List of oil and gas fields in Albania: List of oil and gas fields in Albania - Patos-Marinza Oil Field

Energy and infrastructure in Albania: Energy in Albania - Infrastructure in Albania

Agriculture in Albania: Agriculture in Albania - main agricultural products are tobacco, figs, olives, wheat, maize, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes; meat, honey, dairy products, and traditional medicine plants

Transport in Albania: Transport in Albania

Tourism in Albania: Tourism in Albania - Visitor attractions in Albania - World Heritage Sites in Albania

Economic history of Albania and economic cycles: Economic history of Albania and macroeconomic trends 2016-2020

June 2016 Chinese companies are replacing traditional European investing partners: 13 June 2016: Chinese companies are replacing traditional European investing partners, namely Italy and Turkey, and helping to develop a country in dire need of modernization

Labor in Albania: Labor in Albania

Taxation in Albania: Taxation in Albania

Politics of Albania: Politics of Albania - Constitution of Albania 1998

Political parties and trade unions in Albania: Political parties in Albania - Socialist Party of Albania - Socialist Movement for Integration - Trade unions in Albania

Elections, government and politics in Albania: Elections in Albania

June 2013 Albanian parliamentary election: Albanian parliamentary election 23 June 2013 - 23 June 2013: After shooting in the northwestern Lac region, in which an opposition activist was killed and a Democrat candidate wounded, the main opposition PS and the ruling coalition claim victory in the deeply polarised country - 26 June: Rama's left-of-centre coalition captured 84 seats in the 140-member parliament to 56 for Democratic party's coalition

December 2013: 29 December 2013: The Albanian parliament adopted 2014 budget of 3.25 billion euros, with a public deficit estimated at 6.6% of GDP

June 2017 Albanian parliamentary election: 25 June 2017 Albanian parliamentary election - 25 June 2017: Albania’s Socialist Party looked set to win Sunday’s parliamentary vote, an exit poll showed, which would give the ruling party a mandate to push judicial reforms vital for membership of the EU

June 2019 Albanian local elections: 30 June 2019 Albanian local elections, a set of highly contested elections in Albania as voters were asked to elect mayors, municipal council members, municipal unit mayors and municipal unit members, the second local elections in Albania since substantial administrative reforms legislated in 2014 reduced the number of municipalities in the country to 61, and as the opposition parties refused to participate in the election accusing the government and the PM of vote buying, voters intimidation and links with criminal organizations that led to a Socialist Party majority in the previous elections

April 2021 Albanian parliamentary election: 25 April 2021 Albanian parliamentary election, as the 'Socialist Party of Albania' won 768,177 votes, 48.68% and 74 seats and as the 'Democratic Party – Alliance for Change' won 622,234 votes, 39.43% and 59 seats

27 April 2021 PS and Edi Rama claimed victory: 27 April 2021: Edi Rama has claimed victory in Albania's parliamentary elections, with preliminary results showing his ruling PS was on course to retain its majority, credited with 49% of the vote on Tuesday afternoon

Social movements and protests in Albania: Protests in Albania

2011 opposition demonstrations: 2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations

2015 opposition protest against corruption: 18 December 2015: Thousands of opposition protesters have gathered in front of Albania's parliament demanding the resignation of the government as rampant corruption allegedly driving Albanians to seek asylum in Western Europe

2018 anti-government protests: 27 January 2018: Thousands take part in anti-government protests, accuse PM Edi Rama's administration of corruption and links to organised crime

March 2019 anti-government demonstrations: 17 March 2019: Albanian police used tear gas to disperse a crowd trying to break into the parliament on a day of anti-government demonstrations across the Balkans

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Albania: Albanian society

Counties and municipalities of Albania: 12 counties of Albania are first-level administrative divisions in the Republic of Albania - 61 municipalities of Albania, the second-level administrative divisions of the country

Cities in Albania: List of cities in Albania

Tirana: Tirana, the capital and largest city by area and population of the Republic of Albania

Economy of Tirana: Economy of Tirana, the heart of the economy of Albania and the most industrialised and economically fastest growing region in Albania, as the tertiary sector is the most important for the economy of Tirana and employs more than 68% of work force

Timeline of Tirana: Timeline of Tirana since 1572

Durrës: Durrës, the second most populous city in the Republic of Albaniam and the capital of the surrounding Durrës County, located on the Adriatic Sea, and the country's most ancient economic and historic center

History of Durrës: History of Durrës

Demographics and ethnic groups in Albania: Demographics of Albania - Ethnic groups in Albania

Albanians: Albanians

Aromanians in Albania: Aromanians, Latin ethnic group native to the southern Balkans

Greeks in Albania: Greeks in Albania

Jews in Albania: History of the Jews in Albania dates back about 2,000 years - The Holocaust in Albania consisted of murders, deportations and crimes against humanity committed against Jews, Slavs, Roma and other minorities in Albania by German, Italian and Albanian collaborationist forces while the country was under Italian and German occupation during World War II

Romani people in Albania: Romani people in Albania

Serb minority in Albania: Serb minority in Albania

Human rights and freedom of religion in Albania: Human rights in Albania - Freedom of religion in Albania

Languages and culture of Albania: Culture of Albania - Languages of Albania

Education in Albania: Education in Albania

Health in Albania: Health in Albania

Albanian media: Albanian media

Crime in Albania: Crime in Albania

Corruption in Albania: Corruption in Albania - Political scandals of Albania

Organised crime in Albania: Organised crime in Albania

Gangs in the Albanian civil war of 1997: Gangs in the Albanian civil war of 1997

List of massacres in Albania since 1943: List of massacres in Albania since 1943 - 9 July 1943 Massacre of Borovë

Albanian law: Albanian law - Constitution of Albania - Legal history of Albania

Judiciary of Albania: Judiciary of Albania

Courts in Albania

Law enforcement in Albania: Law enforcement in Albania

Foreign relations of Albania: Foreign relations of Albania

Treaties of Albania: Treaties of Albania

Albania/Bulgaria relations: Albania/Bulgaria relations

Albania/PR of China relations: Albania/PR of China relations - Albania in the Chinese Sphere 1958-1978 - Sino-Albanian split 1978

Albania/EU relations: Albanian EU accession bid 2009

Albania/Germany relations: Albania/Germany relations - Albania during World War I 1914-1918 - Principality of Albania 1914-1917, 1920-1925 - Albania under Italy and Nazi Germany 1939-1944 - National Liberation Movement in World War II - Albanian resistance during World War II

Albania/Italy relations: Albania/Italy relations - Italian protectorate over Albania 1917–1920 - Italian invasion of Albania 1939 - Albania under Italy and Nazi Germany 1939-1944 - National Liberation Movement in World War II - Albanian resistance during World War II

Albania/Kosovo relations: Albania/Kosovo relations

Albania/Republic of Macedonia relations: Albania/Republic of Macedonia relations - Demographic history of Macedonia and Albania - Ideology of 'Greater Albania' - Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia 2001 - 2012 Republic of Macedonia inter-ethnic violence - Smilkovci lake killings 2012

Albania/Serbia relations: Albania/Serbia relations

Albania/Turkey relations: Albania/Turkey relations - Albanian Declaration of Independence from the Ottoman Empire on 28 November 1912

Albania/USA relations: Albania/USA relations

Environment of Albania: Environment of Albania - Climate of Albania - Biodiversity of Albania

Environmental issues in Albania: Environmental issues in Albania, includung air and water pollution, waste and deforestation

Conservation in Albania: Conservation in Albania - Protected areas of Albania - Institute for Environmental Policy in Albania

Water in Albania: Water in Albania - Rivers of Albania

Natural disasters in Albania: Natural disasters in Albania

Floods in Albania: Floods in Albania

2009–2010 Albania floods: 2009–2010 Albania floods refer to several periods of major flooding in the northern regions of Albania around Shkodra, Lezhë and Durrës

November 2019 Albania earthquake: 26 November 2019 Albania earthquake - 26 November 2019: A strong earthquake shook Albania early Tuesday, killing at least six people, injuring 300 and collapsing buildings, with an epicenter 30 kilometers northwest of the capital Tirana

Austria - Geography of Austria - History of Austria - Demographics of Austria

Economy of Austria: Economy of Austria - main industries include construction, machinery, metals, vehicles and parts, food, lumber and wood processing, paper and paperboard, communications equipment, chemicals, tourism - List of companies of Austria

Mining in Austria: Mining in Austria

Energy in Austria: Energy in Austria

Fossil fuels in Austria: Fossil fuels in Austria - Petroleum in Austria - Oil and gas companies of Austria

Electricity in Austria: Electricity in Austria, in 2010 28.5% came from fossil fuels, 68.6% from hydropower and the remainder from other sources

Hydroelectric power stations in Austria: Hydroelectric power stations in Austria

Solar and wind power in Austria: Solar power in Austria - Wind power in Austria

Agriculture in Austria: Agriculture in Austria, agricultural and forestry output is heavily concentrated in field crops, meat, and dairy products, with most of it coming from animal husbandry

Water in Austria: Water in Austria

Rivers and lakes of Austria: Rivers of Austria - List of rivers of Austria by draining - List of lakes of Austria - List of dams and reservoirs in Austria

Danube: Danube, Europe's second-longest river and located in Central and Eastern Europe

Water transport in Austria: Water transport in Austria

Tourism in Austria: Tourism in Austria - Tourist attractions in Austria - Austria–Slovenia border

September 2019 German tourist sued for complaints about hotel's Nazi portraits: 6 September 2019: German tourist sued for complaints about hotel's Nazi portraits in the Tyrolean Alps last August

7 February 2022 9 people died in 3 days during which more than 100 avalanches struck Austria: 7 February 2022: Nine people died in 3 days during which more than 100 avalanches struck Austria, as heavy snowfall followed by warmer weather made for unusually dangerous conditions, and as most of the avalanches hit the western Tyrol region

Banking in Austria: Banking in Austria - Banks of Austria - Hypo Group Alpe Adria - bank scandal - 14 December 2009: Austria nationalises ailing Hypo Group Alpe Adria

April 2013 banking secrecy: 8. April 2013: Nach Luxemburg beginnt auch in Österreich das Bankgeheimnis zu bröckeln

Economic history of Austria and economic cycles: Economic history of Austria

Labor in Austria: Labor in Austria - Labour disputes in Austria - Trade unions in Austria

Taxation in Austria: Taxation in Austria

Politics of Austria: Politics of Austria - Political parties in Austria - Trade unions in Austria

Elections and politics in Austria: Elections in Austria

2008: 28 September 2008 Austrian legislative election

2010: 25 April 2010 Austrian presidential election - 10 October 2010 Viennese state election

2013: 3 March 2013 Carinthian state election - 3 mars 2013: En Carinthie les différents instituts de sondages donnent autour de 32% (contre 28,8% en 2009) au candidat social-démocrate Peter Kaiser contre seulement autour de 21% au gouverneur sortant de l'Etat régional - Landtagswahl in Niederösterreich 2013

September 2013 Austrian legislative election: 29 September 2013 Austrian legislative election - 29 septembre: Ouverture des bureaux de vote pour 6,4 millions d'électeurs qui doivent renouveler les 183 députés de leur Conseil national - 29 septembre: La coalition sortante des sociaux-démocrates et conservateurs remporte la majorité absolue, forte poussée de l'extrême droite

2014 European Parliament election: Austria European Parliament election 25 May 2014

2015 Styrian and Vienna election: 31 May 2015 Styrian state election, Social Democrats win Styrian state election, securing 29.29% of the vote despite Freedom party gains - 11 October 2015: Social Democrats win Vienna election, securing 39.5% of Sunday’s vote, ahead of the Freedom party on 31%

24 April 2016 Austrian presidential election: 24 April 2016 Austrian presidential election - 25 April 2016: Far-right and anti-immigration 'Freedom' party's Norbert Hofer takes 36% of the vote as candidates from the two governing parties fail to make runoff

April 2016: 28 April 2016: Austrian MPs to bring in some of Europe’s most stringent asylum legislation, days after a far-right politician won the first round of the country’s presidential elections

May 2016: 9 May 2016: Faymann quits as Austrian chancellor - 21 May 2016: Far-right Austrian presidential candidate Hofer accused of lying over Jerusalem terror incident

22 May Austrian presidential election second round - 23 mai 2016: Alexander Van der Bellen, former Green party leader, elected president in Austria in narrow defeat for far right

July 2016: 1 juillet 2016: Après un coup de théâtre sans précédent de l'invalidation du résultat de l'élection présidentielle par la Cour constitutionnelle les Autrichiens vont retourner aux urnes pour élire un président

December 2016 new second round of Austrian presidential election: 4 December 2016 new second round of Austrian presidential election - 5 December 2016: Austria’s voters have resoundingly rejected anti-immigration and eurosceptic Hofer’s bid to become EU’s first far-right president, instead electing former leader of the Green party Van der Bellen who said he would be an 'open-minded, liberal-minded and above all a pro-European president', a result greeted with relief

January 2017: 30. Januar 2017: SPÖ und ÖVP stimmen neuem Regierungspakt zu

October 2017 Austrian legislative election: 15 October 2017 Austrian legislative election - 16 October 2017: Stoking concerns about a record influx of migrants into Europe following the failure of the international community to tackle crises in the Middle East and Africa, Austria's 'People’s Party' got 31.4% of the vote, the 'Freedom Party' came in second with 27.4% and the 'Social Democratic Party of Austria', which now governs in coalition with 'People’s Party', got 26.7% - 24 October 2017: Austria’s Sebastian Kurz on Tuesday agreed to hold coalition talks with the FPÖ, potentially rekindling an alliance previously dubbed a 'pact with the devil' by the media

December 2017: 15/16 December 2017: Having Nazi roots and campaigning on an anti-immigrant platform Austria’s anti-immigration FPOe and the OeVP agreed a coalition deal - 20 December 2017: Rise of 'Freedom Party' founded in 1956 by a former SS officer raises fears Austria hasn’t learned from Nazi past

January/February 2018: 11 January 2018: The Jewish Community of Vienna, which represents most Jews in Austria, continues long-standing policy of boycotting the 'Freedom Party' with its Nazi roots, as Israel also rejects meetings with party ministers - 24 January 2018: FPÖ candidate for state office Udo Landbauer was a member of student fraternity whose songbook contains Nazi lyrics - 21 Februar 2018: Austrian Jewish students disrupted cabinet minister Fassmann’s speech at a conference on anti-Semitism over the fact that Kurz government includes politicians from the 'Freedom Party' known for anti-Semitic and racist incidents involving its members and leaders

Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair: Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair, an ongoing political scandal in Austria involving FPÖ's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Vice-Chancellor of Austria, FPÖ's Johann Gudenus and the Austrian 'Freedom Party' FPÖ in general, causing the collapse of the Austrian governing coalition - 20 May 2019: Austria’s Jewish community's Oskar Deutsch said that the downfall of far-right party leader and Vice Chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache validated his community’s policy of avoiding the faction, due to the party’s alleged failure to distance itself from its neo-Nazi past, and as official Israel had also avoided contact with party members

26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Austria: 26 mai 2019 élections européennes en Autriche

27-31 May 2019: 27 mai 2019: Le chancelier autrichien Sebastian Kurz a été renversé par une motion de censure adoptée par les principaux partis d'opposition, dix jours après le scandale de l'Ibizagate qui a fait exploser la coalition qu'il avait formée avec l'extrême droite - 31 May 2019: Austria gets its first female chancellor, for now as constitutional court president Brigitte Bierlein named as interim premier

September 2019 Austrian legislative election: 29 September 2019 Austrian legislative election in the second half of the year, called as a result of 2019 Ibiza affair and the breakup of the ruling ÖVP–FPÖ coalition in May 2019 - Opinion polling for the 2019 Austrian legislative election

November 2019 three people arrested in connection with FPÖ-Strache video: 20 November 2019: Austrian prosecutors say three people have been arrested in connection with a video that triggered the collapse of the government earlier this year

2 January 2020 Greens enter government with conservatives: 2 janvier 2020: L'Autriche va être dirigée par une coalition inédite entre les conservateurs et les écologistes, deux partis aux orientations politiques si éloignées que leur programme commun dévoilé jeudi sera déterminant pour la pérennité de leur alliance

5 January 2020 foreign country behind cyberattack on information systems: 5 January 2020: Austria suspects a foreign country is behind a serious cyberattack on information systems at its Foreign Ministry that continued on Sunday, the ministry said

5 November 2020 government admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman: 5 novembre 2020: Le gouvernement autrichien a admis mercredi des erreurs de ses services de renseignements, qui ont minimisé la dangerosité du suspect de l’attaque terroriste qui endeuille Vienne - 4 August 2020: Austria admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman

9 October 2021 Austrian chancellor Kurz plans to step down: 9 October 2021: Austrian chancellor Kurz said on Saturday that he plans to step down in an effort to defuse a government crisis triggered by prosecutors’ announcement that he is a target of a corruption investigation, adding he has proposed that FM Alexander Schallenbergbe his replacement

9 October 2022 Austrian presidential election: 9 October 2022 presidential election in Austria, as - in case no candidate reaches a majority of valid votes cast - a runoff would be held on 6 November. Incumbent Alexander Van der Bellen is eligible for one more term and is running for re-election. About 6.36 million voting-age citizens will be eligible to vote. - Opinion polls for the 9 October 2022 presidential election

Social movements, criticism and protests in Austria: Protests in Austria

2009: 2009 student protests in Austria

2013: 2 February 2013: Nine protesters have been arrested for civil disorder in demonstrations against a right-wing ball in Vienna's imperial Hofburg Palace - 20 April 2013: Austrians disagree with their government over the need to maintain the country's banking secrecy, according to polls which showed a majority in favour of lifting the controversial measure

2015: 31 January 2015: Austrian police hold 38 people as thousands protest outside controversial palace ball in Vienna

September 2015: 1 September 2015: About 20,000 people took to the streets of Vienna on the eve of 1 September to demonstrate against ill-treatment of refugees, after the bodies of 71 people were found on Austria’s A4 motorway in an abandoned truck last week and as the European refugee and migrant crisis escalates - 1 September 2015: Along with several hundred citizens wanting to pay respect to refugees, Vienna and Austrian officials hold memorial for 71 refugees found dead in an abandoned lorry

2016: 1 May 2016: Around 80,000 people on May Day in Vienna greeted SPÖ's Faymann with loud boos and calls to step down, following the ruling coalition’s handling of the refugee and migrant crisis, rising unemployment and disastrous defeat in presidential ballot

December 2017 protest against ÖVP/Freedom party deal: 18 December 2017: Thousands protest as natioalist ministers enter government in Austria, following a deal of ÖVP with the 'Freedom party' founded after the second world war by former members of the Nazi party

January 2018 'Never Again' protest: 13/14 January 2018: Thousands of Austrians gathered to protest against the new coalition government, which includes the FPO founded by former Nazis, with a march in Vienna, carrying placards reading 'Never Again' and chanting slogans such as 'Don't Let Nazis Govern'

June 2018: 30 juin 2018: Plus de 80'000 personnes ont manifesté samedi face à la volonté du gouvernement d'étendre à 12 heures par jour et à 60 par semaine la durée maximale autorisée de travail

October 2018: 4 octobre 2018: Plusieurs milliers de personnes ont manifesté à Vienne pour ressusciter les 'manifestations du jeudi' de l'année 2000 contre le premier gouvernement de coalition entre ÖVP et FPÖ

December 2018: 16 December 2018: Thousands of protesters in Vienna braved snow and icy temperatures Saturday to protest Austria’s ruling coalition between the conservatives and xenophobic FPOe a year after they came to power

Austrian society, demographics, culture and human rights: Austrian society

Human rights and legal history of Austria: Human rights in Austria - Legal history of Austria

9 states of Austria: 9 states of Austria, a federal republic made up of states (Länder, but 'Land' is also the German word for 'country', and the term 'Bundesländer' is often used instead to avoid ambiguity)

Cities and towns in Austria: List of cities and towns in Austria

Vienna city: Vienna city, the national capital and one of nine states of Austria, as Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre, also the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the EU - History of Vienna

Economy of Vienna: Economy of Vienna

Timeline of Vienna: Timeline of Vienna since 1st-millennium BCE, ending with 'Vindobona' settlement

1814/15 Congress of Vienna: 1814/15 Congress of Vienna, an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon I, now chaired by Austria's von Metternich with the objective to provide a peace plan for Europe by settling now given critical issues

Since 1824 Beethoven's Symphony No.9: May 1824 Beethoven's Symphony No.9, op.125, composed between 1822 and 1824, as the symphony is regarded today by many citizens around the globe as composer's greatest work and also best-known works in common practice music, as it was the first example of a major composer using voices in a symphony with words are sung by vocal soloists and chorus taken from the 'Ode to Joy', since ending 20th century the anthem of the Council of Europe and the European Union EU, as e.g. in 2017 members of the Parliament of the UK during a vote sang 'Ode to Joy' to protest against 'Brexit'

March-November 1948 revolutions in Vienna and its empire: March-November 1948 revolutions in the Austrian Empire, as empire ruled from Vienna included ethnic Germans, Hungarians, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Romanians, Croats, Venetians, Serbs, all attempting in the course of the revolution to achieve more autonomy, independence, as the situation was further complicated by the simultaneous events in Germany (aiming greater German national unity) and European states sparked by the French revolution, as these democratic and even socialist currents were violently forcibly suppressed by more or less brutal aristocratic regimes

9 November 1848 execution of democrat Robert Blum in Vienna: 9. November 1848 Robert Blums - in Köln geborener Wortführer der Linken in der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung von 1848 und der populärste Politiker seiner Zeit - letzte Worte 'Ich sterbe für die deutsche Freiheit, für die ich gekämpft' bevor er am 9. November 1848 im Wiener Vorort Brigittenau im Morgengrauen durch die Kugeln eines österreichischen Hinrichtungskommandos sterben mußte - 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche

9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques: 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche

Since March 1938 annexation by NSDAP ruled Germany and Second World War: n March 1938 Nazi Germany occupied and annexed Austria in a process known as the 'Anschluss', as during World War II since September 1939, the city housed 12 sub-camps of the infamous Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, located in various parts of the city

In 1938, following the 'Anschluss' the Freud familiy was forced to leave Austria: In 1938, following the 'Anschluss' in which NSDAP-ruled Germany occupied Austria, followed by German empire's World War II, Sigmund Freud's daughter Anna was taken to Gestapo headquarters in Vienna for questioning on the activities of the International Psychoanalytical Association, after - unknown to her father, she and her brother Martin had obtained Veronal from Max Schur, the family doctor, in sufficient quantities to commit suicide if faced with torture or internment, but she survived her interrogation ordeal, returned to the family home, and then - after her father had reluctantly accepted the urgent need to leave Vienna - she set about organizing the complex immigration process for the family in liaison with Ernest Jones (then President of the International Psychoanalytical Association), who secured the immigration permits that eventually led to the family establishing their new home in London, then - especially since the 1970s - Anna Freud was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, also studying deviations and delays in development, when her teaching - including seminars on crime and the family - led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert J. Solnit on children's needs and the law, published in three volumes

1945-1955 Allied-occupied Austria and republic: 1945-1955 Allied-occupied Austria and Republic of Austria, independen since 1955

Salzburg city: Salzburg city, the capital city of the State of Salzburg and fourth-largest city in Austria, as in 2020, it had a population of 156,872 citizens

Demographics of Austria: Demographics of Austria - Austrians - Ethnic groups in Austria - Ethnic groups in Vienna

History of the Jews in Austria: History of the Jews in Austria begins with exodus of Jews from Palestine under Roman occupation - History of the Jews in Vienna - History of the Jews in Salzburg

Romani people in Austria: Romani people in Austria

Arabs in Austria: Arabs in Austria, the people from Arab countries, particularly Lebanon, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, Iraq, Jordan

Filipinos in Austria: Filipinos in Austria

Hungarians in Austria: Hungarians in Austria

Serbs in Austria: Serbs in Austria

Turks in Austria: Turks in Austria

Immigration and refugees in Austria: Immigration to Austria - Immigrants to Austria

2014-2016: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis

Since 2015 Austrian border barrier: Austrian border barrier is a border barrier constructed between November 2015 and January 2016 by Austria on its border with Slovenia, as a 'response' to the international and European refugee and migrant crisis

2015: 15 mai 2015: La Croix-Rouge a vivement critiqué la création de camps de tentes pour les demandeurs d'asile en Autriche, annoncé par le gouvernement - 28 August 2015: More than 70 migrants were found dead in an abandoned lorry on Austria’s A4 motorway between Neusiedl and Parndorf, registered to a Romanian citizen from the Hungarian city of Kecskemét - 29 August 2015: Three young children are recovering in hospital in Braunau from severe dehydration after police in Austria stopped a truck with 26 refugees and migrants from Syria, Afghanistan and Bangladesh inside - 31 August: Austria toughens border controls in trafficking clampdown - 1 September 2015: Hundreds of refugees arrive from Hungary in Vienna and ran towards the next trains heading for Germany - 5 September: A first bus carrying refugees who have been stranded in the Hungarian capital reached the Austrian border early Saturday, after Austria and Germany agreed to take in refugees - 5 September: Austrians greet thousands off Hungarian buses - 7 September: As Thousands of refugees arrive by foot, buses, and trains to Vienna, Austrians offer food and water to arriving refugees - 10 September: Thousands more migrants stream into Austria from Hungary - 20 September 2015: Around 13,000 people entered Austria on Saturday, according to the Red Cross, after being shunted through Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia and forced away from these EU members - 23 October: As thousands more refugees and migrants have crossed from Slovenia to Austria, travelling for days from the Serbian border with Croatia, Austrian officials ask EU for more assistance to tackle refugee crisis

2016: 18 February 2016: Austria's announcement to limit the number of refugees allowed to enter its territory receives a sharp rebuke from the European commission which branded the move 'plainly incompatible' with international law

2017: 4 July 2017: Austrian troops to stop refugees and migrants crossing border with Italy

2018: 2 mars 2018: Cinq migrants, quatre Iraniens et un Pakistanais, abandonnés dans le froid par des passeurs ont été secourus vendredi sur une autoroute du sud-est de l'Autriche où ils marchaient pour certains pieds nus

Culture and languages of Austria: Culture of Austria - Languages of Austria - Austrian German - Vienna culture

Music in Austria: Music in Austria

Viennese classical period of music: Viennese classical period of music in the 18th and 19th century - Musical development - 1732-1809 Joseph Haydn, born in Rohrau - 1756-1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, born in Salzburg - 1770-1827 Ludwig van Beethoven, born in Bonn - 1797-1828 Franz Schubert, born in Vienna

Women in Austria: Women in Austria

Women's rights in Austria: Women's rights in Austria

Women's suffrage in Austria since 12 November 1918: Women's suffrage in Austria since 12 November 1918 with the foundation of the Republic of Austria after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy with the end of Central empires' World War I. While men had gained the right to vote in the years of 1861 until 1907, women were explicitly excluded from political participation since the February Patent in 1861.

20 November 2008 first female engine driver in Austria: 20. November 2008: Marina Knabl ist die jüngste Lokführerin Österreichs und zudem die Jüngste unter den 4.300 Berufskollegen. Als erste berufliche Station ist sie auf den Tiroler Bahnhöfen in Wörgl und Innsbruck als Verschublokführerin im Einsatz. Mit dem 21. Geburtstag erfüllt sich dann ihr Traum und sie wird laut ÖBB mit der 10.000 PS starken Tauruslokomotive unterwegs sein.

Education in Austria: Education in Austria - Education in Austria by state

Schools in Austria: Schools in Austria

Universities and colleges in Austria: Universities and colleges in Austria

Museums in Austria: Museums in Austria - Museums in Austria by state - Museums in Austria by city

History museums in Austria: History museums in Austria - Archives in Austria

Since 3 May 1975 Mauthausen Museum: Since 3 May 1975 Mauthausen Museum, 30 years after the Mauthausen–Gusen concentration camp's liberation by the USA army - Mauthausen–Gusen concentration camp complex consisted of the Mauthausen concentration camp east of Linz, plus a group of nearly 100 further subcamps located throughout Austria and southern Germany

Since 1991 Jewish Museum Hohenems: Since 1991 Jewish Museum Hohenems, a regional museum in Austria that deals with the Jewish presence Hohenems, surrounding regions, and elsewhere in Europe, also covering - since there is no longer a Jewish community in Hohenems and it is no Jewish life left there - the Diaspora and Israel and with questions of the future of the European immigration society

2 May 2019: 2 May 2019: A majority of Austrians are unaware of the magnitude of the Holocaust and the number of Jews murdered, while concurrently downplaying their country’s role in the genocide, according to a study released on Israel’s Holocaust Remembrance Day, as Holocaust survivors before March of the Living warn amid surge of anti-Semitic incidents around the world

Health in Austria: Health in Austria

Healthcare in Austria: Healthcare in Austria

Hospitals in Austria: Hospitals in Austria - List of hospitals in Austria by city

'Steinhof' and 'Am Spiegelgrund' hospitals and Nazi regime's euthanasia programme: 'Steinhof' hospital in Vienna - during the Second World War, some 700 children were tortured and murdered in the hospital - Dr Heinrich Gross (SPO) became the head prison doctor in 'Am Steinhof' hospital in 1955, ill-famed for his proven involvement in the killing of at least nine children with physical, mental and/or emotional/behavioral characteristics considered 'unclean' by the Nazi regime under its Euthanasia Program as Gross was head of the Spiegelgrund children's psychiatric clinic for two years during World War II, and as his role in hundreds of other cases of infanticide remained unclear - Am Spiegelgrund clinic - Action T4 euthanasia centres

April 2002: 29 April 2002: The remains of the last two of almost 800 children and babies killed in Vienna in the Nazi regime's euthanasia programme, who had been kept ntil recently in the cellar of the Spiegelgrund children's clinic in Vienna, where they died and where, until the early 90s, they remained under the supervision of Dr Heinrich Gross (SPO), who is alleged to have murdered them were laid to rest during a joint funeral and memorial service at Vienna central cemetery yesterday

April 2018: 19 April 2018: Austrian Dr Hans Asperger, after whom Asperger syndrome is named, was an active participant in the regime of National Socialism, assisting in the Third Reich’s euthanasia programme and supporting the concept of racial hygiene by deeming certain children unworthy to live, according to a study by medical historian Herwig Czech, following eight years of research

Media of Austria: Media of Austria

Newspapers in Austria: Newspapers in Austria

Broadcasting in Austria: Radio in Austria - TV in Austria

Internet in Austria: Internet in Austria

Crime in Austria: Crime in Austria

Austrian National Socialism: Austrian National Socialism, formed at the beginning of the 20th century taking a concrete form on 15 November 1903 when the German Worker's Party DAP was established in Austria with its secretariat stationed in the town of Usti nad Labem in the Czech Republic, its political organization DNSAP banned in early 1933 revived and made part of the German NSDAP after the German annexation of Austria in 1938

Antisemitism in Austria: Antisemitism in Austria - The Holocaust in Austria during World War II - Nazi concentration camps in Austria - März 1945 Massaker von Rechnitz - 13 July 2017: 'My aunt had a dinner party, and then she took her guests to kill 180 Jews' in March 1945, journalist Sacha Batthyany reveals more than 60 years later

Antisemitism and Neo-Nazism in contemporary Austria: Antisemitism in contemporary Austria - Neo-Nazism in Austria

2015 Austrian prosecutor says call to kill Jews is legal criticism of Israel: 11 February 2015: Call to kill Jews is legal criticism of Israel, Austrian prosecutor says - 4 April 2015: Anti-Israel protesters call 'Kill the Jews' in Vienna as Bosnian soccer fans join pro-Palestinian rally

2016 police officer shouting 'Heil Hitler': 20 octobre 2016: Un policier autrichien a été condamné à neuf mois de prison avec sursis pour avoir crié 'Heil Hitler' à un automobiliste lors d'un contrôle routier

2018 anti-Semitic hate speech incidents: 16 February 2018: Anti-Semitic hate speech incidents in Austria at all-time high, according to watchdog Forum Against Anti-Semitism, saying expression of hatred towards Jews has become more 'socially acceptable'

May 2019 photos of Holocaust survivors on exhibit in Vienna vandalized: 27 May 2019: Photos of Holocaust survivors on exhibit in Vienna vandalized for 3rd time

23 August 2020 assailant attacks Graz Jewish community's president Elie Rosen: 23 August 2020: Unknown assailant attacks the Graz Jewish community's president Elie Rosen with a wooden club on the premises of their synagogue, which was twice targeted by acts of vandalism in the past week

Terrorism in Austria: Terrorism in Austria - Terrorist incidents in Austria

1 May 1981 assassination of Austrian-Israeli Friendship League's Heinz Nittel: 1 May 1981 Heinz Nittel, a leader of the Austrian Socialist party and the president of the Austrian-Israeli Friendship League, was shot to death outside his home in Vienna by Hesham Mohammed Rajeh, as Rajeh was also indicted later for the 1981 Vienna synagogue attack

August 1981 Vienna synagogue attack: August 1981 Vienna synagogue attack, a terror attack on the Stadttempel of Vienna carried out by the Abu Nidal Organization, as the machine-gun and grenade attack killed two people and wounded 30 attending a Bar mitzvah service

December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport terrorist attacks: December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport terrorist attacks, when seven Arab terrorists attacked two airports in Rome and Vienna with assault rifles and hand grenades, killing nineteen civilians and wounding over a hundred others

1993-1997 Austrian Franz Fuchs terror attacks: 1993-1997 Austrian Franz Fuchs terror attacks, murdering four people and injuring 15, some of them seriously, using three improvised explosive devices and five waves of 24 mailbombs in total - 1990s 'Bavarian Liberation Army', an Austrian neo-Nazi militant organization to create a single, 'Teutonic', ethnically homogeneous state, as the BBA claimed responsibility for several letter-bomb attacks in 1995, which killed one German in Munich and two Hungarian women in Linz), as Franz Fuchs was a self-declared BBA operator

2 November 2020 Vienna Islamist terror attack: 2 November 2020 Vienna Islamist terror attack, a series of shooting incidents as one or more gunmen opened fire with assault rifles near the street on which the central synagogue is located in Vienna, as deaths of four civilians and one perpetrator were confirmed in the hours after the attack, seven other people were critically and ten other people were injured, as Vienna Police Department said that the attacker who was killed was an Islamic State sympathizer, and that the attack was Islamist terrorism - 3 November 2020: 4 people killed in Vienna Islamist terror attack, as Jewish institutions to remain shut

4 November 2020 government admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman: 4 August 2020: Austria admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman

20 December 2020 Austrian suspect arrested: 20 décembre 2020: Un Autrichien d’origine afghane ainsi qu’un autre individu, dont l’identité n’est pas précisée, ont été arrêtés, après l’ADN du premier a été retrouvé sur les armes utilisées dans l’attentat de Vienne du 2 novembre

Corruption in Austria: Corruption in Austria

December 2010 Rampant corruption in Austria<: 10 December 2010: Rampant corruption in Austria

June-September 2013 corruption in banking and politics: 14 June 2013: Vienna prosecutors this week charged nine people, including the deputy governor of the Austrian National Bank, over suspected bribes and kickbacks for banknote contracts with Azerbaijan and Syria - 14. September 2013: Haftstrafen für verdeckte Parteienfinanzierung der Telekom Austria in der Höhe von 960.000 Euro an das von Haider gegründete 'Bündnis Zukunft Österreich' im Herbst 2006

Since 17 May 2019 FPÖ's Ibiza affair involving government: Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair, an ongoing political scandal in Austria involving FPÖ's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Vice-Chancellor of Austria, FPÖ's Johann Gudenus and the Austrian 'Freedom Party' FPÖ in general, causing the collapse of the Austrian governing coalition - 27 mai 2019: Dans une vidéo tournée en caméra cachée, l'on peut voir le dirigeant nationaliste Heinz-Christian Strache se montrait disposé à se compromettre avec un intermédiaire russe en échange de financements

Human trafficking in Austria: Human trafficking in Austria

Roman Catholic Church sex abuse cases in Austria: Roman Catholic Church sex abuse cases in Austria - Sexual abuse scandal in Vienna archdiocese

Political scandals in Austria: Political scandals in Austria

Since 2011 cash for influence scandal: 2011 cash for influence scandal - 9 August 2012: Former Austrian interior minister and Euro MP, Ernst Strasser, has been charged in Vienna with corruption

Law and legal history of Austria: Austrian law - Legal history of Austria - Constitutional history of Austria - Constitution of Austria - Federal Constitutional Law is the centerpiece of the constitution of the Republic of Austria

Courts in Austria: Courts in Austria

September/December 2019 Innsbruck court and Nazi photo in guesthouse: 7 September 2019: An Austrian court in Innsbruck has ruled that a German tourist who took exception to a World War II portrait showing a soldier and NSDAP member in Wehrmacht uniform wearing insignia with a swastika in a guesthouse, had no right to complain about it on travel sites, saying there had been 'a photo of a Nazi grandpa hanging in the hall' - 16 December 2019: After researching the identity of the two men in the photographs at the German National Archives in Berlin in May 2019, guest found proof that both of the men had in fact joined the Nazi party, in 1941 and 1943 respectively, forcing the ignorant Innsbruck court to decide to lift the gagging order, now saying the two men’s party membership and the clearly visible swastika amounted to sufficient proof to back up the guest’s complaint that the hotel had 'uncritically venerated a former Nazi family member'

Law enforcement in Austria: Law enforcement in Austria

Foreign relations of Austria: Foreign relations of Austria

Wars involving Austria and military history of Austria: Wars involving the Habsburg Monarchy - Wars involving Austria - Military history of Austria

Treaties of Austria: Treaties of Austria - United Nations Charter and since 1955 Austrian membership - Treaties entered into by the European Union

1955 Austrian State Treaty: Austrian State Treaty signed on 15 May 1955 by France, the United Kingdom, the USA, the Soviet Union and the Austrian government - 26 October 1955 Austria's Declaration of Neutrality - the Soviet Union would not have agreed to the State Treaty if Austria had not committed itself to declare its neutrality

Immigration to Austria and border barrier: Immigration to Austria - Immigrants to Austria

Since 2014 European and international refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 European and international refugee and migrant crisis - Austrian border barrier

Austia's membership in international organisations: Austia's membership in international organisations

Austria/European Union relations: Austria/European Union relations - Euroscepticism in Austria

1994 EU membership referendum: 1994 Austrian European Union membership referendum

Austria/United Nations relations: Austria/United Nations relations

1972-1981: United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim 1972-1981 - The International Committee of Historians and Waldheim's involvement with the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany 1941-1945, his knowledge of Nazi war crimes - 2 May 2001: CIA knew about Waldheim's Nazi past long before he was appointed UN secretary general

Since 1977 UN's Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC in Vienna: ince 1977 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC in Vienna - UNODC's aims and functions, World Drug Report and crime-related treaties

Since^1993 'European Union Drugs Agency' in Lisbon: Since^1993 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA, an agency of the European Union located in Lisbon. In June 2022, the Council of the European Union approved a reform of the organization which will lead to an extension of its mandate and a change of name for 'European Union Drugs Agency'.

28 March 2023 tackling the illicit drug trade fuelling Assad's war machine: 28 March 202: The UK and USA have imposed sanctions on those responsible for the illicit captagon trade, which independent experts estimate could be worth up to $57 billion. Captagon is a highly addictive amphetamine which is used throughout the Middle East, with 80% of the world’s supply produced in Syria. The Syrian regime is closely involved in the trade, as multi-billion dollar shipments leave regime strongholds such as the Port of Latakia, and Bashar al-Assad’s brother Maher al-Assad commands the unit of the Syrian Army facilitating the distribution and production of the drug.

9 July 2023 Syria's Assad regime involved in international trade of amphetamines: 9 July 2023: Syria's Assad regime cancels accreditation of two BBC journalists, accusing the British broadcaster of 'false' and 'politicised' coverage, after the BBC published a report last month on what it said were 'direct links' between the trade of an amphetamine known as captagon and the family of the dictator Bashar al-Assad, as well as his military

Bilateral relations of Austria: Bilateral relations of Austria

Austria/Belarus relations: Austria/Belarus relations

4 August 2021 Belarusian Olympian athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya in Vienna: 4 August 2021: Belarusian Olympian athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya granted a humanitarian visa by Poland following after refusing Belarusin regime's orders to travel home early from Tokyo, now arrived in Vienna to seek refuge in Europe, claiming she fears for her safety in her native Belarus

Austria/Belgium relations: Austria/Belgium relations

1914-1918 Habsburg Monarchy and World War I: 1914-1918 World War I

Since 1938 Austria part of Nazi Germany and World War II 1939-1945: 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany - 1939-1945 World War II - Axis powers

Austria/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations:

1878-1914: Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 - Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1878-1918 - Bosnian Crisis of 1908–1909 - Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Since 1908 Austro-Hungarian 'Schutzkorps' militia's persecution of Serbs the first large-scale persecution of people in Bosnia and Herzegovina because of their ethnicity

1914-1918: 28 June 1914 Assassination in Sarajevo - Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo - July Crisis 1914 - Austria-Hungary's Serbian Campaign (World War I) 28 July 1914 – 3 November 1918 - World War I 1914-1918 - World War I casualties

2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - 28/29 June 2014: Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation, as divisions still run deep

Austria/Brazil relations: Austria/Brazil relations

Since 1940, 1951-1967 Austrian protection of Nazi war criminal Stangl: 1 July 2017: Austrian-born SS commandant of the Sobibór and Treblinka, since 1940 superintendent of the T-4 Euthansia Program at the Euthanasia Institute at Schloss Hartheim, commandant of Sobibor from March 1942 until September 1942, when he was transferred to Treblinka, always dressed in white riding clothes, since 1951 in Brazil where he was given an engineering job, since 1959 working at a Volkswagen AG factory, for years his responsibility in the mass murder of men, women and children had been known to the Austrian authorities, but Austria did not issue a warrant for Stangl’s arrest until 1961, it took another six years before he was tracked down by Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal and arrested in Brazil

31 July 2020 firearms exports to Brazil surge as gun ownership increases under Bolsonaro: 31 July 2020: Firearms exports from Austria to Brazil have surged by more than 377% in the first half of this year as gun ownership increases under the South American country’s neo-fascist linked president Jair Bolsonaro

Austria/Czech Republic relations: Austria/Czech Republic relations - Austrian Empire

Austria/France relations: Austria/France relations, as Austria has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Strasbourg, and as France has an embassy in Vienna

1792-1797 War of the First Coalition against the French Revolution: 1792-1797 War of the First Coalition, the wars that several European powers fought against the French First Republic founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution - 19 June 1796 Battle of Kircheib, a military engagement during the War of the First Coalition as French and Austrian troops clashed at Kircheib in the Westerwald uplands in present-day Germany, as several counter-revolutionary European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 against initially the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it

1914-1918 Habsburg Monarchy and World War I: 1914-1918 World War I

Since 1938 Austria part of Nazi Germany and World War II 1939-1945: 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany - 1939-1945 World War II - Axis powers

1955 Austrian State Treaty: Austrian State Treaty signed on 15 May 1955 by France, the United Kingdom, the USA, the Soviet Union and the Austrian government

16 March 2021 France to return 'Rosebushes Under the Trees' Klimt painting looted by the Nazis in 1938: 16 March 2021: The French government has announced that it will return a Gustav Klimt landscape painting to its rightful owners more than 80 years after it was stolen by the Nazis from a Jewish family in Austria in 1938, after the colourful 1905 oil work 'Rosebushes Under the Trees' by the Austrian symbolist painter has been hanging in the Musée d’Orsay in Paris for decades

Austria/Germany relations: Austria/Germany relations - History of the Holy Roman Empire 962–1806 - Military history of the Holy Roman Empire - Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire

Austrian Empire 1804–1867 - Military history of Austria

9 November 1848 democrat Robert Blum executed in Vienna: 9. November 1848 Robert Blums - in Köln geborener Wortführer der Linken in der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung von 1848 und der populärste Politiker seiner Zeit - letzte Worte 'Ich sterbe für die deutsche Freiheit, für die ich gekämpft' bevor er am 9. November 1848 im Wiener Vorort Brigittenau im Morgengrauen durch die Kugeln eines österreichischen Hinrichtungskommandos sterben mußte - 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche

1914-1918 World War I: July Crisis 1914 - 5/6 July 1914 Hoyos Mission and 'Blank cheque' in Berlin - 1914-1918 World War I

1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss': 1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss'

1939-1945 The Holocaust in Austria during World War II: The Holocaust in Austria during World War II - Nazi concentration camps in Austria

March 1945 Rechnitz massacre, Thyssen and aftermath: März 1945 Massaker von Rechnitz - Thyssen family - 28 June 2017/13 July 2017: 'My aunt had a dinner party, and then she took her guests to kill 180 Jews' in March 1945, journalist Sacha Batthyany reveals more than 60 years later

2012 October 2012 Vienna's first monument to remember people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve: 12 October 2012: Vienna will erect first monument to remember the thousands of people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve in the military during World War II

2013 Nazi concentration camps and Vienna's Philharmonic Orchestra: 10 mars 2013: Des historiens exhument le passé nazi de l'orchestre philharmonique de Vienne - 12 mai 2013: Plus de 10.000 personnes venues de plus de 50 pays ont commémoré dimanche le 68e anniversaire de la libération du camp de concentration nazi de Mauthausen

2014 Vienna's monument to remember resistance opened: 24. Oktober 2014: Denkmal für die Verfolgten der NS-Militärjustiz als zentrale österreichische Gedenkstätte für Deserteure des NS-Regimes am Wiener Ballhausplatz von Bundespräsident Heinz Fischer der Öffentlichkeit übergeben

2015 BND/NSA cooperation: 5. Mai 2015: Nach Berichten, daß der BND dem USA-Geheimdienst NSA beim Ausspionieren österreichischer Behörden geholfen habe, erstattet Österreich Strafanzeige

June 2018: 16 juin 2018: L'exécutif autrichien a demandé à l'Allemagne des explications après de nouvelles allégations visant les services secrets allemands, accusés d'avoir espionné un grand nombre d'institutions et d'entreprises en Autriche, dont des ambassades et organisations internationales

6 November 2020 German police raid flats, offices in several towns over November 2020 Vienna terrorist attack: 6 November 2020: German police raid flats, offices in several towns over November 2020 Vienna terrorist attack, as sites in Osnabrueck, Kassel and Pinneberg located 18 km northwest of the city centre of Hamburg were searched because 'there may be links to the alleged assassin', and carried out on a request from Austrian authorities, according to BKA

Austria/Hungary relations: Austria/Hungary relations - Hungarians in Austria - History of the Hungarians in Vienna

1867-1918: Austria-Hungary 1867-1918

1914-1918: World War I 1914-1918

Austria/Israel relations: Austria/Israel relations

History of the Jews in Austria: History of the Jews in Austria

1938-1945 The Holocaust in Austria and Nazi concentration camps in Austria: The Holocaust in Austria - Nazi concentration camps in Austria

2014 Israeli footballers assaulted by pro-Palestinians during match in Bischofshofen: 24 July 2014: Israeli footballers assaulted by pro-Palestinians during match in Bischofshofen

Austrian soccer team positive for virus playing Israeli team: 4 October 2020: 3 players for Austrian soccer team positive for virus after playing Israeli team which says it had no new cases of infection among those who played

Austria/Italy relations: Austria/Italy relations

1848/1849 First Italian War of Independence and first aerial bombing of cities by the Austrians against Venice: First Italian War of Independence 1848-1849 following Revolution of 1848 in the Italian states - Republic of San Marco 1848-1849 reconquered by Austrian troops following a long siege and an Austrian bombardment 1849 - 1849 First aerial bombing of cities by the Austrians against Venice

1914-1918 World War I: Austria-Hungary's and Germany's campaign against Italy in World War I 1914-1918 - Deutscher Giftgaseinsatz und Massenmord an Italiern entschied im Herbst 1917 die Schlacht bei Kobarid (19. Mai 1998)

2016: 2 avril 2016: L'Autriche envoie l'armée à la frontière italienne contre un afflux de migrants et de réfugiés cherchant à gagner le nord de l'Europe - 27 April 2016: Austria plans Italian border fence to control refugee and migrant flow, as Italy says Brenner Pass restrictions would be illogical and against EU rules

2017: 4 July 2017: Austrian troops to stop refugees and migrants crossing border with Italy, as Brussels urged Europe to help Italian authorities manage an 'unprecedented' arrival of people from north Africa

Austria/Poland relations: Austria/Poland relations

Since 1772 partitions of Poland conducted by Austria, Prussia and Russia: Since 1772 partitions of Poland conducted by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria

1938-1945 relationship between Austria and Poland and Axis powers' war crimes: Relationship between Austria and Poland, that started at 1920 disappeared at 1938, following the Anschluss which Nazi Germany, and until 1945 relationship went tense due to German invasion of Poland, thus sparked the World War II, and Austria participated in the occupation of Poland and had committed many crimes against Polish people under the banner of Nazi Germany

Nazi war crimes in Poland and convicted Austrian Nazis: Nazi war crimes in Poland - Austrian Nazis convicted of war crimes - Late 1930s—1945 Austrian member of the SS Gustav Franz Wagner, a starter deputy commander of the Sobibór extermination camp in German-occupied Poland, where more than 200,000 Jews were gassed during Operation Reinhard, known as 'The Beast' due to his brutality, sentenced to death in absentia after the war, but escaped with Franz Stangl to Brazil where he lived undisturbed until he was exposed by Simon Wiesenthal and arrested on 30 May 1978, but extradition requests from Israel, Austria, and Poland were rejected by Brazil's Attorney General Henrique Fonseca de Araújo, father of the current Brazilian chancellor Ernesto Araújo who was appointed by President Jair Bolsonaro in January 2019, the BBC interviewed Wagner in 1979

25 January 2020 Poland pushes for Nazi Gusen camp in Austria to be remembered: 25 January 2020: Poland pushes for Nazi camp in Austria to be remembered, charging that Gusen camp, a satellite of Mauthausen complex, is neglected by Austrian authorities, where some 35,800 detainees, many Polish, died

Austria/Russia relations: Austria/Russia relations

2016: 20 December 2016: Austrian Freedom Party's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Austrian party founded by former Nazis, signed a cooperation agreement with Russian Vladimir Putin's United Russia party and met with Michael Flynn, President-elect Donald Trump's nominee for national security adviser at Trump Tower in New York (USA)

Austria/Serbia relations: Austria/Serbia relations

Serbs in Austria: Serbs in Austria, there are between 200,000 and 300,000 people of Serbian descent living in Austria

1788–1792 Habsburg-occupied Serbia: 1788–1792 Habsburg-occupied Serbia

1848/49 Serb uprising (Serb People's Movement of 1848–49'): 1848/49 Serb uprising (Serb People's Movement of 1848–49', took place in Vojvodina in Serbia, part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, achieving the establishment of Serbian Vojvodina (then Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar), a special autonomous region under the Austrian crown but failed certain expectations that Serbian patriots had expressed at the May 1848 Assembly (1848, as the administration was largely in the hands of German officials and officers, only keeping some rights for the Serb community, but the uprising had increased national awareness of the Serb people north of the Sava and Danube in the struggle for freedom

1908-1909 Bosnian crisis (Annexation crisis): 1908-1909 Bosnian crisis, also known as the Annexation crisis, when Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formerly within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, sparking protestations from all the Great Powers and Austria-Hungary's Balkan neighbours, Serbia and Montenegro

July 1914: 23 July 1914: Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia - July 1914 preparations for the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum, content and Serbian response - 28/29 July 1914: Austria has declared war upon Serbia and Austro-Hungarian troops reportedly invaded Serbia by crossing the River Save at Mitrovitz

28 July 1914 - 1918 Austria-Hungary's Serbian Campaign: 28 July 1914 – 3 November 1918 Serbian Campaign of World War I, from late July 1914, when Austria-Hungary invaded the Kingdom of Serbia until the war's conclusion in November 1918, after the disintegration of Austria-Hungary, Allied and Serbian victory, and Serbian troops re-entering Belgrade on 1 November 1918

October 1914 trials of the Sarajevo assassins in Sarajevo and punishment: Arrest, prosecution, October 1914 trials of the Sarajevo assassins in Sarajevo and punishment, following the 28 June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo

April 1941 invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers: April 1941 invasion of Yugoslavia, a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II

April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade: 'Operation Retribution', the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade, the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in retaliation for the coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact

1941-1945 occupation of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers, war crimes and resistance: 1941-1945 occupation of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers, resistance and Allied victory - Axis war crimes in Yugoslavia - Nazi war crimes in Serbia

2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - 28/29 June 2014: Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation, as divisions still run deep

Austria/Slovenia relations: Austria/Slovenia relations

Austria-Slovenia border: Austria–Slovenia border - Austrian border barrier constructed between November 2015 and January 2016 by Austria on its border with Slovenia against refugees from Syrian and some other countries in the international and European refugee and migrant crisis

2015: 4 November 2015: Austria has put up barbed wire at a border crossing with Slovenia used by hundreds of refugees and migrants despite chancellor's pledge

Austria/Switzerland relations: Austria/Switzerland relations - Duchy of Austria 1156–1453 - House of Habsburg originally from Aargau - Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy 1291-1516 - Swiss Confederacy, reformation, Thirty Years' War 1618-1648 and recognition of independence of Switzerland from the 'Holy Roman Empire' - The Congress of Vienna 1814/1815 re-established Swiss independence, European powers agreed to permanently recognise Swiss neutrality - During both World War I 1914-1918 and World War II 1939-1945 Switzerland's 'neutrality' allowed the growth of the Swiss banking industry

Austria/Syria relations: Austria/Syria relations

2016: 15 January 2015: The Syrian community in Austria calls on the Austrian Government to cut off economic relations with the Assad regime and to expel its ambassador to Vienna

Austria/Turkey relations: Austria/Turkey relations - Turks in Austria

1529: 1529 Siege of Vienna, first attempt by the Ottoman Empire to capture the city of Vienna

1683: Battle of Vienna on 12 September 1683 after the city of Vienna had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months

1683-1699: Great Turkish War 1683-1699 between the Ottoman Empire and several contemporary European powers joined into 'Holy League'

1787–1791: Austro-Turkish War 1787–1791 - Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire 1828–1908

1914-1918: Austrian and Ottoman empires allies during the First World War

2017: 5. März 2017: Bundeskanzler Christian Kern hat sich für ein EU-weites Verbot von Wahlkampfauftritten türkischer Politiker ausgesprochen und wirft Erdogans Regime vor, 'Menschenrechte und demokratische Grundrechte mit Füßen' zu treten

Austria/Ukraine relations: Austria/Ukraine relations - Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867-1918 - a big portion of West Ukraine (Galicia and Carpathia) were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today consisting of Lviv Oblast, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ternopil Oblast, Chernivtsi Oblast and Zakarpattia Oblast

1914-1918 Central Powers's World War I: World War I 1914-1918 - during the war Ukraine was occupied by the Central powers military force including the Austro-Hungarian Empire's military that drove Bolsheviks out of the country

November 1917 'Decree on Peace', but February and March 1918 treaties of Brest-Litovsk: After 8 November 1917 'Decree on Peace', February 1918 'Treaty of Brest-Litovsk' Ukrainian People's Republic – Central Powers and 3 March 1918 'Treaty of Brest-Litovsk' peace treaty signed between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Tsardom of Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I signed at German-controlled Brest-Litovsk after two months of negotiations. The treaty was agreed upon by the new Russian Soviet power to stop further invasion. According to USA historian Spencer Tucker 'the German General Staff had formulated extraordinarily harsh terms that shocked even the German negotiator'. Congress Poland was not mentioned in the treaty, as Germans refused to recognize the existence of any Polish representatives, which in turn led to Polish protests. When Germans later complained that the 1919 Treaty of Versailles in the West was too harsh on them, the Allied Powers responded that it was more benign than the terms imposed by the Brest-Litovsk treaty.

May 2015 Austrian court refuses to extradite Ukrainian tycoon to the USA over corruption: 1 May 2015: An Austrian court refuses to extradite Ukrainian tycoon in gas trading and chemicals Dmytro Firtash to the USA over corruption charges, indicted in 2013 along with a member of India's parliament and four others

Austria/United Kingdom relations: Austria/United Kingdom relations

Environment of Austria: Environment of Austria - Natural history of Austria

Protected areas of Austria: Protected areas of Austria

Environmental issues in Austria: Environmental issues in Austria, including waste disposal, pollution, noise, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide levels, as well as emissions by the iron, steel, and ceramics industries

Water in Austria: Water in Austria - Rivers of Austria - List of rivers of Austria by draining - Danube, Europe's second-longest river and located in Central and Eastern Europe - List of lakes of Austria

Natural disasters in Austria: Natural disasters in Austria

Floods in Austria: Floods in Austria

June 2009 European floods: June 2009 European floods

May/June 2013 European floods: May/June 2013 European floods

May-June 2016 European floods: May-June 2016 European floods

Avalanches in Austria: Avalanches in Austria

Belarus - Geography of Belarus - History of Belarus - Demographics of Belarus

Economy of Belarus: Economy of Belarus - main industries include petrochemicals, potash, foodstuffs, timber, metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, televisions, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, textiles, radios, refrigerators - List of companies of Belarus - Companies of Belarus by industry ?risis of 2011 - 4. Juni 2011: Putin hilft Lukaschenko mit 3 Mrd. $ - 5. August: Weißrussischer Staatsbetrieb 'Belaruskali' erhält 2 Mrd. Dollar Kredit von 'Deutscher Bank' und russischer 'Sberbank'

Energy in Belarus: Energy in Belarus

2016: 9 August 2016: 30 years after world’s worst nuclear accident at Chernobyl, Belarus, which saw a quarter of its territory contaminated in the disaster, is building its first energy plant powered by the atom, as neighbouring countries denounce 'Soviet-style secrecy’ over accidents during energy site’s construction

Agriculture in Belarus: Agriculture in Belarus - products include grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, flax, beef, milk

Banking in Belarus: Banking in Belarus

Economic history of Belarus and economic cycles: Economic history of Belarus

Labor and trade unioms in Belarus: Labor in Belarus - Trade unions in Belarus

Politics of Belarus: Politics of Belarus

2010 Presidential election: Presidential election 2010

2012 Parliamentary election: Parliamentary election 23 September 2012 - 23 September: Belarus is holding parliamentary elections without the country's main opposition parties, after a boycott was called on the grounds of election irregularities and illegal detentions - 24. September 2012: Nach 'Parlamentswahl' Opposition voraussichtlich ohne Mandat - 24 September 2012: Western observers of parliamentary election say the election was 'not competitive from the start'

2015: 16 April 2015: Belarus imposes ‘social parasite’ law to fine unemployed, now facing an unemployment tax from the government - 29 August 2015: Belarusian opposition call on their supporters to boycott October's presidential poll, saying it has already been rigged - 24 September: At a rally in the Belarusian capital Minsk opposition leader Statkevich calls for presidential election boycott since opposition figures were barred from running

October 2015 Belarusian presidential election: 11 October 2015 Belarusian presidential election - 12 October: Lukashenko wins fifth term - 13 October: Belarusian presidential election fell short of democratic standards, international monitors say

September 2016 Belarusian parliamentary election: 11 September 2016 Belarusian parliamentary election - 12 September 2016: Anna Konopatskaya of the United Civil Party became the first opposition parliamentarian in Belarus in 20 years

November 2019 Belarusian parliamentary election: 17 November 2019 Belarusian parliamentary election - 17 November 2019: Belarus’ authoritarian president has disdainfully brushed off concerns that Sunday’s parliament election, from which many opposition figures have been excluded, would be regarded as neither free nor fair

26 July 2020 3 women entering campaign for next month’s presidential election: 26 July 2020: Three women are spearheading a maverick opposition campaign for next month’s presidential election in Belarus, transforming the country’s politics as they attempt to unseat Alexander Lukashenko, who has ruled for 25 years

August 2020 Belarusian presidential election: 9 August 2020 Belarusian presidential election - Registered candidates for presidential election 2020 by the Central Election Commission of Belarus - Internet polls as independent sociological studies that would make it possible to objectively evaluate the rating of potential candidates are not conducted in Belarus

10 August 2020 election marred by allegations of vote-rigging: 10 August 2020: Video from a polling station in Minsk appears to show a member of the electoral commission climbing down a ladder from a second-storey window with a bag assumed to contain voting slips, as clashes broke out in cities across Belarus on Sunday evening as riot police clashed with protesters after Alexander Lukashenko, who has ruled for 26 years, claimed a landslide victory in a presidential election marred by allegations of vote-rigging

11 August 2020 Belarus president cuts off internet amid widespread protests: 11 August 2020: Belarus president cuts off internet amid widespread protests, as Lukashenko hopes communications blackout will disrupt protests over elections

13 August 2020 second death in police custody: 13 August 2020: Belarus has confirmed that a young man has died in police custody, the second death since mass protests began on Sunday, as Alexander Vikhor left in van for hours after being detained in Gomel, mother tells local news

14 August 2020 Belarus pledges to release all protesters as evidence of beatings mounts: 14 August 2020: Belarus’s deputy interior minister pledges to release all protesters as evidence of beatings mounts, as EU set to discuss possible sanctions against Minsk, and as Russian regime says protests a ‘clear attempt at outside interference’

15 August 2020 pressure mounts on Lukashenko to go as he appeals to Russia for support: 15 August 2020: Pressure mounts on Alexander Lukashenko to go as he appeals to Russia for support and as protesters in Minsk gather where man died in clashes with police, calling for the country’s authoritarian president to resign after 26 years in power

16 August 2020 'shot right in the chest', partner denies Belarus protester died from own bomb: 16 August 2020: Elena German, the partner of Alexander Taraikovsky, who died during a protest against Lukashenko, denies he died from own bomb, saying only injury was to his chest after visiting the morgue and seeing his body on Friday, as video taken by an AP journalist shows Taraikovsky with a bloodied shirt before collapsing on the ground

16/17 August 2020 embattled Lukashenko sends SOS to Putin amid mass protests: 16/17 August 2020: Embattled Lukashenko sends SOS to Putin, as Belarusian workers chant 'leave', as strike action spread to state TV and as protests continue - 17 August 2020: Belarusian presidential candidate Svetlana Tikhanovskaya has announced readiness to become a national leader so that the country 'calms down and gets back to a normal rhythm'

22 August 2020 protesters remain defiant after week of fear, pride and hope: 22 August 2020: As protesters remain defiant, Minsk still in revolt after week of fear, pride and hope

23 August 2020 Lukashenko 'promised to solve' the issue of protests as Belarusians preparing for more rallies: 23 August 2020: Belarusians are preparing for a second Sunday of massed rallies against Alexander Lukashenko, after he 'promised to solve' the issue of protests within a few days and told his military to be on full combat alert to deal with supposed 'external threats'

24 August 2020 two opposition leaders arrested in Belarus after day of protest: 24 August 2020: Belarusian police detained Sergei Dylevsky, a factory worker who has become a prominent strike leader, and Olga Kovalkova, an aide to Svetlana Tikhanovskaya, the opposition politician who stood against Lukashenko in elections earlier this month but was forced to flee the country after the vote

26 August 2020 Nobel prize-winning author Svetlana Alexievich questioned by Lukashenko's auxiliary troops: 26 August 2020: Lukashenko's authorities in Belarus have questioned the Nobel prize-winning author Svetlana Alexievich as part of an investigation into an opposition council created to facilitate a political transition in the country

28 August 2020 crackdown on local and foreign media people: 28 August 2020: Swedish photojournalist Paul Hansen deported from Belarus, amid a crackdown on local and foreign media people including 50 reporters, detained by police and ahead of further mass protests planned for this weekend against the dictator Lukashenko, as British foreign secretary Dominic Raab condemned the attack on press freedom

7 September 2020 Belarus opposition leader Maria Kolesnikova 'snatched from street' in Minsk: 7 September 2020: Unidentified masked men snatched the leading Belarusian opposition figure Maria Kolesnikova from the street in the centre of the capital Minsk on Monday and drove her away in a minivan, witnesses told local media

8 September 2020 Maria Kolesnikova detained by Belarusian authorities after resisting expulsion on Ukraine border: 8 September 2020: Opposition leader Maria Kolesnikova detained by Belarusian authorities, after thwarting what a Ukrainian government minister described as an attempt to expel her from Belarus

9 September 2020 Lukashenko forces have detained lawyer Maxim Znak: 9 September 2020: Belarusian Lukashenko forces have detained lawyer Maxim Znak, one of the last leading members of an opposition council who had remained free, moving methodically to end a month of protests against Lukashenko

14 September 2020 embattled Lukashenko flies to Sochi for Putin talks amid ongoing protest movement: 14 September 2020: Embattled Lukashenko flies to Sochi for Putin talks amid ongoing protest movement against him, as incidents caught on camera show that, for the first time, police have been willing to use violence against female protesters

15 September 2020 Lukashenko's armed forces arbitrarily detained thousands and systematically subjected hundreds to torture and other ill-treatment: 15 September 2020: Belarusian armed forces arbitrarily detained thousands of people and systematically subjected hundreds to torture and other ill-treatment in recent weeks following the August 2020 presidential election, Human Rights Watch said today

20 September 2020 hackers leaked data of brutal police officers followed by tens of thousands of protesters marching through Minsk: 20 September 2020: Anonymous hackers leaked the personal data of 1,000 Belarusian police officers in retaliation for a crackdown on street demonstrations against Alexander Lukashenko, as tens of thousands of protesters marched through Minsk on Sunday chanting 'go away', and as at least 10 people were detained

24 September 2020 protesters clash with police in Belarus after Lukashenko sworn in again: 24 September 2020: Protesters clash with police in Belarus after Lukashenko sworn in again, as water cannon and stun grenades used by riot squad after opposition denounce president’s secret ceremony as illegitimate

24 September 2020 video shows taxi driver helping protester escape police in Belarus: 24 September 2020: An unnamed Belarusian taxi driver who helped a man escape from riot police during protests against Lukashenko has transfixed social media users who have shared footage of the dramatic incident

26 September 2020 Switzerland woman arrested in Minsk: 26 septembre 2020: Une femme suisse et biélorusse a été interpellée lors d’une manifestation contre le pouvoir en place à Minsk

27 September 2020 police disperse 'people's inauguration' rallies with teargas: 27 September 2020: Masked police dragged people into vans and fired stun grenades and teargas to disperse crowds as tens of thousands marched for a seventh straight weekend through Minsk and other cities to demand the resignation of Lukashenko - 27 septembre 2020: Environ 200 personnes arrêtées lors de rassemblements d’opposition

12/13 October 2020 Belarusian regime threatened to fire on protesters: 12/13 October 2020: Belarusian regime threatened to fire on protesters to break up demonstrations against Lukashenko, as EU foreign ministers agreed to impose sanctions personally targeting the strongman leader

26 October 2020 Belarusian riot police launched another violent crackdown in Minsk: 26 October 2020: Belarusian riot police launched another violent crackdown in Minsk on Sunday, throwing stun grenades into crowds of peaceful protesters, chasing people through courtyards and making arrests as they attempted to curtail the 11th consecutive Sunday protest with at least 100,000 people marching through the capital

27 October 2020 riot police in Minsk bursting into an apartment searching for protesters seeking refuge: 27 October 2020: Video shows riot police in Minsk bursting into an apartment in the city searching for protesters who had been seeking refuge after officers used stun grenades at a rally against the regime of Alexander Lukashenko, who continues to hold on to power despite two months of mass protests since he declared victory

15 November 2020 Belarusians have protested against the death of Roman Bondarenko in police custody: 15 November 2020: Thousands of Belarusians have protested against the death in police custody of a military veteran and children’s art teacher arrested for his opposition to authoritarian leader Lukashenko

16 December 2020 EU sanctions against regime and price for Svetlana Tikhanovskaïa: 26 décembre 2020: La cheffe de file de l’opposition au président Loukachenko au Bélarus, Svetlana Tikhanovskaïa, a reçu mercredi le prix Sakharov lors d’une cérémonie au Parlement européen, tandis que l’UE décidait au même moment d’élargir ses sanctions contre Minsk

11 February 2021 Lukashenko tells loyalists he defeated foreign ‘blitzkrieg’: 11 February 2021: Lukashenko tells loyalists he defeated foreign ‘blitzkrieg’, declaring victory over what he said was foreign attempts to overthrow his government and showed no signs of heeding the embattled opposition’s calls for him to resign

23 May 2021 Belarus accused of ‘hijacking’ Ryanair flight diverted to arrest blogger: 23 May 2021: Belarus has been accused of hijacking a European jetliner and engaging in an act of state terrorism when it forced a Ryanair flight to perform an emergency landing in Minsk after a bomb threat and arrested the opposition blogger Roman Protasevich critical of authoritarian president Alexander Lukashenko, wanted for organising last year’s protests against Lukashenko

24 May 2021 Ryanair’s CEO believes Belarusian KGB agents travelling on the plane diverted to Minsk: 24 May 2021: Ryanair’s CEO has said he believes that agents of the Belarusian KGB were travelling on the plane that was diverted to Minsk on Sunday, as EU leaders prepared to meet to discuss what action to take against Belarus, after Belarusian police arrested opposition blogger Roman Protasevich and Sofia Sapega and after forcing Ryanair flight to land in Minsk, sparking outrage from European leaders, who have called the plane’s grounding a hijacking and act of 'air piracy' - 24 May 2021: Roman Protasevich had told friends he was being followed in Athens. Hours later he was escorted away at Minsk airport, the 'Guardian' reports - 24 May 2021: EU says the landing of a Ryanair plane flying en route from Athens to Vilnius in Lithuania was forced by a Belarusian military aircraft

25 May 2021 Belarus journalist’s father says video confession carried out under duress: 25 May 2021: The father of the Belarusian journalist Raman Pratasevich said it was clear his son was acting under duress and had been beaten when he recorded a video 'confessing' to organising mass protests against the regime, as Dmitry Pratasevich said Raman was 'very nervous' and 'spoke in a way that was unusual for him'

26 May 2021 Belarus regime uses video 'confessions' as a tool to silence dissent: 26 May 2021: Belarus regime uses video 'confessions' as a tool to silence dissent, according to the 'Guardian', saying Raman Pratasevich and Sofia Sapega are just the latest to be forced into the widespread tactic

28 May 2021 Putin offered Lukashenko support in his standoff with the West over grounding of jet: 28 May 2021: Russian regime's Putin offered his Belarusian counterpart Lukashenko support in his standoff with the West over his handling of the grounding of a passenger jet and the arrest of a dissident blogger

1 June 2021 Belarusian activist stabs himself in court: 1 June 2021: Belarusian activist stabs himself in court, as Stsiapan Latypau carried out unconscious after claiming he was pressured to plead guilty

4 June 2021 Lukashenko regime airs more footage of detained activist as family call it ‘hostage’ video: 4 June 2021: Belarusian Lukashenko regime airs more footage of detained activist as family call it ‘hostage’ video, as supporters say Raman Pratasevich’s apparent confession was result of ‘abuse, torture and threats’ and as in the nearly hour-long appearance Pratasevich gave remarks inconsistent with his previous political views

6 July 2021 Belarus jailed former presidential contender Viktor Babariko for 14 years sparking condemnation: 6 July 2021: Belarus jailed former presidential contender Viktor Babariko for 14 years on Tuesday after convicting him on corruption charges he denied, sparking condemnation from the West and the embattled opposition-in-exile

1 August 2021 Belarusian sprinter voiced fears for her safety as she refused an order to fly home: 1 August 2021: Belarusian sprinter Krystsina Tsimanouskaya voiced fears for her safety as she refused an order to fly home early from the Olympics for criticising her coaches, saying she was forced to pack before being taken to the airport in Tokyo against her will, and that she sought police protection at the terminal so she would not have to board the flight

2 August 2021 Belarusian Krystina Timanovskaya at the Polish embassy in Tokyo given Polish visa: 2 August 2021: Belarus Olympian Krystina Timanovskaya at the Polish embassy in Tokyo given Polish visa after refusing 'forced' flight home, now also under protection from Japanese police

3 August 2021 Vitaly Shishov who helped Belarusians fleeing persecution found dead in Kyiv: 3 August 2021: The head of a Kyiv-based non-profit organisation, Vitaly Shishov, that helps Belarusians fleeing persecution has been found dead in a park in the Ukrainian capital, police have said, raising suspicion that he may have been murdered - 3 August 2021: The Belarusian House in Ukraine non-profit claimed their chief, Vitaliy Shishov who on Tuesday was found hanged in a Kyiv park, had been under surveillance

4 August 2021 'Freedom is worth fighting for’ Belarus activist Maria Kolesnikova says going on trial: 4 August 2021: Maria Kolesnikova and Maxim Znak appeared at a court in the capital Minsk on Wednesday, as - if found guilty - they could each face up to 12 years in prison, after Belarus was gripped by mass protests last year, triggered by an election widely seen to have been rigged in favour of Lukashenko

5 August 2021 Belarus sprinter took refuge in Poland after seeking help in Japanese airport: 5 August 2021: Belarus sprinter who took refuge in Poland tells compatriots ‘not to be afraid’, as Krystsina Tsimanouskaya has arrived in Poland under diplomatic protection against Lukashenko regime after seeking help in Japanese airport

6 September 2021 Belarus court sentenced protesst leader Maria Kolesnikova to 11 years in prison: 6 September 2021: Belarus court sentenced key opposition figure Maria Kolesnikova, who led mass protests against President Alexander Lukashenko last year, to 11 years in prison on national security charges

30 September 2021 KGB officers detained 50 people following shooting incident that left an IT worker and a KGB officer dead: 30 September 2021: Belarusian KGB officers have detained 50 people on charges of insulting a government official or inciting social hatred, following a shooting incident in which an IT worker and a KGB officer died, Viasna-96 human rights group said

22 October 2021 Belarus accused of deliberately abandoning freezing migrants near its border to Poland: 22 October 2021: Polish authorities accuse Belarus of deliberately abandoning migrants near its border in an attempt to destabilise the EU because the bloc imposing sanctions on Belarus after its disputed election, as in the coming winter season migrants are dying in Poland's forested border with Belarus, and as countries are locked in a geopolitical standoff

13 November 2021 Syrian man found dead on Polish side of border with Belarus: 13 November 2021: Syrian man found dead on Polish side of border with Belarus, as Polish police say cause of death not determined after body discovered in woods near village of Wolka Terechowska

Social movements and protests in Belarus: Belarusian democracy movement

2010 election crackdown and protests: December 2010 election crackdown

2011/2012 Belarusian protests and regime's violence: 2011 Belarusian protests - 14. Mai 2011: Andrej Sannikow zu 5 Jahren Straflager verurteilt - 20. Mai: Weitere Haftstrafen für Opposition - EU-Sanktionen? - 30. Juni 2011: Erneut Festnahmen von zahlreichen Demonstranten und Reportern - 3 July 2011: Violence and arrests in a crackdown on anti-government protests - 7. Juli 2011: Wieder Festnahmen bei Protesten in Minsk und anderen Städten - 13. Juli 2011: Polizei in Minsk prügelt Demonstranten - 20. Juli 2011: Klatschen gegen das Regime in Weißrußland - 8. Oktober 2011: Angesichts der Wirtschaftskrise fordern Demonstranten Neuwahlen von Präsident und Parlament - 13 March 2012: Belarus added to web censorship blacklist - 25. März 2012: Tausende bei regierungskritischer Kundgebung - Freilassung politischer Gefangener und demokratische Reformen gefordert - 23. Juni 2012: Der Journalist Andrzej Poczobut wegen angeblicher Präsidentenbeleidigung verhaftet

2015 opposition protest: 11 October 2015: Hundreds of opposition protesters marched in the capital Minsk on the eve of a presidential election, as opposition leaders say Belarusian presidential election is a sham

2016 opposition protest: 12 September 2016: Several hundred people have gathered in Minsk in protest of the parliamentary elections on Sunday, saying new vote must be held and demanding that the resignation of Lukashenko

Since February 2017 Belarusian protests: Since February 2017 Belarusian protests - 17 March 2017: 'Basta' and 'we are not slaves', these are the most popular slogans brandished at the Belarusian protests, which have seen thousands take to the streets and more than 100 people detained in a government crackdown - 23 March 2017: Human rights organisations have called on Belarusian authorities to drop all charges immediately against writers, publishers and journalists who have been arrested following a wave of nationwide protests, demanding the cancellation of the newly introduced Presidential Decree No. 3, which imposes a tax on the unemployed

March 2018 opposition protesters arrested: 25 March 2018: Scores of protesters were arrested Sunday in the capital of Belarus as supporters of the country’s repressed opposition tried to hold a march to mark the 100th anniversary of the short-lived Belarusian People’s Republic of 1918-19, seen by the opposition as the foundation of an independent Belarus

7 December 2019 protesters rally against closer Russia ties: 7 December 2019: More than 1,000 people took to the streets of Belarus to protest against closer ties with Russian regime as Putin hosted Belarusian Alexander Lukashenko in the Russian city of Sochi

Since 24 May 2020 Belarusian protests: Since 24 May 2020 Belarusian protests, a series of political demonstrations against the Belarusian regime of Lukashenko, as demonstrations, which are part of the Belarusian democracy movement, began in the lead-up to and during the August 2020 Belarusian election

31 July 2020 tens of thousands support Belarusian opposition: 31 July 2020: Tens of thousands of supporters of the Belarusian opposition candidates crowded into a Minsk square on Thursday evening before upcoming elections for what may have been the largest political rally in the country’s modern history

10 August 2020 Belarus regime cracks down on mass protests: 10 August 2020: Belarus regime cracks down on mass protests as opposition refuses to recognise official election win by Lukashenko

10 August 2020 demonstrator Alexander Taraikovsky died in Minsk: Demonstrator Alexander Taraikovsky died on 10 August 2020 in Minsk during the 2020 Belarusian protests, during which police have used tear gas, rubber bullets and stun grenades against protestors

15 August 2020 protesters in Minsk gather where man died in clashes with police: 15 August 2020: Protesters in Minsk gather where man died in clashes with police, calling for the country’s authoritarian president to resign after 26 years in power

16 August 2020 Belarusians gather in Minsk in thousands for biggest protest yet: 16 August 2020: Belarusians gather in Minsk in thousands for biggest protest yet, as Lukashenko claims war criminal Putin has offered him ‘comprehensive help’

17 August 2020 Belarusia's Lukashenko heckled by workers chanting 'leave': 17 August 2020: Belarusia's Alexander Lukashenko has been heckled by workers on a visit to a factory as anger mounts over his disputed re-election, and workers chanted 'leave' and booed the long-time oppressor, as strike action spread to state TV with staff walking out on Monday, and as Belarusian opposition has called for a general strike from Monday to continue the momentum after the massed protests on the weekend

22 August 2020 protesters remain defiant after week of fear, pride and hope: 22 August 2020: As protesters remain defiant, Minsk still in revolt after week of fear, pride and hope

23 August 2020 Belarusians preparing for a second Sunday of massed rallies against Lukashenko: 23 August 2020: Belarusians are preparing for a second Sunday of massed rallies against Alexander Lukashenko, after he 'promised to solve' the issue of protests within a few days and told his military to be on full combat alert to deal with supposed 'external threats'

30 August 2020 tens of thousands of protesters in Minsk against Lukashenko: 30 août 2020: Des dizaines de milliers de manifestants dénonçant le pouvoir de Loukachenko sont descendus dans les rues de Minsk à l’appel de l’opposition pour le troisième dimanche consécutif, malgré une présence massive des forces antiémeutes, y compris de véhicules blindés, qui ont empêché plusieurs cortèges d’opposants de se rejoindre, selon des estimations de l’AFP et de médias locaux - 30 août 2020: La police biélorusse a arrêté dimanche des dizaines de personnes lors de la grande manifestation de l’opposition à Minsk, en tentant de disperser le rassemblement

6 September 2020 protests show no sign of fading as 100,000 turn out in Minsk and more in other cities: 6 September 2020: Belarus protests show no sign of fading as 100,000 citizens turn out in Minsk, as similar marches held in other cities including Brest a month after disputed election

12/13 September 2020 about 10,000 women marched through Minsk against Putin's poodle Lukashenko: 13 September 2020: About 10,000 women marched noisily through the Belarusian capital on Saturday, beating pots and pans and shouting for the resignation of Putin's poodle Lukashenko, as at least 70 citizens were detained and many carried portraits of Maria Kolesnikova of the opposition Coordination Council who was jailed this week

13 September 2020 protest against Lukashenko on Sunday: 13 septembre 2020: Des dizaines de milliers de manifestants ont défilé à Minsk dimanche à l’appel de l’opposition, une mobilisation qui ne faiblit pas pour protester contre Loukachenko malgré la répression, car la police a procédé à 400 arrestations - 13 September 2020: 100,000 citizens join rally against Lukashenko on eve of Putin showdown

19 September 2020 women's march and arrested pro-democracy protesters: 19 septembre 2020: Les forces 'anti-émeutes' bélarusses ont arrêté samedi des centaines de personnes lors d’une marche de femmes à Minsk contre Alexandre Loukachenko

20 September 2020 tens of thousands of protesters marched through Minsk on Sunday chanting 'go away': 20 September 2020: Anonymous hackers leaked the personal data of 1,000 Belarusian police officers in retaliation for a crackdown on street demonstrations against Alexander Lukashenko, as tens of thousands of protesters marched through Minsk on Sunday chanting 'go away', and as at least 10 people were detained

4 October 2020 Minsk protest and arrest of citizens: 4 octobre 2020: Dizaines de milliers d’opposants au pouvoir bélarusse ont commencé à défiler au centre-ville de Minsk ce dimanche pour dénoncer la réélection jugée frauduleuse du président, et la police a déjà procédé à plusieurs arrestations

5 October 2020 seniors in Minsk lined up in a chain of solidarity: On 5 October seniors gathered outside St. Helen Church in Minsk, formed a column and rallied towards Independence Ave, entering October Square, as protesters lined up in a chain of solidarity, while being actively supported with honking from passing cars

12/13 October 2020 Belarusian protests continue as regime threatens to fire on protesters: 12/13 October 2020: As Belarusian protests coninue regime threatens to fire on protesters to break up demonstrations against Lukashenko, and as EU foreign ministers agreed to impose sanctions personally targeting the strongman leader

18 October 2020 tens of thousands rally against Lukashenka despite police threats of force: 18 October 2020: Tens of thousands of Belarusian citizens took to the streets on October 18 to protest the authoritarian rule of Alyaksandr Lukashenka, marching peacefully through the center of Minsk as the nationwide protest movement reached its 11th week, despite authorities' threat to open fire on demonstrators

25 October 2020 mass protests against Lukashenko as Belarus opposition threatens strikes: 25 October 2020: Mass protests against Lukashenko as Belarus opposition threatens strikes

26 October 2020 as at least 100,000 people marched in Minsk riot police launched another violent crackdown: 26 October 2020: Riot police launched another violent crackdown in Minsk on Sunday, throwing stun grenades into crowds of peaceful protesters, chasing people through courtyards and making arrests as they attempted to curtail the 11th consecutive Sunday protest with at least 100,000 people marching through the capital

26 October 2020 workers and students across Belarus have launched strikes: 26 October 2020: Workers and students across Belarus have launched strikes in a further show of defiance at the regime of Alexander Lukashenko

1 November 2020 Belarus protesters use Telegram to keep up pressure on Lukashenko: 1 November 2020: Belarus protesters use Telegram to keep up pressure on Lukashenko, as secure messaging app pivotal to organisation of protests and spreading of news about repressions

15 November 2020 Belarus protests and police violence: 15 November 2020: Thousands of Belarusians have protested against the death in police custody of a military veteran and children’s art teacher arrested for his opposition to authoritarian leader Lukashenko - 15 novembre 2020: Sur fond de colère suite à la mort de l'opposant Roman Bondarenko qui avait été interpellé par la police, une nouvelle manifestation contre Loukachenko a lieu dimanche dans la capitale bélarusse, mais les forces armées ont commencé à disperser la manifestation à Minsk quasi immédiatement après son début en utilisant notamment des grenades assourdissantes et du gaz lacrymogène, et onze personnes auraient été interpellées, selon une organisation de défense des droits humains

22 November 2020 Belarus protests continue despite arrests: 22 novembre 2020: Les partisans de l’opposition bélarusse ont de nouveau manifesté dimanche contre le président Loukachenko, confronté à une contestation inédite depuis sa réélection controversée début août, et plusieurs colonnes de manifestants, soit quelques dizaines de milliers de personnes selon une journaliste de l’AFP, ont défilé dans différents quartiers de Minsk

29 November 2020 endangered Belarus protests continue: 29 novembre 2020: L’opposition à nouveau dans la rue mais en petits groupes, car les opposants au régime du président Loukachenko ont changé de tactique en privilégiant la multiplication de petits rassemblements dans différents quartiers de Minsk

20 December 2020 151 anti-Lukashenko demonstrators detained in Belarus: 20 December 2020: Thousands in Belarus protest Lukashenko’s rule - 20 December 2020: Belarusian rights group says regime forces have detained protesters calling on strongman Lukashenka to step down, as Vyasna rights group published the names of 151 people detained in the capital Minsk and the cities of Barysau, Homel, Hrodna, Salihorsk, Smilovichi, Navapolatsk, Brest, and other locations

25 March 2021 Belarus regime's police arrest dozens at Freedom Day rallies: 25 March 2021: Over 50 protesters were arrested in Belarus at Freedom Day rallies during demonstrations against Lukashenko, as military vehicles were sent into Minsk city center to squash the scattered groups of protesters, with riot police using water cannons on demonstrators

27 March 2021 police detained more than 200 people in Minsk to prevent fresh protests: 27 March 2021: Police in Belarus detained more than 200 people and cordoned off streets in the capital Minsk to prevent fresh protests on March 27, as the opposition vowed to breathe new life into the pro-democracy movement after braving months of repression

Since July 2021 protests and Belarus/European Union border crisis: Since July 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis, caused by deterioration in Belarus–EU relations following the 2020 Belarusian 'election' and 2020–2021 Belarusian protests

14 November 2021 Polish police say group of 50 migrants broke through border: 14 November 2021: Polish police say group of 50 migrants broke through border with Belarus and entered Poland near the village of Starzyna, as thousands of refugees and migrants including Syrians have travelled to Belarus in the hope of crossing into the EU, only to find themselves trapped on the border in freezing conditions, France24 Gulliver Cragg reports from the border

Society, demographics, languages, culture and human rights in Belarus: Belarusian society

Human rights in Belarus: Human rights in Belarus

Persecution of political dissidents and extrajudicial use of judiciary: Government-sponsored hostage-taking in Belarus - Persecution of political dissidents, Extrajudicial use of judiciary, Harassment and censorship of independent media, Authorities interfere in trade-union elections and independent trade-union leaders have been dismissed from their positions

2013 HRW report: 29 November 2016: As Belarus remains highly repressive, with the authorities suppressing virtually all dissent and severely impeding freedoms of association and assembly, the EU has good reason to maintain its sanctions and press for an end to abuses, Human Rights Watch says

2016 Belarus executions: 12 October 2016: Belarus resumes executions after EU sanctions dropped, as human rights report details abuse used to extract confessions in only European country to use death penalty

Regions and districts of Belarus: 6 regions of Belarus and the city of Minsk - Geography of Belarus by region - Districts of Belarus

Brest Region: Brest Region and administrative center Brest city

Minsk Region: Minsk Region with its administrative center Minsk

Vitebsk Region: Vitebsk Region, located near the border with Russia

Cities and towns in Belarus: List of cities and towns in Belarus by region

Minsk: Minsk, situated on the Svislac and the Nyamiha Rivers, has a special administrative status as the capital of Belarus and is also the administrative centre of Minsk Region (voblasc) and Minsk District (rajon), with a population of 1,982,444 inhabitants in January 2018 - History of Minsk - Economy of Minsk, the economic capital of Belarus with industrial and services sectors which serve the needs not only of the city, but of the entire nation, as Minsk's contributions form nearly 46% of Belarusian budget

Timeline of Minsk: Timeline of Minsk since the Middle Ages

1793 Russian annexation: Since 1793, following partitions and partial annexations by the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia that ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia annexed the Minsk Voivodeship, ending a semi-independent duchy at least since 1067

1898 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party founded in Minsk: 1 March 1898 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party founded in Minsk, illegal for most of its existence as at the end of the 1st Party Congress all nine delegates were arrested by the Imperial Russian Police, the 2nd Congress was held in Brussels and London in 1903

Early 20th century Minsk a centre for the worker's movement: In the early years of the 20th century, Minsk was a major centre for the worker's movement within Belarus, and also one of the major centres of Belarusian national revival, along with Vilnia

June 1914 Minsk teachers institute founded: Minsk teachers institute (Minsk State Pedagogical University) founded in Minsk on 22 June 1914, opening in November 1914

1915 Minsk battle-front city of German empire's World War I: By 1915, Minsk became a battle-front city of German empire's World War I and its eastern front

February 1918 German empire's occupation of Minsk and military rule: February 1918 German imperial forces occupied Minsk and Belarus remained under German military rule during 1918 until the defeat of the aggressor

June 1941 German empire's bombing of Minsk in World War II: June 1941 German empire's bombing of Minsk in World War II, as much as 85% of the city's buildings and the entire infrastructure was destroyed, more than 1,000 people were killed

1941-1945 Nazi Germany's 'Reichskommissariat Ostland': 1941-1945 Nazi Germany's 'Reichskommissariat Ostland' occupation regime

Since July 1941 Minsk Ghetto: Since July 1941 Minsk Ghetto, created soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, one of the largest in Belorussian SSR, and the largest in the German-occupied territory of the Soviet Union, housing close to 100,000 Jews, most of whom perished in The Holocaust - 1942-1943 Maly Trostinets extermination camp on the outskirts of Minsk in 'Reichskommissariat Ostland'

Since 1944 Belarusian Great Patriotic War Museum in Minsk: Since October 1944 Belarusian Great Patriotic War Museum in Minsk after the liberation of Minsk from the Nazi invaders, making it the first World War II museum to open during the course of the war

Since 1946 Minsk Tractor Works: Since 1946 Minsk Tractor Works

Since 1948 Minsk State Linguistic University: Since 1948 Minsk State Linguistic University, specializing in 18 foreign languages

Since 1991 Minsk Belarusian capital: 1991 city of Minsk becomes capital of Republic of Belarus

March 2001 anti-Lukashenko demonstration: 21st century Minsk, as the new century also began in March 2001 with one of anti-Lukashenko demonstrations

2020–2021 ongoing Belarusian protests: 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, ongoing political demonstrations and protests against Lukashenko, the largest anti-government and pro-democracy protests in the history of Belarus, as demonstrations began in the lead-up to and during the 2020 presidential 'election' - 4 August 2021: Maria Kolesnikova and Maxim Znak appeared at a court in the capital Minsk on Wednesday, as - if found guilty - they could each face up to 12 years in prison, after Belarus was gripped by mass protests last year, triggered by an election widely seen to have been rigged in favour of Lukashenko

Grodno city: Grodno city city in western Belarus, located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania, with 365,610 inhabitants in 2016

History of Grodno: History of Grodno

Since November 1941 Grodno Ghetto: Grodno Ghetto, a World War II ghetto established in November 1941 by Nazi Germany in the city of Grodno for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of Jews in Western Belarus

Brest city: Brest city (formerly Brest-Litowsk), a city with a population 347,576 inhabitants in 2018 at the border with Poland opposite the Polish city of Terespol, where the Bug and Mukhavets rivers meet

History of Brest: History of Brest

March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Since 1941 Brzesc Ghetto: Brzesc Ghetto (Ghetto in Brest), a World War II Jewish ghetto created by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland in December 1941, six months after the German troops had overrun the Soviet-occupied zone of the Second Polish Republic under the codename Operation Barbarossa, less than a year after the creation of the Ghetto most of approximately 20,000 Jewish inhabitants of Brzesc were murdered, over 5,000 were executed locally at the Brest Fortress

Vitebsk: Vitebsk, the capital of the Viciebsk Region, with 342,381 inhabitants in 2004

History of Vitebsk: History of Vitebsk

Since July 1941 Vitebsk Ghetto and Ghetto massacre of October 1941: Since July 1941 Vitebsk Ghetto, created soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union and immediately after the Nazis took control of the town on 11 July 1941

Gomel Region (Gomel Oblast): Gomel Region (Gomel Oblast), with a population of 1,435,000 citizens in, one of the regions of Belarus as its administrative center is Gomel. Other important cities within the region include Mazyr, Zhlobin, Svietlahorsk, Rechytsa, Kalinkavichy, Rahachow and Dobrush. Both the Gomel Region and the Mogilev Region suffered severely from the Chernobyl disaster since April 1986. The Gomel Province borders the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone in places, and parts of it have been designated as mandatory or voluntary resettlement areas as a result of the radioactive contamination.

Territorial entities, disrricts, cities and towns of Gomel region: Administrative territorial entities, disrricts, cities and towns of Gomel region listed by 'Wikipedia'

Gomel city: Gomel city, the administrative centre of Gomel Region and with 526,872 inhabitants in 2015 the second-most populous city of Belarus

History of Gomel: History of Gomel

20s-21st centuries history of Gomel: 20s-21st centuries history of Gomel

Zhytkavichy town in Gomel Region and history: Zhytkavichy town in the Gomel Region of Belarus, an administrative center of Zhytkavichy District with a population of 16,600 citizens in the early 21st century. Erstmals 1457 schriftlich erwähnt, war die Ortschaft bis zur zweiten polnischen Teilung 1793 Teil des Großfürstentums Litauen in der Woiwodschaft Nowogródek und kam dann an das Gouvernement Minsk des Russischen Kaiserreiches. Während des Ersten Weltkriegs war die Ortschaft 1918 von Truppen des Deutschen Reiches in seinem Angriffskrieg gegen Rußland besetzt und nach dem Krieg wurde Schytkawitschy Bestandteil der BSSR innerhalb der Sowjetunion. Von August 1941 bis Juli 1944 war die Ortschaft von der Wehrmacht des NSDAP beherrschten Deutschen Reiches in seinem zweiten Weltkrieg, dem schrecklichsten der Geschichte, besetzt. 1971 erhielt Schytkawitschy den Status einer Stadt. Seit der Auflösung der Sowjetunion 1991 - und nachfolgend der Etablierung des verbrecherischen Putin Regimes in Rußland seit 1999/2000 mit seinen Kriegen gegen kaukasische Staaten, gegen die Ukraine und gegen die Bevölkerung Syriens - ist die Stadt Teil des verbündeten Nachfolgestaates Belarus.

Demographics and ethnic groups in Belarus: Demographics of Belarus - Ethnic groups in Belarus

History of the Jews in Belarus: History of the Jews in Belarus

Since 1941 The Holocaust in Belarus, Nazi Germany crimes in Belarus: Since 1941 The Holocaust in Belarus, the Nazi Germany crimes committed during World War II on the territory of Belarus against Jews

Culture of Belarus: Culture of Belarus

Jewish culture in Belarus: Jewish culture in Belarus

Languages of Belarus: Languages of Belarus - Belarusian language

Women and women's rights in Belarus: Belarusian women and women's rights

1926-1944 Belarusian resistance fighter Zinaida Martynovna Portnova tortured and murdered on 15 January 1944: 1926-1944 Zinaida Martynovna Portnova, a Belarusian teenager and partisan, who joined the Belarusian resistance movement after invading Nazi troops hit her grandmother while they were confiscating the cattle, was tortured and murdered on 15 January 1944, 25 years after the murder of Rosa Luxemburg - List of female Heroes of the Soviet Union

1872-1946 Belarusian-Israeli pathologist and scientist Sophia Getzowa: 1872-1946 Sophia Getzowa, a Belarusian-Israeli pathologist and scientist, who carried out widely cited research on the thyroid, identifying solid cell nests in 1907, later worked as a pathologist in Jerusalem, where she would become the first female professor in 1927, collaborating with a wide range of European scientists

1910-2001 politician Nadezhda Grekova: 1910-2001 Nadezhda Grekova, a Soviet Belarusian politician and the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Belorussian SSR 1938-1947

'Tell the Truth' member Tatsiana Karatkevich: Tatsiana Karatkevich, born 1977 in Minsk, is a Belarusian politician and member of the civic campaign 'Tell the Truth'

Children in Belarus: Belarusian children

Education in Belarus: Education in Belarus

Schools in Belarus: Schools in Belarus

Colleges and universities in Belarus: Universities and colleges in Belarus

Health in Belarus: Health in Belarus

Disease outbreaks in Belarus: Disease outbreaks in Belarus

Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belarus: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belarus, part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2

August 2020 timeline of covid-19 pandemic in Belarus: August 2020 timeline of covid-19 pandemic in Belarus, counting 69,673 confirmed cases and 617 deaths on 18 August

Healthcare in Belarus: Healthcare in Belarus

List of hospitals in Belarus: List of hospitals in Belarus

Since February 2020 Belarus government response to covid-19 pandemic: Since February 2020 Belarus government response to covid-19 pandemic

Belarusian media: Belarusian media - Media in Belarus by city - Propaganda in Belarus

Censorship and harassment of media in Belarus: Censorship in Belarus - Harassment and censorship of independent media

2010 Reporters Without Borders report: Reporters Without Borders ranked Belarus 154th in 'Press Freedom Index 2010'

October 2015: 9 October 2015: Journalists in Belarus face fines and arrest as they attempt to provide an alternative to pro-Lukashenko state channels

Newspapers in Belarus: Newspapers in Belarus

Broadcasting in Belarus: Radio in Belarus - TV in Belarus - Sports broadcasting contracts in Belarus

Internet in Belarus: Internet in Belarus

Crime in Belarus: Crime in Belarus

Corruption in Belarus: Corruption in Belarus

Antisemitism in Belarus, German occupations since 1915 and 1941 and German crimes against humanity: Antisemitism in Belarus - Nazi war crimes in Belarus - Since 1941 The Holocaust in Belarus, Nazi Germany's genocide committed during World War II on the territory of Belarus against Jews

February 2019 WWII mass grave: 22 February 2019: A mass grave containing bones from hundreds of bodies with gunshot wounds to their skulls, human remains belonging to men, women and children as well as clothes, shoes and other personal items, were discovered during construction atop what used to be the ghetto of Brest in present-day Belarus, as Nazi Germany forces killed three million civilians in Belarus, of whom 800,000 were Jewish

Capital punishment in Belarus: Capital punishment in Belarus

Human trafficking in Belarus: Human trafficking in Belarus

Law and legal history of Belarus: Belarusian law - Legal history of Belarus - Constitution of 3 May 1791 - 20th century Constitutions of Belarus - Amendments of the Constitution of Belarus and 1996 and 2004 Belarusian referendums

Courts and Supreme Court of Belarus: Court System of Belarus - Supreme Court of Belarus

2017: 27 August 2017: Belarus court clears way for luxury apartments to be built on top of Jewish cemeteries

Law enforcement in Belarus: Law enforcement in Belarus

Foreign relations of Belarus: Foreign relations of Belarus

Treaties of Belarus: Treaties of Belarus

Belarusian membership in international organisations: Belarusian membership in international organisations

Since January 1992 Belarus member of the 'Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE': Since January 1992 Belarus participating state of the 'Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE', is the world's largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization, as its mandate includes issues such as arms control, promotion of human rights, freedom of the press, and fair elections

Since 1945 Belarus member of the United Nations: Byelorussian SSR was one of two Soviet republics to be separate members of the UN, the other being the Ukrainian SSR, as both republics and the Soviet Union joined the UN when the organization was founded in 1945

July 2012 UN's human rights inquiry in Belarus: 6. Juli 2012: UN-Menschenrechtsrat ernennt Sonderberichterstatter zur Prüfung der Menschenrechtslage in Weissrussland

5 July 2021 UN expert has likened Belarus to 'totalitarian states': 5 July 2021: UN expert Anais Marin has likened Belarus to 'totalitarian states', warning that Minsk’s recent grounding of a passenger plane and subsequent arrest of an opposition journalist on board was part of an ongoing effort by officials to “purge” the country of all dissent

Bilateral relations of Belarus: Bilateral relations of Belarus

Belarus/Austria relations: Belarus/Austria relations

Belarus/Czech Republic relations: Belarus/Czech Republic relations

Belarus/Denmark relations: Belarus/Denmark relations

Belarus–Denmark economic and trade relations: Belarus–Denmark economic and trade relations

Belarus/European Union relations: Belarus/European Union relations

11 August 2012 EU backs Sweden in Belarus row: 11 August 2012: EU backs Sweden in Belarus row

October 2013 EU helping prop up Belarus president Lukashenko, says opposition calling for broader sanctions: 17 October 2013: EU helping prop up Belarus president Lukashenko, says opposition, calling for broader sanctions from Brussels

17 August 2020 EU calls leaders to emergency summit to support Belarus people: 17 August 2020: European council's Charles Michel has invited EU’s 27 heads of state and government to an extraordinary meeting by video conference on Wednesday, tweeting 'the people of Belarus have the right to decide on their future and freely elect their leader', and 'violence against protesters is unacceptable and cannot be allowed', reflecting the rapid pace of events in cities across Belarus, after the embattled autocrat Lukashenko urged Russian regime's Putin to save his regime over the weekend

19 August 2020 EU emergency talks to discuss the political crisis in Belarus: 19 August 2020: EU leaders are to hold emergency talks to discuss the political crisis in Belarus, as in the run-up to the meeting the Belarusian opposition leader Svetlana Tikhanovskaya urged the EU not to recognise Lukashenko as president

22 October 2020 Sakharov Prize awarded to the democratic opposition in Belarus by EU parliament: 22 octobre 2020: Le Parlement européen décerne le prix Sakharov des droits humains ce jeudi à l’opposition démocratique au Bélarus qui conteste la réélection controversée du président Loukachenko

Since July 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis: Since July 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis, caused by deterioration in Belarus–EU relations following the 2020 Belarusian 'election' and 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, by support of the 2020 Belarusian protests by the Polish government and the fleeing to Poland of the main opposition challenger Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, by sanctions against Belarus following the forced landing of Ryanair Flight 4978 and the persecution and threatening of opposition activist Roman Protasevich and his girlfriend Sofia Sapega, by tensions and violence in the aftermath of the Iraq War since 2003 with the destabilisation of Iraq and the Middle East

15 November 2021 EU has agreed on new sanctions against Belarus: 15 November 2021: EU has agreed on new sanctions against Belarus targeting 'everyone involved' in facilitating the transport of people to Belarus’s border with Poland, where thousands are stuck in makeshift camps in freezing weather, accusing Lukashenko’s regime of waging a 'hybrid attack' against the bloc by allowing people from the Middle East who are desperate to reach the EU to fly into Minsk then head for the Polish border, as EU's foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the decision by 27 EU foreign ministers reflected 'the determination by the European Union to stand up to the instrumentalisation of migrants for political purposes'

Belarus/France relations: Belarus/France relations

18 October 2021 French ambassador ordered out of Belarus in diplomatic spat: 18 October 2021: French ambassador ordered out of Belarus in diplomatic spat, as envoy Nicolas de Lacoste’s exit linked to Paris’ refusal to recognise Alexander Lukashenko’s 2020 re-election

Belarus/Germany relations: Belarus/Germany relations - Belarus in World War II - Military history of Belarus during World War II - Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany - Nazi war crimes in Belarus - The Holocaust in Belarus - Minsk Ghetto - Maly Trostenets extermination camp

Belarusian resistance during World War II: Belarusian resistance during World War II

2012 German support against opposition in Belarus: 24. August 2012: Von 2008-2011 Schulung von Polizei und Miliz des Innenministeriums Weißrußlands in Deutschland für Einsätze gegen Demonstranten, sog. 'Rädelsführer' etc., auf Veranlassung der Regierung Merkel

Belarus/Israel relations: Belarus/Israel relations since 1992

Jewish communities in Belarus: Jewish communities in Belarus, as Jews have been living in Belarus for more than six centuries and are an integral part of the ethnic structure of the Belarusian society, as today Belarus after German empire's Second World War, when about 850,000 Jews were killed, about 130,000 immigrants from Belarus live in Israel, as the number of Jews living in Belarus is considered to be around 30-50,000, but the number of Belarusians with Jewish descent is assumed to be higher

Belarus-Israel economic, cultural and trade relations: Belarus-Israel economic, cultural and trade relations

Belarus/Lithuania relations: Belarus/Lithuania relations

3 July 2021 Lithuania declared a state of emergency due to an influx of migrants over the last few days from Belarus: 3 July 2021: Lithuania has declared a state of emergency due to an influx of migrants over the last few days from Belarus, AP reports

10 August 2021 Lithuania to build fence on Belarus border to stop migrants: 10 August 2021: Lithuania to build fence on Belarus border to stop migrants

Belarus/Netherlands relations: Belarus/Netherlands relations since 1994

Since 2006 Dutch reaction to Belarusian presidential elections and lack of political freedom: 2006 Dutch reaction to 2006 Belarusian presidential election, as Dutch FM convinced the EU that a planned Interpol summit planned to take place in Minsk be boycotted, as groups in the Netherlands protest what they call the lack of political and religious freedom in Belarus

Belarus/Poland relations: Belarus/Poland relations

Polish minority in Belarus: The Polish minority in Belarus numbers officially about 300,000 in 2009, forming the second largest ethnic minority in the country after the Russians, at around 3% of the total population

Belarusian minority in Poland: The Belarusian minority in Poland is composed of 47,000 people in 2011, most of them living in the Podlaskie Voivodeship

20 September 2021 Poland accused Russia and Belarus of orchestrating a wave of illegal immigration: 20 September 2021: Poland accused Russia and Belarus of orchestrating a wave of illegal immigration at its land border, a day after four migrants were found dead at its Belarusian frontier, as thousands have been trying to cross from Belarus into EU members Latvia, Lithuania and Poland in recent weeks, and as EU suspects the influx of people mostly from the Middle East is being orchestrated by Belarusian autocratic Lukashenko in retaliation for sanctions on his regime

8 November 2021 Belarus escorts 1,000 migrants towards Polish border: 8 November 2021: Belarus escorts 1,000 migrants towards Polish border, as column of up to 500 people including children led by border guards in escalation of deadly crisis

9 November 2021 refugees submitted to blackmail by Belarus: 9 novembre 2021: 83 ans après la 'nuit de Cristal', le pogrom contre les Juifs du Troisième Reich qui se déroula dans la nuit du 9 au 10 novembre 1938, le chantage aux migrants par la Biélorussie, selon France24 - 9 November 2021: Poland PM blames Russia's Putin for Belarus migrant crisis, as Mateusz Morawiecki said that Belarus's autocrat, a close ally of Putin, is orchestrating the crisis, but 'it has its mastermind in Moscow'

11 November 2021 locals are trying to offer humanitarian aid: 11 November 2021: As Poland repels migrants, taking a hard line on those trying to enter the EU from Belarus, Polish residents are handing out food and water to migrants and locals offer humanitarian aid

16 November 2021 migrants tear-gassed trying to cross from Belarus: 16 November 2021: Trying to cross into the country from Belarus, Polish forces have used tear gas and water cannon against refugees and migrants, as videos showed migrants throwing stones and other objects at the Polish forces guarding a fortified border crossing, as for weeks, thousands of migrants, mostly from the Middle East, have been gathering at the Belarus border in an attempt to reach the EU and as Belarus has been accused of pushing migrants to the border to try to destabilise the EU, the BBC reports - 16 November 2021: Clashes erupted between stranded refugees and Polish border guards at the Polish-Belarusian border early on Tuesday, as refugees at the Kuznica border crossing trying to cross into Poland reportedly threw stones at Polish guards, who responded by using water cannon and tear gas, according to Poland’s Ministry of National Defence, 'Al Jazeera' reports

17 November 2021 escalating Belarus/EU crisis concerning migrants from Syria, Iraq and Lebanon: 17 novembre 2021: Bloqués aux portes de l'Europe, des milliers de migrants massés à la frontière polonaise, et France24 se consacre à la crise migratoire dans le nord de l'Europe pour tenter de comprendre la situation qui voit des milliers de migrants, principalement de Syrie, der l'Irak et du Liban - 17 November 2021: In the escalating migrant crisis brewing on EU's eastern border thousands of people from the Middle East have travelled to Belarus in the hope of entering the EU, and are mow trapped on the border with Poland, desperately trying to survive in freezing conditions

18 November 2021 escalating migrant crisis on EU's eastern border: 18 novembre 2021: Les forces de sécurité polonaise ont arrêté une centaine de migrants dans la nuit de mercredi à jeudi alors qu'ils tentaient de franchir la frontière avec la Biélorussie

22 November 2021 Iraqi Kurdi woman told journalists in Polish hospital 'me and my son survived only by miracle': 22 November 2021: Women refugees say they have miscarried, been separated from their children by border guards, and been hospitalised, as Iraqi Kurdi woman Shirin told Al Jazeera from a hospital in a Polish border town 'me and my son survived only by miracle', as her body was covered in injuries and blisters from the cold, adding 'I will never forget what I have seen in the woods', 'I have seen so many children and babies there. Their mothers were screaming and praying for a miracle. The adults could barely survive, so what chance do babies have'

23 November 2021 migrants trying to enter Poland via Belarus report what is happening: 23 November 2021: Misled by traffickers, pushed back by Polish border guards or pushed past the barbed wire by Belarusian authorities, France24 reports, as three of its observers, migrants who tried to enter Poland via Belarus, reported what is really happening during this crisis

27 November 2021 migrants at Belarus border camp say they refuse to return home: 27 November 2021: Migrants at Belarus border camp say they refuse to return home, Belarusian regime's Lukashenko now told migrants that the country could help them return to their home countries

25 January 2022 Poland begins work on a new euro wall along the Belarus border: 25 January 2022: Polish contractors have begun work on a new 353 million euro wall along the Belarus border aimed at deterring refugee crossings following a crisis in the area last year, as 5.5-metre-high wall along 186km of the border has raised human rights concerns over how refugees will be able to seek asylum as well as environmental worries about the effect on wildlife along the mostly forested border

Belarus/Russia relations: Belarus/Russia relations

Pipelines, gas and engery disputes: Yamal–Europe pipeline - 2004 Russia–Belarus gas dispute - 2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute

2009 Russian ban of Belarusian dairy products: 2009 Russian ban of Belarusian dairy products

2014 Russia and 'Eurasian Economic Union': Eurasian Economic Union will go into effect on 1 January 2015 if treaty is approved by each country - Eurasia - continental landmass of Europe and Asia - 29 May 2014: Ex-Soviet trade bloc treaty 'Eurasian Economic Union', uniting Russian, Kazakh, Belarusian economies into market, signed in Moscow

April 2015 Lukashenko refuses to attend 'Victory Day Parade in Mocow' with Chinese regime's Xi Jinping and North Korea's dictator Kim Jong Un: 19 April 2015: Belarus' Lukashenko refuses to attend Victory Day Parade in Mocow on May 9 as Chinese regime's Xi Jinping and North Korea's dictator Kim Jong Un are the most high-profile leaders to attend

October 2015 Belarus doesn't want to host a Russian military air base: 7 October 2015: Belarus doesn't want to host a Russian military air base, Lukashenko says following protests against his rule and reported Russian plans to beef up military presence

24 December 2019 Belarus' Lukashenko warns Putin against forceful merger: 24 décembre 2019: Le président bélarusse Loukachenko a mis en garde mardi les autorités russes contre une union sous la contrainte entre son pays et la Russie, qui discutent depuis des années d'une hypothétique fusion en un seul Etat

29 July 2020 dozens of militants detained near Minsk part of Russia's PMC Wagner: 29 July 2020: Belarus security forces overnight Wednesday apprehended just outside Minsk as many as 32 militants with Russia's Wagner private military company, whose fighters had been earlier spotted in various hotspots across the world, including Syria, Libya, and Donbas - 29 juillet 2020: Plusieurs dizaines de membres d’un groupe militaire privé russe, accusés d’être venus 'déstabiliser' le pays à l’approche de l’élection présidentielle du 9 août, ont été interpellés par les forces de l’ordre bélarusses

Belarus/Sweden relations: Belarus/Sweden relations - 3. August 2012: Weissrussland verweist den schwedischen Botschafter, der sich mit Oppositionspolitikern getroffen haben soll, des Landes - 8 October 2015: Svetlana Alexievich wins 2015 Nobel prize in literature

Belarus/Switzerland relations: Belarus/Switzerland relations

26 September 2020 Switzerland woman arrested in Minsk: 26 septembre 2020: Une femme suisse et biélorusse a été interpellée lors d’une manifestation contre le pouvoir en place à Minsk

Belarus/Syria relations: Belarus/Syria relations

2017 Belarus seen quietly helping Assad boost missile program: 15 September 2017: Belarus seen quietly helping Assad boost missile program, as analyst Ronen Solomon links Belarusian regime to Syrian Assad regime's military facility allegedly bombed by Israel this month

12 November 2021 tourist visas and flights from Syria, the route to Europe via Belarus: 12 November 2021: Tourist visas and flights from Syria, the route to Europe via Belarus, as travel agents in Middle East and migrants who have reached Poland describe how thousands are making the journey

Belarus/Ukraine relations: Belarus/Ukraine relations - Belarus–Ukraine border

1991 Belavezha Accords: 1991 Belavezha Accords

August 2016: 26 August 2016: Independence of Ukraine and Belarus is only way to develop bilateral relations, Belarus FM during the opening ceremony of a residential complex of the Belarusian Embassy to Ukraine

8 September 2020 Belarus detains protest leader Kolesnikova after expulsion bid: 8 September 2020: Prominent opposition leader Maria Kolesnikova was detained by Belarusian authorities, after thwarting what a Ukrainian government minister described as an attempt to expel her from Belarus

22 March 2022: Belarusian fighters heading to Ukraine to fight against Russia: 22 March 2022: Among the foreign fighters heading to Ukraine to fight against Russia are dissidents from Belarus living in exile, seeing the war as a battle both against Vladimir Putin’s forces but also against the regime of the Belarusian autocrat Lukashenko backed by Putin's regime, as BBC met Pavel Kulazhanka, who left his life in New York to join the fight

Belarus/USA relations: Belarus/USA relations since 1991

Since 2006 USA introduced sanctions against Belarus individuals and companies: Following the 2006 Belarusian presidential election, USA introduced sanctions against Belarus individuals and companies for 'the actions and policies... to undermine Belarus' democratic processes or institutions'

August 2020 USA and democracy and opposition in Belarus: After the August 2020 presidential elections in Belarus, USA's secretary Pompeo voiced concerns about how the election was 'not free and fair', urging the Belarusian armed forces to respect their citizens right to peacefully assemble, refrain from using force, and release persons who were wrongfully detained

28 October 2020 USA's Biden vows to back Belarus opposition in removing Lukashenko: 28 October 2020: Biden vows to back Belarus opposition in removing Lukashenko, as democratic presidential hopeful accuses Donald Trump of failing to speak up for people of Belarus after disputed election

Environment of Belarus: Environment of Belarus

Protected areas of Belarus: Protected areas of Belarus - Forests of Belarus

Environmental issues in Belarus: Environmental concerns and current issues in Belarus

Since 1986 legacy of Chernobyl Disaster: Since 1986 legacy of pollution the Chernobyl Disaster

Water in Belarus: Water in Belarus

Belgium - Belgique - Geography of Belgium - History of Belgium - Demographics of Belgium

Economy of Belgium: Economy of Belgium - main industries include engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum

Companies of Belgium by industry: Companies of Belgium - Companies of Belgium by industry

Energy in Belgium: Energy in Belgium

2016: 3 January 2016: Belgian ageing nuclear reactor Doel 1 shut down on Saturday again, just three days after it was restarted

Agriculture in Belgium: Agriculture in Belgium - Agriculture in Flanders - the 5 most important agricultural products in 2013 are pork (1.46 billion euros), dairy products (844 million euros), beef (712 million euros), vegetables (602 million euros) and ornamental horticulture products (512 million euros)

Banking and Financial Services and Markets Authority of Belgium: Financial Services and Markets Authority - Banks in Belgium

2011/2012 Belgian government will take full control of the Belgian arm of Franco-Belgian Dexia bank: 10 October 2011: Belgian government will take full control of the Belgian arm of Franco-Belgian Dexia bank - 9 November 2012: France and Belgium agree to pump a further 5.5bn euros into bank Dexia, after it reported another large loss

Foreign trade of Belgium: Foreign trade of Belgium

Economic history of Belgium and economic cycles: Economic history of Belgium in the twentieth and twenty-first century - Industrial history of Belgium

2008–2009 Belgian financial and banking crisis: 2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis, a major financial crisis that hit Belgium from mid-2008 onwards, as two of the country's largest banks – Fortis and Dexia – started to face severe problems, exacerbated by the financial problems hitting other banks around the world and the value of their stocks plunged, as the government managed the situation by bailouts, selling off or nationalizing banks, providing bank guarantees and extending the deposit insurance, ventually Fortis was split into two parts, sd the Dutch part was nationalized, while the Belgian part was sold to the French bank BNP Paribas, and as Dexia group was dismantled and Dexia Bank Belgium was nationalized - Fortis, Dexia and KBC bank crises and government reaction

Since 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic: Since 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic and crises since March, as the pandemic caused the largest global recession in history, with more than a third of the global population at the time being placed on lockdown

Labour and labour disputes in Belgium: Labour in Belgium - Labour disputes in Belgium - Belgian labour law - Labour Court in Belgium, dealing in first instance with disputes between employers and employees and disputes regarding social security - Court of labour in Belgium, the appellate court in the judicial system of Belgium which hears appeals against judgements of the labour tribunals

15 December 2014 Belgium hit by general strike amid transport chaos: 15 December 2014: Belgium hit by general strike, as strikes across Belgium cause transport chaos, but unsuccessful opposition to the austerity of the Charles Michel government in the context of the Great Recession and European debt crisis

Politics of Belgium: Politics of Belgium

Since 1831 Constitution of Belgium: Constitution of Belgium, dating back to 1831

Regions, provinces and communities of Belgium: Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium - Provinces of Belgium - Belgium includes three regions, two of these regions, the Flemish Region or Flanders, and Walloon Region, or Wallonia, are each subdivided into five provinces, the third region, the Brussels-Capital Region, is not divided into provinces - Bilingualism in Belgium - Language legislation in Belgium

Political parties in Belgium: Political parties in Belgium

Trade unions in Belgium: Trade unions in Belgium

Since 1831/1970 council of Ministers supreme executive organ: Council of Ministers, the supreme executive organ of the Federal Government of the Kingdom of Belgium, composed of the PM, who leads it, and up to fourteen senior ministers, as the Council of Ministers formally became a permanent policy structure with the constitutional revision of 1970

Since February 1831 Prime Minister of Belgium: Since February 1831 Prime Minister of Belgium, the head of the federal government of Belgium

Since 1944/1948 Benelux Union: Since September 1944 and in effect since January 1948 Benelux Union, a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in western Europe including Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, as main institutions of the Union are the Committee of Ministers, the Council of the Union, the General Secretariat, the Interparliamentary Consultative Council and the Benelux Court of Justice

Elections and politics in Belgium: Elections in Belgium

June 2010 Belgian general election: Belgian general election 13 June 2010 - 2010–2011 Belgian government formation

2010-2013: 8. Juli 2011: Belgiens designierter Premier Elio Di Rupo gibt im Juli 2011 auf - 8 October: Belgian parties strike key reform deal to end political crisis - 21 novembre: Le socialiste Elio di Rupo, Premier ministre pressenti, a presenté sa démission - 27 November: Belgian leaders agree on federal budget - 13 juillet 2012: Le Parlement belge a adopté à 106 voix contre 42 le projet de loi 'scindant' l'arrondissement de Bruxelles-Hal-Vilvorde

October 2012 Belgian provincial and municipal elections: Belgian provincial and municipal elections, 14 October 2012 - 14/15 October: Local elections have resulted in widespread gains for the Flemish Nationalist Party, which wants to divide the country - 15 octobre: Le chef des indépendantistes flamands, vainqueur des municipales à Anvers en Belgique, a lancé un appel au Premier ministre Elio Di Rupo pour qu'il négocie avec lui une réforme de l'État ouvrant la voie à une confédération

February 2014 bill: 13 February: Parliament in Belgium has passed a bill allowing euthanasia for terminally ill children without any age limit, by 86 votes to 44

May 2014 Belgium Federal and regional elections: Belgian federal election 25 May 2014 - Belgian regional elections 25 May 2014 - 26 May 2014: First estimates give 33% of the vote in Flanders to the New Flemish Alliance

May 2014 Belgium European Parliament election: Belgium European Parliament election 25 May 2014

May-October 2014 Belgian government formation: 2014 Belgian government formation - 8 October: The Francophone liberal Charles Michel will become Belgium’s PM

December 2018 PM Michel resigns: 19 December 2018: Belgian PM Michel resigns after he lost support of key coalition partner, the nationalist New Flemish Alliance, when backing UN bid to improve coordination on migrants, and after the parliament rejected Michel's appeal for its support for a minority administration, now bracing for a snap election in January

May 2019 Belgian federal election: 26 May 2019 Belgian federal election

May 2019 European Parliament election in Belgium: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Belgium

May 2019 Belgian federal election: 26 May 2019 Belgian federal election

October 2019 Sophie Wilmès new PM, the first Jewish person to become PM: 28 October 2019: Sophie Wilmès was appointed as the new PM of Belgium, becoming the first female premier in the country's history - 28 October 2019: Centrist politician Sophie Wilmes, who will head a caretaker government during negotiations on the formation of a coalition, which in Belgium has been known to take months, is the first Jewish person to become PM of Belgium

September/October 2020 new government with Flemish liberal Alexander De Croo as Belgium’s PM: 30 September 2020: Flemish liberal Alexander De Croo to be appointed Belgium’s PM, leading a governing coalition of 7 parties, including French- and Dutch-speaking liberals, socialists and greens, as well as Dutch-speaking Christian democrats, and because of these four political traditions (seasons) involved dubbed 'Vivaldi' - 1 October 2020: New government attracted attention for being the country’s first gender-balanced one, as Sophie Wilmes became Belgium’s first female foreign minister while women were appointed as interior and defence ministers for the first time too

1 February 2021 Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas: 1 February 2021: Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas, as vandalism comes as Alexander De Croo faces series of criticisms, including from hardline Flemish Nationalists, over allegedly undemocratic nature of anti-covid restrictions

20 July 2021 Belgium has declared 20 July 2021 a national day of mourning amid solidarity with the victims of European flood: 20 July 2021: Belgium has declared 20 July 2021 a national day of mourning for the victims of last week’s unprecedented flood, devastating the region of Liège, as according to a provisional report the floods caused by torrential rain claimed the lives of 31 people, with around 70 still missing, as the majority of damage seems to be linked to an overflowing dam in the Valley of Vesdre, on a tributary of the river Muse, as today across Belgium, people are coming together, contacting their local authorities, and offering donations in solidarity with the victims of the flood

1 December 2023 Belgian court orders 55% emissions cut from 1990 levels: 1 December 2023: In a powerful victory for climate campaigners, the Brussels court of appeal ordered Belgium to cut its planet-heating pollution by at least 55% from 1990 levels by 2030. The court rejected arguments that Belgium’s impact on the climate crisis was limited by its small size and found its climate governance to date had violated human rights.

Opinion polling for the 2024 Belgian federal election: Opinion polling for the 2024 Belgian federal election

Social movements, trade unions and protests in Belgium: Protests in Belgium

10–18 May 1941 strike of the 100,000 in German-occupied Belgium and following resistance: 10–18 May 1941 strike of the 100,000, an 8-day strike in German-occupied Belgium, led by Belgian Communist Party's Julien Lahaut, as the object of the strike was to demand a wage increase though it was also an act of passive resistance to the German occupation, and achieved limited support from the middle and upper classes who had traditionally opposed labour militancy, and as further important strikes did take place in Belgium in November 1942 and February 1943, and in the Nord and Pas de Calais mining basins in Northern France which formed part of the same German administrative area as Belgium, judged by the French newspaper Le Monde in 2001 to have been one of the most spectacular acts of the French resistance

2011 protest against austerity policy: 2. Dezember 2011: In Brüssel gewerkschaftliche Großdemonstration von Zehntausenden gegen Sparpolitik

2012-2014 steel workers protest and strike: 30 January 2012: Strike set to bring Belgium to a halt - 30 January: Some 2.000 steel workers protested plans to lay off 1.300 workers at several ArcelorMittal plants in Liege, wanting the regional government to intervene - 8 March 2013: Hundreds of Belgian steel workers have blocked a border crossing near the Belgian city of Liege to protest against planned job cuts by ArcelorMittal - 15 December 2014: Air, train links cut as national strike begins against the new government's austerity policies

2016 remembrance of and tribute to the victims of terrorism: 17 avril 2016: Des milliers de personnes ont rendu hommage, dimanche à Bruxelles, aux 32 morts des attentats du 22 mars

December 2017: 7 December 2017: Nearly 50,000 people marched through the European quarter of Brussels on Thursday night in support of Catalan independence and the region’s ousted president Carles Puigdemont, who has avoided arrest in Spain by taking refuge in Belgium

2018 solidarity with migrants: 26 février 2018: Quelque 10'000 personnes ont manifesté dimanche à Bruxelles dans le froid pour témoigner leur solidarité avec les migrants et exiger du gouvernement belge une politique migratoire 'plus humaine'

7 June 2020 protesters reject racism: 7 June 2020: UK protesters topple statue of slave trader Colston as George Floyd rallies sweep Europe and thousands take to streets in support of 'Black Lives Matter' movement, condemn racism and police violence, and as in Brussels, protesters clambered onto the statue of former King Leopold II and chanted 'reparations', also writing the word 'shame' on the monument, reference perhaps to the fact that Leopold is said to have reigned over the mass death of 10 million Congolese, as racism must be rejected 'all around the world', according to protesters

Society, demographics, human rights and culture in Belgium: Belgian society

Human rights in Belgium: Human rights in Belgium

Minority and employees' rights in Belgium: Minority and employees' rights in Belgium

Province, municipalities, cities and ports of Belgium: Provinces of Belgium - Municipalities of Belgium, as the country comprises 581 municipalities grouped into five provinces in each of two regions and into a third region, the Brussels Capital Region, comprising 19 municipalities that do not belong to a province, as in most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium - Ports and harbours of Belgium

Antwerp Province: Antwerp Province, the northernmost province both of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, bordering on the North Brabant province of the Netherlands, the Belgian provinces of Limburg, Flemish Brabant and East Flanders, with its capital city Antwerp including the Port of Antwerp

Antwerp city: Antwerp city, the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region, with a population of 520,504 citizens the most populous city proper in Belgium, and with a metropolitan population of around 1,200,000 people the second-largest metropolitan region after Brussels

Demographics of Antwerp: Demographics of Antwerp

History of the Jews in Antwerp: History of the Jews in Antwerp, goeing back at least eight hundred years, as currently, the Jewish community of Antwerp consists of around 18,000 citizens

Economy and port of Antwerp: Economy and port of Antwerp

Port of Antwerp: Port of Antwerp located in Flanders, mainly in the province of Antwerp, a seaport in the heart of Europe accessible to capesize ships and Europe’s second-largest seaport after Rotterdam, as Antwerp stands at the upper end of the tidal estuary of the Scheldt

Timeline of Antwerp: Timeline of Antwerp since abt. 150 – abt. 250-270 Gallo-Roman settlement in the centre of Antwerpen

Since 1852 University of Antwerp: Since 1852 University of Antwerp

September-October 1914 German empire's Siege of Antwerp: September-October 1914 Siege of Antwerp after the German empire's invasion of Belgium in August 1914 - Since 28 September German bombardment, with German siege guns directed by observation balloons on gun emplacements, flanking positions and magazines

1941-1944/45 German occupation of Belgium: May 1940 Battle of Belgium or Belgian Campaign, an offensive campaign by Germany during the World War II and ending with the German occupation of Belgium - Nazi General Erwin Rommel, one of the leading commanders in the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and France

2003 UFSIA, RUCA, and UIA merged into the University of Antwerp: In 2003 UFSIA, RUCA, and UIA merged into the University of Antwerp to become the first explicitly pluralistic university in Belgium, offering philosophical, ethical, and spiritual discourse and openness towards religion and intercultural dialogue, as it soon became the third largest university in Flanders

Mechelen city: Mechelen city in the province of Antwerp, as the municipality comprises the city of Mechelen proper, some quarters at its outskirts, the hamlets of Nekkerspoel and Battel, as well as the villages of Walem, Heffen, Leest, Hombeek, and Muizen, as the river Dyle flows through the city, and as Mechelen lies on the major urban and industrial axis Brussels–Antwerp

History and timeline of Mechelen: History and timeline of Mechelen since the early ages

Early ages, Mechelen area, 8.4-metre long canoe and wooden houses: Archaeological proof of habitation during the La Tène era in the triangle Brussels-Leuven-Antwerp, mainly concentrated around Mechelen which originated in wetlands, includes an 8.4-metre long canoe cut from an oak tree trunk and a settlement of about five wooden houses, at Nekkerspoel

15th-19th century: In the 15th century Mechelen came under the rule of the Dukes of Burgundy, marking the beginning of a prosperous period, as since 1473 the city served as the seat of the Superior Court until the French Revolution

1835 Mechelen-Brussels railway, as Brussel first capital in the world having a railway connection: In May 1835 a railway between Allée Verte in Brussels, the site of the very first station, and Mechelen was inaugurated, as Brussels became the first capital in the world to have a railway connection

Since March 1942 Mechelen transit camp during the Holocaust: Since March 1942 Mechelen transit camp, officially 'SS-Sammellager Mecheln' in German, a detention and deportation camp established in a former army barracks at Mechelen in German-occupied Belgium, serving as a point to gather Belgian Jews and Romani ahead of their deportation to concentration and extermination camps in Eastern Europe during the Holocaust

Since 2001/2012 'Kazerne Dossin' Holocaust memorial, established within the former Mechelen transit camp: Since 2001/2012 'Kazerne Dossin' Holocaust memorial, established within the former Mechelen transit camp of World War II, from which, in German-occupied Belgium, arrested Jews and Romani were sent to concentration camp

Heritage sites and places of interest in Mechelen: Places of interest and heritage sites in Mechelen since Middle Ages

Flemish Brabant province: Flemish Brabant, a province of Flanders and one of the three regions of Belgium, bordering - clockwise from the North - on the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Limburg, Liège, Walloon Brabant, Hainaut and East Flanders, as Flemish Brabant also surrounds the Brussels-Capital Region and as its capital is Leuven

Municipalities of Flemish Brabant: Municipalities of Flemish Brabant

Leuven city: Leuven city, the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium, located about 25 kilometres east of Brussels, as the municipality itself comprises the historic city and the former neighbouring municipalities of Heverlee, Kessel-Lo, a part of Korbeek-Lo, Wilsele and Wijgmaal, and as Leuven is the eighth largest city in Belgium with more than 100,244 inhabitants - History of Leuven - Education in Leuven

Economy and companies based in Leuven: Economy and companies based in Leuven

Politics, elections and mayors of Leuven since 1830: Politics, elections and mayors of Leuven since 1830

Timeline of Leuven: Timeline and history of Leuven since the 9th century

September 891 Battle of Leuven fought between East Francia and the Vikings: September 891 Battle of Leuven, fought between East Francia and the Vikings, as the existence of this battle is known due to several different chronicles, including the Annales Fuldenses and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

1183 Leuven becomes part of the Duchy of Brabant: 1183 Leuven becomes part of the Duchy of Brabant, a State of the Holy Roman Empire, as it developed from the Landgraviate of Brabant and formed the heart of the historic Low Countries, part of the Burgundian Netherlands from 1430 and of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1482, until it was partitioned after the Dutch revolt

1425-1797 Old University of Leuven: 1425-1797 Old University of Leuven - List of colleges of Leuven University

Since 1474 printing press in operation: Since 1474 printing press in operation, as Johann von Westphalen was the first printer in Leuven and possibly in Flanders, first active in Venice and in Germany before moving to Flanders as a printer

June-July 1635 Siege of Leuven and Spanish victory: June-July 1635 Siege of Leuven in the 'Thirty Years' War', in which a Franco-Dutch army under Frederick Henry of Orange and the French Marshals Urbain de Maillé-Brezé and Gaspard III de Coligny, who had invaded the Spanish Netherlands from two sides, laid siege to the city of Leuven, defended by a force of 4,000 comprising local citizen and student militias with Walloons, Germans and Irish of the Army of Flanders, as poor organization and logistics and the spread of sickness among the French, along with the appearance of a relief army of 11,000 Spanish and Italian troops forced the invading army to lift the siege, allowing the Spanish forces to take the initiative

Since 1817-1835 State University of Leuven: Since 1817 State University of Leuven in Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it was distinct from the Old University of Leuven (1425-1797) and from the Catholic University of Leuven

August 1831 Battle of Leuven: August 1831 Battle of Leuven, a battle of the Ten Days' Campaign during the Belgian Revolution

1834-1968 Catholic University of Leuven: 1834-1968 Catholic University of Leuven, founded in 1834 in Mechelen as the Catholic University of Belgium, and moved its seat to the town of Leuven in 1835, changing its name to Catholic University of Leuven, as in 1968 it was split into two universities, the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the Université catholique de Louvain, following tensions between the Dutch and French-speaking student bodies

25 August 1914 Sack of Leuven by the German empire's army and war crimes: 25 August 1914 Sack of Leuven by the German empire's army,that ravaged the city of Leuven, deliberately burning the university library, destroying approximately 230,000 books, 950 manuscripts, and 800 incunabula, as civilian homes were set on fire and citizens often shot where they stood, with over 2,000 buildings destroyed and 10,000 inhabitants displaced, as large quantities of strategic materials, foodstuffs and modern industrial equipment were looted and transferred to Germany during 1914, and as these actions brought worldwide condemnation, because the German war criminals were responsible for the deaths of 23,700 Belgian civilians, (6,000 Belgians killed, 17,700 died during expulsion, deportation, in prison or sentenced to death by court) and caused further non-fatalities of 10,400 permanent and 22,700 temporary invalids, with 18,296 children becoming war orphans, as military losses were 26,338 killed, died from injuries or accidents, 14,029 died from disease, or went missing

In May 1940 in World War II the German occupiers again destroyed, almost completely, the (new) University Library: In May 1940, in the first year of World War II, the German war criminals again destroyed, almost completely, the (new) University Library, following their destruction on 25 August 1914, using petrol and incendiary pastilles, as 230,000 volumes were lost in the destruction, including Gothic and Renaissance manuscripts, and as in January 2014 a permanent exhibit on these wartime events was installed over five floors of the bell tower

>1945 new hospital built after German empire's Second world war 1939-1945: 1945 new hospital built after Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven academic hospital in Leuven since 1080 partially destroyed during German empire's Second world war 1939-1945

1968 split of the Catholic University of Leuven along linguistic lines: 1968 split of the Catholic University of Leuven along linguistic lines after a period of civil unrest in 1967–68 in French and Flemish Leuven, as the crisis shook Belgian politics and led to the fall of the government and marking an escalation of the linguistic tension in Belgium after World War II, with lasting consequences for other bilingual institutions in Belgium within higher education and politics alike, as in 1970 the first of several state reforms occurred, marking the start of Belgium's transition to a federal state

Boortmeerbeek town: Boortmeerbeek town in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant, as the municipality comprises the towns of Boortmeerbeek proper, Schiplaken and Hever

Since May 1940 German assault, persecution of Jews and Belgian Resistance: 10 mai 1940 sans déclaration de guerre, l'Allemagne déclenche son offensive contre les Pays-Bas, la Belgique, le Luxembourg et la France, et dès le premier jour de combat, les armées belge et néerlandaise sont surclassées, suivie par des arrestation, internement et déportation des 'suspects étrangers' pour la plupart des réfugiés Juifs - 20 mai 1940 les chars du général nazi Rommel atteignent La Manche à Abbeville, encerclant l'armée du Nord (Français, Anglais et Belges) - 1940-1945 Belgian Resistance movements opposed to the German occupation of Belgium during World War II, as within Belgium, resistance included both men and women from both Walloon and Flemish parts of the country, and as aside from sabotage of military infrastructure in the country and assassinations of collaborators, these groups also published large numbers of underground newspapers, gathered intelligence and maintained various escape networks that helped Allied airmen trapped behind enemy lines escape from German-occupied Europe

Since May 1940 persecution of Belgian Jews, concentration and extermination in camps in Eastern Europe: In 1940 between 70,000 and 75,000 Jews were living in Belgium, as soon after the German invasion of Belgium in May 1940, the German occupation authorities introduced a number of anti-Jewish laws, as in 1942, the yellow badge was introduced for all Belgian Jews, as in August 1942, as part of the Final Solution, the deportation of Belgian Jews to concentration and extermination camps in Eastern Europe in sealed railway convoys began, as of these, 46% were deported from the former Mechelen transit camp, while 5,034 more people were deported via the Drancy internment camp (close to Paris), as the 'Reichssicherheitshauptamt' in Berlin was responsible for organizing the transport and the chief of the Dossin Barracks prepared the paper convoy list in triplicate, according to Leni Yahil 'The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945', Oxford University Press 1991

In April 1943 during the Warwaw ghetto uprising Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed dozens of Jews: 19 April 1943 attack on 'the twentieth convoy' as members of the Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed a number of Jews who were being transported to Auschwitz concentration camp from Mechelen transit camp, as in the aftermath of the attack, a number of others were able to jump from the train too, as in all 233 people managed to escape, of whom 118 ultimately survived, as the remainder were either killed during the escape or were recaptured soon afterwards, and as the attack was unusual as an attempt by the resistance to free Jewish deportees and marks the only mass breakout by deportees on a Holocaust train

Since June 1944 resistance against Nazi Germany during the liberation of Belgium: After the Normandy Landings in June 1944, the Belgian resistance increased in size dramatically, after in April 1944, the Armée Secrète began to give their organization the status of an 'official army', as though they usually lacked the equipment and training to fight the Wehrmacht openly, the resistance played a key role in assisting the Allies during the liberation of Belgium in September 1944, providing information on German troop movements, disrupting German evacuation plans and participating in fighting

Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in Brussels: Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in the municipality of Anderlecht in Brussels, museum tracing the history of the Belgian resistance and German occupation of Belgium during World War II, as it is served by Clemenceau metro station on lines 2 and 6 of the Brussels metro - Espace pédagogique du Musée de la Résistance de Belgique - Histoire et Mémoire de la Resistance à Anderlecht au musée, possèdant également des panneaux thématiques sur l’histoire de la 1ère et 2ème guerre mondiale, expliquant 'notre but moral et civique est de poursuivre et de transmettre les idéaux et l’esprit incarnés par la Résistance afin de pouvoir avertir et préparer les jeunes générations aux dangers présents de tous les extrémismes quels qu’ils soient'

Brussels region: Brussels region of Belgium, comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, located in the central portion of the country and a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community

Brussels city: City of Brussels, the largest municipality and historical centre of the Brussels-Capital Region and capital of Belgium, also covering the immediate northern outskirts where it borders municipalities in Flanders, and also the administrative centre of the EU - History of Brussels - Education in Brussels

Economy of Brussels: Economy of Brussels - Companies based in Brussels

Transport in Brussels: Transport in Brussels

Science and technology in Brussels: Science and technology in Brussels

Politics and government of the Brussels-Capital Region: Politics and government of the Brussels-Capital Region - Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region - Government of Brussels - List of mayors of the City of Brussels since 1380

Timeline of Brussels since the Middle Ages: Timeline of Brussels since the Middle Ages

Since 1475/1476 printing press in operation in Brussels: Since 1475–76 printing press in operation in Brussels amid the global spread of the printing press

August 1695 bombardment of Brussels by troops of Louis XIV of France: August 1695 bombardment of Brussels by troops of Louis XIV of France (Sun King), and the resulting fire were together the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels, as Brussels was mostly untouched by most other conflicts, and even the damage during World War I and bombing during World War II was not nearly as extensive - 1688–1697 'Nine Years' War', a conflict between France and a European coalition which mainly included the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg Monarchy), the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, Savoy and Portugal, and fought in Europe and the surrounding seas, in North America, and in India, therefore sometimes considered the first global war

January-February 1746 Siege of Brussels: January-February 1746 Siege of Brussels, when a French army in a bold and 'innovative' winter campaign besieged and captured the city of Brussels, which was then the capital of the Austrian Netherlands, from its Austrian garrison, as the French followed up the capture of Brussels by taking other key cities and fortresses in the Austrian Netherlands including Mons and Namur

1815–1839 Brussels city becomes joint capital of 'United Kingdom of the Netherlands': 1815–1839 Brussels city becomes joint capital of 'United Kingdom of the Netherlands'

1834–1969 Free University of Brussels: 1834–1969 Free University of Brussels

September 1848 'International Congress of the Friends of Peace' in Brussels after the February French Revolution, spreading in Europe: September 1848 International Peace Congress (International Congress of the Friends of Peace) in Brussels, the first after the French Revolution of February 1848, chaired by Belgian lawyer Auguste Visschers, as the delegates - also including Cobden, Thierry, Girardin, Bastiat and more - of the congress adopted resolutions urging limitation of armaments and the placing of a ban upon foreign loans for war purposes - 1843-1853 seven peace congresses convened in various European cities including London, Frankfurt/M, Manchester, Edingburgh, until series was terminated by an interval of wars during which the pacifists were unable to raise their voices, before more International Peace Congresses started amid rising tensions and industrial manufacture of terrible weapons on the road to German and other Central Powers World War I and II

Since 1854 Brussels-Luxembourg railway station: Since 1854 Brussels-Luxembourg railway station

1889–90 Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference: 1889–90 Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference, as the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society submitted a report to this conference and the Brussels Conference led to the negotiation of the first general treaty for the suppression of the African slave trade, the General Act for the Repression of the African Slave Trade of 1890, which came into force in 1892 although 'it contained no mechanism for enforcement, and it did not cover the various devices, including forced and contract labor, by which the European powers exploited Africans

August 1891 International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels: August 1891 International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels

1914-1918 World War I Brussels captured and occupied by the German empire's army amid German war crimes: 1914-1918 World War I Brussels captured and occupied by the German empire's army amid German war crimes

1940-1944 Nazi Germany's occupation authority in Brussels: 1940-1944 Nazi Germany's occupation authority established during the Second World War, the 'Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France' led by German field marshal - Nazi General Erwin Rommel, one of the leading commanders in the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and France

December 1944 - 1945 Nazi Germany's District of Brussels: December 1944 - May 1945 District of Brussels, a short-lived de jure administrative polity created by Nazi Germany in 1944

March 1948 Treaty of Brussels: March 1948 Treaty of Brussels signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom, serving as the founding treaty of the Western European Union WEU until its termination in 2010

Since 1970s EU's Berlaymont office building in Brussels: Since 1970s Berlaymont office building in Brussels, which houses the headquarters of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union EU - Brussels and the European Union

Since 1989 Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region: Since 1989 Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region in Brussels

20 July 2021 alarm grows over migrants’ hunger strike in Brussels: 20 July 2021: Alarm grows over migrants’ hunger strike in Brussels, as Belgian government comes under pressure to offer residence permits to hundreds of migrants on hunger strike, as also two UN officials urged the government to offer temporary residence permits, and as the political row ignited during country's day of national mourning for victims of last week’s devastating and deadly European floods that PM said were 'without any precedent in our country' - Open brief van mensen zonder papieren voor hun buren

25 February 2023 thousands gathered in Brussels to protest Russian invasion of Ukraine: 25 February 2023: One year and one day after Russia's Putin regime launched its war in Ukraine, thousands took to the streets of Brussels to protest the invasion and show solidarity with the Ukrainian people in an action organised by Promote Ukraine, the Association of Ukrainian Women in Belgium and the Belgian committee of the European Solidarity Network with Ukraine

20 May 2023 fears looted Nazi art still hanging in Belgian and British galleries: 20 May 2023: Fears looted Nazi art still hanging in Belgian and British galleries, as leading art museums are reassessing their works after a Belgian journalist traced how a fascist sympathiser acquired a Jewish dealer’s collection

Walloon Brabant: Walloon Brabant province of Wallonia and Belgium, bordering on (clockwise from the North) the province of Flemish Brabant and the provinces of Liège, Namur and Hainaut, as its capital and largest city is Wavre, and with a provincial population of 403,599 citizens in 2019

Economy of Walloon Brabant province: Economy of Walloon Brabant, as the GDP of the province was 19.3bn € in 2018, accounting for 4.2% of Belgiums economic output, as Walloon Brabant is the wealthiest province in Wallonia, and as the University of Louvain is located in Walloon Brabant - Companies based in Walloon Brabant

Subdivisions and cities of Walloon Brabant province: Subdivisions and cities of Walloon Brabant province

Wavre city: Wavre city and municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant, of which it is the capital

18-19 June 1815 Battle of Wavre blocking action: 18-19 June 1815 Battle of Wavre, the final major military action of the 'Hundred Days' campaign and the Napoleonic Wars, fought between the Prussian rearguard and the French army under the command of Marshal Grouchy, as the battle's blocking action kept 33,000 French soldiers from reaching the Battle of Waterloo and so helped in the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo - June 1815 Waterloo campaign: Ligny through Wavre to Waterloo - Battles involving France

Waterloo town: Waterloo town, a municipality in the province of Walloon Brabant, which in 2011 had a population of 29,706 citizens, located in a short distance south of Brussels and immediately north-east of the larger town of Braine-l'Alleud, the site of the Battle of Waterloo, where the resurgent Napoleon was defeated for the final time in 1815

Demographics of Waterloo: Demographics of Waterloo, as nearly one-fifth of the current registered population (5,640 inhabitants) is non-Belgian, as many such residents work for institutions or companies in Brussels, a centre of the EU, and as the most common non-Belgian nationalities include French (1,237 people), Italian (537), British (503), USA (445) and Swedish (425) people

Economy, education and culture in Waterloo: Economy and education in Waterloo

Since 1804/1813 Ludwig van Beethoven's third symphony and 'Wellington's Victory or the Battle of Vitoria': 'Wellingtons Sieg oder die Schlacht bei Vittoria', is a 15-minute-long orchestral work composed by Ludwig van Beethoven to commemorate the Duke of Wellington's victory over Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria in Spain on 21 June 1813 - Since 1805/1806 Beethoven's Symphony No. 3 Op. 55, as Beethoven originally dedicated the third symphony to Napoleon Bonaparte, who he believed embodied the democratic and anti-monarchical ideals of the French Revolution, but in the autumn of 1804, Beethoven withdrew his dedication of his composition to Napoleon, and after Napoleon having proclaimed himself Emperor of the French on 14 May 1804, Beethoven's secretary Ferdinand Ries noted the composer's words 'So he is no more than a common mortal! Now, too, he will tread under foot all the rights of Man, indulge only his ambition; now he will think himself superior to all men, become a tyrant!'

History and since 1102 timeline of Waterloo: History of Waterloo, mentioned for the first time in 1102 designating a small hamlet at the limit of what is today known as the Sonian Forest, along a major road linking Brussels, Genappe and a coal mine to the south

18 June 1815 Battle of Waterloo: 18 June 1815 Battle of Waterloo, fought on Sunday near Waterloo as a French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition, a British-led coalition consisting of units from the UK, the Netherlands, Hanover, Brunswick, and Nassau, under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Blücher, marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars, of Napoleon's rule as Emperor and the 'First French Empire'

East Flanders province: East Flanders province, bordering the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders, divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 citizens as of January 2019, with its capital city Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent

Ghent city: Ghent city, a municipality in the Flemish Region and the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province, also the third largest in the country, exceeded in size only by Brussels and Antwerp, and a port and university city

West Flanders: West Flanders province, the westernmost province of the Flemish Region, and the only coastal Belgian province, facing the North Sea to the northwest, as it has land borders with the Dutch province of Zeeland to the northeast, the Flemish province of East Flanders to the east, the Walloon province of Hainaut in the southeast and the French department of Nord to the west, and with its capital city Bruges

Liège Province: Liège Province

History of Liège Province: History of Liège Province, as modern borders of the province of Liège date from 1795, which saw the unification of the Principality of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège with the revolutionary French Department of the Ourthe and parts of the old Principality of Liege also went into new French départements Meuse-Inférieure, and Sambre-et-Meuse

Liège city: Liège city, a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège, situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands and Germany, as the city is part of the sillon industriel, the former industrial backbone of Wallonia and still the principal economic and cultural centre of the region, with 198,280 inhabitants in 2012

History of Liège city: History of Liège city

Economy of Liège: Economy of Liège

Timeline of Liège: Timeline of Liège since the Middle Ages

721 catholic see relocated to Liège from Maastricht: 721 catholic see relocated to Liège from Maastricht - Since 3rd century chronology of catholic dioceses in Belgium

Since 1817 University of Liège: Since 1817 University of Liège, a major public university of the French Community of Belgium based in Liège in Wallonia, as its official language is French, and as of 2020 ULiège is ranked in the 301–350 category worldwide according to Times Higher Education - Since 1817 chronology and organisation of the University of Liège

Since 1842 Liège-Guillemins railway station: Since 1842 Liège-Guillemins railway station

August 1914 Battle of Liège: August 1914 Battle of Liège, the opening engagement of the German empire's invasion of Belgium and the first battle of empire's World War I, after the Belgian government had announced that if war came it would uphold its historic neutrality, as the attack on Liège - a town protected by a ring fortress built from the late 1880s to the early 1890s - began on 5 August 1914 and lasted until 16 August, when the last fort surrendered, and as the siege of Liège followed by siege of Namur and more battles and sieges may have delayed the empire's (known for German 'Schrecklichkeit' since then) invasion of France by four to five days

Since May 1940 German empire's - now ruled by NSDAP and SS - occupation of Belgium during World War II: Since May 1940 German empire's - now ruled by NSDAP and SS - occupation of Belgium during World War II when the Belgian army surrendered to German forces, and occupation then lasted until Belgium's liberation by the Western Allies between September 1944 and February 1945, the second time in less than thirty years that German empire - always more committing war crimes - had attacked and occupied Belgium

Since 1949-45 World War II to the present history of Liège: Since 1949-45 World War II to the present history of Liège

1983-1985 Françoise Gravier v City of Liège case in European law: 1983-1985 Françoise Gravier v City of Liège, an important freedom of movement case in European law concerning non-discrimination in access to vocational education, holding that an education institution may not discriminate against students in terms of the fees they charge on grounds of nationality

May 2018 Liège attack: On 29 May 2018 prisoner on temporary Benjamin Herman, on leave from prison, stabbed two female police officers, took their guns, shot and killed them and a civilian in Liège, then taking a woman hostage before he was killed by police, reported to be part of the entourage of a prison Islamist recruiter

July 2021 European floods in Liège: Julliet 2021 inondation en Belgique et Liège

17 July 2021 floods in Liège: 17 juillet 2021: Le niveau de la Meuse ayant baissé, mais les secours ont découvert deux corps supplémentaires sur la commune d’Esneux, ce qui porte le bilan à trois morts depuis le début de la catastrophe, et sur l’arrondissement, ce sont donc à présent 15 personnes qui ont péri dans les inondations

29 July 2021 Belgium opens manslaughter investigation over flood deaths: 29 July 2021: A Belgian judge has opened an investigation for possible manslaughter over floods there that claimed 38 lives, the prosecutors office in the city of Liege announced, as the investigating magistrate has the task of identifying who might be responsible for 'involuntary homicide by lack of foresight or precaution' the prosecutors office said in a statement on Wednesday, and as Liege in the south of the country was worst hit by the disaster

Luxembourg Province: Luxembourg Province, the southernmost province of Wallonia bordering on the country of Luxembourg to the east, the French departments of Ardennes, Meuse and Meurthe-et-Moselle to the south and southwest, and the Walloon provinces of Namur and Liège to the north, as its capital and largest city is Arlon in the south-east of the province, the largest Belgian province, but with only 285,000 residents in 2019

Namur Province: Namur province of Wallonia, one of the three regions of Belgium, bordering on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, and the French departments of Nord and Ardennes, with its capital and largest city Namur, as the province of Namur had a population of 494,325 citizens in 2019

Demographics of Belgium: Demographics of Belgium - Belgians - Belgian people by ethnic or national origin - Immigrants to Belgium

Flemish people: Flemish people

Walloons: Walloons are French-speaking people who live in Belgium, principally in Wallonia

History of the Jews in Belgium: History of the Jews in Belgium - History of the Jews in Antwerp - Great Synagogue of Europe is the main synagogue in Brussels - 16 January 2015: Jewish schools in Belgium close amid terror threat

Afro Belgians: Afro Belgians are Belgian citizens and members of the Black African community in Belgium

Culture and languages of Belgium: Culture of Belgium - Languages of Belgium

Flemish culture

Walloon culture - Ars nova, music which flourished in France and the Burgundian Low Countries in the Late Middle Ages until the death of the composer Guillaume de Machaut in 1377

Architecture, art and literature in Belgium: Belgian architecture - Art of Belgium - Belgian literature

Music of Belgium: Music of Belgium - Burgundian School, group of composers mainly in the 15th century in what is now northern and eastern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands - Franco-Flemish Music 14th-16th century

Education in Belgium: Education in Belgium - Education in Belgium by city

Schools in Belgium: Schools in Belgium - Lists of schools in Belgium

Universities in Belgium: Universities in Belgium - List of universities in Belgium

Science and technology in Belgium: Science and technology in Belgium

Health in Belgium: Health in Belgium

Medical outbreaks and man-made disasters in Belgium: Medical outbreaks in Belgium - Disasters and man-made disasters in Belgium

Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belgium: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belgium - Covid-19 cases in Belgium by province, by location and day

Timeline of covid-19 since February 2020 in Belgium: Since February 2020 timeline of covid-19 in Belgium

19 April 2020 'I thought I would never wake up' and Belgium reports cases: 19 April 2020: As Belgium reports 38,496 confirmed cases of covid-19 with 5,683 deaths, Belgian doctor Sassine at Brussels' Delta Chirec hospital says 'I thought I would never wake up', after he and his team were all diagnosed at the hospital and after surviving following intensive care and 3 weeks in a coma

15 July 2020 second covid-19 teen victim: 15 juillet 2020: Une seconde victime de moins de 24 ans a été enregistrée en Belgique, à Bruxelles

31 December 2020 dozens of residents die at Belgian care home after 'Santa' visit: 31 December 2020: At least 26 residents of a Belgian retirement home near Antwerp have died since a of 'Saint Nicholas' who has since tested positive for covid-19, criticised as 'completely irresponsible' following the visit on 5 December by volunteers dressed as 'Saint Nicholas' and his helper 'Zwarte Piet', organised by the nursing home’s management

Healthcare in Belgium: Healthcare in Belgium - Medical and health organisations based in Belgium

Hospitals in Belgium: Hospitals in Belgium - List of hospitals in Belgium - Hospitals in Brussels-Capital Region

Belgian media: Belgian media

January 2015 threats against distribution of French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo: 15 January 2015: Four bookshops in Brussels receive letters warning of reprisals if they distribute first issue of French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo since last week's terror attacks in Paris

Newspapers in Belgium: Newspapers published in Belgium - List of newspapers in Belgium

Broadcasting in Belgium: Broadcasting in Belgium>

Radio in Belgium: Radio in Belgium

Television in Belgium: Television in Belgium - Television channels in Belgium - Belgian television-related lists

Internet in Belgium: Internet in Belgium

Crime in Belgium: Crime in Belgium

Belgian people convicted of child sexual abuse and Belgian rapists: Belgian people convicted of child sexual abuse - Belgian rapists

Belgian murderers of children and Belgian serial killers: Belgian murderers of children - Belgian serial killers

1995-1996 child and serial killer Marc Dutroux: Belgian serial killer and child molester Marc Dutroux, convicted of having kidnapped, tortured and sexually abused six girls from 1995 to 1996

Since 1995 Criticism of police investigations of Dutroux's crimes and 1998 Parliamentary investigation: Since 1995 Criticism of police investigations of Dutroux's crimes and allegations of cover-up - 1998 Parliamentary investigation's report concluded that Dutroux profited from corruption, sloppiness and incompetence

2004 Dutroux's trial: 2004 Dutroux's trial, some seven and a half years after his initial arrest - 23 June 2004: Marc Dutroux sentenced to life in prison for a series of child kidnappings, child rapes and murders that prompted sweeping police reforms and a crackdown on child sex crimes, Dutroux's ex-wife, Michelle Martin sentenced to 30 years in prison for the starving deaths of two girls

2012 release of the jailed ex-wife of child killer Marc Dutroux: 28 August 2012: The jailed ex-wife Michelle Martin of child killer Marc Dutroux released from prison by Belgium's highest court as relatives of the pair's victims express outrage over the decision, after in 2004 Michelle Martin was sentenced to 30 years in prison for the starving deaths of two girls

Racism in Belgium: Racism in Belgium

2002: 18 July 2002: Belgium confronts its colonial demons

2017: 15 August 2017: Decades after Belgium ended its colonial rule in Congo, and a century after the atrocities committed in Congo Free State, Belgians are slowly beginning to reconcile with this troubled history - 17 October 2017: As Belgium confronts the identity crisis of its disillusioned minorities and homegrown terrorism, its genocidal colonial legacy remains tucked away from the public discourse, confined to art, culture and religion

Antisemitism in Belgium: Antisemitism in Belgium

1940-1945 The Holocaust in Belgium during the German occupation: The Holocaust in Belgium during the German occupation of Belgium - German Nazi concentration camps in Belgium

Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium: Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium

July 1980 Antwerp summer camp attack: July 1980 Antwerp summer camp attack on a group of 40 Jewish children - Said Al Nasr convicted in Belgium in 1980, for throwing two hand grenades into a group of Jewish children waiting for a bus in Antwerp on 27 July 1980

1981 Antwerp bombing: 1981 Antwerp bombing, a truck bomb exploded outside a Portuguese Jewish synagogue in the centre of Antwerp, three people were killed and 106 wounded

May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting: May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting - 24 May 2014: Three people were killed and one badly injured when a gunman attacked the Jewish Museum in the centre of Brussels - 25 May 2014: An Israeli couple and two museum workers killed in the terror attack at the Jewish Museum in Brussels - 25 May: Israel's Netanyahu offers to aid Belgium probe of Jewish Museum attack - 27 May: Some 2,000 people gather for silent vigil at the site of Jewish Museum attack - 1 June 2014: The Frenchman Nemmouche arrested Friday for the triple murder in Brussels Jewish Museum found in possession of a video in which a man believed to be him is heard claiming responsibility for the attack

July 2014: 16 July: Antwerp rally attended by some 500 people amid wave of anti-Semitic attacks in Western Europe against Israel's Protective Edge calls for 'slaughter of Jews'

August 2016: 25 August 2016: Belgian government-funded Catholic Sint-Jozefs Institute secondary school stated pride in and support for retired teacher Descheemaeker who had published anti-Semitic caricatures, and who recently won a cash prize at Iran’s Holocaust mockery cartoon competition

February 2018: 12 February 2018: Belgian police detain refugee for anti-Semitic hate crimes, filmed destroying at least 20 mezuzahs and vandalizing Jewish institutions in Antwerp

August 2018: 9 August 2018: Jewish couple in Belgium targeted with death threats

December 2018: 21 December 2018: Belgian soccer fans sing chant about burning Jews

March 2019: 7 March 2019: Aalst's Vismooil’n group behind anti-Semitic carnival float at Belgium’s most celebrated carnival, added in 2010 to UNESCO’s list of events, and mayor Christoph D’Haese are not sorry, as Pascal Soleme calls the float, which featured anti-Semitic depictions of Jews with money bags and rats, a 'celebration of humor', saying 'people who got offended live in the past'

30 June 2020 Muslims chant in Brussels 'Jews, remember Khaybar, the army of Muhammad is returning': 30 June 2020: Pro-Palestinian demonstrators in Brussels chanted the name of Saudi locale where Muslims massacred Jews in the seventh century, as Arabic chants about Khaybar, located in modern-day Saudi Arabia, were filmed at a rally Sunday in the Belgian capital, saying 'Jews, remember Khaybar, the army of Muhammad is returning'

Terrorism and massacres in Belgium: Terrorism in Belgium - List of massacres in Belgium

1914-1918: German war crimes in World War I in Belgium

1940-1945: May 1940 at least 86 civilians killed by the German Wehrmacht known in Belgium as the Vinkt Massacre, the first of several German massacres in World War II in Belgium

1980: Said Al Nasr convicted in Belgium in 1980, for throwing two hand grenades into a group of Jewish children waiting for a bus in Antwerp on 27 July 1980

1981 Antwerp bombing: 1981 Antwerp bombing, a truck bomb exploded outside a Portuguese Jewish synagogue in the centre of Antwerp, three people were killed and 106 wounded

1985: 1985 kidnapping of the Belgian-French family Houtekins-Kets by Palestinian terrorists and the Libyan government from their yacht Silco in the Mediterranean, the Belgian part of the family was held for almost five years of captivity in Libya, but were freed after the liberation of Abu Nidal terrorist Said Al Nasr

Since 1988: Since 1988 'Soldiers of the Right' terror organization claimed three assassinations in Brussels and more terror attacks worldwide - 6 May 1996: List of terrorist attacks for which there have been public accusations of Iranian government involvement since July 1979, according to the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan

2011: 14 décembre 2011: À Liège une fusillade d'un homme armé a fait au moins cinq morts et plus de 100 blessés

May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting: May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting

March 2016 Brussels bombings: 22 March 2016 Brussels bombings, three explosions occurred in Brussels, two of which were at the Brussels Airport and one on the metro system - 22 March 2016: Multiple casualties after airport and metro blasts in Brussels - 23 March: After attacks at Zaventem airport and Maelbeek metro station in Brussels killed at least 31 people and injured up to 230, el-Bakraoui brothers named as 'Islamic State' suicide bombers - 24 March: Raising awkward questions for Belgium’s intelligence services, Turkey’s Erdogan says that Belgium ignored Turkey’s warnings that Ibrahim el-Bakraoui was a foreign fighter - 24 March: As names of victims of Tuesday’s suicide bombings emerge, and as survivors reveal the horror of the blasts and narrow escapes, investigations and search for suspects continue - 25 March: Following suicide bombings in Brussels, some arrests linked to suspected wider network that plans, planned and asssisted terror attacks made in French and Belgian police raids - 26 March: Search for suspects in Belgium continues, as a series of raids and arrests reveal more links with the November Paris killings and a new French plot, and as reports reveal that suspects Ibrahim and Khaled El Bakraoui were on USA terror watch list as of last year - 28 March: Three men held as part of 13 raids in Brussels, Mechelen and Duffel at weekend charged with terrorist activity, as anti-immigrant demonstrators trample the memorial in Place de la Bourse in Brussels for victims of last week’s suicide bombings - 9 April: Belgian police detain two key suspects in the Islamic State attacks on Paris and Brussels

August 2016: 6 August 2016 Charleroi attack - 6 August 2016: Female police officers were assaulted and injured in Charleroi on Saturday afternoon by an attacker reportedly shouting in Arabic, who was then shot in the machete attack

June 2017: On 20 June 2017 a small blast occurred at Brussels Central Station in Brussels - 21 June 2017: Soldiers shoot suspected terrorist dead at Brussels railway station

August 2017: 25 August 2017 Brussels attack - 25 August 2017: A man who attacked and injured two soldiers with a knife in Brussels reportedly shouting 'Allahu Akbar' shot dead by the army - 27 August 2017: Islamic State terrorists says Brussels attacker belonged to group

May 2018: 29 May 2018 Liège attack - 29 May 2018: A gunman has killed two police officers and a passerby before being shot dead in the centre of the Belgian city of Liège, as the anti-terrorist crisis centre says terrorism could not be excluded

Counter-terrorism in Belgium: Counter-terrorism in Belgium

2015: January 2015 anti-terrorism operations in Belgium, including operation in Verviers against Islamist radicals and operations in Brussels, the nearby communes of Schaerbeek, Sint-Jans-Molenbeek, Vilvoorde, and Zaventem - 15 January 2015 Belgian anti-terrorist operation against Islamists - 15 January 2015: Casualties in Belgium police anti-terror raid in Verviers

November 2015: Since 21 November 2015 the government imposed a security lockdown on Brussels, including the closure of shops, schools, public transportation, due to information about potential terrorist attacks in the wake of the series of coordinated attacks in Paris by Islamic State terrorists

2016: 16 March 2016: Police kill gunman during Brussels raid related to deadly Paris attacks in 2015 - 20 March 2016: Main suspect of November's Paris attacks Salah Abdeslam tells Belgian investigators he planned to blow himself up a day after he was shot in the leg and captured during a police raid in Brussels

Prevention: 30 novembre 2015: La commune bruxelloise de Molenbeek a lancé des initiatives pour prévenir la radicalisation de jeunes en perdition susceptibles de suivre l'itinéraire meurtrier des frères Abdeslam, impliqués dans les attentats de Paris

Law and legal history of Belgium: Law of Belgium - Legal history of Belgium - Constitution of Belgium - Human rights in Belgium

Judiciary and court system in Belgium: Judiciary and court system in Belgium

April 2018: 23 avril 2018: Le djihadiste français Salah Abdeslam et le seul suspect survivant des attentats de Paris le 13 novembre 2015 était jugé pour son implication dans une fusillade en Belgique

January 2019: 10 January 2019: Brussels Jewish museum terror attack trial opens in a Brussels criminal court, as Frenchman Mehdi Nemmouche faces life sentence if convicted of 2014 shooting

March 2019: 7 March 2019: Frenchman Mehdi Nemmouche was found guilty by Belgian court of the terrorist murders of four people at Brussels’ Jewish museum in 2014 - 12 March 2019: French citizen Mehdi Nemmouche was sentenced to life in jail on Monday for shooting dead four people in the Belgium Jewish Museum in 2014, saying 'life goes on' in his last words in the court room, as families of victims and survivors of the attacks voiced relief at the end of a trial dogged by theories put forward by Nemmouche’s defense lawyers

January 2020 acknowledging court-ordered DNA test Belgium's Albert II admits he fathered child in 1960s affair: 27 January 2020: King Albert II, who abdicated from the Belgian throne in mysterious circumstances in 2013, has acknowledged having fathered a child during an extramarital affair in the 1960s, following the result of a court-ordered DNA test, and after Delphine Boël has been fighting in the courts for six years to prove that Albert is her biological father

27 November 2020 Iranian diplomat misses first day of his trial over 2018 terror plot allegedly on the orders of Iran’s FM: 27 November 2020: Iranian diplomat suspected of masterminding a failed bomb attack at a rally outside Paris attended by five British MPs has skipped the first day of his trial, allegedly on the orders of Iran’s foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif not to attend the trial

December 2020 Belgian court hearings end on Iran diplomat accused of bomb plot: 4 December 2020: Belgian court hearings end on Iran diplomat accused of bomb plot, as verdict for Assadollah Assadi expected on January 22, and as 48-year-old faces 20 years in prison if convicted of plotting to target 2018 rally outside Paris

4 February 2021 Iranian official Assadi convicted of masterminding a thwarted bomb attack against opposition group in France in 2018: 4 February 2021: Iranian official Assadollah Assadi was convicted of masterminding a thwarted bomb attack against an exiled Iranian opposition group in France in 2018 and sentenced to 20 years in prison by a Belgian court that rejected his claim of diplomatic immunity, as three other defendants also received jail sentences, after Vienna-based diplomat Assadi, earlier detained in Belgium but refused to testify during his trial last year invoking his diplomatic status, did not attend the hearing at the Antwerp courthouse

18 June 2021 Belgium’s climate failures violate human rights, Brussels court rules: 18 June 2021: Belgium’s failure to meet climate targets is a violation of human rights, a Brussels court has ruled, in the latest legal victory against public authorities that have broken promises to tackle the climate emergency, as Brussels court of first instance declared the Belgian state had committed an offence under Belgian’s civil law and breached the European convention on human rights

Constitutional Court of Belgium: Constitutional Court of Belgium

Law enforcement in Belgium: Law enforcement in Belgium

Local and Federal Police in Belgium: Local Police in Belgium - Federal Police

Police brutality in Belgium: Police brutality in Belgium

2003: 13 December 2003: After four police officers were found guilty of 'involuntarily' suffocating Nigerian Sémira Adamu, a 20-year-old asylum seeker, to death, Belgium suspended its policy of forcibly deporting failed asylum seekers

2013: 22 February 2013: Police brutality video sends shock wave through Belgium after a young man was was brutally treated in a police cell in Mortsel and died of his injuries

2016: 4 November 2016: Human Rights Watch details in an extensive report accounts of minorities in Belgium subjected to verbal and physical abuse by police in the wake of the terrorist attacks

2017: 20 September 2017: Police brutality remains a serious problem in Belgium, due in part to judges

May 2018: 18 May 2018: Authorities in Belgium have admitted that two-year-old girl Mawda who died after police opened fire on a van carrying migrants near Mons on Thursday was shot in the face - 25 May 2018: Police in Belgium who have admitted that one of their officers was responsible for firing the shot that killed two-year-old Mawda Shawri have been accused of mishandling the investigation into her death

Foreign relations of Belgium: Foreign relations of Belgium

Belgian colonial empire and relations with former colonies: Belgian colonial empire - Belgium/Former colonies relations

Treaties of Belgium: Treaties of Belgium

Belgian membership in international organisations: Belgian membership in international organisations

Belgium, Brussels and the EU: Brussels and the European Union

2015: 21 novembre 2015: L'alerte terroriste a été élevée au niveau maximum dans la capitale Bruxelles - 22 November: Belgium maintains maximum security for the capital Brussels on Sunday

2016: 22 March 2016: The public and European politicians respond to March 2016 Brussels attacks with show of solidarity

September 2018: 27 September 2018: Jo Cox square unveiled in Brussels in memory of murdered British MP, wanting UK to remain in the EU

Belgium/United Nations relations: Belgium/United Nations relations

February 1961 UN Security Council Resolution 161 after the killings of Patrice Lumumba: 21 February 1961 UN Security Council Resolution 161 after the killings of Patrice Lumumba, Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito, urging the UN to immediately take measures to prevent the occurrence of civil war in the Congo, further urging the withdrawal of all Belgian and other foreign military, paramilitary personnel and mercenaries not with the UN and calling upon all states to take measures to deny transport and other facilities to such personnel moving into the Congo, also to launch an investigation into the death of Mr. Lumumba and his colleagues promising punishment to the perpetrators

Since 1960 Congo Crisis and aftermath: 1960-1966 Congo Crisis, a period of political upheaval and conflict in the Congo region immediately after the Republic of the Congo became independent from Belgium, ending unofficially with the entire country under the rule of Mobutu and constituting a series of civil wars and also a proxy conflict in the Cold War

Foreign involvement in the killing of Patrice Lumumba: Foreign involvement in the killing of Patrice Lumumba in January 1961

February 2002 41 years after the murder of Patrice Lumumba Belgian government expressed regrets: 6 February 2002: 41 years after the murder of Patrice Lumumba Belgian government expressed 'its profound and sincere regrets and its apologies' for Belgium's role in the assassination of Patrice Lumumba, the first PM of its former colony Congo, in 1961

Bilateral relations of Belgium: Bilateral relations of Belgium

Belgium/Algeria relations: Belgium/Algeria relations

20 July 2020 Algerian died following police arrest: 20 juillet 2020: Le parquet d'Anvers veut clarifier les circonstances dans lesquelles un Algérien a trouvé la mort, après son arrestation par la police dimanche

Belgium/Austria relations: Belgium/Austria relations

1914-1918 Habsburg Monarchy and World War I: 1914-1918 World War I

Since 1938 Austria part of Nazi Germany and World War II 1939-1945: 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany - 1939-1945 World War II - Axis powers

Belgium/Burundi relations: Belgium/Burundi relations - Ruanda-Urundi, mandate of Belgium 1922–1962 - Ruzagayura famine during World War II - Raubwirtschaft - Tutsi ethnic group - Hutu ethnic group - Burundi genocide 1972 and 1993

5 January 2022 new evidence of Belgian complicity in 1961 killing of Burundian PM: 5 January 2022: New evidence of Belgian complicity in 1961 killing of Burundian PM, as new book by Flemish sociologist Ludo De Witte explores unseen archive papers relating to Prince Rwagasore’s murder, which led to years of unrest

Belgium/D.R. of the Congo relations: Belgium/D.R. of the Congo relations

1867-1885 European colonization of the Congo: Colonization of the Congo 1867-1885, by the end of the 19th century, the Congo Basin had been carved up by European colonial powers, into the 'Congo free state', the 'French Congo' and the 'Portuguese Congo'

1885-1908 Belgian 'Congo Free State': 'Congo Free State' in Central Africa from 1885 to 1908, which was in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium under Leopold II

Since 1885 Belgian atrocities, Red Rubber system and forced labour in the 'Congo Free State': 1885-1908 Atrocities in the 'Congo Free State' - Red Rubber system and forced labour

1908-1960 'Belgian Congo' colony: 1908-1960 'Belgian Congo', Belgian colony in Central Africa in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Since 1958 'Mouvement National Congolais': Since 1958 'Mouvement National Congolais' African nationalist party within the Belgian Congo and a united front organization bringing together members from a variety of political backgrounds in order to achieve independence, and created around a charter which was signed by, among others Patrice Lumumba, Cyrille Adoula and Joseph Iléo

1960-1971 Republic of the Congo: 1960-1971 Republic of the Congo, a sovereign state in Central Africa that was created with the independence of the 'Belgian Congo' in 1960 - Since 1960 Republic of the Congo, also known as the Congo-Brazzaville, the former 'French Congo' is a country in Central Africa bordered by Gabon and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Cameroon to the northwest, the Central African Republic to the northeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south, and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest

Since 1960 Congo Crisis and aftermath: 1960-1966 Congo Crisis, a period of political upheaval and conflict in the Congo region immediately after the Republic of the Congo became independent from Belgium, ending unofficially with the entire country under the rule of Mobutu and constituting a series of civil wars and also a proxy conflict in the Cold War

2002: 6 February 2002: Belgian government expressed 'its profound and sincere regrets and its apologies' for Belgium's role in the assassination of Patrice Lumumba, the first PM of its former colony Congo, in 1961

1960-2010: 30 June 2010: New row over colonial past as Congo marks 50th anniversary of independence and Belgians may face charges over the assassination in January 1961 of Patrice Lumumba, Congo's first post-independence prime minister

1897, 1958-2018: 16 April 2018: Belgium comes to terms with 'human zoos' of its colonial past, as 60 years ago Belgium set up a live display of people from Congo for the 1958 world fair, but is now rethinking that legacy

Since 1960 UN forces and operations in the Congo: Since 1960 UN Operation in the Congo - Since 1999 UN Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a UN peacekeeping force to monitor the peace process of the Second Congo War, though much of its focus subsequently turned to the Ituri conflict, the Kivu conflict and the Dongo conflict

June 2018 square Patrice Lumumba: 30 juin 2018: Bruxelles a inauguré samedi un square Patrice Lumumba, du nom d'un des héros de l'indépendance de l'ex-Congo belge, assassiné dans des conditions troubles en 1961

30 June 2020 as Congo marks anniversary of its independence Belgian king expresses 'deepest regrets': 30 June 2020: As the Democratic Republic of the Congo marks the 60th anniversary of its independence, Belgian king expresses 'deepest regrets' for brutal colonial rule

1July 2020 women sue Belgium for colonial-era 'abduction' from Congo: 1 July 2020: Five biracial women born in Congo who were taken away from their Black mothers during Belgian rule have filed a lawsuit for crimes against humanity targeting the Belgian state

15 October 2020 60 years after assassination Belgium returns remains of Congolese Independence hero: 15 October 2020: Nearly 60 years after his assassination in 1961, paving the way to dictatorship, a court in Belgium ruled to give back a tooth, the only remains of Congolese independence hero Patrice Lumumba which his relatives have been lobbying for years to realise this deeply symbolic gesture to the Congolese people, and as in Belgium's Africa Museum 85% of the museum's collection reportedly comes from the Congo DR

14 October 2021 women taken from their Congolese mothers sue Belgian state: 14 October 2021: Women taken from their Congolese mothers sue Belgian state, as five mixed-race women taken from their mothers in DR Congo as children have gone to court, suing Belgium for crimes against humanity. The trial is the first of its kind. Around 15,000 biracial children were forcibly separated from their Black mothers in the former Belgian colonies of DR Congo, Rwanda and Burundi

24 June 2022 Belgian returns tooth taken in 1961 from slain Congolese icon Lumumba: 24 June 2022: Belgian returns tooth taken in 1961 from slain Congolese icon, as relatives of murdered Congolese independence hero Patrice Lumumba attend a sombre ceremony in Brussels underlining the importance of the return in the 21st century, France24 reports

Belgium/Ecuador relations: Relaciones Bélgica/Ecuador

July 2018: 4 juillet 2018: La justice équatorienne a lancé un mandat d'arrêt contre l'ex-président Correa 2007-2017, qui vit en Belgique, l'accusant d'avoir commandité une tentative d'enlèvement de l'opposant politique Fernando Balda en 2012

Belgium/France relations: Belgium/France relations - 8 septembre 2012: Vive la Belgique! Le patron français de l'empire du luxe LVMH Bernard Arnault sollicite la nationalité belge

- 2/3 mars 2013: Le Parquet de Bruxelles a pour la deuxième fois rejeté la demande de naturalisation de Bernard Arnault

Belgium/Germany relations: Belgium/Germany relations

From 1914-1918 World War I to 1939-1945 World War II: From World War I to World War II - Buts de guerre des Empires centraux 1914-1918 - In August 1914, Ebert led the Social Democratic Party to vote almost unanimously in favour of war loans and mass murder - German war crimes World War I - Chemical weapons in World War I - April/May 1915 Second Battle of Ypres - Germany used the first time poison gas on a large scale on the Western Front - By 1916 the German Empire had become a military dictatorship under the control of Hindenburg and Ludendorff - German occupation of Belgium during World War II - German war crimes World War II - Belgian prisoners of war in World War II - The Holocaust in Belgium

Belgian Resistance

2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - World War I memorials - 26 June 2014: European prime ministers and presidents attend first world war ceremony in Ypres - 3 August: Mons prepares to mark centenary at place where first and last British soldiers fell - 28 October 2014: Representatives from World War I enemies in Nieuwpoort to mark the centenary of the first big battle on Flanders Fields and four years of death of hundreds of thousands

Belgium/India relations: Belgium/India relations - 24 January 2013: Steel and mining company ArcelorMittal has announced it will close a coke plant and six production lines in Belgium, in a move that threatens 1.300 jobs - 26 January: ArcelorMittal workers and police clash outside Belgium PM's house - 30 January: Some 2.000 steel workers protested plans to lay off 1.300 workers at several ArcelorMittal plants in Liege, wanting the regional government to intervene - 8 March 2013: Hundreds of Belgian steel workers have blocked a border crossing near the Belgian city of Liege to protest against planned job cuts by ArcelorMittal - 15 October 2013: Belgian steelworker suicide blames Lakshmi Mittal for job loss at a steel plant in the town of Liege

Belgium/Israel relations: Belgium/Israel relations

May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting: May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting - 25 May: An Israeli couple and two museum workers killed in the terror attack at the Jewish Museum in Brussels - 25 May: Israel's Netanyahu offers to aid Belgium probe of Jewish Museum attack

November 2019 Belgian officials boycott trade delegation to Israel: 30 November 2019: Belgian officials boycott trade delegation to Israel, blaming alleged Israeli violations of international law

Belgium/Liberia relations: 10 January 2013: Overview of the bilateral trade relations between Liberia and Belgium - 26 January 2014: Belgium reestablishes ties with Liberia - 7 October 2014: Former Liberian NPFL rebel commander Martina Johnson called to account at a court in Belgium’s city of Ghent for actions during civil war, following years of work by campaigners

Belgium/Netherlands relations: Belgium/Netherlands relations - Burgundian Netherlands 1384-1482 - United Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815-1839 - Belgian Revolution 1830-1831, secession of the southern provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands establishing an independent Kingdom of Belgium

Belgium/Palestinian territories relations:

October 2017: 10 October 2017: Belgium suspends funds for two Palestinian schools over name change honoring terrorist, renaming school near Hebron for Dalal Mughrabi, who led a 1978 attack against Israel that killed 38 people, including 13 children

September 2018: 15 September 2018: Belgium ends funding for Palestinian schools over honoring of terrorist

Belgium/Rwanda relations: Belgium/Rwanda relations - Ruanda-Urundi, mandate of Belgium 1922–1962 - Raubwirtschaft - Tutsi ethnic group - Hutu ethnic group - Rwandan Genocide 1994 - Role of Belgium in the Rwandan Genocide

Belgium/Spain relations: Belgium/Spain relations - Seventeen Provinces 1549-1581 of the Habsburg Netherlands in the 15th and 16th century - Spanish Netherlands 1581-1714

Belgium/Syria relations: Belgium/Syria relations

1915-2015: 19 June 2015: A hundred years since WW I 70 countries across the planet united in a letter, organized by Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, to express outrage over the Syrian Assad regime's systematic use of barrel bombs and to demand an end to the deadly, indiscriminate attacks

April 2018: 19 April 2018: Three Belgian companies are being prosecuted for exporting chemicals to Syria, one of which could be used in the production of sarin gas, as according to 'Bellingcat' and 'Syrian Archive' Belgium is the only EU country to have exported a chemical called isopropanol since July 2013 when a prohibition from the OPCW came into force

Belgium/Ukraine relations: Belgium/Ukraine relations

2016: 22 March 2016: Ukrainians are laying flowers outside the Belgian Embassy in Kyiv to express condolences to the victims of March 2016 terrorist attacks in Brussels

Belgium/United Kingdom relations: Belgium/United Kingdom relations

1814-1918 Congress of Vienna, World War I, German invasion of Belgium, British reaction and allied forces: 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna - Since August 1914 German invasion of Belgium - 1914-1918 World War I

1939-1945 World War II and allied forces: 1939-1945 World War II - Since 1940 German occupation of Belgium during World War II - Belgian Resistance, Belgian government in exile in London and Allied Forces Act 1940

2015: 25 June 2015: Belgium warns talks on Cameron's EU renegotiation will be tough

Belgium/USA relations: Belgium/USA relations - 30 June 2013: US spied on EU diplomats in Washington, New York and Brussels, according to documents taken by Edward Snowden

Environment of Belgium: Environment of Belgium - Climate of Belgium

Global warming in Belgium: Global warming in Belgium

Natural disasters in Belgium: Natural disasters in Belgium

May-June 2016 European floods: May-June 2016 European floods

July 2021 floods by heavy-violent rains in west- and central Europe: Since 12 July 2021 several European countries affected by catastrophic floods, causing deaths and widespread damage in the UK and across northern and central Europe, including Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Italy - July 2021 Hochwasser in West- und Mitteleuropa durch das Tiefdruckgebiet 'Bernd', vor allem in Belgien, Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Schweiz, UK

18 July 2021 death toll exceeds 180 as Germany and Belgium hit by devastating floods: 18 July 2021: The death toll from catastrophic floods in western Germany and Belgium has risen to more than 180, as emergency services continued their search for hundreds still missing.

Bosnia and Herzegovina - Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina

History of Bosnia and Herzegovina: History of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1878–1918 - Bosnian Crisis of 1908–1909 - Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - 28 June 1914 Assassination in Sarajevo - July Crisis 1914 - Austria-Hungary's Serbian Campaign (World War I) 28 July 1914 – 3 November 1918 - World War I 1914-1918 - History of Bosnia and Herzegovina within Yugoslavia (1918–41) - History of Bosnia and Herzegovina during World War II - History of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the Yugoslavian federation (1945–92) - Bosnian War 1992-1995

Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Demographic history of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina - main industries include steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicles, textiles, tobacco products, furniture, tanks, aircraft, domestic appliances, oil refining - Companies of Bosnia and Herzegovina by industry

Agriculture in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Agriculture in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including fruit production, gardening production, crop farming production, mill and bakery industries, stock farming production, processing industries and a milk industry

Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina - UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Stari Most (Old Bridge) reconstruction of the 16th-century Ottoman bridge in the city of Mostar

Banking in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Banks in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Business cycles and unemployment in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnia and Herzegovina unemployment rate since 2012 - 9 December 2013: South East Europe on slow road to recovery, World Bank says

Taxation in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Taxation in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Politics of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Political parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Trade unions in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Inter-Entity Boundary Line - Republika Srpska - History of Republika Srpska 1992–1995 - Politics of Republika Srpska - Political parties in Republika Srpska

Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Politics and elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina

2010: Bosnia and Herzegovina general election 3 October 2010 - House of Representatives of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Prime Ministers of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Republika Srpska general election 3 October 2010 as part of the general elections across Bosnia and Herzegovina

2010-2012: 2010–12 Bosnia and Herzegovina government formation

2014: Election for Predstavnicki Dom (House of Representatives) 2014 - Bosnia and Herzegovina general election 12 October 2014 - 13 octobre: Les nationalistes en tête pour la présidence collégiale en Bosnie

November/December 2020 Bosnian municipal elections: 15 November 2020 Bosnian municipal elections, as election is about to mark the first time since 2008 that Mostar elects its city council on a separate date on 20 December, after electoral amendments passed in July 2020 allowed solving the issue and implement the ECHR's decision in the case of Baralija vs Bosnia and Herzegovina - Results of November/December 2020 Bosnian municipal elections

24 July 2021 genocide denial outlawed in Bosnia: 24 July 2021: Genocide denial outlawed in Bosnia, as move by Bosnia’s Office of the High Representative OHR set up to implement post-war peace deal follows attempts to downplay 1995 Srebrenica massacre

2 October 2022 Bosnian general election: 2 October 2022 Bosnian general election, to decide the makeup of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Presidency as well as national, entity, and cantonal governments. The elections for the House of Representatives are divided into two, one for the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and one for Republika Srpska - 2 October 2022 Republika Srpska general election

2 October 2022 'BalkanInsight' reports with Live Blog from the 2022 Bosnia and Herzegovina Election: 2 October 2022: Bosnians vote on Sunday in an election that has been overshadowed by bitter arguments about national identity and religious values while the energy crisis, high inflation and rising prices add up to the sense of looming crisis, 'BalkanInsight' reports with Live Blog from the 2022 Bosnia and Herzegovina Election

5 October 2022 opposition parties in Bosnia’s Serb entity call for a recount of ballots cast: 5 October 2022: Opposition parties in Bosnia’s Serb entity have formally called for a recount of ballots cast over the weekend during general elections, after accusing longtime Serb leader Milorad Dodik of fraud, as Jelena Trivic, of the Party of Democratic Progress, submitted a request for a recount and cancellation of the election for president of the Republika Srpska entity in Sarajevo

Social movements and protests in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Protests in Bosnia and Herzegovina

2014 Bosnia and Herzegovina social riots: Bosnia and Herzegovina social riots since 4 February 2014 - 6 February 2014: Violent protests by thousands of unpaid workers in the northern city of Tuzla spread to other parts of the country and have morphed into widespread discontent in an election year about unemployment and rampant corruption - 7 February: Hundreds of people have been injured in three days of protests over high unemployment and perceived inability of politicians to improve the situation

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnia and Herzegovina society - Human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Demographics and ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Religious demography - Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Languages and culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bosnian language

Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina media: Bosnia and Herzegovina media

Law enforcement in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Law enforcement in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bosnian Police

Crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Political corruption and bureaucracy

Bosnian Mafia: Bosnian Mafia

Human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnian War 1992-1995, war crimes, prosecutions and legal proceedings (ongoing): Bosnian War, prosecutions and legal proceedings - War crimes in the Bosnian War

2012-2014: 6 April 2012: Sarajevo marks 20th anniversary of the Bosnian War - 30. April 2012: Die frühere bosnische Soldatin Handanovic ist als erste Frau in Bosnien-Herzegowina wegen Kriegsverbrechen verurteilt worden - 16 mai: le procès de Ratko Mladic s'ouvre devant le TPIY à La Haye - 15. Juni: Das Gericht von Bosnien verurteilt vier frühere Mitglieder einer bosnisch-serbischen Spezialeinheit wegen Beteiligung am Massaker von Srebrenica zu langjährigen Haftstrafen - 9 juillet 2013: Plusieurs milliers de personnes ont rendu un dernier hommage mardi à Sarajevo aux victimes identifiées du massacre de Srebrenica - 11 July 2014: Bosnia marks the 19th Srebrenica massacre anniversary

Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina/Austria relations: Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1878-1918 - Bosnian Crisis of 1908–1909 - Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Since 1908 Austro-Hungarian 'Schutzkorps' militia's persecution of Serbs the first large-scale persecution of people in Bosnia and Herzegovina because of their ethnicity - 28 June 1914 Assassination in Sarajevo - Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo - July Crisis 1914 - Austria-Hungary's Serbian Campaign (World War I) 28 July 1914 – 3 November 1918 - World War I 1914-1918 - World War I casualties

2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - 28/29 June 2014: Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation, as divisions still run deep

Bosnia and Herzegovina/European Union relations: Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union

Bosnia and Herzegovina/Germany relations: Bosnia and Herzegovina/Germany relations - Balkans Campaign World War I - World War I casualties - 'Independent State of Croatia' - protectorate of Italy 1941–43, puppet state of Germany 1943–45 - 'Ustaše' Croatian fascist and terrorist organization active before and during World War II - Catholic clergy involvement with the 'Ustaše' - World War II persecution of Serbs - Concentration camps in the 'Independent State of Croatia'

Bosnia and Herzegovina/Netherlands relations: Bosnia and Herzegovina/Netherlands relations - Dutchbat - 6 September 2013: The Dutch state is responsible for sending three Bosnian Muslims to their deaths when they were expelled from a UN compound at Srebrenica in 1995, the supreme court ruled

Bosnia and Herzegovina/Serbia relations: Bosnia and Herzegovina/Serbia relations - Republika Srpska/Serbia relations - Republika Srpska - History of Republika Srpska 1992–1995 - Serbia in the Yugoslav Wars - Serbian war crimes in the Bosnian War - Siege of Sarajevo from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996 during the Bosnian War - Dayton Agreement 14 December 1995 - Bosnian Genocide Case, judgment on 26 February 2007

Bosnia and Herzegovina/Turkey relations: Bosnia and Herzegovina/Turkey relations - Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina/United Nations relations: United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Bosnia and Herzegovina - United Nations Protection Force 1992-1995 - the first UN peacekeeping force in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav wars - UNPROFOR and Srebrenica massacre - 16 November 1999: The United Nations must accept partial responsibility for the mass killings of Srebrenica in 1995, according to a UN report - 25/ 26 July 2012: In Bosnia and Herzegovina UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon visits the old city of Sarajevo and Srebrenica, saying that the UN 'will continue to do all that we can to prevent this [so that] Srebrenica will not happen anytime, anywhere, to anyone'

Environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Environmental issues of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Environmental issues of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Water in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Water in Bosnia and Herzegovina - List of rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina by draining

Bulgaria - Geography of Bulgaria - History of Bulgaria - Demographics of Bulgaria

Economy of Bulgaria: Economy of Bulgaria - main industries include electricity, gas and water, food, beverages and tobacco, machinery and equipment, base metals, chemical products, refined petroleum, nuclear fuel - Companies of Bulgaria by industry

Agriculture in Bulgaria: Agriculture in Bulgaria - products include wheat, corn, and barley, sugar beets, sunflowers, tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, apples, grapes and tobacco, livestock products

Water in Bulgaria: Water in Bulgaria

Rivers of Bulgaria: Rivers of Bulgaria - Danube, the longest river in the European Union region, located in Central and Eastern Europe, passing through or touching Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine before emptying into the Black Sea - Since 1994 International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River

2016 looming pollution threats to the Danube: 13 November 2016: Looming pollution threats to the Danube, the world’s most international river

Transport in Bulgaria: Transport in Bulgaria - Public transport in Bulgaria - Transport in Bulgaria by city

Water transport in Bulgaria: Water transport in Bulgaria

Rail transport in Bulgaria: Rail transport in Bulgaria

Road transport in Bulgaria: Road transport in Bulgaria

Road incidents in Bulgaria: Road incidents in Bulgaria

23 November 2021 Bulgaria bus crash kills at least 46 people including 12 children: 23 November 2021 Bulgaria bus crash, as North Macedonian bus crashed and caught fire on the Struma Motorway near the village of Bosnek, south-west of Sofia. Fifty passengers and two drivers were on the bus. 46 people died during the crash, including twelve children. Seven other passengers suffered burns but survived. It is currently the deadliest road accident in Bulgarian history. - 23 November 2021: North Macedonia has declared three-days of national mourning after 46 people, including 12 children, were killed in a tourist bus on a highway, near the village of Bosnek in Bulgaria

Foreign economic relations of Bulgaria: Foreign economic relations of Bulgaria - Since 2007Bulgarian economic development following EU membership

Banking and banks of Bulgaria: Banks of Bulgaria - Bulgarian National Bank

Economic history of Bulgaria and business cycles: Economic history of Bulgaria

2008 Bulgarian energy crisis: 2008 Bulgarian energy crisis

Since 2009 economic downturn in Bulgaria following the international financial and economic crisis: Since 2009 economic downturn in Bulgaria following the international financial and economic crisis

Taxation in Bulgaria: Taxation in Bulgaria - taxes in Bulgaria are collected on both state and local levels, the most important taxes are collected on federal level, including an income tax, social security, corporate taxes and value added tax

Politics of Bulgaria: Politics of Bulgaria - July 1991 Constitution of Bulgaria, the supreme and basic law of the republic. The current constitution was adopted on 12 July 1991 by the 7th Grand National Assembly of Bulgaria, and defines the country as a unitary parliamentary republic. It has been amended five times, in 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2015. Chronologically, it is the fourth constitution of Bulgaria, the first being the Tarnovo Constitution of 1879

Political parties in Bulgaria: List of political parties in Bulgaria - Political parties and alliances in Bulgaria

2009 Bulgarian parliamentary and European election: Bulgarian parliamentary election 2009 - European Parliament election, 2009

2011 Bulgarian presidential election: Bulgarian presidential election 2011 - Stichwahl zwischen Kalfin und Plewneliew am 30. Oktober - 31 octobre: Le candidat conservateur Plevneliev élu président de la République

Januar 2013 Bulgarian nuclear power referendum: Bulgarian nuclear power referendum January 2013 - 27 janvier 2013: Les bureaux de vote ont ouvert pour un référendum sur un projet bulgaro-russe d'une nouvelle centrale nucléaire à Béléné

February 2013 Bulgaria's government resigned after protests against high electricity prices: 20 February 2013: Bulgaria's government resigned from office after nationwide protests against high electricity prices - 25 February: Tens of thousands of people have taken to the streets across Bulgaria to protest against corruption and the country's rising cost of living - 28 February: Bulgaria will hold an early election on May 12, Rosen Plevneliev says as the government seeks a way out of a political crisis

May 2013 parliamentary elections: Bulgarian parliamentary election 12 May 2013 - 12 May: Bulgarians began voting Sunday in a tight and tense snap election - 13 mai: Les conservateurs en tête des législatives bulgares en recueillant entre 29,6 % et 32% des suffrages, le Parti socialiste entre 25,6 et 26,2%

June 2013 protests against new PM Plamen Oresharski: 18 June 2013: Thousands of Bulgarians took to the streets in a fourth day of protests demanding the resignation of new PM Plamen Oresharski after a political blunder sparked public outrage - 21 juin: Des milliers de Bulgares manifestaient pour le huitième jour consécutif dans les plus grandes villes, contre l'oligarchie et 'pour une morale en politique'

July 2013 protests and violence: 24 July: Twenty people including three police officers needed hospital treatment after long-running protests against the government turned violent overnight

May 2014 Bulgaria European Parliament election: Bulgaria European Parliament election 25 May 2014

July 2014 PM Plamen Oresharski stood down amid protests: 23 July 2014: Bulgaria's PM Plamen Oresharski stood down amid protests against corruption, deadly floods and disputes over gas pipeline project, leaving an interim and later new government to sort out the Balkan state's worst banking crisis since the 1990s

October 2014 Bulgarian parliamentary election: Bulgarian parliamentary election 5 October 2014 - 5 October: The center-right GERB party set to win Bulgaria's snap general election but will fall short of a majority, a result that could mean another shaky coalition struggling to solve a bank crisis and revive growth

November 2016 Bulgarian presidential election and referendum: 6 November 2016 Bulgarian presidential election and referendum on changes to the electoral system and political party funding - 7 novembre 2016: Roumen Radev en tête de la présidentielle bulgare - 14 November 2016: After 99.3% of polling stations counted, former air force commander Rumen Radev is leading with almost 60% of the vote

March 2017 Bulgarian parliamentary election: 26 March 2017 Bulgarian early parliamentary election - 26 March 2017: Borisov’s pro-EU party won about 32% ahead of the BSP on about 28%, according to exit polls

May 2019 European Parliament election in Bulgaria: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Bulgaria

27 October and 3 November 2019 Bulgarian local elections: 27 October and 3 November 2019 Bulgarian local elections, as Korneliya Ninova's BSP won 4 more Provincial Mayoralities and as the ruling GERB party had lost 6 mayorships

17 March 2021 Bulgarian parties pledge green transformation: 17 March 2021: Bulgarian parties pledge green transformation

4 April 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election: 4 April 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election - Bulgarian parliamentary election opinion polls - 4 April 2021: Bulgarians will head to the polls on Sunday for a parliamentary election amid a surge of coronavirus cases and following months of anti-government protests

11 July 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election: 11 July 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election, after no party was able or willing to form a government following the April 2021 elections - July 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election opinion polls

July 2021 'There Is Such a People' received the most votes with 23.78%: 'There Is Such a People' received the most votes with 23.78%, finishing around 15,000 votes ahead of GERB–SDS. It was the first time that GERB or a GERB-led coalition had not won the most votes or seats since the party's establishment in 2006. Four other parties (BSP for Bulgaria, Democratic Bulgaria, Movement for Rights and Freedom, and Stand Up! Mafia, Get Out!) also won seats. 'There Is Such a People' performed well among young voters, with 37.4% of Generation Z supporting the party and 30.9% of voters aged 30–39.

30 August 2021 political crisis in Bulgaria to lead to third parliamentary elections in 2021: 30 August 2021: Political crisis in Bulgaria to lead to third parliamentary elections this year

14 November 2021 Bulgarian general election: 14 November 2021 Bulgarian general election, to elect both the President of Bulgaria and the National Assembly of Bulgaria, the country's third parliamentary elections in 2021, with no party able to form a government after elections in April and July. A second round of the presidential elections will be held on 21 November if no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round.

14 November 2021 Bulgarians are heading to the polls: 14 November 2021: Bulgarians are heading to the polls to elect a new parliament and a new president amid a surge of covid-19 infections, as some 6.7 million eligible voters hope that after inconclusive general elections in April and July, the third attempt to elect 240 lawmakers will result in a government to lead the EU’s poorest member out of health and economic crises

21 November 2021 Bulgarians heading to polls in second round: 21 novembre 2021: La Bulgarie, pays le plus pauvre d'Europe, élit son président ce dimanche, en pleine pandémie de covid-19. Le président sortant, Roumen Radev, figure de la lutte anti-corruption, est le grand favori.

2 October 2022 Bulgarian parliamentary election: 2 October 2022 Bulgarian parliamentary election - Opinion polling for the October 2022 Bulgarian parliamentary election

2 October 2022 Bulgaria's GERB party seen winning national election: 2 October 2022: Bulgaria's GERB party seen winning national election amid steep inflation and energy costs

2 April 2023 Bulgarian parliamentary election: 2 April 2023 Bulgarian parliamentary election - Opinion polling for the April 2022 Bulgarian parliamentary election

April 2023 Bulgarian parliamentary election results: April 2023 Bulgarian parliamentary election results, as GERB—SDS and PP–DB winning more then the half of the seats

Protests in Bulgaria: Protests in Bulgaria

November 2018: 12 November 2018: Protesters across Bulgaria have held demonstrations against price rises and air pollution

January 2019: 16 January 2019: Hundreds of Roma protested yesterday in Sofia demanding the resignation of the PM following the destruction of a Roma settlement in Plovdiv and racist comments from the PM

10 July 2020 new wave of mass demonstrations against Borissov’s government: 10 July 2020: A new wave of mass demonstrations against Borissov’s government, highlighting a growing feeling of crisis, including impacts of pandemic, in the country was launched on Thursday and looks set to continue

12 July 2020 thousands call on Bulgarian government to resign in anti-graft protests: 12 July 2020: Thousands call on Bulgarian government to resign in anti-graft protests

15 July 2020 protests continue: 15 juillet 2020: Les manifestations contre le gouvernement accusé de corruption se poursuivent en Bulgarie, où trois personnes ont été blessées mardi

17 July 2020 anti-graft protests: 17 juillet 2020: Plus de 18’000 Bulgares ont manifesté pour le huitième jour jeudi à Sofia, réclamant la démission du gouvernement qu’ils accusent de corruption et de liens oligarchiques

30 July 2020 anti-corruption protests continue: 30 juillet 2020: Depuis trois semaines, les manifestants protestent contre la corruption du gouvernement et demandent notamment la démission du premier ministre

3 September 2020 Bulgarian anti-corruption protesters confronted by riot police: 3 September 2020: Bulgarian protesters were confronted by riot police outside parliament in Sofia on Wednesday night in the largest demonstration in two months of anti-corruption and anti-government demonstrations

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Bulgaria: Bulgarian society - Human rights in Bulgaria

Provinces and municipalities of Bulgaria: 28 provinces of Bulgaria, the first-level administrative subdivisions of the country and as the capital Sofia city is the administrative centre of both Sofia Province and Sofia City Province - List of 264 municipalities of Bulgaria, listed by province - List of 5329 villages and settlements in Bulgaria by province

Cities and towns in Bulgaria: List of all cities and towns in Bulgaria sorted by population, as the largest city is Sofia with about 1.3 million inhabitants and the smallest is Melnik with about 300

Sofia city: Sofia city, the capital and largest city of Bulgaria situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country with 1,291,591 citizens in the 21st century. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and has many mineral springs, such as the Sofia Central Mineral Baths. It has a humid continental climate. Being in the centre of the Balkans, it is midway between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, and closest to the Aegean Sea.

Economy of Sofia: Economy of Sofia

Since 2nd century CE timeline of Sofia: Since 2nd century CE timeline of Sofia

20th century timeline of Sofia: 20th century timeline of Sofia

Since 1909 Sofia Sephardic Jewish community Synagogue: Since 1909 Sofia Synagogue, the largest synagogue in Southeastern Europe (today one of two functioning in Bulgaria with the other one in Plovdiv) and the third-largest in Europe. Constructed for the needs of the Bulgarian capital Sofia's mainly Sephardic Jewish community it was officially opened on 9 September 1909. Since 8 May 1992 the Sofia Synagogue also houses the Jewish Museum of History, which includes the Jewish Communities in Bulgaria, the Holocaust and the Rescue of the Jews in Bulgaria expositions.

1941-1944 bombing of Sofia in World War II: 1941-1944 bombing of Sofia in Axis powers' World War II

21st century CE timeline of Sofia: 21st century CE timeline of Sofia

Varna city and Black Sea Euroregion: Varna city, the third-largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and in the Northern Bulgaria region. Situated in the Gulf of Varna, the city has been a major economic, social and cultural centre for almost three millennia. Historically known as 'Odessos' in Greek language, Varna developed from a Thracian seaside settlement to a major seaport on the Black Sea, today an important centre for business, transportation, education, tourism, entertainment and healthcare. The city is referred to as the maritime capital of Bulgaria and has the headquarters of the Bulgarian Navy and merchant marine. In 2008, Varna was designated as the seat of the Black Sea Euroregion by the Council of Europe.

Since 6th century BCE timeline of Varna: Since 6th century BCE timeline of Varna

Demographics and ethnic groups in Bulgaria: Demographics of Bulgaria - Ethnic groups in Bulgaria

Turks in Bulgaria: Turks in Bulgaria

Romani people in Bulgaria: Romani people in Bulgaria

History of the Jews in Bulgaria: History of the Jews in Bulgaria

Immigration to Bulgaria: Immigration to Bulgaria

Since 2014: Since 2014 international and European refugee and migrant crisis

2015: 16 October 2015: Afghan refugee shot dead by police near the south-eastern Bulgarian town of Sredets while trying to enter Bulgaria - 1 November 2015: 38 men, 33 women and 58 children, believed to be Syrian, were found alive at the Kapitan Andreevo border crossing in a refrigerated truck trying to cross the Bulgarian border with Turkey

2016: 25 November 2016: Bulgaria’s biggest refugee camp erupts and Bulgarian police fire water cannon and rubber bullets, after its inhabitants wrongly accused by local media of carrying infectious skin diseases

Culture of Bulgaria: Culture of Bulgaria - Languages of Bulgaria - Bulgarian language

Education in Bulgaria: Education in Bulgaria

Health in Bulgaria: Health in Bulgaria

Bulgarian media: Bulgarian media - Newspapers in Bulgaria

October 2018: 6 October 2018 Victoria Marinova murdered - 7 October 2018: TV journalist Viktoria Marinova brutally murdered in Bulgarian town of Ruse, while police investigate both personal and work related leads - 9 October 2018: Murdered Viktoria Marinova had reported on investigation into corruption involving EU funds - 12 October 2018: Bulgarian Severin Krasimirov was apprehended on Tuesday evening outside Hamburg on a European arrest warrant in connection with the death of Viktoria Marinova

Crime in Bulgaria: Crime in Bulgaria

Corruption in Bulgaria: Corruption in Bulgaria

2012: 25 September 2012: Corruption in Bulgaria up since last year, survey says

2017: 28 December 2017: Cloud of corruption hangs over Bulgaria as it takes up EU presidency

Human trafficking in Bulgaria: Human trafficking in Bulgaria

Organized crime in Bulgaria: Organized crime in Bulgaria - Bulgarian mafia

Terrorism in Bulgaria: Terrorism in Bulgaria

July 2012 Burgas bus bombing: July 2012 Burgas bus bombing

Law and legal history in Bulgaria: Law of Bulgaria - Legal history of Bulgaria - Constitutions of Bulgaria - Human rights in Bulgaria

Judiciary of Bulgaria: Judiciary of Bulgaria

Law enforcement in Bulgaria: Law enforcement in Bulgaria

Foreign relations of Bulgaria: Foreign relations of Bulgaria

Treaties of Bulgaria: Treaties of Bulgaria

Immigration to Bulgaria: Immigration to Bulgaria

Since 2014 international and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis

Bulgaria's membership in international organisationsBulgaria's membership in international organisations

Bulgaria and the European Union: Bulgaria and the European Union - Bulgaria and the euro

Security issues in Bulgaria: National security of Bulgaria, after in the early 2000s, Bulgarian and international authorities recognized organized crime and corruption as grave ongoing problems exacerbated by Bulgaria’s geographic location along major international smuggling lines

Bilateral relations of Bulgaria: Bilateral relations of Bulgaria

Bulgaria/Afghanistan relations: Bulgaria/Afghanistan relations

2015: 16 October 2015: Afghan refugee shot dead by police near the south-eastern Bulgarian town of Sredets while trying to enter Bulgaria

Bulgaria/Germany relations: Bulgaria/Germany relations

September 1915 treaty allied Bulgaria with the Central Powers in World War I: September 1915 Bulgaria–Germany treaty, as treaty along with the Secret Bulgarian-German agreement, the Military convention between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria and the Bulgarian-Turkish convention also signed on 6 September allied Bulgaria with the Central Powers in World War I, and was to be secret until the official entering of Bulgaria in the war

1939-1945 World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact: World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact

March 1941 Tripartite Pact: Tripartite Pact, signed by Bulgaria on 1 March 1941

Bulgaria/Israel relations: Bulgaria/Israel relations - History of the Jews in Bulgaria

July 2012 Burgas bus bombing: July 2012 Burgas bus bombing - 18 July: Deadly blast hits bus carrying Israelis in Bulgaria - 5 February 2013: Bulgaria blames Hezbollah for bombing that killed five Israelis, in a move that may open way for EU to join in branding Iranian-backed Hezbollah a terrorist organization

Bulgaria/Lebanon relations: Bulgaria/Lebanon relations

February 2013 Bulgaria blames Hezbollah for bombing that killed five Israelis: 5 February 2013: Bulgaria blames Hezbollah for bombing that killed five Israelis, in a move that may open way for EU to join in branding Iranian-backed Hezbollah a terrorist organization

Bulgaria/Palestine relations: Bulgaria/Palestine relations - 15 February 2013: Bulgaria ordered three visiting Palestinian Hamas politicians to leave the country, saying they posed a security risk to the EU member state

Bulgaria/Romania relations: Bulgaria/Romania relations

Bulgaria/Russia relations: Bulgaria/Russia relations - Military history of Bulgaria during World War II, since 1 March 1941 alliance with the Axis Powers - Paris Peace Treaties 1947

2016 Plevneliev warns that Russia is trying to 'destroy' EU: 9 June 2016: Outgoing Bulgarian president Rosen Plevneliev warns that Russia is trying to 'destroy' EU - 12 June 2016: Nearly 100 Ukrainian and Bulgarian activists took part in the 'Stop Putin's War in Ukraine' rally in Sofia on 11 June

Bulgaria/Serbia relations: Bulgaria/Serbia relations - Serbo-Bulgarian War 1885 - Second Balkan War 1913 - Bulgaria during World War I, declaring war on Serbia on 14 October 1915 - Surdulica massacre was the mass murder of Serbian men by Bulgarian occupational authorities in Surdulica in 1916/1917 during World War I - Bulgaria's alliance with the Axis Powers during World War II

Bulgaria/Syria relations: Bulgaria/Syria relations - 30 August 2013: Onslaught of Syrian refugees finding themselves behind bars in a Bulgarian detention centre

August/September 2013 Bulgarian detention centre: 30 August 2013: Onslaught of Syrian refugees finding themselves behind bars in a Bulgarian detention centre - 17 September 2013: Bulgaria asks for EU help with Syrian refugees

April 2014 tens of thousands of Syrian refugees: 11 April 2014: With all doors rapidly closing shut, tens of thousands of refugees from war-torn Syria end up in the EU's poorest state Bulgaria

Bulgaria/Turkey relations: Bulgaria/Turkey relations - Turks in Bulgaria - Ottoman Bulgaria - Balkan Wars 1912-1913 - Second Balkan War 1913 - 1989 expulsion of Turks from Bulgaria

September 2015 125 foreigners detained: 3 September 2015: Bulgarian authorities detained 125 foreigners in the capital Sofia for illegally crossing into the country without submitting an asylum request

Bulgaria/Ukraine relations: Bulgaria/Ukraine relations - Black Sea Fibre Optic Cable System since 2001

Bulgaria/United Kingdom relations: Bulgaria/United Kingdom relations

September 1918 Armistice of Salonica: 29 September 1918 Armistice of Salonica, signed between Bulgaria and the Allied Powers in Thessaloniki and effectively ending Bulgaria's participation in World War I on the side of the Central Powers

19 October 2019 Bulgaria soccer coach quits after racist chants Nazi: 19 October 2019: Bulgaria soccer coach quits after racist chants Nazi salutes at England match

Bulgaria/USA relations: Bulgaria/USA relations

Environment and environmental issues in Bulgaria: Environment of Bulgaria - Environmental issues in Bulgaria

Protected areas of Bulgaria: Protected areas of Bulgaria

Natural disasters in Bulgaria: Natural disasters in Bulgaria

Floods in Bulgaria: Floods in Bulgaria

2014 Bulgarian floods: June 2014 Bulgarian floods

Croatia - Geography of Croatia - History of Croatia - Croatian War of Independance

Demographics of Croatia

Economy of Croatia: Economy of Croatia - main industries include chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminium, paper, wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages, tourism - List of companies of Croatia - Companies of Croatia by industry

Industry of Croatia: Industry of Croatia

Agriculture in Croatia: Agriculture in Croatia - products include organic foods, grapes, wine, olive oil, lavender, fish

Water in Croatia: Water in Croatia - Rivers of Croatia

Water transport in Croatia: Water transport in Croatia

Tourism in Croatia: Tourism, a major industry in Croatia, as in 2018, Croatia had 19.7 million tourist visitors who made 110.275 million overnight stays, and as the history of tourism in Croatia dates back to the middle of the 19th century in the period around 1850

Economic history of Croatia and economic cycles: Economic history of Croatia

2014 annual average unemployment rate 17.3%: In 2014 the annual average unemployment rate was 17.3% and Croatia has the third highest unemployment rate in the EU, after Greece with 26.5% and Spain with 24.%

2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Croatia: Economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Croatia

Since March 2020 covid-19 caused more than 400.000 workers to file for minimum net wage: Since March 2020: Covid-19 Pandemic has caused more than 400.000 workers to file for minimum net wage of 3,250 HRK given by the Government of Croatia as aid to firms and companies for them not to fire their workers, and as public debt is set to rise up to 90% of GDP, while unemployment is set to rise to around 9,3%

Labor and trade unions in Croatia: Labor and trade unions in Croatia

Taxation in Croatia: Taxation in Croatia

Politics in Croatia: Politics of Croatia - Political parties in Croatia

Elections and politics in Croatia: Elections in Croatia - Kroatische Präsidentenwahl 2009/10 - Croatian parliamentary election 4 December 2011 - 5 December 2011: Centre-left coalition wins Croatia vote (77 seats in the 151 member parliament)

2013: Croatian local elections May/June 2013 - Croatian same-sex marriage constitutional referendum 1 December 2013 - 2 December: Croatians vote to ban same-sex marriage

December 2014 Croatian presidential election: 28 December 2014 Croatian presidential election - 29 December: Croatian presidential candidates Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovic and Ivo Josipovic set for election run-off

January 2015 Croatian presidential election: 11 January 2015 Croatian presidential election - 12 January: Ex-foreign minister Kolinda Grabar-Kitarovic elected Croatia's first woman president with a pledge to kickstart the country's ailing economy

November 2015 Croatian parliamentary election: 8 November 2015 Croatian parliamentary election - 9 November 2015: Croatia's conservative opposition wins first parliamentary election since joining the EU in 2013, but without enough votes to rule alone

September 2016 Croatian parliamentary election: 11 September 2016 Croatian parliamentary election - 12 September: Croatia’s HDZ win tight election

May 2019 European Parliament election in Croatia: 23-26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Croatia

November 2019: 14 November 2019: Croatia’s government says the EU nation will hold a presidential election on December 22, seen as a test of popularity for the ruling conservatives

December 2019: 21 December 2019: Croatians to vote on president after campaign dominated by hard right

December 2019 Croatian presidential election: 22 December 2019 Croatian presidential election - 23 December 2019: Coming second, Croatia’s conservative president will face liberal former PM Zoran Milanovic in a runoff election on 5 January after no candidate won an outright majority in the first round of voting

6 January 2020 Croatia's new president Milanovic: 6 January 2020: Croatia's new president Milanovic, who won 52.7% of the vote in a second-round runoff, vows to make country a more tolerant place

1 May 2020 Croatia’s president walked out of a state ceremony protesting pro-Nazi Salute: 1 May 2020: Croatia’s president walked out of a state ceremony in protest Friday after one of the participants wore a T-shirt displaying a salute used during World War II by pro-Nazi regime in the country and today often displayed by Croatia's neo_Nazi extremists, as many glorify the WWII Croatian state although tens of thousands of Serbs, Jews, Roma and anti-fascists were killed in its concentration camps

July 2020 Croatian parliamentary election: 5 July 2020 Croatian parliamentary election - Opinion polling for the July 2020 Croatian parliamentary election

Protests in Croatia: Protests in Croatia

October 2019 protests against judiciary: 19 octobre 2019: Des milliers de personnes ont manifesté dans toute la Croatie pour protester contre la justice du pays, accusée par les femmes de ne pas les protéger après la remise en liberté de cinq hommes accusés du viol collectif d'une adolescente

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Croatia: Croatian society

Human rights in Croatia: Human rights in Croatia - Freedom of religion in Croatia

Regions and cunties of Croatia: Regions of Croatia - 20 Counties of Croatia

Cities and towns in Croatia: Cities and towns in Croatia

Zagreb: Zagreb, the capital and the largest city of Croatia, located in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain, with an estimated population of 809,932 inhabitants in 2018

Demographics of Croatia: Demographics of Croatia

Ethnic groups in Croatia: Ethnic groups in Croatia

Immigration to Croatia: Immigration to Croatia

2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis

2015: 16 September 2015: First refugees head for Croatia after Hungary's border crackdown - 18 September 2015: As Croatia closes border crossings with Serbia and police stand guard in front of refugees and migrants, Hungary builds border fence with Croatia - 18 September: Croatia fails to cope with refugee and migrant influx, as refugees wait for the trains that never come - 27 September 2015: Record migrant arrivals in Croatia as crisis deepens - 5 October: Refugees and migrants continue to cross from Serbia to Croatia in their thousands - 19 October 2015: Thousands of refugees trying to make their way to western Europe have rushed over Serbia’s border to Croatia after they were stranded for days in dangerous and deteriorating conditions, 'the last person to go was a young boy without a leg, and we helped him cross in a wheelchair', UNHCR's Melita Sunjic reports, as UN's Ban Ki-moon says, refugees are fleeing difficult hardships they can't bear by themselves

December 2018: 17 December 2018: Croatia reportedly violating EU law by sending asylum seekers back to Bosnia

July 2019: 16 July 2019: Croatian police use violence to push back migrants, president admits, as Human Rights Watch calls on Croatia to end illegal practice of forcing people back over Bosnian borde

December 2019 brutal policing persists at Croatia’s borders: 22 December 2019: ‘Blood on the ground’ at Croatia’s borders as brutal policing persists

Languages and culture of Croatia: Culture of Croatia - Languages in Croatia - Serbo-Croatian, South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro - Croatian language

Education in Croatia: Education in Croatia

Schools in Croatia: Schools in Croatia - List of schools in Croatia

Universities in Croatia: Universities in Croatia - List of universities and colleges in Croatia

Health in Croatia: Health in Croatia

Medical outbreaks in Croatia: Medical outbreaks in Croatia

Since February 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Croatia: Since February 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Croatia

July 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Croatia: July 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Croatia, as country counts 113 pandemic victims

27 August 2020 Croatia reports record daily covid-19 infections rise: 27 August 2020: Croatia reports record daily covid-19 infections rise with 358 new cases in the vacation country, as Italy sees 1,367 new cases

Healthcare in Croatia: Healthcare in Croatia

Sport in Croatia: Sport in Croatia - Sport in Croatia by county - Sport in Croatia by city - Youth sport in Croatia

Sport in Croatia by sport: Sport in Croatia by sport

July 2018: 23 July 2018: Croatia's national soccer team celebrates with a nazi-supporting, fascist singer, dividing the county

Media of Croatia: Media of Croatia

Newspapers in Croatia: List of newspapers in Croatia

Broadcasting in Croatia: List of radio stations in Croatia - TV in Croatia

Internet in Croatia: Internet in Croatia

Crime in Croatia: Crime in Croatia - Crime in Croatia by type - Crime in Croatia by year

Croatian war crimes - Croatian war crimes in World War II (1939 – 1945) and Croatian war crimes in the Yugoslav Wars (1991 – 1995)

War crimes of the Independent State of Croatia: War crimes of the Independent State of Croatia

Concentration and extermination camps of the Independent State of Croatia: Concentration camps of the Independent State of Croatia - Italian fascist internment camps in Croatia

1941-1945 Jasenovac concentration and extermination camp: 1941-1945 Jasenovac concentration and extermination camp, established in Slavonia by the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia in marshland at the confluence of the Sava and Una rivers near the village of Jasenovac, one of the ten largest in Europe operated by the governing Ustaše regime, which was the only quisling regime in Nazi occupied Europe to operate extermination camps solely on their own for Jews and other ethnic groups - At 1941-1945 'Stara Gradiška concentration and extermination camp' in Croatia during WWII guarded by the Croatian Ustaše and specially constructed for women and children of Serb, Jewish and Romani ethnicity, gas experiments were conducted and humans were poisoned using sulphur dioxide and later Zyklon B - 2011 'Crimes in Past and Present - government sponsored atrocities and international legal responses', edited by David M. Crowe

Massacres in Croatia: Massacres in Croatia

Violence in Croatia: Violence in Croatia

Corruption in Croatia: 18. April 2012: 'Das meiste Geld ging direkt an Sanader' - Kroatischer Ex-Regierungschef in Korruptionsprozess von Zeugen schwer belastet - 21 November 2012: Former PM Sanader found guilty of taking bribes from two foreign companies, sentenced to 10 years in prison - 4 July 2013: As Croatia becomes the 28th country to join the EU, its battle with corruption enters a new phase

Human trafficking in Croatia: Human trafficking in Croatia

Law and legal history of Croatia: Law of Croatia - Legal history of Croatia

Judiciary of Croatia: Judiciary of Croatia

Law enforcement in Croatia: Law enforcement in Croatia

Foreign relations of Croatia: Foreign relations of Croatia

Treaties of Croatia: Treaties of Croatia

1914-1918 Croatia during World War I: 1914-1918 Croatia during World War I, as the he Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia was part of Austria-Hungary during World War I, and as its territory was administratively divided between the Austrian and Hungarian parts of the empire - Medimurje and Baranja in the Hungarian part (Transleithania), the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia a separate entity associated with the Hungarian Kingdom, Dalmatia and Istria in the Austrian part (Cisleithania), while the town of Rijeka had semi-autonomous status

1939/1941-1945 World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy: 1941-1945 'Independent State of Croatia', a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia in April 1941 after the invasion by the Axis powers. as its territory consisted of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as some parts of modern-day Serbia and Slovenia, but also excluded many Croat-populated areas in Dalmatia (until late 1943), Istria, and Medimurje regions (which today are part of Croatia), and as during its entire existence, the NDH was governed as a one-party state by the fascist Ustaša organization - 1941-1944/45 Croatian Home Guard, the land army part of the armed forces of the Independent State of Croatia which existed during World War II

Accession to the European Union 2013: Accession of Croatia to the European Union 1 July 2013 - 10. Juni 2011: EU-Kommission empfiehlt Beitritt Kroatiens Juli 2013 - 24. Juni 2011: EU-Beitritt Kroatiens zum 1.07.2013 - Überwachung der Reformanstrengungen bis dahin - 23. Januar 2012: Kroaten stimmen EU-Beitritt im Juli 2013 mit geringer Wahlbeteiligung zu

1 January 2023 adoption of the euro: 1 January 2023: Croatia has switched to the euro and entered Europe’s passport-free zone, two important milestones for the country after joining the European Union nearly a decade ago. At midnight on Sunday, the Balkan nation bid farewell to its kuna currency and became the 20th member of the eurozone. But feelings among Croatians are mixed. While they welcome the end of border controls, some fear the euro switch will lead to an increase in the cost of living as businesses round up prices when they convert them. 'It will be difficult. Prices that are already high will become even higher,' said Ivana Toncic, a teacher from Zagreb. - Croatia adopted the euro as its currency on 1 January 2023, becoming the 20th member state of the eurozone. This was the first expansion of the monetary union since Lithuania joined in 2015. A fixed conversion rate was set at 1 € = 7.53450 kn.

Bilateral relations of Croatia: Bilateral relations of Croatia

Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations

Croatia/Germany relations: Croatia/Germany relations - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact - 'Independent State of Croatia' - protectorate of Italy 1941–43, puppet state of Germany 1943–45 - 'Ustaše' Croatian fascist and terrorist organization active before and during World War II - Catholic clergy involvement with the 'Ustaše' - World War II persecution of Serbs - Concentration camps in the 'Independent State of Croatia'

The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia

Croatia/Israel relations: Croatia/Israel relations -

The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia

2013: 21 November 2013: Croats celebrate World Cup berth with pro-Nazi chants

Croatia/Serbia relations: Croatia/Serbia relations

1914-1945 Croatia and Serbia in World War I and World War II: 1914-1945 Croatia and Serbia in World War I and World War II

1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence: 1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence

Croatia/Switzerland relations: 13 February 2014: Swiss treatment of Croats indicator of relations with EU? - 16 February 2014: Switzerland declines to sign Croatia free movement deal agreed last summer

Environment of Croatia: Environment of Croatia - Natural history of Croatia - Geology of Croatia

Environmentalism in Croatia: Environmentalism in Croatia

Water in Croatia: Water in Croatia - Rivers of Croatia

Water supply and sanitation in Croatia: Water supply and sanitation in Croatia

Natural disasters in Croatia: Natural disasters in Croatia

May 2014 Southeast Europe floods: May 2014 Southeast Europe floods

Earthquakes in Croatia: Earthquakes in Croatia

March 2020 Zagreb earthquake: 22 March 2020 Zagreb earthquake - 22 March 2020: A strong earthquake shook Croatia and its capital Zagreb, causing widespread damage and panic, as 15-year-old girl was reported in critical condition and others were injured, as power was cut and several fires were also reported

29 December 2020 Petrinja earthquake: 29 December 2020 Petrinja earthquake - 29 décembre 2020: Un séisme de magnitude 6,4 ébranle la Croatie - 29 December 2020: Slovenia's Krsko nuclear power plant has been shut down as a precaution after a 6.2 magnitude earthquake was registered in neighbouring Croatia

Cyprus - Modern history of Cyprus - Northern Cyprus - Demographics of Cyprus

Economy of Cyprus: Economy of Cyprus - main industries tourism, food and beverage processing, cement and gypsum production, ship repair and refurbishment, textiles, light chemicals, metal products, wood, paper, stone and clay products - List of companies of Cyprus - Companies of Cyprus by industry

Energy in Cyprus: Energy in Cyprus - Fossil fuels in Cyprus - Natural gas fields in Cyprus - Energy Triangle, joint natural gas extraction between Cyprus, Israel and Greece - Electric power in Cyprus - Oil-fired power stations in Cyprus - Petrolina, the largest Cypriot oil company - Solar power in Cyprus

Agriculture in Cyprus: Agriculture in Cyprus - crops are cereals (wheat and barley), legumes, vegetables (carrots, potatoes, and tomatoes), fruit and other tree crops (almonds, apples, bananas, carobs, grapes, grapefruit, lemons, melons, olives, oranges, and peaches)

Water in Cyprus: Water in Cyprus - Bodies of water of Cyprus - List of rivers of Cyprus

Water transport in Cyprus: Water transport in Cyprus

Cyprus Merchant Marine: Its geographical position has promoted merchant shipping as an important industry for Cyprus, holding the 3rd largest merchant navy in the EU

Tourism in Cyprus: Tourism in Cyprus - Visitor attractions in Cyprus - Archaeological sites in Cyprus - World Heritage Sites in Cyprus

Banks and financial services companies of Cyprus: Central Bank of Cyprus - List of banks in Cyprus - Financial services companies of Cyprus - Cyprus Stock Exchange

2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis: 2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis - 25 June 2012: Cyprus to ask for bailout from eurozone partners - 16 March 2013: Cyprus secures $13 bn bailout from eurozone, IMF - 30 March: Major depositors in Cyprus's biggest bank will lose around 60 percent of savings over 100,000 euros - 3 avril 2013: Le Fonds monétaire international va aider Chypre à hauteur d'un milliard d'euros dans le cadre du plan de sauvetage

Poverty in Cyprus: Poverty in Cyprus

Politics of Cyprus: Politics of Cyprus - Constitution of Cyprus - List of political parties in Cyprus - Progressive Party of Working People - Movement for Social Democracy - Ecological and Environmental Movement - Trade unions in Cyprus

Elections and politics in Cyprus: Elections in Cyprus

May 2011 Cypriot legislative election: Cypriot legislative election May 2011

11. Juli 2011: Explosion eines Munitionslagers auf Zypern bei Zygi - 12 July 2011: Cypriots protest over deadly blast condemning negligence - investigation - 14 July: Second night of protests passes peacefully - 28 juillet 2011: En pleine crise politico-économique le gouvernement (onze ministres) démissionne en juillet - 4 August: Ruling coalition partner centre-right 'Dimokratikó Kómma' drops out - spending cuts and reunification issues - 5 August: Cyprus President Christofias appoints new cabinet - Kazamias finance minister - 3. Oktober: Untersuchungskommission wirft Präsident Christofias Fahrlässigkeit wegen Explosion am 11. Juli vor

February 2013 Cypriot presidential election: Cypriot presidential election 17 February 2013 - 17 février 2013: Élection présidentielle sur fond de grave crise économique - 17 February: Right-wing candidate Nicos Anastasiades won first round with 45 percent, but must face Stavros Malas on February 24

24 February 2013: Cyprus president-elect Nicos Anastasiades pledged after his poll victory on Sunday to work for an early EU bailout accord to rescue the island from bankruptcy - 18 mars: Le Parlement chypriote se réunit pour examiner le plan de sauvetage européen qui a exigé que tous les dépôts bancaires soient taxés - 20 March: Emergency meeting after Cyprus MPs reject bank levy - 21 March: Cypriot president to present 'Plan B' rescue package - 21 March: European Central Bank issues ultimatum to Cyprus - 22 March 2013: Finance Minister Sarris back from Russia without reaching an agreement - 23 March: Parliament, in a late-night session, backed the first three of eight measures advanced by the government - 25 mars: Le plan de sauvetage conclu entre le gouvernement chypriote et la troïka comprend une taxe sur les dépôts de plus de 100.000 euros et la fermeture de la deuxième banque du pays - 26 March: Closed since March 16 to avert run on deposits Cyprus banks to remain closed until Thursday - 28 March: Temporary limits on daily withdrawals will remain in place as Cyprus reopens banks amid protests - 29 March: Cypriot president rules out leaving eurozone

April 2013: 18 April: Cyprus parliament hikes corporate tax rate

2014: 25 May 2014 European Parliament election

2015: 1 June 2015: Divided Cyprus begins to build bridges, as Greek Cypriot Nicos Anastasiades and Turkish Cypriot Mustafa Akinci agree on confidence-building measures

May 2016: 22 May 2016 Cypriot legislative election - 22 May: Cypriots go to polls to elect new legislature

January 2018 Cypriot presidential election: 28 January 2018 Cypriot presidential election - 28 janvier 2018: Comme en 2013, Nicos Anastasiades (35,50% des voix) sera opposé dans une semaine à Stavros Malas (30,25%) au second tour de la présidentielle chypriote, abstention au premier tour 28,13% - 28 January 2018: Two-thirds of Greek Cypriots went for candidates who openly support a federal settlement, 'Unite Cyprus Now' says, as Stavros Malas congratulates Turkish Cypriots for marching in favour of peace and democracy after Turkish nationalists incited by Erdogan attacked pro-reunification newspaper Afrika last week

February 2018: 4 February 2018: Stavros Malas took 44% of the vote, as president Anastasiades wins a second five-year term with 56%, promising to continue the island's reunification efforts and to promote the economic recovery

May 2019 European Parliament election in Cyprus: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Cyprus

13 October 2020 Cyprus scrapped lucrative programme granting citizenship to wealthy investors after scandal: 13 October 2020: Cyprus has scrapped a lucrative programme granting citizenship to wealthy investors after a top state official and a veteran lawmaker were filmed in an undercover documentary pledging to support a passport application from a fictitious investor with a supposed criminal record

30 May 2021 Cypriot legislative election: 30 May 2021 Cypriot legislative election - Parties and opinion polls concerning 2021 Cypriot legislative election - 30 May 2021: Party with links to Greece’s defunct neo-Nazi Golden Dawn appears to have doubled its support as widespread disaffection over corruption scandals dominated elections for a new parliament in Cyprus on Sunday

5 February 2023 Cypriot presidential election: 5 February 2023 Cypriot presidential election, as - if no candidate receives a majority of the vote - a runoff will be held on 12 February. Incumbent president Nicos Anastasiades of the Democratic Rally, who won the presidential elections in 2013 and 2018, is ineligible to run due to the two-term limit mandated by the Constitution of Cyprus - Opinion polling for the 2023 Cypriot presidential election

Social movements and protests in Cyprus:

2011 Cyprus explosion and protests 2011: 11. Juli 2011: Explosion eines Munitionslagers auf Zypern bei Zygi - 12 July 2011: Cypriots protest over deadly blast condemning negligence - investigation - 14 July: Second night of protests passes peacefully - 28 juillet 2011: En pleine crise politico-économique le gouvernement (onze ministres) démissionne en juillet - 4 August 2011: Ruling coalition partner centre-right 'Dimokratikó Kómma' drops out - spending cuts and reunification issues - 5 August: Cyprus President Christofias appoints new cabinet - Kazamias finance minister - 3. Oktober: Untersuchungskommission wirft Präsident Christofias Fahrlässigkeit wegen Explosion am 11. Juli vor

2013: 17 March 2013: As Cyprus' parliament is to hold an extraordinary session to decide whether savers must pay a levy on bank deposits, anger grows among ordinary bank savers who would be hard hit by the plans - 27 March: Protesters have marched near the presidential palace in Cyprus, as questions over the bailout package linger with the resignation of the chairman of the country's largest commercial bank

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Cyprus: Cypriot society - Human rights in Cyprus

Demographics of Cyprus: Demographics of Cyprus

Cypriot culture: Cypriot culture - Languages of Cyprus

Women in Cyprus: Women in Cyprus

Education in Cyprus: Education in Cyprus

Healthcare in Cyprus: Healthcare in Cyprus

Media in Cyprus: Media in Cyprus - List of newspapers in Cyprus - Cyprus News Agency

Internet in Cyprus: Internet in Cyprus

Foreign relations of Cyprus: Foreign relations of Cyprus

Treaties of Cyprus: Treaties of Cyprus

Membership of Cyprus in international organisations: Membership of Cyprus in international organisations

Cyprus/EU relations: Cyprus and the European Union - 23 March 2013: European Union leaders have announced the indefinite postponement of a key summit with Japan over Cyprus crisis - 24 March: EU economic chief Olli Rehn warned Cyprus it was essential to reach a deal in Brussels Sunday to save its economy from imminent bankruptcy - 25 March 2013: EU finance ministers approve $13bn rescue deal that will shut down its second largest bank and inflict heavy losses on uninsured depositors, including wealthy Russians

3 June 2021 Cyprus could block EU adoption of minimum corporate tax plan: 3 June 2021: Cyprus could block EU adoption of minimum corporate tax plan, as EU directive on Joe Biden’s proposal for 15% tax rate on multinationals would require unanimous support

Bilateral relations of Cyprus: Bilateral relations of Cyprus

Cyprus/Egypt relations: Cyprus/Egypt relations

Cyprus/Germany relations: Cyprus/Germany relations

Cyprus/Greece relations: Cyprus/Greece relations

Cyprus/Israel relations: Cyprus/Israel relations

Cyprus/Norway relations: Cyprus/Norway relations - Cypriot oil tanker and shipping tycoon John Fredriksen, abandonned his Norwegian citizenship 2006 - Frontline Ltd - Golar LNG - Seadrill

Cyprus/Russia relations: Cyprus/Russia relations

Economic relations: Officially Cyprus is the third largest foreign investor in the Russian economy, but most of foreign direct investments from Cyprus are capitals hidden offshore for tax and legal protection purposes

2010: 2 September 2010: 25 foreign businessmen have been given Cypriot citizenship, including the Russian billionaire Abramov, in exchange for their 'services to the Republic of Cyprus'

2012/2013: 11 April 2012: EU bailout of Cyprus would use the money of taxpayers to bail out mostly rich Russians who have over the years deposited their black money in Cypriot banks that are now collapsing - 22 March 2013: Cypriot Finance Minister Sarris left Moscow after two days of talks aimed at securing a financial lifeline from Russia without reaching an agreement

2018: 2 March 2018: The Russian oligarch Oleg Deripaska has bought a Cypriot passport under a controversial scheme that allows rich investors to acquire citizenship and visa-free access to the EU, according to the British 'Guardian'

Cyprus/Turkey relations: Cyprus/Turkey relations

1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus: 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus

Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute: Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute

Cyprus dispute and 2014/15 talks: Cyprus dispute - 10 February 2014: Cyprus peace talks resuscitated in time for 40th anniversary of Turkish invasion - 2014 Cyprus talks and end of the talks as a result of a crisis ensuing from Turkey's sending of a warship to the Republic of Cyprus-controlled part of the Cypriot waters - Confidence Building Measures for the Cyprus dispute

Northern Cyprus: Northern Cyprus, self-declared state in northeastern Cyprus recognised only by Turkey and considered by the international community as part of the Republic of Cyprus

April 2015 Cyprus presidential election: Northern Cyprus presidential election Apri 2015 - 19 April 2015: Northern Cypriots vote for new president whose main task will be to represent them in reunification talks that are expected to resume on the ethnically divided island next month - 27 April 2015: Independent leftist Mustafa Akinci, who promised to push harder for a peace deal in ethnically-split Cyprus, wins in a North Cyprus presidential election runoff receiving 60.3% of the votes - 1 June 2015: Mustafa Akinci says his community must regard their Greek Cypriot neighbours not as enemies but partners

2016: 22 novembre 2016: Les dirigeants chypriotes grec et turc ont mis fin à leur cycle de négociations sans être parvenus à un accord sur la question territoriale et sans fixer de date pour une nouvelle rencontre, selon l'ONU

January 2018 Northern Cyprus parliamentary election: 7 January 2018 Northern Cyprus parliamentary election - 7 janvier 2018: Législatives anticipées pour la partie turque - 8 January 2018: Turkish Cyprus set for coalition after voters in parliamentary election showed their dissatisfaction with UBP party, seen as corrupt and too subservient to Turkey's Erdogan regime

25/26 January 2018 Turkish Cypriots demonstrate against Erdogan regime: 26 January 2018: Thousands of Turkish Cypriots demonstrate against Erdogan regime, after a mob of hardliners led by the nationalist Grey Wolves and incited by Erdogan attacked the office of the Turkish Cypriot newspaper Afrika and narrowly lynched Sener Levent, the newspaper’s editor, for running a front-page article critical of Turkey’s military offensive against Kurdish militants in Syria, an attack condemned by the OSCE as an assault on free press and freedom of speech

October 2020 Northern Cypriot presidential election: 11 October 2020 Northern Cypriot presidential election - 11 October 2020: Voting is under way across Turkish-occupied northern Cyprus in presidential elections deemed crucial for the resumption of peace talks that could end 46 years of ethnic division on the Mediterranean island

Cyprus/United Kingdom relations: Cyprus/United Kingdom relations

1914–1960 British Cyprus: British Cyprus 1914–1960

January 1950 Cypriot enosis referendum: 15/22 January 1950 Cypriot enosis referendum, organised by the Church Council and the Enosis organisation and agreed by 95.71% of the voters, after the British colonial regime refused to hold a referendum on the future of the island

1955-1959 'Cyprus Emergency' insurgent campaign: 1955-1959 'Cyprus Emergency' insurgent campaign of the National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters to remove the British from Cyprus so it could be unified with Greece - EOKA griechisch-zypriotische Widerstandsorganisation, die sich in der zweiten Hälfte der 1950er Jahre für eine Unabhängigkeit der Kronkolonie Zypern von Großbritannien einsetzte

1960 Independent Republic of Cyprus: 1959 London and Zürich Agreements for the constitution of Cyprus, Cyprus was accordingly proclaimed an independent state and republic on 16 August 1960

2009: 5. März 2009: Der Zypernkonflikt ist das Ergebnis britischer Kolonialpolitik seit 1878, 1974 löste ein von der Athener Militärjunta inszenierter gescheiterter Putsch gegen Makarios eine türkische Invasion aus, während Großbritannien seine divide et impera-Politik weiter betrieb und auch die Volksgruppen auf Zypern gegeneinander ausspielte, die bis heute Opfer eines von der Kolonialmacht 'Vereinigtes Königreich' provozierten und geschürten Konflikts geblieben sind

2015: 3 November 2015: Syrian and Palestinian refugees plead for their release from RAF base in Cyprus

2018: 12 January 2018: Royal Courts of Justice has opened the way for 34 Greek Cypriots to seek damages from Britain, following claims of torture and human rights abuses at the hands of colonial forces during the island’s struggle for independence in the 1950s

Cyprus/USA relations: Cyprus/USA relations

December 2019 USA Congress ends decades-old arms embargo on Cyprus: 18 December 2019: In blow to Turkey, USA Congress ends decades-old arms embargo on Cyprus, as senators who spearheaded bill say they hope move will also foster cooperation between the Mediterranean island nation, Greece and Israel

Environment of Cyprus: Environment of Cyprus - Climate of Cyprus

Protected areas of Cyprus and Paphos Forest: Protected areas of Cyprus - Paphos Forest

Water in Cyprus: Water in Cyprus - Bodies of water of Cyprus

Natural disasters in Cyprus: Natural disasters in Cyprus

4 July 2021 huge forest blaze in Cyprus: 4 July 2021: A huge forest blaze in Cyprus has killed four people, destroyed homes and forced evacuations of villages as Greece, Israel and other countries deployed fire-fighting planes to the Mediterranean island - 4 July 2021: Several nations have sent firefighting aircraft to help Cyprus tackle a huge wildfire described by officials as the worst in the country's history, as Greece, Italy and Israel have pledged help, and British troops stationed on the island are already involved

Earthquakes in Cyprus: List of earthquakes in Cyprus

Czech Republic - Geography of the Czech Republic - History of the Czech lands - Demographics of the Czech lands

Economy of the Czech Republic: Economy of the Czech Republic, as industry sector accounts for 37.5% of the economy, while services for 60% and agriculture for 2.5%, as the principal industries are high tech engineering, electronics and machine-building, steel production, transportation equipment (automotive, rail and aerospace industry), chemicals, advanced materials and pharmaceuticals, as the major services are research and development, ICT and software development, nanotechnology and life sciences among others, and as its main agricultural products are cereals, vegetable oils and hops - Companies of the Czech Republic by industry

Automotive industry in the Czech Republic: Automotive industry in the Czech Republic - Motor vehicle manufacturers of the Czech Republic - Škoda

Energy in the Czech Republic: Energy in the Czech Republic - its energy consumption by fuel included in 2009 40% coal, petroleum 21%, gas 15%, nuclear 16% and renewables 5%, most electricity was produced with coal 55% and nuclear 33% - Coal-fired power stations in the Czech Republic

Fossil fuels in the Czech Republic: Fossil fuels in the Czech Republic

Coal in the Czech Republic: Czechoslovak Army Mine, an opencast brown coal mine located in the North Bohemian Basin of the Czech Republic, since 2008 mining operations have been run by Litvínovská uhelná a.s. after its owner, the Czech Coal Group, broke up - OKD, a major mining company in the Czech Republic, the only producer of hard coal in the country with an annual production of around 8-9 million tonnes from 4 mines

Oil and gas deposits in the Czech Republic: Oil and gas deposits in the Czech Republic - Oil and gas companies of the Czech Republic - Oil pipelines in the Czech Republic

Nuclear power in the Czech Republic: Nuclear power in the Czech Republic, Czech Republic operates two nuclear power plants: Temelín and Dukovany, in 2010 there were government and corporate moves to expand Czech nuclear power generation capacity - The Czech Republic has no state policy on storage or reprocessing of nuclear waste, and the responsibility for this falls to the Czech Power Company CEZ

2017: February 2017: The Czech Republic has six nuclear reactors generating about one-third of its electricity, plans for new nuclear capacity are stalled by pricing uncertainty, but policy calls for asubstantial increase by 2040

Renewable energy in the Czech Republic: Renewable energy in the Czech Republic

Agriculture in the Czech Republic: Agriculture in the Czech Republic - products include wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruits, pigs, cattle, poultry, horses, forest products

Since 1993 'Agrofert' conglomerate holding company: Since 1993 'Agrofert' conglomerate holding company, operating agriculture, food, chemical, construction, logistics, forestry, energy and mass media industries in the European Union and China

Transport in the Czech Republic: Transport in the Czech Republic - Public transport in the Czech Republic

Aviation in the Czech Republic: Aviation in the Czech Republic

Rail transport in the Czech Republic: Rail transport in the Czech Republic

Railway accidents and incidents in the Czech Republic: Railway accidents and incidents in the Czech Republic

4 August 2021 Milavce Czech/German train collision: 4 August 2021 Milavce train collision between Plzen-Domažlice passenger trains and a Munich-Prague international service train, as 3 people were killed, 42 were injured, 5 seriously, and as those killed were both the drivers and a female passenger, all of whom were Czech citizens

Road transport in the Czech Republic: Road transport in the Czech Republic - Roads in the Czech Republic

Water transport in the Czech Republic: Water transport in the Czech Republic

Tourism in the Czech Republic: Tourism in the Czech Republic

Economic history of the Czech Republic and economic cycles: Economic history of the Czech Republic

1989-2014 economic history of the Czech Republic: Since 1989 economic history of the Czech Republic

Since 2015 economic history of the Czech Republic: Since 2015 economic history, as in 2015 Czech GDP growth was 4.4%, the unemployment in the Czech Republic was at 5.9%, and dividends worth CZK 289 billion were paid to the foreign owners of Czech companies in 2016 - 2015-2019 statistical indicators of the Czech Republic's economy

Czech billionaires and rich people by net worth: List of Czech billionaires and rich people by net worth - Czech billionaires - Since 1991 PPF N.V., a privately held international financial and investment group founded in Czechoslovakia and residing in the Netherlands, currently focused on consumer financing, retailing, insurance, banking and real estate trade, and active in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Serbia, Hungary, Montenegro, Netherlands, Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Finland, Germany, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, China, France, United Kingdom and the USA, as the founder and majority shareholder Petr Kellner with 98.93% is also estimated to be the wealthiest person in Czech Republic

Labor in the Czech Republic: Labor in the Czech Republic - Trade unions in the Czech Republic

Taxation in the Czech Republic: Taxation in the Czech Republic

Politics of the Czech Republic: Politics of the Czech Republic - 1993 Constitution of the Czech Republic

Political parties in the Czech Republic: Political parties in the Czech Republic

Trade unions in the Czech Republic: Trade unions in the Czech Republic

Elections and politics in the Czech Republic: Elections in the Czech Republic

May 2010 Czech legislative election: 28/29 May 2010 Czech legislative election

2012: 27. April 2012: Tschechischer Regierungschef Necas gewinnt Vertrauensvotum mit einigen Abgeordneten des abtrünnigen Koalitionspartners 'Öffentliche Angelegenheiten' - 23. Mai 2012: Eine Kommission des tschechischen Parlaments hat sich in Korruptionsaffäre für die Aufhebung der Immunität des Abgeordneten Rath ausgesprochen - 16 June: Czech PM Petr Necas to resign over aide scandal

October 2012 Czech Senate election: Czech Senate election, October 2012

2013: 15 June 2013: Czech Police charge a senior aide of PM Necas in corruption investigation

January 2013 Czech presidential election: Czech presidential election, 11/12 and 25/26 January 2013 - 12 January 2013: Zeman a Schwarzenberg se utkají o Hrad, delilo je jen 41 tisíc hlasu - 12 January: Former PM Milos Zeman is set to face FM Karel Schwarzenberg in a presidential run-off - 26 January: Former PM Milos Zeman won 55% of votes compared to Schwarzenberg's 45% in the second-round poll of the Czech Republic's presidential election - the first time the position has been decided by direct popular vote

2013 Czech legislative election: Czech legislative election 25/26 October 2013 - 26 October: Polls reopen for second day - 27 octobre: Les sociaux-démocrates en tête des élections législatives anticipées - 27 octobre: Difficiles tractations pour le CSSD en vue après les législatives et la percée inattendue des populistes d'ANO - 17 January 2014: Bohuslav Sobotka (CSSD) named prime minister

May 2014 European Parliament election: European Parliament election May 2014 - 23 May 2014: Voters in the Czech Republic and Ireland voting on the second day of European elections

October 2016 Czech Senate election: 7/8 October 2016 Czech Senate election, with a second round on 14 and 15 of October

2017: Opinion polling for the Czech legislative election in 2017

February 2017: 6 February 2017: Czech Finance Minister Andrej Babis having put his shares of the Agrofert and SynBiol companies in trust funds to comply with the new conflict of interest law has not finally ended the dispute, some politicians say

May 2017 Czech government crisis: May 2017 Czech government crisis as a result of suspicions that the Minister of Finance, Andrej Babiš, also the leader of ANO 2011, a partner in the ruling coalition, had evaded taxes related to his business activities

12 May 2017: 12 May 2017: Czech parliament issued a resolution that Babis abused his media in order to discredit his political rivals, also urging Zeman to act in complete accordance with the constitution and to dismiss a minister at PM's request after Zeman presented his own interpretation

October 2017 Czech legislative election: 20/21 October 2017 Czech legislative election - 22 October 2017: Campaigning on an anti-immigration platform and capitalising on popular opposition to EU migrant quota, billionaire Andrej Babis won 30% of the vote, with nearly 95% of all ballots counted, accused of seeking to undermine democracy by plotting to weaken parliament and buying up large swaths of the media to silence criticism - Opinion polling for the Czech presidential election in 2018

January 2018 Czech presidential election: 12–13 January 2018 Czech presidential election first round, 26–27 January 2018 second round - 11 January 2018: Czech voters to give verdict on president's anti-immigrant populism - 14 January 2018: Zeman to face run-off after topping Czech presidential elections

17 January 2018 Andrej Babiš’s Czech government to resign after losing confidence vote: 17 January 2018: Andrej Babiš’s Czech government to resign after losing confidence vote

27 January 2018 anti-immigrant and pro-Putin Zeman takes victory over liberal opponent Jirí Drahoš: 27 January 2018: Anti-immigrant and pro-Putin Zeman takes victory over liberal opponent Jirí Drahoš by a thin margin of 51.5% to 48.5%

May 2019 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic: 24-25 May 2019 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic

January 2020 China accused of buying influence after Czech billionaire funds PR push: 5 January 2020: Czech Republic’s richest man, Petr Kellner, is at the centre of a suspected foreign influence campaign by the Chinese regime after one of his businesses financed an attempt to boost China’s image in the central European country, posing a greater threat to national security than alleged meddling by the Russian Putin regime

2-3 October 2020 Czech Republic Senate and regional elections: 2-3 October 2020 Czech Republic Senate elections alongside regional elections

6 October 2021 ahead of national elections PM Babis trying to shake off Pandora Papers criticism: 6 October 2021: With days to go until national elections in the Czech Republic, PM Andrej Babis is trying to shake off criticism following allegations about his business dealings in the Pandora Papers which revealed the offshore dealings of hundreds of public officials, international investigative journalists claimed that Babis, a billionaire, used a convoluted scheme to buy a $22m property in France

8-9 October 2021 Czech legislative election: 8-9 October 2021 Czech legislative election - Opinion polling for the 2021 Czech legislative election

9 October 2021 Czech billionaire PM Babis and ANO party set to lose their bid for re-election: 9 October 2021: The Czech Republic's billionaire PM Andrej Babis and his ruling ANO party are set to lose their bid for re-election, partial results suggest, as with some 99% of voting districts reporting, Czech Television predicts two opposition coalitions will win 108 of 200 seats

19 October 2021 Czech turmoil over removing ailing president Zeman's powers: 19 October 2021: Czech turmoil over removing ailing president Zeman's powers, currently in intensive care in hospital

17 December 2021 Czech PM Petr Fiala‘s new centre-right government has taken office: 17 December 2021: Czech PM Petr Fiala‘s new centre-right government has taken office as it faces soaring inflation and energy costs, record budget deficits and the continuing covid-19 pandemic, as former university professor leads a coalition of five parties spanning his fiscally conservative Civic Democrats to the more liberal 'Pirates party' which is entering government for the first time

12 September 2022 former Czech PM Andrej Babiš goes on trial in $2m EU subsidy fraud case: 12 September 2022: Former Czech PM Andrej Babiš goes on trial in $2m EU subsidy fraud case, involving farm that allegedly received funds after ownership was transferred to Babiš family members, and a case that could profoundly affect the politics of the central European country

13/14 January 2023 Czech presidential election: 13/14 January 2023 Czech presidential election first round, 27–28 January 2023 second round

15 January 2023 Czech presidential election: Babiš likens rival to Putin after first-round defeat: 15 January 2023: Former Czech Republic PM Andrej Babiš has set the scene for a bitter presidential election showdown dominated by rows over the country’s communist past by comparing his rival to Vladimir Putin after a surprise first-round poll defeat. Final tallies after polls closed on Saturday showed Babiš finishing a close second to Petr Pavel, a former army chief of staff and Nato military chair, propelling the pair into a head-to-head ballot on 27-28 January for the right to succeed Miloš Zeman as Czech president.

28 January 2023 pro-western Petr Pavel sweeps to landslide win in race for Czech presidency: 28 January 2023 Petr Pavel has swept to the Czech presidency after a landslide victory - reflecting an advantage of more than 958,000 votes nationwide - over the former PM Andrej Babiš in an election overshadowed by rows over the war between Russia and Ukraine, as Pavel’s supporters immediately hailed the result as a victory for liberal democracy over oligarchic populism

Social movements and protests in the Czech Republic: Protests in the Czech Republic

November/December 'Velvet Revolution': November/December 'Velvet Revolution', a non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia, as popular demonstrations against the one-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia combined students and older dissidents, ending 41 years of one-party rule in Czechoslovakia

2012: 21 April 2012: About 100.000 demonstrators gather in capital Prague in protest against spending cuts, tax rises and corruption

2015: 19 April 2015: Hundreds march in Prague against anti-Semitism

May 2017: 11 May 2017: 20,000 people protested against Finance Minister Andrej Babis and President Zeman in Prague and many people gathered for the same purpose in several other Czech towns, saying that Babis and Zeman do not meet duties set by the constitution

March 2018: 5 March 2018: Protests in Prague and other cities sparked by choice of ex-riot squad officer to head the Czech parliament’s police watchdog, expressing anger on PM Babiš, who is accused of facilitating Ondrácek’s appointment in exchange for support of ANO party

May 2019: 13 May 2019: Thousands of Czechs protested in Prague and elsewhere for the third straight Monday to demand new justice minister Marie Benesova’s resignation, complaining of her past comments supportive of billionaire PM Andrej Babis, who has been charged with illegally tapping 2 million euros in European Union funds

June 2019: 23 June 2019: After some 400,000 have signed a petition demanding the resignation of Czech PM Andrej Babis amid multiple scandals, hundreds of thousands expected to rally in Prague - 23 juin 2019: Une imposante manifestation a réuni dimanche à Prague quelque 250'000 personnes, selon les organisateurs et les médias, appellant à la démission du Premier ministre Andrej Babis soupçonné de fraude aux subventions européennes

17 November 2019 protesters demand the resignation of the Czech PM Andrej Babis: 17 November 2019: More than 200,000 protesters demand the resignation of the Czech PM Andrej Babis in Prague on 16 November 2019, as Velvet Revolution dissidents warn against new threats to Czech freedom

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in the Czech Republic: Czech society - Human rights in the Czech Republic

Regions and municipalities of the Czech Republic: 13 Regions of the Czech Republic - Lists of municipalities of the Czech Republic - >Obec, the Czech and Slovak word for a municipality (both in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and abroad), the number of municipalities (obcí) in the Czech Republic is 6250 in 2010 - Statutory city is a municipal corporation in the Czech Republic which has been granted city status by Act of Parliament

Cities in the Czech Republic: Cities and towns in the Czech Republic

Prague city: Prague city, the capital and largest city in the Czech Republic, home to about 1.4 million people, while its larger urban zone is estimated to have a population of 2.2 million

Economy of Prague: Economy of Prague, accounting for 25% of the Czech GDP and making it the highest performing regional economy of the country

Culture of Prague and tourism: Culture of Prague, as the city is traditionally one of the cultural centres of Europe, hosting many cultural events. Some of the significant cultural institutions include the National Theatre and the Estates Theatre, where the premières of Mozart's Don Giovanni and La clemenza di Tito were held. Other major cultural institutions are the Rudolfinum which is home to the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra and the Municipal House which is home to the Prague Symphony Orchestra. The Prague State Opera performs at the Smetana Theatre. The city has many world-class museums, including the National Museum, the Museum of the Capital City of Prague, the Jewish Museum in Prague, the Alfons Mucha Museum, the African-Prague Museum, the National Gallery, which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic - Prague tourism, as since the late 20th century Prague has become one of the world's most popular tourist destinations

History of Prague since 'prehistory' and trade routes: History of Prague since 'prehistory', as the land where Prague came to be built has been settled since the Paleolithic Age. Several thousand years ago, trade routes connecting southern and northern Europe passed through this area, following the course of the river. From around 500 BC the Celtic tribe known as the Boii were the first inhabitants of this region known by name. The Boii gave their name to the region of Bohemia and the river Vltava.

Timeline of Prague since 870 CE: Timeline of Prague since 870 CE

Since 1270 Old New Synagogue in Prague: Since 1270 Old New Synagogue in Prague, Europe's oldest active synagogue and also the oldest surviving medieval synagogue of twin-nave design

Since 1348 University of Prague: Since 1348 Charles University in Prague, the oldest and largest university in the Czech Republic and also the first university in Central Europe

Since 1410 astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague: Since 1410 Prague Astronomical Clock, a medieval astronomical clock attached to the Old Town Hall in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic. The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest clock still in operation

1618-1620 Bohemian Revolt against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the 30 Years' War: 1618-1620 The Bohemian Revolt, an uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the Thirty Years' War. It was caused by both religious and power disputes. The estates were almost entirely Protestant, mostly Utraquist Hussite but there was also a substantial German population that endorsed Lutheranism. The dispute culminated after several battles in the final Battle of White Mountain, where the estates suffered a decisive defeat. This started re-Catholisation of the Czech lands, but also expanded the scope of the Thirty Years' War by drawing Denmark and Sweden into it. The conflict spread to the rest of Europe and devastated vast areas of Central Europe, including the Czech lands, which were particularly stricken by its violent atrocities.

Since 1808 Prague Conservatory of music: Prague Conservatory in Prague was founded in 1808 following examples of 'Conservatoire de musique' de Paris in 1795 during the French revolution and Milan Conservatory since 1807. It belongs to the oldest modern existing music conservatories in the world. Classes started in 1811, after a delay caused by the Napoleonic Wars. In 1891, Antonín Dvorák joined the faculty as the head of the composition department. He was the school's director between 1901 and 1904. Dvorák's students included the composers Vítezslav Novák, Josef Suk who later served as director of the Conservatory.

In 1848/1849 European uprising also in Prague Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary: In the 1840s - after Bedrich Smetana had returned to Prague, where he made a living from private pupils and occasional appearances as an accompanist in chamber concerts, also beginning work on his first major orchestral work 'Overture in D major' - Smetana was a participant in the 1848/1849 European uprising, also in Prague. For a period in 1848, also Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary. In the climate of political change and upheaval that swept through Europe beginning in France in that year, a pro-democracy movement in Prague led by Smetana's old friend Karel Havlícek was urging an end to Habsburg absolutist rule and for more political autonomy. A Citizens' Army 'Svornost' was formed to defend the city against possible attack. Smetana wrote a series of patriotic works, including two marches dedicated respectively to the Czech National Guard and the Students' Legion of the University of Prague, and 'The Song of Freedom' to words by Ján Kollár. In June 1848, as the Habsburg armies moved to suppress rebellious tendencies, Prague came under attack from the Austrian forces. As a member of Svornost, Smetana helped to man the barricades on the Charles Bridge. The nascent uprising was quickly crushed, but Smetana avoided the imprisonment or exile received by leaders such as Havlícek.

6-9 May 1945 Prague uprising: 6-9 May 1945 Prague uprising, a partially-successful attempt by the Czech resistance to liberate the city of Prague from German occupation during World War II, after the preceding six years of occupation had fuelled anti-German sentiment and the approach of the Soviet Red Army and the US Third Army offered a chance of success

January-August 1968 Prague Spring: January-August 1968 Prague Spring, a period of political liberalization and mass protest in Czechoslovakia since 5 January 1968, when Alexander Dubcek was elected First KSC Secretary until 21 August 1968, when the Soviet Union and other members of the Warsaw Pact invaded the country to suppress reforms

November/December 1989 Velvet or Gentle Revolution: November/December 1989 Velvet or Gentle Revolution, a non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia, ending 41 years of one-party rule in Czechoslovakia

6 October 2022 first meeting of the IPC in Prague: 6 octobre 2022 la première réunion de la Communauté politique européenne rassemblera des dirigeants de tout le continent dans un esprit d'unité à Prague, avant la réunion informelle des chefs d'État ou de gouvernement, visant à favoriser le dialogue politique et la coopération afin de répondre aux questions d'intérêt commun et à renforcer la sécurité, la stabilité et la prospérité du continent européen. Les participants invités à prendre part à cette première réunion de la CPE sont les États membres de l'EU-27 et 17 autres pays y compris l'Arménie, l'Azerbaïdjan, la Bosnie-Herzégovine, la Géorgie, l'Islande, le Kosovo, la Moldavie, le Monténégro, la Macédoine du Nord, la Norvège, la Serbie, la Suisse, la Turquie, l'Ukraine et le Royaume-Uni

Ústí nad Labem Region: Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic, located in the north-western part of the historical land of Bohemia, and named after the capital, Ústí nad Labem. It covers the majority of the former North Bohemia province and is part of the broader area of North Bohemia. The region borders the regions of Liberec to the east), Central Bohemia south, Plzen southwest, Karlovy Vary west and the German region of Saxony to the north

Ústí nad Labem city: Ústí nad Labem city in the Czech Republic with about 92,000 inhabitants. It is the capital of its eponymous region and district. It is a major industrial centre and, besides being an active river port, is an important railway junction.

Terezín town: Terezín town in Litomerice District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic, with about 2,900 inhabitants in 2021. It is a former military fortress composed of the citadel and adjacent walled garrison town. The town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument reservation. Terezin is most infamously the location of the Nazi’s notorious Theresienstadt Ghetto.

Theresienstadt Ghetto until 8 May 1945: Theresienstadt Ghetto was established by Germany's SS during World War II in the fortress town of Terezín. Theresienstadt served two main purposes. Simultaneously it was a waystation to the extermination camps, and a 'retirement settlement' for elderly and prominent Jews to mislead their communities about the Final Solution. Its conditions were deliberately engineered to hasten the death of its prisoners, and the ghetto also served a propaganda role. Unlike other ghettos, the exploitation of forced labor was not economically significant. Until 8 May 1945 of ghetto's 144,000 inmates about 33,000 prisoners were killed at Theresienstadt and 88,000 deported to extermination camps.

Liberec Region: Liberec Region of the Czech Republic, located in the northernmost part of its historical region of Bohemia. It is named after its capital Liberec. The region shares international borders with Germany and Poland. Domestically the region borders the Ústí nad Labem Region to the west, the Central Bohemian Region to the south and the Hradec Králové Region to the east

Liberec city: Liberec city in the Czech Republic with about 104,000 inhabitants in 2021. It lies on the Lusatian Neisse and is surrounded by the Jizera Mountains and Ješted–Kozákov Ridge. The town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument zone. Liberec was once home to a thriving textile industry and hence nicknamed the 'Manchester of Bohemia'.

Hradec Králové Region: Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic located in the north-eastern part of the historical region of Bohemia and named after its capital Hradec Králové. The region neighbours are the Pardubice Region in the south, the Central Bohemian Region in the south-west, and the Liberec Region in the west. It also shares a 208 km long international border with Polish Lower Silesian Voivodship in the north and the east.

Hradec Králové city: Hradec Králové city of the Czech Republic with about 93,000 inhabitants. It is the capital of the Hradec Králové Region. The historic centre of Hradec Králové is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument reservation, the wider centre is protected as an urban monument zone.

Pardubice Region: Pardubice Region, an administrative unit of the Czech Republic, located mainly in the eastern part of its historical region of Bohemia, with a small part in northwestern Moravia. It is named after its capital Pardubice.

Litomyšl town: Litomyšl town in Svitavy District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 10,000 inhabitants. It is former bishopric and Latin Catholic titular see. Litomyšl is known for the château-type castle complex of the Litomyšl Castle, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The historic town centre with the castle complex is well preserved and is protected by law as an urban monument reservation.

History of Litomyšl town, the Holocaust until 1945, since 1946 the town hosts Smetanova Litomyšl: History of Litomyšl town, as first written mention of Litomyšl is from 981. Existence of the Jewish community is documented at least from the late 16th century. During the Holocaust in 1942, the last families were deported. Litomyšl had a German-speaking community until it was expelled in 1945 as a result of the Beneš decrees. Since 1946, the town hosts Smetanova Litomyšl, a large annual festival of classic music. It bears the name of the composer Bedrich Smetana, who is the most famous local native.

1824 – 12 May 1884 Czech composer Bedrich Smetana: Bedrich Smetana (1824 – 12 May 1884), a Czech composer who pioneered the development of a musical style that became closely identified with his people's aspirations to a cultural and political 'revival'. He has been regarded in his homeland as the father of Czech music. Internationally he is best known for his opera 'The Bartered Bride' and for the symphonic cycle 'Má vlast' ('My Fatherland'), which portrays the history, legends and landscape of the composer's native Bohemia. It contains the famous symphonic poem 'Vltava', also popularly known by its English name 'The Moldau'.

In 1848/1849 European uprising Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary: In the 1840s - after Bedrich Smetana had returned to Prague, where he made a living from private pupils and occasional appearances as an accompanist in chamber concerts, also beginning work on his first major orchestral work 'Overture in D major' - Smetana was a participant in the 1848/1849 European uprising, also in Prague. For a period in 1848, also Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary. In the climate of political change and upheaval that swept through Europe beginning in France in that year, a pro-democracy movement in Prague led by Smetana's old friend Karel Havlícek was urging an end to Habsburg absolutist rule and for more political autonomy. A Citizens' Army 'Svornost' was formed to defend the city against possible attack. Smetana wrote a series of patriotic works, including two marches dedicated respectively to the Czech National Guard and the Students' Legion of the University of Prague, and 'The Song of Freedom' to words by Ján Kollár. In June 1848, as the Habsburg armies moved to suppress rebellious tendencies, Prague came under attack from the Austrian forces. As a member of Svornost, Smetana helped to man the barricades on the Charles Bridge. The nascent uprising was quickly crushed, but Smetana avoided the imprisonment or exile received by leaders such as Havlícek.

Demographics in the Czech Republic: Demographics of the Czech lands

Ethnic groups in the Czech Republic: Ethnic groups in the Czech Republic

Jews and Judaism in the Czech Republic: Jews and Judaism in the Czech Republic - History of the Jews in the Czech Republic

Romani people in the Czech Republic: Romani people in the Czech Republic - Romani communities in the Czech Republic

Immigration to the Czech Republic: Immigrants to the Czech Republic

2014/2015: 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis

2015: 22 October 2015: UN condemns Czech Republic for refugee human rights violations as Czech authorities are holding refugees and migrants in 'degrading' conditions for up to 90 days

Languages and culture in the Czech Republic: Culture of the Czech Republic - Languages of the Czech Republic - Czech language - Music of the Czech Lands

Women in the Czech Republic: Women in the Czech Republic

Education in the Czech Republic: Education in the Czech Republic

Schools in the Czech Republic: Schools in the Czech Republic - List of schools in the Czech Republic by region

Universities in the Czech Republic: Universities in the Czech Republic - List of old and new universities in the Czech Republic - Since 1348 Charles University in Prague, the oldest and largest university in the Czech Republic and the first university in Central Europe, also one of the oldest universities in Europe in continuous operation - Since 1707 Czech Technical University in Prague

Science and technology in the Czech Republic

Museums in the Czech Republic: Museums in the Czech Republic - List of museums in the Czech Republic - Museums in the Czech Republic by region - Jewish museums in the Czech Republic

Health in the Czech Republic: Health in the Czech Republic

Healthcare in the Czech Republic: Healthcare in the Czech Republic

Czech media: Czech media

Newspapers in the Czech Republic: Newspapers published in the Czech Republic

Since 1992 Mafra media group owned by trust of Czech PM Andrej Babiš in 2017: Since 1992 Mafra media group publishing printed and internet media headquartered in Prague, a subsidiary of Agrofert holding conglomerate, that is owned by trust of Andrej Babiš, the current PM of the Czech Republic - 'Mladá fronta Dnes' daily newspaper

Broadcasting in the Czech Republic: Radio in the Czech Republic - Television in the Czech Republic

2000/2001 Czech TV crisis: 2000/2001 Czech TV crisis occurred at the end of 2000 and lasted until February 2001 as a battle for control of the airwaves, which included jamming and accusations of censorship

Internet in the Czech Republic: Internet in the Czech Republic

Crime in the Czech Republic: Crime in the Czech Republic

Corruption in the Czech Republic: Corruption in the Czech Republic

2013 Czech political corruption scandal: 2013 Czech political corruption scandal started with a raid against organized crime conducted in the Czech Republic in June 2013 by the Police Unit for Combating Organized Crime and the Chief Public Prosecutor's Office, which involved several highly positioned state officers and politicians, as well as controversial entrepreneurs and lobbyists - 4 March 2013: Czech President Vaclav Klaus faces treason charge related to high-profile corruption cases being suspended

2015: 24 July 2015: Czech former health minister David Rath gets eight-and-a-half years for taking bribes

Racism in the Czech Republic: Racism in the Czech Republic

2013: 25 August 2013: Around 100 far-right activists were detained Saturday in eight Czech cities as they demonstrated against Roma

Human trafficking in the Czech Republic: Human trafficking in the Czech Republic

Law of the Czech Republic: Law of the Czech Republic - 1993 Constitution of the Czech Republic - Human rights in the Czech Republic

Judiciary and courts of the Czech Republic: Judiciary of the Czech Republic - Courts of the Czech Republic

Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic: Since 1993 Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic - Since 2003 Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic

Supreme Court of the Czech Republic: Since 1993 Supreme Court of the Czech Republic

Law enforcement in the Czech Republic: Law enforcement in the Czech Republic

Foreign relations of the Czech Republic: Foreign relations of the Czech Republic

Treaties of the Czech Republic: Treaties of the Czech Republic

Czech Republic's participation in international organizations: Czech Republic's participation in international organizations

Czech Republic and the United Nations: Czech Republic and the United Nations

Czech Republic in the European Union: Czech Republic in the European Union

May 2004 Czech European Union membership: June 2003 Czech European Union membership referendum, as the proposal to join was supported by 77.3% of voters, with a turnout of 55.2%, and as the 'Communist' Party of Bohemia and Moravia voted 'No'. The Czech Republic in the centre of Europe joined the EU on 1 May 2004. (Current claimants of locations - towns or cities - include Krahule/Kremnica in central Slovakia, Dilove near Rakhiv in western Ukraine, Girija in Lithuania, and some more, depending on the definition of the borders of Europe connected with Asia) - Central Europe

Since July 2022 second Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union: Since July 2022 second Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union

History of the Czechs and Bohemia: History of Bohemia, named after the Boii, a large Celtic nation, as the name Czech 'Cechy' is derived from the name of the Slavic ethnic group, the Czechs, who settled in the area during the sixth or seventh century AD - Die Geschichte Böhmens reicht von den ersten Besiedelungen auf dem Gebiet Böhmens bis in die Gegenwart, belegt mit altpaläolithischen Höhlenbewohner Fundorten in Stránská skála bei Brünn und Prezletice bei Prag, die der Cromer-Warmzeit zugeordnet werden (auf etwa 850.000 bis 475.000 Jahre datiert)

Bilateral relations of the Czech Republic: Bilateral relations of the Czech Republic

Czech Republic/Austria relations: Czech Republic/Austria relations

May 1817 Manifesto of Czech writers: May 1817 Manifesto of Czech writers - signed by over two hundred leading Czechs -, the first public declaration in favour of the self-determination of the Czech nation during World War I, as the declaration was directed at the Czech deputies at the Imperial Council in Vienna, the Parliament of the Austrian parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as Jaroslav Kvapil was the principal author of the Manifesto, the director and dramaturg at the National Theatre in Prague, later in the 1920th a director at the Vinohrady Theatre, today chiefly remembered as the librettist of Antonín Dvorák's 'Rusalka'

Since 1918 Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk co-founded Czechoslovakia: 1850-1937 Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, a Czechoslovak politician, statesman, sociologist, and philosopher, who - before WWI - advocated restructuring the Austro-Hungarian Empire into a federal state, as - with the help of the Allied Powers - Masaryk gained independence for a Czechoslovak Republic as World War I ended in 1918, and he co-founded Czechoslovakia together with Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Edvard Beneš and served as its first president, and so is called by some Czechs the 'President Liberator'

Czech Republic/P.R of China relations: Czech Republic/P.R of China relations

Czech-Chinese trade relations:Czech Republic/P.R of China trade relations

Since 1993 'Agrofert' conglomerate holding company: Since 1993 Czech Andrej Babis' 'Agrofert' conglomerate holding company, operating agriculture, food, chemical, construction, logistics, forestry, energy and mass media industries in the European Union and China

October 2014: 26 October 2014: President Miloš Zeman visits China attending Czech-Chinese Entrepreneurial Forum and West-Chinese International Fair in Chengdu - 27 October 2017: Zeman says Taiwan is part of China

May 2017: 17 May 2017: Following his attendance of the two-day Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation in Beijing, Czech president Zeman visits Nanjing Massacre memorial hall, but scolds ambassador Bedrich Kopecky for China criticism and for having signed a non-public appeal for human rights observance in China also signed by 11 diplomats from EU countries, Australia, Canada, Japan and Switzerland

Czech Republic/France relations: Czech Republic/France relations

Czech Republic/Germany relations: Czech Republic/Germany relations

1938 Munich Agreement: Munich Agreement 1938 signed by France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, excluding the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia, permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia

1938-1945 German occupation of Czechoslovakia: German occupation of Czechoslovakia 1938-1945 - Lidice - Theresienstadt concentration camp - Theresienstadt use as propaganda tool - Hodonin concentration camp - Lety concentration camp - 'Aryanization' - History of the Jews in Czechoslovakia - History of the Jews in Prague

1939-1945 Slovak 'Republic' client state of Nazi Germany: 1939-1945 Slovak 'Republic', a partially-recognized client state of Nazi Germany that declared independence with German support one day before the German occupation of Bohemia and Moravia, as the client state controlled the majority of the territory of present-day Slovakia

1939-1945 clerical fascism with antisemitic laws leading to the deportation of the Jews to concentration camps: The Slovak 'Republic' was a totalitarian state where the German pressure resulted in the adoption of many elements of German Nazism, as some historians characterized the Slovak regime from 1939 to 1945 as clerical fascism. The government issued a number of antisemitic laws, prohibiting the Jews from participation in public life, and later supported their deportation to concentration camps erected by Germany on Polish territory - The Holocaust in Slovakia, the systematic dispossession, deportation, and murder of Jews in the Slovak State, a client state of Nazi Germany, during World War II

August-October 1944 'Slovak National Uprising' against NS regime: August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising, an armed insurrection organized by the Slovak resistance movement during World War I, as the movement was represented mainly by the members of the Democratic Party, by social democrats and Communists, and launched from Banská Bystrica in an attempt to resist German troops that had occupied Slovak territory and to overthrow the collaborationist government of Jozef Tiso - 1944-1945 SS general Hermann Höfle played a leading role in the suppression of the Slovak National Uprising, as after WWII - he was arrested by Czechoslovakian authorities, and tried along with Hanns Ludin, as both were sentenced to death and executed on 9 December 1947, as some sources claim that he died in custody on 3 December - Hanns Elard Ludin (1905 – 9 December 1947 in Bratislava), became Ambassador to the Slovak Republic

Since 1938 Czech resistance to Nazi occupation: Czech resistance to Nazi occupation

2013 Bubny train station in Prague to be turned into a Holocaust memorial: 15 July 2013: Bubny train station in Prague to be turned into a Holocaust memorial site by NGO Shoah Memorial Prague

2014 Vratislavice's memorial to F. Porsche despite Porsche facility never mentioned its Nazi connections: 23 March 2014: After Vratislavice in 2010 opened an ultra-modern, million-dollar memorial to Ferdinand Porsche, anti-Nazi war veterans and the Jewish community objected to the fact that the facility never mentioned Porsche's Nazi connections

2017 FIFA fined the German soccer federation because fans chanted Nazi slogans: 3 October 2017: FIFA fined the German soccer federation 32,000 Swiss francs $33,000 on Monday because fans chanted Nazi slogans at a World Cup qualifying game in the Czech Republic

Czech Republic/Israel relations: Czech Republic/Israel relations

27 September 2020 Czech Republic inks deal with Israel to buy air defense system: 27 September 2020: Czech Republic inks deal with Israel to buy air defense system, as sale worth hundreds of millions of dollars of surface-to-air missile battery is meant to update Prague’s aging, Soviet-era anti-aircraft weapons

14 March 2021 Czech Republic opened a diplomatic office in Jerusalem: 14 March 2021: Kosovo opens embassy in Jerusalem, following USA and Guatemala, as on Thursday the Czech Republic opened a diplomatic office in Jerusalem in a move that drew condemnation from the Palestinians and Arab League

Czech Republic/Palestinian territories relations: 3 January 2014: Weapons found at Palestinian envoy Jamal al-Jamal's Prague home, killed by an exploding safe on New Year's Day - 14 January: Palestinian diplomats apologise for illegal arms at Prague embassy - 31 March 2014: Palestinian envoy not killed as result of booby-trapped safe in January, investigators say

Czech Republic/Poland relations: Czech Republic/Poland relations

Czech Republic/Russia relations: Czech Republic/Russia relations

17 April 2021 Czech police hunt two men with names matching Skripal suspects: 17 April 2021: Czech police hunt two men with names matching suspects Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirovin in the attempted poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, as news follows announcement of expulsion of 18 Russia diplomats identified as spies linked to 2014 blast that killed two people

Czech Republic/Slovakia relations: Czech Republic/Slovakia relations

Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations: Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations

18 April 2021 UK fully supports Czech hunt for Skripal suspects: 18 April 2021: British foreign secretary, Dominic Raab, said the UK stood in 'full support' of the Czech Republic after the country’s police announced they were hunting two Russians, suspected of carrying out the Salisbury poisonings, in relation to an explosion at an arms depot, as Czech authorities said on Saturday they were seeking Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirov in connection with a previously unexplained 2014 explosion at a munitions dump in Vrbetice, which left two dead

Czech Republic/Ukraine relations: Czech Republic/Ukraine relations

Ukrainians in the Czech Republic: Ukrainians in the Czech Republic

Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations: Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations

Czech Republic/USA relations: Czech Republic/USA relations

After exile in the USA and WWI ending in 1918 Masaryk co-founded Czechoslovakia: 1850-1937 Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, a Czechoslovak politician, statesman, sociologist, and philosopher, who - before WWI - advocated restructuring the Austro-Hungarian Empire into a federal state, as - with the help of the Allied Powers - Masaryk gained independence for a Czechoslovak Republic as World War I ended in 1918, and he co-founded Czechoslovakia together with Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Edvard Beneš and served as its first president, and so is called by some Czechs the 'President Liberator'

Environment of the Czech Republic: Environment of the Czech Republic - Natural history of the Czech Republic - Geology of the Czech Republic - Geology of the Carpathians

Landforms and ecoregions of the Czech Republic: Landforms of the Czech Republic - Ecoregions of the Czech Republic

Rivers of the Czech Republic: List of rivers of the Czech Republic

Environmentalism in the Czech Republic: Environmentalism in the Czech Republic - Protected areas of the Czech Republic

Natural disasters in the Czech Republic: Natural disasters in the Czech Republic

Floods in the Czech Republic: Floods in the Czech Republic

May/June 2013 European floods: May/June 2013 European floods

Weather events in the Czech Republic: Weather events in the Czech Republic

February 2008 Cyclone Emma: February 2008 Cyclone Emma, an extratropical cyclone that passed through several mainly Central European countries, killing at least twelve people in Austria, Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic

24 June 2021 South Moravia tornado: 24 June 2021 South Moravia tornado, as a strong and deadly tornado struck several villages in the Hodonín and Breclav districts of the South Moravian Region in the evening of Thursday, killing at least 5 people and injuring more than 200 others,as the tornado struck 7 municipalities, with the worst damage in the villages of Hrušky, Moravská Nová Ves, Mikulcice and Lužice, and as the final number of fatalities is still unknown

Denmark - Geography of Denmark - History of Denmark - Demographics of Denmark

Economy of Denmark: Economy of Denmark - main industries include, petroleum and gas, iron, steel, nonferrous metals, chemicals, food processing, machinery and transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, electronics, construction, furniture and other wood products, shipbuilding and refurbishment, windmills, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment - Companies of Denmark by industry

Manufacturing companies of Denmark: Manufacturing companies of Denmark

Construction and civil engineering companies: Construction and civil engineering companies of Denmark

Electronics companies of Denmark: Electronics companies of Denmark

Energy in Denmark: Energy in Denmark

Renewable energy in Denmark: Renewable energy in Denmark

January 2020 Denmark sources almost half its electricity consumption from wind power: 2 January 2020: Denmark sourced almost half its electricity consumption from wind power last year, a new record boosted by steep cost reductions and improved offshore technology

Agriculture in Denmark: Agriculture in Denmark - production includes dairy and beef cattle, pigs, poultry, vegetable production, and production of grass-, clover- and horticultural seeds

Since 1790s Danish cooperative movement: Since 1790s Danish cooperative movement with profound influence on the economical, organizational and industrial development, originally emerging in rural communities and widely used in farming and the industrial development of the agricultural industry, also diversifying into consumer organizations and in modern times, housing, retail and banking among other sectors

Fishing in Denmark: Fishing in Denmark - Fishing industry in Denmark

Transport in Denmark: Transport in Denmark - Water transport in Denmark - Ports and harbours of Denmark

Shipping companies of Denmark

Water in Denmark: Water in Denmark - Bodies of water of Denmark - Straits of Denmark - Fjords of Denmark - Rivers of Denmark

Water supply and sanitation in Denmark: Water supply and sanitation in Denmark

Banking and banks in Denmark: Banking in Denmark - List of banks in Denmark - Since 1871 Danske Bank, the largest bank in Denmark and a major retail bank in the northern European region with over 5 million retail customers

Danmarks Nationalbank: Since 1818 Danmarks Nationalbank, the central bank of Denmark and a non-eurozone member of the European System of Central Banks ESCB - Denmark and the euro

September 2018: 20 September 2018: Danske bank chief Borgen has resigned after admitting that the vast majority of €200bn flowing through its Estonian branch was money-laundered cash flowing illegally out of Russia, the UK and the British Virgin Islands

Foreign trade of Denmark: Foreign trade of Denmark - The Danish Trade Council

Economic history of Denmark and economic cycles: Economic history of Denmark - Income inequality in Denmark

Since 2001 Danish property bubble: Danish property bubble of 2000s

Since 2008 Great Recession in Europe: Since 2008 Great Recession in Europe - Denmark

Labor in Denmark: Labor in Denmark - Trade unions in Denmark

Employment in Denmark: Employment in Denmark

Unemployment benefits in Denmark: Unemployment benefits in Denmark

Taxation and budget in Denmark: Taxation in Denmark - Budgets of Danish government

Politics of Denmark: Politics of Denmark - The Folketing - Political parties in Denmark - Danish Confederation of Trade Unions

Elections and politics in Denmark: Elections in Denmark - Danish EU membership referendum 2011

2011: Danish parliamentary election 2011 - 16 September 2011: Helle Thorning-Schmidt to be Danish Prime Minister after poll win of centre-left bloc

2015: 15 February 2015: 'We will defend our democracy', says Danish PM Helle Thorning-Schmidt after Copenhagen attack adding that the Jewish community in Denmark is not alone - 27 May: Danish PM Helle Thorning-Schmidt called a general election for June 18

June 2015: Danish general election 18 June 2015 - 18 June: Denmark votes in elections too close to call - 18/19 June: Conceding defeat in elections in which the anti-immigration parties won, Danish PM Thorning-Schmidt resigns, saying, 'I stand by the decisions I have made'

December 2015: 3 December 2015 Danish European Union opt-out referendum - 4 December: Danes rejected in Thursday referendum the government proposal to deepen the EU member's participation in the bloc's justice cooperation

2017: 2 June 2017: Danish lawmakers have repealed a 334-year-old blasphemy law that forbids public insults of a religion, saying 'religion should not dictate what is allowed and what is forbidden to say publicly’

May 2019 European Parliament election in Denmark: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Denmark

June 2019 Danish general election: 5 June 2019 Danish general election - 6 June 2019: In Denmark’s elections socially-conscious parties surged

1 June 2022 Danish European Union opt-out referendum: 1 June 2022 Danish European Union opt-out referendum, as Danish PM Mette Frederiksen noted that she was 'very very happy' for the result, and said that Denmark had sent a very important signal to its allies and a clear signal to Vladimir Putin

5 October 2022 Denmark announced snap election on 1 November: 5. oktober 2022: Tirsdag den 1. november 2022 skal der afholdes valg til Folketinget

1 November 2022 Danish general election: 1 November 2022 Danish general election, as all 179 members of the Folketing will be elected, 175 members in Denmark proper, two in the Faroe Islands and two in Greenland. Due to 1 November being a day of mourning for victims at sea on the Faroe Islands, the election will be held on 31 October in that constituency - Opinion polling for the 2022 Danish general election

2 November 2022 Denmark’s centre-left PM Mette Frederiksen will struggle to form a viable government coalition: 2 November 2022: Denmark’s centre-left PM Mette Frederiksen has secured the slimmest of majorities in the country’s parliamentary election but will struggle to form a viable government coalition, as her bloc won 28% of the vote and exactly the 90 seats needed for a majority, thanks to 3 mandates from Greenland and the Faroe Islands, after a nail-biting election on Tuesday night

Constitution, social movements and protests in Denmark: Constitution of Denmark - Social and political movements in Denmark - Protests in Denmark

2015: 17 February 2015: Tens of thousands of people gathered around Denmark on Monday, commemorating the victims of the deadly attacks on Copenhagen synagogue and an event promoting free speech - 14 March: Thousand of Danish people of different faiths formed a peace ring Saturday outside the synagogue in Copenhagen where a Jewish security guard was fatally shot last month

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Denmark: Danish society - Human rights in Denmark - Freedom of speech and freedom of the press in Denmark

Cities and towns in Denmark: Cities and towns in Denmark

Copenhagen city: Copenhagen city, the capital and most populous city of Denmark. As of 1 January 2022, the city had a population of 805,402 citizens, 103,608 in Frederiksberg Municipality, 42,723 in Tårnby Municipality, and 14,640 in Dragør Municipality). It forms the core of the wider urban area of Copenhagen with a population 1,336,982 citizens, and the Copenhagen metropolitan areawith 2,057,142 citizens. Copenhagen is situated on the eastern coast of the island of Zealand, as another portion of the city is located on Amager, and as it is separated from Malmö in Sweden, by the strait of Øresund. Today the Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road.

Timeline of Copenhagen since 12th century: Timeline of Copenhagen since 1167, when Absalon's Castle founded

Since 1648 Royal Danish Library: Since 1648 Royal Danish Library, a merger of the two previous national libraries in Denmark, the State and University Library in Aarhus, and the Royal Library in Copenhagen, in the year when the 'Thirty Years' War' ended, largely waged within the Holy Roman Empire from 1618 to 1648. One of the most destructive wars in European history, it caused an estimated 4.5 to 8 million deaths, and some areas of Germany experienced population declines of over 50%. Related conflicts include the Eighty Years' War, the War of the Mantuan Succession, the Franco-Spanish War, and the Portuguese Restoration War

3 July 2022 Copenhagen Field's mall shooting: On 3 July 2022, several people were shot and killed in the shopping mall Field's in Copenhagen. The surrounding roads were shut off by the police, and a 22-year-old Danish man was arrested by the Copenhagen Police - 3 July 2022: Several killed in shooting at Copenhagen shopping centre, as suspected 22-year-old Danish man in custody, and as police chief says terrorism cannot be ruled out as a motive

Demographics of Denmark: Demographics of Denmark - Danes - Danish people by ethnic or national origin - Ethnic groups in Denmark - Immigration to Denmark

History of the Jews in Denmark: History of the Jews in Denmark - 15 February 2015: Also condemned by Danish PM, Jewish groups condemn Copenhagen terror attacks urging heightened protection for Jews - 16 February: Copenhagen's Jewish school will remain closed on Monday following terror attacks over the weekend - 17 February: Denmark's senior rabbi says 'terror will not dictate our life' - 17 February: 'Attack on Jews of Denmark is attack on Denmark', Danish PM says at memorial - 21 February: Jewish community heartened by support and interfaith dialogue across the region following Copenhagen shootings

Faroese Dane: Faroese Dane

Greenlandic people in Denmark: Greenlandic people in Denmark - there are around 20,000 people of Greenlandic Inuit descent living in Denmark in 2013

Arabs in Denmark: Arabs in Denmark - there are around 107,000 people from Arab countries, particularly Lebanon, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, Iraq, Jordan and also small groups from Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya and Sudan

2014/2015 European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 European refugee and migrant crisis

2015/2016: 9 September 2015: As hundreds of refugees try to get to Sweden on foot, Danish police close road and rail links with Germany, while border train ferry services also terminated - 7 January 2016: UN refugee agency censures Denmark for measures that were an 'affront' to refugees' dignity, as its new head urges Europe not to throw up barriers to block a tide of asylum-seekers

Culture and languages of Denmark: Culture of Denmark - Languages of Denmark - Danish language - History of Danish

Museums in Denmark: List of museums in Denmark

Economy, history and culture of Copenhagen: Economy of Copenhagen - History of Copenhagen - Culture in Copenhagen

Women in Denmark: Women in Denmark - Danish Women's Society

Education in Denmark: Youth in Denmark

Youth in Denmark: Education in Denmark - History of education in Denmark - List of schools in Denmark - List of universities in Denmark

Health care in Denmark: Health care in Denmark

Media in Denmark: Danish media - Lists of Danish media - Freedom of speech and freedom of the press in Denmark

Crime in Denmark: Crime in Denmark

Corruption in Denmark: Corruption in Denmark

Tax evasion and avoidance in Denmark: Elements of income tax evasion and avoidance in Denmark

2016: 4 April 2016: Nordea and Jyske Bank have been accused of offering tax evasion help to wealthy customers as part of an international investigation into the leaders, criminals and celebrities using secretive offshore companies - 7 September 2016: Denmark has become the first country in the world to apparently buy data from the Panama Papers leak, and now plans to investigate whether 500-600 Danes who feature in the offshore archive may have evaded tax

2017: 1 June 2017: The richest 0.01% of households, involving those with more than £31m assets, evade paying 30% of their taxes on average, as 'by our estimate, the top 0.01% of the [wealth] distribution owns about 50% of [the wealth]', according to an academic study of tax evasion by Danish, Norwegian and Swedish researchers, who studied the wealth of people in Norway, Sweden and Denmark, based on data revealed in the Panama Papers and the leaks concerning the HSBC Swiss private bank

Human trafficking in Denmark: Human trafficking in Denmark

Terrorism in Denmark: Terrorism in Denmark - Islamic terrorism in Denmark

2015 Copenhagen terror attacks: February 2015 Copenhagen shootings - 15 February 2015: Dan Uzan was guarding a bat mitzvah ceremony in Copenhagen when he was killed in terrorist shooting spree - 15 February: Danish police shoot and kill suspect in fatal attacks on synagogue and a cafe, reportedly targeting Swedish Lars Vilks who has received death threats since publishing images of the Prophet Mohammed - 16 February: Two men have been charged with helping the suspect in the Copenhagen attacks at the weekend - 1 March: Copenhagen gunman's third accomplice charged

2015: 9 May 2015: Four Copenhagen buses burned, more vandalized, with graffiti calling to 'boycott Israel' and 'Free Gaza'

Antisemitism in Denmark: Antisemitism in Denmark - Contemporary antisemitism in Denmark

Law and legal history in Denmark: Law in Denmark - Constitution of Denmark - Legal history of Denmark

Law enforcement in Denmark: Law enforcement in Denmark

Courts of Denmark: Courts of Denmark

Police of Denmark: Police of Denmark

Foreign relations of Denmark: Foreign relations of Denmark

Treaties of Denmark: Treaties of Denmark

Nordic-Baltic Eight regional co-operation: Nordic-Baltic Eight or NB8 is a regional co-operation format that includes Sweden, Finland, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania

2015: 3 September 2015: Aggression of the Russian Federation in Ukraine poses a challenge to security in Europe, the representatives of eight Nordic-Baltic countries say at a meeting on regional security in Copenhagen

Denmark/European Union relations: European Union/Denmark relations

1972-2022 Denmark and the European Union development of relations: 1972-2022 Denmark and the European Union development of relations - 2022 Ireland and Denmark in the EU, fiftieth anniversary of accession

Denmark and the euro: Denmark and the euro

1 June 2022 Denmark votes overwhelmingly to join EU’s common defence policy: 1 June 2022: Denmark votes overwhelmingly to join EU’s common defence policy by 66.9% to 33.1% in referendum following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine - 1 juin 2022: Les Danois ont voté 'oui' pour rejoindre la politique de défense européenne, a annoncé Mette Frederikse. Une majorité écrasante de Danois, presque 67%, ont voté mercredi 1er juin en faveur d'une intégration à la politique de défense de l'UE, selon le décompte de 97% des bulletins de vote. État membre de l'UE depuis 1973, le Danemark avait tiré en 1992 le premier coup de canon de l'euroscepticisme en rejetant à 50,7% le traité de Maastricht, puis était resté hors de la politique européenne de défense.

Bilateral relations of Denmark: Bilateral relations of Denmark

Denmark/Germany relations: Denmark/Germany relations

1940 German invasion of Denmark: German invasion of Denmark April 1940 - Occupation of Denmark by Nazi Germany and Denmark in World War II 1939-1945 - 1940-1945 Greenland in World War II - The Holocaust in Denmark - Danish Folketing election 1943

Danish resistance movement: Danish resistance movement - Deportation of Danish police 1944

1943 rescue of the Danish Jews: 1943 rescue of the Danish Jews ensuring the safety of most Danish Jews

1943-1945 arrests and deportations of Danish Jews: Arrests and deportations of Danish Jews 1943-1945

Denmark/Iran relations: Denmark/Iran relations

October 2018: 30 October 2018: Denmark says it foiled Iranian assassination plot, arresting suspect for involvement in plan to kill member of opposition group, and recalling envoy to Iran

Denmark/Norway relations: Denmark/Norway relations

Denmark/Poland relations: Denmark/Poland relations

Denmark/Sweden relations: Denmark/Sweden relations

May 2019: 15 May 2019: A man was arrested overnight in Denmark in connection with the stabbing Tuesday of a Jewish woman in Sweden, which left her in critical condition, according to Swedish media

Denmark/Syria relations: Denmark/Syria relations

March 2015 Syrian Coalition meet with Danish Parliament delegation: 5 March 2015: Syrian Coalition meet with Danish Parliament delegation

2016 need to establish a 'no-fly zone' in Syria: 22 November 2016: During a meeting with Deputy Danish FM Charlotte Slente, Syrian Coalition's Abdah stressed the need to establish a no-fly zone in Syria to serve as a safe haven for civilians fleeing the Assad regime and Russian airstrikes, calling on Denmark and friends of the Syrian people in Europe to play an active role in this regard

2018 Denmark urged the Human Rights Council to bring those responsible for violations and abuses in Syria to justice: 26 February 2018: In the wake of the UN Security Council voting to enact a 30-day ceasefire in Syria, Denmark has urged the Human Rights Council to bring those responsible for violations and abuses in Syria to justice

14 April 2021 Denmark strips Syrian refugees of residency permits and says it is safe to go home; 14 April 2021: Denmark strips Syrian refugees of residency permits and says it is safe to go home, as government denies renewal of temporary residency status from about 189 Syrians

Denmark/Ukraine relations: Denmark/Ukraine relations

31 January 2022 Danish PM said that Denmark is ready to supply weapons to Ukraine: 31 January 2022: Danish PM Mette Frederiksen has said that Denmark is ready to supply weapons and other military equipment to Ukraine if Russia continues escalating the situation

Denmark/USA relations: Denmark/USA relations

Since 1943 Thule Air Base: Since 1943 Thule Air Base, the USA Air Force's northernmost base, located 1,207 km north of the Arctic Circle and 1,524 km from the North Pole on the northwest coast of the island of Greenland

January 1968 Thule air base B-52 bomber crash: January 1968 Thule air base B-52 bomber crash in the Danish territory of Greenland, when the aircraft was carrying four B28FI thermonuclear bombs on a Cold War 'Chrome Dome' alert mission over Baffin

1995 survey found 410 deaths by cancers: Workers' compensation claims of Danish workers involved in the clean-up operation of USA thermonuclear bombs, claiming long-term health problems resulting from their exposure to the radiation as many of the workers surveyed in the years following Project Crested Ice reported health problems and a 1995 survey found 410 deaths by cancers out of a sample of 1,500 workers

Denmark-USA trade relations: Denmark-USA trade relations, as USA is Denmark's largest non-European trade partner with about 5% of Danish merchandise trade in 2011

August 2019 Trump's Greenland fantasy and cancellation of visit: 21 August 2019: Danes have expressed shock and disbelief over Trump’s cancellation of a USA state visit to Denmark after its PM Mette Frederiksen rebuffed his interest in purchasing ... Greenland, called by Trump 'a large real estate deal'

Environment of Denmark: Environment of Denmark - Natural history of Denmark

Geography and Kingdom of Denmark: Geography of Denmark - Kingdom of Denmark

Forests of Denmark: Forests of Denmark

Water in Denmark: Water in Denmark

Environmental issues and environmentalism in Denmark: Environmental issues in Denmark - Environmentalism in Denmark

Natural disasters in Denmark: Natural disasters in Denmark

Weather events in Denmark: Weather events in Denmark

Faroe Islands: Faroe Islands, politically associated with the Kingdom of Denmark, but self-governing since 1948

Environment of the Faroe Islands: Environment of the Faroe Islands - Natural history of the Faroe Islands - Geology of the Faroe Islands

Landforms of the Faroe Islands: Landforms of the Faroe Islands - List of 18 islands of the Faroe Islands

Water in the Faroe Islands: Water in the Faroe Islands - Bodies of water of the Faroe Islands

Ports and harbours and water transport in the Faroe Islands: Ports and harbours of the Faroe Islands - Water transport in the Faroe Islands

Economy of the Faroe Islands: Economy of the Faroe Islands, main industries include fishing, fish processing, fish farming, small ship repair and refurbishment, handicrafts

Energy in the Faroe Islands: Energy in the Faroe Islands, produced primarily from fossil fuels, with further contributions from hydro and wind power

Demographics and society of the Faroe Islands: Demographics of the Faroe Islands - Faroese society

Education in the Faroe Islands: Education in the Faroe Islands

Health in the Faroe Islands: Health in the Faroe Islands

Politics of the Faroe Islands: Politics of the Faroe Islands, a 'constituent country' of the Kingdom of Denmark, within the framework of a parliamentary representative democratic dependency, whereby the PM of the Faroe Islands is the head of government and of a multi-party system

Political parties on the Faroe Islands: List of political parties on the Faroe Islands

Elections in the Faroe Islands: Elections in the Faroe Islands

August 2019 Faroese general election: 31 August 2019 Faroese general election

Faroese law: Faroese law

Greenland: Greenland

Geography of Greenland: Geography of Greenland

Environment of Greenland: Environment of Greenland - Natural history of Greenland

Climate of Greenland: Climate of Greenland

Greenland ice sheet and ice cap climate: Greenland ice sheet - Ice cap climate

2011/2012 Greenland ice melt: 19. August 2011: Grönlands Gletscher schwinden schneller als erwartet - 25 July 2012: Satellites reveal sudden Greenland ice melt

Water in Greenland: Water in Greenland

History of Greenland: History of Greenland

Economy of Greenland: Economy of Greenland

Politics and elections in Greenland: Politics of Greenland - Greenland is a self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark since 1979 - Parliament of Greenland - Greenlandic parliamentary election 12 March 2013

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Greenland: Greenlandic society - Demographics of Greenland - Ethnic groups in Greenland - Greenlandic Inuit - approximately 89% of Greenland's population of 57,695 is Inuit or 51,349 people as of 2012 - Danish Greenlanders accounting for around 11% of the territory's population in 2013 - Human rights in Greenland and Denmark

Culture and languages in Greenland: Culture of Greenland - Inuit culture - Languages of Greenland - Greenlandic language

Education in Greenland: Education in Greenland

Health in Greenland: Health in Greenland

Iceland - Geography of Iceland - Geology of Iceland - History of Iceland - Demographics of Iceland

Economy of Iceland: Economy of Iceland - main industries are fish processing, aluminum smelting, ferrosilicon production, geothermal power, hydropower, tourism

Energy in Iceland: Energy in Iceland

Geothermal power in Iceland: Geothermal power in Iceland

Agriculture in Iceland: Agriculture in Iceland - a variety of food crops are grown, such as potatoes, turnips, carrots, cabbage, kale, and cauliflower, tomatoes, cucumbers and green peppers, cut flowers and potted plants are grown in greenhouses heated with geothermal energy

Fishing in Iceland: Fishing in Iceland

Economic history of Iceland: Economic history of Iceland

2008-2011 Icelandic financial crisis: 2008-2011 Icelandic financial crisis

Politics of Iceland: Politics of Iceland - 1 juillet 2012: Réélection du président Olafur Ragnar Grimsson

2012 Icelandic constitutional referendum: Icelandic constitutional referendum, 20 October 2012

2013 Icelandic parliamentary election: Icelandic parliamentary election 27 April 2013 - 28 April 2013: Iceland’s centre-right opposition claims a win in general elections after a count of almost half of the votes - 28 avril 2013: Victoire de l'opposition de centre-droit, l'Alliance tombe à 12,9% des voix, le Mouvement gauche-verts obtient 10,9%

2016: 5 April 2016: Iceland PM Gunnlaugsson steps aside after protests over Panama Papers revelations amid mounting public outrage that his family had sheltered money offshore

June 2016 Icelandic presidential election: 25 June 2016 Icelandic presidential election - 26 June 2016: After the so-called Panama Papers scandal in April history professor Gudni Johannesson running as independent claims victory in Iceland’s presidential election

October 2016 Icelandic parliamentary election: 29 October 2016 Icelandic parliamentary election - 30 October 2016: Tight race to form government as counting begins

April 2017: 5 April 2017: Iceland’s parliament has presented a bill that would require public and private businesses to prove they offer equal pay to employees, in what would be the first such requirement in the world

October 2017: 6 October 2017: The current PM of Iceland Benediktsson, then an MP on the parliament’s economy and tax committee, sold almost all his remaining assets in a major Icelandic bank’s investment fund on the day the government seized control of the country’s collapsing financial sector at the peak of the 2008 crash

October 2017 Icelandic parliamentary election: 28 October 2017 Icelandic parliamentary election - 29 octobre 2017: Premier ministre Benediktsson arrive en tête des législatives anticipées, mais la gauche menace son maintien au pouvoir

November 2017: 2 November 2017: Iceland’s president Jóhannesson asks the leader of the Left-Green Movement Katrín Jakobsdóttir to form a new government

September 2019 first major international #MeToo conference in Reykjavik: 17 September 2019: The first major international conference exploring the #MeToo movement is taking place in Reykjavik on Tuesday, hosted by the Icelandic PM Katrín Jakobsdóttir, who said she hoped it would contribute to 'relegating sexual harassment to history'

25 September 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election: 25 September 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election - Opinion polling for the 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election - 25 September 2021: Iceland votes amid splintered political landscape, as PM Jakobsdottir is seeking a second mandate but the large number of parties could get in her way

26 September 2021 Iceland’s national election has for the first time seen more women than men elected: 26 September 2021: Iceland’s national election has, for the first time, seen more women than men elected to a European parliament, as final results on Sunday also showed the country’s ruling left-right coalition strengthening its majority, but Katrín Jakobsdóttir’s future as PM in doubt because Left-Green Movement loses ground to rightwing partners

10 November 2023 Iceland declares state of emergency over volcanic eruption threat: 10 November 2023 Iceland declares state of emergency over volcanic eruption threat after a series of powerful earthquakes rocked the country’s southwestern Reykjanes peninsula, signalling the increased likelihood of a volcanic eruption in the region

Social movements and protests in Iceland: Protests in Iceland

2009: 2009 Icelandic financial crisis protests and against the Icelandic government's handling of the financial crisis

2016: 5 April 2016: Thousands of Icelanders call on PM Gunnlaugsson to resign after a leak of documents stoked anger over his wife owning a tax haven-based company with large claims on the country's collapsed banks - 8 April: Iceland protesters call for government to quit, want immediate vote

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Iceland: Icelandic society - Human rights in Iceland

Regions and municipalities of Iceland: 8 regions of Iceland, mainly used for statistical purposes - 72 municipalities of Iceland, local administrative areas in Iceland that provide a number of services to their inhabitants such as kindergartens, elementary schools, waste management, social services, public housing, public transportation, services to senior citizens and handicapped people

List of cities and towns in Iceland: List of localities in Iceland, as most Icelandic municipalities consist of several cities or towns

Reykjavík city: Reykjavík city located in southwestern Iceland on the southern shore of Faxaflói bay, the capital and largest city of Iceland, with a population of around 128,793 inhabitants the center of Iceland's cultural, economic and governmental activity, and a popular tourist destination

Economy of Reykjavík: Economy of Reykjavík

Timeline of Reykjavík: Timeline of Reykjavík since around AD 870 and 1750

Since 1908 women's suffrage: <1908 women's suffrage takes effect in Reykjavik

Since 1911 University of Iceland: Since 1911 University of Iceland

May 1944 Icelandic constitutional referendum: May 1944 Icelandic constitutional referendum, as voters were asked whether the Union with Denmark should be abolished and whether to adopt a new republican constitution, and as both measures were approved, each with more than 98% in favour and with voter turnout of 98.4% overall

March 2021 volcano eruption near Reykjavik: Fagradalsfjall subglacial shield volcano located in the Reykjanes Peninsula, currently erupting volcanic fissure vent in March 2021 - 20 March 2021: In Fagradalsfjall near the capital Reykjavik volcano eruption under way, as a no-fly zone established and public advised to stay away from area while red cloud lights up night sky

Kópavogur city: Kópavogur city, the country's second largest municipality by population, lies immediately south of Reykjavík and is part of the Capital Region

Hafnarfjörður city: Hafnarfjörður city, a port town and municipality located on the southwest coast of Iceland, about 10 km south of Reykjavík, is the third-most populous city in Iceland and has established local industry

Akureyri city: Akureyri city in northern Iceland, the fifth largest municipality, after Reykjavík, Hafnarfjörður, Kópavogur, and Reykjanesbær, and an important port and fishing centre

Demographics of Iceland: Demographics of Iceland - in 2018 the Icelandic population stands at a little over 350,000 inhabitants, as 91.1% of the residents of Iceland are Icelandic citizens and 15.7% are foreign-born, and as 99% of the nation's inhabitants live in urban areas (localities with populations greater than 200) and 60% live in the Capital Region

Culture of Iceland: Culture of Iceland

Women in Iceland: Women in Iceland

Education in Iceland: Education in Iceland

Health and healthcare in Iceland: Health in Iceland - Healthcare in Iceland

Media of Iceland: Media of Iceland

Internet in Iceland: Internet in Iceland

Crime in Iceland: Crime in Iceland

Corruption in Iceland: Corruption in Iceland

Law and legal history of Iceland: Law of Iceland - Legal history of Iceland

Foreign relations of Iceland: Foreign relations of Iceland

Iceland/European Union relations: Iceland and the European Union - Accession of Iceland to the European Union - Euroscepticism in Iceland - 12/13 March 2015: Iceland drops EU membership bid - Umsóknin ekki formlega dregin til baka

Iceland/Israel relations:

2015: 16 September 2015: Iceland’s capital declares boycott of all Israeli goods

Iceland/United Kingdom relations: Iceland/United Kingdom relations - 'Cod Wars' confrontations in the 1950s and 1970s between the United Kingdom and Iceland regarding fishing rights in the North Atlantic - Disputed island Rockall

Since 2008: Icesave dispute between Iceland, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands since 2008

Environment of Iceland: Environment of Iceland - Natural history of Iceland - Geology of Iceland - List of volcanoes in Iceland

Climate of Iceland: Climate of Iceland

2017 Europe's largest ice cap in Iceland is thinning rapidly: 10 August 2017: Europe's largest ice cap in Iceland is thinning rapidly due to rising global temperatures

Landforms of Iceland: Lists of landforms of Iceland - List of mountains in Iceland - List of valleys of Iceland - List of fjords of Iceland

Forests in Iceland: List of forests in Iceland

Islands of Iceland: List of islands of Iceland

Water and rivers of Iceland: Water in Iceland - List of rivers of Iceland

Natural disasters in Iceland: Natural disasters in Iceland

Earthquakes in Iceland: Earthquakes in Iceland - List of earthquakes in Iceland

Volcanism of Iceland: Volcanism of Iceland

March-June 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull: March-June 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull

May 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn: May 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn

2014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga: 2014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga

Éire (Republic of Ireland) - History of Ireland - Geography of Ireland - Demographics of the Republic of Ireland

Economy of the Republic of Ireland: Economy of the Republic of Ireland - main industries include pharmaceuticals, chemicals, computer hardware and software, food products, beverages and brewing, medical devices - Companies of the Republic of Ireland

Companies of the Republic of Ireland by industry: Companies by industry in the Republic of Ireland by industry

Manufacturing companies of Ireland: Manufacturing companies of Ireland - Technology companies of Ireland

Energy in the Republic of Ireland: Energy in the Republic of Ireland - Renewable energy in the Republic of Ireland - Hydroelectricity in the Republic of Ireland - Wind power in the Republic of Ireland - Wind farms in the Republic of Ireland

ESB Group

Agriculture in the Republic of Ireland: Agriculture in the Republic of Ireland

Fishing in Ireland: Fishing in Ireland

Water in the Republic of Ireland: Water in the Republic of Ireland - Bodies of water of the Republic of Ireland - Rivers of the Republic of Ireland

Water supply and sanitation in the Republic of Ireland

Transport in Ireland: Transport in Ireland

Water transport in the Republic of Ireland: Water transport in the Republic of Ireland

Ports and harbours of the Republic of Ireland: Port cities and towns in the Republic of Ireland - Ports and harbours of the Republic of Ireland - List of ports in Ireland

Dublin Port: Dublin Port, the seaport of Dublin of both historical and contemporary economic importance, as approximatively two-thirds of Ireland's port traffic travels via the port, which is by far the busiest on the island of Ireland

March 2019 'Brexít' preparation 'a waste of money': 17 March 2019: Dublin port reluctantly prepares for Brexit, saying 'a waste of money'

Rail transport in the Republic of Ireland: Rail transport in the Republic of Ireland

Road transport in the Republic of Ireland: Road transport in the Republic of Ireland

Banking in Ireland: Banking in Ireland - List of banks in the Republic of Ireland

Irish economic history, economic cycle and crises: Economic history of the Republic of Ireland

1995-2000, 2001-2008: 1995 and 2000 period of rapid real economic growth fuelled by foreign direct investment and a subsequent property price bubble - Irish property bubble from the late 1990s to 2007

2008-2014: 2008-2014 Irish financial crisis

2008-2014 Irish banking crisis - Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy - 25 June 2013: Inquiry promised into Irish banking collapse after tapes leak, and evidence of Irish bankers making jokes in 2008, the year Ireland was forced to accept an international bailout to rescue the Anglo Irish lender

Irish Defence Forces: Irish Defence Forces - Military history of Ireland - Irish War of Independence between the Irish Republican Army and the British Government and its forces 1919-1921 - Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 - Irish Free State 1922-1937

Taxation in the Republic of Ireland: Taxation in the Republic of Ireland

Irish budgets: Irish budgets - Irish emergency budget, 2009 - Irish budget, 2010 - Irish budget 2014 - Irish budget for the 2015 fiscal year presented to Dáil Éireann on 14 October 2014

Politics of Éire: Politics of Éire (Republic of Ireland) - Dáil Éireann - Seanad Éireann - Constitution of Ireland since 29 December 1937 following a national plebiscite held on 1 July 1937 - Political parties in the Republic of Ireland - Trade unions in the Republic of Ireland

Elections and politics in the Republic of Ireland: Elections in the Republic of Ireland

1937 Irish constitutional referendum: 1 July 1937 Irish constitutional referendum - 1 July 1937 Irish general election

2008/2009 Fallout of the Irish government budget 2009: Fallout of the 2009 Irish government budget

2011 Irish general election: Irish general election 2011 - Irish presidential election 27 October 2011

2012: Irish children's rights referendum 10 November 2012

2013: Referendum on 4 October 2013 to abolish Seanad Éireann - Referendum on 4 October 2013 to establish a Court of Appeal - 4 October 2013: Ireland set to vote on abolishing upper house of parliament - 5 October: Final results revealed 51.7% in favour of keeping the Seanad Éireann, while 48.3% backed PM Kenny's plan to scrap upper house

2011-2013: 29 October 2011: Labour Party's Michael D. Higgins is to become the ninth Irish president - inauguration on the 11 November - 5 December 2011: Debt-hit Ireland braces for budget cuts - NZZ 1. Juni 2012: Zustimmung Irlands zum Fiskalpakt in Volksabstimmung - 30 July 2013: President Higgins signs the country's first bill on abortion into law, legalising the practice in exceptional cases where doctors deem a woman's life at risk

2014: European Parliament election May 2014 - 2 November 2014: According to a poll, most people believe budget 2015 fails to put money back in their pockets

22 May 2015 Irish constitutional referendums: 22 May 2015 Irish constitutional referendums on two proposed amendments to the Constitution of Ireland - 24 May: Marriage Referendum 62% Yes votes, Presidential Age Referendum 73% No votes

February 2016 Irish general election: 26 February 2016 Irish general election - 3 February 2016: Irish general election to take place on 26 February, after PM Enda Kenny dissolved parliament saying the economic recovery 'remains fragile' - 27 February: Exit polls show coalition losing majority in Irish general election - 28 février: Les électeurs ont voté en masse pour les candidats indépendants et les petits partis lors des législatives

May 2016: 6 May 2016: Fine Gael leader Kenny will head minority Dublin government propped up by main opposition party Fianna Fáil

May 2018 constitutional amendment referendum: 25 May 2018 Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution Bill in Ireland referendum - 26 May 2018: Save the 8th campaign concedes defeat

October 2018 Irish presidential election and referendum on blasphemy: 26 October 2018 Irish presidential election - Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution (Repeal of offence of publication or utterance of blasphemous matter), a proposed amendment to the constitution of Ireland - 28 octobre 2018: L'Irlande a voté à 65% en faveur de l'abrogation du délit de blasphème de la Constitution, la participation s'est élevée à 44%

May 2019 European Parliament election in Ireland: 24 May 2019 European Parliament election in Ireland

May 2019 Ireland constitutional referendum: 24 May 2019 Ireland constitutional referendum concerning proposed amendment to alter the provisions regulating divorce

25 May 2019: 25 mai 2019: Le parti pro-européen du Premier ministre irlandais sort en tête des européennes en Irlande, selon des sondages sortie des urnes

February 2020 Irish general election: 8 February 2020 Irish general election - Opinion polling for the 2020 Irish general election - 9 February 2020: Election 2020 shows old political system in Ireland is finished, according to 'The Irish Times' - Elections results - 10 February 2020: After first-preference votes, Sinn Féin with 24.5% of the vote has a commanding lead in vote share and seats, breaking the country’s traditional Fine Gael-Fianna Fáil duopoly

15 February 2020 Sinn Fein demands referendum on reunification: 15 février 2020: Suite à sa percée lors des élections législatives, Sinn Fein veut un référendum sur l'Irlande et veut réunifier l'île d'ici trois trois ans

26/27 June 2020 Ireland's new coalition government including Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and the Green party: 26 June 2020: Ireland to form new government after Green party votes for coalition and Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil will now have a working majority in Irish parliament - 27 June 2020: Fianna Fáil's leader Micheál Martin has been elected as Ireland’s taoiseach (PM) after the formation of an historic coalition government including Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and the Green party

3 June 2021 Microsoft Irish subsidiary paid zero corporate tax on £220bn profit last year: 3 June 2021: Microsoft Irish subsidiary paid zero corporate tax on £220bn profit last year, as Microsoft Round Island One is ‘tax resident’ in Bermuda with no employees except directors, and as company, Microsoft Round Island One, posted profits last year equal to nearly three-quarters of Ireland’s entire GDP (gross domestic product) – despite having zero employees

Social movements and protests: Protests in Ireland

2008-2013: 2008-2013 Irish protests - 2010 student protest in Dublin - Vita Cortex sit-in - 9 October 2012: An estimated 20.000 farmers have demonstrated in Dublin amid concerns about future EU and government funding

2012: 18 novembre 2012: Plusieurs milliers de personnes ont manifesté samedi en Irlande pour protester contre la mort d'une Indienne dans un hôpital irlandais où des médecins ont refusé d'interrompre sa grossesse alors qu'elle faisait une fausse couche

2011-2014: Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes - 1 November 2014: Tens of thousands protest against water charges across the Irish republic

10 August 2018: 10 August 2018: Almost 400 Ryanair flights scheduled for Friday have been grounded because of pilot strikes, as employees in Ireland, Germany, Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands are staging a 24-hour walkout over pay and conditions

25/26 August 2018: 25 August 2018: 'We Are Church' Ireland group held a protest on Dublin's Ha'apenny Bridge, describing itself a voice for reform within the Catholic Church, calling for abuse to be tackled, for LGBT members to be made welcome and for women priests, and hoping Pope Francis could end injustices within the church - 26 August 2018: Irish protesters walk to a former Magdalene laundry in Dublin as part of the demonstrations against clerical sexual abuse during Pope Francis’s visit to Ireland

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Ireland: Irish society - Human rights in Ireland

Provinces and counties of Ireland: 4 provinces of Ireland (Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster) no longer serve administrative or political purposes, but function as historical and cultural entities - Counties of Ireland, in 2019 there are 26 county level, 3 city level and 2 city and county entities – the modern equivalent of counties corporate – that are used to demarcate areas of local government in the Republic of Ireland - In the Republic of Ireland local government functions are mostly exercised by thirty-one local authorities, termed County, City, or City and County Councils - Local Government Reform Act 2014 - Local electoral areas for elections to local authorities in Ireland - There are currently 40 multi-member constituencies, that elect 158 TDs (members of parliament), to Dáil Éireann, Ireland's house of representatives, by means of the single transferable vote, to a maximum term of five years

Towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland: List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland - List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland by population - County towns in the Republic of Ireland

Towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland by county: Towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland by county

Dublin: Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland on the east coast in the province of Leinster, at the mouth of the River Liffey, with an urban area population of 1,173,179 inhabitants, while the population of the Dublin Region (formerly County Dublin) in 2016 was 1,347,359, and the population of the Greater Dublin area was 1,904,806 citizens - Greater Dublin Area - County Dublin, one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland - History of Dublin

History of Dublin to 795: History of Dublin to 795

Timeline of Dublin: Timeline of Dublin since 841

1649 Siege of Dublin and Cromwellian conquest of Ireland: 1649 Siege of Dublin during the 'War of the Three Kingdoms' - 1649-1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland

Since 1661 Dublin city government: Since 1661 Dublin Corporation, the former name given to the city government and its administrative organisation between 1661 and 1 January 2002, now known as Dublin City Council

Since 1791 'Society of United Irishmen' and 'Irish Rebellion': Since 1791 'Society of United Irishmen', founded as a Radical or liberal political organisation aiming Parliamentary reform and evolving into a revolutionary republican organisation, inspired by the American Revolution and allied with Revolutionary France, launching the Irish Rebellion of 1798 with the objective of ending British monarchical rule over Ireland and founding a sovereign, independent Irish republic - Irish Rebellion of 1798 was an uprising against British rule in Ireland from May to September 1798

April 1916 Easter Rising: April 1916 Easter Rising, an armed insurrection in Ireland launched by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent Irish Republic - 1912-1923 Irish revolutionary period

1919-1921 Irish War of Independence: 1919-1921 Irish War of Independence

1940-1941 German bombing of Dublin and of the Irish state: 1940-1941 German bombing of Dublin and of the Irish state in World War II

Since 1998 (1854) University College Dublin: Since 1998 University College Dublin, a research university in Dublin, originating in a body founded in 1854

Since January 2019 Technological University Dublin: Since January 2019 Technological University Dublin, taking over the operations of the three preceding institutions

Economy and society of Dublin: Economy of Dublin - Companies based in Dublin city - Transport in Dublin - Education in Dublin

Dublin Port: Dublin Port, of both historical and contemporary economic importance, as approximatively two-thirds of Ireland's port traffic travels via the port, which is by far the busiest on the island of Ireland

Cork city: Cork city in south-west Ireland, in the province of Munster, whith a population of 125,657 inhabitants in 2016 - History of Cork

Economy of Cork: Economy of Cork

Limerick city: Limerick city in County Limerick, located in the Mid-West Region on the River Shannon and also part of the province of Munster - History of Limerick

Economy of Limerick: Economy of Limerick

Galway city: Galway city in the West of Ireland, lies on the River Corrib between Lough Corrib and Galway Bay, surrounded by County Galway in the province of Connacht - History of Galway

Economy of Galway: Economy, infrastructure and harbour of Galway

County Offaly, part of the Midlands Region: County Offaly, part of the Midlands Region and located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the ancient Kingdom of Uí Failghe. It was formerly known as King's County, in honour of Philip II of Spain. Offaly County Council is the local authority for the county. The county population was 77,961 at the 2016 census

12 January 2022 killing of Irish teacher and musician Ashling Murphy: 12 January 2022 killing of Ashling Murphy, an Irish teacher and traditional Irish musician, found dead in Cappincur, County Offaly, on 12 January 2022, on the bank of the Grand Canal

14 January 2022 people attended vigils in memory of murdered teacher and young musician Ashling Murphy: 14 January 2022: Thousands of people have attended vigils across the island of Ireland in memory of murdered teacher and young musician Ashling Murphy, after the 23-year-old was killed on the banks of the Grand Canal outside Tullamore, County Offaly, on Wednesday

Demographics and ethnic groups in Ireland: Demographics of the Republic of Ireland - Ethnic groups in Ireland

History of the Jews in Ireland: History of the Jews in Ireland

Immigration to the Republic of Ireland: Immigration to the Republic of Ireland

2015: 2 November 2015: African and Asian migrant workers are being routinely but illegally used as cheap labour on Irish fishing trawlers working - 3 November: Irish cabinet sets up taskforce to investigate treatment of migrant workers on trawlers - 6 November: Migrant worker arrest prompts calls for protection - 21 November 2015: Migrant workers in Irish fishing industry to get permits and minimum wag

Culture of Ireland: Culture of Ireland - Irish language - Languages of Ireland - Gaelic revival - Irish language outside Ireland

Women and women's rights in Ireland: Women in Ireland - Women's rights in Ireland

Children's rights in Ireland: Children's rights in Ireland

Education in Ireland: Education in the Republic of Ireland

Health in the Republic of Ireland: Health in the Republic of Ireland

Healthcare of the Republic of Ireland: Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland

Media of the Republic of Ireland: Media of the Republic of Ireland

List of Irish-language media - Censorship in the Republic of Ireland

Internet in the Republic of Ireland: Internet in the Republic of Ireland

Religion in the Republic of Ireland: Religion in the Republic of Ireland - Blasphemy law in the Republic of Ireland

Since the late 1980s Roman Catholic Church sexual abuse scandal in Ireland: Roman Catholic Church sexual abuse scandal in Ireland since the late 1980s - Cases in the Catholic Church sex abuse scandal in Ireland

2005 Ferns Report: 2005 Ferns Report, an official Irish government inquiry into the allegations of clerical sexual abuse in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ferns

May 2009 'Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse' and Murphy and Ryan report: Irish 'Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse' and May 2009 Ryan report - 2009 Murphy Report, investigation conducted by the Irish government into the sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic archdiocese of Dublin

2011 report on child abuse by priests: 20. Juli 2011: 'Abgehoben, elitär und narzisstisch' - so faßt der irische Premier Enda Kenny den Regierungsreport zum Kindesmißbrauch und zum Umgang des Vatikan mit diesen Verbrechen zusammen - 20 July 2011: Irish PM Kenny in unprecedented attack on Vatican - 25 Julyn 2011: Vatican recalls Irish papal envoy after recent Cloyne report on child abuse by priests - Sexual abuse in Cloyne diocese and 2011 report - July 2011 Cloyne report

August 2018: 26 August 2018: Irish protesters walk to a former Magdalene laundry in Dublin as part of the demonstrations against clerical sexual abuse during Pope Francis’s visit to Ireland

Since the 1930s abuse in the state childcare system: Since the 1930s abuse in the state childcare system in Ireland

Catholic-run workhouses Magdalene Laundries: 5 February 2013: Many of the women and girls subjected to harsh discipline and unpaid work in Ireland’s now-notorious Catholic Magdalene Laundries were sent there by the Irish state, an official report said on Tuesday

Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home contoversies: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home contoversies

2017 Tuam care home mass grave of babies and children: 3 March 2017: Mass grave of babies and children found at Tuam care home in Ireland

Crime in the Republic of Ireland: Crime in the Republic of Ireland

Corruption in Ireland: Corruption in Ireland

Terrorism in Ireland: Terrorism in Ireland - 1972 and 1973 Dublin bombings - 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings were a series of co-ordinated car bombings in Dublin and Monaghan, Republic of Ireland

Violence against women in Ireland: Violence against women in Ireland

Law and legal history of the Republic of Ireland: Law of the Republic of Ireland - Law and legal history in the Republic of Ireland

Judiciary of the Republic of Ireland: Judiciary of the Republic of Ireland

27 July 2022 Irish judges are relying on Wikipedia when writing judgments, study finds: 27 July 2022: Irish judges are relying on Wikipedia when writing judgments, USA/Irish study finds - 27 July 2022: CSAIL researchers and from Maynooth University in Ireland came up with a friendly stress test that includes the creating new legal Wikipedia articles to examine how they affect the legal decisions of judges

Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland: Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland

Foreign relations of Ireland: Foreign relations of the Republic of Ireland

Treaties of Ireland: Treaties of Ireland

Ireland and the European Union EU: Ireland and the European Union EU

1 January 2021 Brexit 'not something to celebrate' Ireland’s FM Coveney declared: 1 January 2021: Brexit is 'not something to celebrate', Ireland’s FM Simon Coveney declared after the UK formally severed ties with the EU, as he warned of trading disruptions due to fresh red tape

Bilateral relations of the Republic of Ireland: Bilateral relations of the Republic of Ireland

Ireland/Australia relations: Ireland/Australia relations - Irish Australian

Ireland/Canada relations: Ireland/Canada relations - Irish Canadian - Irish Quebecers

Ireland/Germany relations: Ireland/Germany relations - Independent Ireland in World War II 1939-1945 - 1941 Bombing of Dublin in World War II by the Germman Luftwaffe

Ireland/United Kingdom relations: Ireland/United Kingdom relations - List of wars in Ireland since 1169 - Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 1649–1653 - Irish famines 1740–41, 1845-1849, 1879

Since 1534 uprisings by Irish people against English and British claims of sovereignty: List of uprisings by Irish people against English and British claims of sovereignty in Ireland since 1534 (ongoing) - Irish republicanism based on the conviction that all of Ireland should be an independent republic - Irish Rebellion of 1798 against British rule in Ireland lasting from May to September 1798 influenced by the ideas of the American and French revolutions - 1848 Young Irelander Rebellion led by the Young Ireland movement, part of the wider democratic revolutions of 1848 that affected most of Europe

Since 1916 Irish people's fighting to establish an independent Irish Republic: Easter Rising during Easter Week 1916 was mounted by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent Irish Republic while the Kingdom was heavily engaged in World War I - Irish War of Independence between the Irish Republican Army and the British Government and its forces 1919-1921 - Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 - Irish Free State 1922-1937 - Gaelic revival

Since 1923 Common Travel Area: Since 1923 Common Travel Area, an open borders area comprising the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands

Late 1960s–1998 British 'Troubles': British 'Troubles' (late 1960s–1998), since 1609 and ongoing

10 April 2021 Taoiseach says Northern Ireland must not ‘spiral back to dark place’: 10 April 2021 Irish taoiseach Micheál Martin has said that political leaders must not allow Northern Ireland to 'spiral back to that dark place of sectarian murders and political discord' after the region was marred by another night of disorder

20 May 2022 unacceptable for one party to block Stormont, says Irish PM: 20 May 2022: Unacceptable for one party to block Stormont, says Irish PM Martin visiting Belfast to try to break deadlock over DUP’s opposition to Brexit protocol

Ireland/USA relations: Ireland/USA relations - Irish Americans

Environment of Ireland: Environment of Ireland - Natural history of Ireland - Geology of the Republic of Ireland - Climate of Ireland

Landforms of the Republic of Ireland: Landforms of the Republic of Ireland - Landforms of the Republic of Ireland by county - Mountains and hills of the Republic of Ireland by county - Islands of the Republic of Ireland

Environmental issues in Ireland: Environmental issues in Ireland - Environmental organisations based in Ireland

Natural disasters in Ireland: Natural disasters in Ireland

Weather events in Ireland: Weather events in Ireland

2014: January 2014 Cyclones Anne and Christina

2017: October 2017 Hurricane Ophelia - 16 October 2017: As tropical storm Ophelia makes landfall in Ireland red weather warning issued

Finland - Geography of Finland - History of Finland - Demographics of Finland

Economy of Finland: Economy of Finland - main industries are metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing - List of companies of Finland - Companies of Finland by industry

Mines in Finland: Mines in Finland

Manufacturing companies of Finland: Manufacturing companies of Finland

Science and technology in Finland: Science and technology in Finland - Technology companies of Finland

Electronics companies of Finland: Electronics companies of Finland

June 2012: 14 June 2012: Finnish phone maker Nokia to cut 10.000 jobs

Energy in Finland: Energy in Finland, energy consumption in Finland per capita is the highest in the EU, as half of energy is consumed by industry, 25% is used in heating and 16% in transport with long distances

Electricity sector in Finland: Electricity sector in Finland - 28% nuclear power, 16% hydro power, 13% coal, 11% natural gas, 5% peat and 10% wood fuels in 2009

Nuclear power in Finland: Nuclear power in Finland

Coal and peat energy in Finland: Peat energy in Finland - Coal in Finland

Agriculture in Finland: Agriculture in Finland

Forestry in Finland: Forestry in Finland

Water in Finland: Water in Finland - Bodies of water of Finland - Rivers of Finland - Lakes of Finland

Päijänne Water Tunnel

Transport in Finland: Transport in Finland - History of transport in Finland

Water transport in Finland: Water transport in Finland - Maritime history of Finland

Tourism in Finland: Tourism in Finland

Economic history of Finland and economic cycles: Economic history of Finland

1990s Finnish banking crisis and 1990s depression in Finland: Finnish Banking Crisis of 1990s was a deep systemic crisis of the entire Finnish financial sector that took place mainly in the years 1991–1993, after several years of debt-based economic boom in the late 1980s - Early 1990s depression in Finland, one of the worst economic crises in Finland's history, even worse there than the depression of the 1930s, having a deep effect on the economy of Finland throughout the 1990s, especially in terms of employment but also in culture, politics and the general sociopolitical atmosphere. During this period the gross national product decreased 13% and the unemployment rose to 18.9% from 3.5%

Taxation in Finland: Taxation in Finland

Welfare in Finland: Welfare in Finland

Politics of Finland: Politics of Finland - Constitution of Finland - Parliament of Finland - President of Finland - Government of Finland - Prime Minister of Finland - Cabinet of Finland

Political parties in Finland: Political parties in Finland

Trade unions in Finland: Trade unions in Finland

Politics and elections in Finland: Elections in Finland

October 1994 Finnish European Union membership referendum: Finnish European Union membership referendum 16 October 1994

April 2011 Finnish parliamentary election: Finnish parliamentary election 17 April 2011 - April 2011: Koalitionsregierung in Finnland ohne 'Wahre Finnen' - 22 June 2011: Finland's new prime minister Katainen

January 2012 Finnish presidential election: Finnish presidential election 22 January 2012 - 6 February 2012: Conservative Sauli Niinisto wins Finland presidency

October 2012 Finnish municipal elections: Finnish municipal elections October 2012

May 2014 European Parliament election in Finland: 25 May 2014 European Parliament election in Finland

April 2015 Finnish parliamentary election: Finnish parliamentary election 19 April 2015 - 20 April: After campaigning to improve Finland's struggling economy, Centre Party will now form new coalition

January 2018 Finnish presidential election: 28 January 2018 Finnish presidential election - 28 janvier 2018: Le président finlandais Sauli Niinistö a été réélu pour un nouveau mandat de six ans

April 2019 Finnish parliamentary election: 14 April 2019 Finnish parliamentary election - 15 April 2019: Finland's SDP tries to build coalition after a narrow win in parliamentary elections that saw progressive parties make sweeping gains, despite a stronger than expected showing from nationalists and xenophobics

May 2019 European Parliament election in Finland: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Finland

December 2019 Sanna Marin tapped to become Finland’s PM: 9 December 2019: 34-year-old transportation minister and lawmaker has been tapped to become Finland’s youngest PM ever and its third female government leader, after Finland’s ruling Social Democratic Party council voted 32-29 to name Sanna Marin over rival Antti Lindtman to take over the government’s top post from incumbent Antti Rinne

2 April 2023 Finnish parliamentary election: 2 April 2023 Finnish parliamentary election - Opinion polling for the 2023 Finnish parliamentary election

3 April 2023 Sanna Marin suffers defeat in Finland election as SDP beaten into third place: 3 April 2023: Finland's PM Sanna Marin suffers defeat in Finland election as SDP beaten into third place

Social movements and protests in Finland: Social movements in Finland - Environmentalism in Finland

Since 1963 'Sadankomitea' and peace movement: Since 1963 'Committee of 100' (Sadankomitea) in Finnish) has been one of foremost organizations of the peace movement in Finland

2015 anti-austerity protest: 19 September 2015: Finland anti-austerity protest draws 30,000 to street in Helsinki, simultaneously with strikes by 300,000 workers on railroads, harbours and paper mills across the country called over government plans to cut workers' benefits

2016 protest against racism and violence: 25 September 2016: More than 15,000 people gathered in Helsinki to protest against racism and violence, after the death of a man assaulted during a neo-Nazi rally amid rise of anti-immigration sentiment following an influx of asylum seekers last year

July 2018 protests against Trump-Putin summit: 15 July 2018: About 2,500 protesters demonstrated in support of human rights, democracy and the environment in Helsinki, ahead of Trump-Putin summit, carrying signs reading 'Stop War Not People', 'Make Peace Great Again' - 16 July 2018: Finnish protesters criticise Trump-Putin summit, showing signs reading 'Not welcome' opposed to 'great power politics' playing out in her home city

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Finland: Finnish society - Human rights in Finland

Regions, sub-regions and municipalities of Finland: Administrative divisions of Finland - 19 regions of Finland - 70 sub-regions of Finland - 313 Municipalities of Finland

List of cities and towns in Finland: List of cities and towns in Finland - List of urban areas in Finland by population

Helsinki city: Helsinki city, the capital and largest city of Finland, located in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, the city has a population of 629,512 and a metropolitan population of over 1.4 million

Education in Helsinki: Education in Helsinki - Since 1640/1829 University of Helsinki, the oldest and largest university in Finland with the widest range of disciplines available, as in 2018 around 31,200 students were enrolled in the degree programs of the university spread across 11 faculties and 11 research institutes

Economy of Helsinki: Economy of Helsinki - Companies based in Helsinki

Port of Helsinki: Port of Helsinki, the busiest passenger port in the world and the main port for foreign trade in Finland, as the Port of Helsinki consists of three active harbours

Since 1550 Timeline of Helsinki: Since 1550 Timeline of Helsinki

1550 trading town established by Gustav I of Sweden: 1550 trading town established by Gustav I of Sweden, and 1569 city privileges granted

Since 1636 herring market annual event: Since 1636 herring market or herring fair, an annual event held in various cities in Finland, notably in Helsinki in October

1713 Helsinki taken by Russian forces: 1713 Helsinki taken by Russian forces

Since 1748 Suomenlinna or Sveaborg sea fortress: Since 1748 Suomenlinna or Sveaborg castle, an inhabited sea fortress built on eight islands about 4 km southeast of the city center of Helsinki capital city, as Suomenlinna today is a UNESCO World Heritage site that is popular with tourists and locals, who enjoy it as a picturesque picnic site

Since 1809 Russian empire's Grand Duchy of Finland 1809-1917: Since 1809 Grand Duchy of Finland 1809-1917, Governorate-General of the Russian Empire

Since 1849 Helsinki University of Technology and later reorganization: Since 1849 Helsinki University of Technology in the metropolitan area of Greater Helsinki, merged into Aalto University in 2010 before being split into four schools in 2011

Since December 1917 Finland an independent republic: 6 December 1917 Finnish Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Parliament of Finland, declaring Finland an independent nation and ending its autonomy within Russia as the Grand Principality of Finland, with reference to a bill simultaneously delivered to the Parliament to make Finland an independent republic instead, as on 18 December the Soviet Russian government issued a Decree, recognising Finland's independence, and on 22 December it was approved by the highest Soviet executive body

Espoo city; Espoo city, the second largest city and municipality in Finland and part of the Finnish Capital Region, along with the cities of Helsinki, Vantaa, and Kauniainen, as Espoo shares its eastern border with Helsinki and Vantaa, while enclosing Kauniainen and located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, in the region of Uusimaa, with a population of 291,439 citizens

Tampere city: Tampere city in Pirkanmaa in the western part of Finland, the most populous inland city in the Nordic countries with a population of 238,140 citizens with the urban area holding 334,112 people and the metropolitan area, also known as the Tampere sub-region, holding 385,301 inhabitants in an area of 4,970 km2

History of Tampere: History of Tampere, as the earliest known permanent settlements around Tammerkoski were established in 7th century, when settlers from the west of the region started farming land in Takahuhti

Turku city: Turku city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (Varsinais-Suomi) and the former Turku and Pori Province (1634–1997), as the region was originally called Suomi (Finland), which later became the name for the whole country

Demographics of Finland: Demographics of Finland - Ethnic groups in Finland - Immigration to Finland

Sami people: Sami people

History of the Jews in Finland: History of the Jews in Finland

Swedish-speaking population of Finland: Swedish-speaking population of Finland

Karelians: Karelians

Culture and languages of Finland: Culture of Finland - Languages of Finland

Women and women’s rights in Finland: Women in Finland - Women’s rights in Finland

Childhood and youth in Finland: Childhood in Finland - Youth in Finland

Education in Finland: Education in Finland

Schools in Finland: List of schools in Finland by region - List of polytechnics in Finland

Universities in Finland: List of universities in Finland

Health in Finland: Health in Finland

Healthcare in Finland: Healthcare in Finland

Finnish media: Finnish media

Newspapers in Finland: List of newspapers in Finland

Broadcasting in Finland: Broadcasting in Finland

Internet in Finland: Internet in Finland

Crime in Finland: Crime in Finland

1941-1944 'Continuation War' fought by Finland and Nazi Germany: 1941-1944 'Continuation War' fought by Finland and Nazi Germany as co-belligerents against the Soviet Union during World War II - 1941-1944 Finnish military administration in Eastern Karelia - July-August 1941 Finnish invasion of Ladoga Karelia - 1941-1944 Siege of Leningrad, a prolonged military blockade undertaken from the south by the Army Group North of Nazi Germany against the Russian city of Leningrad in World War II, as the Finnish army invaded from the north, co-operating with the Germans until they had recaptured territory lost in the recent Winter War

Soviet prisoners of war in Finland and East Karelian concentration camps: Soviet prisoners of war in Finland - East Karelian concentration camps organized by the armed forces supreme commander, the mortality rate of civilians in the camps was high due to famine and diseases

1945/1946 Finnish war-responsibility trials: 1945/1946 war-responsibility trials in Finland, trials of the Finnish wartime leaders held responsible for 'definitely influencing Finland in getting into a war with the Soviet Union and United Kingdom in 1941 or preventing peace' during the 'Continuation War', the Finnish term for their participation in the Second World War from 1941–1944

1941-1944 massacres - February 2019: 9 February 2019: A report released Friday by the National Archives of Finland found that Finnish soldiers participated in mass murders of Jews, foreign civilians, and Russian prisoners of war during World War II, concluding that 1,408 Finns volunteered in the German Nazis’ Fifth SS Panzer Division and took part in massacres of 10,000 people

Guns and gun politics in Finland: Guns and gun politics in Finland

School shootings in Finland: School shootings in Finland

1989: January 1989 Raumanmeri school shooting

2007-2008: 2007 Jokela school shooting - 2008 Kauhajoki school shooting

2012: 2012 Hyvinkää shooting

Spree shootings in Finland: Spree shootings in Finland

February 1999 Helsinki shooting club shooting: 21 February 1999 Helsinki shooting club shooting with a rented pistol

December 2016 Imatra shooting: 4 December 2016 Imatra shooting, when 23-year old Imatra resident Jori Juhani Lasonen shot three individuals dead in the town centre

Terrorism in Finland: Terrorism in Finland

October 2002 Myyrmanni shopping mall bombing: 11 October 2002 Myyrmanni shopping mall bombing, detonated by 19-year-old chemical engineering student Petri Gerdt, in Greater Helsinki, killing seven people, including two teenagers and a 7-year-old, and injuring 166, including 10 children

August 2017 Turku stabbing attack: 18 August 2017 Turku stabbing attack - 19 August 2017: Finnish police investigates stabbing spree, that left two people dead and eight injured, as a terrorist attack, identifying the suspect as an 18-year-old Moroccan citizen

Racism in Finland: Racism in Finland

2012/2013: 19 December 2012: The number of suspected racism cases more than tripled last year as nearly 800 infractions classified as hate crimes reported to police last year contained elements of racism - 10 January 2013: Immigrant children face racism in Finland

2015: 25 September 2015: Finnish nationalistsw hurled stones and let off fireworks at the vehicle carrying asylum seekers, including several young children, as a petrol bomb was thrown at a reception centre in Kouvola

Corruption in Finland: Corruption in Finland

Sexual violence in Finland: Sexual violence in Finland

Law and legal history of Finland: Law of Finland - Legal history of Finland - Constitution of Finland

Judicial and court system of Finland: Judicial system of Finland - Court system in Finland

Supreme Court of Finland: Supreme Court of Finland

Since 1945 War-responsibility trials in Finland: War-responsibility trials in Finland since 1945

Law enforcement in Finland: Law enforcement in Finland

Foreign relations of Finland: Foreign relations of Finland

Treaties of Finland: Treaties of Finland

Bilateral relations of Finland: Bilateral relations of Finland

Finland/Denmark relations: Finland/Denmark relations

Finland/Estonia relations: Finland/Estonia relations

Finland/Germany relations: Finland/Germany relations

April 1918 Battle of Helsinki and German invasion: April 1918 Battle of Helsinki, as the German empire invaded Helsinki despite the opposition of Finnish White Army leader Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim who wanted to attack the capital city with his own troops, but the Germans including their Ebert/Scheidemann supporters had their own interest in taking Helsinki as quickly as possible and then moving further east towards the Russian border - April-May 1918 Battle of Lahti - Baltic Sea Division comprising two army brigades from the German Eastern Front, as Germany aimed in 1918 to establish a chain of satellite states in eastern Europe in order to provide raw materials for German industry and food products - Detachment Brandenstein, unit assigned to cut the railway between Helsinki and Viipuri

1939-1945 Finland's cooperation with Nazi Germany and military history of Finland during World War II: Finland sided with Nazi Germany - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact - Military history of Finland during World War II 1939-1945

1941-1943 - February 2019 Finnish volunteers and Nazi Germany's atrocities: 10 February 2019: Finnish volunteer soldiers serving in the Nazi Waffen-SS units on the eastern front in World War II took part in the massacres of Jews, Russian prisoners of war, and civilians generally during the German march eastward through Ukraine and into the Caucasus from 1941 to 1943, a new report from the Finnish State Archives reveals

Finland/Liberia relations (Finnish-Liberian Friendship Association): Finland/Liberia relations (Finnish-Liberian Friendship Association)

3 February 2021 trial of suspected warlord accused of atrocities during Liberia's civil war begins in Finland: 3 February 2021: The trial of a suspected warlord accused of atrocities during Liberia's civil war begins in Finland on Wednesday, the first such case to be partly heard on Liberian soil, as Gibril Massaquoi, a Sierra Leonean living in Finland since 2008, is accused of murder, aggravated war crimes and aggravated crimes against humanity during the West African country's internal conflict a generation ago

Finland/Nato relations: Finland/Nato relations

Finland/Nato membership debate: Finland/Nato membership debate and its history since the 1990s

Finland/Norway relations: Finland/Norway relations

Finland/Russia relations: Finland/Russia relations

History of Finland/Russia relations and economic relations: History of Finland/Russia relations and economic relations

July 2015 Finland scrambles to intercept Russian military aircraft: 9 July 2015: Finland scrambles to intercept Russian military aircraft

21 May 2022 Russian Gazprom has halted gas supplies to Finland: 21 mai 2022: Le géant russe Gazprom a cessé, samedi, ses livraisons de gaz naturel à la Finlande, qui vient d’annoncer son intention de rejoindre l’Otan

18 August 2022 Finland says Russian MiG-31 fighter jets violated its airspace: 18 August 2022: Finland says Russian MiG-31 fighter jets violated its airspace, as two Russian MiG-31 fighter jets are suspected of violating Finnish airspace near the coastal city of Porvoo on the Gulf of Finlan

Finland/Sweden relations: Finland/Sweden relations

Finland/Ukraine relations: Finland/Ukraine relations

History of Finland-Ukraine relations: History of Finland-Ukraine relations

Environment of Finland: Environment of Finland - Natural history of Finland - Climate in Finland

Climate change in Finland: Climate change in Finland - Finland was among the top five greenhouse gas emitters per capita in 2001

6 July 2021 Kevo in Lapland recorded temperature of 33.6C after Finland registered record heat in June: 6 July 2021: Nordic countries have registered near-record temperatures over the weekend, including highs of 34C in some places, as the latest figures came after Finland’s national meteorological institute registered its hottest temperature for June since records began in 1844, and Kevo in Lapland recorded heat of 33.6C on Sunday

Landforms and ecoregions of Finland: Landforms of Finland - Landforms of Finland by region - Ecoregions of Finland

Mountains in Finland, Lapland: List of mountains in Finland, mostly in Lapland

Forests of Finland: Forests of Finland

Protected areas of Finland: Protected areas of Finland

Water in Finland: Water in Finland

2007 Nokia water supply contamination: November 2007 Nokia water supply contamination

Rivers of Finland: List of rivers of Finland

Lakes of Finland: List of lakes of Finland

Environmental issues in Finland: Environmental issues and concerns in Finland, including air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain, water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals, habitat loss threatens wildlife populations - Environmentalism in Finland and movements

Environmental organisations based in Finland: Environmental organisations based in Finland

Greenpeace Nordic: Greenpeace Nordic - Greemüeace international website

Mining and fossil fuels in Finland: Mining in Finland - Fossil fuel in Finland, as energy consumption in per capita is the highest in the EU

2 July 2021 global heatwaves are fossil fuel-driven climate chaos: 2 July 2021: Global heatwaves are fossil fuel-driven climate chaos, as from Canada and the USA to Russia and even the Arctic, record-breaking heatwaves are putting lives, livelihoods, and communities at risk. The soaring temperatures not only pose individual health dangers, but they also put entire ecosystems and communities at increased risk, according to Greenpeace

Natural disasters in Finland: Disasters and natural disasters in Finland

Fires in Finland: Fires in Finland

France - Geography of France - Gaul during the Iron Age inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy, of the Netherlands and of Germany - Gallic Wars and expansion of the Roman Empire over the whole of Gaul 58–52 BC - Frankish Kingdom 481–843 during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages - History of France - Early modern France 1453–1789 - French colonial empire 1534-1980 - French Revolution 1789-1799 marking the global decline of absolute monarchies and organized religions and replacing them with democracies and republics, and Napoleon until 1815 - France in the twentieth century, post World War II period 1945-present - Demographics of France

Economy of France and labor force: Economy of France - main industries include machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics, textiles, food processing, tourism - 2020 France's labor force of 27.742 million people includes 2.8% of the total in the agriculture, 20% in the industry and 77.2% in services - List of companies of France

Companies of France by industry: Companies of France by industry - Manufacturing companies of France - Electronics companies of France - Engineering companies of France

French arms industry: French arms industry mainly builds warships, guns, nuclear weapons and equipment - Defence companies of France

Aircraft manufacturers of France: Aircraft manufacturers of France - Aerospace companies of France

Shipbuilding companies of France: Shipbuilding companies of France

Car manufacturers of France: Car manufacturers of France

2012 Peugeot Citroen to cut 8,000 jobs and close an assembly plant outside Paris: 12 July 2012: French carmaker Peugeot Citroen has set out plans to cut 8,000 jobs and close an assembly plant outside Paris as losses mount - 25 July 2012: The government unveils a plan to revive the country's struggling automobile industry making France a center for production of environmentally friendly cars

December 2019 Peugeot and Fiat Chrysler €34bn merger: 18 December 2019: Peugeot and Fiat Chrysler have agreed terms of a €34bn merger that will create the world’s fourth largest carmaker, as the two parent companies confirmed there will be no plant closures as part of €3.7bn in cost savings from the merger

February 2020 Renault's loss and fears of job cuts, factory closures: 18 February 2020: Renault reported its first loss in a decade which triggered a commitment to cut costs by 2 billion euros over the next three years, in a plan that could also hit plants in France

May 2020 Renault plans to cut 14,600 jobs to save €2bn amid covid-19: 29 May 2020: French carmaker Renault plans to cut 14,600 jobs as it aims to save €2bn in one of the deepest restructuring programmes prompted by the covid-19 pandemic across the global car industry, as EU refuses to take any firm action

Tractor manufacturers of France: Tractor manufacturers of France

Chemical companies of France: Chemical companies of France

Depuis 1975 Lubrizol accidents industriels: Depuis 1975 accidents industriels de la société de l'industrie chimique Lubrizol an France

February 2013 Lubrizol chemical plant accident: 12 février 2013: Après l’incendie de l’usine Lubrizol, à Rouen, des citoyens se mobilisent pour connaître les conséquences de cette catastrophe industrielle sur leur santé et sur l’environnement

4 September 2019 Lubrizol chemical plant accident: 4 septembre 2019: Incendie dans l'usine Lubrizol classée Seveso, à Oudalle près du Havre, des grands moyens mobilisés

26 September 2019 Lubrizol chemical plant fire in Rouen: 26 septembre 2019 incendie de l'usine Lubrizol à Rouen classée Seveso - 27 September 2019: French authorities and Normandy residents are clearing up residue from a huge fire at a chemical plant in Rouen, among the highest-risk industrial sites in Europe, as a foul stench continues to spread over a swath of territory

2 October 2019: 2 octobre 2019: Les autorités françaises ont reconnu leur ignorance quant à la dangerosité réelle des produits toxiques mélangés qui ont brûlé dans l'usine Lubrizol

Clothing companies of France: Clothing companies of France

French bicycle industry: French bicycle industry

Construction and civil engineering companies of France: Construction and civil engineering companies of France

Housing in France: Logement en France

November 2018: 5 novembre 2018 effondrement des immeubles rue d'Aubagne à Marseille

January 2019: 12 January 2019: Two firefighters have died and another 47 people were injured in a massive explosion caused by a 'pocket of gas' in a six storey building in Paris, as one of the called firefighters was trapped under the rubble of the destroyed building for two-and-a-half hours before being rescued by colleagues - 13 janvier 2019: Une cagnotte en ligne pour venir en aide aux familles des deux pompiers décédés a déjà dépassé la barre des 100 000 euros

Energy and energy companies of France: Energy in France - Energy companies of France

Fossil fuels and oil companies of France: Fossil fuels in France - Oil companies of France

July 2017: 3 July 2017: France’s Total to invest an initial $1 billion in the South Pars offshore gas field as part of a consortium with Iranian and Chinese firms which will eventually pour $4.8 billion into the project, as Total will take a 50.1% stake, while China National Petroleum Corporation will own 30% and Iran’s Petropars 19.9%

Electricity sector in France: Electricity sector in France, dominated by nuclear power, which accounted for 72.3% of total production in 2016, while renewables and fossil fuels accounted for 17.8% and 8.6%, respectively - List of power stations in France

October 2021 France currently derives 70% of its energy from nuclear power: 12 October 2021: France is a bastion of nuclear power in Europe, with more than 70% of its electricity derived from nuclear plants. However, after the disastrous 2011 explosion at a plant in Fukushima, Japan, and big cost overruns at a new plant in Flamanville, north-west France, national pride around France’s nuclear capability eroded.

Nuclear power in France: Nuclear power in France - France has the largest share of nuclear electricity in the world - Nuclear technology in France - Nuclear energy in France

List of nuclear power accidents in France: List of nuclear power accidents in France - Selected incidents and accidents at EDF's Fessenheim Nuclear Power Plant in 2004, 2009, 2011 and 2012

September 2011 Marcoule Nuclear Site explosion: Marcoule Nuclear Site, a nuclear facility in the tourist, wine and agricultural Côtes-du-Rhône region and September 2011 explosion

November 2011 France needs to upgrade all nuclear reactors: 17 November 2011: France needs to upgrade all nuclear reactors

2015 complaint against French utility EDF: 21 April 2015: Anti-nuclear groups have filed a court complaint against French utility EDF for under-reporting an incident at its Fessenheim plant near the German border

2014/2016 Fessenheim incident: 5 March 2016: After a 2014 incident at the 1970s-era Fessenheim Nuclear Plant was more grave than earlier reported, with water disabling an electrical control system and forcing operators to launch an emergency reactor shut-down, and after official reports by the French nuclear safety agency had not mentioned the use of boron, Germany demands that France close down its oldest nuclear plant in the French-German border region

2017 explosion at Flamanville nuclear plant in northern France: 9 February 2017: The nuclear plant at Flamanville in northern France was hit by an explosion on Thursday that left several injured

August 2018 Fessenheim accident: 4 août 2018: Un des réacteurs de Fessenheim à l'arrêt en raison des fortes chaleurs qui sévissent actuellement, la quatrième unité nucléaire en France à être arrêtée pour un tel motif

Renewable energy in France: Renewable energy in France - Hydroelectric power in France - Wind power in France - Solar power in France

Agriculture in France: Agriculture in France is the world's sixth-largest producer and EU's leading agricultural power - main products are wheat, beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and wine - L’agriculture de la France métropolitaine bénéficie d'une surface agricole utile importante (environ 1/2 hectare par habitant) et d'une situation géographique et climatique favorable, expliquante que la France soit devenue le premier pays agricole de l'Union européenne avec 18 % du produit agricole et agro-alimentaire européen

Sectors of agriculture in France and labor force: Productions agricoles et valeur en France, dans lesquelles les productions végétales représentent 37,8 milliards d'euros, soit 57 % du produit agricole français en 2008, tandis que l’utilisation des pesticides dans l'agriculture française a augmenté de 24 % en 2018 par rapport à 2017 - 2020 France's labor force of 27.742 million people includes 2.8% of the total in the agriculture, 20% in the industry and 77.2% in services

French wine: French wine - La viticulture en France trouve ses sources à l'époque de la colonisation grecque, et puis la France étant l'un des pays de l'héritage latin

9 April 2021 nights of frost threaten fruit harvests: 9 April 2021: Winemakers across France are counting the cost of several nights of frost this week that threaten to decimate grape harvests in some of the country’s best-known and prestigious wine-producing regions, as government is readying an emergency rescue package against damage also to other crops (fruits etc) and vines

Water in France: Water in France - Bodies of water of France - Rivers of France - Rivers of France by department - List of rivers of France

Water pollution in France: Water pollution in France

Since 1976 La Hague site and radioactive releases: Since 1976 La Hague site, a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant on the Cotentin Peninsula in northern France and controversy surrounding radioactive releases

July 2019: 17 juillet 2019: La CRIIRAD dénonce la banalisation des contaminations en tritium demandant une révision drastique des limites de contamination radioactives

Transport in France: Transport in France - Railway companies of France

Transport in France by city: Transport in France by city - Transport in Paris

Tourism in France: Tourism in France - World Heritage Sites in France

February 2020 French ski resort moves snow with helicopter in order to stay open: 16 February 2020: French ski resort moves snow with helicopter in order to stay open, after exceptionally mild weather left its slopes bare

Foreign trade of France: Foreign trade of France

French arms industry and 2000–2015 exports: During the 2000–2015 period, France was the fourth largest weapons exporter in the world, as French arms industry mainly builds warships, guns, nuclear weapons and equipment

2010-2014 French 2014 arms exports to the Middle East and Asia: 3 June 2015: French 2014 arms exports 'best in 15 years', its main markets over the period 2010 to 2014 were the Middle East with 38%, followed by Asia with 30%

2014/2015 French arms exports doubled: 10 September 2015: In 2014 France secured $9.1 billion in arms exports, this year it has signed $12 billion in contracts with Saudi Arabia alone - 20 January 2016: France doubles arms sales in 2015, as four major contractors contributed to the increase in exports including Dassault, Airbus, MBDA Missile, and DCNS

July 2018 France third largest arms exporter: 3 July 2018: Despite criticism at home, French arms sales doubled in the Middle East, as France is now the third largest arms exporter in the world according to SIPRI and as French president Macron defied pressure from lawmakers and rights groups to curb arms flows to a region mired in conflict

February 2019 France wants more arms export to bone saw Saudi Arabia: 24 February 2019: France calls on Germany to ease arms export rules, complaining that joint arms manufacturing projects are being stalled by German refusal to authorise future arms export licences to bone saws Saudi Arabia, wanting 'to be competitive and efficient', according to France's Le Maire

June 2019 French arms sales rise 31% in 2018: 14 June 2019: France’s arms sales in 2018 were worth €9.118 billion, up 31% compared to 2017, according to dsm and French Ministry, keeping France in the top three arms exporters globally after the USA and Russia

Banking in France: Banking in France

Cooperative banks of France: Cooperative banks of France - Since 1818 Groupe Caisse d'Épargne - Since 1878 Groupe Banque Populaire - Natixis French corporate and investment bank created in November 2006 from the merger of the asset management and investment banking operations of Natexis Banque Populaire (Banque Populaire group) and IXIS (Groupe Caisse d'Epargne)

Banks of France and controversies: Banks of France - Bank of France - French franc replaced by Euro 1999-2002

Since 2010 Bank of France controversy: Since 2010 Bank of France controversy

Since 2010 BNP Paribas controversies: BNP Paribas controversies since 2010

2010 French check processing fee controversy: French check processing fee controversy of 2010 concerning Banque de France, BPCE, Banque postale, BNP Paribas, Confédération Nationale du Crédit Mutuel, Crédit Agricole, Crédit du Nord, Crédit Industriel et Commercial, LCL, HSBC, Société Générale

2014 BNP Paribas violated sanctions against Sudan, Cuba and Iran: 1 July 2014: BNP Paribas pleads guilty to pay $9 billion after violating USA sanctions against Sudan, Cuba and Iran, involved in terrorism and in Assad's war against the Syrian people since 2011

Since 2006 Crédit Agricole controversies: Crédit Agricole controversies since 2006

Since the early 1990s Société Générale controversies: Société Générale controversies since the early 1990s

Since 2010 Groupe BPCE controversy: Groupe BPCE controversy since 2010

Since 2010 Crédit Mutuel controversy: Since 2010 Crédit Mutuel controversy

Since 1984 Rothschild&Cie Banque: Rothschild&Cie Banque belongs to Rothschild&Co and provides investment banking, asset management, wealth management services and was re-created by David de Rothschild, Eric de Rothschild and Edouard de Rothschild in 1984 - Involvements of Rothschilds in finance and industry since 19th century - Since 1812 Rothschild banking family of France

Economic history of France and economic cycles: Economic history of France after World War II- L'Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques 'Insee', qui conduit ses travaux en toute indépendance professionnelle, collecte, produit, analyse et diffuse des informations statistiques sur l'économie, la société et les territoires français

Late 2000s recession in Europe and France: Late 2000s recession in Europe: France

2013 recession: 15 mai 2013: La France est entrée officiellement en récession avec le recul de 0,2% de son produit intérieur brut au premier trimestre

2015 eurozone economy slowed in third quarter: 13 November 2015: The eurozone economy slowed in the three months to September 2015 as exports to large developing economies weakened

2017: 14 février 2017: Rebond des créations d'entreprises en janvier 2017 en France - 16 mars 2017: Le pouvoir d’achat ralentit en France, le climat conjoncturel reste favorable - 13 avril 2017: Rebond des créations d'entreprises en mars 2017

Since January 2020 socio-economic impact of covid-19 in France: Since January 2020 socio-economic impact of covid-19 in France, as on 8 April the Bank of France officially declared that the French economy was in recession, shrinking by 6% in the first quarter of 2020

30 April 2020 France in recession: 30 April 2020: France and Italy plunge into recession, as data shows that French GDP contracted by 5.8% in the first three months of 2020 and Italian GDP shrank by 4.7% in the first quarter of 2020

June 2020 French economy will shrink 11% this year: 2 June 2020: The French economy will shrink 11% this year in a 'brutal' recession after the country imposed one of Europe's harshest pandemic lockdowns - 25 June 2020: With two years of his five-year term left, French president’s agenda of economic and social reform - aimed at spurring growth, creating jobs and deregulating the economy - has been thrown badly off track by covid-19

Chômage en France: Chômage en France

2012: 26. April 2012: Frankreichs Arbeitslosigkeit auf Zwölf-Jahres-Hoch, Anstieg um 7,2 Prozent im Vergleich zum Vorjahr

2013: 26 avril 2013: Comptant 3.224.600 demandeurs d'emploi sans aucune activité au mois de mars le taux de chômage atteint un niveau historique en France

2014: 28 janvier 2014: Loin de s'inverser, la courbe du chômage est repartie à la hausse en décembre, enregistrant même un nouveau record avec 3,3 millions de demandeurs d'emplois

2015: 28 janvier 2015: Le nombre de demandeurs d'emploi sans aucune activité a atteint en décembre 3,496 millions en métropole - 26 novembre 2015: Le chômage en France est reparti en forte hausse en octobre pour inscrire un nouveau record avec une augmentation de 1,2% à 3.589.800 en métropole de demandeurs d'emploi sans aucune activité

2016/2017: 15 mars 2017: Taux de chômage au quatrième trimestre 2016

2017: 5 avril 2017: En février 2017 le nombre de demandeurs d'emploi est en léger recul sur un mois, le taux de chômage recule de 0,1 point sur trois mois, à 9,7%

Inégalités de revenu en France: Inégalités de revenu en France

Poverty in France: Poverty in France

Social security in France: Social security in France - Unemployment benefits in France

French Armed Forces: French Armed Forces

Since 1831 French Foreign Legion: Since 1831 French Foreign Legion - Origins of the French Foreign Legion, deeply rooted in the French conquest of Algeria since 1830 and playing an important role in advancing France's colonial expansion - Since 1831 history of the 'French Foreign Legion' - Battles involving the French Foreign Legion - March-May 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu, culminating in a comprehensive French defeat that influenced negotiations among several nations over the future of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, so-called 'Indochina'

France and weapons of mass destruction: France and weapons of mass destruction - French nuclear weapons - Nuclear weapons program of France - List of nuclear weapons tests of France

1675 'Strasbourg Agreement' and Hague Convention of 1899: 1675 'Strasbourg Agreement', the first international agreement banning the use of chemical weapons, as treaty was signed between France and the 'Holy Roman Empire', created in response to the use of poisoned bullets after weapons had been used by the Bishop of Munster in the Siege of Groningen 1672, and as the Hague Convention of 1899 also contained a provision that rejected the use of projectiles capable of diffusing asphyxiating or deleterious gase

1802-1804 Napoleonic use of sulphur dioxide gas: 1802-1803 French governor Dessalines ruled with his customary cruelty, and - as after the surrender of Christophe, Toussaint, and Dessalines Haitian resistance continued - throughout new means of execution the French staged mass executions via firing squads, hanging, drowning Haitians in bags, and white supremacist Napoleonic general Rochambeau invented a new means of mass execution, which he called 'fumigational-sulphurous baths', killing hundreds of Haitians in the holds of ships by burning sulphur to make sulphur dioxide to gas them

World War I weapons and chemical warfare: November 2013: 'The Origins of Chemical Warfare in the French Army' analysis shows contrary to the existing historiography, that the French army aggressively adapted to, and engaged in, chemical warfare in the 20th century - 3 July 2016: The oldest reported case of a chemical substance being used as a weapon due to its toxic properties occurred in the year 256 BC, during the siege of the Persian city Dura Europos in modern Syria, where they used a mixture of tar and sulfur to produce sulfur oxides and thus take control of the city, as France in August 1914 in German empire's World War I launched bromine ethyl acetate tear gas grenades, as the Germans, aware of the allies’ interests in developing chemical weapons, also did the same by strongly developing their chemical industry (especially the dye industry), achieving an ideal situation for offensive chemical development, after French police in 1912 employed Ethyl bromoacetate against people

Since 1954 nuclear weapons program of France and tests abroad: Nuclear weapons program of France - List of nuclear weapons tests of France

1960-1996 French weapons of mass destruction testing centers abroad: French weapons Saharan experiments centres (1960–66), Pacific experiments centre (1966–1996)

Force de dissuasion: Force de dissuasion (force de frappe)

Submarine forces of France and nuclear attack submarine: Submarine Forces of France, one of the four main components of the French Navy - Strategic Ocean Force, the synonym of the French Submarine Forces since 1999, which the commandant commands the ensemble related to, along with the squadron of nuclear attack submarine - List of submarines of France

Since 2010 French submarines 'Le Terrible': Since 2010 French submarines 'Le Terrible', costing billions of dollars (euros)

Barracuda class nuclear attack submarine: Barracuda class, a nuclear attack submarine for the French Navy

12 July 2019 first of new fleet of nuclear-powered attack submarines: 12 July 2019: As part of a €9.1 billion program, excluding maintenance, France's Macron launched the first of a new fleet of nuclear-powered attack submarines that aims to ensure French naval superiority in the coming decades

22 July 2019 vanished French submarine found: 22 July 2019: The French navy has located one of its submarines off the port of Toulon, that disappeared on a military exercise more than 50 years ago with 52 crew on board

Military budget in France: Military budget

Intelligence agencies of France: List of intelligence agencies of France

July 2013 French secret services reportedly intercept all communications in France: 4 July 2013: French secret services reportedly intercept all communications in France, stocking telephone and computer data for years

5 August 2020 French intelligence agents charged with attempted murder: 5 August 2020: French intelligence agents charged with attempted murder and an alleged plan to kill a woman last month in the Creteil suburb of Paris

Taxation and budget in France: Taxation in France - Budget of France

Politics of France: Politics of France - Histoire constitutionnelle de la France - Constitutions of France since 1791 - 1958 Constitution of France - Since 1960 constitutional amendments under the French Fifth Republic

Since May 1789 French Revolution and constitution: May 1789 - 1799 French Revolution - July 1789 - September 1791 National Constituent Assembly - August 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen - 3 September 1791 French Constitution of 1791 - September 1792 Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy

1792-1804 First Republic and 1804-1814/15 Napoleon regime: 1792-1804 First Republic, following the 1789 French Revolution and lasting until the declaration of the 'First Empire' in 1804 under Napoleon, a period characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power and regime

1814/1815-1830 Bourbon Restoration and 1830-1848 July Monarchy: 1814/1815-1830 Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the first fall of Napoleon in 1814 - 1830-1848 July Monarchy, a constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting with the July Revolution of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848, marking the end of the Bourbon Restoration

1848-1851 French Second Republic: 1848-1851 French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, lasting from the 1848 Revolution to the 1851 coup d'état by which the president made himself Emperor Napoleon III

1852-1870 regime of Napoleon III (Second French Empire) and imperialism: 1852-1870 Second French Empire, the regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic - 19th century French colonial empire doubled under Napoleon III, after he established French rule in New Caledonia and Cochinchina, established a 'protectorate' in Cambodia in 1863, colonized parts of Africa and joined Britain sending an army to China during Second Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion

1870-1940 French Third Republic: 1870-1940 French Third Republic and the system of government adopted in France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940 after France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France

1940-1944 Vichy France headed by Marshal Pétain, ruling colonial empire: 1940-1944 Vichy France, regime headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II following the 1940 German invasion, evacuated from Paris to Vichy in the unoccupied 'Free Zone' in the southern part of metropolitan France which included French Algeria, and remaining responsible for the civil administration of France as well as the French colonial empire

1946-1958 French Fourth Republic and colonial wars: 1946-1958 French Fourth Republic and system of government of France determined by the fourth republican constitution, in many ways a revival of the Third Republic - 1946-1954 Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam and 'Indochina' - 1949–1956 Tunisia's fighting for independence - 1954-1962 Algerian War of Independence, leading in France to the collapse of the Fourth French Republic and establishment of the Fifth Republic

Since 1958 Fifth Republic, presidential system, constitution and amendments: Since October 1958 Fifth Republic, France's current system of government, established under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic and emerging from the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a presidential system - Since October 1958 Constitution of France - Since 1960 constitutional amendments under the French Fifth Republic

June 1960 amendment concerning French colonies in Africa and French pressure: 4 June 1960 adopted amendment to the constitution concerning the independence of 'African Member States of the French Community' - 1960 independance of 13 African countries from France during the 'Year of Africa', as France exerted pressure to remain within the French sphere of influence, particularly in economic terms, and French companies thus accepted arrangements, because they would remain well-positioned to profit from the newly independent countries - 1960 is referred to as the 'Year of Africa' because of a series of events that took place during the year, mainly the independence of 17 African nations, that highlighted the growing Pan-African sentiments in the continent, a culmination of African independence movements and the subsequent emergence of Africa as a major force in the UN

December 1960 France didn't vote in favor of UN's 'Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples': 14 December 1960 Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, adopted by the UN General Assembly as 89 countries voted in favour, and nine abstained, including colonial powers Belgium, France, Portugal, Spain, Union of South Africa, United Kingdom, and USA

Political parties in France: Political parties of France

Socialist Party: Socialist Party

April 2013 'Vive la Suisse et le mensonge! Et le PS ...': 2 avril 2013: Vive la Suisse et le mensonge! Et le PS ? Jérôme Cahuzac a avoué mardi détenir un compte bancaire à l'étranger depuis environ 20 ans, ce qu'il avait toujours nié jusqu'ici - 4 avril 2013: Le trésorier Jacques Augier de campagne de François Hollande a effectué des investissements dans les îles Caïman

2016/2017 French Socialists in hunt for presidential election's candidates: 13 July 2016: Socialist Party's president of France Hollande suffers cutting blows after revelation on the eve of Bastille Day of his personal hairdresser’s monthly earnings over €10,000 from the public purse since Hollande took office - 22 January 2017: French Socialists in hunt for the presidential election's candidate

August 2020: 10 août 2020: Selon plusieurs membres du parti, la maire de Paris Anne Hidalgo serait l'une de ses principales adversaires à la présidentielle puisqu'elle serait en mesure de rassembler la gauche autour d'elle

12 December 2021 Anne Hidalgo repeated her plea for her leftwing rivals to unite: 12 December 2021: Anne Hidalgo, the French Socialist presidential candidate, has repeated her plea for her leftwing rivals to unite, saying the left risked collapsing amid the alarming rise of the far-right

Trade unions in France: Trade unions in France

Medef employer federation in France: Mouvement des entreprises de France MEDEF employer federation in France. Established in 1998, it replaced the Conseil national du patronat Français founded in 1946. In the 2020th with more than 750,000 member firms - 90% of them being small and medium enterprises with fewer than 50 employees - MEDEF is engaged in lobbying at local, regional, national, and EU-wide levels

Parliament of France: French Parliament

Government of France: Government of France

Elections and politics in France: Elections in France

Since 1982 policy of decentralisation in France: Since 1982 policy of decentralisation in France, including institutional, territorial, functional decentralisation, further financial autonomy concerning local taxes and duties, government transfers and grants, borrowing and spending - 1982–2015 history of territorial evolution and decentralisation in France - Role, controversy and issues of regional reform of France, since 20th century member of the EU

Élections cantonales mars 2011: Élections cantonales mars 2011

September 2011 Élections sénatoriales: Élections sénatoriales septembre 2011 - 25 September: French left captures senate in setback for Sarkozy

November 2011 budget deficit: 7 November 2011: France unveils $138bn bid to slash deficit

Élection présidentielle francaise 22 avril/6 mai 2012: Élection présidentielle francaise avril/mai 2012 - 22 April: French head to polls in presidential election - 23 April: Hollande and Sarkozy tune up for presidential run-off - 3 May: Criticising Sarkozy's tough language on immigration and Europe centrist Bayrou will vote for Hollande presidential poll - 7 mai: Le nouveau président élu François Hollande obtient 51,67% des voix selon des résultats quasi définitifs - passation de pouvoirs le 15 mai - 17 May: Cabinet Ayrault takes power in France - 17 May: New French government to hand itself a pay cut

Élections législatives françaises 10 et 17 juin 2012: Élections législatives françaises 10 et 17 juin 2012 - 10 June: France in parliamentary election expected to determine the extent of reform under new President Hollande - 11 juin: La gauche vers une majorité évidente à l'Assemblée nationale - 17 June: France votes in second round of parliamentary elections - 18 juin: Le Parti socialiste et ses alliés de gauche ont remporté une majorité absolue de 314 sièges sur 577, le UMP et ses alliés ont obtenu 229 sièges, taux d'absention record (autour de 44%)

July 2012 presidential and government's salaries debate: 20. Juli 2012: Nationalversammlung stimmt Gehaltskürzung für Präsident Hollande ebenso zu wie für Premierminister Ayrault und Kabinettsmitglieder (Kürzung um 30% - 21 July: French lawmakers approve revised 2012 budget and tax hike on rich - 10 août: UMP Copé dénonce 'l'inertie' française et demande à Hollande de 'revenir à Paris' pour prendre 'une initiative diplomatique forte' - 10 September: President Hollande pledges 30 billion euros in new taxes and savings to balance the budget and fund a turnaround in two years - 28 September: In the budget for 2013 taxes favoured over spending cuts - 29 December: France’s Constitutional Council overturns 75 percent tax rate for rich

April 2013: 16 avril 2013: Jean-Marc Ayrault et les 37 ministres de son gouvernement ont publié leur patrimoine sur le site internet - huit membres du gouvernement sont millionnaires - 8 June 2013: France to ban far-right group JNR after death of left-wing student Clement Meric - 14 October 2013: French far-right candidate Lopez wins local by-electionin the southern town of Brignoles

23/30 March 2014 Paris and France municipal elections: Paris and France municipal elections 23/30 March 2014 - 21 March 2014: Socialist Anne Hidalgo expected to become first female mayor of Paris - 23/24 March: Polls suggest ruling Socialists have just 43% of vote, compared to 48% for centre-right opposition, while FN gains in local elections - 31 March: Anne Hidalgo's victory in Paris is only bright spot for President's Socialist Party

2014: 31 March 2014: France's Hollande reacts to setback at the local elections by appointing Interior Minister Manuel Valls as his new PM - 8 April: New PM Valls lays out tax cuts and labour reforms

May 2014 France European Parliament election: France European Parliament election 22-25 May 2014 - 26 May: French PM pledges more tax cuts after far-right poll win

2014: French Senate election 28 September 2014 - 29 September 2014: As UMP and the center-right UDI party took at least 20 seats from the left, France's far-right Front National grabs first ever Senate seats

2015: 8 February 2015: French Socialist party has narrowly beaten the far-right Front National in a parliamentary byelection in the Doubs region - 24 February 2015: Speaking at an annual dinner hosted by the country's Jewish community, French President Hollande called for 'faster, more effective sanctions' against hate speech and added: 'I want such speech to come under criminal law rather than press laws'

22 and 29 March 2015 French departmental elections: 22 and 29 March 2015 French departmental elections - 23 March: UMP and allies secured 29.2% of the vote nationally, an exit poll showed, ahead of far-right and anti-EU FN on 26.3% - 30 March: UMP party leads on exit polls in French local elections

2015: 22 May 2015: Under a new law French supermarkets will be banned from throwing away or destroying unsold food and must instead donate it to charities or for animal feed - 23 diciembre 2015: Francia plantea incluir el estado de excepción en la Constitución - 23 décembre: Après avoir voulu l’enterrer, François Hollande maintient l’extension de la déchéance de nationalité aux binationaux nés Français, contre son camp

6/13 décembre 2015 Élections régionales françaises de 2015: 6/13 décembre 2015 Élections régionales françaises de 2015 - 7 décembre 2015: Après la 'percée historique' du FN, arrivé en tête dans six régions, la presse francaise est sous 'le choc' lundi matin

14 décembre 2015: Si l'on ne se pose pas de sérieuses questions pour l'avenir c'est seulement un risque immédiat qui a été évité au second tour des élections régionales, selon la presse française

January-May 2016: 27 January 2016: French minister Christiane Taubira resigns after fallout over controversial plan to strip people convicted of terrorism of their French citizenship - 1 février 2016: Christiane Taubira n'a pas abandonné le débat sur la déchéance de nationalité pour autant et va publier un livre-réquisitoire - 10 February 2016: French MPs vote in favour of in 2012 elected president Hollande’s heavily contested package of measures to change the French constitution enshrining 'emergency powers' - 10/11 February: French FM Fabius steps down questioning the USA’s commitment to resolving the crisis in Syria, saying its 'ambiguous' policy was contributing to the problem, as Hollande brings Greens and former PM Ayrault to government in cabinet reshuffle - 4 mai 2016: François Hollande à son plus bas niveau historique

July 2016: 13 July 2016: French president Hollande (French Socialist Party) suffers cutting blows after revelation on the eve of Bastille Day of his personal hairdresser’s monthly earnings over €10,000 from the public purse since Hollande took office - 13 July 2016: Reported meeting between French FM Ayrault and members of the Lebanese terror organization Hezbollah - 16 juillet 2016: Deuil national de trois jours en France après l'attentat du 14 juillet 2016 à Nice qui a fait au moins 84 morts, dont 10 enfants

October/November 2016: La primaire de l'écologie se déroule en octobre et novembre pour désigner le candidat d'Europe Écologie Les Verts à l'élection présidentielle française de 2017

November 2016: 20/27 novembre 2016 Primaire présidentielle française de la droite et du centre de 2016

January 2017: La primaire citoyenne de 2017 est une élection primaire organisée les 22 et 29 janvier 2017 afin de désigner le candidat du Parti socialiste et de ses alliés pour l'élection présidentielle française de 2017 - 29 January 2017: Benoît Hamon has been chosen as the French Socialist party’s presidential candidate - Candidates for the 2017 French presidential election - Opinion polling for the 2017 French presidential election

Since January 2017: 2017 l'affaire Fillon, est une affaire politique et judiciaire portant sur des soupçons d'emplois fictifs concernant des membres de la famille de François Fillon - Liste de sondages sur l'élection présidentielle française de 2017

Since February 2017: The Guardian view on the 2017 French presidential election

March 2017: 13 March 2017: Francois Fillon’s conservative political party apologized for tweeting an apparently anti-Semitic caricature of rival presidential candidate Emmanuel Macron - 18 March 2017: French public grow tired of scandal-plagued election - 19 March 2017: Left-wing French presidental candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon was joined by thousands of his supporters in a showing billed as the 'march for the sixth republic', criticizing 'presidential monarchy' and demanding more power to parliament

April 2017: 5 April 2017: Jean-Luc Mélenchon was found the most convincing performer by French viewers of the country’s second presidential debate, a snap poll shows - 10 April 2017: A rally held by Mélenchon drew tens of thousands of supporters in Marseille on Sunday, trying to explain the voter's choices but refraining from ascribing any responsibility to Russia over the war in Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea, not to mention the killing fields of Syria - 22 April 2017: France investigates 20 April 2017 Champs-Elysees terrorist attack as presidential vote looms

April/May 2017 French presidential election: 23 April/May 2017 French presidential election - Candidats à l'élection présidentielle française de 2017 - 24 April 2017: European politicians react with relief to the first round victory of Emmanuel Macron in the French presidential election - Résultats par département de l'élection présidentielle française de 2017 et détaillés - 8 May 2017: Politicians in other countries and the EU congratulate Macron on resounding win in French election

June 2017 French legislative election: 11 and 18 June 2017 French legislative election - 12 June 2017: Amid concerns over low turnout of just 48.71%, 'La République En Marche' party and its allies take 32,32% of vote in first round, ahead of 'Les Républicains' and its allies on 21.56%, the anti-EU 'Front National' on 13.20%, followed by 'La France Insoumise' and its allies on 11,02%, the 'Socialist party', that took just 9.51% of the vote with its allies, and 'Europe Écologie Les Verts' on 4.3% - 18/19 June 2017: Tempered by a record low turnout of 42.64% and as abstention particularly high in low-income areas reopens the debate about France’s social divide, the French voting system and legitimacy, Macron’s party and its ally has won a large majority in the French parliament, taking 350 out of 577 seats, handing him a relatively free rein to implement his plans to change French labour law and overhaul unemployment benefits and pensions

17-19 June 2017 first cabinet Édouard Philippe: Premier gouvernement Édouard Philippe du 17 mai au 19 juin 2017, formé sous la présidence d'Emmanuel Macron

Since 21 June 2017 second cabinet Édouard Philippe: Deuxième gouvernement Édouard Philippe depuis le 19 juin 2017, formé sous la présidence d'Emmanuel Macron, et changements par rapport au premier gouvernement - 21 June 2017: Two more ministers quit Macron administration amid funding inquiry, bringing the number of ministers to leave to four - François Bayrou, Marielle de Sarnez, Richard Ferrand and Sylvie Goulard - in just 48 hours

August 2017: 8 August 2017: The French president’s wife will not be given an official 'first lady' title and her own budget, following a petition signed by more than 275,000 people in two weeks against a proposed change to her status

September 2017 French Senate election: 24 September 2017 French Senate election

December 2017 Corsican territorial election: 3/10 December 2017 Corsican territorial election 3 décembre 2017: La coalition nationaliste en tête au 1er tour - 10 décembre 2017: Les nationalistes corses ont remporté une large victoire aux élections

December 2017: 20 December 2017: French Human Rights League slammed the bowing government’s 'worrying' decision and a new row over racism in France erupted after high-profile feminist and anti-racism campaigner Rokhaya Diallo was forced off a government advisory body, prompting the resignation of the director and scores of members

Since 18 July 2018 Benalla-Macron affair: Since 18 July 2018 Benalla affair, a political and judicial case involving Alexandre Benalla, who served as a security officer and deputy chief of staff to Emmanuel Macron - 19 July 2018: France’s public prosecutor has opened a preliminary inquiry after Benalla, one of Emmanuel Macron’s top security officers, was filmed hitting and stamping on a young man at the edge of a Paris demonstration on 1 May while illegally dressed as a police officer, as it emerged that Benalla had continued to take part in other high-profile presidential security operations and MPs suggest there had been a cover up - 20 July 2018: French politicians insisted on a parliament inquiry into how Macron's security officials could have appeared wearing a police armband and visor, committing violence among real police officers without being stopped, as second bodyguard Vincent Crase who worked for Macron also featured wearing a police armband, violently dragging, shaking and raising his hand against young man - 23 July 2018: Macron under pressure to say why aide's brutality went unreported - 25 July 2018: Saying 'Alexandre Benalla has never had the nuclear codes, ... neither has Alexandre Benalla ever been my lover', Emmanuel Macron - after keeping Benalla’s assaults quiet for more than two months - wants to take the blame over Benalla scandal, caused by hate against the national and international labour movement

August/September 2018: 1 August 2018: Macron's government survives vote of no-confidence over Benalla Affair, as recent polls show Macron's popularity dipped to 36% - 28 August 2018: Macron’s climate commitment to 'make this planet great again' has come under attack after his environment minister Hulot dramatically quit, saying the French president was not doing enough to meet environmental goals concerning climate change, defend biodiversity and more - 30 August 2018: Macron has been attacked by political opponents for using a trip to Denmark to describe French people as 'Gauls who are resistant to change' - 1 septembre 2018: Monsieur Cohn-Bendit récalcitrant à l'idée de succéder à Nicolas Hulot

September 2018 Benalla-Macron affair: 26 septembre 2018: L'ancien chargé de mission d'Emmanuel Macron apparaît sur un cliché pistolet à la main en avril 2017 à Poitiers, mais il n'était pas détenteur à cette époque d'un port d'arme

October 2018: 3 October 2018: Macron has been forced to accept the resignation of his interior minister’s and early ally Gerard Collomb, a former Socialist party stalwart who became one of Macron’s most eager backers

December 2018: 2 December 2018: French government to hold emergency meeting after central Paris saw its worst unrest in a decade on Saturday afternoon as masked protesters fought running battles with police, set fire to cars, banks and houses and burned makeshift barricades on the edges of demonstrations against rising fuel taxes and living costs, as peaceful protestors complained that the use of teargas had begun very early in the morning, and as Alexandre Benalla's foster-father Macron said he would 'never accept violence' - 4 December 2018: French government reportedly 'to suspend fuel tax increase' following protests - 10 December 2018: In a long-awaited address on television, Macron tried to talk the protesters out of further action, promising a rise in the minimum wage and tax concessions, saying he had heard and understood protesters’ anger and indignation, which he said was 'deep and in many ways legitimate' - 11 December 2018: Macron’s appeal to French from behind gold desk reportedly leaves 'gilets jaunes' protesters unimpressed, as a record 23 million people tuned in - 16 décembre 2018: L'ex-collaborateur déchu de l'Élysée Alexandre Benalla a de nouveau été mis en examen le 29 novembre pour des violences commises en marge du défilé du 1er mai à Paris - 16 décembre 2018: Le premier ministre Philippe a concédé que l'Exécutif n'avait 'pas assez écouté les Français' et 'fait des erreurs' dans la gestion de la gestion de la crise des 'gilets jaunes'

26/27 December 2018 Benalla-Macron affair: 26 December 2018: According to several French media reports, Emmanuel Macron’s former close associate and thug Benalla was accompanying a foreign economic delegation to Ndjamena for investment purposes - 27 décembre 2018: L'ex-collaborateur d'Emmanuel Macron Benalla voyage encore avec son passeport diplomatique délivré le 24 mai 2018, soit deux semaines après sa mise à pied à l'Élysée pour avoir participé à une interpellation musclée en marge des manifestations du 1er mai à Paris

January 2019 Benalla-Macron affair: 21 janvier 2019: Des voyages en Afrique, une utilisation abusive de passeports, ex-collaborateur d'Emmanuel Macron Alexandre Benalla se retrouve à nouveau devant le Sénat qui enquête sur des dysfonctionnements qualifiés par le gouvernement d'«incompréhensibles pour les Français», après sa mise en examen pour des violences sur des manifestants le 1er mai

21 January 2019: 21 janvier 2019: Manifestant Jean-Marc Michaud, qui a dévoilé à la télé son œil ravagé par un projectile policier lors d'une manifestation des gilets jaunes, a exprimé ses émotions à l'égard du policier qui lui a fait perdre son œil - 21 janvier 2019: Depuis le 17 novembre 2018, parmi les gilets jaunes et les journalistes 109 manifestants ont été gravement blessés par les forces de l’ordre, dont 78 par des tirs de lanceur de balle de 'défense', au moins 15 victimes ont perdu un oeil, selon le journal Libération

25 January 2019: 25 janvier 2019: 'Les juges, comme le gouvernement vont être comptables des futurs blessés', a réagi vendredi l'avocat de la Ligue des droits de l'homme, après la justice française a refusé de suspendre l'usage du lanceur de balles de défense pour les prochaines manifestations malgré les graves blessures dont cette arme est rendue responsable

26/27 January 2019: 26 janvier 2019: Les 'gilets jaunes' ont montré samedi leur ténacité face à un exécutif violent à Paris, où Jérôme Rodrigues, une figure connue du mouvement, a été blessé à l'oeil par un projectile des 'forces de l'ordre' alors qu'il filmait un regroupement de divers cortèges place de la Bastille - 27 January 2019: Gilets jaunes leader hit in eye during protest 'will be disabled for life' after he was struck by a 'flash-ball', a launcher used by French riot police to fire large rubber pellets, blamed for dozens of injuries, some serious, including the loss of eyes, despite warnings of the French Human Rights League against life threatening police attacks on peaceful demonstrators

28 January 2019: 28 January 2019: Second gilets jaunes protester launches political party, saying 'Les Émergents' will work towards better distribution of wealth and will take part in local elections in 2020, after protest group 'Gilets jaunes' named 10 candidates for European elections, saying it wants to 'transform the anger into a human political project’

30/31 January 2019: 30 janvier 2019: Le Conseil d'Etat doit apprécier l'usage du LBD 40 par la police après une vingtaine de gilets jaunes ont déjà perdu un œil - 31 January 2019: French MPs condemn authoritarian plans to curtail gilets jaunes protests, saying controversial measures threaten civil liberties

February 2019: 1 février 2019: 'Nous sommes un peuple violent, depuis des siècles et des siècles. La France n'est pas la Suisse', s'exprime Macron dans une 'discussion au coin du feu' - 1 février 2019: Le Conseil d'Etat français est resté sourd aux demandes de la Ligue des droits de l'homme contre les violences policières et l'usage du LBD à l'origine de nombreuses blessures graves, utilisée plus de 9200 fois depuis le début du mouvement de contestation sociale - 10 février 2019: Une enquête judiciaire a été ouverte après qu'un manifestant a eu la main déchiquetée par une grenade samedi à Paris - 20 February 2019: A French senate committee has recommend prosecuting Alexandre Benalla, the former security aide of the French president Macron, for perjury following a seven-month investigation into his violent conduct during a street protest

May 2019: 3 May 2019: Macron's interior minister Castaner under pressure over 'hospital attack' claim, accused of exaggerating May Day incident at Paris hospital and spreading 'fake news'

May 2019 European Parliament election in France: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in France

24 June 2019: 24 June 2019: Macron’s plan for the biggest wave of French privatisations in a decade is under threat after opposition politicians took the unusual step of joining ranks to push for a referendum on the sale of Paris airports

25 June 2019: 25 June 2019: The French state has failed to do enough to limit air pollution around Paris, according to a landmark court ruling delivered after a woman and daughter with respiratory problems sued the French state over the impact of living near Paris’s traffic-choked ringroad in Saint-Ouen

16 July 2019 environment minister de Rugy quits: 16 July 2019: French environment minister de Rugy quits over reports of lavish dinners paid for by the taxpayer when he was parliament speaker

23 July 2019 Greta Thunberg addresses French parliament: 23 juillet 2019: La jeune militante suédoise Greta Thunberg a répondu mardi aux députés de l'Assemblée nationale qui doutent de sa légitimité à être la figure du combat contre le réchauffement climatique, en demandant 'unissez-vous derrière la science', renvoyant à la lecture du dernier rapport alarmant du groupe d'experts de l'ONU sur le climat

August 2019 victims of 1982 anti-Semitic attack demand parliamentary inquiry: 9 August 2019: Families of the victims of the 1982 terrorist attack on Paris’ Jewish quarter and Jo Goldenberg’s restaurant are demanding a parliamentary inquiry into an alleged secret pact of French intelligence with the perpetrators, after ex-French spy chief Yves Bonnet now, in 2019, admitted the 1980s pact with Fatah terrorists, following the August 1982 bombing and shooting attack by the Abu Nidal Organization - Since 28 August 1982 'Irish of Vincennes' political scandal following the 9 August 1982 terrorist attack in Paris, when a secret police anti-terrorist cell established by president François Mitterrand arrested three Irish nationals in Vincennes, proudly proclaiming a victory against 'international terrorism', until in 1983 the case fell apart and the suspects were exonerated when it was revealed that weapons and other evidence used against the three had been planted by the arresting officers, who then lied to the courts with the support of the executive - 17 June 2015: Suspects, including the mastermind al-Abassi of the 1982 bomb attack on a Jewish restaurant in Paris, were identified 32 years later thanks to statements from Abu Nidal group members to whom French judges guaranteed anonymity

2 September 2019 France canvasses Iranian regime: 2 September 2019: Once again France hosts Iranian regime officials, presenting offers including a $15 billion credit line for oil 'pre-purchases' to threatening Iranian regime, also praising terror group Hezbollah's Sunday missile attack on IDF targets, as regime's diplomats travel to France and Russia to reinforce regime's Friday deadline for Europe to offer it a way to sell its crude oil on the global market, and as Yad Vashem marks 80th anniversary of start of World War II with online exhibit, describing the progression of the war and exploring the lives of Europe’s Jewish communities with many unable to comprehend the impending horror the war would bring, following European and American retreat in the face of getting stronger nazism and fascism

3 September 2019: 3 September 2019: Iranian and French delegations hold talks for over ten hours in Paris to shield Iranian regime's economy from USA sanctions, as Iran’s Rouhani says no intention of holding bilateral talks with USA

October 2019 Paris police stabbing attack: 3 October 2019: Paris police headquarters stabbing - 5 October 2019: Terrorism motive eyed in Paris police stabbing attack - 6 October 2019: France's interior minister admits failings before police attack, as French PM Philippe has promised a security review of staff working in counter-terrorism intelligence units after the state prosecutor said the police administrator who killed four people in an attack at Paris headquarters adhered to 'a radical vision of Islam' - 7 October 2019: French government admits security breach in police attack

November 2019 France pledges millions to stop deadly domestic violence: 25 November 2019: France pledges millions to stop deadly domestic violence

14 November 2019 Macron-Benalla affair continuation: 14 novembre 2019: Un an et demi après la disparition du coffre d’Alexandre Benalla, le parquet de Paris a ouvert enfin une information judiciaire pour 'soustraction de documents ou objets (...) en vue de faire obstacle à la manifestation de la vérité'

3 December 2019 parliament adopts anti-Semitism definition that includes anti-Zionism: 3 December 2019: French lawmakers pass resolution calling Israel hatred a form of anti-Semitism, also calling on administration to adopt IHRA’s definition of anti-Jewish bias, passes 154 to 74

8 December 2019 pensions overhaul to go ahead despite huge protests: 8 December 2019: France pensions overhaul to go ahead despite huge protests

16 December 2019 French doctors threaten to quit amid funding row: 16 December 2019: More than 600 French doctors threaten to quit amid funding row and if the government does not increase health funding, saying budget cuts have pushed health system to brink of collapse and put lives at risk

17 December 2019 France's pensions chief Delevoye failed to disclose 13 private sector posts and over €120,000: 17 December 2019: French official Jean-Paul Delevoye, leading the controversial pensions overhaul, stepped down over scandal involving undeclared payments, becoming the target of unions’ ire after admitting over the weekend he had failed to disclose 13 private sector posts, both paid and unpaid, in a recent asset declaration, as one of his jobs, as president of the Parallaxe education thinktank, paid nearly €5,400 a month on top of his ministerial salary, money he should have forfeited under a 2013 political transparency law

23 December 2019 France's, Egypt, Russian, and UAE's support for warlord Haftar: 23 December 2019: Detained pro-Haftar pilot reveals new details about Egypt, Russia, UAE, and France's support, saying Russian Wagner Group mercenaries depend on Tarhouna operations room with air-defense and electronic warfare systems, where a group of French experts working on logistical support, surveillance and wiretapping

5 January 2020 French allied pro-Haftar airstrike kills at least 28 young people and leaves dozens injured in Tripoli: 5 janvier 2020: Au moment de la frappe contre l'école militaire de Tripoli à al-Hadba al-Khadra, un secteur résidentiel peuplé dans la capitale libyenne, qui a tué 28 cadets et blessé des dizaines d'autres, les jeunes hommes effectuaient leur dernier rassemblement de la journée dans la cour principale avant de regagner leurs dortoirs, après la mission de l’ONU en Libye, à plusieurs reprises, a demandé que les secteurs civils soient épargnés par les frappes qui 'pourraient constituer des crimes de guerre' - 5 January 2020: Deadly airstrike on young people in Tripolis occurred after ambulance service appealed for a temporary ceasefire to allow its crews to retrieve the bodies of five civilians killed on As Sidra Road in southern Tripoli and to evacuate families, coming under fire after their appeal

21 February 2020 Putin's 'Trojan Horse' visits 'Salon d'agriculture': 21 February 2020: Putin's 'Trojan Horse' visits agriculture show 'Salon d'agriculture', featuring livestock, all kinds of seasonal produce and politicians right in the heart of Paris, as farming has become an increasingly tough profession, with 460,000 French farms in 2019 compared to 750,000 two decades ago

15/22 March 2020 French municipal elections: 15/22 March 2020 French municipal elections - 15/22 March 2020 Paris municipal election

16 mars 2020 premier tour des municipales ignoré par une majorité d'électeurs: 16 mars 2020: Au lendemain d'un premier tour des municipales ignoré par une majorité d'électeurs inquiets du coronavirus, la tenue ou pas du second tour est la question la plus brûlante posée lundi à l'exécutif, alors que les Français s'attendent au choc d'un confinement

17 March 2020 in a speech to the nation Macron declares 'We are at war': 16/17 March 2020: After inviting and hosting war criminal Putin in France in August 2019, after hosting Chinese regime's Xi Jinping in France in March 2019, after inviting murderous Iranian regime's Zarif to France in August 2019, after supporting Libyan warlord Haftar murdering innocent civilians, desperate refugees, women and children since April 2019, after saying in 2019 'nous sommes un peuple violent', France's drama student Macron declared in a speech to the nation 'We are at war' against ... coronavirus, tightening restrictions on freedom of movement, suspending economic reforms and delaying the second round of local elections in the fight against Chinese coronavirus, banning his French fellow citizens insulted as violent from making anything other than essential outings from their homes on pain of punishment for at least two weeks - 17 mars 2020: Macron déclare la 'guerre' au coronavirus et restreint fortement les déplacements des Français - Les États font la guerre aux autres États, pas aux individus ni aux familles qui les composent, le mot la 'guerre' est définie comme un acte de politique étrangère ou défensif, et vient du francique 'werra', vieux haut allemand werra 'confusion, querelle, lutte', en anglais 'war' vient du normand werre, variante de 'guerre', meaning 'to confuse', 'to bring into confusion'

19 May 2020 LREM party loses parliamentary majority: 19 May 2020: Macron's party loses French parliamentary majority in blow to post-virus comeback, as some 17 MPs desert the LREM party leaving him one short of an absolute majority

9 June 2020 France bans chokehold arrest as anger mounts over police brutality: 9 June 2020: France bans chokehold arrest as anger mounts over police brutality

June 2020 French municipal elections: 28 June 2020 French municipal elections - 28 June 2020: France was swept by a green wave as ecology candidates won a number of major victories in the country’s local elections and socialist mayor retains capital, while the election delivered the predicted blow to Emmanuel Macron’s LREM party, which has failed to take root locally since it was founded four years ago

2 July 2020 Turkey seeks French apology over 'false’ Mediterranean warships claim by France's Macron: 2 July 2020: Turkey seeks French apology over 'false’ Mediterranean warships claim by France's Macron, supporting warlord Haftar and his crimes, and now claiming Turkish ships had acted aggressively toward the French frigate Courbet

3 July 2020 Édouard Philippe resigns as PM of France: 3 July 2020: Édouard Philippe resigns as PM of France, as his popularity has grown and Macron’s has slipped during the covid-19 pandemic and more crises

6/7 July 2020 France’s new PM Castex and cabinet: 6 July 2020: France’s new PM Jean Castex is to unveil his cabinet, after president Macron gambled on a reshuffle to reboot his presidency and tighten his grip on government in the run-up to a re-election bid in 2022 - 7 July 2020: New French justice minister, a lawyer, who defended Toulouse terrorist accomplices, and new interior minister, who faces a rape investigation, as foreign minister standing for French involvement in Haftar's war in Libya, stays

19 July 2020 Paris pays respects to more than 13,000 Jewish victims of 1942 Vel d’Hiv roundup: 19 July 2020: Marking anniversary of mass arrest of Jews during Holocaust veterans minister and Paris mayor pay respects to more than 13,000 victims of 1942 Vel d’Hiv roundup by Nazi-allied Vichy government

20 July 2020 France makes wearing of face masks compulsory: 20 July 2020: France has made the wearing of face masks compulsory in all indoor public spaces, warning of fines for those refusing to comply

3 September 2020 journalist Gendrot describes a culture of racism and violence in French police force: 3 September 2020: French journalist Valentin Gendrot who infiltrated the country’s police force has described a culture of racism and violence in which officers act with impunity, claiming the violence was so frequent it became almost banal and describes one incident where he was forced to help falsify evidence against an adolescent who had been beaten by an officer

4 September 2020 prosecutor seeking court appearance for Benalla: 4 septembre 2020: Le parquet de Paris a demandé un procès en correctionnelle pour 'faux', 'usage de faux' et 'utilisation indue' de documents professionnels contre Alexandre Benalla, un ancien proche collaborateur du président Macron depuis 2018 au centre d’un scandale à multiples facettes

29 September 2020 Amnesty International critizises French human rights violations: 29 septembre 2020: Amnesty International épingle, mardi dans un rapport, l’État français pour son comportement envers les manifestants arrêtés depuis deux ans

21 October 2020 France honours Samuel Paty: 21 octobre 2020: La France rend mercredi un hommage national à Samuel Paty, le professeur d’histoire décapité vendredi dans un attentat qui a bouleversé le pays et qui pousse le gouvernement à 'intensifier ses actions' contre l’islamisme radical

9 November 2020 proposed bill will endanger France's press freedom: 9 November 2020: A proposed bill in France that would make it illegal to disseminate photographs or videos identifying police and gendarmes 'with (alleged) intent to harm' is a danger to press freedom, critics have warned, as Macron-Benalla affair proved need to protect citizens

24 November 2020 French minister says images of police breaking up refugee camp 'shocking': 24 November 2020: France’s interior minister has described images of police breaking up a refugee camp in central Paris, chasing people down streets and attacking journalists and others with truncheons and teargas as 'shocking', as Benalla-Macron's administration continues to endanger country's democracy and press freedom

29 November 2020 'unacceptable' injury of Syrian photojournalist Alhalbi during Paris protest against police brutality: 29 November 2020: Press freedom group has denounced the 'unacceptable' injury of award-winning Syrian photojournalist Ameer Alhalbi during a Paris protest against police brutality, as the freelance photographer who worked for Polka Magazine and AFP was covering the demonstrations against police violence and the government’s new law restricting the sharing of images of officers over the weekend when he was injured at the end of the tenth year of Assad's, Putin's and Khamenei's war against the Syrian people - 29 novembre 2020: L’Agence France-Presse AFP a réclamé dimanche une enquête de police après que l’un de ses collaborateurs, le photographe syrien Ameer al-Halbi, qui a été primé à plusieurs reprises pour ses photos de la guerre en Syrie pour le compte de l’AFP, a été blessé samedi durant la manifestation contre le texte de loi 'sécurité globale' et des violences policières samedi à Paris

4 December 2020 UN experts say France security law incompatible with human rights: 4 December 2020: France security law incompatible with human rights, say UN experts, as 5 independent UN special reporters took the French government to task over the proposed legislation and said tinkering with it by rewriting certain clauses was not enough

3 February 2021 Paris court has convicted the French state of failing to address the climate crisis and not keeping its promises: 3 February 2021: Paris court has convicted the French state of failing to address the climate crisis and not keeping its promises to tackle greenhouse gas emissions, hailed as a historic ruling, as the court found the state guilty of 'non-respect of its engagements' aimed at combating global warming, and as the legal case was brought by four French environmental groups after a petition signed by 2.3 million people

27 March 2021 Mitterand ruled France reacted too slowly in appreciating the extent of 1994's Rwandan genocide: 27 March 2021: A commission that spent nearly two years plumbing France's role in 1994's Rwandan genocide concluded Friday that the country reacted too slowly in appreciating the extent of the horror that left over 800,000 dead but cleared it of complicity in the slaughter

4 June 2021: Macron says French pension changes will not go ahead as planned: 4 June 2021: Macron says French pension changes will not go ahead as planned, ruling out overhaul amid covid crisis and again refusing to say if he will stand for re-election

June 2021 French regional elections: 13 et 20 juin 2021 élections régionales françaises - Juin 2021 élections départementales françaises de 2021

21 June 2021 France’s national extremists performed worse than predicted: 21 June 2021: France’s national extremists performed worse than predicted in Sunday’s regional elections, exit polls showed, leaving victory in the southern battleground of Provence-Alpes-Cote d’Azur and a platform for the 2022 presidential election in the balance

27 June 2021 French citizens voting in the second round of regional elections: 27 June 2021: France has begun voting in the second round of regional elections after a first round that resulted in a drubbing for Macron’s ruling party, disappointment for Marine Le Pen and a record low turnout, as the first-round results were a boost for the traditional turned backwards 'Les Républicains' as well as the Socialist party, who have been squeezed after the centrist Macron surged into power in 2017

28 June 2021 France’s regional elections with record low turnout of less than 35%: 28 June 2021: Five key takeaways from France’s regional elections, as record low turnout of less than 35% makes it difficult to draw clear lessons as both Macron and Le Pen did badly, but also showing wins for centre-left parties, 'The Guardian' reports

3 August 2021 Macron's t-shirt logo inspires conspiracy theories, surprised British 'Guardian' says: 3 August 2021: Macron's t-shirt logo inspired conspiracy theories, surprised British newspaper 'Guardian' says, as more British and French media and newspapera including 'Le monde' were ignoring that Maconr's black t-shirt logo designed in white and black is linked to the invention of notation of music thousand years ago, therefore composed music - the not representational art like the language - and the following tradition and consequences of composed music, culture and society until today

12 September 2021 Anne Hidalgo announces presidential candidacy: 12 septembre 2021: La socialiste Anne Hidalgo a officialisé sa candidature à l’élection présidentielle en s’engageant à 'réinventer' le modèle républicain français qui 'sous nos yeux se désintègre'

15 October 2021 'Laicité is probably one of the most misunderstood concept in France': 15 October 2021: 'Laicité is probably one of the most misunderstood concept in France', French legal scholar Rim-Sarah Alouane explains, as France honours slain teacher Samuel Paty one year after his murder, killed for showing Prophet Mohammed cartoons

5 November 2021 Macron's sacked aide Alexandre Benalla given a jail sentence: 5 November 2021: Sacked aide to French president Macron, Alexandre Benalla, has been given a jail sentence for beating up two demonstrators in 2018, striking a young man and grabbing a young woman by the neck at a May Day protest in Paris

8 December 2021 Anne Hidalgo wants union of the left in time: 8 décembre 2021: Face à la situation d'une 'gauche fracturée', la candidate socialiste à la présidentielle de 2022 Anne Hidalgo a proposé l'organisation d'une primaire de la gauche 'arbitrée par nos concitoyens'

16 March 2022 French election campaign ignores ‘humanity’s greatest challenge’ to act against climate change: 16 March 2022 French election campaign ignores ‘humanity’s greatest challenge’ to act against climate change, as the subject of climate change has all but vanished from France’s presidential campaign, sidelined by the war in Ukraine, a lack of media exposure, and candidates’ own reluctance to broach the subject - List of schools in France

April 2022 French presidential election in a semi-presidential system of government: 10 April - 24 April 2022 French presidential election, as - should no candidate win a majority of the vote in the first round - a runoff will be held between the top two candidates on 24 April 2022. The election will take place just before the 2022 legislative election on 12 June with runoffs on 19 June, because the 1958 French constitution established a semi-presidential system of government - Opinion polling for the 2022 French presidential election

10 April 2022 'The Guardian' reports with live updates: 10 April 2022: Macron to face Le Pen in second round, according to projections, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates for the 2022 French presidential election

11 April 2022 French presidential election results in the first round: 11 avril 2022: Les résultats du premier tour de l’élection présidentielle commune par commune, et la carte de France du vote, presentée par France24

Since 1 May 2022 'NUPES' New People's Ecologist and Social Union, a left-wing political coalition: Avril-mai 2022 accords de coalition, après le 28 avril, 'Génération.s' et 'La France insoumise' annoncent avoir trouvé un accord dans un communiqué commun, après le 3 mai 2022, le PCF annonce rejoindre la Nouvelle Union populaire écologique et sociale, après validation de l'accord par le conseil national du parti avec 120 voix pour, 25 contre et 13 abstentions, et après dans la nuit du 5 au 6 mai, l'accord est approuvé par le conseil national du parti socialiste à 167 voix pour (62 %), 101 contre (38 %) et 23 abstentions - 6 mai 2022: Le Conseil national des socialistes valide l'accord avec les insoumis et le PS dit 'oui' á l'union de la gauche

17 May 2022 France’s new PM Élisabeth Borne faces immediate pressure to act on climate: 17 May 2022: Ahead of June 2022 legislative elections new French PM Élisabeth Borne has immediately come under pressure from environmentalists on the left who warned 'hopes were low' that she would drastically cut France’s carbon emissions or move fast enough to address global heating, despite Macron’s election promise to make France a world-leader on the climate emergency, sfter PM Borne’s first comments after taking office were to promise to 'act faster and stronger' to deal with climate challenges

21 May 2022 new French government named: 21 mai 2022: La composition du gouvernement d'Élisabeth Borne a été dévoilée vendredi - 20 May 2022: New French government named, as 'euractiv' says 'continuity with some surprises'

5 June 2022 Ukraine slams president Macron for comments on Russia: 5 June 2022: Following French president Macron's comments regarding preserving Russia from humiliation, Ukrainian FM Dmytro Kuleba reacted on Saturday saying such calls 'only humiliate France' and any country taking a similar position. 'It is Russia that humiliates itself. We all better focus on how to put Russia in its place. This will bring peace and save lives', France24 reports with live updates from Ukraine

12 and 19 June 2022 legislative elections in France: 12 juin 2022 1er tour, 19 juin 2022 2d tour élections législatives françaises de 2022 afin d'élire les 577 députés de la XVIe législature de la Cinquième République - List de sondages sur les élections législatives françaises de 2022

10 July 2022 Emmanuel Macron secretly aided Uber lobbying drive in France, also EU's Neelie Kroes, leak reveals: 10 July 2022: Emmanuel Macron secretly aided Uber lobbying drive in France, leak reveals, as also former EU digital chief secretly helped Uber lobby Dutch PM, leak suggests - 10 July 2022: How Uber lobbied the world’s political elite to try and get its way, 'The Irish Times' reports

17 July 2022 France remembers its horror of sending 13,000 Jews to Nazi Germany during Vel d’Hiv deportations: 17 July 2022: France remembers its horror of sending 13,000 Jews to Nazi Germany during Vel d’Hiv deportations, as - family by family, house by house - French police rounded up 13,000 people in central Paris on two terrifying days in July 1942. Then they sent them to Nazi death camps simply because they were Jewish. Eight decades later, France is honouring the victims and trying to keep their memory alive.

28 July 2022 Khashoggi's fiancée accuses Macron of receiving her late partner's 'executioner with all the honours': 28 July 2922: Saudi Crown Prince bin Salman's visit to France - coming amid spiralling energy prices and fears over Iran's nuclear programme - has angered rights groups, as he seeks to further rehabilitate himself following the murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi, as Khashoggi's fiancée said she was outraged by his visi accusing president Macron of receiving her late partner's 'executioner with all the honours'

1 December 2022 France backs plans for tribunal for Russian officials over Ukraine war: 1 December 2022: France has become the first major western state to publicly back the creation of a special tribunal to try top Russian officials - potentially including Vladimir Putin - for the crime of aggression in Ukraine, as the French foreign ministry said on Wednesday it was working with its European partners on the proposal

19 February 2023 French pension reform bill passes to Senate as tense parliament session ends: 19 February 2023: The French government's plans to raise the retirement age to 64 from 62, which has led to widespread protests, moved on to the Senate after a tense parliamentary debate ended on Saturday

12 mars 2023 le Sénat adopte la réforme des retraites avant une semaine décisive: 12 mars 2023: Le Sénat, dominé par la droite, a adopté samedi, tard dans la soirée, le projet de réforme des retraites par 195 voix pour et 112 contre, après dix jours de débats houleux. Le texte va poursuivre son parcours législatif lors d'une semaine décisive, avec un vote crucial, probablement jeudi, à l'Assemblée nationale

19 March 2023 government to face no-confidence vote over pension age rise after Macron’s decision to push through changes without vote: 19 March 2023: The French government will face a no-confidence vote on Monday, as MPs said they feared for their safety, strike action intensified and police banned demonstrators from parts of central Paris after Emmanuel Macron’s decision to push through an unpopular rise in the pension age without a parliament vote. Opposition politicians have filed two no-confidence motions in protest at the government using controversial executive powers to raise the state pension age from 62 to 64.

22 mars 2023 la mobilisation nationale contre la réforme des retraites et les blocages continuent à travers le pays: 22 mars 2023: À la veille d'une journée de mobilisation nationale contre la réforme des retraites, Emmanuel Macron a souhaité mercredi que la réforme des retraites entre en vigueur en France d'ici la fin de l'année

14 April 2023 French court approves Macron’s unpopular plan to raise pension age: 14 April 2023 France’s highest constitutional court has approved Emmanuel Macron’s proposals to raise the minimum pension age from 62 to 64. The ruling means the government can pass Macron’s unpopular plans to increase the minimum eligible pension age as early as next week, to be in force by the end of this year.

22 April 2023 Macron struggles to move on from pension controversy: 22 April 2023: Emmanuel Macron only just dodged another day of heckles and boos from opponents of the controversial pension reform, but a war of attrition aimed at the president and his government looks to have no sign of letting up

23 June 2023 governments at Paris summit to finalise climate finance roadmap before the UN Cop28 climate summit this November: 23 June 2023: Paris climate finance summit fails to deliver debt forgiveness plan, as countries in debt distress thrown financial lifeline but critics say measures fall short of what is needed - 23 June 2023: Paris finance reforms could untie poor countries’ hands in climate crisis and changes to the World Bank could unlock developing states access to loans and to the means of staving off disaster, as many poor countries enjoy vast natural resources of wind and sun yet struggle to access renewable energy because of the crippling cost of capital imposed on them. Private sector companies perceive far greater risk in poor countries, penalising most heavily the countries in greatest need of investment.

27 June 2023 killing of Nahel M. by a police officer during a traffic stop in Nanterre: 27 June 2023 killing of Nahel M. by a police officer during a traffic stop in Nanterre. Authorities arrested the police officer who shot Nahel on suspicion of 'voluntary homicide by a person in authority'. The killing led to widespread protests and riots in which symbols of state authority, such as town halls, schools, and police stations, were attacked. Over 150 arrests were made in connection with the riots.

28 June 2023 after Nanterre police shooting Macron says killing of teenager ‘inexcusable’: 28 June 2023: After police shot dead a teenager during a traffic stop in Nanterre and appeared to have lied about the circumstances of the killing, French president described the shooting dead of 17-year-old Nael as 'inexcusable', in rare criticism of law enforcement.

29 juin 2023: l'Algérie suit avec une 'très grande attention' les développements de l'affaire: 29 juin 2023: Après la disparition du jeune Nahel, l'Algérie suit avec une 'très grande attention' les développements de l'affaire

30 June 2023 Macron tells parents to keep teenagers at home, policing unions criticised over inflammatory language: 30 June 2023: Macron tells parents to keep teenagers at home, policing unions criticised over inflammatory language, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates

1 July 2023 nearly 1,000 protesters arrested on fourth night of unrest: 1 July 2023: 45 thousand police officers, including special forces, were deployed to respond to rioting across the country on Friday night, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates

2 July 2023 calmer night reported despite 700 arrests during France riots: 2 July 2023: Police made at least 700 arrests during a fifth night of rioting in France, but despite an attack on the home of a local mayor authorities said the scale and intensity of the violence sparked by the fatal police shooting of a teenager appeared to be waning. As security reinforcements were deployed on Saturday to flashpoint cities around the country, including Lyon, Marseille and Grenoble, protesters – mostly minors – again torched cars, looted shops, damaged infrastructure and clashed with police.

3 juillet 2023 rassemblements de soutien au maire de L'Haÿ-les-Roses devant les mairies de France: 3 juillet 2023: Rassemblements de soutien au maire de L'Haÿ-les-Roses devant les mairies de France après la violente attaque contre son domicile, qui a suscité une vague d'indignation à travers le pays, les derniers événements par France24 en direct

5 July 2023 Macron accused of authoritarianism after threat to cut off social media: 5 July 2023: Emmanuel Macron is facing a backlash after threatening to cut off social media networks as a means of stopping the spread of violence during periods of unrest

Social movements and protests in France: Protests in France - Political movements in France

2011: 12. Oktober 2011: Proteste gegen Sparpläne in Frankreich

17 October 2011: Paris rally remembering the victims of a deadly police crackdown against Algerians fifty years ago

2012: 18. März 2012: Großdemonstration der französischen 'Linksfront', deren Präsidentschaftskandidat Jean-Luc Mélenchon auf der Place de la Bastille zu einem 'Aufstand der Bürger' aufruft - 15 August: Amiens riots spark French fears of economic unrest - 30 septembre: Plusieurs milliers de personnes défilent à Paris contre l'austérité - 3 October 2012: Approximately 10.000 residents of a Grenoble suburb took to the streets in a silent protest to express their horror at the brutal killings of two young men

2013: 5 janvier 2013: Lors d'une rencontre avec une délégation des salariés de Petroplus à Val-de-Reuil (Eure), Hollande a exclu une reprise du site par les pouvoirs publics - 25 March 2013: Paris police used tear gas and batons to fight hundreds of thousands of people protesting against a draft law allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children - 5 mai 2013: Grande manifestation anti-austérité du Parti de Gauche à Paris - 6 June: Protests held in France after left-wing student Clement Meric beaten to death by a group of far-right militants - 10 septembre: Entre 155 000 et 360 000 personnes ont participé aux quelque 180 rassemblements organisés en France pour protester contre la première réforme des retraites - 17 October: Paris students protest against the deportation of foreign pupils following the high-profile eviction of a 15-year-old Roma girl - 1 décembre 2013: Face aux récentes attaques contre la ministre Christiane Taubira, plusieurs milliers de personnes se sont rassemblées à Paris pour dire non à toutes formes de discrimination - 3 décembre: Soirée contre la haine au Théâtre du Rond-Point à Paris

2014: 12 April 2014: Tens of thousands of people took part in protests in Paris and Rome on Saturday against government economic reform plans and austerity measures - 30 May 2014: Thousands of students rallied across France to protest against the far-right anti-immigration National Front party, which won a quarter of the votes in Sunday's European Parliament elections - 2 November: Violent protests erupt in France over alleged police brutality

2015: 9 January 2015: Thousands of people took to the streets in France and other countries again Thursday to condemn the killing of 12 people by terrorists at Paris-based satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo - 11 January: As police hunt suspected accomplice more than 700,000 people took to the streets of France in solidarity with terror victims ahead of Paris march - 11 January: An estimated 3.7 million people across France march in solidarity with terror victims, all ages, nations and religions showing their support for the Republic's 'liberté, égalité, fraternité' - 2 March: As Russians march in mourning for murdered opposition leader Nemtsov in Moscow, in Paris about 100 people gathered to remember Nemtsov, asking for an international investigation to be opened and carrying posters reading 'I am Boris' - 24 May 2015: About 3,000 protesters gathered in Paris to protest against the USA biotechnology giant Monsanto and its genetically modified crops and pesticides - 5 septembre: Plus de 10000 personnes se sont rassemblées samedi dans toute la France, et notamment à Paris, pour l’accueil des réfugiés - 22 novembre 2015: Plus de 10.000 manifestants 'contre la barbarie' à Toulouse, une semaine après les attentats de Paris - 2 December 2015: A court in Paris fines a woman €1,000 for refusing to have her fingerprints taken at a rally where clashes erupted between protesters and security forces ahead of 2015 UN climate summit

2016: 26 January 2016: Day of protest as taxi drivers, teachers, farmers and air traffic controllers among employees taking industrial action across France - 27 February: Angry French farmers heckle Hollande at agricultural fair amid rising tensions in agricultural sphere over competition from big industry and neighbouring countries in Europe's single market - 9 March 2016: French students take to the streets to protest far-reaching labour-law reforms as labour unions pledge to hold about 150 marches and protests nationwide - 24 mars 2016: Les manifestations contre le projet de loi travail, présenté en Conseil des ministres, ont rassemblé jeudi plusieurs milliers de jeunes et salariés à Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Grenoble ou encore Besançon, à l'appel de sept syndicats et organisations de jeunes, une vidéo montrant un policier frappant un jeune fait le buzz - 31 March 2016: Hundreds of thousands of workers and high-school students joined protest marches across France to challenge plans to loosen the country's protective labour laws that unions say favour businesses

April/May 2016: 'Nuit debout' French social movement that emerged from opposition to the 2016 proposed labor reforms and began on 31 March 2016 - 8 April 2016: For more than a week, vast gatherings have spread across France in a citizen-led movement, debating tax evasion, inequality on housing estates, labour laws, unemployment, the state of emergency, new surveillance laws, the changes to the justice system and the security crackdown, economics and climate change

9 April 2016: Demonstrations around France against a draft labour reform law have turned violent, with at least seven police officers injured and 17 people arrested in Paris and Rennes, which saw the worst clashes - 28/29 avril 2016: Salariés et étudiants sont à nouveau descendus dans la rue contre la loi travail à Paris, Nantes, Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse - 11 mai 2016: Plusieurs milliers de personnes se sont rassemblées en France à l'appel de Nuit debout afin de protester contre le recours à l'article 49-3 pour faire passer la loi Travail - 26 May 2016: Riot police arrested 16 people and fired teargas in violent clashes with protesters marching in Paris as striking workers continued to blockade refineries and nuclear power stations in an escalating stand-off over labour reforms

June 2016: 1 June 2016: French rail workers go on strike as disputes over labour laws spread - 14 June: French labour law protests again descend into violence

October 2016: 1 octobre 2016: Des milliers de personnes défilent contre le nucléaire jusqu'au chantier d'un nouveau réacteur pour la centrale de Flamanville en Normandie

January/February 2017: 21 January 2017 Women's March in cities around the world, including Bordeaux, Marseille, Paris and Toulouse, to promote women's rights and to address racial inequities, workers' issues, and environmental issues - 18 février 2017: 4000 à 5000 personnes selon les organisateurs, se sont réunies samedi à Paris à l'appel notamment d'associations antiracistes et de syndicats, pour protester contre les violences policières après le viol à la matraque présumé d'un jeune noir, Théo, au cours d'une interpellation - 19 février 2017: Des manifestations contre la 'corruption' en politique se sont déroulées dimanche à Paris et ailleurs en France, une première depuis les accusations d'emplois fictifs visant le candidat de droite à la présidentielle François Fillon et la candidate d'extrême droite Marine Le Pen

April 2017: 3 avril 2017: Six mille personnes ont manifesté dimanche à Paris pour dénoncer la mort d'un père de famille chinois tué par un policier - 17 April 2017: Demonstrators march against French 'National Front', denouncing xenophobia and racism they allege Marine Le Pen and her anti-immigration and anti-EU party represent, saying that basic freedoms will disappear if she is elected

Since May 2017 protests against Emmanuel Macron: Since May 2017 protests against Emmanuel Macron, a series of protests since Macron was announced the winner of the 2017 French presidential election, mainly conducted by trade unions

July 2017: 4 July 2017: Opposition MPs boycotted the gathering of both houses of parliament at former seat of French kings and Macron's farce, accusing him of a monarchical drift, also provoking anger and concerns over costs

September 2017: 12 September 2017: Tens of thousands of people rallied against Macron's labour law reforms, as demonstrators seize on president’s use of word 'lazy’ as rallying slogan for protests in Paris and other big cities - 24 September 2017: Accusing French president of throwing away postwar social gains, thousands join Mélenchon protest in Paris against labour reforms of Emmanuel Macron

October 2017: 10 October 2017: French public sector workers have gone on strike and staged street demonstrations across France to protest against Macron’s budget cuts and pro-business agenda, as all nine unions representing public sector workers from hospital staff and teachers to air traffic controllers called joint industrial action for the first time in a decade - 29 octobre 2017: Des centaines de personnes se sont réunies à Paris et dans plusieurs grandes villes de France pour dénoncer le harcèlement, les agressions et les violences sexuelles

January/February 2018: Mouvement social de 2018 à Mayotte est un mouvement social qui se produit à Mayotte dès le début de l'année 2018, qui se traduit par des manifestations depuis le 19 janvier et une grève générale à partir du 20 février

March 2018: 3 mars 2018: Des échauffourées ont eu lieu samedi après-midi entre forces de l'ordre et opposants à un projet d'enfouissement des déchets nucléaires radioactifs du parc français dans le nord-est du pays

22 March 2018: Thousands of train drivers, teachers, nurses, air traffic controllers and other public sector staff have gone on strike across France and begun street protests against Macron’s latest reform drive concerning labour relations and laws

28 March 2018: Several thousand people took part in a silent march in Paris on Wednesday and in other large French cities including Lyon, Marseille and Strasbourg in memory of Mireille Knoll who survived the Holocaust but was stabbed to death last week, in what is being investigated as an antisemitic attack, raising questions about France’s failure to tackle resurgent antisemitism after in 2017 Orthodox Jewish Sarah Halimi was beaten and thrown out of the window of her home in Paris

April 2018: 4 April 2016: France is facing a second day of transport chaos as rail workers continue what is expected to be three months of intermittent strikes, the first major test to Emmanuel Macron’s pro-business plan to reshape the French economy and loosen labour rules in the state sector

May 2018: 1/2 May 2018: On May Day 2018 rallies and riots in France and around the world - 5 May 2018: Thousands protest against Macron’s sweeping reforms under heavy security in Paris

July 2018: 5 July 2018: Protesters take part in silent march after dead man’s family call for calm and as police officer who shot and killed a man during a stop-and-search operation in Nantes, sparking two nights of rioting and violence, has been taken into custody for questioning

October 2018: 9 octobre 2018: Journée de grève et de manifestations pour défendre le 'modèle social'

1/2 November 2018: 1/2 November 2018: Eiffel Tower went dark on 1 November to support press freedom in the aftermath of the killing of Jamal Khashoggi, ahead of international day to end impunity for crimes against journalists

Since 16/17 November 2018: Depuis octobre 2018 'Mouvement des Gilets jaunes', au départ centrée sur la hausse des prix du carburant pour l'automobile, s'élargit rapidement à la question du pouvoir d'achat des classes moyennes et populaires - 16/17 novembre 2018: Une manifestante est décédée samedi matin en Savoie sur un barrage organisé par les 'gilets jaunes' après avoir été heurtée par une voiture - 18 novembre 2018: Au lendemain de la mobilisation qui a rassemblé près de 288'000 personnes dans toute la France, la mobilisation contre la baisse du pouvoir d'achat continue - 24 November 2018: French 'gilets jaunes' protests turn violent on the streets of Paris, as police fire tear gas at protesters and officials say Marine Le Pen is to blame

24 November 2018: 24 November 2018: Tens of thousands of people rallied across Europe on Saturday protesting violence against women, with more than 30,000 turning out in Paris

December 2018: 3 décembre 2018: Une vieille dame, qui a été atteinte par une grenade lacrymogène tirée lors des manifestations des 'gilets jaunes' à Marseille, est morte à l'hôpital - 7 December 2018: French high school students in Paris made to kneel with hands on heads by police, as protests at nearly 300 schools against stricter university entrance requirements have added to recent unrest - 8 December 2018: Over 350 detained and police accused to use teargas against protesters, as Paris braces for ‘yellow vest’ protest violence, and tens of thousands of police took position around France, fearing worsening violence in a new round of anti-government protests - 9 December 2018: 'Protesters' faced off with French riot police in Paris, hurling projectiles, torching cars, vandalising shops, restaurants and newsstands, also damaging a social movement which stands up for an increase to the minimum wage, lower taxes, higher salaries, cheaper energy, better retirement benefits and help for hard-pressed households, certainly without ability to replace torched cars - 9 December 2018: Uniting green and yellow vest protesters, people took to the streets in Paris on Saturday to demand that global leaders take action on climate change

January 2019: 5 janvier 2019: Les 'gilets jaunes' continuent la mobilisation dans plusieurs villes de France, pour défier le gouvernement - 6 janvier 2019: Lors des rassemblements des 'gilets jaunes' à Toulon, un officier de police a été filmé en train de frapper plusieurs personnes, pour le procureur de la République c'était un acte 'proportionnel' - 6 janvier 2019: Des centaines de femmes 'gilets jaunes' se sont rassemblées dimanche dans plusieurs villes, souhaitant donner une image pacifique du mouvement au lendemain d'une mobilisation nationale aussi marquée à la fin par de nouvelles violences - 8 January 2019: Former French boxing champion who was filmed punching police officers during a gilets jaunes protest and who handed himself in to police, has said in a video that he had 'boiled over' after being teargassed alongside his wife on his eighth Saturday protest, also saying 'I reacted badly', adding that he had seen the 'repression' of the police towards protesters - 11 janvier 2019: Manifestation des 'gilets jaunes' interdite à Bourges - 12 janvier 2019: Des dizaines de milliers de 'gilets jaunes' sont de nouveau attendus samedi partout en France contre la politique sociale et fiscale du gouvernement - 12 January 2019: Police use water cannon and teargas on Paris protesters, as at least 84,000 demonstrators turned out across France, according to officials, and as in Bourges, a town of 66,000 people (chosen because of its central location) about 6,700 gilets jaunes gathered despite a ban on protests in its historical centre

February 2019: 2 February 2019: Thousands of 'gilets jaunes' protesters have marched through Paris and other French cities on Saturday on the 12th weekend of action against the government and to denounce police violence

8 February 2019: 8 février 2019: Selon un sondage, près de deux Français sur trois (64%) continuent de 'soutenir' le mouvement des 'gilets jaunes', soit deux points de plus en un mois, et 77% jugent leur mobilisation justifiée

8/9 February 2019: 9 February 2019: Several thousand supporters of an exiled Iranian opposition group marched through Paris on Friday, calling for an end to Iran’s clerical regime 40 years after the regime's seizure of power and months after European authorities thwarted regime-backed plot to bomb event

9 February 2019: 9 février 2019: Plusieurs milliers de 'gilets jaunes' ont manifesté en France pour leur 'acte 13', à nouveau marqué par des incidents dans la capitale où un manifestant a eu une main arrachée par une 'grenade de désencerclement' lancée par la police

19 February 2019: 19 February 2019: In Paris and dozens of other cities across France tens of thousands of people joint by politicians and officials have taken to the streets to protest against a recent rise in antisemitic attacks

March 2019: 23 March 2019: Police and demonstrators clashed sporadically in Paris and other French cities as gilets jaunes protests against president Macron’s government were largely peaceful, but turned violent in the late afternoon in Paris - 24 March 2019: Relatives of a 73-year-old gilets jaunes protester who was seriously injured when French riot police pushed back demonstrators in Nice on Saturday are to file an official complaint for 'wilful violence'

2 June 2019 protest against police violence: 2 juin 2019: Des centaines de 'gilets jaunes' blessés ont protesté contre les violences policières à Paris pour dénoncer les 'mutilations policières' et réclamer l'interdiction des lanceurs de balles de défense et de certaines grenades lacrymogènes, 'inutilement dangereux', en demandant 'qu'est-ce qui vous a autorisés à nous mutiler à vie alors que nous ne faisions que manifester?'

11 June 2019 health system budget cuts protests: 11 June 2019: Emergency room doctors and nurses have protested outside the French health ministry amid strikes at dozens of hospitals across the country as medics warned that budget cuts were leading France’s world-class health system to the brink of collapse and putting patients’ lives at risk

June/July 2019: 1 July 2019: French police used riot shields and pepper spray to clear scores of climate activists blocking traffic on the Pont de Sully in the centre of the city on Friday, as Paris sweltered in a record-breaking heatwave that many blame on global heating, and as a journalist’s video shows police spraying the demonstrators in the face

July 2019 Syrian refugees hunger strike: 5 July 2019: More Syrian refugees in Europe are joining a hunger strike, as activists gathered in Paris on Thursday, holding signs that demonstrated solidarity with the victims of the Assad regime and Russian brutal bombing campaign, and as French government itself is involved in the July 2019 Tajoura migrant center massacre and airstrikes by warlord Haftar's forces, backed by Egypt, France, Russia and the United Arab Emirates

August 2019 protest against police violence: 3 août 2019: Mille sept cents personnes, selon la police, ont défilé samedi après-midi contre les violences policières à Nantes

13 September 2019 transport strike: 13 September 2019: Biggest transport strike in 12 years brings Paris to a halt amid anger at Macron's pension reforms

21 September 2019 tear gas against protest targeting economic injustice: 21 September 2019: Paris police used tear gas to disperse anti-government demonstrators who are trying to revive the yellow vest movement in protest against economic injustice and Macron's government

October 2019 October 2019 'fire team' members protest against disregard:: 15 octobre 2019: Les professionnels du feu, venus des quatre coins de la France, ont manifesté mardi à Paris contre le manque de moyens et de reconnaissance de leur profession

16 November 2019 Gilets jaunes mark first anniversary: 16 November 2019: Gilets jaunes mark first anniversary of social movement's protests as police forces fires teargas and water canon against protesters in French capital and as demonstrations were planned in other cities including Bordeaux, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Nantes, Toulouse, Calais, Colmar and Dunkirk - 16 November 2019: French Police arrested over 100 anti-government demonstrators who gathered in Paris and other major cities, as protester hold placards during demonstrations also critizising police violence, as trade unions have called on railway workers, Paris public transport staff, truck drivers and civil servants to strike against the pensions overhaul on 5 December

23 November 2019 protest against alarming levels of deadly violence against women: 23 novembre 2019: Près de 50'000 personnes ont défilé samedi à Paris pour dire 'stop' aux violences sexistes et sexuelles envers les femmes et aux féminicides, après le nombre de cas - au moins 116 depuis le début de l'année - suscite une vague d'indignation sans précédent en France

5 December 2019 strike over pension changes: 2019 French Pension Reform Plan Strike - 5 December 2019: French rail workers, air-traffic controllers, teachers and public sector staff staged walkouts and took to the streets against proposed changes to the pension system

6 December 2019 second day of strikes against planned pension changes: 6 December 2019: France faces second day of travel chaos as strikes continue and transport stoppages run into weekend amid protests against planned pension changes

9 December 2019: 9 décembre 2019: La mobilisation massive contre le 'système universel' de retraite sème le chaos sur les routes parisiennes

10 December 2019 further protests and strikes expected: 10 December 2019: France braces for further protests and strikes over pension changes, as transport chaos continues and as people are angry not only with pensions but low salaries, worsening prospects, the state of public services and what one demonstrator called 'the feeling of being forgotten', now fearing an attack on fundamental worker rights and to work longer for smaller pensions

16 December 2019 further strikes including truck drivers: 16 décembre 2019: Alors qu'une nouvelle manifestation d'ampleur est prévue mardi contre la réforme des retraites, les routiers posent aussi leurs revendications à l'appel de quatre syndicats de leur branche pour réclamer de meilleures conditions de travail et de salaires

17 December 2019 police fired teargas and charged at demonstrators: 17 December 2019: Police fired teargas and charged at demonstrators in central Paris as hundreds of thousands of protesters across the country staged a show of force against the government’s controversial pension reform plans

24 December 2019 strikes against planned pension changes continue: 24 décembre 2019: Les cheminots en France multiplient mardi les actions contre la réforme des retraites, deux semaines avant la date fixée par le gouvernement pour reprendre les discussions avec les partenaires sociaux, le 7 janvier

5 January 2020 ahead of talks amid calls for further walkouts and mass protests, protest over Sarah Halimi's murder: 5 January 2020: The standoff between the French government and trades unions over pension reforms reaches a critical point this week with talks due to resume amid calls for further walkouts and mass protests - 5 January 2020: Several thousand people, many of them Jews, rallied in several cities in France to protest a court’s ruling not to try a Muslim man who confessed to brutally killing his Jewish neighbor Sarah Halimi in 2017, while shouting about Allah

9 January 2020 nurses, teachers and lawyers join pension protests: 9 January 2020: Trade unions led street demonstrations in cities across France on Thursday as teachers, district nurses and lawyers joined strike action over pension changes - 9 janvier 2020: Des centaines de milliers de personnes sont à nouveau descendues dans la rue jeudi en France pour dénoncer une réforme controversée des retraites lors d'une quatrième journée de mobilisation nationale, marquée par des grèves notamment dans les transports

3 February 2020 lawyers and doctors protest in Paris as pensions row deepens: 3 February 2020: Self-employed private sector workers from across France, including lawyers, airline pilots, doctors and other health professionals have protested in Paris against the government’s pension changes

3 June 2020 Paris protest against racism and police violence: 3 June 2020: Clashes at Paris protest against racism and police violence

9 June 2020 in response to massive protests also in former colonial France police law changes authorities announced: 9 June 2020: In response to massive protests also in former colonial empire France authorities announce police law changes, also in New York, Minneapolis, as thousands mourn George Floyd at Texas memorial service amid calls for reform

18 June 2020 health workers protest in France: 18 June 2020: Health workers protest in France

23 June 2020 anti-racism protests against French colonial rule: 23 June 2020: Paris statue of colonial governor in Morocco, Algeria, Madagascar and Indochina defaced amid anti-racism protests, as demonstrations took place also in Lille in front of the statue of Faidherbe responsible for the massacres of several tens of thousands of people in present-day Senegal

18 July 2020 protest in Paris to mark anniversary of the death of black man Adama Traoré in custody: 18 July 2020: Protesters have marched through a Paris suburb to mark the fourth anniversary of the death of black man Adama Traoré in custody, whose case has sparked anger against police brutality and racial injustice in France

12 September 2020 French police use teargas at gilets jaunes protest in Paris: 12 September 2020: French authorities deployed a heavy police presence in Paris and used teargas as the 'gilets jaunes' movement returned to the capital after being dampened by the covid-19 crisis

18 October 2020 anti-terrorism protests in France: 18 octobre 2020: Des milliers de personnes demandant 'liberté d’expression, liberté d’enseigner' étaient rassemblées dimanche sur la place de la République à Paris pour rendre hommage à Samuel Paty, le professeur d’histoire décapité vendredi en région parisienne, tandis que plusieurs villes françaises sont le théâtre de manifestations ce dimanche en mémoire de l’enseignant assassiné vendredi par un réfugié russe de 18 ans

21/23 November 2020 pro-democracy protests against French law to protect police: 21 novembre 2020: Plusieurs milliers de personnes se sont rassemblées samedi à Marseille, à Montpellier et à Poitiers en France à l’appel notamment des organisations de journalistes contre la proposition de loi 'sécurité globale', adoptée la veille par l’Assemblée nationale et jugée attentatoire à 'la liberté d’expression' et à 'l’État de droit' - 23 November 2020: France cannot afford to lose the lead in global soft power precisely guaranteed by its reputation for being a champion of free speech and human rights

30 November 2020 Syria's Aleppo 2016 'came back' to Paris 2020: 30 November 2020: Among those hurt at protest against new law targeting French press freedom was the Syrian photojournalist Ameer Alhalbi, who has worked for AFP, and who was unable to get to hospital for several hours, saying he was reminded of being in the Syrian civil war, stating 'it was Aleppo that came back to me'

5 December 2020 thousands march over police violence and 'security' bill in Paris: 5 December 2020: Denouncing police violence and Emmanuel Macron’s security policy plans, which they say would infringe civil liberties, thousands march over violation of human rights and security bill in Paris, as riot officers fire teargas and charge protesters

5/6 December 2020 protests in France: 5/6 décembre 2020: Un total de 95 personnes ont été interpellées samedi en France lors des manifestations contre la loi Sécurité globale, parfois émaillées de violents incidents qui ont fait 67 blessées parmi les forces de l’ordre, selon un 'bilan définitif' indiqué dimanche par Gérald Darmanin

12/13 December 2020 more protests in France against Macron’s security policy plans: 12/13 décembre 2020: Plusieurs dizaines de milliers de manifestants ont défilé samedi pour la troisième semaine consécutive dans les rues de Paris et de plusieurs villes de France pour dénoncer une proposition de loi sur la sécurité qu’ils considèrent comme 'liberticide'

1 May 2021 rallies in France and Spain: 1 mai 2021: Des manifestations syndicales ont célébré samedi, en France et en Espagne, la journée internationale des travailleurs en dépit des restrictions imposées par la pandémie de covid-19

20 November 2021 demonstration in Paris protesting violence against women and children: 20 novembre 2021: À l'occasion de la journée internationale des droits de l'enfant, plusieurs milliers de personnes se sont rassemblés samedi à Paris, lors d'une marche organisée par le collectif féministe #NousToutes

13 January 2022 French teachers have held one of the biggest education strikes in recent years: 13 January 2022: French teachers have held one of the biggest education strikes in recent years, forcing the closure of hundreds of primary schools in protest at the government’s handling of Covid-19 measures in the education sector

12 March 2022 tens of thousands take part in climate protests across France: 12 March 2022: Tens of thousands take part in climate protests across France as demonstrations call for greater focus on environmental crisis in runup to presidential election next month

15 avril 2022 les étudiants français refusent de choisir entre Marine Le Pen ou Emmanuel Macron: 15 avril 2022: Les étudiants français ont manifesté, jeudi, devant la Sorbonne et d'autres universités, exprimant leur désillusion face au choix proposé à l'élection présidentielle. Ils ont appelé notamment à la mobilisation dans la région parisienne et à un nouveau rassemblement vendredi.

13 octobre 2022 la grève se poursuit dans plusieurs dépôts et raffineries en France: 13 octobre 2022: La grève se poursuit dans plusieurs dépôts et raffineries en France. Alors qu'un tiers des stations essence du pays rencontrent des difficultés d'approvisionnement, le gouvernement a lancé la réquisition des salariés d'un deuxième dépôt de carburant près de Dunkerque. TotalEnergies s'est dit prêt à consentir à une hausse de salaire de 6 % pour ses employés français.

15 octobre 2022 la CGT reconduit la grève chez TotalEnergies: 15 octobre 2022: La CGT a voté samedi pour la poursuite de la grève dans les raffineries de TotalEnergies. L'organisation syndicale, qui s'est retirée des négociations à la suite de la signature par TotalEnergies d'un accord majoritaire sur les salaires avec la CFDT et la CFE-CGC, avait annoncé vendredi vouloir prolonger la grève

24 December 2022 Paris police use teargas on protesters decrying Kurdish centre killings: 24 December 2022: Paris police use teargas on protesters decrying Kurdish centre killings, as hundreds rally after three people allegedly shot by man awaiting trial for refugee camp attack

Since 19 January 2023 French pension reform strikes, timeline presented by 'Wikipedia': Since 19 January 2023 French pension reform strikes and timeline, a series of general strikes and demonstrations organised in France by opponents to the pension reform of the Borne government, which plans to increase the retirement age from 62 to 64 years old

8 February 2023 third day of strikes and protests with more than 200 street demonstrations held in France over Macron pension plan: 8 February 2023: A third day of strikes and mass street demonstrations has taken place across France in opposition to Emmanuel Macron’s unpopular plan to raise the pension age to 64, after the government faced shouting and booing in parliament as lawmakers began debating the bill. The government said 757,000 people took part in more than 200 street demonstrations on Tuesday

11 March 2023 French demonstrators take to the streets to rally against Macron's pension plan for a seventh day: 11 March 2023: Demonstrators in France took to the streets Saturday for a seventh day of protest against Macron's pension reform plans, with police expecting up to a million people at rallies nationwide, as unions hope they can still force Macron to back down as parliament debates the draft law, with the National Assembly and the Senate moving towards a final vote as early as this month

6 April 2023 Paris brasserie 'Awning of La Rotonde' briefly in flames, as protests continue: 6 April 2023: Paris brasserie 'Awning of La Rotonde' favoured by Macron set alight and briefly in flames, as hundreds of thousands of mostly peaceful demonstrators again take to streets across France

13 April 2023 protests in France before Friday’s pension reform ruling: 13 April 2023: Protesters opposing president Macron’s unpopular plan to raise the retirement age to 64 have marched in cities and towns across France in a final show of anger before a decision on whether the measure meets constitutional standards. In Paris, as thousands marched along the designated protest route on Thursday, some protesters holding lit flares veered off to the Constitutional Council, which is to decide on Friday whether to nix any or all parts of the legislation.

2 May 2023 at least 108 police injured and 291 held in May Day protests in cities across France: 2 May 2023: At least 108 police injured and 291 held in May Day protests in cities across France, as French police fired teargas and clashed with demonstrators in Paris and other cities on Monday after trade unions transformed their traditional Labour Day marches into anti-government demonstrations against the rise in the retirement age

Since 27 June 2023 Nahel M. riots, timeline of an ongoing series of riots and civil disturbances in France: Since 27 June 2023 Nahel M. riots, an ongoing series of riots and civil disturbances in France. Unrest began in France on June 28, after the Killing of Nahel M. at the hands of an unknown police officer. Riots and arson continued for a second day. There has been reports of an ENEDIS building being set on fire and it having a risk of exploding. The fire was done at the hands of the rioter.

3 July 2023 France's mayors hold rallies as arrests fall on sixth night of riots: 3 July 2023: France's mayors hold rallies as arrests fall on sixth night of riots, opposing nearly a week of violent protests, even as the first signs emerged that the unrest was beginning to ease, France24 presents live blog

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in France: French society

Human rights in France: Human rights in France - Human rights abuses in France - Political repression in France and the French empire

1788-1793 opposition against slavery and slave trade in the French Empire: 1788-1793 Society of the Friends of the Blacks, a group of French men and women, who were abolitionists and opponents of black slavery and the African slave trade

Since 1799 Napoleonic wars, war crimes and restoration of slavery: 1803–1815 Napoleonic Wars, total war, millions of Napoleonic wars casualties, leading to an ongoing period of reaction, including the restoration of slavery, nationalism and chauvinism worldwide

1802-1804 resistance to slavery, repression and French atrocities in Haiti: In 1802, when it became apparent that the French under Napoleonic rule intended to re-establish slavery in Haiti black cultivators revolted in the summer of 1802, Leclerc's successor Vicomte de Rochambeau fought an even more brutal campaign, waged a near-genocidal campaign against the Haitians, killing everyone who was black, importing about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica, who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes, also drowning blacks - In 2005 French historian Claude Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, saying Napoleon was racist, instituted slavery, and was the first man in history that 'asked himself rationally the question how to eliminate, in as short a time as possible, and with a minimum of cost and personnel, a maximum of people described as scientifically inferior'

1830-1962 French use of torture in Algeria: 1830-1962 French use of torture since the beginning of the conquest and colonization of Algeria, initiated by the July Monarchy in 1830 and marked by a 'scorched earth' policy and the use of torture, which were legitimized by a racist ideology

Since 1945 French Indochina War and since 1930/1931 use of torture in Vietnam: French Army practiced torture in Vietnam since 1930 and during its Indochina War since 1945

July 2018 French surveillance exports to Egypt: 2 July 2018: New report reveals how the French State, now headed by Macron, and several French companies have participated in the bloody Egyptian repression of the past five years by supplying al-Sisi’s regime with military and surveillance equipment, helping to establish an Orwellian surveillance and control architecture that is being used to eradicate all forms of dissent and citizen action - 3 July 2018: NGOs accuse French companies of complicity in 'bloody Egyptian repression' over the last five years

December 2018 EU urges ban on security, surveillance exports to Egypt: 13 December 2018: Human rights groups estimate that as many as 60,000 political prisoners languish in Egyptian jails, significantly more than under Mubarak's dictatorship, as EU parliament urges ban on security, surveillance exports to Egypt over dire human rights record

January 2019: 26 January 2019: Macron under pressure from human rights groups over Egypt trip - 28 January 2019: After France's Macron in 2017, following a meeting in Paris, has seen Sisi as a stabilising force, wanting to bolster trade and defence ties with Cairo and telling a subsequent news conference it was not up to him to 'lecture' Egypt on civil liberties, he now faces a second meeting with Sisi, but Egypt hasn’t come through on defence and civilian deals, and rights groups say the crackdown on liberties has only worsened

2018/2019 French police brutality: 2018/2019 French police brutality - 14 December 2018: Police must end use of excessive force against protesters and high school children in France, rights group says

January 2019: 21 janvier 2019: Depuis le 17 novembre 2018, parmi les gilets jaunes et les journalistes 109 manifestants ont été gravement blessés par les forces de l’ordre, dont 78 par des tirs de lanceur de balle de 'défense', au moins 15 victimes ont perdu un oeil, selon le journal Libération - 27 January 2019: Gilets jaunes leader hit in eye during protest 'will be disabled for life' after he was struck by a 'flash-ball', a launcher used by French riot police to fire large rubber pellets, blamed for dozens of injuries, some serious, including the loss of eyes, despite warnings of the French Human Rights League against life threatening police attacks on peaceful demonstrators

Regions, departments and communes of France: Regions of France - Departments of France - French departments by population - Communes of France - Commune communities in France

Cities in France: Cities in France - List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants

Brittany region: Brittany region, the westernmost region of Metropolitan France. It covers about four fifths of the territory of the historic province of Brittany. Its capital is Rennes. Brittany is a peninsular region bordered by the English Channel to the north and the Bay of Biscay to the south, and its neighboring regions are Normandy to the northeast and Pays de la Loire to the southeast.

Ille-et-Vilaine department: Ille-et-Vilaine department of France, located in the region of Brittany in the northwest of the country. It is named after the two rivers of the Ille and the Vilaine. It had a population of 1,079,498 citizens in 2019, as lle-et-Vilaine is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790, from part of the province of Brittany

Principal towns and most populous communes of Ille-et-Vilaine department: Principal towns and most populous communes of Ille-et-Vilaine department, as its most populous commune is Rennes city, the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 6 communes with more than 15,000 inhabitants, including Rennes city with 220,488 citizens, Saint-Malo city with 46,803, Fougères commune with 20,595, Bruz commune with 18,905, Vitré commune with 18,487, and Cesson-Sévigné commune with 17,082 citizens

Rennes city: Rennes city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France at the confluence of the Ille and the Vilaine. Rennes is the prefecture of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department. In 2017, the urban area had a population of 357,327 citizens, and the larger metropolitan area had 739,974 citizens, as the inhabitants of Rennes are called Rennais/Rennaises in French. Rennes's history goes back more than 2,000 years, at a time when it was a small Gallic village named Condate

History of Rennes since ancient times, timeline since 5th century CE: History of Rennes since ancient times, as by the 2nd century BC the Gallic tribe known as the Redones had occupied a territory in eastern Brittany roughly equivalent to the modern department of Ille-et-Vilaine and had established their chief township at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine rivers. The modern city of Rennes, the chief township of the Redones, was contemporaneously referred to as Condate a Celtic term for confluence which was utilised to designate numerous towns in ancient Gaul. - Timeline of Rennes since 5th century CE, as the Roman Catholic diocese of Rennes became active

Timeline of the history of the city of Rennes since 5th century CE: Timeline of the history of the city of Rennes since 5th century CE, when the Roman Catholic diocese of Rennes became active

1485/1553 establishment of a sovereign Parliament of Brittany: 1485 establishment of a sovereign Parliament of Brittany at Vannes, March 1553 recreation of this Parliament of Brittany, now sitting alternately at Rennes in the summer and Nantes in winter/spring

1899 Alfred Dreyfus' second trial takes place in Rennes: 1899 Alfred Dreyfus' second trial takes place in Rennes, as the case and scandal began in December 1894 when Captain Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason. Dreyfus was an Alsatian French artillery officer of Jewish descent. He was falsely convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for communicating French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris, and was imprisoned on Devil's Island in French Guiana, where he spent nearly five years

20th century timeline of Rennes: Timeline of Rennes in the 20th century, when in 1940 German empire's occupation begins, ending in August 1944 during the liberation of Rennes by Allied forces, when in 1998 Rennes partnered with Poznan in Poland, and when in 1999 Rennes partnered with Sibiu in Romania

21st century timeline of Rennes: Timeline of Rennes in the 20th century, when in 1940 German empire's occupation begins, ending in August 1944 during the liberation of Rennes by Allied forces, when in 1998 Rennes partnered with Poznan in Poland, and when in 1999 Rennes partnered with Sibiu in Romania

Since April 2014 Nathalie Appéré mayor of Rennes: In April 2014 member of the Socialist Party Nathalie Appéré becomes mayor of Rennes, reelected for a second term in 2020, running on the EELV-Left Front ticket

Normandy region: Normandy region, a geographical and cultural region, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy, comprising mainland Normandy with a population of 3,322,757 citizens in 2013, as large settlements include Rouen, Le Havre and Cherbour

History of Normandy: History of Normandy, initially populated by Celtic tribes in the West and Belgic tribes in the North Eas

Modern history of Normandy and 20th century German empire's wars: Modern history of Normandy since 18th and 19th centuries, as in the 20th century the Normany region during NSDAP ruled German empire's Second World War - following the armistice of 22 June 1940, when continental Normandy became a part of the German occupied zone of France in the war - became the place of a significant turning point and led to the restoration of the French Republic, as the remainder of Normandy was liberated only on 9 May 1945 at the end of the war, when the occupation of the Channel Islands effectively ended

6 June – 30 August 1944 Allied casualties during liberation struggle, including civilians: Juin/août 1944 Pertes des Alliés - forces terrestres 209 672 tués, blessés et disparus, forces aériennes 16 714 tués et disparus - civils 50 000 tués, blessés et disparus (dont tués 33 000) - Casualties and losses of 6 June – 30 August 1944, as victims during Allied forces 'Operation Overlord' include 226,386 Allied casualties and 25,000–39,000 civilian deaths

Politics of modern region of Normandy since 2016: Politics of Normandy, as the modern region of Normandy was created by the territorial reform of French Regions in 2014 by the merger of Lower Normandy, and Upper Normandy, with the new region taking effect on 1 January 2016, after the regional elections in December 2015

Le Havre city: Le Havre city, an urban French commune and city in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region, meaning 'the harbour' or 'the port', and situated on the right bank of the estuary of the river Seine on the Channel southwest of the Pays de Caux, as the city is the most populous commune of Upper Normandy, although the total population of the greater Le Havre conurbation is smaller than that of Rouen, and - after Reims - it is also the second largest subprefecture in France

Economy and transport in Le Havre: Economy and transport in Le Havre

Port of Le Havre: Port of Le Havre, the second-largest commercial port in France in terms of overall tonnage, and the largest container port, with three sets of terminals

Timeline of Le Havre: Timeline of Le Havre

1516 Harbour construction begins: 1516 Harbour construction begins

Since 1847 Le Havre station: Since 1847 Le Havre station

Le Havre during the times of German empire's wars 1914–1945: Le Havre during the times of German empire's wars 1914–1945

Le Havre after 1945: Le Havre after 1945

Rouen city: Rouen city on the River Seine in northern France, the capital of the region of Normandy, as the population of the metropolitan area was 666,035 citizens in 2017

Economy and transport in Rouen: Transport in Rouen

Education in Rouen: Education in Rouen

Museums in Rouen: Museums in Rouen - Maritime, Fluvial and Harbour Museum of Rouen

Timeline of Rouen: Timeline of Rouen

History of Rouen in the Middle Ages: History of Rouen in the Middle Ages

History of Rouen in the 19th/20th centuries and German empire's world wars: History of Rouen in the 19th and 20th centuries, as during German empire's First World War 1914-1918, the British used Rouen as a supply base and there were many military hospitals, and as Rouen - during German empire's World War II until 1945 - was heavily damaged and approximately 45% of the city was destroyed, until the city was finally liberated by the Canadians on 30 August 1944

Since 1966 University of Rouen: Since 1966 University of Rouen

6 August 2016 Rouen fire: 6 August 2016 Rouen fire, as 14 youths were killed in a fire at the Cuba Libre bar in Rouen

Caen city: Caen city in northwestern France, the prefecture of the department of Calvados, as the city proper has 108,365 inhabitants in 2012, while its urban area has 420,000 citizens, making Caen the largest city in former Lower Normandy

Port of Caen and history: Port of Caen, the harbour and port authority of the Norman city of Caen, as the port of Caen is composed of a series of basins on the Canal de Caen à la Mer, linking Caen to Ouistreham - Histoire de Port de Caen-Ouistreham

Timeline of Caen: Timeline of Caen

912 Caen becomes western capital of Normandy: 912 Caen becomes western capital of Normandy

Since 1432 University of Caen Normandy: Since 1432 University of Caen Normandy

Since 1652 Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen: Since 1652 Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen

Since 1837/57 Canal de Caen à la Mer: Since 1837/57 Canal de Caen à la Mer, connecting the Port of Caen, in the city of Caen, downstream to the town of Ouistreham and the English Channel

Since 1857 Caen station: Since 1857 Caen station

June-August 1944 Battle for Caen between German Panzergruppe (GFM Rommel) and British Second Army: 6 June - 6 August 1944 Battle for Caen between the British Second Army and the German Panzergruppe West - commanded by GFM Erwin Rommel and more Nazi-generals - in NSDAP ruled Germany's Second World War until 1945 for control of the city of Caen and vicinity during the larger Battle of Normandy, as the battles followed the Allied landings on the French coast on 6 June 1944, and as Caen is about 14 km inland from the Calvados coast astride the Orne River and Caen Canal, at the junction of several roads and railways

Since 1948 post-war history of Caen including the reconstruction: Post-war history of Caen, including the reconstruction of complete districts of the city and the university campus, as it took 14 years 1948–1962 and led to the current urbanization of Caen

Since 1989 'Mémorial de Caen': Since 1989 'Mémorial de Caen', a museum and war memorial in Caen commemorating German empire's World War II and the Battle for Caen, and as more generally, the museum is dedicated to the history of the twentieth century, mainly focused on the fragility of peace with the intention is 'pay a tribute to the martyred city of the liberation' but also to tell 'what was the terrible story of the 20th century'

Cherbourg-en-Cotentin city: Cherbourg-en-Cotentin city including Cherbourg-Octeville, situated at the northern end of the Cotentin peninsula in the northwestern French department of Manche, officially formed when the commune of Cherbourg absorbed Octeville in February 2000, as in January 2016 it was merged into the new commune of Cherbourg-en-Cotentin

Economy of Cherbourg: Economy of Cherbourg - Engineering School of the University of Caen Normandy, situated in Normandy in the two cities of Caen and Cherbourg, and international relations

Since 1783 Cherbourg Harbour: Since 1783 Cherbourg Harbour, a harbour situated at the northern end of the Cotentin Peninsula, on the English Channel coastline and, with a surface area of 1,500 hectares, the second largest artificial harbour in the world, together with Cherbourg Naval Base used for mercantile shipping

Politics, administration and elections in Cherbourg: Politics, administration and elections in Cherbourg

Timeline of Cherbourg: History and timeline of Cherbourg

History of Cherbourg since ancient times: History of Cherbourg since ancient times, as - mentioned on the Tabula Peutingeriana c. 365 Coriallo (latinised then as Coriallum) hosted a Roman garrison during the late Roman Empire, and the recovered remains would be the village between Cherbourg and Tourlaville, on the Mielles

Cherbourg in the Middle Ages: Cherbourg in the Middle Ages

17th, 18th, 19th century Cherbourg linking European ports to the USA: 19th century Cherbourg linking European ports to the east coast of the USA, as from 1847 the geographical and technical properties of the port of Cherbourg attracted shipping companies, and as at the end of the 1860s, the ships of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company and the Hamburg America Line anchored in the harbour before crossing the Atlantic

20th century Cherbourg and German empire's World War I 1914-1918: Cherbourg in the early 20th century and German empire's World War I 1914-1918

1940-1945 history of Cherbourg in German empire's WWII: Histoire de Cherbourg dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale - Bataille de Cherbourg du 6 juin au 30 juin 1944

6-30 June 1944 Battle of Cherbourg: 6-30 June 1944 Battle of Cherbourg, part of the Battle of Normandy during German empire's World War II until 1945, fought immediately after the successful Allied landings on 6 June 1944 as allied troops, mainly north American, isolated and captured the fortified port, which was considered vital to the campaign in Western Europe, in a hard-fought, month-long campaign, as Allied forces suffered 22,000 casualties and losses

Cherbourg in the postwar period and 21st century: Cherbourg in the postwar period and 21st century

Since 2002 'Cité de la Mer' maritime museum Cherbourg: Since 2002 Cité de la Mer maritime museum in Cherbourg, opened as a scientific and historical museum around four axes, including a cylindrical aquarium which displays the successive marine life forms according to the depth, a great hall where temporary expositions are held, and a new underwater expedition in a virtual, digitised building

Lisieux city: Lisieux city, a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region, the capital of the Pays d'Auge area, which is characterised by valleys and hedged farmland

Demographics of Lisieux 1793-2018: Évolution démographique et évolution de la population 1793-2018

Economy and tourism of Lisieux: Économie et tourisme de Lisieux en Normandie

Timeline and history of Lisieux: Histoire et chronologie de la ville de Lisieux

Lisieux in ancient times: Lisieux est l'ancienne capitale du peuple gaulois, les Lexov

Lisieux in the Middle Ages and textile industry: Lisieux en Moyen Âge, lorsque au XVe siècle, après la guerre de Cent Ans, l'industrie drapière s'installe dans la ville sous la protection royale

'Bayeux et Lisieux' dans l'époque contemporaine: Lisieux dans l'époque contemporaine, après la ville était depuis le Moyen Âge le siège d'un des sept évêques de Normandie, relevant de la province de Rouen, mais perd cette fonction en 1791 et l'évêché est toutefois recréé et fusionné avec celui de Bayeux en 1855, lportant désormais le titre de 'Bayeux et Lisieux'

Lisieux in the 20th century until 1940-1944: Lisieux dans l'époque contemporaine et vieilles maisons à colombages de la place du Marché-au-Beurre au début du XXe siècle, les rives de la Touques et l'église Saint-Désir, la place Victor-Hugo, et boulevards

June-August 1944 liberation of Lisieux by allied forces against opposing NSDAP-forces, called 'heroically' by Rommel: Juin-août 1944 la prise de Lisieux était un enjeu stratégique pour les Alliés après le débarquement de Normandie, car la ville était un nœud ferroviaire et routier important, permettant à la fois de rejoindre Caen, Deauville, Le Havre, Paris et Alençon, cependant Lisieux ne fut libéré que le 23 août 1944 par les troupes britanniques - Bilan humain des bombardements de Lisieux qui font plus de 800 victimes, soit environ 5% de la population de l'époque - Avant 1944, Lisieux était surnommée la 'capitale du bois sculpté', car ses rues étroites étaient bordées de maisons médiévales à pans de bois sculptés en encorbellement et aux façades ouvragées, abritant des commerces centenaires, mais après la bataille du 'GFM Erwin Rommel' - héroïquement - environ 75% des bâtiments de la ville sont directement détruits par les bombardements, ou sont tellement endommagés qu'ils sont rasés après-guerre

January 1944 - May 1949 NSDAP-led military and mass murder, called 'heroically' by Rommel: Anfang Januar 1944 übernahm Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel das Kommando über alle deutschen Truppen nördlich der Loire, zwischen ihm und Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt kam es nach wie vor bloß zu Meinungsverschiedenheiten hinsichtlich der Frage, wo die alliierte Invasion stattfinden und wie man sie am effektivsten bekämpfen könnte, im März 1944 unterzeichnete GFM Rommel eine Loyalitätserklärung gegenüber Hitler, im Juni 1944, nach der D-Day Landung der Allierten am 6. Juni machte GFM Rommel, vom Geburtstag seiner Frau in Süddeutschland zurückkehrend, am 15. Juli deutlich, dass er einen Sieg der deutschen Truppen für unwahrscheinlich hielt, 'die Truppe kämpft allerorts heldenmütig, jedoch der ungleiche Kampf neigt dem Ende entgegen', mit anderen Worten (in menschliche Sprache übersetzt) der Massenmord befehligt und das heißt auch ausgeführt von deutschen Generalen kann noch und soll noch weitergehen, bis es vielleicht dem einen oder anderen militärisch versierten General and Massenmörder gelingt sich davonzustehlen, damit ihn die EU 2021 als Widerstandskämpfer präsentieren kann - Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt am 10.10.1941: 'Deshalb muß der Soldat für die Notwendigkeit der harten, aber gerechten Sühne am jüdischen Untermenschentum volles Verständnis haben', 'das wesentlichste Ziel des Feldzuges gegen das jüdischbolschewistische System ist die völlige Zerschlagung der Machtmittel und die Ausrottung des asiatischen Einflusses im europäischen Kulturkreis', 'hierdurch entstehen auch für die Truppe Aufgaben, die über das hergebrachte einseitige Soldatentum hinausgehen', 'der Soldat ist im Ostraum nicht nur ein Kämpfer nach den Regeln der Kriegskunst, sondern auch Träger einer unerbittlichen völkischen Idee', am 12.10.1941: 'in den rückwärtigen Gebieten ist die noch vielfach anzutreffende Sorglosigkeit und Weichheit nach dem eigentlichen Kampf nicht tragbar', und im Mai 1949: GFM Rundstedts Herzerkrankung bewog die Briten ihn 1949 aus der Gefangenschaft zu entlassen

Lyons-la-Forêt: Lyons-la-Forêt commune française dans le département de l'Eure en région Normandie, située pratiquement au centre de la forêt domaniale de Lyons qui donna son nom au village et à cette région du Vexin normand, le pays de Lyons. Elle compte parmi 'Les Plus Beaux Villages de France'.

History and timeline of 'Lyons-la-Forêt' since 936: 936 Première mention d'une résidence ducale à Lyons

Since 1060 'Le château de Lyon' in 21st century village of 'Lyons-la-Forêt': Le château de Lyons est une ancienne forteresse situé au centre du village du même nom, dans l'Eure, après Guillaume le Conquérant avait ordonné en 1060 la construction d'une forteresse à Saint-Denis-de-Lyons. Richard Cœur de Lion y tient sa première cour de Noël en 1189. Des sondages archéologiques réalisé en 2007 ont permis de restituer un puissant donjon de pierre, construit durant le premier quart du XIIe siècle, de 18m de côté sur une plateforme ovale de 70m de longueur. Il était flanqué d'une annexe au nord. La basse-cour se développait à l'est.

1916-1922 French musician (and soldier) Maurice Ravel in 'Lyons-la-Forêt', beginning in Germany's WWI: Séjours connus à Lyons-la-Forêt du compositeur français Maurice Ravel, et des correspondances liées à ses séjours connus à Lyons-la-Forêt en août 1916 durant une courte permission alors qu'il était engagé comme soldat, de juin à septembre 1917, en septembre 1920 et d'août à septembre 1922 - La Première Guerre mondiale du 28 juillet 1914 au 11 novembre 1918 des Empires centraux l'Allemagne et l'Autriche-Hongrie, surprit Ravel en pleine composition. Dès le début du conflit, le compositeur chercha à s'engager mais, déjà exempté de service militaire en 1895 en raison de sa faible constitution (1,61 m) il fut refusé pour être 'trop léger de deux kilos'. Dès lors, l’inaction devint une torture pour Ravel. À force de démarches pour être incorporé dans l'aviation c'est finalement comme conducteur d'un camion militaire qu'il surnomma 'Adélaïde' qu'il fut envoyé près de Verdun en mars 1916. Depuis le front, tandis que plusieurs musiciens de l'arrière tombaient dans les travers du nationalisme. Plus tard, en 1917, Ravel acheva six pièces pour piano regroupées sous le titre 'Le Tombeau de Couperin' qu’il dédia à des amis tombés au front. Durement touché par ces épreuves accumulées, le musicien resta insensible aux échos de l'armistice et traversa alors une période de silence et de doute que vinrent interrompre en 1919 deux commandes cruciales, l'une de Diaghilev (La Valse) - Ravel y défigura sciemment la valse viennoise en dépeignant un 'tourbillon fantastique et fatal', évocation musicale de l'anéantissement par la guerre de la civilisation européenne qu'incarnaient les valses de Johann Strauss -, l'autre de Rouché (L'Enfant et les Sortilèges). C'était l’orchestration des célèbres 'Tableaux d'une exposition' de Moussorgski, commande de Serge Koussevitzky achevée en 1922 à Lyons-la-Forêt chez son ami Roland-Manuel, qui assit définitivement la réputation internationale de Ravel en la matière. Les Tableaux orchestrés par Ravel font partie, avec le Boléro, des œuvres françaises les plus représentées à l’étranger. - Villa 'Le Fresne' à 'Lyons-la-Forêt' où Ravel acheva la composition du 'Tombeau de Couperin' en 1917 et l'orchestration des 'Tableaux d'une Exposition' de Moussorgsky en 1922, le compositeur honoré familier de Lyons et sa fôret

1940-1944 NSDAP-ruled German empire's WWII, June 1944 D-Day landings beginning France's liberation: 1940 - 1944 La ville est hereusement préservée des destructions par la seconde guerre mondiale d'Allemagne, après l'Union soviétique agressé par l'armée allemande en juin 1941, avait commencé à demander aux alliés l'ouverture d'un second front en Europe de l'Ouest. Fin mai 1942, les États-Unis et l'Union soviétique font une déclaration commune sur l'urgence de créer un second front à l'ouest. Mais le premier ministre britannique W. Churchill persuade le président des États-Unis Franklin D. Roosevelt de retarder le débarquement promis, les alliés de l'Ouest n'ayant pas encore les forces adéquates pour une opération de cette ampleur, mais les alliés de l'est?

Hauts-de-France region: Hauts-de-France, the northernmost region of France with 6,009,976 inhabitants in 2015, the third most populous region in France and the second most densely populated in metropolitan France after its southern neighbour Île-de-France, as its capital is Lille - Geography, departments (Aisne, Nord, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, and Somme) and major communities of Hauts-de-France region

Politics and regional council of the Hauts-de-France: Regional Council of the Hauts-de-France

June 2021 regional council of the Hauts-de-France elections: 13 et 20 juin 2021 élections régionales de 2021 dans les Hauts-de-France, partis et candidats

Major communities of the Hauts-de-France: Major communities of the Hauts-de-France, including Lille, Amiens, Robaix, Tourcoing, Dunkirk, Calais, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, Saint-Quentin, Beauvais, Valenciennes

Lille city: Lille city in French Flanders, located on the Deûle River the border with Belgium, and the capital of the Hauts-de-France region, the prefecture of the Nord department, and the main city of the Métropole Européenne de Lille, as the city had a population of 232,787 citizens within its administrative limits, the Métropole Européenne de Lille a population of 1,146,320 citizens in 2017 - Education of Lille

Economy of Lille: Economy of Lille

Timeline of Lille since 13th century: Timeline of Lille since 13th century

Since 1236 Hospice Notre-Dame in the Old Town area of Lille: Since 1236 Hospice Comtesse or Hospice Notre-Dame in the Old Town area of Lille

1708 Siege of Lille during the War of the Spanish Succession: 1708 Siege of Lille, the salient operation of the 1708 campaign season during the War of the Spanish Succession

Lille during German empire's World War II 1939-1945: Lille during German empire's World War II 1939-1945

28–31 May 1940 Siege of Lille by Nazi Germany and battle: 28–31 May 1940 Siege of Lille and battle between the French IV and V Corps led by General René Prioux and on the side of criminal aggressors four German infantry divisions supported by three panzer divisions, led by NSDAP Germany's generals Alfred Wäger, Erwin Rommel (in 2021 still honored in Germany), Joachim Lemelsen and more - 1941-1944 bombings during the German occupatin - April 1944 bombardement de Lille, de la gare Lomme Délivrance, et après les maisons d'habitation ont été touchées on a relevé plus de 400 morts et de nombreux blessés, selon le 'Journal France Actualités' (vidéos)

1940-1945 French resistance against NSDAP army, Gestapo and SS: 1940-1945 French resistance against NSDAP army, Gestapo and SS, life under the occupation

Since 1970 Lille 2 University of Health and Law, established 1559: Since 1970 Lille 2 University of Health and Law, established 1559 - Since 2009 University of Lille Nord de France (since 1562)

Calais city: Calais city and major ferry port in Northern France in the Pas-de-Calais department, of which it is a subprefecture. Although Calais is by far the largest city in Pas-de-Calais, the department's prefecture is its third-largest city of Arras. The population of the city proper is 73,911, as citizens can overlook the Strait of Dover, the narrowest point in the English Channel, which is only 34 km wide here. The White Cliffs of Dover can easily be seen on a clear day from Calais. Calais is a major port for ferries between France and England, and since 1994, the Channel Tunnel has linked nearby Coquelles to Folkestone by rail

History and timeline of Calais region since ancient period: History and timeline of Calais city, as early history of habitation in the area is limited. The Romans called the settlement Caletum. Roman empire's military leader Caesar, initiating the imperial time, then also expanding the empire in the 'Middle East', mustered 800 to 1,000 sailing boats, five legions and some 2,000 horses at Calais, due to its strategic position, to attack Britannia. The English could hold on to it for so many centuries because it remained an island surrounded by marshes, and therefore almost impossible to attack from the land.

20th century history of Calais and World War II 1939-1945: 20th century history of Calais, NSADAP ruled German empire's World War II 1939-1945, when Calais was virtually razed to the ground during NSDAP's aggression and cruel war

21st century history of Calais, migration issues: 21st century history of Calais, migration issues and refugees and migrants around Calais since at least the late 1990s, seeking to enter the UK from the French port by crossing the Channel Tunnel or stowing away in the cargo area of lorries heading for ferries that cross the English Channel, or coming crossing the open sea

26 November 2021 deadly flow of migrants, UK's blame game: 26 November 2021: 'The Guardian' continues live reporting amid continuing lack of serious cooperation due to involvement in the 'Middle East' and North African crises and UK's opposition against EU - 26 November 2021: As officials in Iraqi Kurdistan grapple with what is driving a crisis that is thought to have led to scores of citizens drowning in the English Channel on Wednesday, and thousands of others to brave precarious migrant routes to Europe, even more are preparing to leave

Saint-Quentin city: Saint-Quentin city, a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France, later identified as the Augusta Veromanduorum of antiquity during Roman empire's conquests, including establishment of dependence and slavery

Timeline of Saint-Quentin since Middle Ages: History and timeline of Saint-Quentin since Middle Ages

1450/1455-1521 European composer Josquin des Prez of the Franco-Flemish School: 1450/1455-1521 Josquin des Prez of the Franco-Flemish School, born in the area controlled by the Dukes of Burgundy, either in Hainaut (modern-day Belgium), or immediately across the border in modern-day France and a choirboy with his colleague Jean Mouton at Saint-Quentin's royal church, the most famous European composer between Guillaume Dufay and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, and considered a central figure, a first master of the high Renaissance style of polyphonic vocal music that was emerging during his lifetime

Since early 'modern' ages wars targeting St. Quentin: Wars targeting St. Quentin, including the Battle of St. Quentin (1557), Savoy-Spanish victory over the French in the Habsburg-Valois Wars, Battle of St. Quentin (1871), during the Franco-Prussian War, Battle of St. Quentin (1914), also known as the Battle of Guise, between French and invading German empire's forces, Battle of St. Quentin (1918), part of the 'German Spring Offensive' Operation Michael, Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin, attack at Mont St. Quentin near Péronne by the Australian Corps in August 1918, Battle of the Canal du Nord September 1918, Battle of St Quentin Canal, attack by the British Fourth Army on the Hindenburg Line in September-October 1918, ahead of German empire's defeat in November 1918, bringing the unteachable brutal empire after silencing the opposition to the even more cruel World War II

Amiens city: Amiens city and commune in northern France, located 120km north of Paris and 100km south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in the region of Hauts-de-France. In 2021, the population of Amiens was 135,429 citizens. A central landmark of the city is Amiens Cathedral, the largest Gothic cathedral in France. The town was fought over during both German empire's World Wars, suffering significant damage, and was repeatedly occupied by both sides. The 1918 Battle of Amiens was the opening phase of the Hundred Days Offensive which directly led to the Armistice with Germany. The Royal Air Force heavily bombed the town during the Second World War, the invasion and German occupation also of France since 1940. In the aftermath, the city was rebuilt according to Pierre Dufau's plans with wider streets to ease traffic congestion

Economy of Amiens and employment: Economy of Amiens, and an industrial hub and a services center, and employment, as in 2017, the population aged 15 to 64 years amounted to 91,555 persons with 51.4% having a job and 13.1% of unemployed. There were 78,284 jobs in the employment area, against 80,908 in 2007.

History of Amiens city since ancient times: History of Amiens city since ancient times, as the first known settlement was Samarobriva 'Somme bridge', the central settlement of the Ambiani, one of the principal tribes of Gaul.

20th/21st centuries history of Amiens city: 20th/21st centuries history of Amiens city

July-November 1916 Battle of the Somme, one of the deadliest battles in human history: July-November 1916 Battle of the Somme of German empire's WWI fought by the armies of the British Empire and French Third Republic against the invading German military. The battle was intended to hasten a victory for the Allies. More than three million men fought in the battle and one million men were wounded or killed, making it one of the deadliest battles in human history.

History of Amiens city during German empire's WWII: History of Amiens city during German empire's WWII, as Amiens was reached by the German Army's 1st Panzer Division on 20 May 1940, following two days of heavy air raids. The Germans gradually penetrated the city and two other armoured divisions supported the offensive. A last offensive of German armour in numeric superiority, committed from 6 to 8 June, overcame the Franco-British lock, the city definitely fell on 8 June and the Wehrmacht continued its breakthrough in the direction of its next target Paris. Amiens was liberated on 31 August 1944 by the British 11th Armoured Division.

History of Amiens city since the 1970s: History of Amiens city since the 1970s, the city suffered the loss of many jobs as manufacturing plants in the region closed during the late 1970s and 1980s. Despite the hardships, the city made an effort to renovate the degraded area of St-Leu during this time. The 1990s saw a great period of rebirth in the city

Île-de-France: Île-de-France, the most populous of 18 regions of France, centred around the capital Paris and located in the north-central part of the country, as Île-de-France is densely populated with estimated 12,278,210 citizens in 2020 and retains a prime economic position on the national stage as its economy accounts for nearly one-third of the French gross domestic product

Economy and agriculture in Île-de-France: Economy and agriculture in Île-de-France, as the number of persons employed in agriculture in the region dropped 33% between 2000 and 2015 to just 8,460 persons in 2015

Employment in the Île-de-France region: Employment in the Île-de-France region, as in 2018 just 7.2% of employees in the Region were engaged in industry, 62.3% were engaged in commerce and market services, 25.5% in non-market services, including government, health and education, 4.8% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture, as the largest non-government employers in the Region in 2015 were the airline Air France (40,657), French Railways SNCF (31,955), the telecom firm Orange S.A. (31,497), the bank Société Générale (27,361), the automotive firm Groupe PSA (19,648), EDF Electricité de France EDF (18,199), and Renault (18,136), while - after the 'Petite Couronne' (departments closest to Paris) previously employed the most industrial workers - the largest number is now in the 'Grande Couronne' of the Republic's capital, the outer departments

Paris city, Paris Metropolitan Area and Île-de-France: Paris city, capital and most populous city of France - Paris Metropolitan Area - History of Paris

Economy of Paris: Economy of Paris, as in 2018 the GDP of the Paris Region accounted for 31% of the GDP of Metropolitan France - Transport in Paris - Since 1900 Ligne 1 du métro de Paris (Porte Maillot - Porte de Vincennes etc, Garage), the most utilised line on the network with 181.2 million travellers in 2017 or 496,000 people per day on average, Ligne 2, Ligne 3, since 1908 Ligne 4 du métro de Paris (Gare du Nord, Gare de l'Est etc), since 1906 Ligne 5 du métro de Paris, and 11 more lines in 2021

Economy and demographics in the Île-de-France region: Economy and employment in the Île-de-France region centred around the capital Paris - Demographics of the Île-de-France region

Timeline of Paris: Timeline of Paris

250 BCE Parisii's town: About 250 BCE the Parisii, a Celtic Iron Age people who lived on the banks of the river Seine in Gaul from the middle of the 3rd century BCE until the Roman era, founded their chief city on the Île de la Cité

58–50BC Parisii started burning down their own towns assaulted by the brutal 'Roman empire' and conquest: 58–50BC during the Roman empire's military campaigns against numerous Gallic tribes, when the Romans under Caesar entered Parisii's territory, the assaulted Parisii started burning down their own towns for they were willing to give up these possessions rather than have them taken by the brutal Romans, and in 52 BC, in concert with the Suessiones, the Parisii participated in the general rising of Vercingetorix against Caesar's imperial forces - 52BC Battle of 'Lutetia', a battle on the plain of Grenelle in what is now Paris between Roman empire forces and an anti-Roman Gallic coalition during the so-called Gallic Wars, ending with a Roman victory - September 52BC siege and battle of Alesia, a military conquest engagement by the Roman empire around the Gallic oppidum (fortified settlement) of Mandubii tribe's Alesia, against a defensive confederation of Gallic tribes united under the leadership of Vercingetorix of the Arverni, the last major engagement between Gauls and Romans, destroying the Gallic land and establishing Roman dominance in Gaul for the next 500 years, then continued by a defeated people forced to speak the brutal conqueror's language, establishing a military history of France including conquests, slavery and a 'French empire'

Since 1144 Basilica of Saint-Denis: Since 1144 Basilica of Saint-Denis, a large medieval abbey church in the city of Saint-Denis, now a northern suburb of Paris

Since 1160 'Ars antiqua' and Notre Dame school of polyphony: 'Ars antiqua' refers to the medieval music of Europe between approximately 1170 and 1310, covering the period of the Notre Dame school of polyphony - 1160-1250 l’École de Notre-Dame de Paris, un style de musique développé par des compositeurs ayant exercé aussi à la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris

1240 trial of the Talmud and bonfire: 16 April 2019: 1240 trial of the Talmud, when the Church charged the Jewish text, King Louis IX held a trial for the text and thousands of manuscripts, all handwritten, were collected and destroyed in a great bonfire at Place de Greve, a square right by Notre Dame

October 1390 - August 1391 first trial for sorcery and execution: October 1390 in first trial for sorcery, Jeanne de Brigue is convicted by the Parlement of Paris and burned at the stake on 19 August 1391

Since 14 July 1789 storming of the Bastille and French Revolution May 1789 - 9 November 1799: 14 July 1789 storming of the Bastille, an armory, fortress, and political prison representing royal authority in the centre of Paris, therefore its storming was seen as a symbol of the monarchy's abuses of power and its fall was the flashpoint of the French Revolution - May 1789 - 9 November 1799 French Revolution, when the Ancien Régime was abolished in favour of a constitutional monarchy, replaced in September 1792 by the First French Republic, finished in the coup of 'Brumaire' on 10 November 1799 and by the start of the 'Napoleonic Empire' on 18 May 1804

1848 February Revolution in Paris and France, 1848-1849 in Europe and Louis Napoleon: 22 February – 2 December 1848 February Revolution in Paris and French Second Republic 1848-1851 amid a wave of revolutions in 1848-1849 in Europe - 2 Decembert 1851 French coup d'état and 'Second French Empire' - 'Der 18te Brumaire des Louis Napoleon' (The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon), an essay written by Karl Marx between December 1851 and March 1852, and originally published in 1852

July 1870 – 28 January 1871 Franco-Prussian War: 19 July 1870 – 28 January 1871 Franco-Prussian War, or Franco-German War, between the Second French Empire and the German states of the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia

18 January 1871 proclamation of the German Empire in the Palace of Versailles: 18 January 1871 proclamation of the German Empire, when German troops paraded behind military bands around the Palace of Versailles, the delegations of the German field-regiments were crowded in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles and the Prussian King William I was proclaimed 'German Emperor' in Versailles

January 1871 Prussians bombardment of Paris for 23 nights until 28 January armistice and capitulation: January 1871 Prussians bombard Paris with heavy siege guns for twenty-three nights, until 28 January armistice and capitulation of Paris, but Prussians remain in their positions outside the city

March 1871 French army's efforts against Paris defense blocked, followed by election, new Paris Commune: 18 March 1871 French army tries to remove 271 cannon from the heights of Montmartre, but is blocked by members of the Paris National Guard, as members of the Guard seize the Hôtel de Ville and other strategic points in the city, and as the army and government, now allied with Prussian conquerors, withdraw from Paris to Versailles, followed by 26 March elections for the new Paris Commune, or city council, with high turnout in the working-class neighborhoods

March-May 1871 Paris Commune: March-May 1871 Paris Commune, its programme, initiatives, measures, decrees and its government - as 'politische Form der sozialen Emanzipation' limited to the metropolis -, that ruled Paris, after the Franco-Prussian War had led to the capture of Emperor Napoleon III in September 1870, the collapse of the Second French Empire, and the beginning of the Third Republic - 1871 Adresse des Generalrats der IAA 'Der Bürgerkrieg in Frankreich', und Einleitung (Ausgabe 1891)

8 April 1904 'Entente Cordiale' signed: 8 April 1904 'Entente Cordiale' signed, comprising a series of agreements between the United Kingdom and the French Republic

29 May 1913 Théâtre des Champs-Élysées Paris Igor Stravinsky's 'Le Sacre du printemps': 29 mai 1913 Théâtre des Champs-Élysées à Paris 'Le Sacre du printemps' (Tableaux de la Russie païenne en deux parties), ballet composé par Igor Stravinsky, qui - dans cette œuvre - approfondit les éléments déjà expérimentés avec ses deux premiers ballets 'L'Oiseau de feu' et 'Petrouchka', soit respectivement l'harmonie et le rythme - 29 May 1913 Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, Paris Igor Stravinsky's 'Le Sacre du printemps' ballet and orchestral concert work written for the 1913 Paris season, as the avant-garde nature of the music and choreography caused a sensation widely considered to be one of the most influential musical works of the 20th century

Since August 1914 Paris in World War I: France were forced into German led Central Powers' World War I in August 1914, within a few weeks Paris was close to the front lines, bombarded by German aircraft and artillery and the Parisians endured food shortages, rationing, and an epidemic of influenza, but morale remained high despite never seen casualties

Since 1939 Paris in World War II: Paris started mobilizing for war in September 1939, when Nazi Germany invaded Poland, but the war seemed far away until May 1940, when the Germans attacked France, defeated the French army and occupied the city on June 14

19-25 August 1944 liberation of Paris: 19-25 August 1944 liberation of Paris, a military battle that took place during World War II until the German garrison surrendered the French capital on 25 August 1944

Since July 1945 Place de la Bataille-de-Stalingrad in Paris: Depuis 7 juillet 1945 Place de la Bataille-de-Stalingrad située dans les 10e et 19e arrondissements de Paris, qui commémore la ville de Russie où les armées soviétiques remportèrent une victoire décisive sur l'armée allemande du 17 juillet 1942 au 2 février 1943

Since 1970s terrorist attacks and 15 July 1983 Orly Airport Armenian bombing: 14 November 2015: The 1970s saw a series of bombing and shooting attacks, mainly in Paris, linked to crises in the Middle East, as they continued into the 1980s, including a deadly bombing of Orly Airport by an Armenian Secret Army in which eight people died, and as Islamist-linked attacks began in earnest in that decade, with 5 bombings attributed to the Lebanese Shi'ite Muslim militant group Hezbollah - 15 July 1983 Orly Airport bombing of a Turkish Airlines check-in counter at Orly Airport in Paris, by the Armenian terrorist organization ASALA as part of its campaign for the recognition of and reparations for the Armenian Genocide, as 3 people were killed immediately in the blast and another 5 died in hospital, 4 of the victims were French, 2 were Turkish, one was Greek-American, and one was Swedish, as the death toll made the Orly bombing the bloodiest attack in France since the end of the Algerian War in 1962

October 2015 Paris’s first attempt at car-free day: 3 October 2015: Paris’s first attempt at car-free day brings big drop in air and noise pollution

29 May 2017 new French president Macron met Russian regime's Vladimir Putin in the Palace of Versailles: 29 May 2017 in the Palace of Versailles, new French president Macron met Russian regime's Vladimir Putin

March 2018 protest against the stabbing of Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll: 27 March 2018: Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo, actitivsts and politicians call for all the city's residents to march Wednesday in memory of Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll, who was stabbed to death in an apparent anti-Semitic attack, as politicians across the political spectrum pledge to attend - 28 March 2018: Several thousand people took part in a silent march in Paris on Wednesday and in other large French cities including Lyon, Marseille and Strasbourg in memory of Mireille Knoll who survived the Holocaust but was stabbed to death last week, in what is being investigated as an antisemitic attack, raising questions about France’s failure to tackle resurgent antisemitism after in 2017 Orthodox Jewish Sarah Halimi was beaten and thrown out of the window of her home in Paris

April 2019 Notre-Dame de Paris fire: 15 April 2019 Notre-Dame de Paris fire, causing considerable damage to the cathedral

November 2019 Olympic committee's deal with Airbnb angers Paris authorities: 19 November 2019: Paris city authorities have reacted angrily to what they call a 'risky' deal between the Olympic committee and the short-term tourist rental company Airbnb, as officials in Paris, which will host the 2024 summer Games, blame Airbnb for causing a shortage of long-term rental property in the city, pushing up rents and forcing the middle class ou

13 July 2020 two men to stand trial in Paris for the brutal 2018 killing of Jewish woman Mireille Knoll: 13 July 2020: French judges have ordered two men to stand trial for the brutal 2018 killing of Jewish woman Mireille Knoll that prompted an outcry over a rise in antisemitic acts, as Mireille Knoll had escaped the mass deportation of Jews from France during the second world war by fleeing abroad and later suffering from Parkinson’s disease, was stabbed in her Paris apartment by attackers who later set her body on fire, apparently to hide evidence of their crime

March-May 1871 Paris Commune, 150 years later in 2021: May 2021 commemoration of the 1871 Paris Commune in events and contributions from movements and groups, today also including international art groups, beyond political organizations, parties, social movements, but no states today amid 21st century forces of self-destruction and weapons of mass destruction

March 2021 Paris city has launched two months of events commemorating 1871 Paris Commune: 23 March 2021: Last week, Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo inaugurated a programme of 50 events commemorating the Commune, including exhibitions, plays, conferences and debates, as Paris has launched two months of events commemorating a radical experiment in people power, which also continues to inspire 150 years later

14 July 2021 Bastille Day in Paris: 14 juillet 2021: Malgré le variant Delta, Paris a fait place au défilé militaire pour la fête nationale

Since September 2021 trial of suspected terrorists over the November 2015 Paris attacks: Depuis 8 2021 procès des attentats du 13 novembre 2015, un procès initialement prévu à partir de janvier 2021 et devant s'ouvrir, du 8 septembre 2021 à fin mars 2022, devant la cour d'assises spéciale de Paris pour juger des personnes suspectées d'être complices des attentats en France ayant entraîné la mort de 131 personnes - 5 September 2021: France's biggest ever criminal trial opens on September 8 in Paris over the November 2015 terrorist attacks, which killed 130 people at bars, restaurants, a football stadium and the Bataclan concert hall in the French capital. The attacks marked a turning point in French anti-terror legislation

28 January 2022 photographer René Robert died on one of his nightly walks as no passerby stopped: 28 January 2022: Swiss photographer René Robert died last week after slipping while on one of his nightly walks around the busy Paris neighbourhood between the Place de la République and Les Halles where he lived, after - according to his friend Michel Mompontet - 'he suffered a dizzy spell and fell ... until a homeless person called the emergency services. Too late. He had hypothermia and couldn’t cling on to life. Over the course of those nine hours no passerby stopped to check why this man was lying on the pavement.'

5 June 2022 one woman killed, 14 people injured in France as thunder and hailstorms hit France on Sunday: 5 June 2022: One woman has been killed and 14 people injured in France as thunder and hailstorms hit the country on Pentecost Sunday, ravaging vineyards and delaying flights, as photos were posted online of hail the size of tennis balls, and drivers in the Paris region shared images of flooded roads and daytime skies blackened by thunder clouds. Lightning hit the Eiffel Tower, without causing damage, and set roofs on fire east of Paris, according to local authorities.

9 août 2022 quarante ans après, un hommage national rendu aux victimes de l'attentat de la rue des Rosiers: 9 août 2022: Quarante ans après l'attentat de la rue des Rosiers dans le quartier juif historique de Paris – attribué au groupe palestinien extrémiste d'Abou Nidal –, une cérémonie en hommage national aux victimes a été organisée, mardi 9 août, en présence pour la première fois d'un membre du gouvernement

2 October 2022 Ukrainians held a large rally 'March for Ukraine, March of Ukrainian Resistance' in Paris: 2 October 2022: In Paris, Ukrainians held on Saturday a large rally 'March for Ukraine, March of Ukrainian Resistance, March of Freedom' gathered numerous participants in support of Ukraine and against Russian aggression, as demonstrators marched through the streets of the French capital under slogans 'Glory to the Armed Forces', 'Arms to Ukraine', and 'No to annexation'

4 October 2022 Paris joins other French cities in Qatar World Cup TV boycott: 4 October 2022: Paris joins other French cities in Qatar World Cup TV boycott deciding not to broadcast matches in protest at human rights and environmental abuses in Qatar, as local authorities in Marseille, Lille, Bordeaux, Reims, Nancy, Rodez and the capital have announced they will not install giant TV screens as in the past to relay matches, despite in Paris the city’s football team, Paris Saint-Germain, being owned by Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani, the Emir of Qatar since 2011

23 décembre 2022 un attentat sous la forme d'une fusillade de masse à Paris fait 3 morts et 4 blessés: Le 23 décembre 2022, un attentat sous la forme d'une fusillade de masse a lieu à Paris dans le 10e arrondissement. Il fait 3 morts et 4 blessés1. La piste de l'attentat raciste d'extrême-droite est privilégiée par les enquêteurs. Agit Polat, porte-parole du Conseil Démocratique Kurde en France juge 'inadmissible qu'aujourd'hui [le 23 décembre 2022] dans le cadre de cette affaire, le caractère terroriste ne soit pas retenu', en déclarant que 'la situation politique en Turquie [nous] laisse très clairement penser que se sont des assassinats politiques' et qu'il ne s'agit pas 'd'un simple militant d'extrême-droite'

23 December 2022 man held after three people killed in shooting at Kurdish centre in Paris: 23 December 2022: The French president said his thoughts were with the victims, the wounded and their families, and thanked the police, as the victims were all members of the Kurdish community and had died inside and in front of the cultural centre. A centre spokesperson, Agit Polat, accused French authorities of 'once more failing to protect us … For us, this is a terrorist attack.' Several hundred Kurds gathered outside the centre and in the streets nearby on Friday afternoon in protest at the shootings. A further demonstration by Kurdish organisations in France is planned, at the capital’s Place de la République on Saturday.

25 December 2022 suspected attacker thought to have fatally shot three Kurds in Paris has admitted to a 'hatred of foreigners: 25 December 2022: The suspected attacker thought to have fatally shot three Kurds in Paris has admitted to a 'hatred of foreigners that has become pathological', French officials have said. Ever since a burglary at his home six years ago, the 69-year-old man had 'always wanted to kill migrants or foreigners'.

29 March 2023 Paris breathes easier as refuse workers’ strike called off and rubbish cleared: 29 March 2023: Hours after the CGT trade union announced it was suspending the industrial action and lifting a blockade of incinerators serving the city, much of the rubbish had gone, as Paris makes a change from the stench of overflowing bins that had hung over the French capital for the last three weeks after refuse collectors went on strike and up to 10,000 metric tonnes of festering rubbish piled up on the streets

29 mai 2023 à Paris, le monde se penche sur un traité international contre la pollution plastique: 29 mai 2023: Une session de cinq jours de discussions serrées s'ouvre lundi 29 mai, à Paris, afin de tenter d'avancer vers un traité pour mettre fin à la pollution du plastique. Les représentants de 175 nations aux ambitions divergentes se retrouvent au siège de l'Unesco pour une deuxième session du comité international de négociation, sur les cinq prévues pour aboutir à un accord historique couvrant l'intégralité du cycle de vie du plastique.

Since 1996 Paris metropolitan area and Grand Paris: Since 1996 Paris metropolitan area, a statistical area that describes the reach of commuter movement to and from Paris and its surrounding suburbs - Since 2016 Métropole du Grand Paris, an administrative structure for cooperation covering the City of Paris and its nearest surrounding suburbs, comprising 131 communes, including the City of Paris, all 123 communes in the surrounding inner-suburban departments of the Petite Couronne (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne), plus seven communes in two of the outer-suburban departments, including the communes of Argenteuil in Val-d'Oise, and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, the latter of which covers part of Orly Airport, as Grand Paris today covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 7 million citizens

Transportation and objectives of 'Grand Paris': Transportation and objectives of 'Grand Paris', as 'the Métropole of Grand Paris is established in order to define and implement metropolitan action to improve the quality of life of its residents, reduce inequalities between regions within it, to develop an urban, social and economic sustainability model'

131 communes of Grand Paris: 131 communes of Grand Paris in 2021

Seine-Saint-Denis department including Saint-Denis: 'Seine-Saint-Denis' department located in the Île-de-France region and in the Grand Paris northeast of the city, as Seine-Saint-Denis and two other small departments 'Hauts-de-Seine' and 'Val-de-Marne' form a ring around Paris, known as the 'Petite Couronne', also forming - since January 2016 together with Paris - the area of Greater Paris

Administration of Seine-Saint-Denis: Administration of Seine-Saint-Denis, made up of 3 departmental arrondissements and 40 communes, including Saint-Denis, in the 2nd century a Gallo-Roman village named Catolacus on the location that Saint-Denis occupies today

History, demographics, education and politics of Seine-Saint-Denis: History, demographics, education and politics of Seine-Saint-Denis, as Seine-Saint-Denis is the French department with the highest proportion of immigrants (21.7% at the 1999 census, in 2018 the poverty rate was twice the national average at 28%)

Val-de-Marne department: Val-de-Marne department named after the Marne River, located in the Île-de-France region southeast of the city of Paris and in the Grand Paris - Marne river in France, an eastern tributary of the Seine in the area east and southeast of Paris and 514 kilometres long - The Marne in European history, navigable as a free-flowing river until the 19th century, as canalisation was started in 1837 and 1867 including a number of canals to bypass the most extravagant meanders, and as in German empire's aggression since July/August 1914 and Central Powers World War I 1914-1918 the Marne was the scene of two notable battles, including the First Battle of the Marne in September 1914 as the military governor of Paris Joseph Gallieni took the initiative in driving the Germans back from the capital, rendering their war-plan inoperative but without bringing the Social Democratic Party of Germany led by Ebert to change its misanthropic policy, as in the Second Battle of the Marne July-August 1918 the last major German offensive on the Western Front was defeated by an Allied counter-attack, leading eventually to the Armistice in November, in Germany to an uprising against German warmongers - including the emperor and Ebert - followed by the murder of scientists and peace fighters, continuing more and more organized by the NSDAP until World War II and renewed German empire's war crimes by perpetrators partially already active in World War I, including 'Oberleutnant' E. Wagner in World War I, 'quartermaster-general' in World War II, and Erwin Rommel, highly decorated officer in World War I including for the use of chemical weapons, later 'field marshal' in the armed forces of NSDAP ruled German empire during World War II, even returning to countries (France, Italy) of former German crime scenes

Administration of Val-de-Marne: Administration of Val-de-Marne department made of 3 departmental arrondissements and 47 communes, including arrondissements of L'Haÿ-les-Roses, Créteil, Nogent-sur-Marne

Politics of Val-de-Marne department: Politics of Val-de-Marne department

Arrondissement of Créteil: Arrondissement of Créteil, an arrondissement of France in the Val-de-Marne department in the Île-de-France region with 16 communes

Saint-Maurice commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris: Saint-Maurice commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, located 6.8 km from the center of Paris

1991 tortuous therapy in the Charenton asylum: As Charenton was a lunatic asylum, founded in 1645 by the 'Frères de la Charité' in Charenton-Saint-Maurice, now Saint-Maurice, not all patients - despite the tendency to use more humane therapies - necessarily lived pleasant lives in the asylum, as for example thirty-nine-year old French musician Hersilie Rouy was admitted to Charenton and complained of the subpar living conditions and 'tortuous therapy' that also made women more vulnerable to the mismanagement by the institution

Arrondissement of Nogent-sur-Marne: Arrondissement of Nogent-sur-Marne, an arrondissement of France in the Val-de-Marne departement in the Île-de-France region with 14 communes and a population of 508,854 citizens in 2016

Vincennes commune in the Val-de-Marne department: Vincennes, a commune in the Val-de-Marne department in the eastern suburbs of Paris, located 6.7 km from the centre of Paris, one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe

Art in Vincennes: Art and Vincennes porcelain

Vincennes commune's education and since 1970 university: Education and University of Vincennes-Saint-Denis since 1970, as the 'University of Paris VIII' was established in Vincennes as France's first major experiment in open admissions education, and as a result of the academic reforms which followed the student risings of 1968

Arrondissement of L'Haÿ-les-Roses: Arrondissement of L'Haÿ-les-Roses, an arrondissement in the Val-de-Marne department in the Île-de-France region with 18 communes and a population of 558,539 citizens in 2016

Hauts-de-Seine department: Hauts-de-Seine department located in the region of Île-de-France, covering the western inner suburbs of Paris, and with a population of 1,603,268 citizens in 2016 the second-most highly densely populated department of France

Administraton of Hauts-de-Seine: Administraton of Hauts-de-Seine, as the department is made up of three departmental arrondissements and 36 communes

Subprefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine department Boulogne-Billancourt arrondissement: Boulogne-Billancourt, a commune in the western suburbs and 8 km from the centre of Paris, as Boulogne-Billancourt is a subprefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine department and the seat of the Arrondissement of Boulogne-Billancourt

Economy, education and transport of Boulogne-Billancourt: Economy, education and transport of Boulogne-Billancourt

Sèvres in the southwestern suburbs of Paris: Sèvres commune in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, located 9.9 kilometres from the centre of Paris in the department of Hauts-de-Seine in the region of Île-de-France

Timeline of Sèvres since the Middle Ages: History and timeline of Sèvres since the Middle Ages

1920 Treaty of Sèvres between the Allies of WWI and the Ottoman Empire: August 1920 Treaty of Sèvres signed between the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire, as the treaty ceded large parts of Ottoman territory to France, the United Kingdom, Greece and Italy and created large occupation zones within the Ottoman Empire, also one of a series of treaties that the Central Powers signed with the Allied Powers after their defeat in World War I, as hostilities had already ended with the Armistice of Mudros

October 1956 Protocol of Sèvres: October 1956 Protocol of Sèvres, a secret agreement reached between the governments of Israel, France and the United Kingdom during discussions held at Sèvres

Nanterre capital of the Hauts-de-Seine department: Nanterre commune in the Hauts-de-Seine department, located some 11 km north-west of the centre of Paris, as Nanterre serves as both the capital of the Hauts-de-Seine department and seat of the eponymous arrondissement

Economy of Nanterre: Economy of Nanterre, as since 1997 Faurecia, the sixth-largest automotive parts supplier, has its headquarters in Nanterre - 2 August 2006: Faurecia company at the core of a bribery scandal widening in European car sector, leading to the resignation and legal conviction of its then CEO, according to International Herald Tribune

Since 1964 Paris Nanterre University: Since 1964 Paris Nanterre University, one of the most prestigious French universities, mainly in the areas of law, humanities, political science, social and natural sciences and economics, as it is one of the thirteen successor universities of the University of Paris

Grand Est administrative region: Grand Est administrative region in Northeastern France. It superseded three former administrative regions, Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine.

Strasbourg city: Strasbourg city, the capital and largest city of the Grand Est region of France and the official seat of the European Parliament, located at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace, and a population of 785,839 inhabitants in 2015 in the metropolitan area - History of Strasbourg

Since 12th century BC timeline of Strasbourg: Timeline of Strasbourg since 12th century BC, as the area was settled by proto-Celts

Since 1940 history of the Jews in German occupied Alsace and later: History of the Jews in Alsace in German occupied France during World War II and later - 1895-1940 Synagogue du Quai Kléber destroyed by Hitler Youths from Baden and Alsace and Nazi Germany authorities in 1940-1941

Since 1949 Council of Europe in Strasbourg: Since 1949 Council of Europe headquartered in Strasbourg. - European institutions in Strasbourg

Juin/juillet 2012 monument contre la barbarie nazie: 22 juillet 2012: Inauguration de l'Allée des Justes à Strasbourg sur l'emplacement de l'ancienne synagogue du quai Kléber, aussi un monument qui rappelle ce que fut la barbarie nazie

February 2019 anti-Semitic movements and attacks: 3 février 2019: Des représentants de la communauté juive dans l'est de la France ont protesté dimanche contre des 'propos antisémites violents proférés' samedi lors d'une manifestation des 'gilets jaunes' à Strasbourg - 19 February 2019: Around 80 graves have been daubed with swastikas at a Jewish cemetery near Strasbourg, hours ahead of nationwide marches on Tuesday against a rise in anti-Semitic attacks

March 2019 anti-Semitic attacks: 3 March 2019: Local officials and others spoke out against anti-Semitism after a memorial marking the site of Strasbourg’s Old Synagogue, destroyed by the Nazis during World War II, was apparently vandalized - 4 mars 2019: De nouveaux actes antisémites en Alsace

4 October 2022 Strasbourg decided not to screen the 2022 Qatar World Cup, joining other French cities: 4 October 2022: Strasbourg has also decided not to screen the 2022 Qatar World Cup. 'It is impossible for us not to listen to the numerous alerts from NGOs denouncing the abuse and exploitation of immigrant workers. Thousands of foreign workers have died on the building sites, it’s unbearable', the city’s ecologist mayor, Jeanne Barseghian, said in an interview, adding 'Strasbourg, the European capital and seat of the European court of human rights, cannot decently condone these abuses, cannot turn a blind eye when human rights are being flouted in this way'

Obernai city in north-eastern France: Obernai ville, une commune française située dans la circonscription administrative du Bas-Rhin et, depuis le 1er janvier 2021, dans le territoire de la Collectivité européenne d'Alsace, en région Grand Est et dans la région historique et culturelle d'Alsace

17th-20th century history of Obernai's Jewish community: Geschichte der jüdischen Gemeinde vom 17. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert in Obernai

21st century economy of Obernai city: Obernai ville économie - avec quelque 555 établissements, Obernai concentre l'essentiel de l'activité industrielle et tertiaire du canton, et avec 7 800 emplois, le bassin d'Obernai est l'un des plus importants du Bas-Rhin.

26 August 2022 Obernai city's banner displays names and faces of the 'Malgré-nous': 26 August 2022: In front of the patron saint of Alsace, a banner displays the names and faces of the 'Malgré-nous', the young Alsatians and Mosellans drafted into NSDAP-ruled Germany's armies during the Second World War 80 years ago. 'These banners have the power to show that these guys were young', says the president of the Orphans of the 'Malgré-nous' in Alsace-Moselle, 'africanews' reports

Centre-Val de Loire Region: Centre-Val de Loire region - or Centre Region, as it was known until 2015 - is one of the eighteen administrative regions of France. It straddles the middle Loire Valley in the interior of the country, with a population of 2,572,853 inhabitants as of 2018. Its prefecture is the city of Orléans. Its largest cities include Tours with 136,463 inhabitants in 2018, Orléans with 116,238 inhabitants, Bourges with 64,668 inhabitants, Blois with 45,871 inhabitants, Châteauroux with 43,442 inhabitants, Chartres with 38,426 inhabitants, Joué-lès-Tours with 38,250 inhabitants - Tours Métropole Val de Loire, Dreux with 30,664 inhabitants, Vierzon with 25,725 inhabitants, Olivet with 22,168 inhabitants (all populations in 2018)

Loire river: Loire river, the longest river in France with a length of 1,006 km, draining 117,054 km2, more than a fifth of France's land, while its average discharge is only half that of the Rhône. - Map and list of tributaries of the Loire

Modern times history, timeline of the Loire river and climate change: Modern times history and timeline of the Loire river, since 20th century in the periods of climate change. The river is officially navigable as far as Bouchemaine, where the Maine joins it near Angers. Another short stretch much further upstream at Decize is also navigable, where a river level crossing from the Canal latéral à la Loire connects to the Canal du Nivernais, but in 2022, a European drought rendered parts of the Loire unnavigable for fish and water vessels as they were partially or completely dried up.

17 August 2022 France's river Loire sets new lows amid record drought: 17 August 2022: France's river Loire sets new lows as record drought dries up rhe river and its tributaries, as unprecedented low water levels endanger river ecology, as sand banks stretch for miles, flat-bottom boats stranded, as four nuclear plants depend on water flow for cooling

Orléans city: Orléans city in north-central France located on the river Loire, about 120km southwest of Paris. It is the prefecture of the department of Loiret and of the region of Centre-Val de Loire, nestled in the heart of the Loire Valley that is classified as a World Heritage Site, and where the river curves south towards the Massif Central. In 2018, the city had 116,238 inhabitants within its municipal boundaries. Orléans is the center of Orléans Métropole with a population of 286,257 citizens in 2021.

Modern times history of Orléans city: Modern times history of Orléans city, during the Second World War, the German army made the Orléans Fleury-les-Aubrais railway station one of their central logistical rail hubs. A transit camp for deportees was built at Beaune-la-Rolande. During the war, the American Air Force heavily bombed the city and the train station, causing much damage. The city was one of the first to be rebuilt after the war as work began as early as the start of 1945. This reconstruction in part identically reproduced what had been lost, such as Royale and its arcades, but the big city of former times is today an average-sized city of more than 250,000 inhabitants

Tours city: Tours city in north-central France located on the river Loire, one of the largest cities in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France, and is the prefecture of the department of Indre-et-Loire. The commune of Tours had 136,463 citizens in 2018 while the population of the whole metropolitan area was 516,973 inhabitants. Tours sits on the lower reaches of the Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast, possesses one of the largest amphitheaters of the Roman Empire, the Tours Amphitheatre, and is also known for the Battle of Tours in 732 AD. The city keeps a historical center registered in the UNESCO, and is home to the Vieux-Tours, a patrimonial site. The garden city has a green heritage and an urban landscape strongly influenced by its natural space. The historic city that is nicknamed 'Le Petit Paris' and its region by its history and culture has always been a land of birth or host to many personalities, international sporting events, and is a university city with more than 30,000 students in 2019.

Since 1969 University of Tours: Since 1969 University of Tours, a public university in Tours, comprising seven departments, as well as an engineering school and two technology institutes. Research at the university is at the forefront in the social sciences and humanities in the study of the Renaissance through the Graduate Center of the Renaissance since 1956 and in knowledge of food heritage through a program ambitious research at the Institute of European history and culture of food. The University of Tours is also distinguished in the field of materials for energy technology research with the Microelectronic at CERTEM in collaboration with ST Microelectronics

Since June 2016 University of Tours 'Institute for Global Security & Defense Affairs': Since June 2016 University of Tours 'Institute for Global Security & Defense Affairs', an online nonprofit Think Tank specialized in global, international, regional, national and internal security research - 4 mars 2023 'La mer Rouge demeure un cordon ombilical irremplaçable entre l’Extrême-Orient', 'l’atelier de la planète', et les marchés européen, publié sous la direction de Marc Lavergne et David Rigoulet-Roze

Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region: Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in Eastern France created by the 2014 territorial reform of French regions, from a merger of Burgundy and Franche-Comté. The new region came into existence on 1 January 2016, after the regional elections of December 2015. The region covers an area of 47,783 km2 and eight departments, with a population of 2,811,423 inhabitans in 2017. Its prefecture and largest city is Dijon, although the regional council sits in Besançon, making Bourgogne-Franche-Comté one of two regions in France with Normandy in which the prefect does not sit in the same city as the regional council

Rhône river: Rhône river, one of the major rivers of Europe, rising in the Rhône Glacier in the Swiss Alps, passing through Lake Geneva and running through southeastern France

History of the river Rhone and the river valley: History of the river Rhone and river valley, the main trade route from the Mediterranean to east-central Gaul, helping convey Greek cultural influences to the western Hallstatt and the later La Tène cultures, as Celtic tribes living near the Rhône included the Seduni, Sequani, Segobriges, Allobroges, Segusiavi, Helvetii, Vocontii and Volcae Arecomic

'Pre'-history of Marseille and its environs: 'Pre'-history of Marseille and its environs, as humans have inhabited the region for almost 30,000 years, as palaeolithic cave paintings in the underwater Cosquer Cave near the calanque of Morgiou date back to between 27,000 and 19,000 BC, and as recent excavations near the railway station have unearthed neolithic brick habitations from around 6000 BC

April 2020 discovery of a string and Neanderthal abilities in the Rhone River valley: 13 April 2020: Ohio researchers report the discovery of a string, hinting at Neanderthal abilities, like making bags, mats, nets and fabric, and coming from an archaeological site in the Rhone River valley of southeastern France, and being roughly 40,000 to 50,000 years old

7 May 2023 modern humans needed three tries to colonise Europe, according to research of Rhone valley caves: 7 May 2023: It took three separate waves of modern humans to colonise Europe between 54,000 and 42,000 years ago. That is the key conclusion of scientists who have been studying caves in the Rhone valley where they have discovered evidence that Homo sapiens had to make a trio of determined attempts to head westwards and northwards from western Asia before they could establish themselves in the continent. 'The first two of these waves failed but the third succeeded around 42,000 years ago', said Ludovic Slimak of the University of Toulouse, who is leading the excavations in France. 'After that, modern humans took over in Europe. The Neanderthals, who had evolved on the continent, died out.'

Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeast-central France: Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeast-central France, in 2014 resulting from the merger of Auvergne and Rhône-Alpes as the region covers an area of 69,711 km2 with a population of 7,948,287 citizens in 2017, second to Île-de-France, and as it consists of 12 departments and 1 territorial collectivity with Lyon as the prefecture of the region

Economy of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region: Economy of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, as its Gross domestic product was 270.0 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 11.5% of French economic output

Politics and regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes: Politics and since 2015/2016 regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

Lyon city: Lyon city with its suburbs and satellite towns forms the 2nd-largest metropolitan area in France with a population of 2,188,759 in 2011 - History of Lyon since 43 BCE - Culture in Lyon

Economy of Lyon: Economy of Lyon

Timeline of Lyon: Timeline of Lyon since 43 BCE

Since 1861 African Museum of Lyon: Since 1861 African Museum of Lyon, the oldest museum in France dedicated to Africa, and one of the oldest museums in Lyon, its collections specialise in West African objects

1900-1944 in Lyon: 1900-1944 in Lyon

Since June 1940 Lyon occupied by German military and resistence: Juin 1940 Bataille de la vallée du Rhône, parallèlement avec la défense de la Loire et la bataille des Alpes, au cours de la dernière étape de la bataille de France après l'invasion allemande - Lyon sous l'occupation allemande et résistance, Lyon devient le centre de la Résistance juive en France - Depuis 1943 criminel de guerre allemand Klaus Barbie chef de la Gestapo de la région lyonnaise

July-August 1942 mass arrests of Jewish families by French police at the behest of Germany: 26 août 2022: Six semaines après la rafle du Vél d'Hiv, une autre vague d'arrestations est organisée en zone non-occupée. Le 26 août 1942, à l'initiative des autorités de Vichy, après des négociations avec les Allemands, environ 6 600 juifs sont arrêtés dans une quarantaine de départements, y compris Lyon. Quatre-vingts ans plus tard, cet épisode majeur de la Shoah en France reste occulté de la mémoire collective

Lyon since 1944: La ville de Lyon libérée le 3 septembre 1944 par la fuite de l'armée allemande qui laisse presque tous les ponts détruits

Since 1958 immigration of Algerian Jews: À la suite de la guerre d'Algérie, l'afflux d'immigrés fait passer la population juive de 15 000 à 35 000 personnes entre 1958 et 1968 à Lyon

1983 extradition and 1987 trial of SS and Gestapo functionary Barbie: 1983 extradition, 1987 trial and 1991 death of SS and Gestapo functionary Nikolaus 'Klaus' Barbie during the Nazi era, known as the 'Butcher of Lyon' for having personally tortured French prisoners of the Gestapo while stationed in Lyon, who after the war belonged to USA intelligence services, employed for his anti-Marxist efforts

Since 2015 Lyon Metropolis: Since 2015 Lyon Metropolis

March 2019 Cardinal Barbarin convicted: 7 March 2019: A French court has convicted the Roman Catholic archbishop of Lyon, Cardinal Philippe Barbarin, of failing to act on historic allegations of sexual abuse of boy scouts in his diocese

24 May 2019 Lyon bombing attack: 24 May 2019: Police were hunting a suspected suitcase bomber on Friday after an explosion along a pedestrian street in the heart of Lyon that injured 13 people, officials said