 'we have given Russia away to the crooks, it's time to take it back', as a demonstration also began in St Petersburg

March 2019: 10 mars 2019: Des milliers de personnes ont manifesté en Russie contre un projet de loi visant à se doter d'un Internet indépendant, mais que ses détracteurs accusent de 'censure' et de tentative d''isoler' le pays du reste du monde

June 2019 journalist Ivan Golunov detained and severely beaten: 8 June 2019: Russian journalist Ivan Golunov, known for investigating corruption among Moscow city officials, was detained in central Moscow on Thursday on his way to a meeting with a source and has been charged with large-scale drug trafficking, but his lawyer, his employer and colleagues say he has been framed - 9 June 2019: Russian journalist Ivan Golunov released and moved to house arrest after hundreds of supporters picket police HQ, pending trial on drug charges - 10 June 2019: In a show of rare solidarity, Russia's three major newspapers put out nearly identical front pages to support detained journalist Ivan Golunov, as Kommersant, Vedomosti and RBK, among the most respected daily newspapers in Russia, published a joint editorial under the headline 'I am/We are Ivan Golunov', calling for a transparent probe into the case of the prominent investigative journalist

11/12 June 2019 charges against Golunov dropped, protesters detained: 11 June 2019: Thousands of protesters are to march in Moscow in support investigative journalist Ivan Golunov, arrested on controversial drug-dealing charges that are widely seen as an attempt to silence his reports on corruption, as more than 20,000 people have so far expressed an interest on Facebook in attending the march on Wednesday - 11 juin 2019: Les autorités russes ont disculpé mardi le journaliste d'investigation Ivan Golounov, qui été accusé de trafic de drogue dans une affaire qui a provoqué l'indignation de la société civile - 12 June 2019: At least 423 people reportedly detained in central Moscow as protesters rallied to demand that charges be brought against the police officers who planted drugs on investigative journalist Ivan Golunov, whose arrest sparked widespread public anger

20 July 2019 protest demanding free and fair local polls: 20 July 2019: More than 10,000 people, including prominent opposition politicians, have gathered in Moscow to demand free and fair local polls, an NGO that tracks participation in protest rallies says

22 July 2019 activist Yelena Grigoryeva murdered: 22 July 2019: Russian campaigners have said that Yelena Grigoryeva found murdered with multiple stab wounds in the city of Saint Petersburg was a well-known activist of democratic and anti-war movements including demands for freedom of Ukrainian political prisoners, who had received threats over her protests for LGBT rights and opposition causes, reported to the police who took no action

24 July 2019 Navalny arrested: 24 July 2019: Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny arrested ahead of planned protests in Moscow on Saturday, some weeks after he had been jailed for 10 days

27/28 July 2019 opposition protest and arrests: 27 July 2019: Russian police have started detaining people gathering in central Moscow for an opposition protest on Saturday - 28 juillet 2019: La police russe a arrêté 1373 personnes qui manifestaient samedi à Moscou pour des élections libres, selon un bilan dimanche de l'ONG OVD-Info spécialisée dans le suivi des manifestations

29 July 2019 detained Navalny hospitalized with an 'acute allergic reaction': 29 July 2019: Russian regime critic Alexei Navalny is hospitalized after being detained - 29 July 2019: Jailed opposition politician Alexei Navalny might have been exposed to an unidentified 'toxic agent', his personal doctor Anastasia Vasilyeva said, adding that health officials at Moscow's hospital No 64, which treated him, have behaved strangely - 29 July 2019: Navalny's doctor Anastasia Vassilieva says he has been discharged from hospital and will now be transferred back to jail, adding that he 'needs to be under close medical supervision', and should be allowed to call his relatives

30 July 2019 nearly 1,400 detained demonstrators: 30 July 2019: All of the opposition candidates running in Moscow’s local elections have been placed under arrest or sentenced to jail over a Moscow protest in an unprecedented act, as nearly 1,400 demonstrators were detained, some violently, during Saturday’s rally to demand that opposition-minded candidates be allowed onto the ballot in Moscow's city council elections

2 August 2019 regime's threats: 2 August 2019: Russian Putin regime has threatened protesters in Moscow with lengthy jail sentences in an attempt to dampen an unexpected surge in protest mood before a planned rally on Saturday

3 August 2019 mass arrests of protesters including Lyubov Sobol: 3 August 2019: As nearly 200 pro-democracy demonstrators detained in protest triggered by refusal to let opposition candidates stand in elections, Russian police also detain opposition leader Lyubov Sobol, heading to rally against exclusion of candidates such as herself from Moscow election

4 August 2019: 4 August 2019: Russia’s anti-Putin opposition said it was planning a nationwide protest next weekend despite police forcibly detaining over 1,000 people on Saturday for attending peaceful march in Moscow to demand free elections and to protest against the exclusion of their candidates from the Moscow election next month

10 August 2019 pro-democracy protests: 10 août 2019: Environ 40'000 personnes se sont rassemblées samedi à Moscou pour protester contre l'exclusion des candidats d'opposition aux élections locales de septembre, encadré par une forte présence policière, et d'autres rassemblements ont eu lieu dans plusieurs villes de Russie

11 August 2019 more than 300 peaceful demonstrators arrested: 11 August 2019: More than 300 anti-Putin demonstrators were arrested, including 244 in Moscow and 81 in St Petersburg, as tens of thousands of people defied a crackdown by Russian authorities to stage what is believed to be the country’s biggest political protest for eight years, shouting 'down with the tsar' and peacefully demanding free elections to local legislatures - 11 August 2019: Russian regime, after protests, tells Google not to advertise 'illegal' events on its YouTube video platform

17 August 2019 protest: 17 August 2019: Russian opposition activists staged a string of pickets in central Moscow to call for free elections and for charges against protesters detained at recent rallies to be dropped

23 August 2019 Alexeï Navalny free and healthy again: 23 août 2019: Alexeï Navalny, a été libéré de prison vendredi après 30 jours passés en détention pour des appels à manifester et un traitement à l'hôpital pour ce que les médecins ont qualifié de 'grave réaction allergique', tandis que l'opposant n'a pas exclu d'avoir été 'empoisonné'

31 August 2019 protest: 31 August 2019: Thousands of Russians took to the streets of central Moscow to demand free elections to the capital's city legislature on 8 September, defying a ban which has been enforced with violent detentions during previous protests, as weeks of demonstrations over local elections have turned into the biggest sustained protest movement in Russia since 2011-2013 - 31 août 2019: On dénombre près de 2700 arrestations depuis le début du mouvement, alors qu'une nouvelle marche de protestation se tenait dans la capitale moscovite samedi

September 2019 Russian elections: 8 September 2019 Russian elections of governors in 19 subjects, among which 16 by direct votes and 3 by indirect votes, and of legislatives bodies in 13 subjects - 8 September 2019 Moscow City Duma election - 8 September 2019 Saint Petersburg gubernatorial election - 8 September 2019: Russians vote in regional elections after biggest protests in years triggered by the exclusion of opposition candidates and crackdown on dissent

9 September 2019 strong opposition in Moscow: 9 September 2019: Russia's ruling United Russia party, which backs Putin, has lost one third of its seats in the Moscow parliament, as opposition candidates won almost half the seats

12 September 2019 Putin regime raids opposition: 12 September 2019: Following successful election strategy which cut the presence of pro-government candidates in Moscow legislature by a half, Putin regime's police are raiding homes and offices of supporters of Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny in 43 Russian cities in more than 150 raids, including robbery attempts to confiscate equipment, as police have also searched the home of Sergei Boyko, who came second with nearly 20% of the vote in the mayoral election in Russia's third-largest city of Novosibirsk last Sunday, and homes of three of Golos monitoring group's regional coordinators

18 September 2019 mounting campaign to release protesters and bystanders: 18 September 2019: Mounting public campaign in support of anti-government activists and even bystanders caught up in opposition rallies to be freed

22 September 2019 northwest Russia protests: 22 September 2019: Several thousand people have taken to the streets across northwest Russia to protest a controversial plan to build a major waste plant there, as protesters rallied in more than a dozen towns in the area against the dump

29 September 2019 protest against police brutality: 29 September 2019: Thousands of Russians rallied in Moscow on Sunday to demand the release of protesters jailed in what Kremlin opponents says is a campaign to stifle dissent, following allegations of police brutality and harsh jail sentences that sparked an unusual public outcry

30 September 2019: 30 septembre 2019: Un tribunal moscovite a commué lundi la lourde condamnation d'un acteur accusé de 'violences' au cours d'une manifestation en une peine d'un an de prison avec sursis

9 October 2019: 9 octobre 2019: 'Le Fonds de lutte contre la corruption', organisation gérée par le principal opposant au Kremlin Alexeï Navalny, est accusé d'être un 'agent de l'étranger'

15 October 2019 opposition offices across the country raided: 15 October 2019: Russian police on Tuesday conducted nationwide raids on the offices of opposition politician Alexei Navalny's anti-corruption foundation, as Lyubov Sobol said 'shameless bastards from the Kremlin are seeking revenge for ‘Smart Voting’ and trying to destroy a network of our offices'

20 December 2019 climate activist sentenced to six days in prison: 20 December 2019: Russian 25-year-old climate activist and violinist Arshak Makichyan has been sentenced to six days in prison for taking part in a demonstration in Moscow, as supporters said the punishment was disproportionately severe, and was one of the harshest crackdowns on student campaigners anywhere in the world

26 December 2019 Anti-Putin activist Ruslan Shaveddinov 'forcibly conscripted' and Navalny again detained: 26 December 2019: Anti-Putin activist Ruslan Shaveddinov 'forcibly conscripted' and sent to Arctic, as opposition leader Navalny says 23-year-old is a ‘political prisoner’ after being taken to secret and remote air defence base - 26 December 2019: Moscow police again detain opposition leader Navalny when police forced their way into his organization's office Thursday, according to his spokeswoman Kira Yarmysh, without information on charges

January 2020 former KGB Putin plans to stay in power past 2024: 15 January 2020: Russian government quits as regime's former KGB Putin plans to stay in power past 2024

20 February 2020: Russian lawmakers call for relaxing rules on Nazi symbols: 20 February 2020: Russian lawmakers call for relaxing rules on Nazi symbols, after Nazi Germamy committed the biggest mass murder in human history in their country

29 February protest against Putin regime: 29 février 2020: L'opposition défile contre Vladimir Poutine

10 March 2020 constitutional amendment to allow Putin to run again for president backed by his party: 10 March 2020: Russia's ruling United Russia party said it would back a constitutional amendment that would allow war criminal Putin to run for president again despite a legal limit currently prohibiting such a move

29 May 2020 protesters against arrest of Russian journalist detained: 29 May 2020: Police in Moscow and St. Petersburg detained 25 people who came out to protest Friday against the arrest of a prominent Russian journalist, the OVD-Info rights group said

2 July 2020 Putin regime wins vote that could let Putin rule until 2036: 2 July 2020: Putin regime wins Russian vote that could let regime's head Vladimir Putin rule until 2036, as amendments include also constitutional mention of ‘faith in God’

24 July 2020 Russian defendant alleges police torture: 24 July 2020: Ruslan Kostylenkov, defendant in a controversial Russian extremism case, has accused the police of beating and sexually assaulting him in order to obtain a confession, the latest accusation of police torture in a high-profile trial in the country

20 August 2020 Russian activist Alexei Navalny unconscious after being 'poisoned': 20 August 2020: Russian opposition activist Alexei Navalny is unconscious in hospital after allegedly being poisoned with a toxic substance in his tea, according to his press secretary Kira Yarmish, as Navalny has campaigned against Putin’s rule for years and was now travelling through several cities in Siberia to back candidates he supports in local elections involving 40 million voters next month, also calling for more volunteers, stating 'these crooks won’t kick themselves out of office'

21 August 2020 local doctors refuse to authorize Navalny's transfer to a top German medical facility from a Siberian hospital: 21 August 2020: Family and allies of comatose Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who has been in a coma for a day, were fighting Friday to get him flown to a top German medical facility from a Siberian hospital but local doctors refused to authorize the transfer - 21 August 2020: Alexei Navalny's wife asks Putin to let him be treated in Germany after doctors refuse to allow Kremlin critic to leave country - 21 August 2020: Kremlin says refusal to evacuate Navalny 'purely medical decision'

24 August 2020 Navalny is in serious condition: 24 August 2020: Berlin’s Charité hospital's tests indicate that Alexei Navalny was the victim of a poisoning, clinic has reported in the first medical corroboration of an attempt on the Kremlin critic’s life, while Charité hospital did not identify the specific poison responsible for Navalny’s sudden illness, saying the substance was part of a group that affects the central nervous system, and includes nerve agents and pesticides, and that Navalny is in serious condition, but 'there is currently no acute danger to his life'

13 September 2020 Russian local elections: 13 September 2020 local elections will be held including the election of the heads of 17 Republics and the election of deputies of legislative bodies in 11 districts of the Russian Federation

13-17 January 2021 Navalny will return to Russia: 13 janvier 2021: Empoisonné en août et en convalescence en Allemagne, l’opposant russe Navalny annonce qu’il rentrera en Russie le 17 janvier - 13 January 2021: Alexey Navalny says he will return to Russia on Sunday after being poisoned, and after recent reporting from investigative group Bellingcat and CNN revealed that Russia's FSB had formed an elite team specializing in nerve agents that trailed Navalny for years - 17 January 2021: Alexei Navalny to fly into Moscow in challenge to Putin, as fascist Putin regime is likely to seek retaliation for a Bellingcat investigation that traced the movements of an FSB hit team that shadowed Navalny around Russia for years, and as Navalny himself elicited a confession by telephone from one of the men who took part in the operation

17 January 2021 Alexei Navalny detained at airport on return to Russia: 17 January 2021: Alexei Navalny detained at airport on return to Russia, picked up after landing in home country following recovery from poisoning

18 January 2021 Putin murder gang continues human rights violations as Navalny forced to appear in court: 18 January 2021: Alexei Navalny has appeared in court for the first time following his arrest at Moscow’s Sheremetyevo airport, amid growing international condemnation of the Russian opposition leader’s detention, as Navalny in a video called the court hearing 'lawlessness of the highest order' and said a judge was reviewing a request from a police official to keep him in custody

19 January 2021 Kremlin highlights regime not scared of Alexei Navalny: 19 January 2021: As Kremlin spokesman highlights conspicuously regime not scared of Alexei Navalny, Putin regime likely to block protests planned for Saturday in support of jailed opposition leader

22 January 2021 Navalny team releases investigation into Putin’s wealth: 22 January 2021: Alexei Navalny’s team has released a mammoth investigation into Vladimir Putin’s wealth, including a £1bn palace on the Black Sea allegedly built for the Russian president that the opposition leader called 'the biggest bribe in history'

22 January 2021 Putin regime detains Navalny aides and warns against Saturday protests: 22 January 2021: Russia is braced for mass protests on Saturday as thousands of supporters of the opposition leader Alexei Navalny are expected to hold rallies across the country to call for his release from jail, as police are expected to break up the unsanctioned demonstrations in Moscow, St Petersburg and dozens of other cities in what allies of Navalny say is their best chance of convincing the Putin regime to free him

Since 23 January 2021 Russian protests against Putin's terrorist policy: Since 23 January 2021 Russian protests in more than 190 towns and cities in Russia, following Navalny’s almost succeeded August 2020 Novichok poisoning

23 January 2021 over 2,000 citizens arrested in Russia at Navalny rallies: 23 January 2021: The OVD-Info monitor reported that Putin regime's police seized at least 2,131 demonstrators at the protests held in dozens of Russian cities, with 795 arrests carried out in the capital Moscow, including the wife of jailed regime critic Alexei Navalny, as riot police hauled off demonstrators and beat others with batons, as protests took place in temperatures of minus-50 Celsius, following criminal arrest of regime critics, and as demonstrators also rallied outside Russian embassy in Tel Aviv in solidarity with Russian democrats - 23 January 2021: Calling for Navalny's release, tens of thousands protest in Russia, spanning from Kaliningrad in the west to Vladivostok in the far east, as the turnout of those calling for the opposition leader’s release from jail far surpassed many protesters’ expectations

27 January 2021 Russian police raid Alexei Navalny's home and offices: 27 January 2021: Russian police raid Alexei Navalny's home and offices, as pressure rises on Putin regime critic following mass protests against murderous regime

28 January 2021 fearless Alexei Navalny release bid fails and senior aides charged over protests: 28 January 2021: Fearless Alexei Navalny release bid fails and senior aides charged over protests, as Putin regime critic will remain in jail until parole hearing next week where the brave Russian citizen could be sent to penal colony and as series of inquiries meant to disrupt the protest movement that has arisen in support of the regime critic

29 January 2021 Russia braces for second weekend of pro-Navalny protests: 29 January 2021: Russia braces for second weekend of pro-Navalny protests, as opposition leader thanks supporters and says ‘they can’t put everyone in jail’

31 January 2021 police paralysed centres of Russia’s largest cities to beat back pro-democracy rallies: 31 January 2021: Police have paralysed the centres of Russia’s largest cities, including Moscow, as Putin regime sought to beat back rallies in support of jailed opposition leader Alexei Navalny, the country’s most significant protests in a decade - 31 January 2021: Navalny's wife detained in Moscow, as until now over 1,600 people have been detained during pro-Navalny rallies across Russia

January 2021 worldwide solidarity protests against Putin's terrorist policy: January 2021 solidarity protests were also held in cities around the world on 23 January, including Berlin, Munich, Prague, Krakow, Helsinki, London, Tallinn, The Hague, Denver, Vienna, Tel Aviv, Copenhagen, and Tokyo

31 January 2021 Putin's police arrest thousands of protesters demanding Navalny's release: 31 January 2021: More than 4,000 people, including Alexei Navalny’s wife Yulia were detained at rallies across Russia as supporters of the Putin regime critic took to the streets to protest against his imprisonment, following his almost succeeded August 2020 Novichok poisoning, as Putin's riot police and national guards troops shut down metro stations in Moscow and blocked off streets to prevent a repeat of last week’s record protests - The Moscow Times reports over regime's crack down on new Navalny protests

1 February 2021: Russian regime detains more than 5,000 at protests: 1 February 2021: Russian regime detains more than 5,000 at protests backing jailed Kremlin critic Navalny

2 February 2021 Navalny jailed for two years and eight months despite international condemnation: 2 February 2021: Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny jailed for two years and eight months, as court locks up Putin’s foe despite threat of protests and international condemnation, and as Navalny's supporters have called for a protest this evening near the Kremlin on Manezh Square - 2 février 2021: L’opposant russe Alexeï Navalny a qualifié sa comparution mardi devant la justice de tentative de 'faire peur à des millions' de Russes et s’est lancé dans un réquisitoire contre Vladimir Poutine

3 February 2021 1,438 more pro-democracy Russian protesters reportedly arrested amid brutal police crackdown: 3 February 2021: 1,438 more pro-democracy Russian citizens and protesters reportedly arrested amid brutal police crackdown following imprisonment of opposition leader Alexei Navalny, saying that his 32-month imprisonment will have not have 'significant influence' on Russian politics or lead to a mass protest movement similar to the one in neighbouring Belarus, as protesters detained at recent rallies in support of Navalny have complained of inhumane conditions and as police hold them in overcrowded jails or on buses in subzero temperatures days after their arrest

4 February 2021 Russian pro-Navalny detainees and relatives denounce jail conditions: 4 February 2021: Russian pro-Navalny detainees and relatives denounce jail conditions, as videos emerge from holding centre showing cells meant for eight filled with two or three times as many

5 February 2021 Putin regime expels German, Polish and Swedish diplomats over protests: 5 février 2021: Poutine régime a annoncé vendredi expulser des diplomates européens pour avoir participé à des manifestations pro-Alexeï Navalny, peu après que l’UE a jugé les relations russo-européennes au 'plus bas' du fait de l’emprisonnement et de l’empoisonnement de l’opposant

10 February 2021 Alexei Navalny's wife arrives in Germany on flight from Russia: 10 February 2021: Alexei Navalny's wife arrives in Germany on flight from Russia, as associates say departure of Yulia Navalnaya, wife of jailed opposition leader, is temporary

14 February 2021 Navalny supporters to defy Kremlin with candelit protests: 14 February 2021: Navalny supporters to defy Kremlin with candelit protests, as people set to gather in courtyards across Russia, also saying 'Putin is fear. Navalny is love. That’s why we will win', despite authorities warning they could face arrest, also on Valentine’s Day

20 February 2021 Alexei Navalny loses appeal against prison camp sentence: 20 February 2021: Moscow court has rejected an appeal from Alexei Navalny that virtually guarantees the Russian opposition figure will be sent to a prison camp for two and a half years.

27 February 2021 pro-democracy rallies in Russia remembering murdered Putin critic Boris Nemtsov: 27 février 2021: Plusieurs milliers de Russes se sont rassemblés samedi dans le centre de Moscou en mémoire de l’opposant Boris Nemtsov, l’un des principaux détracteurs du président Vladimir Poutine jusqu’à son assassinat il y a six ans

3 March 2021 Navalny succeeds to send a message: 3 mars 2021: De sa cellule, l’opposant russe Navalny assure aller 'bien', car il a réussi, actuellement dans un centre de détention à l’est de Moscou, à poster un message sur Instagram

13 March 2021 Putin regime detains scores of opposition figures at Moscow meeting: 13 March 2021: Russian regime's police detained about 150 people at a meeting of independent and opposition politicians in Moscow on Saturday, accusing them of links to an 'undesirable organisation', a monitoring group and a TV station said

15 March 2021 Alexei Navalny moved to ‘concentration camp’ known for strict control: 15 March 2021: Kremlin critic Alexei Navalny is being held in a prison camp in the Vladimir region of Russia north-east of Moscow known for its strict control of inmates, a message posted on the opposition politician’s Instagram account confirmed on Monday

31 March 2021 Navalny goes on hunger strike in protest at prison treatment: 31 March 2021: Alexei Navalny has gone on hunger strike after saying he was denied urgent medical treatment in prison, has complaining of a 'sharp deterioration' in his health since his transfer to a prison colony in the Vladimir region to serve a two-and-a-half year sentence on embezzlement charges, as the colony 60 miles from Moscow is notoriously strict and said to excel at isolating inmates from the outside world

5 April 2021 Putin passes law that may keep him in office until 2036: 5 April 2021: Vladimir Putin passes law that may keep him in office until 2036, as presidential terms ‘reset’ to allow ruler to run for presidency twice more in his lifetime, making him maybe the longest-serving leader since the Russian empire

6 April 2021 Alexei Navalny 'seriously ill' on prison sick ward, says lawyer: 6 April 2021: Alexei Navalny’s lawyer has said confirmed that the opposition leader is 'seriously ill' after reports emerged that he had been transferred to IK-2 prison colony sick ward for a respiratory illness and had been tested for covid-19, as on Tuesday Putin regime's police arrested several Navalny supporters who travelled to the prison 60 miles east of Moscow to petition for him to receive proper medical care

10 April 2021 Putin regime's police raid home of prominent journalist Roman Anin: 10 April 2021: Russian police raid home of prominent journalist Roman Anin, as officers seize phones and documents at apartment of reporter who investigated Putin regime and who worked on the Panama Papers investigations

18 April 2021 Alexei Navalny allies call for mass protests in Russia to save his life: 18 April 2021: Allies of Alexei Navalny have called on his supporters to stage mass protests on Wednesday in towns and cities all across Russia, amid a dire warning that the jailed Kremlin critic and opposition leader is now dangerously ill and could die 'at any minute'

19 April 2021 Alexei Navalny moved to hospital as fears grow: 19 April 2021: Alexei Navalny moved to hospital as fears grow for life of Putin critic, and as doctors say opposition leader, who is on hunger strike, is in danger of a heart attack or kidney failure

21 April 2021 Putin regime's police have arrested key supporters of Alexei Navalny: 21 April 2021: Putin regime's police have arrested key supporters of Alexei Navalny and begun closing down central squares in Moscow and other cities before demonstrations planned for Wednesday evening in support of the jailed opposition leader, while regime critic’s regional headquarters have also been raided as police seek to disrupt, and eventually liquidate, his political organisation across Russia, and as tensions have grown between regime and western capitals over concerns about Navalny’s health in prison, as well as Russia’s military build-up on the border with Ukraine, and accusations of aggressive Russian intelligence operations including a fatal explosion at a Czech ammunition dump in 2014

21 April 2021 thousands attend rallies calling for Navalny’s release: 21 April 2021: Thousands of Russians attend rallies calling for Alexei Navalny’s release, as allies of jailed opposition leader held as police close parts of Moscow and other cities

26 April 2021 regime’s prosecutor has suspended the activities of Alexei Navalny’s nationwide political organisation: 26 April 2021: Russian regime’s prosecutor has suspended the activities of Alexei Navalny’s nationwide political organisation ahead of a court ruling that is expected to outlaw the opposition movement as 'extremist' and threaten supporters with long jail terms

29 April 2021 Navalny has made his first public appearance, on screens: 29 April 2021: Alexei Navalny has made his first public appearance since holding a 24-day hunger strike, appearing gaunt but spirited during a courtroom appeal against a politically motivated defamation conviction

30 April 2021 Putin regime's watchdog adds Navalny network to 'terrorism' database: 30 April 2021: Russia’s state financial watchdog has added Alexei Navalny’s network of regional headquarters to a terrorism watchlist as the Putin regime appears poised to outlaw the opposition leader’s nationwide political movement

30 April 2021 Amnesty International demands the release of lawyer defending Navalny: 30 April 2021: Responding to news that Putin's FSB officers have detained Ivan Pavlov, a human rights lawyer defending the Anti-Corruption Foundation founded by Aleksei Navalny, Amnesty International’s Natalia Zviagina said that 'lawyers are the last line of defence against the government’s growing crackdown on human rights, and now the authorities are going after one of the country’s most courageous lawyers'

7 June 2021 Aleksei Navalny transferred back to his court-mandated prison: 7 juin 2021: Le principal opposant russe, Alexeï Navalny, a été transféré vers son lieu de détention habituel depuis l’hôpital pénitentiaire où il était en observation après une grève de la faim, ont indiqué ses proches et les autorités lundi - 7 June 2021 Aleksei Navalny has been transferred from prison hospital in the Correctional Colony No. 3 back to his court-mandated prison in the Vladimir region

9 June 2021 Russian court expected to outlaw Alexei Navalny’s organisation: 9 June 2021: Russian court expected to outlaw opposition politician Alexei Navalny’s nationwide political organisation on the grounds it is 'extremist', in a landmark step forward for Vladimir Putin’s crackdown on political dissent, as the highly anticipated court decision will effectively liquidate Navalny’s non-violent opposition movement and bar his allies from running for office for years, as the regime seeks to erase the jailed opposition leader from Russian political life

10 June 2021 obedient court has outlawed Navalny’s nationwide political organisation: 10 June 2021: Russian Putin regime's obedient court has outlawed opposition politician Alexei Navalny’s nationwide political organisation on the grounds it is 'extremist', as court hearing has coincided with a fierce crackdown on other opposition politicians and even lawyers who have defended the growing tide of political prisoners in court, and as trial marks a change of regime's attitude, which for years had harassed Navalny and his allies but resisted a widespread ban on street opposition, but since Navalny was targeted in a novichok poisoning last year it has grown more aggressive in its efforts to eliminate the opposition and to make a victim a perpetrator

29 June 2021 regime raids journalists probing corruption, preparing to publish against Putin’s interior minister Kolokoltsev: 29 June 2021: Russian police searched the apartments of three investigative journalists including Roman Badanin, Maria Zholobova and Mikhail Rubin, working for independent investigative outlet 'Proekt' and their relatives. as Proekt is one of the last independent media outlets focusing on in-depth investigations

26 July 2021 Putin regime blocks access to websites of Alexei Navalny and close allies: 26 July 2021: Russia blocks access to websites of Alexei Navalny and close allies, as action comes as Putin regime increases pressure on opponents and critics ahead of parliamentary elections

25 August 2021: Alexey Navalny says he is forced to watch state TV in prison and decries ‘culture of snitching’ and constant control: 25 August 2021: Alexey Navalny gives first interview from prison camp, saying he is forced to watch state television in prison and decries ‘culture of snitching’ and constant control

29 August 2021 Russia's Putin regime has silenced opposition voices using tax payers' money, approved cash payouts to potential voters: 29 August 2021: Russia's Putin regime has silenced opposition voices, approved cash payouts to potential voters, and made it nearly impossible to monitor the polls as it prepares for 'parliamentary elections' next month that the opposition has warned will be marred by fraud

17-19 September Russian Legislative elections: 17-19 September Russian Legislative elections, as 'United Russia' is the ruling party after winning the 2016 elections with 54.2% of the vote, taking 343 seats

17 September 2021 Russians will head to the polls for parliamentary elections: 17 September 2021: Russians will head to the polls for parliamentary elections that could serve as a platform for popular anger over the economy, a crackdown on dissent and the government response to the covid-19 pandemic, but the ruling Putin party 'United Russia' is likely to find a way to maintain a stranglehold on its control of the State Duma - 17 September 2021: Apple and Google accused of ‘political censorship’ over Alexei Navalny app, as Navalny’s supporters say companies deleted tactical voting app from stores after pressure from Kremlin

20 September 2021 EU and 'Golos' reported threats, intimidation and Russia’s opposition has denounced the parliamentary election as a sham: 20 September 2021: Russia’s opposition has denounced the parliamentary election as a sham, after results handed the pro-Kremlin United Russia party victory, as election watchdog 'Golos' recorded thousands of violations, including threats against observers and ballot stuffing, blatant examples of which circulated on social media, and as EU foreign affairs spokesman Stano said 'what we have seen in the run-up to these elections was an atmosphere of intimidation of all the critical independent voices' and 'there was no international independent observation'

25 September 2021 Russians join Moscow protest over parliamentary election: 25 September 2021: Moscow people, angered by last week's parliamentary election, joined a protest in central Moscow on Saturday, holding posters carrying slogans such as 'bring back the elections'

25 January 2022 Russia adds jailed regime critic Navalny to list of ‘terrorists’: 25 January 2022: Russian regime's authorities have added jailed critic Alexey Navalny and a handful of his allies to an official list of 'terrorists and extremists', as - also on Tuesday - local news agencies reported that the federal prison service had demanded that Navalny’s brother Oleg be given a jail term in place of a one-year suspended sentence handed to him last year

26 January 2022 Russia issues arrest warrant for Navalny’s brother: 26 January 2022 Russia's Putin regime issues arrest warrant for Navalny’s brother, part of ongoing criminal efforts to silence opposition voices as almost all of Alexei Navalny’s most prominent allies have fled Russia after he was jailed and his organisations were outlawed

15 February 2022 Alexei Navalny after surviving poisoning attempt faces 15 more years in prison: 15 February 2022: Alexei Navalny faces 15 more years in prison as new trial starts at penal colony far from support base where Navalny is serving a three-and-a-half-year sentence at the prison for a fabricated charge after he survived a poisoning attempt on his life in 2020 and was arrested after returning to Russia last year with the intention to tear off the mask of the brutal Putin regime walking over corpses

Since 24 February 2022 ongoing anti-war demonstrations/protests against Putin regime's invasion of Ukraine: Since 24 February 2022 ongoing anti-war demonstrations and protests in Russia against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, that sparked immediate daily protests in cities across Russia and worldwide, as Russian Putin regime's authorities have tried to intimidate the protesters through a total of 5,794 arrests by the end of Sunday 27 February - Since 24 February 2022 national and international pro-Ukrainian protests have occurred at several of Russia's embassies and consulates abroad, including those in meanwhile 59 global countries, listed by 'Wikipedia', page last edited on 1 March 2022 - Since 24 February 2022 International reactions - listed alphabetically by continent and countries - to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, also including intergovernmental and international organizations, political parties, opposition politicians and other political groups, international human rights organizations, non-governmental organizations and non-political groups, listed by continent and countries by 'Wikipedia', page last edited on 1 March 2022

22 March 2022 Alexei Navalny has been given 9 years in a 'strict regime penal colony': 22 March 2022: Russia's most prominent opposition figure Alexei Navalny has been given nine years in a 'strict regime penal colony' in a fraud case rejected by supporters as fabricated, as Navalny was detained when he returned to Russia last year, after surviving a poisoning attack he blamed on the Kremlin, and as he is already serving three and a half years in jail for breaking bail conditions while in hospital

8 July 2022 Moscow councillor jailed for 7 years for speaking out against Russia's war in Ukraine: 8 July 2022: A Moscow councillor has been jailed for seven years for speaking out against Russia's war in Ukraine - in what is said to be the first full jail term under new laws targeting dissent, as Alexei Gorinov was arrested in April after he was filmed criticising Putin's invasion of Ukraine - a war crime according to internatinal law - in a city council meeting

30 August 2022 eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev died after long illness: 30 August 2022: Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union, died after a long illness at the Moscow Central Clinical Hospital, provoking responses from many current and former world leaders and politicians - Reception and legacy of Gorbachev's politics

2 September 2022 before he died Gorbachev was shocked and bewildered by the Ukraine conflict: 2 September 2022: Mikhail Gorbachev, the last Soviet president, was shocked and bewildered by the Ukraine conflict in the months before he died and psychologically crushed in recent years by Moscow’s worsening ties with Kyiv, according to his interpreter Pavel Palazhchenko, who worked with Gorbachev for 37 years and was at his side at numerous Soviet-USA summits, and who spoke to Gorbachev a few weeks ago by phone and said he and others had been struck by how traumatised he was by events in Ukraine.

5 September 2022 Russian court sentenced ex-journalist Ivan Safronov to 22 years, finding him guilty of treason: 5 September 2022: A Russian court has sentenced ex-journalist Ivan Safronov to 22 years in a penal colony after finding him guilty of treason, as the former defence reporter Safronov for the Kommersant and Vedomosti newspapers turned adviser to the head of Russia’s space agency, was arrested in 2020 and accused of disclosing classified information

10 February 2023 Russian journalist Mikhail Fishman reported oppositional actions against Putin's Ukraine war: 10 February 2023: Mikhail Fishman reported in a blog of the Kennan Institute offering insights into Russia’s politics, history, culture and society, that 'in Krasnodar, a city in the south of Russia, a local couple has been detained after they sympathized with Ukraine in a private conversation in a restaurant, and another visitor joined their discussion, that in Nizhny Novgorod, a mechanic at an aircraft factory was fined 30,000 rubles after the authorities received a report that he was tearing leaflets supporting the Russian military off the factory walls, that in Tver, 160km northwest of Moscow, a local official reported on two women who had laid flowers and soft toys at a local memorial to victims of political repression as a tribute to the Ukrainians who had died in the shelling of a residential building in Dnipro on January 14, that in the small town of Kasimov, 300km from Russia, the police identified a woman who had left an antiwar message in a public bathroom in a local shopping mall, that in Saratov, a city on the Volga river, a doctor in a local perinatal center received the same fine, 30,000 rubles, after she said she opposed the war in Ukraine, as in Moscow, there is hardly any reminder of the war, apart from the increased number of police and the officially installed letters Z and V, emblems of Putin’s war.

North Caucasian Federal District, Committee for the Prevention of Torture in Russia, Chechen–Russian conflict and the insurgency in the North Caucasus: North Caucasian Federal District - Committee for the Prevention of Torture in Russia - Chechen–Russian conflict, a centuries-long conflict, often armed, between Russian regimes and various Chechen nationalist and Islamist forces - Insurgency in the North Caucasus, concentrated in the North Caucasus republics of Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetia and Kabardino-Balkaria

2012-2016 list of clashes in the North Caucasus: List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2012 - List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2015 - List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2016

2018 list of clashes in the North Caucasus: List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2018

2019 list of clashes in the North Caucasus: List of clashes in the North Caucasus in 2019

Politics of Chechnya: Politics of Chechnya

2012: 6 August 2012: Interior ministry troops among the dead after suspected bombers strike outside Grozny - 21 September 2012: At least 12 people killed in fighting between army and Islamist fighters in Chechnya and Kabardino-Balkaria - 21 October 2012: Raids involving both local and federal Russian troops destroyed 90 bases across several republics in North Caucasus, Russia says

2014: 2014 Grozny clashes - 4 December 2014: At least six gunmen and three policemen reportedly killed in gun battles in which a building was stormed in Grozny

2016 10 March 2016: Journalists on a tour organised by human rights activists in Chechnya have been attacked by masked men, with their minibus burned and two reporters hospitalised, according to activists - 21 March 2016: After being thrown out of his hotel in Grozny and attacked, the head of the Committee to Prevent Torture Igor Kalyapin speaks out over office raids, beatings of journalists and attack on him in street

2018 Kadyrov's oppression: 10 January 2018: Human rights activist Titiev in Chechnya faces up to 10 years in prison on drug possession charges that critics have said were trumped up by officials as revenge for his reports on rights abuses - 20 mai 2018: Quatre rebelles, deux policiers et un civil ont été tués en Tchétchénie lors d'une attaque contre une église orthodoxe, en plein centre de Grozny

September 2019 Kadyrov regime's oppression and death squads: 21 September 2019: Ramzan Kadyrov rules the Caucasus republic through fear and oppression, amid reports of torture, but those seeking asylum in Europe are not safe, as assassins hunt them down

15 July 2021 how public ‘apologies’ are used against domestic abuse victims in Chechnya: 15 July 2021: Activists say Ramzan Kadyrov’s regime uses televised confessions ‘under duress’ to hold back women’s rights, despite changes in society, as Khalimat Taramova only a couple of weeks fled her home, where she said she was subjected to violence after going against her family’s wishes, and sought help from a group of women’s rights activists, the Marem project, who let her stay in a flat in the neighbouring republic of Dagestan, then pleading for the Chechen authorities not to come looking for her, and days later the flat was raided by more than 20 men working for the Russian police and Chechen security forces, according to a journalist and activist who was present, as two activists say they were beaten and detained, and Taramova was taken back to Chechnya

Dagestan: Dagestan

May 2012: 4 May 2012: Two blasts near a police post killed at least 15 people and wounded more than 20 in Dagestan - 20. Mai 2012: Sieben Tote bei Anti-Terror-Einsätzen im Nordkaukasus - 19 August: Masked gunmen burst into a mosque in the troubled Russian Caucasus region of Dagestan, wounding eight - 28. August 2012: Selbstmordattentat auf Islamgelehrten und Amoklauf in Kaserne

May 2013: 20 May 2013: Two car bombs killed at least three people and wounded dozens of others on Monday in Dagestan's provincial capital Makhachkala - 25 May 2013: Female suicide bomber, a widow of two Islamic radicals killed by security forces, injures 18 people

April 2017 beatings and death threats part of daily life for two activists who save people and free brick workers: 2 April 2017: Beatings and death threats are part of daily life for two activists who save people and free brick workers enslaved in the remote Russian republic of Dagestan

Ingushetia: Ingushetia

August 2012 six policemen have died in Ingushetia region in a suicide bombing at the funeral of their colleague: 19 August 2012: Six policemen have died in Ingushetia region in a suicide bombing at the funeral of their colleague

Foreign relations of Russia: Foreign relations of Russia

Wars involving the Russian Empire: Wars involving the 1721-1917 Russian Empire

Until 1917 Military history of the Russian Empire: Military history of the Russian Empire, the 1547-1721 'Tsardom of Russia', and the 1721-1917 Russian Empire - Territorial changes of Russia - Foreign policy of the Russian Empire

1914-1918 European theatre of World War I: The Eastern Front of the European theatre of 1914-1918 World War I started by the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the German Empire - Allies of World War I, the members of the original 'Triple Entente of 1907' were the French Republic, the British Empire and the Russian Empire, Italy and Japan entered the war on the side of the Entente, Belgium, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Romania were affiliated members of the Entente

1889-1916 'Socialist International' and 1917 Russian Revolution against war and tsarist autocracy: 1898-1918 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party - 1889-1916 'Socialist International' organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on 14 July 1889, the anniversary of the French Revolution - 1917 Russian Revolution against war and tsarist autocracy - 'Decree on Peace' passed by the Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' Deputies on the 8 November 1917

1918 Central Powers' 'Operation Faustschlag': February/March 1918 'Operation Faustschlag', the last major offensive of the German and Austro-Hungarian empires on the Eastern Front in World War I, supported by the Social Democratic Party of Germany after it had expelled opposition members against the World War in January 1917 including Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht and Hugo Haase, capturing huge territories in the Baltics, Belarus, and Ukraine and forcing the Bolshevik government of Russia to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1918-1925 Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War: 1918-1925 Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War by the British Empire (United Kingdom and colonies, Canada, Australia, British 'Raj'), USA, French Empire, Empire of Japan, Kingdom of Greece, Kingdom of Italy, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Kingdom of Romania, Kingdom of Serbia and China to support the 'Russia White movement' and to destroy the 1917 Russian Revolution begun to abolish despotism, class rule and the causes of war

1917/1922-1991 Military history of the Soviet Union: 1917/1922-1991 Military history of the Soviet Union - The Eastern Front of World War II, theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Northern, Southern and Central and Eastern Europe from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945 - 1947-1991 'Cold War', a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc the Soviet Union, its satellite states and allies, and powers in the Western Bloc, the USA, its NATO allies and others, including several regional conflicts and wars

Since 1936 Foreign military aid of the Soviet Union: Foreign military aid of the Soviet Union, since 1936 supporting the 1931-1939 Second Spanish Republic against the allied fascists

1939-1945 European theatre of World War II: Eastern Front of the European theatre of 1939-1945 World War II started by the German Empire - Allies of World War II promoted the alliance as seeking to stop German, Japanese and Italian aggression, in 1939 the 'Allies' consisted of France, Poland and the United Kingdom, colonies and dependent states such as the British India and was formalised by the Declaration by 'United Nations', from 1 January 1942, the basis of the United Nations in 1945 with 51 member states and today 193

1941–1945 Jews in the Red Army: 1941–1945 Jews in the Red Army - from 1941 to 1945 between 350,000 and 500,000 Jews served in various roles in the Red Army during the Soviet-German war of 1941-1945, in the Red Army itself the estimates of the number of Jews killed during the war range from 120,000 to 142,000

1949/1950, following World War II: Founded in 1950, the 'World Peace Council' was an international organization that advocates universal disarmament, sovereignty, independence, peaceful co-existence, and campaigns against imperialism, weapons of mass destruction and all forms of discrimination - 1947-1991 Soviet influence on the peace movement - Founded in 1949 'Soviet Peace Committee' was a state-sponsored organization responsible for coordinating respective movements active in the Soviet Union, and existed until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991

March 1950: On 15 March 1950 the 'World Peace Council' approved the Stockholm Appeal initiated by the French Communist physicist Frédéric Joliot-Curie, calling for an absolute ban on nuclear weapons and gathering petitions allegedly signed by 273,470,566 persons including the entire adult population of the U.S.S.R.

1985-1990/91 Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU: 1985-1990/91 Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU, the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev's domestic policies: Domestic policies

Gorbachev's foreign policy: Foreign policy

Since 1991 Military history of the Russian Federation: Since 1991 Military history of the Russian Federation - Military budget of the Russian Federation

Russian military installations and bases abroad: Military installations of Russia in other countries - List of Russian military bases abroad

Since 1991: Following the 1991 breakup of the Soviet Union, the 'World Peace Council' lost most of its support, dwindled to a small core group and lost most of its income and most of its staff - 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union - Since 1991 KGB sans phrase, now without Soviet flag, remaining in power - the main secret police, intelligence and counter-intelligence force since 1954, as a direct successor of such preceding agencies as the Cheka, NKGB, and MGB, now split into the Federal Security Service and the Foreign Intelligence Service

Since 1999/2000 Putin's KGB-regime and Russia's foreign policy: Russia's foreign policy and Putin regime since 1999/2000

Propaganda and cyberwarfare in the Russian Federation: Propaganda in the Russian Federation

Since 2013/2014 Ukrainian crisis in Russian media and critical reactions in Russia: Since 2013/2014 media portrayal of the Ukrainian crisis and critical reactions in Russia

Cyberwarfare by Russia includes denial of service attacks, hacker attacks, dissemination of disinformation and propaganda, participation of state-sponsored teams in political blogs, internet surveillance using SORM technology, persecution of cyber-dissidents and other active measures, according to investigative journalist Andrei Soldatov, some of these activities have been coordinated by the Russian signals intelligence, which is part of the FSB and was formerly a part of the 16th KGB department

Russian hacker groups: 22 June 2017: The World’s most dangerous hacker groups include 'Fancy Bear', which comes out of the GRU, Russia’s military intelligence agency, 'Cozy Bear', which represents the FSB, Russian antivirus firm Kaspersky and Sandworm group, believed to be associated with the Russians

Since 2003 'web brigades' and 'Internet Research Agency': Since 2003 Russian 'web brigades' (known as Russia's troll army, Russian bots, Kremlinbots, troll factory, or troll farms) are state-sponsored anonymous Internet political commentators and trolls linked to the Russian Putin regime, participants report that they are organized into teams and groups of commentators that participate in Russian and international political blogs and Internet forums using sockpuppets and large-scale orchestrated trolling and disinformation campaigns to promote pro-Putin and pro-Russian propaganda - Since 2013 'Internet Research Agency' (known in Russian Internet slang as the Trolls from Olgino), a Russian company based in Saint Petersburg and engaged in online influence operations on behalf of Russian business and political interests

Propaganda and use of social media in the Russian Federation: Propaganda and use of social media in the Russian Federation

September 2018: 13 September 2018: Russian social network hosts 'Miss Hitler' beauty pageant

Since 2011 Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War: Since 2011 Russian involvement in Assad's war against the Syrian people

Since 2011 vetoed UN Security Council resolutions on Syria, vetoed by Russia and China: Vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions on Syria, vetoed by Russia and China since 2011

Since 2015 Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War: Since 2015 Russian military intervention in Assad's war against the Syrian people

2016: 22 January 2016: Russian warships make display of might in eastern Mediterranean off coast of Syria - 30 June 2016: Thanks in no small part to Russia, Hezbollah is now a full-fledged army, learning Russian methods of war, becoming familiar with advanced Russian weaponry, coming to understand the latest Russian technologies, and in some cases, actually fighting alongside Russian special forces - 6 July 2016: Three Palestinians were killed and at least five injured by apparent Russian airstrikes on Monday targeting the Khan al-Shih neighborhood southwest of Damascus which is considered a Palestinian refugee camp, causing heavy damage to civilian houses and destroying a building housing the foundation’s Child Friendly Space, according to the Jafra Foundation - 14 November 2016: Russian regime's warplane MiG-29 has crashed into the eastern Mediterranean as it was coming in to land on the Admiral Kuznetsov aircraft carrier off the coast of Syria - 21 November 2016: Russian MiG-29 jet fighter from the Admiral Kuznetsov carrier reportedly crashed into the sea because the arrestor gear rope snapped and engine failure

24 November 2016: 24 November 2016: Russia and terror organization Hezbollah have begun 'official' military coordination in Syria at the behest of Russian regime, establishing 'continual' communication and shared channels between the two sides over what’s happening on the battlefield, as Russia is especially interested in coordinating with Hezbollah’s infantry on the ground in Aleppo

Since 2014 Crimea annexation following Russian military intervention in Ukraine:

2013: 28 March 2013: Russia's Putin ordered unscheduled military exercises involving thousands of troops and dozens of ships in the Black Sea region

Since 2014: Russian military intervention in Ukraine since February 2014 - Since 2014 Crimea crisis

Since 2013-2015: International sanctions during the 2013–15 Ukrainian crisis

9 March 2020 trial of Russians and one allied Ukrainian accused of murdering 298 people in MH17 case: 9 March 2020: The trial of three Russians and one Ukrainian accused of murdering 298 people in the shooting down of the MH17 aircraft over eastern Ukraine has begun in the Netherlands, as presiding judge Hendrik Steenhuis said 'the loss of so many lives and the manner in which they so abruptly ended is barely conceivable', and as murderous and coward Russian Putin regime has always denied any involvement in the brutal shooting down of the civilian plane and war crimes in Syria

International membership of the Russian Federation, obstruction and aggression: International membership of the Russian Federation - Multilateral relations of Russia

Russia/United Nations relations: Russia/United Nations relations

1945-1991 Soviet Union and the United Nations: 1945-1991 Soviet Union and the United Nations - In 1945 at the behest of the USA the Soviet Union took a role in the establishment of the UN, insisting that there be veto rights in the Security Council and that alterations in the United Nations Charter be unanimously approved by the five permanent members

1985-1990/91 Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU: 1985-1990/91 Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU, the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev's foreign policy: Foreign policy

1991/1992: The legality of the 1991/1992 Russia's succession of the Soviet Union's UN membership, including its permanent membership on the Security Council in UN, questioned by international lawyer Yehuda Z. Blum, who opined that 'with the demise of the Soviet Union itself, its membership in the UN should have automatically lapsed and Russia should have been admitted to membership in the same way' as other states

2013: 9 June 2013: We can't accept Russia's offer to replace Golan peacekeepers, UN says - 5 September 2013: Russia holding UN Council 'hostage' on Syria, US says - 22 November: UN-mandated International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ordered Russia to release Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise and its 30 crew members in return for a €3.6 billion bond to be paid by the Netherlands

2014: 5 March 2014: UN special envoy, Dutch diplomat Robert Serry, was forced to abandon a mission to Ukraine's Russian-occupied Crimea region after being stopped by armed men and besieged inside a cafe by a hostile crowd shouting 'Russia! Russia!' - 13 March 2014: The UN Security Council is discussing a possible resolution that would reaffirm Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity - 15 March: Russia vetoes UN resolution against Crimea referendum - 27 March: Backing Ukraine’s territorial integrity, UN General Assembly declares Crimea secession vote invalid - 29 March: Russia threatened several Eastern European, Asian and African states with retaliation if they voted in favor of a UN resolution against its annexation of Crimea, UN diplomats say - 2 April: In a diplomatic blow to Russia, the UN will continue to view Crimea as part of Ukraine in line with a General Assembly resolution - 14 April: As UN Security Council meets over Ukraine and well-organised pro-Russian attackers using Russian-origin automatic weapons, Britain's UN ambassador says Russia had massed tens of thousands of well-equipped troops near the Ukrainian border in addition to the 25,000 troops it recently moved into Crimea to seize it - 13 June 2014: The Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people calls on UN, OSCE to protect civilians in Crimea - 17 June: Russia again finds no support at UN Security Council for a resolution on the humanitarian situation in Ukraine - 6 August: UN Security Council supports Ukraine, points to Russia as a source of military crisis

2015: 1 March 2015: UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on Saturday condemned the assassination of Russian opposition leader Boris Nemtsov adding that he expects the perpetrators to be brought to justice swiftly - 19 March: Russia refuses to participate in UN Security Council meeting on Crimea - 21 March 2015: Russia to block UN mission in Donbas and will not vote in the UN Security Council on the draft resolution to deploy peacekeepers, regime's Lavrov says - 24 October 2015: UNHCR's Amin Awad says that Russian airstrikes and increased fighting around the Syrian city of Aleppo had contributed to the 'dynamic of displacement', with about 30,000 displaced, as the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs puts the number at 50,000 - 31 October 2015: Making reference to the 'brazen and brutal erosion of respect for international humanitarian law', which was characterized by indiscriminate attacks on civilians areas, such as one reported yesterday in a marketplace in Syria and credited to government forces, UN's Ban Ki-moon along with the head of the ICRC calls for action to stop suffering by ending conflict, saying 'Enough is enough' - 2 November 2015: Assad regime’s air force is dropping dozens of barrel bombs on areas across Syria, just one day after Russia's ambassador to the UN Vitaly Churkin’s announcement that the Assad regime stopped the use of barrel bombs - 3 November 2015: At least 191 civilians were killed in Douma during the month of October as regime and Russian air strikes targeted several neighborhoods of the city, with 74 deaths recorded over the last three days - 2 December 2015: Citing Russia's bombing of the Al-Khafsa water treatment facility in Aleppo province on Thursday Unicef's Hanaa Singer condemns airstrikes cutting water supplies to Aleppo, noting that 'the rules of war, including those meant to protect vital civilian infrastructure, continue to be broken on a daily basis'

2016: 28 October 2016: It was the first time Russia and one of the permanent five members of the security council had failed to get elected to the HRC since its formation a decade ago, and followed a campaign by human rights groups opposing Russian membership because of its role in the bombing of Syrian cities, eastern Aleppo in particular

August 2017: 7 August 2017: UN Syria investigator Carla del Ponte quits over concern about Russian obstruction

September 2017: 5 September 2017: Russian Putin regime threatens to veto UNIFIL mandate and renewal of UN peacekeeper force if Lebanon-based terror organization Hezbollah, its ally in Assad's war against the Syrian people, mentioned

November 2017: 14 November 2017: Russian Putin regime rejects 26 of 29 USA proposals for UN peacekeeping force in Donbas

April 2018: 18 April 2018: OPCW rejects Russian claims of second Salisbury nerve agent

8 November 2019 Russian support of terrorism in Donbas: 8 novembre 2019: La Cour internationale de justice s'est déclarée compétente pour juger une affaire entre la Russia et l'Ukraine, qui accuse la Russie de financer le terrorisme en soutenant les rebelles séparatistes dans l'est de l'Ukraine

8 September 2020 UN urges Russia to probe Navalny poisoning: 8 September 2020: UN rights chief calls on Russian regime to conduct or cooperate with a 'thorough, transparent, independent and impartial investigation' into the alleged nerve agent attack on Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny

3 February 2021 UN office voiced deep dismay at the sentencing of A. Navalny calling for the immediate release of protesters: 3 February 2021: UN human rights office voiced deep dismay on Wednesday at the sentencing of Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny, calling for the immediate release of peaceful protesters, including some 1,400 arrested on Tuesday, as UN's spokeswoman Ravina Shamdasani also said, concerning a 2014 suspended sentence in an embezzlement case, 'that the European Court of Human Rights had in 2017 already unanimously found to be arbitrary, unfair and manifestly unreasonable'

28 October 2021 UN experts urge CAR above all to cut ties with Russia's mercenaries: 28 October 2021: UN experts urged the CAR to cut ties with Russia's Wagner group, accusing the private security force of violent harassment, intimidation and sexual abuse. Wagner personnel have been reported in the CAR and other African countries, as well as in Syria and Libya, and Mali's junta has also contemplated a deal, as French FM Le Drian has called them 'a company of Russian mercenaries which makes war by proxy on Russia's account', adding that 'even if Russia denies it, nobody is fooled'.

Since February 2022 escalating Putin regime's war crimes in Ukraine, despite UN Charter's prohibition: Since 24 February 2022 fresh and escalating wave of Russian Putin regime's war crimes in Ukraine, as - according to many specialists - the invasion of Ukraine, part of the Russo-Ukrainian War that started in 2014, violated the Charter of the United Nations prohibition on aggression and constitutes a crime of aggression according to international criminal law. Many indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas by Russian forces have occurred during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which may constitute war crimes

21 February 2023 Russia will halt participation in New Start nuclear arms treaty: 21 February 2023: Russia's dictator Putin has said Russia will halt its participation in New Start, the last major remaining nuclear arms control treaty with the USA, in a speech devoted to the one-year anniversary of Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine

Russian regime and the international criminal court:

November 2016: 16 November 2016: Russian regime is formally withdrawing its signature from the founding statute of the International Criminal Court, a day after the court published a report classifying the Russian annexation of Crimea as an occupation - 16 November 2016: Russia’s announcement that it was formally withdrawing its signature from the founding statute of the International Criminal Court is designed 'to evade accountability for the war crimes its forces are committing against civilians in Syria', Syrian Coalition says

December 2019 UN report predicts 'bleak outlook' for the world as compliance with international law is declining: 5 December 2019: Attacks on healthcare workers have reached a record high according to UN’s global humanitarian overview 2020 report, that predicts a 'bleak outlook' for the world’s poorest people due to intense armed conflict and the climate emergency, as the number of highly violent conflicts has risen to 41, from 36 in 2018, causing deaths, injuries, significant displacement and hunger, and as compliance with international law is declining, while attacks against aid and health workers in areas hit by conflict are putting 'millions of people at risk' by denying them care and aid

Putin regime's war crimes, regime's terrorism and politics of lying:

November 2006: November 2006 Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko in London using Polonium-210 produced in state-regulated nuclear reactors

Since 17 July 2014: International reactions to the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 shootdown by Russian BUK missile

2015: 8 October 2015: 'Bellingcat' says that scenarios of the terrorist downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 in July 2014 'presented by the Russian Ministry of Defense and Almaz-Antey are at best deeply flawed, and at worst show a deliberate attempt to mislead using fabricated evidence' - 17 December 2015: Putin admits Russian military in Ukraine at annual marathon press conference - 25 December 2015: Amnesty International responds to Russia's denial of committing war crimes in Syria, saying that the organization has compelling evidence that Russian airstrikes targeted civilians in markets, hospitals, mosques and populated areas and evidence of the use of cluster bombs

2016: 13 May 2016: Eastern Ukraine and Syria become a testing ground for Russian regime's modernized military equipment and weaponry in combat conditions, according to regime's Putin - 19 September 2016: Sweden, USA, Romania, Denmark, Estonia and Lithuania declared they do not recognize Russian MP's to be elected in Crimea

March 2018: 4 March 2018 Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in Salibury using 'novichok'

April 2018: 18 April 2018: OPCW rejects Russian claims of second Salisbury nerve agent - 25 April 2018: Russian regime says it has nothing to do with Russian contractors fighting in Syria but on three recent occasions groups of men flying in from Damascus headed straight to a defense ministry base in Molkino, Reuters reporters witnessed

Since 1996 Russia in the Council of Europe: Since 1996 Russian membership in the Council of Europe, founded on 5 May 1949 by the 'Statute of the Council of Europe' (Treaty of London), signed by Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and United Kingdom - List of Council of Europe treaties

Russia/Europe relations:

2012/2013: 19 October 2012: The member of anti-Kremlin punk group Yekaterina Samutsevich freed on appeal has taken her case to the European Court of Human Rights, her lawyer said on Friday, accusing Russia of violating her right to freedom of speech and illegally detaining her - 25 July 2013: The European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russian officials violated the rights of jailed Mikhail Khodorkovsky, but the court rejected his claim that his trial was political

2014: 24 September 2014: Russia's FSB spy agency’s interception of data including texts and emails challenged by Russian journalist and now examined by European Court of Human Rights - 31 October: OSCE outraged at Russian actor Porechenkov's shooting in Donetsk at the positions of Ukrainian forces in a helmet with the inscription 'Press'

2015: 6 February: France's Hollande and Germany's Merkel in truce talks in Ukraine and Russia as TV report from Debaltseve shows 'a town almost too dangerous to live in' due to Russian weapons - 24 February: Russian regime's Lavrov leaves Normandy format talks in Paris - 28 May 2015: Nato's Jens Stoltenberg says Russian plans such as the deployment of nuclear-capable missiles near the Polish border and to move nuclear forces in Crimea are 'deeply troubling and dangerous' - 3 September 2015: Aggression of the Russian Federation in Ukraine poses a challenge to security in Europe, the representatives of eight Nordic-Baltic countries say at a meeting on regional security in Copenhagen

2016: 31 March 2016: 'Russian aggression in Ukraine is security threat for the entire European continent', Professor Valbona Zeneli says in Kyiv, adding that 'there is a strong need for cooperative approaches to these challenges' - 5 December 2016: To tackle the Russian aggression in Europe, the USA will boost its presence on the continent, the USA's Air Force Secretary Deborah James tells Reuters, adding that she's considering 'Russia to be the biggest threat'

17 February 2021 ECHR tells Russia to free Alexei Navalny on safety grounds: The European court of human rights has told Russia to free Alexei Navalny, prompting a new standoff between Europe and Moscow over the fate of Vladimir Putin’s staunchest critic, as in the ruling published on Wednesday, the Strasbourg-based court granted Navalny a temporary release from jail because it said the government 'could not provide sufficient safeguards for his life and health'

Russia a participating state in the OSCE: Since 1990 Russian Federation a participating state in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe - 1975 'Helsinki Accords' of the 'Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe' of 35 states, including the USA, Canada, and all European states except Albania and Andorra, enumerate 10 articles including 'Refraining from the threat or use of force', 'Inviolability of frontiers', 'Territorial integrity of States', 'Peaceful settlement of disputes' and 'Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms', and represent a political commitment by all signatories - Legal status, structure and institutions of the OSCE

Since 1996 Arctic Council Russian membership: Since 1996 Arctic Council Russian membership

Arctic policy of Russia and territorial claims: Arctic policy of Russia - Territorial claims in the Arctic

2007: 2 August 2007: Russia claims North Pole by planting flag on seabed

2013 'Arctic Sunrise' Greenpeace protests: September 2013 'Arctic Sunrise' Greenpeace protests against Russian Gazprom - Gazprom's Prirazlomnaya oil platform and environmental issues - 2013 Greenpeace Arctic Sunrise ship case - 20 September 2013: Russia to tow Greenpeace ship to the port of Murmansk after armed raid - 25 September: The Netherlands asks Russia for the immediate release of 30 Greenpeace activists arrested for a high seas protest against Arctic oil exploration - 27 September: Russian court orders Greenpeace activists to be held without charge - 27 September: The 30 activists from the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise being held by Russia hail from 18 different countries - 29 septembre: Un tribunal russe a ordonné dimanche le placement en détention pour deux mois de six autres membres de l'équipage du navire de Greenpeace, l'Arctic Sunrise - 4 octobre: Trente militants de Greenpeace inculpés de 'piraterie' par la justice russe - 5 October: Greenpeace solidarity protests worldwide to free journalists and activists held in Russian prison - 9 octobre: La Russie accentue la pression sur les militants Greenpeace de l'Arctique - 17 octobre: 11 Prix Nobel de la Paix écrivent à Poutine prenant la défense des 30 membres d'équipage d'un navire de Greenpeace arrêtés en septembre - 21 October: The Netherlands on Monday asked the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea to order Russia to free the crew of the Greenpeace activist ship Arctic Sunrise - 23 octobre: La Russie réduit les charges de l'équipage Greenpeace à 'hooliganisme', punissable de sept ans - 27 octobre: Des militants de Greenpeace dénoncent leurs conditions de détention - 16 November: Greenpeace organised protests in 263 cities around the world on Saturday to mark two months since 30 of its environmental activists were jailed in Russia - 21 novembre: Huit militants de Greenpeace libérés sous caution en Russie - 22 November: UN-mandated International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea orders Russia to free Greenpeace activists - 25 December: Russia drops charges against 19 Greenpeace activists - 27 December: Dutch Greenpeace activist Faiza Oulahsen who spent more than two months in Russian prison says the ordeal has made her 'even more dedicated' to saving the Arctic environment - 28 décembre: Des militants de Greenpeace amnistiés demandent des excuses à la Russie - 25 August 2015: A court in the Netherlands has ordered Russia to pay compensation for seizing the Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise during a protest against an offshore oil platform two years ago, ruling that Russia violated international maritime conventions

2015: 21 June 2015: As Russia's Arctic territorial claims encompass an area of roughly 1.2m sqkm, regime announces deploying new radar stations and fighter aircraft on islands - 25 July 2015: Russian military strengthens forces in oil-rich Arctic region

2014 Russia's suspension from 'Group of Eight' G8 and sanctions: Russia's suspension from the G8 nations after its 2014 military intervention in Ukraine - List of individuals sanctioned during the 2014 Crimean crisis - 24 March 2014: G7 countries snub Putin and refuse to attend planned G8 summit in Russia amid fears of further Russian military moves in Ukraine, warning Russia of more sanctions if Ukraine crisis escalates - 26 April 2014: In a joint statement the G7 nations say they will act urgently to intensify 'targeted sanctions' on Russian regime

Bilateral relations of Russia: Bilateral relations of Russia

Russia/Afghanistan relations: Russia/Afghanistan relations

1979-1992 history of Afghanistan and foreign powers:: 1979-1992 history of Afghanistan - Soviet–Afghan War 1979-1989, Mujahideen insurgent groups, who received aid from several Western and Muslim countries, fought against the Soviet Army and allied Afghan forces, 850,000–1.5 million civilians were killed in the conflict - 1989-1992 phase of the Afghan Civil War began after the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan, leaving the Afghan communist government to fend for itself against the Mujahideen - War in Afghanistan 1978–present

2015 Putin regime's exchange information with the Taliban and wants to supply weapons: 23 December 2015: Russia wants to supply weapons to Afghanistan and has established communication channels to exchange information with the Taliban, Putin's special envoy on Afghanistan Zamir Kabulov tells Interfax

2017: 24 April 2017: Russia is sending weapons to Taliban, USA general confirms - 3 May 2017: Amid recent accusations by the USA military that Russian regime is supplying weapons and possibly funding to the Taliban, it has been courting influential Afghans, expressing veiled criticism of the NATO-led mission there

May 2019 Taliban terrorists in Moscow for talks: 28 May 2019: Hosting Taliban delegates, Russian regime calls for withdrawal Of foreign forces from Afghanistan

14 September 2019 Taliban terrorists in Moscow: 14 September 2019: Taliban terrorists have sent a delegation to Russia to discuss prospects for a withdrawal of USA troops from Afghanistan following the collapse of talks with the USA following a series of terror attacks in the country, causing many civilian casualtier - 2019 terrorist incidents in Afghanistan

15/16 September 2019 Farah, Ghazni and Logar attacks: 16 September 2019: At least five civilians, including women and children, were killed when their vehicle struck a roadside bomb in western Farah province on Sunday, where the Taliban are active, as on Monday a sticky bomb attached to a mini bus belonging to Ghazni University exploded and killed the bus driver, wounding five Ghazni University students

31 October 2022 Russia recruiting Afghan special forces who fought with USA to fight in Ukraine: 31 October 2022: Afghan special forces soldiers who fought alongside American troops and then fled to Iran after the chaotic USA withdrawal last year are now being recruited by the Russian military to fight in Ukraine, three former Afghan generals have told the Associated Press. They said the Russians want to attract thousands of the former elite Afghan commandos into a 'foreign legion' with offers of steady, $1,500-a-month payments and promises of safe havens (if they survive, otherwise a place in the heaven like Afghan president since 1986 Mohammad Najibullah) for themselves and their families so they can avoid deportation home to what many assume would be death at the hands of the Taliban - 1947 – 27 September 1996 Mohammad Najibullah's resignation in 1992, shortly after which the Taliban took over Kabul. After a failed attempt to flee to India, Najibullah lived in the UN headquarters until his assassination by the Taliban after their capture of the city

Russia/Africa relations: Russia/Africa relations

21st century Russian mining incl. gold in several African countries: Since 1993 Severstal ('Northern Steel'), a Russian company mainly operating in the steel and mining industry, headquartered in Cherepovets, listed on the Moscow Exchange and LSE, the largest steel company in Russia, as it is majority-owned and controlled by billionaire Alexey Mordashov. Severstal owns major industrial facilities in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, France, and Italy, as well as in several African countries. The company also has mining assets, thus securing its supply of raw materials. - Russian 'Nord Gold S.E.' since 2007 gold mining in Burkina Faso with several mines including Bissa mine, Bouly mine and Taparko mine

September 2018: 11 September 2018: Russia is engaged in a frantic new scramble for influence in Africa, which is being spearheaded by a rash of military cooperation and arms deals signed across the continent in 2018, raising fears over the human rights and security implications of selling arms to regimes that are weak or in conflict

June 2019 Russian effort to exert influence in Africa: 11 June 2019: Russian regime is seeking to bolster its presence in at least 13 countries across Africa by building relations with existing rulers, striking military deals, and grooming a new generation of 'leaders' and undercover 'agents', leaked documents reveal

August 2019 Russia pushing unsuitable nuclear power in Africa: 28 August 2019: Russian regime is attempting to gain influence in Africa and earn billions of pounds by selling developing nations nuclear technology that critics say is unsuitable and unlikely to benefit the continent’s poorest people

6 August 2020 Russia's Putin making Africa a priority, massively expanding military presence: 6 August 2020: Russian regime's Putin is making Africa a priority, massively expanding military presence, in particular intending to set up military bases in six regions, Central African Republic, Madagascar, Eritrea, Mozambique, Egypt, and Sudan, according to German intelligence ageny's classified report, seen by newspaper

27 November 2020 UN Sudan expert's links to Russian oligarch Prigozhin revealed: 27 November 2020: Leaked documents show links between an academic serving on a UN expert panel on Sudan, and Yevgeny Prigozhin, the Russian oligarch under USA sanctions who has led Russia’s recent push into Africa, as - according to the USA - Prigozhin runs the Wagner group, which has sent mercenaries to countries including Sudan, Libya and the Central African Republic, and is also behind a notorious internet troll factory that supported Donald Trump

24 December 2021 presence of Russian mercenaries in Mali, also present in more African countries, denounced: 24 December 2021: A number of western countries have denounced the presence of Russian mercenaries in Mali, as in a joint letter, 15 countries including France, Germany and Canada condemned the deployment of paramilitary company Wagner on Malian territory, as the letter did not threaten Bamako with the departure of foreign forces currently involved in anti-jihadist fighting. Previously, French president, Emmanuel Macron, said that the presence of Wagner's forces in Mali would be incompatible with the presence of French soldiers.

23 April 2022 Russia has deployed its 'Wagner Group' in operations across at least half a dozen African nations: 23 April 2022: Russia has deployed the 'Wagner Group' with Russian mercenaries in military operations across at least half a dozen African nations.

Since 1945 Russian/Arab League relations: Russian/Arab League relations since 1945 Soviet Union, since 1992 Russian Federation

Russia/Argentina relations: Russia/Argentina relations

2018: 2 mars 2018: Le cerveau russe présumé d'un incroyable trafic de cocaïne utilisant une dépendance de l'ambassade russe en Argentine a été arrêté en Allemagne

Russia/Armenia relations: Russia/Armenia relations

2015: 15 January 2015: Thousands demonstrate against Kremlin influence after a Russian soldier is accused of killing a family of six

2016: 27 May 2016: Russia sued by relatives of Armenian Avetisyan family, massacred by Russian soldier Valery Permyakov in 2015

Russia/Australia relations: Russia/Australia relations

April 2014 Russian ambassador to Australia called in to explain troops in Crimea: 3 April 2014: Russian ambassador to Australia called in to explain troops in Crimea - 13 October 2014: Australia PM says will confront Putin at G20 over the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 and the murder of Australian citizens - 18 October: Putin agrees to use his influence with pro-Russian separatists in Ukraine to aid the investigation into the crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 brought down by an explosion consistent with a surface-to-air missile, Australia's Julie Bishop says - 19 October: Parents of three children Mo, Evie and Otis, who were killed with their grandfather Nick Norris in the downing of flight MH17, call for an end to war saying their lives are an 'ongoing hell'

2015 Australia excluded from Syria peace talks after Russian objection: 16 November 2015: Australia, which is participating in airstrikes against Islamic State terrorists, excluded from Syria peace talks involving 20 countries or regional groupings, after Russian objection

2016 Bellingcat names Russia Defence Ministry and Putin possibly involved in July 2014 MH17 crash: 24 February 2016: Bellingcat names those possibly involved in July 2014 MH17 crash, including Russia Defence Ministry and Putin - 18 May 2016: NSW Coroner Michael Barnes has found the deaths of six NSW passengers in the Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 crash were caused by 'deliberate, malicious acts' - 21 May 2016: Australian law firm wants compensation from Russian regime for MH17 crash and its President Putin on behalf of families of victims of July 2014 catastrophe, the relevant application was submitted to the European Court of Human Rights on 9 May 2016

September/October 2016 MH17 'killers' will be brought to justice: 28/29 September 2016: MH17 'killers' will be brought to justice, says Australian PM Malcolm Turnbull, adding that Australia will continue to pursue Russia after two-year international investigation found Malaysian Airlines plane was downed by missile from Russia - 2 October 2016: Australia’s FM Julie Bishop says that Russian-backed separatists responsible for shooting down the Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 in Ukraine, killing 298 people including 38 Australians, could face a Lockerbie-style prosecution once the investigation has concluded, and that other legal avenues are required because Russia would likely veto any moves by the UN security council to bring to trial those responsible

October 2016 protests opposed to Russian military intervention in Syria: 7 October 2016: Protesters opposed to Russian military intervention in Syria gathered outside the Russian Embassy in Canberra, with some carrying placards comparing Russian regime's Vladimir Putin to Adolf Hitler

July 2017 MH17 case: 16 July 2017: Australia says MH17 perpetrators, shot down by a Russian-made Buk missile in July 2014, may be tried in absentia - 17 July 2017: Bellingcat's team of investigative journalists has released report summarizing all major open source evidence surrounding the downing of MH17 in an easy-to-read 73-page survey, naming Buk 332 of the Russian Armed Forces to be the only credible candidate for the missile launcher that downed MH17

May 2018 Russia formally accused of downing MH17: 25 May 2018: Australia and the Netherlands have formally accused Russia of being responsible for downing a Malaysia Airlines passenger jet in July 2014, after international Joint Investigation Team identified the missile used to shoot down the plane as coming from Russia's armed forces, murdering all 298 people on board

June 2018 Australian government joins UK in state boycott of World Cup 2018 in Russia: 8 June 2018: Australian government joins UK in state boycott of World Cup 2018 in Russia

July 2018 Perth parents of children who died when flight MH17 was shot down: 17 July 2018: The Perth parents of three children who died when Malaysian Airlines flight MH17 was shot down over Ukraine have condemned USA's Donald Trump for his refusal to hold the Russia's Vladimir Putin to account over the downing, killing 298 people including 38 Australians

Russia/Austria relations: Russia/Austria relations

December 2016: 20 December 2016: Austrian Freedom Party's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Austrian party founded by former Nazis, signed a cooperation agreement with Russian Vladimir Putin's United Russia party and met with Michael Flynn, President-elect Donald Trump's nominee for national security adviser at Trump Tower in New York (USA)

November 2018: 9 November 2018: Austria has arrested a retired army colonel on suspicion of spying for Russian regime since 1990, saying the case and allegations of espionage in the Netherlands, 'don’t improve relations between Russia and the European Union'

Russia/Baltics relations: In 1991 Baltic countries claimed de facto independence, international recognition followed, and in 1998 Russia officially ended its military presence in the Baltics

2015: 7 November 2015: The Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia demand Russia pay compensation for decades of repressive Soviet rule

Russia/Belarus relations: Russia/Belarus relations

2014 Russia and 'Eurasian Economic Union': Eurasian Economic Union will go into effect on 1 January 2015 if treaty is approved by each country - Eurasia - continental landmass of Europe and Asia - 29 May 2014: Ex-Soviet trade bloc treaty 'Eurasian Economic Union', uniting Russian, Kazakh, Belarusian economies into market, signed in Moscow

April 2015 Lukashenko refuses to attend 'Victory Day Parade in Mocow' with Chinese regime's Xi Jinping and North Korea's dictator Kim Jong Un: 19 April 2015: Belarus' Lukashenko refuses to attend Victory Day Parade in Mocow on May 9 as Chinese regime's Xi Jinping and North Korea's dictator Kim Jong Un are the most high-profile leaders to attend

October 2015 Belarus doesn't want to host a Russian military air base: 7 October 2015: Belarus doesn't want to host a Russian military air base, Lukashenko says following protests against his rule and reported Russian plans to beef up military presence

January 2019: 19 January 2019: Belarusian model Anastasia Vashukevich, who claimed she had proof of Russian collusion with the Trump 2016 election campaign, in Russian custody after police 'dragged' her from a transit zone in Moscow’s airport, her lawyer told AFP, branding the arrest an 'international scandal'

24 December 2019 Belarus' Lukashenko warns Putin against forceful merger: 24 décembre 2019: Le président bélarusse Loukachenko a mis en garde mardi les autorités russes contre une union sous la contrainte entre son pays et la Russie, qui discutent depuis des années d'une hypothétique fusion en un seul Etat

29 July 2020 dozens of militants detained near Minsk part of Russia's PMC Wagner: 29 July 2020: Belarus security forces overnight Wednesday apprehended just outside Minsk as many as 32 militants with Russia's Wagner private military company, whose fighters had been earlier spotted in various hotspots across the world, including Syria, Libya, and Donbas

16 August 2020 Putin tells Lukashenko Russia ready to provide 'help': 16 August 2020: Putin tells Lukashenko Russia ready to provide 'help' in accordance with a collective military pact if necessary, Russian regime said in a statement

3 February 2022 Russia has sent some 30,000 combat troops, modern weapons to Belarus, NATO says: 3 February 2022: Russia has been moving some 30,000 combat troops and modern weapons to Belarus over the last days, regimes's biggest military deployment to the country since the end of the Cold War, NATO's Jens Stoltenberg said

Russia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: Russia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations

2018: 12 January 2018: 15 months after Russian intelligence was implicated in an abortive coup in Montenegro, in which mercenaries planned to storm parliament and assassinate PM Milo Ðukanovic, Russian-trained mercenaries back Bosnia's Serb separatists' new paramilitary unit, recruiting from the Serb criminal underworld

Russia/Burkina Faso relations: Russia/Burkina Faso relations

Russian 'Nord Gold S.E.' since 2007 gold mining in Burkina Faso: Russian 'Nord Gold S.E.' since 2007 gold mining in Burkina Faso with several mines including Bissa mine, Bouly mine and Taparko mine - Bissa gold mine - Since 1993 Severstal ('Northern Steel'), a Russian company mainly operating in the steel and mining industry, headquartered in Cherepovets, listed on the Moscow Exchange and LSE, the largest steel company in Russia, as it is majority-owned and controlled by billionaire Alexey Mordashov. Severstal owns major industrial facilities in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, France, and Italy, as well as in several African countries. The company also has mining assets, thus securing its supply of raw materials.

18 October 2016 gold occurrences are widespread in Burkina Faso: 18 October 2016: Gold occurrences are widespread in Burkina Faso

Russia/Cameroon relations: Russia/Cameroon relations

2017: 30 June 2017: Russians dress up in blackface to represent Cameroon carrying bananas marched in an official parade in Sochi less than a month before the city hosts Cameroon for a Confederations Cup match, once again raising concerns about racism at football matches in Russia

Russia/Canada relations: Russia/Canada relations - Uranium One

December 2013 North Pole dispute: 11 December 2013: Putin orders Russia's military to step up its presence in the Arctic after Canada signalled its intention to claim the North Pole

November 2019 'freedom' of racist speech in Russia: 12 November 2019: One day after the Canadian hockey pundit Don Cherry was fired by Sportsnet for xenophobic remarks made on Saturday night’s Hockey Night in Canada telecast, Russian team Dynamo Moscow has publicly recruited Cherry to come aboard as a TV analyst, offered to 'talk whatever he thinks'

16 July 2020 Russian state-sponsored hackers target UK, USA and Canadian covid-19 vaccine researchers: 16 July 2020: Russian state-sponsored hackers are targeting UK, USA and Canadian organisations involved in developing a covid-19 vaccine, according to British security officials, saying drug firms and research groups being targeted by group known as APT29

Russia/Central African Republic relations: Russia/Central African Republic relations

December 2017 Russian regime supported by UN to send more weapons to CAR despite embargo: 15 décembre 2017: Autorisée par l’ONU, la Russie s’apprête à livrer des armes à la Centrafrique, malgré l’embargo imposé au pays depuis 2013 - 23 décembre 2017: La Russie a obtenu du Conseil de sécurité