2017: 6 February 2017: Dutch anti-Islam MP Geert Wilders triggered a row over fake news with a biting Twitter message showing a photoshopped picture of another party leader surrounded by radical Islamists

Religion in the Netherlands: Religion in the Netherlands

History of religions in the Netherlands: History of religion in the Netherlands

History of the Jews in the Netherlands: History of the Jews in the Netherlands, after the earliest Jews arrived in the 'Low Countries', present-day Belgium and the Netherlands, during the Roman conquest, as documentary evidence dates from the 1100s, and as for several centuries the record reflects that the Jews were persecuted within the region and expelled on a regular basis

Since 15th century Sephardim or Sephardic Jews and since 17th century Ashkenazim: Since 15th century Sephardim or Sephardic Jews were native to Sepharad, the Hebrew name for Spain and Portugal, expelled or were forced to convert to Catholicism in the late 15th century through the Spanish Alhambra Decree of 1492, and later the Portuguese Edicts of 1496 and 1497, and Ashkenazim since 17th century

Since 2003 member loss of Christian groups: Since 2003 member loss of Christian groups according to church reports

22 October 2020 Dutch protestant church to admit failing Jews in Holocaust: 22 October 2020: The Protestant Church in the Netherlands will admit for the first time that it stayed silent as anti-Semitism rose before and during World War II, as less than one third of the 140,000 Jews who lived in the Netherlands survived World War II, and as many citizens as well as the Dutch police and railways actively conspired with their Nazi overlords to round up Jews and deport them to death camps, as now in 2020 the confession is set to be made public next month at the 82nd anniversary of the 'Kristallnacht' pogrom, when pro-Nazi mobs torched and ransacked synagogues and Jewish businesses across Germany

Crime in the Netherlands: Crime in the Netherlands

Racism and antisemitism in the Netherlands: Racism in the Netherlands - Antisemitism in the Netherlands

2014/2015: 10 September 2014: Jewish citizen and local artist Fabrice Schomberg nearly run down, called 'cancer' by passersby in The Hague - 7 October 2014: Fabrice Schomberg given permission to build sukkah on condition he dismantles it nightly to avoid becoming a Muslim vandalism target - 25 January 2015: Jewish leaders outraged over Dutch ship named after SS officer, who commandeered thousands for forced labor and said Jews are parasitic - 6 March 2015: Dutch police have launched an investigation into a northern Dutch trader who claims to be selling soap made by the Nazis that is made from the remains of Jews killed in the Holocaust - 2 April 2015: Anti-Semitic incidents rose 71% last year, Dutch Jewish watchdog says

Terrorism in the Netherlands: Terrorism in the Netherlands

Organised crime and drug trafficking in the Netherlands: a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organised_crime_in_the_Netherlands">Organised crime in the Netherlands - Organised crime groups in the Netherlands

23 January 2021 alleged drug lord on world's most wanted list arrested in Amsterdam: 23 January 2021: Dutch police said they had arrested the alleged leader of an Asian drug syndicate who is listed as one of the world’s most wanted fugitives and has been compared to Mexican drug lord Joaquín 'El Chapo' Guzmán

Human trafficking in the Netherlands: Human trafficking in the Netherlands

Corruption in the Netherlands: Corruption in the Netherlands

Police brutality in the Netherlands: Police brutality in the Netherlands

2009: In 2009 police officers from Bleiswijk told a homeless man to dig his own grave, whilst threatening him with guns

2015: 1 July 2015: Five Dutch policemen suspected in death of detained Aruban Mitch Henriquez after videos were posted on the Internet showing him being pinned to the ground by five white male policemen - 3 July 2015: Police action probably killed Mitch Henriquez, according to prosecutor, as Dutch PM Mark Rutte denounces unrest and tells journalists, he is 'not planning to go in person to every neighbourhood where backward lilies are stirring up trouble'

Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in the Netherlands: Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in the Netherlands

December 2011: 16 December 2011: Dutch inquiry highlights widespread catholic institutions child abuse since 1945

September 2018: 16 September 2018: More than half of the Netherlands’ senior clerics were involved in covering up sexual assault of children between 1945 and 2010, a press report claimed on Saturday, further engulfing the Catholic church in a global abuse scandal

Law and legal history of the Netherlands: Law of the Netherlands - Legal history of the Netherlands - Constitution of the Netherlands - Human rights in the Netherlands

Judicial system of the Netherlands: Judicial system of the Netherlands - Courts in the Netherlands

June 2017 Srebrenica massacre: 27 June 2017: Dutch soldiers acting as UN peacekeepers were partly liable for the deaths of about 300 Muslim men massacred near Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslavian civil war, an appeals court in The Hague has ruled

October 2018 carbon emissions: 9 October 2018: A court in The Hague has upheld a historic legal order on the Dutch government to accelerate carbon emissions cuts, a day after the world’s climate scientists warned that time was running out to avoid dangerous warming

8 March 2020 MH17 families fear they still face a long road to justice as trial begins: 8 March 2020: The families of people killed when a Russian BUK missile shot down Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 over eastern Ukraine in 2014 set out 298 white chairs outside the Russian embassy on Sunday in a silent protest against Putin regime’s lack of cooperation and denial in the investigation into the downing of the passenger jet - 8 March 2020: MH17 families fear they still face a long road to justice as trial begins

29 January 2021 Dutch appeals court orders Shell Nigeria to compensate farmers for major oil spills also targeting Royal Dutch Shell: 29 January 2021: Dutch appeals court in The Hague has ordered Shell Nigeria to compensate farmers for major oil spills they say caused widespread pollution, as court in The Hague rejected Shell’s argument that the spills were the result of sabotage, instead ordering Shell’s Nigerian subsidiary to compensate the farmers for the losses caused by the oil spills in the two villages of Goi and Oruma in 2004 and 2005, also ruling that the parent company, Royal Dutch Shell, and its subsidiary must install warning equipment on its Oruma pipelines to limit the environmental damage in case of another spill

26 May 2021 court in the Hague ordered Royal Dutch Shell to cut its global carbon emissions by 45% by the end of 2030: 26 May 2021: A court in the Hague has ordered Royal Dutch Shell to cut its global carbon emissions by 45% by the end of 2030 compared to 2019 levels, in a landmark case brought by 'Friends of the Earth' and over 17,000 co-plaintiffs, as the oil giant’s sustainability policy was found to be insufficiently 'concrete' by the Dutch court in an unprecedented ruling that will have wide implications for the energy industry and other polluting multinationals

Since 1838 Supreme Court of the Netherlands: Since 1838 Supreme Court of the Netherlands

December 2019 Dutch supreme court upholds ruling demanding climate action: 20 December 2019: The Netherlands’ supreme court has upheld a ruling ordering the country’s government to do much more to cut carbon emissions, after a six-year fight for climate justice, saying the government had explicit duties to protect its citizens’ human rights in the face of climate change and must reduce emissions by at least 25% compared with 1990 levels by the end of 2020

European Court of Human Rights cases involving the Netherlands: European Court of Human Rights cases involving the Netherlands

Law enforcement in the Netherlands: Law enforcement in the Netherlands

Foreign relations of the Netherlands: Foreign relations of the Netherlands

Dutch Empire since 1543: Since 1543 Dutch Empire (Asia, Americas, Africa) to the mid-1950s - Evolution of the Dutch Empire and its territories - Economic history of the Dutch Empire - Former Dutch colonies

Since 1598 Dutch colonisation in Africa: Dutch colonisation in Africa

1598–1872 'Dutch Gold Coast' in West Africa: 1598–1872 'Dutch Gold Coast' in West Africa

Since 1652 Dutch colonization of South Africa: Dutch colonization of South Africa since 1652 - 1652–1806 Dutch Cape Colony - British colonization of South Africa since 1795-1910 - South African Wars 1879-1915 - Second Boer War - British dominion 'Union of South Africa' 1910-1961 - Apartheid in South Africa 1948-1994 - 1961 'Republic' South Africa following a whites-only referendum

1660–1760 'Dutch Slave Coast' in West Africa: 1660–1760 'Dutch Slave Coast' in West Africa (contemporary Ghana, Benin, Togo and Nigeria)

Since 1590s Dutch colonization of the Americas: Dutch colonization of the Americas - Since 1621 Dutch West India Company

Dutch Caribbean and Caribbean Netherlands: The Dutch Caribbean refers to territories, colonies, and countries, both former and current, of the Dutch Empire and Kingdom of the Netherlands that are located in the Lesser Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea - Caribbean Netherlands

Aruba island: Aruba island, a small island with 116,576 citizens in 2019 and a constituent country of the 'Kingdom of the Netherlands' in the mid-south of the Caribbean Sea, about 29 kilometres north of the Venezuelan peninsula of Paraguaná and 80 kilometres northwest of Curaçaoa, as Curaçao and Aruba form the ABC islands. Collectively, and as Aruba is one of the four countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands, along with the Netherlands, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten, as the citizens of these countries are all Dutch nationals, and as Aruba's capital is Oranjestad

History of Aruba: History of Aruba, showing human presence from as early as circa 2000 BC, as Aruba's first proven inhabitants were the Caquetio Indians from the Arawak tribe, who migrated there from Venezuela to escape attacks by the Caribs, as fragments of the earliest known Indian settlements date back to about 1000 years, and as in 1636, Aruba was acquired by the Netherlands and remained under their control, only interrupted for some years during the Napoleonic wars

Demographics and ethnic groups in Aruba: Demographics and ethnic groups in Aruba, as its population is estimated to be 75% mixed European/Amerindian/African, 15% Black and 10% other ethnicities, and as the most used language is the Papiamento (Portuguese-based creole) language, spoken in the Dutch Caribbean

List of cities in Aruba: List of cities in Aruba

Economy of Aruba including oil production: Economy of Aruba, as exports include live animals and animal products, art and collectibles, machinery and electrical equipment, and transport equipment, and as gold, aloe, oil and tourism industries with a labour force of 51,610 workers in 2007 produced a GDP of $3.369 billion in 2019 ($4.377 billion PPP in 2019)

19 June 2021 a review on history of fishing in Aruba: 19 June 2021: History of fishing in Aruba, as fishing has been a family tradition for ages in Aruba

Timeline and 20th-21st centuries history of Aruba: 20th-21st centuries history of Aruba and timeline

Since 1924 Lago Oil and Transport Co. Ltd and Aruba: Since 1924 Lago Oil and Transport Co. Ltd., a shipping company carrying crude oil from Lake Maracaibo to its transshipment facility on the island of Aruba, and 1941-1945 wartime during WWII

1941-1945 Battle of the Caribbean by NSDAP-ruled German empire's U-boats and Italian submarines: 1941-1945 Battle of the Caribbean, referring to a naval campaign waged during World War II that was part of the Battle of the Atlantic, as NSDAP-ruled German empire's U-boats and Italian submarines attempted to disrupt the Allied supply of oil and other material, sank shipping in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico and attacked coastal targets in the Antilles, as later improved Allied anti-submarine warfare eventually drove the Axis submarines out of the Caribbean region

Since 1985 steps for increasing autonomy, remaining promised: In March 1983, Aruba reached an official agreement within the Kingdom for its independence, to be developed in a series of steps as the Crown granted increasing autonomy, and in August 1985, Aruba drafted a constitution that was unanimously approved, but complete independence was rescinded in 1995

25 June 2021 Aruban general election: 25 June 2021 Aruban general election to elect all 21 members of Parliament - 19 June 2021: Aruba Election 2021, as following Aruba’s 2017 elections, the governing coalition was led until March by the social democratic People’s Electoral Movement (MEP) party together with political parties POR and RED

Environment of the Dutch Caribbean: Environment of the Dutch Caribbean

Curaçao island: Curaçao island, a Lesser Antilles island country in the southern Caribbean Sea and the Dutch Caribbean region and a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands - Geography of Curaçao

History of Curaçao: History of Curaçao, first settled by the Arawaks, an Amerindian people native to the area, that are believed to have inhabited the island for many hundreds of years before the arrival of Europeans

Since 1651 European colonization of Curaçao and slave trade: Following European colonization since 1651, for much of the 17th and 18th centuries, the primary business of the colonial rulers was the slave trade, slaves arrived often from Africa and were bought and sold on the docks in Willemstad before continuing on to their ultimate 'destination', assisted by the Dutch 'West India Company' and the British 'Royal African Company' from Jamaica

August-September 1795 Curaçao slave revolt: August-September 1795 slave revolt took place in the Dutch colony of Curaçao, resulting in a month-long conflict on the island between escapees and the colonial government, ending with massacres, torture and executions by the white slaveholders

1815–1954 Dutch colony Curaçao and Dependencies: 1815–1954 Dutch colony Curaçao and Dependencies

1954–2010 Netherlands Antilles and dissolution 2010: 1954–2010 Netherlands Antilles consisting of several island territories located in the Caribbean Sea - Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles 2010

Economy of Curaçao and unemployment: Economy of Curaçao - main industries include petroleum refining, petroleum transshipment facilities, light manufacturing, financial services, tourism, defined by the World Bank as high income economy for parts of the population as the island has a well-developed infrastructure, with shipping, international trade, oil refining, and other activities related to the port of Willemstad (like the Free Trade Zone), also making a significant contribution to the economy, as the country's labor force of 63,000 people in 2008 was also determined by the unemployment of 10.3%

Refinería Isla: Refinería Isla

Curaçao's financial services: Financial services in Curaçao, considered a tax haven - Central Bank of Curaçao and Sint Maarten

Politics of Curaçao: Government of Curaçao within the Kingdom of the Netherlands - The politics of Curaçao reflect the tensions created by socio-economic inequalities as well as the racial hierarchies that are the legacies of colonialism and the Atlantic Slave trade, as decolonization and the ongoing political relationship between Curaçao and the Netherlands have been sites of tension, as in 2010 Curaçao became an autonomous country as part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as Sint Maarten island also became autonomous, while the less-populated islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba are municipalities governed by the Netherlands

October 2010 Constitution of Curaçao: October 2010 Constitution of Curaçao, adopted by a 15 to 6 vote majority in the island council of Curaçao in September 2010, as in the initial vote on the constitution in July, the two-thirds majority required was not reached, after which new elections were held on 27 August, the newly elected island council could then adopt the constitution with an ordinary majority, entering into force on 10 October 2010, on the date of the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles

February 2021 CIA World Factbook detailing Curaçao's economy and society: 25 February 2021: CIA World Factbook detailing Curaçao's economy and society

19 March 2021 Curaçao general election two days after the 2021 Dutch general election: 19 March 2021 Curaçao general election, taking place in Curaçao two days after the 2021 Dutch general election

Curaçao society: Curaçao society

Demographics and ethnic groups in Curaçao: Ethnic groups in Curaçao

Afro-Curaçaoan: Afro-Curaçaoans make up the majority of Curaçao's population, after most slaves came from Ghana, also from Senegambia, Sierra Leone, the Windward Coast, Bight of Benin, the Bight of Biafra, Angola and specifically Loangos from Cabinda Province, and from Central Africa

History of the Jews in Curaçao: The history of the Jews in Curaçao since 17th century, when the first Sephardi Jewish immigrants from Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain arrived, founding Congregation Mikvé Israel-Emanuel, and by the mid-1700s, the community was the most prosperous in the Americas and many of the Jewish communities in Latin America, primarily in Colombia and Venezuela, resulted from the influx of Curaçaoan Jews, by the end of the 18th century the more than half of the white population of Curaçao was Jewish

Since 1651 involvement of Jews in the Transatlantic Slave Trade: 'In Curacao, which Marranos had helped found in 1651, Jews found their main outlet for selling slaves and Dutch manufactured goods along the Spanish Main', according to David Brion Davis' studies on slavery and his article 'Jews and the Slave Trade' (13 February 1994)

Culture and languages of Curaçao: Curaçao culture - Languages of Curaçao - Papiamentu, the most-widely spoken language on the Caribbean ABC islands, having official status in Aruba and Curaçao, derived from African and Portuguese languages with some influences from American Indian languages, English, Dutch and Spanish

Suriname: - History of Suriname dates from 3000 BCE when Native Americans first inhabited the area, the largest tribes were the Arawaks, a nomadic coastal tribe that lived from hunting and fishing, and the Caribs, present-day Suriname is the home to many distinct indigenous cultures

1667–1954 Dutch colony Surinam: 1667–1954 Dutch colony Surinam, a Dutch plantation colony in the Guianas, neighboured by the equally Dutch colony of Berbice to the west, and the French colony of Cayenne to the east, until December 1954, when Suriname became a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

1954-1975 Suriname constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands: 1954-1975 Suriname, constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands with autonomy, except in areas of defence, foreign policy, and nationality, and participating on a basis of equality with the Netherlands Antilles and the Netherlands itself in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, becoming fully independent on 25 November 1975

Since 1600 Dutch colonization in Asia: Dutch colonization in Asia - Since 1602 Dutch East India Company - Military history of the Dutch East India Company - Württemberg Cape Regiment in the service of the Dutch East India Company

1605-1825 Dutch India: Dutch India 1605-1825 - Dutch colony Coromandel 1608-1825 - Dutch colony Malabar 1661–1795

Since 1603 Dutch East India Company in Indonesia: Dutch East India Company in Indonesia 1603-1800 - Dutch conquest of Indonesia - Dutch East Indies 1800–1942 - Dutch East Indies campaign 1941–42 - Proclamation of Indonesian Independence

1949–1962 Dutch colony 1949–1962 'Netherlands New Guinea': Dutch colony 1949–1962 'Netherlands New Guinea'

June 2021 book offered to citizens exploring Amsterdam’s role in the organisation global slave trade and colonialism: 4 June 2021: Every Amsterdammer is being offered a free copy of a book exploring the city’s role in the organisation and management of the global slave trade as part of a wider reckoning with the Netherlands’ past, after last year the International Institute of Social History carried out research on behalf of the municipality of Amsterdam, as the results have now been made into a book 'Amsterdam and the history of slavery', as researchers uncovered the integral role played by Amsterdam administrators in the Dutch East India company and the West India company, as well as the investments made by high-profile individuals in slave ships and sugar plantations

Bilateral relations of the Netherlands: Bilateral relations of the Netherlands

Netherlands/Afghanistan: The Netherlands/Afghanistan relations

20th/21st century Abdul Rahim Hatif's exile in the Netherlands: 20th/21st century Abdul Rahim Hatif served as one of the vice presidents of Mohammed Najibullah during the last years of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan since the 1988 elections, the serving as the first vice president 1991/1992 before the first fall of Kabul, the the acting President of Afghanistan for two weeks in 1992, after the resignation and before the later capture, torture and brutal assassination by the Taliban of President Najibullah, as Hatif went into exile and moved to the Netherlands, where he died on 19 August 2013

24 July 2021 Dutch politician Kati Piri demands protection of formder allies against the advancing Taliban: 24 July 2021: As Afghanistan imposes night curfew to curb Taliban criminals new advance, fighting against democracy and human rights since the 1980s in the country and also abroad, as Dutch politician Kati Piri serving as a member of the House of Representatives since 2021 calls to defend former Afghan supperters of the Dutch in the country, now fearing revenge, after western countries intervention since 2001 following the 9/11 attacks

Netherlands/Angola relations: Netherlands/Angola relations

1641–1648 Dutch colony Loango-Angola: 1641–1648 Dutch colony Loango-Angola, the name for the possessions of the Dutch West India Company in contemporary Angola and the Republic of the Congo

1641-1648 Reconquest of Angola: 1641-1648 Reconquest of Angola was Portugal's campaign to regain its colony in Angola from the Dutch

Netherlands/Belgium relations: Netherlands/Belgium relations - Burgundian Netherlands 1384-1482 - United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815-1839 - Belgian Revolution 1830-1831, secession of the southern provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands establishing an independent Kingdom of Belgium - 1839 Treaty of London - the European powers recognized and guaranteed the independence and neutrality of Belgium, article VII required Belgium to remain perpetually neutral, and by implication committed the signatory powers to guard that neutrality in the event of invasion

Netherlands/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: Netherlands/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations

September 2013: 6 September 2013: The Dutch state is responsible for sending three Bosnian Muslims to their deaths when they were expelled from a UN compound at Srebrenica in 1995, the supreme court ruled

June 2017: 27 June 2017: Dutch soldiers acting as UN peacekeepers were partly liable for the deaths of about 300 Muslim men massacred near Srebrenica in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslavian civil war, an appeals court in The Hague has ruled

Netherlands/Brunei relations: 3 January 2012: Tainted ‘symbiotic partnership’ between Brunei regime and Shell

December 2017: 15 December 2017: Dual Ethiopian-Dutch national Eshetu Alemu, who served Ethiopia’s ruthless leader Mengesitu Haile Mariam in the late 1970s, convicted of war crimes including ordering the execution of 75 people and sentenced to life in jail by Dutch judges in the Hague

Netherlands/France relations: Netherlands/France relations - Duchy of Burgundy 1032–1477 - Timeline of Burgundian and Habsburg acquisitions in the Low Countries 1384-1549 - Burgundian Netherlands 1384–1482 - Kingdom of Holland 1806-1810 was set up by Napoleon Bonaparte as a puppet kingdom for his third brother Louis Bonaparte, following the Dutch Republic 1581–1795 separated from Spanish rule

Netherlands/Germany relations: Netherlands/Germany relations

1914-1918 German war crimes World War I: German war crimes World War I 1914-1918 - Buts de guerre des Empires centraux 1914-1918 - German war crimes since 1914 German invasion and 1914-1918 occupation of Belgium against 1839 Treaty of London - 1839 Treaty of London - the European powers recognized and guaranteed the independence and neutrality of Belgium, article VII required Belgium to remain perpetually neutral, and by implication committed the signatory powers to guard that neutrality in the event of invasion

1918 Wilhelm's flight, 1920-1941 exile for war criminal Wilhelm II in the Netherland against the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, expressly providing in article 227 for the prosecution of Wilhelm for war crimes: 10 November 1918 flight and 1920-1941 exile and asylum for last German emperor and war criminal Wilhelm II in the Netherlands' 'Huis Doorn' was based on monarchist and family ties with Netherlands' Queen Wilhelmina, in return Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, committing war crimes not yet seen and Wilhelm went undisturbed by the German 'Wehrmacht' - 1919 Peace Treaty of Versailles, Articles 227-230: 'The Allied and Associated Powers publicly arraign William II of Hohenzollern, formerly German Emperor, for a supreme offence against international morality and the sanctity of treaties. A special tribunal will be constituted to try the accused, thereby assuring him the guarantees essential to the right of defence.'

1940-1945 German invasion of Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and France: 'Slag om Nederland' part of 'Case Yellow', the German invasion of Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and France during World War II

May 1940 German aerial bombardment of Rotterdam, German occupation: Aerial bombardment of Rotterdam, destroying almost the entire historic city centre and killing nearly nine hundred civilians, by the 'Luftwaffe' on 14 May 1940 - History of the Netherlands 1939-1945: German invasion and occupation - Anne Frank - The Holocaust in the Netherlands

Dutch resistance and 1941 February General Strike during World War II against Nazi Germany: Dutch resistance against German occupation and war crimes - 1941 February Strike, general strike organized during World War II in the Netherlands against the anti-Jewish measures and activities of the Nazi Germany, its direct causes were the pogroms held by the Germans in the Jewish neighbourhood of Amsterdam

June 1942 - 1944 'The Diary of Anne Frank': Since June 1942 Dutch language diary of Anne Frank while she was in hiding for two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands 'Het Achterhuis', Dagboekbrieven 14 Juni 1942 – 1 Augustus 1944, first published in 1947

2013: 2 September 2013: Germany tries 92-year-old member of the Nazi Waffen SS Siert Bruins for Nazi war crime

Netherlands/Greece relations: Netherlands/Greece relations

Netherlands/Guyana relations: Netherlands/Guyana relations

Since 17th century Dutch colony and 'importation' of enslaved Africans: Since 17th century Dutch the first Europeans to settle modern day Guyana, after in 1621 the government of the Netherlands gave the newly formed Dutch West India Company complete control over the trading post on the Essequibo, administering the colony, known as Essequibo, for more than 170 years, establishing a second colony on the Berbice River southeast of Essequibo in 1627, and, after indigenous populations died from diseases introduced by the Europeans, turning to the 'importation' of enslaved Africans, who rapidly became a key element in the colonial economy - 1627-1815 Berbice region along the Berbice River in Guyana and a colony of the Netherlands, then ceded to the United Kingdom, merging with Essequibo and Demerara to form the colony of British Guiana in 1831, then in 1966 gaining independence as Guyana

Februar-December 1763 Berbice slave uprising: Februar-December 1763 Berbice slave uprising, a slave revolt in Guyana that began on 23 February, seen as a major event in Guyana's anti-colonial struggles, and when Guyana became a republic in 1970 the state declared 23 February as a day to commemorate the start of the Berbice slave revolt, as insurgents were eventually defeated in the spring of 1764 with the assistance of troops from neighbouring French and British colonies and from Europe including Dutch forces, executing 125 men and 3 women for participating in the rebellion - Cuffy, an Akan man who was killed by the Dutch in 1763 during the uprising, and who was captured in his native West Africa and stolen for slavery to work in the plantations of the Dutch colony of Berbice in present-day Guyana, becoming famous because in 1763 he led the revolt of more than 2,500 slaves against the colony regime, and today he is a national hero in Guyana

22 January 2021 Dutch exhibition offers new insight into Berbice slave uprising: 22 January 2021: The Dutch national archives are showcasing a unique set of letters sent by a man known as Cuffy or Kofi and meaning 'born on Friday', the leader of the first organised slave revolt on the American continent to a colonial governor, in which the newly free man proposed to share the land, as the offer is said to provide a new insight into attempts to resist the brutal regimes of the colonial period, often overlooked in histories of enslaved people

Netherlands/India relations: Netherlands/India relations - Dutch India 1605-1825 - Dutch colony Coromandel 1608-1825 - Dutch colony Malabar 1661–1795 - Indians in the Netherlands - Netherlands India Chamber of Commerce and Trade NICCT is a non-commercial, voluntary association since 2003

2014: 22 September 2014: After a Greenpeace worker refused entry to India in a series of unfair treatments, after a leaked Indian intelligence report describing the organisation as 'a threat to national economic security' and after a Modi ban on Greenpeace donations, Indian government accused of systematic crackdown on charity’s activities

Netherlands/Indonesia relations: Netherlands/Indonesia relations - Dutch East India Company - Dutch East India Company in Indonesia 1603-1800 - Dutch conquest of Indonesia

1941-1942 Dutch East Indies campaign amid WWII: Dutch East Indies campaign during World War II

1945-1949 Indonesian National Revolution: Indonesian National Revolution 1945-1949

August 1945 Proclamation of Indonesian Independence: 17 August 1945 Proclamation of Indonesian Independence

October-November 1945 Battle of Surabaya: October-November 1945 Battle of Surabaya, fought between pro-independence and Republican Indonesian soldiers and militia against British and British Indian troops as a part of the Indonesian National Revolution and became a national symbol of Indonesian resistance - Since 10 November 1945 Indonesian Heroes' Day annually celebrated on 10 November commemorating the Republican pro-independence resistance against British and Dutch troops

1945-1949 Indonesian National Revolution and independence: Indonesian National Revolution 1945-1949 and Netherlands' recognition of Indonesia's independence

1946/2013 Dutch colonial rule crimes and late apology: 12 September 2013: Almost 67 years after thousands of Indonesian men were summarily executed in South Sulawesi as part of a ruthless campaign to crush a rebellion against Dutch colonial rule, the Netherlands officially apologized and announced a proposal to compensate victims of similar 'excesses'

27 March 2020 Hague court orders Dutch state to pay out over colonial massacres: 27 March 2020: Hague court orders Dutch state to pay out over colonial massacres, as Indonesian Andi Monji forced to watch his father’s execution is among those who will get compensation, including widows and children of other executed men, mainly farmers, and as court recognised in its ruling that the sums granted the relatives of victims were 'disproportionate' (i.e. marginally) to the suffering caused, following crimes during hundreds of years never persecuted and punished

Netherlands/Iran relations: Netherlands/Iran relations

February 2018: 25 February 2018: A Jewish grandmother, who was sentenced in absentia to death by public execution in 2013 by a Tehran court that convicted her of 'violating Islamic rules [of the] Islamic Revolution' for running an organization that found housing solutions for women with abusive husbands who could not obtain a divorce, won’t granted asylum by the Netherlands

Iran/Netherlands trade relations and Anglo-Dutch oil company 'Shell': Iran/Netherlands trade relations - at least 65 Dutch companies have economic ties with the Iranian Islamic state and in spite of economic sanctions imposed by the USA and the EU, UK-registered Anglo-Dutch oil company 'Shell' continues to buy billions in crude oil from Iran each year

2010: 27 September 2010: Oil giant 'Shell' stepped up orders of Iranian crude while others halted trade amid sanctions imposed by UN, EU and USA

October 2017: m27 October 2017: Dutch government has admitted that technology from the Netherlands may have been used to develop weapons of mass destruction in Iran, Pakistan or Syria

Netherlands/Iraq relations: Netherlands/Iraq relations

9 September 2020 Mosul civilian first to be compensated for mistaken coalition bombing: 9 September 2020: An Iraqi man who lost his wife, daughter, brother and nephew in an airstrike after USA intelligence misidentified his home as an Islamic state headquarters, is believed to be the first civilian awarded compensation by coalition forces, as Basim Razzo, who cannot walk because of his injuries, has been made a 'voluntary offer' of nearly €1m by the Dutch government, whose F16 jets were responsible for the attack near the city of Mosul five years ago

Netherlands/Israel relations: Netherlands/Israel relations - History of the Jews in the Netherlands - 16 July 2014: Following its German sister company’s lead, the Dutch branch of Europe’s TUI travel giant has called off all tours of Israel due to the rocket fire there - 10 January 2015: Pro-Israel rally cancelled in Amsterdam over security concerns

Netherlands/Ivory Coast relations: Netherlands/Ivory Coast relations

2009: 17 October 2009: British newspaper Guardian can finally publish details of the Minton Report, a scientific study commissioned by Dutch oil trading company Trafigura about its own waste dumping in west Africa that had been leaked to the newspaper, containing damning evidence of the potentially toxic nature of the waste Trafigura dumped in Abidjan in the Ivory Coast

2012: 25 September 2012: More than six years after the dumping of large quantities of toxic waste in the Ivory Coast by Dutch 'Trafigura', there is still nothing to stop a similar disaster in developing countries because politicians and courts have failed to learn from the lessons, a new report has found

Netherlands/Liberia relations: Netherlands/Liberia relations

2017: 22 April 2017: Dutch timber trader Kouwenhoven was convicted by the Dutch appeal court of being an accessory to war crimes and arms trafficking for selling weapons to Liberia’s then president Charles Taylor during civil wars that involved mass atrocities

Netherlands/Malaysia relations: Netherlands/Malaysia relations - 27 July 2014: Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 families offer to counsel bereaved relatives of MH17 victims

Netherlands/Morocco relations: Netherlands/Morocco relations

2016: 9 December 2016: Geert Wilders has been found guilty of inciting discrimination against Dutch Moroccans, but the court cleared Wilders of the charge of inciting hatred and imposed no fine or sentence, ruling that a criminal conviction was sufficient punishment for a politician

Netherlands/New Guinea relations: Netherlands/New Guinea relations - Dutch colony 1949–1962 'Netherlands New Guinea' - Dutch Empire since 1543 - Dutch East Indies

Netherlands/Nigeria relations: Netherlands/Nigeria relations:

Royal family major shareholder of 'Royal Dutch Shell': 'Royal Dutch Shell' - Niederländisches Königshaus Großaktionär von 'Royal Dutch Shell'

Shell Nigeria: