European countries A - L

Geography of Europe: Geography of Europe, the northwestern peninsula of the larger landmass known as Eurasia, or the larger Afro-Eurasia - Geology of Europe - Geological history of Europe
List of European countries by population and by area: List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe, including 50 generally recognised sovereign states - List of European countries by population, including 51 countries and 6 territories and dependencies located in Europe, broadly defined, as transcontinental countries are included if they are members of the Council of Europe - List of European countries by area, as some states are only partially located in Europe and are ranked according to the size of their European part only - Lists of countries in Europe by other - more or less distinguishing - features
European countries M - Y




Albania - Geography of Albania - History of Albania - Battle of Kosovo 1389 - Albanian resistance during World War II - People's Socialist Republic of Albania 1944-1992 - History of post-Communist Albania - Demographics of Albania
Economy of Albania: Economy of Albania - main industries are perfumes and cosmetic products, food and tobacco products, textiles and clothing, lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower - Companies of Albania by industry
Mines in Albania: Mines in Albania
List of oil and gas fields in Albania: List of oil and gas fields in Albania - Patos-Marinza Oil Field
Energy and infrastructure in Albania: Energy in Albania - Infrastructure in Albania
Agriculture in Albania: Agriculture in Albania - main agricultural products are tobacco, figs, olives, wheat, maize, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes; meat, honey, dairy products, and traditional medicine plants
Transport in Albania: Transport in Albania
Tourism in Albania: Tourism in Albania - Visitor attractions in Albania - World Heritage Sites in Albania
Economic history of Albania and economic cycles: Economic history of Albania and macroeconomic trends 2016-2020
June 2016 Chinese companies are replacing traditional European investing partners: 13 June 2016: Chinese companies are replacing traditional European investing partners, namely Italy and Turkey, and helping to develop a country in dire need of modernization
Labor in Albania: Labor in Albania
Taxation in Albania: Taxation in Albania
Politics of Albania: Politics of Albania - Constitution of Albania 1998
Political parties and trade unions in Albania: Political parties in Albania - Socialist Party of Albania - Socialist Movement for Integration - Trade unions in Albania
Elections, government and politics in Albania: Elections in Albania
June 2013 Albanian parliamentary election: Albanian parliamentary election 23 June 2013 - 23 June 2013: After shooting in the northwestern Lac region, in which an opposition activist was killed and a Democrat candidate wounded, the main opposition PS and the ruling coalition claim victory in the deeply polarised country - 26 June: Rama's left-of-centre coalition captured 84 seats in the 140-member parliament to 56 for Democratic party's coalition
December 2013: 29 December 2013: The Albanian parliament adopted 2014 budget of 3.25 billion euros, with a public deficit estimated at 6.6% of GDP
June 2017 Albanian parliamentary election: 25 June 2017 Albanian parliamentary election - 25 June 2017: Albania’s Socialist Party looked set to win Sunday’s parliamentary vote, an exit poll showed, which would give the ruling party a mandate to push judicial reforms vital for membership of the EU
June 2019 Albanian local elections: 30 June 2019 Albanian local elections, a set of highly contested elections in Albania as voters were asked to elect mayors, municipal council members, municipal unit mayors and municipal unit members, the second local elections in Albania since substantial administrative reforms legislated in 2014 reduced the number of municipalities in the country to 61, and as the opposition parties refused to participate in the election accusing the government and the PM of vote buying, voters intimidation and links with criminal organizations that led to a Socialist Party majority in the previous elections
April 2021 Albanian parliamentary election: 25 April 2021 Albanian parliamentary election, as the 'Socialist Party of Albania' won 768,177 votes, 48.68% and 74 seats and as the 'Democratic Party – Alliance for Change' won 622,234 votes, 39.43% and 59 seats
27 April 2021 PS and Edi Rama claimed victory: 27 April 2021: Edi Rama has claimed victory in Albania's parliamentary elections, with preliminary results showing his ruling PS was on course to retain its majority, credited with 49% of the vote on Tuesday afternoon
Social movements and protests in Albania: Protests in Albania
2011 opposition demonstrations: 2011 Albanian opposition demonstrations
2015 opposition protest against corruption: 18 December 2015: Thousands of opposition protesters have gathered in front of Albania's parliament demanding the resignation of the government as rampant corruption allegedly driving Albanians to seek asylum in Western Europe
2018 anti-government protests: 27 January 2018: Thousands take part in anti-government protests, accuse PM Edi Rama's administration of corruption and links to organised crime
March 2019 anti-government demonstrations: 17 March 2019: Albanian police used tear gas to disperse a crowd trying to break into the parliament on a day of anti-government demonstrations across the Balkans
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Albania: Albanian society
Counties and municipalities of Albania: 12 counties of Albania are first-level administrative divisions in the Republic of Albania - 61 municipalities of Albania, the second-level administrative divisions of the country
Cities in Albania: List of cities in Albania
Tirana: Tirana, the capital and largest city by area and population of the Republic of Albania
Economy of Tirana: Economy of Tirana, the heart of the economy of Albania and the most industrialised and economically fastest growing region in Albania, as the tertiary sector is the most important for the economy of Tirana and employs more than 68% of work force
Timeline of Tirana: Timeline of Tirana since 1572
Durrës: Durrës, the second most populous city in the Republic of Albaniam and the capital of the surrounding Durrës County, located on the Adriatic Sea, and the country's most ancient economic and historic center
History of Durrës: History of Durrës
Demographics and ethnic groups in Albania: Demographics of Albania - Ethnic groups in Albania
Albanians: Albanians
Aromanians in Albania: Aromanians, Latin ethnic group native to the southern Balkans
Greeks in Albania: Greeks in Albania
Jews in Albania: History of the Jews in Albania dates back about 2,000 years - The Holocaust in Albania consisted of murders, deportations and crimes against humanity committed against Jews, Slavs, Roma and other minorities in Albania by German, Italian and Albanian collaborationist forces while the country was under Italian and German occupation during World War II
Romani people in Albania: Romani people in Albania
Serb minority in Albania: Serb minority in Albania
Human rights and freedom of religion in Albania: Human rights in Albania - Freedom of religion in Albania
Languages and culture of Albania: Culture of Albania - Languages of Albania
Education in Albania: Education in Albania
Health in Albania: Health in Albania
Albanian media: Albanian media
Crime in Albania: Crime in Albania
Corruption in Albania: Corruption in Albania - Political scandals of Albania
Organised crime in Albania: Organised crime in Albania
Gangs in the Albanian civil war of 1997: Gangs in the Albanian civil war of 1997
List of massacres in Albania since 1943: List of massacres in Albania since 1943 - 9 July 1943 Massacre of Borovë
Albanian law: Albanian law - Constitution of Albania - Legal history of Albania
Judiciary of Albania: Judiciary of Albania
Courts in Albania
Law enforcement in Albania: Law enforcement in Albania
Foreign relations of Albania: Foreign relations of Albania
Treaties of Albania: Treaties of Albania
Albania/Bulgaria relations: Albania/Bulgaria relations
Albania/PR of China relations: Albania/PR of China relations - Albania in the Chinese Sphere 1958-1978 - Sino-Albanian split 1978
Albania/EU relations: Albanian EU accession bid 2009
Albania/Germany relations: Albania/Germany relations - Albania during World War I 1914-1918 - Principality of Albania 1914-1917, 1920-1925 - Albania under Italy and Nazi Germany 1939-1944 - National Liberation Movement in World War II - Albanian resistance during World War II
Albania/Italy relations: Albania/Italy relations - Italian protectorate over Albania 1917–1920 - Italian invasion of Albania 1939 - Albania under Italy and Nazi Germany 1939-1944 - National Liberation Movement in World War II - Albanian resistance during World War II
Albania/Kosovo relations: Albania/Kosovo relations
Albania/Republic of Macedonia relations: Albania/Republic of Macedonia relations - Demographic history of Macedonia and Albania - Ideology of 'Greater Albania' - Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia 2001 - 2012 Republic of Macedonia inter-ethnic violence - Smilkovci lake killings 2012
Albania/Serbia relations: Albania/Serbia relations
Albania/Turkey relations: Albania/Turkey relations - Albanian Declaration of Independence from the Ottoman Empire on 28 November 1912
Albania/USA relations: Albania/USA relations
Environment of Albania: Environment of Albania - Climate of Albania - Biodiversity of Albania
Environmental issues in Albania: Environmental issues in Albania, includung air and water pollution, waste and deforestation
Conservation in Albania: Conservation in Albania - Protected areas of Albania - Institute for Environmental Policy in Albania
Water in Albania: Water in Albania - Rivers of Albania
Natural disasters in Albania: Natural disasters in Albania
Floods in Albania: Floods in Albania
2009–2010 Albania floods: 2009–2010 Albania floods refer to several periods of major flooding in the northern regions of Albania around Shkodra, Lezhë and Durrës
November 2019 Albania earthquake: 26 November 2019 Albania earthquake - 26 November 2019: A strong earthquake shook Albania early Tuesday, killing at least six people, injuring 300 and collapsing buildings, with an epicenter 30 kilometers northwest of the capital Tirana


Austria - Geography of Austria - History of Austria - Demographics of Austria
Economy of Austria: Economy of Austria - main industries include construction, machinery, metals, vehicles and parts, food, lumber and wood processing, paper and paperboard, communications equipment, chemicals, tourism - List of companies of Austria
Mining in Austria: Mining in Austria
Energy in Austria: Energy in Austria
Fossil fuels in Austria: Fossil fuels in Austria - Petroleum in Austria - Oil and gas companies of Austria
Electricity in Austria: Electricity in Austria, in 2010 28.5% came from fossil fuels, 68.6% from hydropower and the remainder from other sources
Hydroelectric power stations in Austria: Hydroelectric power stations in Austria
Solar and wind power in Austria: Solar power in Austria - Wind power in Austria
Agriculture in Austria: Agriculture in Austria, agricultural and forestry output is heavily concentrated in field crops, meat, and dairy products, with most of it coming from animal husbandry
Water in Austria: Water in Austria
Rivers and lakes of Austria: Rivers of Austria - List of rivers of Austria by draining - List of lakes of Austria - List of dams and reservoirs in Austria
Danube: Danube, Europe's second-longest river and located in Central and Eastern Europe
Water transport in Austria: Water transport in Austria
Tourism in Austria: Tourism in Austria - Tourist attractions in Austria - Austria–Slovenia border
September 2019 German tourist sued for complaints about hotel's Nazi portraits: 6 September 2019: German tourist sued for complaints about hotel's Nazi portraits in the Tyrolean Alps last August
7 February 2022 9 people died in 3 days during which more than 100 avalanches struck Austria: 7 February 2022: Nine people died in 3 days during which more than 100 avalanches struck Austria, as heavy snowfall followed by warmer weather made for unusually dangerous conditions, and as most of the avalanches hit the western Tyrol region
Banking in Austria: Banking in Austria - Banks of Austria - Hypo Group Alpe Adria - bank scandal - 14 December 2009: Austria nationalises ailing Hypo Group Alpe Adria
April 2013 banking secrecy: 8. April 2013: Nach Luxemburg beginnt auch in Österreich das Bankgeheimnis zu bröckeln
Economic history of Austria and economic cycles: Economic history of Austria
Labor in Austria: Labor in Austria - Labour disputes in Austria - Trade unions in Austria
Taxation in Austria: Taxation in Austria
Politics of Austria: Politics of Austria - Political parties in Austria - Trade unions in Austria
Elections and politics in Austria: Elections in Austria
2008: 28 September 2008 Austrian legislative election
2010: 25 April 2010 Austrian presidential election - 10 October 2010 Viennese state election
2013: 3 March 2013 Carinthian state election - 3 mars 2013: En Carinthie les différents instituts de sondages donnent autour de 32% (contre 28,8% en 2009) au candidat social-démocrate Peter Kaiser contre seulement autour de 21% au gouverneur sortant de l'Etat régional - Landtagswahl in Niederösterreich 2013
September 2013 Austrian legislative election: 29 September 2013 Austrian legislative election - 29 septembre: Ouverture des bureaux de vote pour 6,4 millions d'électeurs qui doivent renouveler les 183 députés de leur Conseil national - 29 septembre: La coalition sortante des sociaux-démocrates et conservateurs remporte la majorité absolue, forte poussée de l'extrême droite
2014 European Parliament election: Austria European Parliament election 25 May 2014
2015 Styrian and Vienna election: 31 May 2015 Styrian state election, Social Democrats win Styrian state election, securing 29.29% of the vote despite Freedom party gains - 11 October 2015: Social Democrats win Vienna election, securing 39.5% of Sunday’s vote, ahead of the Freedom party on 31%
24 April 2016 Austrian presidential election: 24 April 2016 Austrian presidential election - 25 April 2016: Far-right and anti-immigration 'Freedom' party's Norbert Hofer takes 36% of the vote as candidates from the two governing parties fail to make runoff
April 2016: 28 April 2016: Austrian MPs to bring in some of Europe’s most stringent asylum legislation, days after a far-right politician won the first round of the country’s presidential elections
May 2016: 9 May 2016: Faymann quits as Austrian chancellor - 21 May 2016: Far-right Austrian presidential candidate Hofer accused of lying over Jerusalem terror incident
22 May Austrian presidential election second round - 23 mai 2016: Alexander Van der Bellen, former Green party leader, elected president in Austria in narrow defeat for far right
July 2016: 1 juillet 2016: Après un coup de théâtre sans précédent de l'invalidation du résultat de l'élection présidentielle par la Cour constitutionnelle les Autrichiens vont retourner aux urnes pour élire un président
December 2016 new second round of Austrian presidential election: 4 December 2016 new second round of Austrian presidential election - 5 December 2016: Austria’s voters have resoundingly rejected anti-immigration and eurosceptic Hofer’s bid to become EU’s first far-right president, instead electing former leader of the Green party Van der Bellen who said he would be an 'open-minded, liberal-minded and above all a pro-European president', a result greeted with relief
January 2017: 30. Januar 2017: SPÖ und ÖVP stimmen neuem Regierungspakt zu
October 2017 Austrian legislative election: 15 October 2017 Austrian legislative election - 16 October 2017: Stoking concerns about a record influx of migrants into Europe following the failure of the international community to tackle crises in the Middle East and Africa, Austria's 'People’s Party' got 31.4% of the vote, the 'Freedom Party' came in second with 27.4% and the 'Social Democratic Party of Austria', which now governs in coalition with 'People’s Party', got 26.7% - 24 October 2017: Austria’s Sebastian Kurz on Tuesday agreed to hold coalition talks with the FPÖ, potentially rekindling an alliance previously dubbed a 'pact with the devil' by the media
December 2017: 15/16 December 2017: Having Nazi roots and campaigning on an anti-immigrant platform Austria’s anti-immigration FPOe and the OeVP agreed a coalition deal - 20 December 2017: Rise of 'Freedom Party' founded in 1956 by a former SS officer raises fears Austria hasn’t learned from Nazi past
January/February 2018: 11 January 2018: The Jewish Community of Vienna, which represents most Jews in Austria, continues long-standing policy of boycotting the 'Freedom Party' with its Nazi roots, as Israel also rejects meetings with party ministers - 24 January 2018: FPÖ candidate for state office Udo Landbauer was a member of student fraternity whose songbook contains Nazi lyrics - 21 Februar 2018: Austrian Jewish students disrupted cabinet minister Fassmann’s speech at a conference on anti-Semitism over the fact that Kurz government includes politicians from the 'Freedom Party' known for anti-Semitic and racist incidents involving its members and leaders
Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair: Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair, an ongoing political scandal in Austria involving FPÖ's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Vice-Chancellor of Austria, FPÖ's Johann Gudenus and the Austrian 'Freedom Party' FPÖ in general, causing the collapse of the Austrian governing coalition - 20 May 2019: Austria’s Jewish community's Oskar Deutsch said that the downfall of far-right party leader and Vice Chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache validated his community’s policy of avoiding the faction, due to the party’s alleged failure to distance itself from its neo-Nazi past, and as official Israel had also avoided contact with party members
26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Austria: 26 mai 2019 élections européennes en Autriche
27-31 May 2019: 27 mai 2019: Le chancelier autrichien Sebastian Kurz a été renversé par une motion de censure adoptée par les principaux partis d'opposition, dix jours après le scandale de l'Ibizagate qui a fait exploser la coalition qu'il avait formée avec l'extrême droite - 31 May 2019: Austria gets its first female chancellor, for now as constitutional court president Brigitte Bierlein named as interim premier
September 2019 Austrian legislative election: 29 September 2019 Austrian legislative election in the second half of the year, called as a result of 2019 Ibiza affair and the breakup of the ruling ÖVP–FPÖ coalition in May 2019 - Opinion polling for the 2019 Austrian legislative election
November 2019 three people arrested in connection with FPÖ-Strache video: 20 November 2019: Austrian prosecutors say three people have been arrested in connection with a video that triggered the collapse of the government earlier this year
2 January 2020 Greens enter government with conservatives: 2 janvier 2020: L'Autriche va être dirigée par une coalition inédite entre les conservateurs et les écologistes, deux partis aux orientations politiques si éloignées que leur programme commun dévoilé jeudi sera déterminant pour la pérennité de leur alliance
5 January 2020 foreign country behind cyberattack on information systems: 5 January 2020: Austria suspects a foreign country is behind a serious cyberattack on information systems at its Foreign Ministry that continued on Sunday, the ministry said
5 November 2020 government admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman: 5 novembre 2020: Le gouvernement autrichien a admis mercredi des erreurs de ses services de renseignements, qui ont minimisé la dangerosité du suspect de l’attaque terroriste qui endeuille Vienne - 4 August 2020: Austria admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman
9 October 2021 Austrian chancellor Kurz plans to step down: 9 October 2021: Austrian chancellor Kurz said on Saturday that he plans to step down in an effort to defuse a government crisis triggered by prosecutors’ announcement that he is a target of a corruption investigation, adding he has proposed that FM Alexander Schallenbergbe his replacement
9 October 2022 Austrian presidential election: 9 October 2022 presidential election in Austria, as - in case no candidate reaches a majority of valid votes cast - a runoff would be held on 6 November. Incumbent Alexander Van der Bellen is eligible for one more term and is running for re-election. About 6.36 million voting-age citizens will be eligible to vote. - Opinion polls for the 9 October 2022 presidential election
Social movements, criticism and protests in Austria: Protests in Austria
2009: 2009 student protests in Austria
2013: 2 February 2013: Nine protesters have been arrested for civil disorder in demonstrations against a right-wing ball in Vienna's imperial Hofburg Palace - 20 April 2013: Austrians disagree with their government over the need to maintain the country's banking secrecy, according to polls which showed a majority in favour of lifting the controversial measure
2015: 31 January 2015: Austrian police hold 38 people as thousands protest outside controversial palace ball in Vienna
September 2015: 1 September 2015: About 20,000 people took to the streets of Vienna on the eve of 1 September to demonstrate against ill-treatment of refugees, after the bodies of 71 people were found on Austria’s A4 motorway in an abandoned truck last week and as the European refugee and migrant crisis escalates - 1 September 2015: Along with several hundred citizens wanting to pay respect to refugees, Vienna and Austrian officials hold memorial for 71 refugees found dead in an abandoned lorry
2016: 1 May 2016: Around 80,000 people on May Day in Vienna greeted SPÖ's Faymann with loud boos and calls to step down, following the ruling coalition’s handling of the refugee and migrant crisis, rising unemployment and disastrous defeat in presidential ballot
December 2017 protest against ÖVP/Freedom party deal: 18 December 2017: Thousands protest as natioalist ministers enter government in Austria, following a deal of ÖVP with the 'Freedom party' founded after the second world war by former members of the Nazi party
January 2018 'Never Again' protest: 13/14 January 2018: Thousands of Austrians gathered to protest against the new coalition government, which includes the FPO founded by former Nazis, with a march in Vienna, carrying placards reading 'Never Again' and chanting slogans such as 'Don't Let Nazis Govern'
June 2018: 30 juin 2018: Plus de 80'000 personnes ont manifesté samedi face à la volonté du gouvernement d'étendre à 12 heures par jour et à 60 par semaine la durée maximale autorisée de travail
October 2018: 4 octobre 2018: Plusieurs milliers de personnes ont manifesté à Vienne pour ressusciter les 'manifestations du jeudi' de l'année 2000 contre le premier gouvernement de coalition entre ÖVP et FPÖ
December 2018: 16 December 2018: Thousands of protesters in Vienna braved snow and icy temperatures Saturday to protest Austria’s ruling coalition between the conservatives and xenophobic FPOe a year after they came to power
Austrian society, demographics, culture and human rights: Austrian society
Human rights and legal history of Austria: Human rights in Austria - Legal history of Austria
9 states of Austria: 9 states of Austria, a federal republic made up of states (Länder, but 'Land' is also the German word for 'country', and the term 'Bundesländer' is often used instead to avoid ambiguity)
Cities and towns in Austria: List of cities and towns in Austria
Vienna city: Vienna city, the national capital and one of nine states of Austria, as Vienna is Austria's most populous city, with about 2 million inhabitants (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of the country's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre, also the 6th-largest city by population within city limits in the EU - History of Vienna
Economy of Vienna: Economy of Vienna
Timeline of Vienna: Timeline of Vienna since 1st-millennium BCE, ending with 'Vindobona' settlement
1814/15 Congress of Vienna: 1814/15 Congress of Vienna, an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon I, now chaired by Austria's von Metternich with the objective to provide a peace plan for Europe by settling now given critical issues
Since 1824 Beethoven's Symphony No.9: May 1824 Beethoven's Symphony No.9, op.125, composed between 1822 and 1824, as the symphony is regarded today by many citizens around the globe as composer's greatest work and also best-known works in common practice music, as it was the first example of a major composer using voices in a symphony with words are sung by vocal soloists and chorus taken from the 'Ode to Joy', since ending 20th century the anthem of the Council of Europe and the European Union EU, as e.g. in 2017 members of the Parliament of the UK during a vote sang 'Ode to Joy' to protest against 'Brexit'
March-November 1948 revolutions in Vienna and its empire: March-November 1948 revolutions in the Austrian Empire, as empire ruled from Vienna included ethnic Germans, Hungarians, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Romanians, Croats, Venetians, Serbs, all attempting in the course of the revolution to achieve more autonomy, independence, as the situation was further complicated by the simultaneous events in Germany (aiming greater German national unity) and European states sparked by the French revolution, as these democratic and even socialist currents were violently forcibly suppressed by more or less brutal aristocratic regimes
9 November 1848 execution of democrat Robert Blum in Vienna: 9. November 1848 Robert Blums - in Köln geborener Wortführer der Linken in der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung von 1848 und der populärste Politiker seiner Zeit - letzte Worte 'Ich sterbe für die deutsche Freiheit, für die ich gekämpft' bevor er am 9. November 1848 im Wiener Vorort Brigittenau im Morgengrauen durch die Kugeln eines österreichischen Hinrichtungskommandos sterben mußte - 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche
9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques: 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche
Since March 1938 annexation by NSDAP ruled Germany and Second World War: n March 1938 Nazi Germany occupied and annexed Austria in a process known as the 'Anschluss', as during World War II since September 1939, the city housed 12 sub-camps of the infamous Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, located in various parts of the city
In 1938, following the 'Anschluss' the Freud familiy was forced to leave Austria: In 1938, following the 'Anschluss' in which NSDAP-ruled Germany occupied Austria, followed by German empire's World War II, Sigmund Freud's daughter Anna was taken to Gestapo headquarters in Vienna for questioning on the activities of the International Psychoanalytical Association, after - unknown to her father, she and her brother Martin had obtained Veronal from Max Schur, the family doctor, in sufficient quantities to commit suicide if faced with torture or internment, but she survived her interrogation ordeal, returned to the family home, and then - after her father had reluctantly accepted the urgent need to leave Vienna - she set about organizing the complex immigration process for the family in liaison with Ernest Jones (then President of the International Psychoanalytical Association), who secured the immigration permits that eventually led to the family establishing their new home in London, then - especially since the 1970s - Anna Freud was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, also studying deviations and delays in development, when her teaching - including seminars on crime and the family - led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert J. Solnit on children's needs and the law, published in three volumes
1945-1955 Allied-occupied Austria and republic: 1945-1955 Allied-occupied Austria and Republic of Austria, independen since 1955
Salzburg city: Salzburg city, the capital city of the State of Salzburg and fourth-largest city in Austria, as in 2020, it had a population of 156,872 citizens
Demographics of Austria: Demographics of Austria - Austrians - Ethnic groups in Austria - Ethnic groups in Vienna
History of the Jews in Austria: History of the Jews in Austria begins with exodus of Jews from Palestine under Roman occupation - History of the Jews in Vienna - History of the Jews in Salzburg
Romani people in Austria: Romani people in Austria
Arabs in Austria: Arabs in Austria, the people from Arab countries, particularly Lebanon, Syria, the Palestinian Territories, Iraq, Jordan
Filipinos in Austria: Filipinos in Austria
Hungarians in Austria: Hungarians in Austria
Serbs in Austria: Serbs in Austria
Turks in Austria: Turks in Austria
Immigration and refugees in Austria: Immigration to Austria - Immigrants to Austria
2014-2016: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Since 2015 Austrian border barrier: Austrian border barrier is a border barrier constructed between November 2015 and January 2016 by Austria on its border with Slovenia, as a 'response' to the international and European refugee and migrant crisis
2015: 15 mai 2015: La Croix-Rouge a vivement critiqué la création de camps de tentes pour les demandeurs d'asile en Autriche, annoncé par le gouvernement - 28 August 2015: More than 70 migrants were found dead in an abandoned lorry on Austria’s A4 motorway between Neusiedl and Parndorf, registered to a Romanian citizen from the Hungarian city of Kecskemét - 29 August 2015: Three young children are recovering in hospital in Braunau from severe dehydration after police in Austria stopped a truck with 26 refugees and migrants from Syria, Afghanistan and Bangladesh inside - 31 August: Austria toughens border controls in trafficking clampdown - 1 September 2015: Hundreds of refugees arrive from Hungary in Vienna and ran towards the next trains heading for Germany - 5 September: A first bus carrying refugees who have been stranded in the Hungarian capital reached the Austrian border early Saturday, after Austria and Germany agreed to take in refugees - 5 September: Austrians greet thousands off Hungarian buses - 7 September: As Thousands of refugees arrive by foot, buses, and trains to Vienna, Austrians offer food and water to arriving refugees - 10 September: Thousands more migrants stream into Austria from Hungary - 20 September 2015: Around 13,000 people entered Austria on Saturday, according to the Red Cross, after being shunted through Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia and forced away from these EU members - 23 October: As thousands more refugees and migrants have crossed from Slovenia to Austria, travelling for days from the Serbian border with Croatia, Austrian officials ask EU for more assistance to tackle refugee crisis
2016: 18 February 2016: Austria's announcement to limit the number of refugees allowed to enter its territory receives a sharp rebuke from the European commission which branded the move 'plainly incompatible' with international law
2017: 4 July 2017: Austrian troops to stop refugees and migrants crossing border with Italy
2018: 2 mars 2018: Cinq migrants, quatre Iraniens et un Pakistanais, abandonnés dans le froid par des passeurs ont été secourus vendredi sur une autoroute du sud-est de l'Autriche où ils marchaient pour certains pieds nus
Culture and languages of Austria: Culture of Austria - Languages of Austria - Austrian German - Vienna culture
Music in Austria: Music in Austria
Viennese classical period of music: Viennese classical period of music in the 18th and 19th century - Musical development - 1732-1809 Joseph Haydn, born in Rohrau - 1756-1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, born in Salzburg - 1770-1827 Ludwig van Beethoven, born in Bonn - 1797-1828 Franz Schubert, born in Vienna
Women in Austria: Women in Austria
Women's rights in Austria: Women's rights in Austria
Women's suffrage in Austria since 12 November 1918: Women's suffrage in Austria since 12 November 1918 with the foundation of the Republic of Austria after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy with the end of Central empires' World War I. While men had gained the right to vote in the years of 1861 until 1907, women were explicitly excluded from political participation since the February Patent in 1861.
20 November 2008 first female engine driver in Austria: 20. November 2008: Marina Knabl ist die jüngste Lokführerin Österreichs und zudem die Jüngste unter den 4.300 Berufskollegen. Als erste berufliche Station ist sie auf den Tiroler Bahnhöfen in Wörgl und Innsbruck als Verschublokführerin im Einsatz. Mit dem 21. Geburtstag erfüllt sich dann ihr Traum und sie wird laut ÖBB mit der 10.000 PS starken Tauruslokomotive unterwegs sein.
Education in Austria: Education in Austria - Education in Austria by state
Schools in Austria: Schools in Austria
Universities and colleges in Austria: Universities and colleges in Austria
Museums in Austria: Museums in Austria - Museums in Austria by state - Museums in Austria by city
History museums in Austria: History museums in Austria - Archives in Austria
Since 3 May 1975 Mauthausen Museum: Since 3 May 1975 Mauthausen Museum, 30 years after the Mauthausen–Gusen concentration camp's liberation by the USA army - Mauthausen–Gusen concentration camp complex consisted of the Mauthausen concentration camp east of Linz, plus a group of nearly 100 further subcamps located throughout Austria and southern Germany
Since 1991 Jewish Museum Hohenems: Since 1991 Jewish Museum Hohenems, a regional museum in Austria that deals with the Jewish presence Hohenems, surrounding regions, and elsewhere in Europe, also covering - since there is no longer a Jewish community in Hohenems and it is no Jewish life left there - the Diaspora and Israel and with questions of the future of the European immigration society
2 May 2019: 2 May 2019: A majority of Austrians are unaware of the magnitude of the Holocaust and the number of Jews murdered, while concurrently downplaying their country’s role in the genocide, according to a study released on Israel’s Holocaust Remembrance Day, as Holocaust survivors before March of the Living warn amid surge of anti-Semitic incidents around the world
Health in Austria: Health in Austria
Healthcare in Austria: Healthcare in Austria
Hospitals in Austria: Hospitals in Austria - List of hospitals in Austria by city
'Steinhof' and 'Am Spiegelgrund' hospitals and Nazi regime's euthanasia programme: 'Steinhof' hospital in Vienna - during the Second World War, some 700 children were tortured and murdered in the hospital - Dr Heinrich Gross (SPO) became the head prison doctor in 'Am Steinhof' hospital in 1955, ill-famed for his proven involvement in the killing of at least nine children with physical, mental and/or emotional/behavioral characteristics considered 'unclean' by the Nazi regime under its Euthanasia Program as Gross was head of the Spiegelgrund children's psychiatric clinic for two years during World War II, and as his role in hundreds of other cases of infanticide remained unclear - Am Spiegelgrund clinic - Action T4 euthanasia centres
April 2002: 29 April 2002: The remains of the last two of almost 800 children and babies killed in Vienna in the Nazi regime's euthanasia programme, who had been kept ntil recently in the cellar of the Spiegelgrund children's clinic in Vienna, where they died and where, until the early 90s, they remained under the supervision of Dr Heinrich Gross (SPO), who is alleged to have murdered them were laid to rest during a joint funeral and memorial service at Vienna central cemetery yesterday
April 2018: 19 April 2018: Austrian Dr Hans Asperger, after whom Asperger syndrome is named, was an active participant in the regime of National Socialism, assisting in the Third Reich’s euthanasia programme and supporting the concept of racial hygiene by deeming certain children unworthy to live, according to a study by medical historian Herwig Czech, following eight years of research
Media of Austria: Media of Austria
Newspapers in Austria: Newspapers in Austria
Broadcasting in Austria: Radio in Austria - TV in Austria
Internet in Austria: Internet in Austria
Crime in Austria: Crime in Austria
Austrian National Socialism: Austrian National Socialism, formed at the beginning of the 20th century taking a concrete form on 15 November 1903 when the German Worker's Party DAP was established in Austria with its secretariat stationed in the town of Usti nad Labem in the Czech Republic, its political organization DNSAP banned in early 1933 revived and made part of the German NSDAP after the German annexation of Austria in 1938
Antisemitism in Austria: Antisemitism in Austria - The Holocaust in Austria during World War II - Nazi concentration camps in Austria - März 1945 Massaker von Rechnitz - 13 July 2017: 'My aunt had a dinner party, and then she took her guests to kill 180 Jews' in March 1945, journalist Sacha Batthyany reveals more than 60 years later
Antisemitism and Neo-Nazism in contemporary Austria: Antisemitism in contemporary Austria - Neo-Nazism in Austria
2015 Austrian prosecutor says call to kill Jews is legal criticism of Israel: 11 February 2015: Call to kill Jews is legal criticism of Israel, Austrian prosecutor says - 4 April 2015: Anti-Israel protesters call 'Kill the Jews' in Vienna as Bosnian soccer fans join pro-Palestinian rally
2016 police officer shouting 'Heil Hitler': 20 octobre 2016: Un policier autrichien a été condamné à neuf mois de prison avec sursis pour avoir crié 'Heil Hitler' à un automobiliste lors d'un contrôle routier
2018 anti-Semitic hate speech incidents: 16 February 2018: Anti-Semitic hate speech incidents in Austria at all-time high, according to watchdog Forum Against Anti-Semitism, saying expression of hatred towards Jews has become more 'socially acceptable'
May 2019 photos of Holocaust survivors on exhibit in Vienna vandalized: 27 May 2019: Photos of Holocaust survivors on exhibit in Vienna vandalized for 3rd time
23 August 2020 assailant attacks Graz Jewish community's president Elie Rosen: 23 August 2020: Unknown assailant attacks the Graz Jewish community's president Elie Rosen with a wooden club on the premises of their synagogue, which was twice targeted by acts of vandalism in the past week
Terrorism in Austria: Terrorism in Austria - Terrorist incidents in Austria
1 May 1981 assassination of Austrian-Israeli Friendship League's Heinz Nittel: 1 May 1981 Heinz Nittel, a leader of the Austrian Socialist party and the president of the Austrian-Israeli Friendship League, was shot to death outside his home in Vienna by Hesham Mohammed Rajeh, as Rajeh was also indicted later for the 1981 Vienna synagogue attack
August 1981 Vienna synagogue attack: August 1981 Vienna synagogue attack, a terror attack on the Stadttempel of Vienna carried out by the Abu Nidal Organization, as the machine-gun and grenade attack killed two people and wounded 30 attending a Bar mitzvah service
December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport terrorist attacks: December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport terrorist attacks, when seven Arab terrorists attacked two airports in Rome and Vienna with assault rifles and hand grenades, killing nineteen civilians and wounding over a hundred others
1993-1997 Austrian Franz Fuchs terror attacks: 1993-1997 Austrian Franz Fuchs terror attacks, murdering four people and injuring 15, some of them seriously, using three improvised explosive devices and five waves of 24 mailbombs in total - 1990s 'Bavarian Liberation Army', an Austrian neo-Nazi militant organization to create a single, 'Teutonic', ethnically homogeneous state, as the BBA claimed responsibility for several letter-bomb attacks in 1995, which killed one German in Munich and two Hungarian women in Linz), as Franz Fuchs was a self-declared BBA operator
2 November 2020 Vienna Islamist terror attack: 2 November 2020 Vienna Islamist terror attack, a series of shooting incidents as one or more gunmen opened fire with assault rifles near the street on which the central synagogue is located in Vienna, as deaths of four civilians and one perpetrator were confirmed in the hours after the attack, seven other people were critically and ten other people were injured, as Vienna Police Department said that the attacker who was killed was an Islamic State sympathizer, and that the attack was Islamist terrorism - 3 November 2020: 4 people killed in Vienna Islamist terror attack, as Jewish institutions to remain shut
4 November 2020 government admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman: 4 August 2020: Austria admits failing to act on Slovak warning on gunman
20 December 2020 Austrian suspect arrested: 20 décembre 2020: Un Autrichien d’origine afghane ainsi qu’un autre individu, dont l’identité n’est pas précisée, ont été arrêtés, après l’ADN du premier a été retrouvé sur les armes utilisées dans l’attentat de Vienne du 2 novembre
Corruption in Austria: Corruption in Austria
December 2010 Rampant corruption in Austria<: 10 December 2010: Rampant corruption in Austria
June-September 2013 corruption in banking and politics: 14 June 2013: Vienna prosecutors this week charged nine people, including the deputy governor of the Austrian National Bank, over suspected bribes and kickbacks for banknote contracts with Azerbaijan and Syria - 14. September 2013: Haftstrafen für verdeckte Parteienfinanzierung der Telekom Austria in der Höhe von 960.000 Euro an das von Haider gegründete 'Bündnis Zukunft Österreich' im Herbst 2006
Since 17 May 2019 FPÖ's Ibiza affair involving government: Since 17 May 2019 Ibiza affair, an ongoing political scandal in Austria involving FPÖ's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Vice-Chancellor of Austria, FPÖ's Johann Gudenus and the Austrian 'Freedom Party' FPÖ in general, causing the collapse of the Austrian governing coalition - 27 mai 2019: Dans une vidéo tournée en caméra cachée, l'on peut voir le dirigeant nationaliste Heinz-Christian Strache se montrait disposé à se compromettre avec un intermédiaire russe en échange de financements
Human trafficking in Austria: Human trafficking in Austria
Roman Catholic Church sex abuse cases in Austria: Roman Catholic Church sex abuse cases in Austria - Sexual abuse scandal in Vienna archdiocese
Political scandals in Austria: Political scandals in Austria
Since 2011 cash for influence scandal: 2011 cash for influence scandal - 9 August 2012: Former Austrian interior minister and Euro MP, Ernst Strasser, has been charged in Vienna with corruption
Law and legal history of Austria: Austrian law - Legal history of Austria - Constitutional history of Austria - Constitution of Austria - Federal Constitutional Law is the centerpiece of the constitution of the Republic of Austria
Courts in Austria: Courts in Austria
September/December 2019 Innsbruck court and Nazi photo in guesthouse: 7 September 2019: An Austrian court in Innsbruck has ruled that a German tourist who took exception to a World War II portrait showing a soldier and NSDAP member in Wehrmacht uniform wearing insignia with a swastika in a guesthouse, had no right to complain about it on travel sites, saying there had been 'a photo of a Nazi grandpa hanging in the hall' - 16 December 2019: After researching the identity of the two men in the photographs at the German National Archives in Berlin in May 2019, guest found proof that both of the men had in fact joined the Nazi party, in 1941 and 1943 respectively, forcing the ignorant Innsbruck court to decide to lift the gagging order, now saying the two men’s party membership and the clearly visible swastika amounted to sufficient proof to back up the guest’s complaint that the hotel had 'uncritically venerated a former Nazi family member'
Law enforcement in Austria: Law enforcement in Austria
Foreign relations of Austria: Foreign relations of Austria
Wars involving Austria and military history of Austria: Wars involving the Habsburg Monarchy - Wars involving Austria - Military history of Austria
Treaties of Austria: Treaties of Austria - United Nations Charter and since 1955 Austrian membership - Treaties entered into by the European Union
1955 Austrian State Treaty: Austrian State Treaty signed on 15 May 1955 by France, the United Kingdom, the USA, the Soviet Union and the Austrian government - 26 October 1955 Austria's Declaration of Neutrality - the Soviet Union would not have agreed to the State Treaty if Austria had not committed itself to declare its neutrality
Immigration to Austria and border barrier: Immigration to Austria - Immigrants to Austria
Since 2014 European and international refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 European and international refugee and migrant crisis - Austrian border barrier
Austia's membership in international organisations: Austia's membership in international organisations
Austria/European Union relations: Austria/European Union relations - Euroscepticism in Austria
1994 EU membership referendum: 1994 Austrian European Union membership referendum
Austria/United Nations relations: Austria/United Nations relations
1972-1981: United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim 1972-1981 - The International Committee of Historians and Waldheim's involvement with the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany 1941-1945, his knowledge of Nazi war crimes - 2 May 2001: CIA knew about Waldheim's Nazi past long before he was appointed UN secretary general
Since 1977 UN's Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC in Vienna: ince 1977 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC in Vienna - UNODC's aims and functions, World Drug Report and crime-related treaties
Since^1993 'European Union Drugs Agency' in Lisbon: Since^1993 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA, an agency of the European Union located in Lisbon. In June 2022, the Council of the European Union approved a reform of the organization which will lead to an extension of its mandate and a change of name for 'European Union Drugs Agency'.
28 March 2023 tackling the illicit drug trade fuelling Assad's war machine: 28 March 202: The UK and USA have imposed sanctions on those responsible for the illicit captagon trade, which independent experts estimate could be worth up to $57 billion. Captagon is a highly addictive amphetamine which is used throughout the Middle East, with 80% of the world’s supply produced in Syria. The Syrian regime is closely involved in the trade, as multi-billion dollar shipments leave regime strongholds such as the Port of Latakia, and Bashar al-Assad’s brother Maher al-Assad commands the unit of the Syrian Army facilitating the distribution and production of the drug.
9 July 2023 Syria's Assad regime involved in international trade of amphetamines: 9 July 2023: Syria's Assad regime cancels accreditation of two BBC journalists, accusing the British broadcaster of 'false' and 'politicised' coverage, after the BBC published a report last month on what it said were 'direct links' between the trade of an amphetamine known as captagon and the family of the dictator Bashar al-Assad, as well as his military
Bilateral relations of Austria: Bilateral relations of Austria
Austria/Belarus relations: Austria/Belarus relations
4 August 2021 Belarusian Olympian athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya in Vienna: 4 August 2021: Belarusian Olympian athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya granted a humanitarian visa by Poland following after refusing Belarusin regime's orders to travel home early from Tokyo, now arrived in Vienna to seek refuge in Europe, claiming she fears for her safety in her native Belarus
Austria/Belgium relations: Austria/Belgium relations
1914-1918 Habsburg Monarchy and World War I: 1914-1918 World War I
Since 1938 Austria part of Nazi Germany and World War II 1939-1945: 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany - 1939-1945 World War II - Axis powers
Austria/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations:
1878-1914: Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 - Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1878-1918 - Bosnian Crisis of 1908–1909 - Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Since 1908 Austro-Hungarian 'Schutzkorps' militia's persecution of Serbs the first large-scale persecution of people in Bosnia and Herzegovina because of their ethnicity
1914-1918: 28 June 1914 Assassination in Sarajevo - Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo - July Crisis 1914 - Austria-Hungary's Serbian Campaign (World War I) 28 July 1914 – 3 November 1918 - World War I 1914-1918 - World War I casualties
2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - 28/29 June 2014: Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation, as divisions still run deep
Austria/Brazil relations: Austria/Brazil relations
Since 1940, 1951-1967 Austrian protection of Nazi war criminal Stangl: 1 July 2017: Austrian-born SS commandant of the Sobibór and Treblinka, since 1940 superintendent of the T-4 Euthansia Program at the Euthanasia Institute at Schloss Hartheim, commandant of Sobibor from March 1942 until September 1942, when he was transferred to Treblinka, always dressed in white riding clothes, since 1951 in Brazil where he was given an engineering job, since 1959 working at a Volkswagen AG factory, for years his responsibility in the mass murder of men, women and children had been known to the Austrian authorities, but Austria did not issue a warrant for Stangl’s arrest until 1961, it took another six years before he was tracked down by Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal and arrested in Brazil
31 July 2020 firearms exports to Brazil surge as gun ownership increases under Bolsonaro: 31 July 2020: Firearms exports from Austria to Brazil have surged by more than 377% in the first half of this year as gun ownership increases under the South American country’s neo-fascist linked president Jair Bolsonaro
Austria/Czech Republic relations: Austria/Czech Republic relations - Austrian Empire
Austria/France relations: Austria/France relations, as Austria has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Strasbourg, and as France has an embassy in Vienna
1792-1797 War of the First Coalition against the French Revolution: 1792-1797 War of the First Coalition, the wars that several European powers fought against the French First Republic founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution - 19 June 1796 Battle of Kircheib, a military engagement during the War of the First Coalition as French and Austrian troops clashed at Kircheib in the Westerwald uplands in present-day Germany, as several counter-revolutionary European powers fought between 1792 and 1797 against initially the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it
1914-1918 Habsburg Monarchy and World War I: 1914-1918 World War I
Since 1938 Austria part of Nazi Germany and World War II 1939-1945: 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany - 1939-1945 World War II - Axis powers
1955 Austrian State Treaty: Austrian State Treaty signed on 15 May 1955 by France, the United Kingdom, the USA, the Soviet Union and the Austrian government
16 March 2021 France to return 'Rosebushes Under the Trees' Klimt painting looted by the Nazis in 1938: 16 March 2021: The French government has announced that it will return a Gustav Klimt landscape painting to its rightful owners more than 80 years after it was stolen by the Nazis from a Jewish family in Austria in 1938, after the colourful 1905 oil work 'Rosebushes Under the Trees' by the Austrian symbolist painter has been hanging in the Musée d’Orsay in Paris for decades
Austria/Germany relations: Austria/Germany relations - History of the Holy Roman Empire 962–1806 - Military history of the Holy Roman Empire - Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
Austrian Empire 1804–1867 - Military history of Austria
9 November 1848 democrat Robert Blum executed in Vienna: 9. November 1848 Robert Blums - in Köln geborener Wortführer der Linken in der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung von 1848 und der populärste Politiker seiner Zeit - letzte Worte 'Ich sterbe für die deutsche Freiheit, für die ich gekämpft' bevor er am 9. November 1848 im Wiener Vorort Brigittenau im Morgengrauen durch die Kugeln eines österreichischen Hinrichtungskommandos sterben mußte - 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche
1914-1918 World War I: July Crisis 1914 - 5/6 July 1914 Hoyos Mission and 'Blank cheque' in Berlin - 1914-1918 World War I
1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss': 1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss'
1939-1945 The Holocaust in Austria during World War II: The Holocaust in Austria during World War II - Nazi concentration camps in Austria
March 1945 Rechnitz massacre, Thyssen and aftermath: März 1945 Massaker von Rechnitz - Thyssen family - 28 June 2017/13 July 2017: 'My aunt had a dinner party, and then she took her guests to kill 180 Jews' in March 1945, journalist Sacha Batthyany reveals more than 60 years later
2012 October 2012 Vienna's first monument to remember people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve: 12 October 2012: Vienna will erect first monument to remember the thousands of people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve in the military during World War II
2013 Nazi concentration camps and Vienna's Philharmonic Orchestra: 10 mars 2013: Des historiens exhument le passé nazi de l'orchestre philharmonique de Vienne - 12 mai 2013: Plus de 10.000 personnes venues de plus de 50 pays ont commémoré dimanche le 68e anniversaire de la libération du camp de concentration nazi de Mauthausen
2014 Vienna's monument to remember resistance opened: 24. Oktober 2014: Denkmal für die Verfolgten der NS-Militärjustiz als zentrale österreichische Gedenkstätte für Deserteure des NS-Regimes am Wiener Ballhausplatz von Bundespräsident Heinz Fischer der Öffentlichkeit übergeben
2015 BND/NSA cooperation: 5. Mai 2015: Nach Berichten, daß der BND dem USA-Geheimdienst NSA beim Ausspionieren österreichischer Behörden geholfen habe, erstattet Österreich Strafanzeige
June 2018: 16 juin 2018: L'exécutif autrichien a demandé à l'Allemagne des explications après de nouvelles allégations visant les services secrets allemands, accusés d'avoir espionné un grand nombre d'institutions et d'entreprises en Autriche, dont des ambassades et organisations internationales
6 November 2020 German police raid flats, offices in several towns over November 2020 Vienna terrorist attack: 6 November 2020: German police raid flats, offices in several towns over November 2020 Vienna terrorist attack, as sites in Osnabrueck, Kassel and Pinneberg located 18 km northwest of the city centre of Hamburg were searched because 'there may be links to the alleged assassin', and carried out on a request from Austrian authorities, according to BKA
Austria/Hungary relations: Austria/Hungary relations - Hungarians in Austria - History of the Hungarians in Vienna
1867-1918: Austria-Hungary 1867-1918
1914-1918: World War I 1914-1918
Austria/Israel relations: Austria/Israel relations
History of the Jews in Austria: History of the Jews in Austria
1938-1945 The Holocaust in Austria and Nazi concentration camps in Austria: The Holocaust in Austria - Nazi concentration camps in Austria
2014 Israeli footballers assaulted by pro-Palestinians during match in Bischofshofen: 24 July 2014: Israeli footballers assaulted by pro-Palestinians during match in Bischofshofen
Austrian soccer team positive for virus playing Israeli team: 4 October 2020: 3 players for Austrian soccer team positive for virus after playing Israeli team which says it had no new cases of infection among those who played
Austria/Italy relations: Austria/Italy relations
1848/1849 First Italian War of Independence and first aerial bombing of cities by the Austrians against Venice: First Italian War of Independence 1848-1849 following Revolution of 1848 in the Italian states - Republic of San Marco 1848-1849 reconquered by Austrian troops following a long siege and an Austrian bombardment 1849 - 1849 First aerial bombing of cities by the Austrians against Venice
1914-1918 World War I: Austria-Hungary's and Germany's campaign against Italy in World War I 1914-1918 - Deutscher Giftgaseinsatz und Massenmord an Italiern entschied im Herbst 1917 die Schlacht bei Kobarid (19. Mai 1998)
2016: 2 avril 2016: L'Autriche envoie l'armée à la frontière italienne contre un afflux de migrants et de réfugiés cherchant à gagner le nord de l'Europe - 27 April 2016: Austria plans Italian border fence to control refugee and migrant flow, as Italy says Brenner Pass restrictions would be illogical and against EU rules
2017: 4 July 2017: Austrian troops to stop refugees and migrants crossing border with Italy, as Brussels urged Europe to help Italian authorities manage an 'unprecedented' arrival of people from north Africa
Austria/Poland relations: Austria/Poland relations
Since 1772 partitions of Poland conducted by Austria, Prussia and Russia: Since 1772 partitions of Poland conducted by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria
1938-1945 relationship between Austria and Poland and Axis powers' war crimes: Relationship between Austria and Poland, that started at 1920 disappeared at 1938, following the Anschluss which Nazi Germany, and until 1945 relationship went tense due to German invasion of Poland, thus sparked the World War II, and Austria participated in the occupation of Poland and had committed many crimes against Polish people under the banner of Nazi Germany
Nazi war crimes in Poland and convicted Austrian Nazis: Nazi war crimes in Poland - Austrian Nazis convicted of war crimes - Late 1930s—1945 Austrian member of the SS Gustav Franz Wagner, a starter deputy commander of the Sobibór extermination camp in German-occupied Poland, where more than 200,000 Jews were gassed during Operation Reinhard, known as 'The Beast' due to his brutality, sentenced to death in absentia after the war, but escaped with Franz Stangl to Brazil where he lived undisturbed until he was exposed by Simon Wiesenthal and arrested on 30 May 1978, but extradition requests from Israel, Austria, and Poland were rejected by Brazil's Attorney General Henrique Fonseca de Araújo, father of the current Brazilian chancellor Ernesto Araújo who was appointed by President Jair Bolsonaro in January 2019, the BBC interviewed Wagner in 1979
25 January 2020 Poland pushes for Nazi Gusen camp in Austria to be remembered: 25 January 2020: Poland pushes for Nazi camp in Austria to be remembered, charging that Gusen camp, a satellite of Mauthausen complex, is neglected by Austrian authorities, where some 35,800 detainees, many Polish, died
Austria/Russia relations: Austria/Russia relations
2016: 20 December 2016: Austrian Freedom Party's Heinz-Christian Strache, the Austrian party founded by former Nazis, signed a cooperation agreement with Russian Vladimir Putin's United Russia party and met with Michael Flynn, President-elect Donald Trump's nominee for national security adviser at Trump Tower in New York (USA)
Austria/Serbia relations: Austria/Serbia relations
Serbs in Austria: Serbs in Austria, there are between 200,000 and 300,000 people of Serbian descent living in Austria
1788–1792 Habsburg-occupied Serbia: 1788–1792 Habsburg-occupied Serbia
1848/49 Serb uprising (Serb People's Movement of 1848–49'): 1848/49 Serb uprising (Serb People's Movement of 1848–49', took place in Vojvodina in Serbia, part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, achieving the establishment of Serbian Vojvodina (then Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar), a special autonomous region under the Austrian crown but failed certain expectations that Serbian patriots had expressed at the May 1848 Assembly (1848, as the administration was largely in the hands of German officials and officers, only keeping some rights for the Serb community, but the uprising had increased national awareness of the Serb people north of the Sava and Danube in the struggle for freedom
1908-1909 Bosnian crisis (Annexation crisis): 1908-1909 Bosnian crisis, also known as the Annexation crisis, when Austria-Hungary announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories formerly within the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, sparking protestations from all the Great Powers and Austria-Hungary's Balkan neighbours, Serbia and Montenegro
July 1914: 23 July 1914: Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia - July 1914 preparations for the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum, content and Serbian response - 28/29 July 1914: Austria has declared war upon Serbia and Austro-Hungarian troops reportedly invaded Serbia by crossing the River Save at Mitrovitz
28 July 1914 - 1918 Austria-Hungary's Serbian Campaign: 28 July 1914 – 3 November 1918 Serbian Campaign of World War I, from late July 1914, when Austria-Hungary invaded the Kingdom of Serbia until the war's conclusion in November 1918, after the disintegration of Austria-Hungary, Allied and Serbian victory, and Serbian troops re-entering Belgrade on 1 November 1918
October 1914 trials of the Sarajevo assassins in Sarajevo and punishment: Arrest, prosecution, October 1914 trials of the Sarajevo assassins in Sarajevo and punishment, following the 28 June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo
April 1941 invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers: April 1941 invasion of Yugoslavia, a German-led attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers which began on 6 April 1941 during World War II
April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade: 'Operation Retribution', the April 1941 German bombing of Belgrade, the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, in retaliation for the coup d'état that overthrew the government that had signed the Tripartite Pact
1941-1945 occupation of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers, war crimes and resistance: 1941-1945 occupation of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers, resistance and Allied victory - Axis war crimes in Yugoslavia - Nazi war crimes in Serbia
2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - 28/29 June 2014: Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation, as divisions still run deep
Austria/Slovenia relations: Austria/Slovenia relations
Austria-Slovenia border: Austria–Slovenia border - Austrian border barrier constructed between November 2015 and January 2016 by Austria on its border with Slovenia against refugees from Syrian and some other countries in the international and European refugee and migrant crisis
2015: 4 November 2015: Austria has put up barbed wire at a border crossing with Slovenia used by hundreds of refugees and migrants despite chancellor's pledge
Austria/Switzerland relations: Austria/Switzerland relations - Duchy of Austria 1156–1453 - House of Habsburg originally from Aargau - Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy 1291-1516 - Swiss Confederacy, reformation, Thirty Years' War 1618-1648 and recognition of independence of Switzerland from the 'Holy Roman Empire' - The Congress of Vienna 1814/1815 re-established Swiss independence, European powers agreed to permanently recognise Swiss neutrality - During both World War I 1914-1918 and World War II 1939-1945 Switzerland's 'neutrality' allowed the growth of the Swiss banking industry
Austria/Syria relations: Austria/Syria relations
2016: 15 January 2015: The Syrian community in Austria calls on the Austrian Government to cut off economic relations with the Assad regime and to expel its ambassador to Vienna
Austria/Turkey relations: Austria/Turkey relations - Turks in Austria
1529: 1529 Siege of Vienna, first attempt by the Ottoman Empire to capture the city of Vienna
1683: Battle of Vienna on 12 September 1683 after the city of Vienna had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months
1683-1699: Great Turkish War 1683-1699 between the Ottoman Empire and several contemporary European powers joined into 'Holy League'
1787–1791: Austro-Turkish War 1787–1791 - Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire 1828–1908
1914-1918: Austrian and Ottoman empires allies during the First World War
2017: 5. März 2017: Bundeskanzler Christian Kern hat sich für ein EU-weites Verbot von Wahlkampfauftritten türkischer Politiker ausgesprochen und wirft Erdogans Regime vor, 'Menschenrechte und demokratische Grundrechte mit Füßen' zu treten
Austria/Ukraine relations: Austria/Ukraine relations - Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867-1918 - a big portion of West Ukraine (Galicia and Carpathia) were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today consisting of Lviv Oblast, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ternopil Oblast, Chernivtsi Oblast and Zakarpattia Oblast
1914-1918 Central Powers's World War I: World War I 1914-1918 - during the war Ukraine was occupied by the Central powers military force including the Austro-Hungarian Empire's military that drove Bolsheviks out of the country
November 1917 'Decree on Peace', but February and March 1918 treaties of Brest-Litovsk: After 8 November 1917 'Decree on Peace', February 1918 'Treaty of Brest-Litovsk' Ukrainian People's Republic – Central Powers and 3 March 1918 'Treaty of Brest-Litovsk' peace treaty signed between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Tsardom of Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I signed at German-controlled Brest-Litovsk after two months of negotiations. The treaty was agreed upon by the new Russian Soviet power to stop further invasion. According to USA historian Spencer Tucker 'the German General Staff had formulated extraordinarily harsh terms that shocked even the German negotiator'. Congress Poland was not mentioned in the treaty, as Germans refused to recognize the existence of any Polish representatives, which in turn led to Polish protests. When Germans later complained that the 1919 Treaty of Versailles in the West was too harsh on them, the Allied Powers responded that it was more benign than the terms imposed by the Brest-Litovsk treaty.
May 2015 Austrian court refuses to extradite Ukrainian tycoon to the USA over corruption: 1 May 2015: An Austrian court refuses to extradite Ukrainian tycoon in gas trading and chemicals Dmytro Firtash to the USA over corruption charges, indicted in 2013 along with a member of India's parliament and four others
Austria/United Kingdom relations: Austria/United Kingdom relations
Environment of Austria: Environment of Austria - Natural history of Austria
Protected areas of Austria: Protected areas of Austria
Environmental issues in Austria: Environmental issues in Austria, including waste disposal, pollution, noise, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide levels, as well as emissions by the iron, steel, and ceramics industries
Water in Austria: Water in Austria - Rivers of Austria - List of rivers of Austria by draining - Danube, Europe's second-longest river and located in Central and Eastern Europe - List of lakes of Austria
Natural disasters in Austria: Natural disasters in Austria
Floods in Austria: Floods in Austria
June 2009 European floods: June 2009 European floods
May/June 2013 European floods: May/June 2013 European floods
May-June 2016 European floods: May-June 2016 European floods
Avalanches in Austria: Avalanches in Austria


Belarus - Geography of Belarus - History of Belarus - Demographics of Belarus
Economy of Belarus: Economy of Belarus - main industries include petrochemicals, potash, foodstuffs, timber, metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, televisions, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, textiles, radios, refrigerators - List of companies of Belarus - Companies of Belarus by industry ?risis of 2011 - 4. Juni 2011: Putin hilft Lukaschenko mit 3 Mrd. $ - 5. August: Weißrussischer Staatsbetrieb 'Belaruskali' erhält 2 Mrd. Dollar Kredit von 'Deutscher Bank' und russischer 'Sberbank'
Energy in Belarus: Energy in Belarus
2016: 9 August 2016: 30 years after world’s worst nuclear accident at Chernobyl, Belarus, which saw a quarter of its territory contaminated in the disaster, is building its first energy plant powered by the atom, as neighbouring countries denounce 'Soviet-style secrecy’ over accidents during energy site’s construction
Agriculture in Belarus: Agriculture in Belarus - products include grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, flax, beef, milk
Banking in Belarus: Banking in Belarus
Economic history of Belarus and economic cycles: Economic history of Belarus
Labor and trade unioms in Belarus: Labor in Belarus - Trade unions in Belarus
Politics of Belarus: Politics of Belarus
2010 Presidential election: Presidential election 2010
2012 Parliamentary election: Parliamentary election 23 September 2012 - 23 September: Belarus is holding parliamentary elections without the country's main opposition parties, after a boycott was called on the grounds of election irregularities and illegal detentions - 24. September 2012: Nach 'Parlamentswahl' Opposition voraussichtlich ohne Mandat - 24 September 2012: Western observers of parliamentary election say the election was 'not competitive from the start'
2015: 16 April 2015: Belarus imposes ‘social parasite’ law to fine unemployed, now facing an unemployment tax from the government - 29 August 2015: Belarusian opposition call on their supporters to boycott October's presidential poll, saying it has already been rigged - 24 September: At a rally in the Belarusian capital Minsk opposition leader Statkevich calls for presidential election boycott since opposition figures were barred from running
October 2015 Belarusian presidential election: 11 October 2015 Belarusian presidential election - 12 October: Lukashenko wins fifth term - 13 October: Belarusian presidential election fell short of democratic standards, international monitors say
September 2016 Belarusian parliamentary election: 11 September 2016 Belarusian parliamentary election - 12 September 2016: Anna Konopatskaya of the United Civil Party became the first opposition parliamentarian in Belarus in 20 years
November 2019 Belarusian parliamentary election: 17 November 2019 Belarusian parliamentary election - 17 November 2019: Belarus’ authoritarian president has disdainfully brushed off concerns that Sunday’s parliament election, from which many opposition figures have been excluded, would be regarded as neither free nor fair
26 July 2020 3 women entering campaign for next month’s presidential election: 26 July 2020: Three women are spearheading a maverick opposition campaign for next month’s presidential election in Belarus, transforming the country’s politics as they attempt to unseat Alexander Lukashenko, who has ruled for 25 years
August 2020 Belarusian presidential election: 9 August 2020 Belarusian presidential election - Registered candidates for presidential election 2020 by the Central Election Commission of Belarus - Internet polls as independent sociological studies that would make it possible to objectively evaluate the rating of potential candidates are not conducted in Belarus
10 August 2020 election marred by allegations of vote-rigging: 10 August 2020: Video from a polling station in Minsk appears to show a member of the electoral commission climbing down a ladder from a second-storey window with a bag assumed to contain voting slips, as clashes broke out in cities across Belarus on Sunday evening as riot police clashed with protesters after Alexander Lukashenko, who has ruled for 26 years, claimed a landslide victory in a presidential election marred by allegations of vote-rigging
11 August 2020 Belarus president cuts off internet amid widespread protests: 11 August 2020: Belarus president cuts off internet amid widespread protests, as Lukashenko hopes communications blackout will disrupt protests over elections
13 August 2020 second death in police custody: 13 August 2020: Belarus has confirmed that a young man has died in police custody, the second death since mass protests began on Sunday, as Alexander Vikhor left in van for hours after being detained in Gomel, mother tells local news
14 August 2020 Belarus pledges to release all protesters as evidence of beatings mounts: 14 August 2020: Belarus’s deputy interior minister pledges to release all protesters as evidence of beatings mounts, as EU set to discuss possible sanctions against Minsk, and as Russian regime says protests a ‘clear attempt at outside interference’
15 August 2020 pressure mounts on Lukashenko to go as he appeals to Russia for support: 15 August 2020: Pressure mounts on Alexander Lukashenko to go as he appeals to Russia for support and as protesters in Minsk gather where man died in clashes with police, calling for the country’s authoritarian president to resign after 26 years in power
16 August 2020 'shot right in the chest', partner denies Belarus protester died from own bomb: 16 August 2020: Elena German, the partner of Alexander Taraikovsky, who died during a protest against Lukashenko, denies he died from own bomb, saying only injury was to his chest after visiting the morgue and seeing his body on Friday, as video taken by an AP journalist shows Taraikovsky with a bloodied shirt before collapsing on the ground
16/17 August 2020 embattled Lukashenko sends SOS to Putin amid mass protests: 16/17 August 2020: Embattled Lukashenko sends SOS to Putin, as Belarusian workers chant 'leave', as strike action spread to state TV and as protests continue - 17 August 2020: Belarusian presidential candidate Svetlana Tikhanovskaya has announced readiness to become a national leader so that the country 'calms down and gets back to a normal rhythm'
22 August 2020 protesters remain defiant after week of fear, pride and hope: 22 August 2020: As protesters remain defiant, Minsk still in revolt after week of fear, pride and hope
23 August 2020 Lukashenko 'promised to solve' the issue of protests as Belarusians preparing for more rallies: 23 August 2020: Belarusians are preparing for a second Sunday of massed rallies against Alexander Lukashenko, after he 'promised to solve' the issue of protests within a few days and told his military to be on full combat alert to deal with supposed 'external threats'
24 August 2020 two opposition leaders arrested in Belarus after day of protest: 24 August 2020: Belarusian police detained Sergei Dylevsky, a factory worker who has become a prominent strike leader, and Olga Kovalkova, an aide to Svetlana Tikhanovskaya, the opposition politician who stood against Lukashenko in elections earlier this month but was forced to flee the country after the vote
26 August 2020 Nobel prize-winning author Svetlana Alexievich questioned by Lukashenko's auxiliary troops: 26 August 2020: Lukashenko's authorities in Belarus have questioned the Nobel prize-winning author Svetlana Alexievich as part of an investigation into an opposition council created to facilitate a political transition in the country
28 August 2020 crackdown on local and foreign media people: 28 August 2020: Swedish photojournalist Paul Hansen deported from Belarus, amid a crackdown on local and foreign media people including 50 reporters, detained by police and ahead of further mass protests planned for this weekend against the dictator Lukashenko, as British foreign secretary Dominic Raab condemned the attack on press freedom
7 September 2020 Belarus opposition leader Maria Kolesnikova 'snatched from street' in Minsk: 7 September 2020: Unidentified masked men snatched the leading Belarusian opposition figure Maria Kolesnikova from the street in the centre of the capital Minsk on Monday and drove her away in a minivan, witnesses told local media
8 September 2020 Maria Kolesnikova detained by Belarusian authorities after resisting expulsion on Ukraine border: 8 September 2020: Opposition leader Maria Kolesnikova detained by Belarusian authorities, after thwarting what a Ukrainian government minister described as an attempt to expel her from Belarus
9 September 2020 Lukashenko forces have detained lawyer Maxim Znak: 9 September 2020: Belarusian Lukashenko forces have detained lawyer Maxim Znak, one of the last leading members of an opposition council who had remained free, moving methodically to end a month of protests against Lukashenko
14 September 2020 embattled Lukashenko flies to Sochi for Putin talks amid ongoing protest movement: 14 September 2020: Embattled Lukashenko flies to Sochi for Putin talks amid ongoing protest movement against him, as incidents caught on camera show that, for the first time, police have been willing to use violence against female protesters
15 September 2020 Lukashenko's armed forces arbitrarily detained thousands and systematically subjected hundreds to torture and other ill-treatment: 15 September 2020: Belarusian armed forces arbitrarily detained thousands of people and systematically subjected hundreds to torture and other ill-treatment in recent weeks following the August 2020 presidential election, Human Rights Watch said today
20 September 2020 hackers leaked data of brutal police officers followed by tens of thousands of protesters marching through Minsk: 20 September 2020: Anonymous hackers leaked the personal data of 1,000 Belarusian police officers in retaliation for a crackdown on street demonstrations against Alexander Lukashenko, as tens of thousands of protesters marched through Minsk on Sunday chanting 'go away', and as at least 10 people were detained
24 September 2020 protesters clash with police in Belarus after Lukashenko sworn in again: 24 September 2020: Protesters clash with police in Belarus after Lukashenko sworn in again, as water cannon and stun grenades used by riot squad after opposition denounce president’s secret ceremony as illegitimate
24 September 2020 video shows taxi driver helping protester escape police in Belarus: 24 September 2020: An unnamed Belarusian taxi driver who helped a man escape from riot police during protests against Lukashenko has transfixed social media users who have shared footage of the dramatic incident
26 September 2020 Switzerland woman arrested in Minsk: 26 septembre 2020: Une femme suisse et biélorusse a été interpellée lors d’une manifestation contre le pouvoir en place à Minsk
27 September 2020 police disperse 'people's inauguration' rallies with teargas: 27 September 2020: Masked police dragged people into vans and fired stun grenades and teargas to disperse crowds as tens of thousands marched for a seventh straight weekend through Minsk and other cities to demand the resignation of Lukashenko - 27 septembre 2020: Environ 200 personnes arrêtées lors de rassemblements d’opposition
12/13 October 2020 Belarusian regime threatened to fire on protesters: 12/13 October 2020: Belarusian regime threatened to fire on protesters to break up demonstrations against Lukashenko, as EU foreign ministers agreed to impose sanctions personally targeting the strongman leader
26 October 2020 Belarusian riot police launched another violent crackdown in Minsk: 26 October 2020: Belarusian riot police launched another violent crackdown in Minsk on Sunday, throwing stun grenades into crowds of peaceful protesters, chasing people through courtyards and making arrests as they attempted to curtail the 11th consecutive Sunday protest with at least 100,000 people marching through the capital
27 October 2020 riot police in Minsk bursting into an apartment searching for protesters seeking refuge: 27 October 2020: Video shows riot police in Minsk bursting into an apartment in the city searching for protesters who had been seeking refuge after officers used stun grenades at a rally against the regime of Alexander Lukashenko, who continues to hold on to power despite two months of mass protests since he declared victory
15 November 2020 Belarusians have protested against the death of Roman Bondarenko in police custody: 15 November 2020: Thousands of Belarusians have protested against the death in police custody of a military veteran and children’s art teacher arrested for his opposition to authoritarian leader Lukashenko
16 December 2020 EU sanctions against regime and price for Svetlana Tikhanovskaïa: 26 décembre 2020: La cheffe de file de l’opposition au président Loukachenko au Bélarus, Svetlana Tikhanovskaïa, a reçu mercredi le prix Sakharov lors d’une cérémonie au Parlement européen, tandis que l’UE décidait au même moment d’élargir ses sanctions contre Minsk
11 February 2021 Lukashenko tells loyalists he defeated foreign ‘blitzkrieg’: 11 February 2021: Lukashenko tells loyalists he defeated foreign ‘blitzkrieg’, declaring victory over what he said was foreign attempts to overthrow his government and showed no signs of heeding the embattled opposition’s calls for him to resign
23 May 2021 Belarus accused of ‘hijacking’ Ryanair flight diverted to arrest blogger: 23 May 2021: Belarus has been accused of hijacking a European jetliner and engaging in an act of state terrorism when it forced a Ryanair flight to perform an emergency landing in Minsk after a bomb threat and arrested the opposition blogger Roman Protasevich critical of authoritarian president Alexander Lukashenko, wanted for organising last year’s protests against Lukashenko
24 May 2021 Ryanair’s CEO believes Belarusian KGB agents travelling on the plane diverted to Minsk: 24 May 2021: Ryanair’s CEO has said he believes that agents of the Belarusian KGB were travelling on the plane that was diverted to Minsk on Sunday, as EU leaders prepared to meet to discuss what action to take against Belarus, after Belarusian police arrested opposition blogger Roman Protasevich and Sofia Sapega and after forcing Ryanair flight to land in Minsk, sparking outrage from European leaders, who have called the plane’s grounding a hijacking and act of 'air piracy' - 24 May 2021: Roman Protasevich had told friends he was being followed in Athens. Hours later he was escorted away at Minsk airport, the 'Guardian' reports - 24 May 2021: EU says the landing of a Ryanair plane flying en route from Athens to Vilnius in Lithuania was forced by a Belarusian military aircraft
25 May 2021 Belarus journalist’s father says video confession carried out under duress: 25 May 2021: The father of the Belarusian journalist Raman Pratasevich said it was clear his son was acting under duress and had been beaten when he recorded a video 'confessing' to organising mass protests against the regime, as Dmitry Pratasevich said Raman was 'very nervous' and 'spoke in a way that was unusual for him'
26 May 2021 Belarus regime uses video 'confessions' as a tool to silence dissent: 26 May 2021: Belarus regime uses video 'confessions' as a tool to silence dissent, according to the 'Guardian', saying Raman Pratasevich and Sofia Sapega are just the latest to be forced into the widespread tactic
28 May 2021 Putin offered Lukashenko support in his standoff with the West over grounding of jet: 28 May 2021: Russian regime's Putin offered his Belarusian counterpart Lukashenko support in his standoff with the West over his handling of the grounding of a passenger jet and the arrest of a dissident blogger
1 June 2021 Belarusian activist stabs himself in court: 1 June 2021: Belarusian activist stabs himself in court, as Stsiapan Latypau carried out unconscious after claiming he was pressured to plead guilty
4 June 2021 Lukashenko regime airs more footage of detained activist as family call it ‘hostage’ video: 4 June 2021: Belarusian Lukashenko regime airs more footage of detained activist as family call it ‘hostage’ video, as supporters say Raman Pratasevich’s apparent confession was result of ‘abuse, torture and threats’ and as in the nearly hour-long appearance Pratasevich gave remarks inconsistent with his previous political views
6 July 2021 Belarus jailed former presidential contender Viktor Babariko for 14 years sparking condemnation: 6 July 2021: Belarus jailed former presidential contender Viktor Babariko for 14 years on Tuesday after convicting him on corruption charges he denied, sparking condemnation from the West and the embattled opposition-in-exile
1 August 2021 Belarusian sprinter voiced fears for her safety as she refused an order to fly home: 1 August 2021: Belarusian sprinter Krystsina Tsimanouskaya voiced fears for her safety as she refused an order to fly home early from the Olympics for criticising her coaches, saying she was forced to pack before being taken to the airport in Tokyo against her will, and that she sought police protection at the terminal so she would not have to board the flight
2 August 2021 Belarusian Krystina Timanovskaya at the Polish embassy in Tokyo given Polish visa: 2 August 2021: Belarus Olympian Krystina Timanovskaya at the Polish embassy in Tokyo given Polish visa after refusing 'forced' flight home, now also under protection from Japanese police
3 August 2021 Vitaly Shishov who helped Belarusians fleeing persecution found dead in Kyiv: 3 August 2021: The head of a Kyiv-based non-profit organisation, Vitaly Shishov, that helps Belarusians fleeing persecution has been found dead in a park in the Ukrainian capital, police have said, raising suspicion that he may have been murdered - 3 August 2021: The Belarusian House in Ukraine non-profit claimed their chief, Vitaliy Shishov who on Tuesday was found hanged in a Kyiv park, had been under surveillance
4 August 2021 'Freedom is worth fighting for’ Belarus activist Maria Kolesnikova says going on trial: 4 August 2021: Maria Kolesnikova and Maxim Znak appeared at a court in the capital Minsk on Wednesday, as - if found guilty - they could each face up to 12 years in prison, after Belarus was gripped by mass protests last year, triggered by an election widely seen to have been rigged in favour of Lukashenko
5 August 2021 Belarus sprinter took refuge in Poland after seeking help in Japanese airport: 5 August 2021: Belarus sprinter who took refuge in Poland tells compatriots ‘not to be afraid’, as Krystsina Tsimanouskaya has arrived in Poland under diplomatic protection against Lukashenko regime after seeking help in Japanese airport
6 September 2021 Belarus court sentenced protesst leader Maria Kolesnikova to 11 years in prison: 6 September 2021: Belarus court sentenced key opposition figure Maria Kolesnikova, who led mass protests against President Alexander Lukashenko last year, to 11 years in prison on national security charges
30 September 2021 KGB officers detained 50 people following shooting incident that left an IT worker and a KGB officer dead: 30 September 2021: Belarusian KGB officers have detained 50 people on charges of insulting a government official or inciting social hatred, following a shooting incident in which an IT worker and a KGB officer died, Viasna-96 human rights group said
22 October 2021 Belarus accused of deliberately abandoning freezing migrants near its border to Poland: 22 October 2021: Polish authorities accuse Belarus of deliberately abandoning migrants near its border in an attempt to destabilise the EU because the bloc imposing sanctions on Belarus after its disputed election, as in the coming winter season migrants are dying in Poland's forested border with Belarus, and as countries are locked in a geopolitical standoff
13 November 2021 Syrian man found dead on Polish side of border with Belarus: 13 November 2021: Syrian man found dead on Polish side of border with Belarus, as Polish police say cause of death not determined after body discovered in woods near village of Wolka Terechowska
Social movements and protests in Belarus: Belarusian democracy movement
2010 election crackdown and protests: December 2010 election crackdown
2011/2012 Belarusian protests and regime's violence: 2011 Belarusian protests - 14. Mai 2011: Andrej Sannikow zu 5 Jahren Straflager verurteilt - 20. Mai: Weitere Haftstrafen für Opposition - EU-Sanktionen? - 30. Juni 2011: Erneut Festnahmen von zahlreichen Demonstranten und Reportern - 3 July 2011: Violence and arrests in a crackdown on anti-government protests - 7. Juli 2011: Wieder Festnahmen bei Protesten in Minsk und anderen Städten - 13. Juli 2011: Polizei in Minsk prügelt Demonstranten - 20. Juli 2011: Klatschen gegen das Regime in Weißrußland - 8. Oktober 2011: Angesichts der Wirtschaftskrise fordern Demonstranten Neuwahlen von Präsident und Parlament - 13 March 2012: Belarus added to web censorship blacklist - 25. März 2012: Tausende bei regierungskritischer Kundgebung - Freilassung politischer Gefangener und demokratische Reformen gefordert - 23. Juni 2012: Der Journalist Andrzej Poczobut wegen angeblicher Präsidentenbeleidigung verhaftet
2015 opposition protest: 11 October 2015: Hundreds of opposition protesters marched in the capital Minsk on the eve of a presidential election, as opposition leaders say Belarusian presidential election is a sham
2016 opposition protest: 12 September 2016: Several hundred people have gathered in Minsk in protest of the parliamentary elections on Sunday, saying new vote must be held and demanding that the resignation of Lukashenko
Since February 2017 Belarusian protests: Since February 2017 Belarusian protests - 17 March 2017: 'Basta' and 'we are not slaves', these are the most popular slogans brandished at the Belarusian protests, which have seen thousands take to the streets and more than 100 people detained in a government crackdown - 23 March 2017: Human rights organisations have called on Belarusian authorities to drop all charges immediately against writers, publishers and journalists who have been arrested following a wave of nationwide protests, demanding the cancellation of the newly introduced Presidential Decree No. 3, which imposes a tax on the unemployed
March 2018 opposition protesters arrested: 25 March 2018: Scores of protesters were arrested Sunday in the capital of Belarus as supporters of the country’s repressed opposition tried to hold a march to mark the 100th anniversary of the short-lived Belarusian People’s Republic of 1918-19, seen by the opposition as the foundation of an independent Belarus
7 December 2019 protesters rally against closer Russia ties: 7 December 2019: More than 1,000 people took to the streets of Belarus to protest against closer ties with Russian regime as Putin hosted Belarusian Alexander Lukashenko in the Russian city of Sochi
Since 24 May 2020 Belarusian protests: Since 24 May 2020 Belarusian protests, a series of political demonstrations against the Belarusian regime of Lukashenko, as demonstrations, which are part of the Belarusian democracy movement, began in the lead-up to and during the August 2020 Belarusian election
31 July 2020 tens of thousands support Belarusian opposition: 31 July 2020: Tens of thousands of supporters of the Belarusian opposition candidates crowded into a Minsk square on Thursday evening before upcoming elections for what may have been the largest political rally in the country’s modern history
10 August 2020 Belarus regime cracks down on mass protests: 10 August 2020: Belarus regime cracks down on mass protests as opposition refuses to recognise official election win by Lukashenko
10 August 2020 demonstrator Alexander Taraikovsky died in Minsk: Demonstrator Alexander Taraikovsky died on 10 August 2020 in Minsk during the 2020 Belarusian protests, during which police have used tear gas, rubber bullets and stun grenades against protestors
15 August 2020 protesters in Minsk gather where man died in clashes with police: 15 August 2020: Protesters in Minsk gather where man died in clashes with police, calling for the country’s authoritarian president to resign after 26 years in power
16 August 2020 Belarusians gather in Minsk in thousands for biggest protest yet: 16 August 2020: Belarusians gather in Minsk in thousands for biggest protest yet, as Lukashenko claims war criminal Putin has offered him ‘comprehensive help’
17 August 2020 Belarusia's Lukashenko heckled by workers chanting 'leave': 17 August 2020: Belarusia's Alexander Lukashenko has been heckled by workers on a visit to a factory as anger mounts over his disputed re-election, and workers chanted 'leave' and booed the long-time oppressor, as strike action spread to state TV with staff walking out on Monday, and as Belarusian opposition has called for a general strike from Monday to continue the momentum after the massed protests on the weekend
22 August 2020 protesters remain defiant after week of fear, pride and hope: 22 August 2020: As protesters remain defiant, Minsk still in revolt after week of fear, pride and hope
23 August 2020 Belarusians preparing for a second Sunday of massed rallies against Lukashenko: 23 August 2020: Belarusians are preparing for a second Sunday of massed rallies against Alexander Lukashenko, after he 'promised to solve' the issue of protests within a few days and told his military to be on full combat alert to deal with supposed 'external threats'
30 August 2020 tens of thousands of protesters in Minsk against Lukashenko: 30 août 2020: Des dizaines de milliers de manifestants dénonçant le pouvoir de Loukachenko sont descendus dans les rues de Minsk à l’appel de l’opposition pour le troisième dimanche consécutif, malgré une présence massive des forces antiémeutes, y compris de véhicules blindés, qui ont empêché plusieurs cortèges d’opposants de se rejoindre, selon des estimations de l’AFP et de médias locaux - 30 août 2020: La police biélorusse a arrêté dimanche des dizaines de personnes lors de la grande manifestation de l’opposition à Minsk, en tentant de disperser le rassemblement
6 September 2020 protests show no sign of fading as 100,000 turn out in Minsk and more in other cities: 6 September 2020: Belarus protests show no sign of fading as 100,000 citizens turn out in Minsk, as similar marches held in other cities including Brest a month after disputed election
12/13 September 2020 about 10,000 women marched through Minsk against Putin's poodle Lukashenko: 13 September 2020: About 10,000 women marched noisily through the Belarusian capital on Saturday, beating pots and pans and shouting for the resignation of Putin's poodle Lukashenko, as at least 70 citizens were detained and many carried portraits of Maria Kolesnikova of the opposition Coordination Council who was jailed this week
13 September 2020 protest against Lukashenko on Sunday: 13 septembre 2020: Des dizaines de milliers de manifestants ont défilé à Minsk dimanche à l’appel de l’opposition, une mobilisation qui ne faiblit pas pour protester contre Loukachenko malgré la répression, car la police a procédé à 400 arrestations - 13 September 2020: 100,000 citizens join rally against Lukashenko on eve of Putin showdown
15 September 2020 Lukashenko's armed forces arbitrarily detained thousands and systematically subjected hundreds to torture and other ill-treatment: 15 September 2020: Belarusian armed forces arbitrarily detained thousands of people and systematically subjected hundreds to torture and other ill-treatment in recent weeks following the August 2020 presidential election, Human Rights Watch said today
19 September 2020 women's march and arrested pro-democracy protesters: 19 septembre 2020: Les forces 'anti-émeutes' bélarusses ont arrêté samedi des centaines de personnes lors d’une marche de femmes à Minsk contre Alexandre Loukachenko
20 September 2020 tens of thousands of protesters marched through Minsk on Sunday chanting 'go away': 20 September 2020: Anonymous hackers leaked the personal data of 1,000 Belarusian police officers in retaliation for a crackdown on street demonstrations against Alexander Lukashenko, as tens of thousands of protesters marched through Minsk on Sunday chanting 'go away', and as at least 10 people were detained
24 September 2020 protesters clash with police in Belarus after Lukashenko sworn in again: 24 September 2020: Protesters clash with police in Belarus after Lukashenko sworn in again, as water cannon and stun grenades used by riot squad after opposition denounce president’s secret ceremony as illegitimate
24 September 2020 video shows taxi driver helping protester escape police in Belarus: 24 September 2020: An unnamed Belarusian taxi driver who helped a man escape from riot police during protests against Lukashenko has transfixed social media users who have shared footage of the dramatic incident
27 September 2020 police disperse 'people's inauguration' rallies with teargas: 27 September 2020: Masked police dragged people into vans and fired stun grenades and teargas to disperse crowds as tens of thousands marched for a seventh straight weekend through Minsk and other cities to demand the resignation of Lukashenko
4 October 2020 Minsk protest and arrest of citizens: 4 octobre 2020: Dizaines de milliers d’opposants au pouvoir bélarusse ont commencé à défiler au centre-ville de Minsk ce dimanche pour dénoncer la réélection jugée frauduleuse du président, et la police a déjà procédé à plusieurs arrestations
5 October 2020 seniors in Minsk lined up in a chain of solidarity: On 5 October seniors gathered outside St. Helen Church in Minsk, formed a column and rallied towards Independence Ave, entering October Square, as protesters lined up in a chain of solidarity, while being actively supported with honking from passing cars
12/13 October 2020 Belarusian protests continue as regime threatens to fire on protesters: 12/13 October 2020: As Belarusian protests coninue regime threatens to fire on protesters to break up demonstrations against Lukashenko, and as EU foreign ministers agreed to impose sanctions personally targeting the strongman leader
18 October 2020 tens of thousands rally against Lukashenka despite police threats of force: 18 October 2020: Tens of thousands of Belarusian citizens took to the streets on October 18 to protest the authoritarian rule of Alyaksandr Lukashenka, marching peacefully through the center of Minsk as the nationwide protest movement reached its 11th week, despite authorities' threat to open fire on demonstrators
25 October 2020 mass protests against Lukashenko as Belarus opposition threatens strikes: 25 October 2020: Mass protests against Lukashenko as Belarus opposition threatens strikes
26 October 2020 as at least 100,000 people marched in Minsk riot police launched another violent crackdown: 26 October 2020: Riot police launched another violent crackdown in Minsk on Sunday, throwing stun grenades into crowds of peaceful protesters, chasing people through courtyards and making arrests as they attempted to curtail the 11th consecutive Sunday protest with at least 100,000 people marching through the capital
26 October 2020 workers and students across Belarus have launched strikes: 26 October 2020: Workers and students across Belarus have launched strikes in a further show of defiance at the regime of Alexander Lukashenko
1 November 2020 Belarus protesters use Telegram to keep up pressure on Lukashenko: 1 November 2020: Belarus protesters use Telegram to keep up pressure on Lukashenko, as secure messaging app pivotal to organisation of protests and spreading of news about repressions
15 November 2020 Belarus protests and police violence: 15 November 2020: Thousands of Belarusians have protested against the death in police custody of a military veteran and children’s art teacher arrested for his opposition to authoritarian leader Lukashenko - 15 novembre 2020: Sur fond de colère suite à la mort de l'opposant Roman Bondarenko qui avait été interpellé par la police, une nouvelle manifestation contre Loukachenko a lieu dimanche dans la capitale bélarusse, mais les forces armées ont commencé à disperser la manifestation à Minsk quasi immédiatement après son début en utilisant notamment des grenades assourdissantes et du gaz lacrymogène, et onze personnes auraient été interpellées, selon une organisation de défense des droits humains
22 November 2020 Belarus protests continue despite arrests: 22 novembre 2020: Les partisans de l’opposition bélarusse ont de nouveau manifesté dimanche contre le président Loukachenko, confronté à une contestation inédite depuis sa réélection controversée début août, et plusieurs colonnes de manifestants, soit quelques dizaines de milliers de personnes selon une journaliste de l’AFP, ont défilé dans différents quartiers de Minsk
29 November 2020 endangered Belarus protests continue: 29 novembre 2020: L’opposition à nouveau dans la rue mais en petits groupes, car les opposants au régime du président Loukachenko ont changé de tactique en privilégiant la multiplication de petits rassemblements dans différents quartiers de Minsk
20 December 2020 151 anti-Lukashenko demonstrators detained in Belarus: 20 December 2020: Thousands in Belarus protest Lukashenko’s rule - 20 December 2020: Belarusian rights group says regime forces have detained protesters calling on strongman Lukashenka to step down, as Vyasna rights group published the names of 151 people detained in the capital Minsk and the cities of Barysau, Homel, Hrodna, Salihorsk, Smilovichi, Navapolatsk, Brest, and other locations
25 March 2021 Belarus regime's police arrest dozens at Freedom Day rallies: 25 March 2021: Over 50 protesters were arrested in Belarus at Freedom Day rallies during demonstrations against Lukashenko, as military vehicles were sent into Minsk city center to squash the scattered groups of protesters, with riot police using water cannons on demonstrators
27 March 2021 police detained more than 200 people in Minsk to prevent fresh protests: 27 March 2021: Police in Belarus detained more than 200 people and cordoned off streets in the capital Minsk to prevent fresh protests on March 27, as the opposition vowed to breathe new life into the pro-democracy movement after braving months of repression
Since July 2021 protests and Belarus/European Union border crisis: Since July 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis, caused by deterioration in Belarus–EU relations following the 2020 Belarusian 'election' and 2020–2021 Belarusian protests
14 November 2021 Polish police say group of 50 migrants broke through border: 14 November 2021: Polish police say group of 50 migrants broke through border with Belarus and entered Poland near the village of Starzyna, as thousands of refugees and migrants including Syrians have travelled to Belarus in the hope of crossing into the EU, only to find themselves trapped on the border in freezing conditions, France24 Gulliver Cragg reports from the border
Society, demographics, languages, culture and human rights in Belarus: Belarusian society
Human rights in Belarus: Human rights in Belarus
Persecution of political dissidents and extrajudicial use of judiciary: Government-sponsored hostage-taking in Belarus - Persecution of political dissidents, Extrajudicial use of judiciary, Harassment and censorship of independent media, Authorities interfere in trade-union elections and independent trade-union leaders have been dismissed from their positions
2013 HRW report: 29 November 2016: As Belarus remains highly repressive, with the authorities suppressing virtually all dissent and severely impeding freedoms of association and assembly, the EU has good reason to maintain its sanctions and press for an end to abuses, Human Rights Watch says
2016 Belarus executions: 12 October 2016: Belarus resumes executions after EU sanctions dropped, as human rights report details abuse used to extract confessions in only European country to use death penalty
Regions and districts of Belarus: 6 regions of Belarus and the city of Minsk - Geography of Belarus by region - Districts of Belarus
Brest Region: Brest Region and administrative center Brest city
Minsk Region: Minsk Region with its administrative center Minsk
Vitebsk Region: Vitebsk Region, located near the border with Russia
Cities and towns in Belarus: List of cities and towns in Belarus by region
Minsk: Minsk, situated on the Svislac and the Nyamiha Rivers, has a special administrative status as the capital of Belarus and is also the administrative centre of Minsk Region (voblasc) and Minsk District (rajon), with a population of 1,982,444 inhabitants in January 2018 - History of Minsk - Economy of Minsk, the economic capital of Belarus with industrial and services sectors which serve the needs not only of the city, but of the entire nation, as Minsk's contributions form nearly 46% of Belarusian budget
Timeline of Minsk: Timeline of Minsk since the Middle Ages
1793 Russian annexation: Since 1793, following partitions and partial annexations by the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia that ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia annexed the Minsk Voivodeship, ending a semi-independent duchy at least since 1067
1898 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party founded in Minsk: 1 March 1898 Russian Social Democratic Labour Party founded in Minsk, illegal for most of its existence as at the end of the 1st Party Congress all nine delegates were arrested by the Imperial Russian Police, the 2nd Congress was held in Brussels and London in 1903
Early 20th century Minsk a centre for the worker's movement: In the early years of the 20th century, Minsk was a major centre for the worker's movement within Belarus, and also one of the major centres of Belarusian national revival, along with Vilnia
June 1914 Minsk teachers institute founded: Minsk teachers institute (Minsk State Pedagogical University) founded in Minsk on 22 June 1914, opening in November 1914
1915 Minsk battle-front city of German empire's World War I: By 1915, Minsk became a battle-front city of German empire's World War I and its eastern front
February 1918 German empire's occupation of Minsk and military rule: February 1918 German imperial forces occupied Minsk and Belarus remained under German military rule during 1918 until the defeat of the aggressor
June 1941 German empire's bombing of Minsk in World War II: June 1941 German empire's bombing of Minsk in World War II, as much as 85% of the city's buildings and the entire infrastructure was destroyed, more than 1,000 people were killed
1941-1945 Nazi Germany's 'Reichskommissariat Ostland': 1941-1945 Nazi Germany's 'Reichskommissariat Ostland' occupation regime
Since July 1941 Minsk Ghetto: Since July 1941 Minsk Ghetto, created soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union, one of the largest in Belorussian SSR, and the largest in the German-occupied territory of the Soviet Union, housing close to 100,000 Jews, most of whom perished in The Holocaust - 1942-1943 Maly Trostinets extermination camp on the outskirts of Minsk in 'Reichskommissariat Ostland'
Since 1944 Belarusian Great Patriotic War Museum in Minsk: Since October 1944 Belarusian Great Patriotic War Museum in Minsk after the liberation of Minsk from the Nazi invaders, making it the first World War II museum to open during the course of the war
Since 1946 Minsk Tractor Works: Since 1946 Minsk Tractor Works
Since 1948 Minsk State Linguistic University: Since 1948 Minsk State Linguistic University, specializing in 18 foreign languages
Since 1991 Minsk Belarusian capital: 1991 city of Minsk becomes capital of Republic of Belarus
March 2001 anti-Lukashenko demonstration: 21st century Minsk, as the new century also began in March 2001 with one of anti-Lukashenko demonstrations
2020–2021 ongoing Belarusian protests: 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, ongoing political demonstrations and protests against Lukashenko, the largest anti-government and pro-democracy protests in the history of Belarus, as demonstrations began in the lead-up to and during the 2020 presidential 'election' - 4 August 2021: Maria Kolesnikova and Maxim Znak appeared at a court in the capital Minsk on Wednesday, as - if found guilty - they could each face up to 12 years in prison, after Belarus was gripped by mass protests last year, triggered by an election widely seen to have been rigged in favour of Lukashenko
Grodno city: Grodno city city in western Belarus, located on the Neman close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania, with 365,610 inhabitants in 2016
History of Grodno: History of Grodno
Since November 1941 Grodno Ghetto: Grodno Ghetto, a World War II ghetto established in November 1941 by Nazi Germany in the city of Grodno for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of Jews in Western Belarus
Brest city: Brest city (formerly Brest-Litowsk), a city with a population 347,576 inhabitants in 2018 at the border with Poland opposite the Polish city of Terespol, where the Bug and Mukhavets rivers meet
History of Brest: History of Brest
March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Since 1941 Brzesc Ghetto: Brzesc Ghetto (Ghetto in Brest), a World War II Jewish ghetto created by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland in December 1941, six months after the German troops had overrun the Soviet-occupied zone of the Second Polish Republic under the codename Operation Barbarossa, less than a year after the creation of the Ghetto most of approximately 20,000 Jewish inhabitants of Brzesc were murdered, over 5,000 were executed locally at the Brest Fortress
Vitebsk: Vitebsk, the capital of the Viciebsk Region, with 342,381 inhabitants in 2004
History of Vitebsk: History of Vitebsk
Since July 1941 Vitebsk Ghetto and Ghetto massacre of October 1941: Since July 1941 Vitebsk Ghetto, created soon after the German invasion of the Soviet Union and immediately after the Nazis took control of the town on 11 July 1941
Gomel Region (Gomel Oblast): Gomel Region (Gomel Oblast), with a population of 1,435,000 citizens in, one of the regions of Belarus as its administrative center is Gomel. Other important cities within the region include Mazyr, Zhlobin, Svietlahorsk, Rechytsa, Kalinkavichy, Rahachow and Dobrush. Both the Gomel Region and the Mogilev Region suffered severely from the Chernobyl disaster since April 1986. The Gomel Province borders the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone in places, and parts of it have been designated as mandatory or voluntary resettlement areas as a result of the radioactive contamination.
Territorial entities, disrricts, cities and towns of Gomel region: Administrative territorial entities, disrricts, cities and towns of Gomel region listed by 'Wikipedia'
Gomel city: Gomel city, the administrative centre of Gomel Region and with 526,872 inhabitants in 2015 the second-most populous city of Belarus
History of Gomel: History of Gomel
20s-21st centuries history of Gomel: 20s-21st centuries history of Gomel
Zhytkavichy town in Gomel Region and history: Zhytkavichy town in the Gomel Region of Belarus, an administrative center of Zhytkavichy District with a population of 16,600 citizens in the early 21st century. Erstmals 1457 schriftlich erwähnt, war die Ortschaft bis zur zweiten polnischen Teilung 1793 Teil des Großfürstentums Litauen in der Woiwodschaft Nowogródek und kam dann an das Gouvernement Minsk des Russischen Kaiserreiches. Während des Ersten Weltkriegs war die Ortschaft 1918 von Truppen des Deutschen Reiches in seinem Angriffskrieg gegen Rußland besetzt und nach dem Krieg wurde Schytkawitschy Bestandteil der BSSR innerhalb der Sowjetunion. Von August 1941 bis Juli 1944 war die Ortschaft von der Wehrmacht des NSDAP beherrschten Deutschen Reiches in seinem zweiten Weltkrieg, dem schrecklichsten der Geschichte, besetzt. 1971 erhielt Schytkawitschy den Status einer Stadt. Seit der Auflösung der Sowjetunion 1991 - und nachfolgend der Etablierung des verbrecherischen Putin Regimes in Rußland seit 1999/2000 mit seinen Kriegen gegen kaukasische Staaten, gegen die Ukraine und gegen die Bevölkerung Syriens - ist die Stadt Teil des verbündeten Nachfolgestaates Belarus.
Demographics and ethnic groups in Belarus: Demographics of Belarus - Ethnic groups in Belarus
History of the Jews in Belarus: History of the Jews in Belarus
Since 1941 The Holocaust in Belarus, Nazi Germany crimes in Belarus: Since 1941 The Holocaust in Belarus, the Nazi Germany crimes committed during World War II on the territory of Belarus against Jews
Culture of Belarus: Culture of Belarus
Jewish culture in Belarus: Jewish culture in Belarus
Languages of Belarus: Languages of Belarus - Belarusian language
Women and women's rights in Belarus: Belarusian women and women's rights
1926-1944 Belarusian resistance fighter Zinaida Martynovna Portnova tortured and murdered on 15 January 1944: 1926-1944 Zinaida Martynovna Portnova, a Belarusian teenager and partisan, who joined the Belarusian resistance movement after invading Nazi troops hit her grandmother while they were confiscating the cattle, was tortured and murdered on 15 January 1944, 25 years after the murder of Rosa Luxemburg - List of female Heroes of the Soviet Union
1872-1946 Belarusian-Israeli pathologist and scientist Sophia Getzowa: 1872-1946 Sophia Getzowa, a Belarusian-Israeli pathologist and scientist, who carried out widely cited research on the thyroid, identifying solid cell nests in 1907, later worked as a pathologist in Jerusalem, where she would become the first female professor in 1927, collaborating with a wide range of European scientists
1910-2001 politician Nadezhda Grekova: 1910-2001 Nadezhda Grekova, a Soviet Belarusian politician and the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Belorussian SSR 1938-1947
'Tell the Truth' member Tatsiana Karatkevich: Tatsiana Karatkevich, born 1977 in Minsk, is a Belarusian politician and member of the civic campaign 'Tell the Truth'
Children in Belarus: Belarusian children
1926-1944 Belarusian resistance fighter Zinaida Martynovna Portnova tortured and murdered on 15 January 1944: 1926-1944 Zinaida Martynovna Portnova, a Belarusian teenager and partisan, who joined the Belarusian resistance movement after invading Nazi troops hit her grandmother while they were confiscating the cattle, was tortured and murdered on 15 January 1944, 25 years after the murder of Rosa Luxemburg
Education in Belarus: Education in Belarus
Schools in Belarus: Schools in Belarus
Colleges and universities in Belarus: Universities and colleges in Belarus
Health in Belarus: Health in Belarus
Disease outbreaks in Belarus: Disease outbreaks in Belarus
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belarus: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belarus, part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2
August 2020 timeline of covid-19 pandemic in Belarus: August 2020 timeline of covid-19 pandemic in Belarus, counting 69,673 confirmed cases and 617 deaths on 18 August
Healthcare in Belarus: Healthcare in Belarus
List of hospitals in Belarus: List of hospitals in Belarus
Since February 2020 Belarus government response to covid-19 pandemic: Since February 2020 Belarus government response to covid-19 pandemic
Belarusian media: Belarusian media - Media in Belarus by city - Propaganda in Belarus
Censorship and harassment of media in Belarus: Censorship in Belarus - Harassment and censorship of independent media
2010 Reporters Without Borders report: Reporters Without Borders ranked Belarus 154th in 'Press Freedom Index 2010'
October 2015: 9 October 2015: Journalists in Belarus face fines and arrest as they attempt to provide an alternative to pro-Lukashenko state channels
Newspapers in Belarus: Newspapers in Belarus
Broadcasting in Belarus: Radio in Belarus - TV in Belarus - Sports broadcasting contracts in Belarus
Internet in Belarus: Internet in Belarus
Crime in Belarus: Crime in Belarus
Corruption in Belarus: Corruption in Belarus
Antisemitism in Belarus, German occupations since 1915 and 1941 and German crimes against humanity: Antisemitism in Belarus - Nazi war crimes in Belarus - Since 1941 The Holocaust in Belarus, Nazi Germany's genocide committed during World War II on the territory of Belarus against Jews
February 2019 WWII mass grave: 22 February 2019: A mass grave containing bones from hundreds of bodies with gunshot wounds to their skulls, human remains belonging to men, women and children as well as clothes, shoes and other personal items, were discovered during construction atop what used to be the ghetto of Brest in present-day Belarus, as Nazi Germany forces killed three million civilians in Belarus, of whom 800,000 were Jewish
Capital punishment in Belarus: Capital punishment in Belarus
Human trafficking in Belarus: Human trafficking in Belarus
Law and legal history of Belarus: Belarusian law - Legal history of Belarus - Constitution of 3 May 1791 - 20th century Constitutions of Belarus - Amendments of the Constitution of Belarus and 1996 and 2004 Belarusian referendums
Courts and Supreme Court of Belarus: Court System of Belarus - Supreme Court of Belarus
2017: 27 August 2017: Belarus court clears way for luxury apartments to be built on top of Jewish cemeteries
Law enforcement in Belarus: Law enforcement in Belarus
Foreign relations of Belarus: Foreign relations of Belarus
Treaties of Belarus: Treaties of Belarus
Belarusian membership in international organisations: Belarusian membership in international organisations
Since January 1992 Belarus member of the 'Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE': Since January 1992 Belarus participating state of the 'Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe OSCE', is the world's largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization, as its mandate includes issues such as arms control, promotion of human rights, freedom of the press, and fair elections
Since 1945 Belarus member of the United Nations: Byelorussian SSR was one of two Soviet republics to be separate members of the UN, the other being the Ukrainian SSR, as both republics and the Soviet Union joined the UN when the organization was founded in 1945
July 2012 UN's human rights inquiry in Belarus: 6. Juli 2012: UN-Menschenrechtsrat ernennt Sonderberichterstatter zur Prüfung der Menschenrechtslage in Weissrussland
5 July 2021 UN expert has likened Belarus to 'totalitarian states': 5 July 2021: UN expert Anais Marin has likened Belarus to 'totalitarian states', warning that Minsk’s recent grounding of a passenger plane and subsequent arrest of an opposition journalist on board was part of an ongoing effort by officials to “purge” the country of all dissent
Bilateral relations of Belarus: Bilateral relations of Belarus
Belarus/Austria relations: Belarus/Austria relations
4 August 2021 Belarusian Olympian athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya in Vienna: 4 August 2021: Belarusian Olympian athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya granted a humanitarian visa by Poland following after refusing Belarusin regime's orders to travel home early from Tokyo, now arrived in Vienna to seek refuge in Europe, claiming she fears for her safety in her native Belarus
Belarus/Czech Republic relations: Belarus/Czech Republic relations
Belarus/Denmark relations: Belarus/Denmark relations
Belarus–Denmark economic and trade relations: Belarus–Denmark economic and trade relations
Belarus/European Union relations: Belarus/European Union relations
11 August 2012 EU backs Sweden in Belarus row: 11 August 2012: EU backs Sweden in Belarus row
October 2013 EU helping prop up Belarus president Lukashenko, says opposition calling for broader sanctions: 17 October 2013: EU helping prop up Belarus president Lukashenko, says opposition, calling for broader sanctions from Brussels
17 August 2020 EU calls leaders to emergency summit to support Belarus people: 17 August 2020: European council's Charles Michel has invited EU’s 27 heads of state and government to an extraordinary meeting by video conference on Wednesday, tweeting 'the people of Belarus have the right to decide on their future and freely elect their leader', and 'violence against protesters is unacceptable and cannot be allowed', reflecting the rapid pace of events in cities across Belarus, after the embattled autocrat Lukashenko urged Russian regime's Putin to save his regime over the weekend
19 August 2020 EU emergency talks to discuss the political crisis in Belarus: 19 August 2020: EU leaders are to hold emergency talks to discuss the political crisis in Belarus, as in the run-up to the meeting the Belarusian opposition leader Svetlana Tikhanovskaya urged the EU not to recognise Lukashenko as president
22 October 2020 Sakharov Prize awarded to the democratic opposition in Belarus by EU parliament: 22 octobre 2020: Le Parlement européen décerne le prix Sakharov des droits humains ce jeudi à l’opposition démocratique au Bélarus qui conteste la réélection controversée du président Loukachenko
Since July 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis: Since July 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis, caused by deterioration in Belarus–EU relations following the 2020 Belarusian 'election' and 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, by support of the 2020 Belarusian protests by the Polish government and the fleeing to Poland of the main opposition challenger Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, by sanctions against Belarus following the forced landing of Ryanair Flight 4978 and the persecution and threatening of opposition activist Roman Protasevich and his girlfriend Sofia Sapega, by tensions and violence in the aftermath of the Iraq War since 2003 with the destabilisation of Iraq and the Middle East
15 November 2021 EU has agreed on new sanctions against Belarus: 15 November 2021: EU has agreed on new sanctions against Belarus targeting 'everyone involved' in facilitating the transport of people to Belarus’s border with Poland, where thousands are stuck in makeshift camps in freezing weather, accusing Lukashenko’s regime of waging a 'hybrid attack' against the bloc by allowing people from the Middle East who are desperate to reach the EU to fly into Minsk then head for the Polish border, as EU's foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the decision by 27 EU foreign ministers reflected 'the determination by the European Union to stand up to the instrumentalisation of migrants for political purposes'
Belarus/France relations: Belarus/France relations
18 October 2021 French ambassador ordered out of Belarus in diplomatic spat: 18 October 2021: French ambassador ordered out of Belarus in diplomatic spat, as envoy Nicolas de Lacoste’s exit linked to Paris’ refusal to recognise Alexander Lukashenko’s 2020 re-election
Belarus/Germany relations: Belarus/Germany relations - Belarus in World War II - Military history of Belarus during World War II - Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany - Nazi war crimes in Belarus - The Holocaust in Belarus - Minsk Ghetto - Maly Trostenets extermination camp
Belarusian resistance during World War II: Belarusian resistance during World War II
2012 German support against opposition in Belarus: 24. August 2012: Von 2008-2011 Schulung von Polizei und Miliz des Innenministeriums Weißrußlands in Deutschland für Einsätze gegen Demonstranten, sog. 'Rädelsführer' etc., auf Veranlassung der Regierung Merkel
February 2019 WWII mass grave: 22 February 2019: A mass grave containing bones from hundreds of bodies with gunshot wounds to their skulls, human remains belonging to men, women and children as well as clothes, shoes and other personal items, were discovered during construction atop what used to be the ghetto of Brest in present-day Belarus, as Nazi Germany forces killed three million civilians in Belarus, of whom 800,000 were Jewish
Belarus/Israel relations: Belarus/Israel relations since 1992
Jewish communities in Belarus: Jewish communities in Belarus, as Jews have been living in Belarus for more than six centuries and are an integral part of the ethnic structure of the Belarusian society, as today Belarus after German empire's Second World War, when about 850,000 Jews were killed, about 130,000 immigrants from Belarus live in Israel, as the number of Jews living in Belarus is considered to be around 30-50,000, but the number of Belarusians with Jewish descent is assumed to be higher
Belarus-Israel economic, cultural and trade relations: Belarus-Israel economic, cultural and trade relations
Belarus/Lithuania relations: Belarus/Lithuania relations
3 July 2021 Lithuania declared a state of emergency due to an influx of migrants over the last few days from Belarus: 3 July 2021: Lithuania has declared a state of emergency due to an influx of migrants over the last few days from Belarus, AP reports
10 August 2021 Lithuania to build fence on Belarus border to stop migrants: 10 August 2021: Lithuania to build fence on Belarus border to stop migrants
Belarus/Netherlands relations: Belarus/Netherlands relations since 1994
Since 2006 Dutch reaction to Belarusian presidential elections and lack of political freedom: 2006 Dutch reaction to 2006 Belarusian presidential election, as Dutch FM convinced the EU that a planned Interpol summit planned to take place in Minsk be boycotted, as groups in the Netherlands protest what they call the lack of political and religious freedom in Belarus
Belarus/Poland relations: Belarus/Poland relations
Polish minority in Belarus: The Polish minority in Belarus numbers officially about 300,000 in 2009, forming the second largest ethnic minority in the country after the Russians, at around 3% of the total population
Belarusian minority in Poland: The Belarusian minority in Poland is composed of 47,000 people in 2011, most of them living in the Podlaskie Voivodeship
Since July 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis: Since July 2021 Belarus/European Union border crisis, caused by deterioration in Belarus–EU relations following the 2020 Belarusian 'election' and 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, by support of the 2020 Belarusian protests by the Polish government and the fleeing to Poland of the main opposition challenger Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, by sanctions against Belarus following the forced landing of Ryanair Flight 4978 and the persecution and threatening of opposition activist Roman Protasevich and his girlfriend Sofia Sapega, by tensions and violence in the aftermath of the Iraq War since 2003 with the destabilisation of Iraq and the Middle East
20 September 2021 Poland accused Russia and Belarus of orchestrating a wave of illegal immigration: 20 September 2021: Poland accused Russia and Belarus of orchestrating a wave of illegal immigration at its land border, a day after four migrants were found dead at its Belarusian frontier, as thousands have been trying to cross from Belarus into EU members Latvia, Lithuania and Poland in recent weeks, and as EU suspects the influx of people mostly from the Middle East is being orchestrated by Belarusian autocratic Lukashenko in retaliation for sanctions on his regime
8 November 2021 Belarus escorts 1,000 migrants towards Polish border: 8 November 2021: Belarus escorts 1,000 migrants towards Polish border, as column of up to 500 people including children led by border guards in escalation of deadly crisis
9 November 2021 refugees submitted to blackmail by Belarus: 9 novembre 2021: 83 ans après la 'nuit de Cristal', le pogrom contre les Juifs du Troisième Reich qui se déroula dans la nuit du 9 au 10 novembre 1938, le chantage aux migrants par la Biélorussie, selon France24 - 9 November 2021: Poland PM blames Russia's Putin for Belarus migrant crisis, as Mateusz Morawiecki said that Belarus's autocrat, a close ally of Putin, is orchestrating the crisis, but 'it has its mastermind in Moscow'
11 November 2021 locals are trying to offer humanitarian aid: 11 November 2021: As Poland repels migrants, taking a hard line on those trying to enter the EU from Belarus, Polish residents are handing out food and water to migrants and locals offer humanitarian aid
14 November 2021 Polish police say group of 50 migrants broke through border: 14 November 2021: Polish police say group of 50 migrants broke through border with Belarus and entered Poland near the village of Starzyna, as thousands of refugees and migrants including Syrians have travelled to Belarus in the hope of crossing into the EU, only to find themselves trapped on the border in freezing conditions, France24 Gulliver Cragg reports from the border
16 November 2021 migrants tear-gassed trying to cross from Belarus: 16 November 2021: Trying to cross into the country from Belarus, Polish forces have used tear gas and water cannon against refugees and migrants, as videos showed migrants throwing stones and other objects at the Polish forces guarding a fortified border crossing, as for weeks, thousands of migrants, mostly from the Middle East, have been gathering at the Belarus border in an attempt to reach the EU and as Belarus has been accused of pushing migrants to the border to try to destabilise the EU, the BBC reports - 16 November 2021: Clashes erupted between stranded refugees and Polish border guards at the Polish-Belarusian border early on Tuesday, as refugees at the Kuznica border crossing trying to cross into Poland reportedly threw stones at Polish guards, who responded by using water cannon and tear gas, according to Poland’s Ministry of National Defence, 'Al Jazeera' reports
17 November 2021 escalating Belarus/EU crisis concerning migrants from Syria, Iraq and Lebanon: 17 novembre 2021: Bloqués aux portes de l'Europe, des milliers de migrants massés à la frontière polonaise, et France24 se consacre à la crise migratoire dans le nord de l'Europe pour tenter de comprendre la situation qui voit des milliers de migrants, principalement de Syrie, der l'Irak et du Liban - 17 November 2021: In the escalating migrant crisis brewing on EU's eastern border thousands of people from the Middle East have travelled to Belarus in the hope of entering the EU, and are mow trapped on the border with Poland, desperately trying to survive in freezing conditions
18 November 2021 escalating migrant crisis on EU's eastern border: 18 novembre 2021: Les forces de sécurité polonaise ont arrêté une centaine de migrants dans la nuit de mercredi à jeudi alors qu'ils tentaient de franchir la frontière avec la Biélorussie
22 November 2021 Iraqi Kurdi woman told journalists in Polish hospital 'me and my son survived only by miracle': 22 November 2021: Women refugees say they have miscarried, been separated from their children by border guards, and been hospitalised, as Iraqi Kurdi woman Shirin told Al Jazeera from a hospital in a Polish border town 'me and my son survived only by miracle', as her body was covered in injuries and blisters from the cold, adding 'I will never forget what I have seen in the woods', 'I have seen so many children and babies there. Their mothers were screaming and praying for a miracle. The adults could barely survive, so what chance do babies have'
23 November 2021 migrants trying to enter Poland via Belarus report what is happening: 23 November 2021: Misled by traffickers, pushed back by Polish border guards or pushed past the barbed wire by Belarusian authorities, France24 reports, as three of its observers, migrants who tried to enter Poland via Belarus, reported what is really happening during this crisis
27 November 2021 migrants at Belarus border camp say they refuse to return home: 27 November 2021: Migrants at Belarus border camp say they refuse to return home, Belarusian regime's Lukashenko now told migrants that the country could help them return to their home countries
25 January 2022 Poland begins work on a new euro wall along the Belarus border: 25 January 2022: Polish contractors have begun work on a new 353 million euro wall along the Belarus border aimed at deterring refugee crossings following a crisis in the area last year, as 5.5-metre-high wall along 186km of the border has raised human rights concerns over how refugees will be able to seek asylum as well as environmental worries about the effect on wildlife along the mostly forested border
Belarus/Russia relations: Belarus/Russia relations
Pipelines, gas and engery disputes: Yamal–Europe pipeline - 2004 Russia–Belarus gas dispute - 2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute
2009 Russian ban of Belarusian dairy products: 2009 Russian ban of Belarusian dairy products
2014 Russia and 'Eurasian Economic Union': Eurasian Economic Union will go into effect on 1 January 2015 if treaty is approved by each country - Eurasia - continental landmass of Europe and Asia - 29 May 2014: Ex-Soviet trade bloc treaty 'Eurasian Economic Union', uniting Russian, Kazakh, Belarusian economies into market, signed in Moscow
April 2015 Lukashenko refuses to attend 'Victory Day Parade in Mocow' with Chinese regime's Xi Jinping and North Korea's dictator Kim Jong Un: 19 April 2015: Belarus' Lukashenko refuses to attend Victory Day Parade in Mocow on May 9 as Chinese regime's Xi Jinping and North Korea's dictator Kim Jong Un are the most high-profile leaders to attend
October 2015 Belarus doesn't want to host a Russian military air base: 7 October 2015: Belarus doesn't want to host a Russian military air base, Lukashenko says following protests against his rule and reported Russian plans to beef up military presence
24 December 2019 Belarus' Lukashenko warns Putin against forceful merger: 24 décembre 2019: Le président bélarusse Loukachenko a mis en garde mardi les autorités russes contre une union sous la contrainte entre son pays et la Russie, qui discutent depuis des années d'une hypothétique fusion en un seul Etat
29 July 2020 dozens of militants detained near Minsk part of Russia's PMC Wagner: 29 July 2020: Belarus security forces overnight Wednesday apprehended just outside Minsk as many as 32 militants with Russia's Wagner private military company, whose fighters had been earlier spotted in various hotspots across the world, including Syria, Libya, and Donbas - 29 juillet 2020: Plusieurs dizaines de membres d’un groupe militaire privé russe, accusés d’être venus 'déstabiliser' le pays à l’approche de l’élection présidentielle du 9 août, ont été interpellés par les forces de l’ordre bélarusses
Belarus/Sweden relations: Belarus/Sweden relations - 3. August 2012: Weissrussland verweist den schwedischen Botschafter, der sich mit Oppositionspolitikern getroffen haben soll, des Landes - 8 October 2015: Svetlana Alexievich wins 2015 Nobel prize in literature
Belarus/Switzerland relations: Belarus/Switzerland relations
26 September 2020 Switzerland woman arrested in Minsk: 26 septembre 2020: Une femme suisse et biélorusse a été interpellée lors d’une manifestation contre le pouvoir en place à Minsk
Belarus/Syria relations: Belarus/Syria relations
2017 Belarus seen quietly helping Assad boost missile program: 15 September 2017: Belarus seen quietly helping Assad boost missile program, as analyst Ronen Solomon links Belarusian regime to Syrian Assad regime's military facility allegedly bombed by Israel this month
12 November 2021 tourist visas and flights from Syria, the route to Europe via Belarus: 12 November 2021: Tourist visas and flights from Syria, the route to Europe via Belarus, as travel agents in Middle East and migrants who have reached Poland describe how thousands are making the journey
13 November 2021 Syrian man found dead on Polish side of border with Belarus: 13 November 2021: Syrian man found dead on Polish side of border with Belarus, as Polish police say cause of death not determined after body discovered in woods near village of Wolka Terechowska
Belarus/Ukraine relations: Belarus/Ukraine relations - Belarus–Ukraine border
1991 Belavezha Accords: 1991 Belavezha Accords
August 2016: 26 August 2016: Independence of Ukraine and Belarus is only way to develop bilateral relations, Belarus FM during the opening ceremony of a residential complex of the Belarusian Embassy to Ukraine
8 September 2020 Belarus detains protest leader Kolesnikova after expulsion bid: 8 September 2020: Prominent opposition leader Maria Kolesnikova was detained by Belarusian authorities, after thwarting what a Ukrainian government minister described as an attempt to expel her from Belarus
22 March 2022: Belarusian fighters heading to Ukraine to fight against Russia: 22 March 2022: Among the foreign fighters heading to Ukraine to fight against Russia are dissidents from Belarus living in exile, seeing the war as a battle both against Vladimir Putin’s forces but also against the regime of the Belarusian autocrat Lukashenko backed by Putin's regime, as BBC met Pavel Kulazhanka, who left his life in New York to join the fight
Belarus/USA relations: Belarus/USA relations since 1991
Since 2006 USA introduced sanctions against Belarus individuals and companies: Following the 2006 Belarusian presidential election, USA introduced sanctions against Belarus individuals and companies for 'the actions and policies... to undermine Belarus' democratic processes or institutions'
August 2020 USA and democracy and opposition in Belarus: After the August 2020 presidential elections in Belarus, USA's secretary Pompeo voiced concerns about how the election was 'not free and fair', urging the Belarusian armed forces to respect their citizens right to peacefully assemble, refrain from using force, and release persons who were wrongfully detained
28 October 2020 USA's Biden vows to back Belarus opposition in removing Lukashenko: 28 October 2020: Biden vows to back Belarus opposition in removing Lukashenko, as democratic presidential hopeful accuses Donald Trump of failing to speak up for people of Belarus after disputed election
Environment of Belarus: Environment of Belarus
Protected areas of Belarus: Protected areas of Belarus - Forests of Belarus
Environmental issues in Belarus: Environmental concerns and current issues in Belarus
Since 1986 legacy of Chernobyl Disaster: Since 1986 legacy of pollution the Chernobyl Disaster
Water in Belarus: Water in Belarus


Belgium - Belgique - Geography of Belgium - History of Belgium - Demographics of Belgium
Economy of Belgium: Economy of Belgium - main industries include engineering and metal products, motor vehicle assembly, transportation equipment, scientific instruments, processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, petroleum
Companies of Belgium by industry: Companies of Belgium - Companies of Belgium by industry
Energy in Belgium: Energy in Belgium
2016: 3 January 2016: Belgian ageing nuclear reactor Doel 1 shut down on Saturday again, just three days after it was restarted
Agriculture in Belgium: Agriculture in Belgium - Agriculture in Flanders - the 5 most important agricultural products in 2013 are pork (1.46 billion euros), dairy products (844 million euros), beef (712 million euros), vegetables (602 million euros) and ornamental horticulture products (512 million euros)
Banking and Financial Services and Markets Authority of Belgium: Financial Services and Markets Authority - Banks in Belgium
2011/2012 Belgian government will take full control of the Belgian arm of Franco-Belgian Dexia bank: 10 October 2011: Belgian government will take full control of the Belgian arm of Franco-Belgian Dexia bank - 9 November 2012: France and Belgium agree to pump a further 5.5bn euros into bank Dexia, after it reported another large loss
Foreign trade of Belgium: Foreign trade of Belgium
Economic history of Belgium and economic cycles: Economic history of Belgium in the twentieth and twenty-first century - Industrial history of Belgium
2008–2009 Belgian financial and banking crisis: 2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis, a major financial crisis that hit Belgium from mid-2008 onwards, as two of the country's largest banks – Fortis and Dexia – started to face severe problems, exacerbated by the financial problems hitting other banks around the world and the value of their stocks plunged, as the government managed the situation by bailouts, selling off or nationalizing banks, providing bank guarantees and extending the deposit insurance, ventually Fortis was split into two parts, sd the Dutch part was nationalized, while the Belgian part was sold to the French bank BNP Paribas, and as Dexia group was dismantled and Dexia Bank Belgium was nationalized - Fortis, Dexia and KBC bank crises and government reaction
Since 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic: Since 2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic and crises since March, as the pandemic caused the largest global recession in history, with more than a third of the global population at the time being placed on lockdown
Labour and labour disputes in Belgium: Labour in Belgium - Labour disputes in Belgium - Belgian labour law - Labour Court in Belgium, dealing in first instance with disputes between employers and employees and disputes regarding social security - Court of labour in Belgium, the appellate court in the judicial system of Belgium which hears appeals against judgements of the labour tribunals
15 December 2014 Belgium hit by general strike amid transport chaos: 15 December 2014: Belgium hit by general strike, as strikes across Belgium cause transport chaos, but unsuccessful opposition to the austerity of the Charles Michel government in the context of the Great Recession and European debt crisis
Politics of Belgium: Politics of Belgium
Since 1831 Constitution of Belgium: Constitution of Belgium, dating back to 1831
Regions, provinces and communities of Belgium: Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium - Provinces of Belgium - Belgium includes three regions, two of these regions, the Flemish Region or Flanders, and Walloon Region, or Wallonia, are each subdivided into five provinces, the third region, the Brussels-Capital Region, is not divided into provinces - Bilingualism in Belgium - Language legislation in Belgium
Political parties in Belgium: Political parties in Belgium
Trade unions in Belgium: Trade unions in Belgium
Since 1831/1970 council of Ministers supreme executive organ: Council of Ministers, the supreme executive organ of the Federal Government of the Kingdom of Belgium, composed of the PM, who leads it, and up to fourteen senior ministers, as the Council of Ministers formally became a permanent policy structure with the constitutional revision of 1970
Since February 1831 Prime Minister of Belgium: Since February 1831 Prime Minister of Belgium, the head of the federal government of Belgium
Since 1944/1948 Benelux Union: Since September 1944 and in effect since January 1948 Benelux Union, a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in western Europe including Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, as main institutions of the Union are the Committee of Ministers, the Council of the Union, the General Secretariat, the Interparliamentary Consultative Council and the Benelux Court of Justice
Elections and politics in Belgium: Elections in Belgium
June 2010 Belgian general election: Belgian general election 13 June 2010 - 2010–2011 Belgian government formation
2010-2013: 8. Juli 2011: Belgiens designierter Premier Elio Di Rupo gibt im Juli 2011 auf - 8 October: Belgian parties strike key reform deal to end political crisis - 21 novembre: Le socialiste Elio di Rupo, Premier ministre pressenti, a presenté sa démission - 27 November: Belgian leaders agree on federal budget - 13 juillet 2012: Le Parlement belge a adopté à 106 voix contre 42 le projet de loi 'scindant' l'arrondissement de Bruxelles-Hal-Vilvorde
October 2012 Belgian provincial and municipal elections: Belgian provincial and municipal elections, 14 October 2012 - 14/15 October: Local elections have resulted in widespread gains for the Flemish Nationalist Party, which wants to divide the country - 15 octobre: Le chef des indépendantistes flamands, vainqueur des municipales à Anvers en Belgique, a lancé un appel au Premier ministre Elio Di Rupo pour qu'il négocie avec lui une réforme de l'État ouvrant la voie à une confédération
February 2014 bill: 13 February: Parliament in Belgium has passed a bill allowing euthanasia for terminally ill children without any age limit, by 86 votes to 44
May 2014 Belgium Federal and regional elections: Belgian federal election 25 May 2014 - Belgian regional elections 25 May 2014 - 26 May 2014: First estimates give 33% of the vote in Flanders to the New Flemish Alliance
May 2014 Belgium European Parliament election: Belgium European Parliament election 25 May 2014
May-October 2014 Belgian government formation: 2014 Belgian government formation - 8 October: The Francophone liberal Charles Michel will become Belgium’s PM
December 2018 PM Michel resigns: 19 December 2018: Belgian PM Michel resigns after he lost support of key coalition partner, the nationalist New Flemish Alliance, when backing UN bid to improve coordination on migrants, and after the parliament rejected Michel's appeal for its support for a minority administration, now bracing for a snap election in January
May 2019 Belgian federal election: 26 May 2019 Belgian federal election
May 2019 European Parliament election in Belgium: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Belgium
May 2019 Belgian federal election: 26 May 2019 Belgian federal election
October 2019 Sophie Wilmès new PM, the first Jewish person to become PM: 28 October 2019: Sophie Wilmès was appointed as the new PM of Belgium, becoming the first female premier in the country's history - 28 October 2019: Centrist politician Sophie Wilmes, who will head a caretaker government during negotiations on the formation of a coalition, which in Belgium has been known to take months, is the first Jewish person to become PM of Belgium
September/October 2020 new government with Flemish liberal Alexander De Croo as Belgium’s PM: 30 September 2020: Flemish liberal Alexander De Croo to be appointed Belgium’s PM, leading a governing coalition of 7 parties, including French- and Dutch-speaking liberals, socialists and greens, as well as Dutch-speaking Christian democrats, and because of these four political traditions (seasons) involved dubbed 'Vivaldi' - 1 October 2020: New government attracted attention for being the country’s first gender-balanced one, as Sophie Wilmes became Belgium’s first female foreign minister while women were appointed as interior and defence ministers for the first time too
1 February 2021 Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas: 1 February 2021: Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas, as vandalism comes as Alexander De Croo faces series of criticisms, including from hardline Flemish Nationalists, over allegedly undemocratic nature of anti-covid restrictions
20 July 2021 Belgium has declared 20 July 2021 a national day of mourning amid solidarity with the victims of European flood: 20 July 2021: Belgium has declared 20 July 2021 a national day of mourning for the victims of last week’s unprecedented flood, devastating the region of Liège, as according to a provisional report the floods caused by torrential rain claimed the lives of 31 people, with around 70 still missing, as the majority of damage seems to be linked to an overflowing dam in the Valley of Vesdre, on a tributary of the river Muse, as today across Belgium, people are coming together, contacting their local authorities, and offering donations in solidarity with the victims of the flood
1 December 2023 Belgian court orders 55% emissions cut from 1990 levels: 1 December 2023: In a powerful victory for climate campaigners, the Brussels court of appeal ordered Belgium to cut its planet-heating pollution by at least 55% from 1990 levels by 2030. The court rejected arguments that Belgium’s impact on the climate crisis was limited by its small size and found its climate governance to date had violated human rights.
Opinion polling for the 2024 Belgian federal election: Opinion polling for the 2024 Belgian federal election
Social movements, trade unions and protests in Belgium: Protests in Belgium
10–18 May 1941 strike of the 100,000 in German-occupied Belgium and following resistance: 10–18 May 1941 strike of the 100,000, an 8-day strike in German-occupied Belgium, led by Belgian Communist Party's Julien Lahaut, as the object of the strike was to demand a wage increase though it was also an act of passive resistance to the German occupation, and achieved limited support from the middle and upper classes who had traditionally opposed labour militancy, and as further important strikes did take place in Belgium in November 1942 and February 1943, and in the Nord and Pas de Calais mining basins in Northern France which formed part of the same German administrative area as Belgium, judged by the French newspaper Le Monde in 2001 to have been one of the most spectacular acts of the French resistance
2011 protest against austerity policy: 2. Dezember 2011: In Brüssel gewerkschaftliche Großdemonstration von Zehntausenden gegen Sparpolitik
2012-2014 steel workers protest and strike: 30 January 2012: Strike set to bring Belgium to a halt - 30 January: Some 2.000 steel workers protested plans to lay off 1.300 workers at several ArcelorMittal plants in Liege, wanting the regional government to intervene - 8 March 2013: Hundreds of Belgian steel workers have blocked a border crossing near the Belgian city of Liege to protest against planned job cuts by ArcelorMittal - 15 December 2014: Air, train links cut as national strike begins against the new government's austerity policies
2016 remembrance of and tribute to the victims of terrorism: 17 avril 2016: Des milliers de personnes ont rendu hommage, dimanche à Bruxelles, aux 32 morts des attentats du 22 mars
December 2017: 7 December 2017: Nearly 50,000 people marched through the European quarter of Brussels on Thursday night in support of Catalan independence and the region’s ousted president Carles Puigdemont, who has avoided arrest in Spain by taking refuge in Belgium
2018 solidarity with migrants: 26 février 2018: Quelque 10'000 personnes ont manifesté dimanche à Bruxelles dans le froid pour témoigner leur solidarité avec les migrants et exiger du gouvernement belge une politique migratoire 'plus humaine'
7 June 2020 protesters reject racism: 7 June 2020: UK protesters topple statue of slave trader Colston as George Floyd rallies sweep Europe and thousands take to streets in support of 'Black Lives Matter' movement, condemn racism and police violence, and as in Brussels, protesters clambered onto the statue of former King Leopold II and chanted 'reparations', also writing the word 'shame' on the monument, reference perhaps to the fact that Leopold is said to have reigned over the mass death of 10 million Congolese, as racism must be rejected 'all around the world', according to protesters
Society, demographics, human rights and culture in Belgium: Belgian society
Human rights in Belgium: Human rights in Belgium
Minority and employees' rights in Belgium: Minority and employees' rights in Belgium
Province, municipalities, cities and ports of Belgium: Provinces of Belgium - Municipalities of Belgium, as the country comprises 581 municipalities grouped into five provinces in each of two regions and into a third region, the Brussels Capital Region, comprising 19 municipalities that do not belong to a province, as in most cases, the municipalities are the smallest administrative subdivisions of Belgium - Ports and harbours of Belgium
Antwerp Province: Antwerp Province, the northernmost province both of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, bordering on the North Brabant province of the Netherlands, the Belgian provinces of Limburg, Flemish Brabant and East Flanders, with its capital city Antwerp including the Port of Antwerp
Antwerp city: Antwerp city, the capital of Antwerp province in the Flemish Region, with a population of 520,504 citizens the most populous city proper in Belgium, and with a metropolitan population of around 1,200,000 people the second-largest metropolitan region after Brussels
Demographics of Antwerp: Demographics of Antwerp
History of the Jews in Antwerp: History of the Jews in Antwerp, goeing back at least eight hundred years, as currently, the Jewish community of Antwerp consists of around 18,000 citizens
Economy and port of Antwerp: Economy and port of Antwerp
Port of Antwerp: Port of Antwerp located in Flanders, mainly in the province of Antwerp, a seaport in the heart of Europe accessible to capesize ships and Europe’s second-largest seaport after Rotterdam, as Antwerp stands at the upper end of the tidal estuary of the Scheldt
Timeline of Antwerp: Timeline of Antwerp since abt. 150 – abt. 250-270 Gallo-Roman settlement in the centre of Antwerpen
Since 1852 University of Antwerp: Since 1852 University of Antwerp
September-October 1914 German empire's Siege of Antwerp: September-October 1914 Siege of Antwerp after the German empire's invasion of Belgium in August 1914 - Since 28 September German bombardment, with German siege guns directed by observation balloons on gun emplacements, flanking positions and magazines
1941-1944/45 German occupation of Belgium: May 1940 Battle of Belgium or Belgian Campaign, an offensive campaign by Germany during the World War II and ending with the German occupation of Belgium - Nazi General Erwin Rommel, one of the leading commanders in the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and France
2003 UFSIA, RUCA, and UIA merged into the University of Antwerp: In 2003 UFSIA, RUCA, and UIA merged into the University of Antwerp to become the first explicitly pluralistic university in Belgium, offering philosophical, ethical, and spiritual discourse and openness towards religion and intercultural dialogue, as it soon became the third largest university in Flanders
Mechelen city: Mechelen city in the province of Antwerp, as the municipality comprises the city of Mechelen proper, some quarters at its outskirts, the hamlets of Nekkerspoel and Battel, as well as the villages of Walem, Heffen, Leest, Hombeek, and Muizen, as the river Dyle flows through the city, and as Mechelen lies on the major urban and industrial axis Brussels–Antwerp
History and timeline of Mechelen: History and timeline of Mechelen since the early ages
Early ages, Mechelen area, 8.4-metre long canoe and wooden houses: Archaeological proof of habitation during the La Tène era in the triangle Brussels-Leuven-Antwerp, mainly concentrated around Mechelen which originated in wetlands, includes an 8.4-metre long canoe cut from an oak tree trunk and a settlement of about five wooden houses, at Nekkerspoel
15th-19th century: In the 15th century Mechelen came under the rule of the Dukes of Burgundy, marking the beginning of a prosperous period, as since 1473 the city served as the seat of the Superior Court until the French Revolution
1835 Mechelen-Brussels railway, as Brussel first capital in the world having a railway connection: In May 1835 a railway between Allée Verte in Brussels, the site of the very first station, and Mechelen was inaugurated, as Brussels became the first capital in the world to have a railway connection
Since March 1942 Mechelen transit camp during the Holocaust: Since March 1942 Mechelen transit camp, officially 'SS-Sammellager Mecheln' in German, a detention and deportation camp established in a former army barracks at Mechelen in German-occupied Belgium, serving as a point to gather Belgian Jews and Romani ahead of their deportation to concentration and extermination camps in Eastern Europe during the Holocaust
Since 2001/2012 'Kazerne Dossin' Holocaust memorial, established within the former Mechelen transit camp: Since 2001/2012 'Kazerne Dossin' Holocaust memorial, established within the former Mechelen transit camp of World War II, from which, in German-occupied Belgium, arrested Jews and Romani were sent to concentration camp
Heritage sites and places of interest in Mechelen: Places of interest and heritage sites in Mechelen since Middle Ages
Flemish Brabant province: Flemish Brabant, a province of Flanders and one of the three regions of Belgium, bordering - clockwise from the North - on the Belgian provinces of Antwerp, Limburg, Liège, Walloon Brabant, Hainaut and East Flanders, as Flemish Brabant also surrounds the Brussels-Capital Region and as its capital is Leuven
Municipalities of Flemish Brabant: Municipalities of Flemish Brabant
Leuven city: Leuven city, the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium, located about 25 kilometres east of Brussels, as the municipality itself comprises the historic city and the former neighbouring municipalities of Heverlee, Kessel-Lo, a part of Korbeek-Lo, Wilsele and Wijgmaal, and as Leuven is the eighth largest city in Belgium with more than 100,244 inhabitants - History of Leuven - Education in Leuven
Economy and companies based in Leuven: Economy and companies based in Leuven
Politics, elections and mayors of Leuven since 1830: Politics, elections and mayors of Leuven since 1830
Timeline of Leuven: Timeline and history of Leuven since the 9th century
September 891 Battle of Leuven fought between East Francia and the Vikings: September 891 Battle of Leuven, fought between East Francia and the Vikings, as the existence of this battle is known due to several different chronicles, including the Annales Fuldenses and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1183 Leuven becomes part of the Duchy of Brabant: 1183 Leuven becomes part of the Duchy of Brabant, a State of the Holy Roman Empire, as it developed from the Landgraviate of Brabant and formed the heart of the historic Low Countries, part of the Burgundian Netherlands from 1430 and of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1482, until it was partitioned after the Dutch revolt
1425-1797 Old University of Leuven: 1425-1797 Old University of Leuven - List of colleges of Leuven University
Since 1474 printing press in operation: Since 1474 printing press in operation, as Johann von Westphalen was the first printer in Leuven and possibly in Flanders, first active in Venice and in Germany before moving to Flanders as a printer
June-July 1635 Siege of Leuven and Spanish victory: June-July 1635 Siege of Leuven in the 'Thirty Years' War', in which a Franco-Dutch army under Frederick Henry of Orange and the French Marshals Urbain de Maillé-Brezé and Gaspard III de Coligny, who had invaded the Spanish Netherlands from two sides, laid siege to the city of Leuven, defended by a force of 4,000 comprising local citizen and student militias with Walloons, Germans and Irish of the Army of Flanders, as poor organization and logistics and the spread of sickness among the French, along with the appearance of a relief army of 11,000 Spanish and Italian troops forced the invading army to lift the siege, allowing the Spanish forces to take the initiative
Since 1817-1835 State University of Leuven: Since 1817 State University of Leuven in Belgium, then part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it was distinct from the Old University of Leuven (1425-1797) and from the Catholic University of Leuven
August 1831 Battle of Leuven: August 1831 Battle of Leuven, a battle of the Ten Days' Campaign during the Belgian Revolution
1834-1968 Catholic University of Leuven: 1834-1968 Catholic University of Leuven, founded in 1834 in Mechelen as the Catholic University of Belgium, and moved its seat to the town of Leuven in 1835, changing its name to Catholic University of Leuven, as in 1968 it was split into two universities, the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the Université catholique de Louvain, following tensions between the Dutch and French-speaking student bodies
25 August 1914 Sack of Leuven by the German empire's army and war crimes: 25 August 1914 Sack of Leuven by the German empire's army,that ravaged the city of Leuven, deliberately burning the university library, destroying approximately 230,000 books, 950 manuscripts, and 800 incunabula, as civilian homes were set on fire and citizens often shot where they stood, with over 2,000 buildings destroyed and 10,000 inhabitants displaced, as large quantities of strategic materials, foodstuffs and modern industrial equipment were looted and transferred to Germany during 1914, and as these actions brought worldwide condemnation, because the German war criminals were responsible for the deaths of 23,700 Belgian civilians, (6,000 Belgians killed, 17,700 died during expulsion, deportation, in prison or sentenced to death by court) and caused further non-fatalities of 10,400 permanent and 22,700 temporary invalids, with 18,296 children becoming war orphans, as military losses were 26,338 killed, died from injuries or accidents, 14,029 died from disease, or went missing
In May 1940 in World War II the German occupiers again destroyed, almost completely, the (new) University Library: In May 1940, in the first year of World War II, the German war criminals again destroyed, almost completely, the (new) University Library, following their destruction on 25 August 1914, using petrol and incendiary pastilles, as 230,000 volumes were lost in the destruction, including Gothic and Renaissance manuscripts, and as in January 2014 a permanent exhibit on these wartime events was installed over five floors of the bell tower
>1945 new hospital built after German empire's Second world war 1939-1945: 1945 new hospital built after Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven academic hospital in Leuven since 1080 partially destroyed during German empire's Second world war 1939-1945
1968 split of the Catholic University of Leuven along linguistic lines: 1968 split of the Catholic University of Leuven along linguistic lines after a period of civil unrest in 1967–68 in French and Flemish Leuven, as the crisis shook Belgian politics and led to the fall of the government and marking an escalation of the linguistic tension in Belgium after World War II, with lasting consequences for other bilingual institutions in Belgium within higher education and politics alike, as in 1970 the first of several state reforms occurred, marking the start of Belgium's transition to a federal state
Boortmeerbeek town: Boortmeerbeek town in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant, as the municipality comprises the towns of Boortmeerbeek proper, Schiplaken and Hever
Since May 1940 German assault, persecution of Jews and Belgian Resistance: 10 mai 1940 sans déclaration de guerre, l'Allemagne déclenche son offensive contre les Pays-Bas, la Belgique, le Luxembourg et la France, et dès le premier jour de combat, les armées belge et néerlandaise sont surclassées, suivie par des arrestation, internement et déportation des 'suspects étrangers' pour la plupart des réfugiés Juifs - 20 mai 1940 les chars du général nazi Rommel atteignent La Manche à Abbeville, encerclant l'armée du Nord (Français, Anglais et Belges) - 1940-1945 Belgian Resistance movements opposed to the German occupation of Belgium during World War II, as within Belgium, resistance included both men and women from both Walloon and Flemish parts of the country, and as aside from sabotage of military infrastructure in the country and assassinations of collaborators, these groups also published large numbers of underground newspapers, gathered intelligence and maintained various escape networks that helped Allied airmen trapped behind enemy lines escape from German-occupied Europe
Since May 1940 persecution of Belgian Jews, concentration and extermination in camps in Eastern Europe: In 1940 between 70,000 and 75,000 Jews were living in Belgium, as soon after the German invasion of Belgium in May 1940, the German occupation authorities introduced a number of anti-Jewish laws, as in 1942, the yellow badge was introduced for all Belgian Jews, as in August 1942, as part of the Final Solution, the deportation of Belgian Jews to concentration and extermination camps in Eastern Europe in sealed railway convoys began, as of these, 46% were deported from the former Mechelen transit camp, while 5,034 more people were deported via the Drancy internment camp (close to Paris), as the 'Reichssicherheitshauptamt' in Berlin was responsible for organizing the transport and the chief of the Dossin Barracks prepared the paper convoy list in triplicate, according to Leni Yahil 'The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945', Oxford University Press 1991
In April 1943 during the Warwaw ghetto uprising Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed dozens of Jews: 19 April 1943 attack on 'the twentieth convoy' as members of the Belgian Resistance stopped a Holocaust train and freed a number of Jews who were being transported to Auschwitz concentration camp from Mechelen transit camp, as in the aftermath of the attack, a number of others were able to jump from the train too, as in all 233 people managed to escape, of whom 118 ultimately survived, as the remainder were either killed during the escape or were recaptured soon afterwards, and as the attack was unusual as an attempt by the resistance to free Jewish deportees and marks the only mass breakout by deportees on a Holocaust train
Since June 1944 resistance against Nazi Germany during the liberation of Belgium: After the Normandy Landings in June 1944, the Belgian resistance increased in size dramatically, after in April 1944, the Armée Secrète began to give their organization the status of an 'official army', as though they usually lacked the equipment and training to fight the Wehrmacht openly, the resistance played a key role in assisting the Allies during the liberation of Belgium in September 1944, providing information on German troop movements, disrupting German evacuation plans and participating in fighting
Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in Brussels: Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in the municipality of Anderlecht in Brussels, museum tracing the history of the Belgian resistance and German occupation of Belgium during World War II, as it is served by Clemenceau metro station on lines 2 and 6 of the Brussels metro - Espace pédagogique du Musée de la Résistance de Belgique - Histoire et Mémoire de la Resistance à Anderlecht au musée, possèdant également des panneaux thématiques sur l’histoire de la 1ère et 2ème guerre mondiale, expliquant 'notre but moral et civique est de poursuivre et de transmettre les idéaux et l’esprit incarnés par la Résistance afin de pouvoir avertir et préparer les jeunes générations aux dangers présents de tous les extrémismes quels qu’ils soient'
Brussels region: Brussels region of Belgium, comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, located in the central portion of the country and a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community
Brussels city: City of Brussels, the largest municipality and historical centre of the Brussels-Capital Region and capital of Belgium, also covering the immediate northern outskirts where it borders municipalities in Flanders, and also the administrative centre of the EU - History of Brussels - Education in Brussels
Economy of Brussels: Economy of Brussels - Companies based in Brussels
Transport in Brussels: Transport in Brussels
Science and technology in Brussels: Science and technology in Brussels
Politics and government of the Brussels-Capital Region: Politics and government of the Brussels-Capital Region - Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region - Government of Brussels - List of mayors of the City of Brussels since 1380
Timeline of Brussels since the Middle Ages: Timeline of Brussels since the Middle Ages
Since 1475/1476 printing press in operation in Brussels: Since 1475–76 printing press in operation in Brussels amid the global spread of the printing press
August 1695 bombardment of Brussels by troops of Louis XIV of France: August 1695 bombardment of Brussels by troops of Louis XIV of France (Sun King), and the resulting fire were together the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels, as Brussels was mostly untouched by most other conflicts, and even the damage during World War I and bombing during World War II was not nearly as extensive - 1688–1697 'Nine Years' War', a conflict between France and a European coalition which mainly included the Holy Roman Empire (led by the Habsburg Monarchy), the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, Savoy and Portugal, and fought in Europe and the surrounding seas, in North America, and in India, therefore sometimes considered the first global war
January-February 1746 Siege of Brussels: January-February 1746 Siege of Brussels, when a French army in a bold and 'innovative' winter campaign besieged and captured the city of Brussels, which was then the capital of the Austrian Netherlands, from its Austrian garrison, as the French followed up the capture of Brussels by taking other key cities and fortresses in the Austrian Netherlands including Mons and Namur
1815–1839 Brussels city becomes joint capital of 'United Kingdom of the Netherlands': 1815–1839 Brussels city becomes joint capital of 'United Kingdom of the Netherlands'
1834–1969 Free University of Brussels: 1834–1969 Free University of Brussels
September 1848 'International Congress of the Friends of Peace' in Brussels after the February French Revolution, spreading in Europe: September 1848 International Peace Congress (International Congress of the Friends of Peace) in Brussels, the first after the French Revolution of February 1848, chaired by Belgian lawyer Auguste Visschers, as the delegates - also including Cobden, Thierry, Girardin, Bastiat and more - of the congress adopted resolutions urging limitation of armaments and the placing of a ban upon foreign loans for war purposes - 1843-1853 seven peace congresses convened in various European cities including London, Frankfurt/M, Manchester, Edingburgh, until series was terminated by an interval of wars during which the pacifists were unable to raise their voices, before more International Peace Congresses started amid rising tensions and industrial manufacture of terrible weapons on the road to German and other Central Powers World War I and II
Since 1854 Brussels-Luxembourg railway station: Since 1854 Brussels-Luxembourg railway station
1889–90 Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference: 1889–90 Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference, as the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society submitted a report to this conference and the Brussels Conference led to the negotiation of the first general treaty for the suppression of the African slave trade, the General Act for the Repression of the African Slave Trade of 1890, which came into force in 1892 although 'it contained no mechanism for enforcement, and it did not cover the various devices, including forced and contract labor, by which the European powers exploited Africans
August 1891 International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels: August 1891 International Socialist Labor Congress of Brussels
1914-1918 World War I Brussels captured and occupied by the German empire's army amid German war crimes: 1914-1918 World War I Brussels captured and occupied by the German empire's army amid German war crimes
1940-1944 Nazi Germany's occupation authority in Brussels: 1940-1944 Nazi Germany's occupation authority established during the Second World War, the 'Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France' led by German field marshal - Nazi General Erwin Rommel, one of the leading commanders in the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium and France
December 1944 - 1945 Nazi Germany's District of Brussels: December 1944 - May 1945 District of Brussels, a short-lived de jure administrative polity created by Nazi Germany in 1944
Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in Brussels: Since World War II (1939-1945) National Museum of the Resistance located in the municipality of Anderlecht in Brussels, museum tracing the history of the Belgian resistance and German occupation of Belgium during World War II, as it is served by Clemenceau metro station on lines 2 and 6 of the Brussels metro - Espace pédagogique du Musée de la Résistance de Belgique - Histoire et Mémoire de la Resistance à Anderlecht au musée, possèdant également des panneaux thématiques sur l’histoire de la 1ère et 2ème guerre mondiale, expliquant 'notre but moral et civique est de poursuivre et de transmettre les idéaux et l’esprit incarnés par la Résistance afin de pouvoir avertir et préparer les jeunes générations aux dangers présents de tous les extrémismes quels qu’ils soient'
March 1948 Treaty of Brussels: March 1948 Treaty of Brussels signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom, serving as the founding treaty of the Western European Union WEU until its termination in 2010
Since 1970s EU's Berlaymont office building in Brussels: Since 1970s Berlaymont office building in Brussels, which houses the headquarters of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union EU - Brussels and the European Union
Since 1989 Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region: Since 1989 Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region in Brussels
20 July 2021 alarm grows over migrants’ hunger strike in Brussels: 20 July 2021: Alarm grows over migrants’ hunger strike in Brussels, as Belgian government comes under pressure to offer residence permits to hundreds of migrants on hunger strike, as also two UN officials urged the government to offer temporary residence permits, and as the political row ignited during country's day of national mourning for victims of last week’s devastating and deadly European floods that PM said were 'without any precedent in our country' - Open brief van mensen zonder papieren voor hun buren
25 February 2023 thousands gathered in Brussels to protest Russian invasion of Ukraine: 25 February 2023: One year and one day after Russia's Putin regime launched its war in Ukraine, thousands took to the streets of Brussels to protest the invasion and show solidarity with the Ukrainian people in an action organised by Promote Ukraine, the Association of Ukrainian Women in Belgium and the Belgian committee of the European Solidarity Network with Ukraine
20 May 2023 fears looted Nazi art still hanging in Belgian and British galleries: 20 May 2023: Fears looted Nazi art still hanging in Belgian and British galleries, as leading art museums are reassessing their works after a Belgian journalist traced how a fascist sympathiser acquired a Jewish dealer’s collection
Walloon Brabant: Walloon Brabant province of Wallonia and Belgium, bordering on (clockwise from the North) the province of Flemish Brabant and the provinces of Liège, Namur and Hainaut, as its capital and largest city is Wavre, and with a provincial population of 403,599 citizens in 2019
Economy of Walloon Brabant province: Economy of Walloon Brabant, as the GDP of the province was 19.3bn € in 2018, accounting for 4.2% of Belgiums economic output, as Walloon Brabant is the wealthiest province in Wallonia, and as the University of Louvain is located in Walloon Brabant - Companies based in Walloon Brabant
Subdivisions and cities of Walloon Brabant province: Subdivisions and cities of Walloon Brabant province
Wavre city: Wavre city and municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant, of which it is the capital
18-19 June 1815 Battle of Wavre blocking action: 18-19 June 1815 Battle of Wavre, the final major military action of the 'Hundred Days' campaign and the Napoleonic Wars, fought between the Prussian rearguard and the French army under the command of Marshal Grouchy, as the battle's blocking action kept 33,000 French soldiers from reaching the Battle of Waterloo and so helped in the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo - June 1815 Waterloo campaign: Ligny through Wavre to Waterloo - Battles involving France
Waterloo town: Waterloo town, a municipality in the province of Walloon Brabant, which in 2011 had a population of 29,706 citizens, located in a short distance south of Brussels and immediately north-east of the larger town of Braine-l'Alleud, the site of the Battle of Waterloo, where the resurgent Napoleon was defeated for the final time in 1815
Demographics of Waterloo: Demographics of Waterloo, as nearly one-fifth of the current registered population (5,640 inhabitants) is non-Belgian, as many such residents work for institutions or companies in Brussels, a centre of the EU, and as the most common non-Belgian nationalities include French (1,237 people), Italian (537), British (503), USA (445) and Swedish (425) people
Economy, education and culture in Waterloo: Economy and education in Waterloo
Since 1804/1813 Ludwig van Beethoven's third symphony and 'Wellington's Victory or the Battle of Vitoria': 'Wellingtons Sieg oder die Schlacht bei Vittoria', is a 15-minute-long orchestral work composed by Ludwig van Beethoven to commemorate the Duke of Wellington's victory over Joseph Bonaparte at the Battle of Vitoria in Spain on 21 June 1813 - Since 1805/1806 Beethoven's Symphony No. 3 Op. 55, as Beethoven originally dedicated the third symphony to Napoleon Bonaparte, who he believed embodied the democratic and anti-monarchical ideals of the French Revolution, but in the autumn of 1804, Beethoven withdrew his dedication of his composition to Napoleon, and after Napoleon having proclaimed himself Emperor of the French on 14 May 1804, Beethoven's secretary Ferdinand Ries noted the composer's words 'So he is no more than a common mortal! Now, too, he will tread under foot all the rights of Man, indulge only his ambition; now he will think himself superior to all men, become a tyrant!'
History and since 1102 timeline of Waterloo: History of Waterloo, mentioned for the first time in 1102 designating a small hamlet at the limit of what is today known as the Sonian Forest, along a major road linking Brussels, Genappe and a coal mine to the south
18 June 1815 Battle of Waterloo: 18 June 1815 Battle of Waterloo, fought on Sunday near Waterloo as a French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition, a British-led coalition consisting of units from the UK, the Netherlands, Hanover, Brunswick, and Nassau, under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Blücher, marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars, of Napoleon's rule as Emperor and the 'First French Empire'
East Flanders province: East Flanders province, bordering the Dutch province of Zeeland and the Flemish province of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant, Hainaut and West Flanders, divided into six administrative districts containing 60 municipalities, and a population of 1,515,064 citizens as of January 2019, with its capital city Ghent, home to the Ghent University and the Port of Ghent
Ghent city: Ghent city, a municipality in the Flemish Region and the capital and largest city of the East Flanders province, also the third largest in the country, exceeded in size only by Brussels and Antwerp, and a port and university city
West Flanders: West Flanders province, the westernmost province of the Flemish Region, and the only coastal Belgian province, facing the North Sea to the northwest, as it has land borders with the Dutch province of Zeeland to the northeast, the Flemish province of East Flanders to the east, the Walloon province of Hainaut in the southeast and the French department of Nord to the west, and with its capital city Bruges
Liège Province: Liège Province
History of Liège Province: History of Liège Province, as modern borders of the province of Liège date from 1795, which saw the unification of the Principality of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège with the revolutionary French Department of the Ourthe and parts of the old Principality of Liege also went into new French départements Meuse-Inférieure, and Sambre-et-Meuse
Liège city: Liège city, a major Walloon city and municipality and the capital of the Belgian province of Liège, situated in the valley of the Meuse, in the east of Belgium, not far from borders with the Netherlands and Germany, as the city is part of the sillon industriel, the former industrial backbone of Wallonia and still the principal economic and cultural centre of the region, with 198,280 inhabitants in 2012
History of Liège city: History of Liège city
Economy of Liège: Economy of Liège
Timeline of Liège: Timeline of Liège since the Middle Ages
721 catholic see relocated to Liège from Maastricht: 721 catholic see relocated to Liège from Maastricht - Since 3rd century chronology of catholic dioceses in Belgium
Since 1817 University of Liège: Since 1817 University of Liège, a major public university of the French Community of Belgium based in Liège in Wallonia, as its official language is French, and as of 2020 ULiège is ranked in the 301–350 category worldwide according to Times Higher Education - Since 1817 chronology and organisation of the University of Liège
Since 1842 Liège-Guillemins railway station: Since 1842 Liège-Guillemins railway station
August 1914 Battle of Liège: August 1914 Battle of Liège, the opening engagement of the German empire's invasion of Belgium and the first battle of empire's World War I, after the Belgian government had announced that if war came it would uphold its historic neutrality, as the attack on Liège - a town protected by a ring fortress built from the late 1880s to the early 1890s - began on 5 August 1914 and lasted until 16 August, when the last fort surrendered, and as the siege of Liège followed by siege of Namur and more battles and sieges may have delayed the empire's (known for German 'Schrecklichkeit' since then) invasion of France by four to five days
Since May 1940 German empire's - now ruled by NSDAP and SS - occupation of Belgium during World War II: Since May 1940 German empire's - now ruled by NSDAP and SS - occupation of Belgium during World War II when the Belgian army surrendered to German forces, and occupation then lasted until Belgium's liberation by the Western Allies between September 1944 and February 1945, the second time in less than thirty years that German empire - always more committing war crimes - had attacked and occupied Belgium
Since 1949-45 World War II to the present history of Liège: Since 1949-45 World War II to the present history of Liège
1983-1985 Françoise Gravier v City of Liège case in European law: 1983-1985 Françoise Gravier v City of Liège, an important freedom of movement case in European law concerning non-discrimination in access to vocational education, holding that an education institution may not discriminate against students in terms of the fees they charge on grounds of nationality
May 2018 Liège attack: On 29 May 2018 prisoner on temporary Benjamin Herman, on leave from prison, stabbed two female police officers, took their guns, shot and killed them and a civilian in Liège, then taking a woman hostage before he was killed by police, reported to be part of the entourage of a prison Islamist recruiter
July 2021 European floods in Liège: Julliet 2021 inondation en Belgique et Liège
17 July 2021 floods in Liège: 17 juillet 2021: Le niveau de la Meuse ayant baissé, mais les secours ont découvert deux corps supplémentaires sur la commune d’Esneux, ce qui porte le bilan à trois morts depuis le début de la catastrophe, et sur l’arrondissement, ce sont donc à présent 15 personnes qui ont péri dans les inondations
29 July 2021 Belgium opens manslaughter investigation over flood deaths: 29 July 2021: A Belgian judge has opened an investigation for possible manslaughter over floods there that claimed 38 lives, the prosecutors office in the city of Liege announced, as the investigating magistrate has the task of identifying who might be responsible for 'involuntary homicide by lack of foresight or precaution' the prosecutors office said in a statement on Wednesday, and as Liege in the south of the country was worst hit by the disaster
Luxembourg Province: Luxembourg Province, the southernmost province of Wallonia bordering on the country of Luxembourg to the east, the French departments of Ardennes, Meuse and Meurthe-et-Moselle to the south and southwest, and the Walloon provinces of Namur and Liège to the north, as its capital and largest city is Arlon in the south-east of the province, the largest Belgian province, but with only 285,000 residents in 2019
Namur Province: Namur province of Wallonia, one of the three regions of Belgium, bordering on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, and the French departments of Nord and Ardennes, with its capital and largest city Namur, as the province of Namur had a population of 494,325 citizens in 2019
Demographics of Belgium: Demographics of Belgium - Belgians - Belgian people by ethnic or national origin - Immigrants to Belgium
Flemish people: Flemish people
Walloons: Walloons are French-speaking people who live in Belgium, principally in Wallonia
History of the Jews in Belgium: History of the Jews in Belgium - History of the Jews in Antwerp - Great Synagogue of Europe is the main synagogue in Brussels - 16 January 2015: Jewish schools in Belgium close amid terror threat
Afro Belgians: Afro Belgians are Belgian citizens and members of the Black African community in Belgium
Culture and languages of Belgium: Culture of Belgium - Languages of Belgium
Flemish culture
Walloon culture - Ars nova, music which flourished in France and the Burgundian Low Countries in the Late Middle Ages until the death of the composer Guillaume de Machaut in 1377
Architecture, art and literature in Belgium: Belgian architecture - Art of Belgium - Belgian literature
20 May 2023 fears looted Nazi art still hanging in Belgian and British galleries: 20 May 2023: Fears looted Nazi art still hanging in Belgian and British galleries, as leading art museums are reassessing their works after a Belgian journalist traced how a fascist sympathiser acquired a Jewish dealer’s collection
Music of Belgium: Music of Belgium - Burgundian School, group of composers mainly in the 15th century in what is now northern and eastern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands - Franco-Flemish Music 14th-16th century
Education in Belgium: Education in Belgium - Education in Belgium by city
Schools in Belgium: Schools in Belgium - Lists of schools in Belgium
Universities in Belgium: Universities in Belgium - List of universities in Belgium
Science and technology in Belgium: Science and technology in Belgium
Health in Belgium: Health in Belgium
Medical outbreaks and man-made disasters in Belgium: Medical outbreaks in Belgium - Disasters and man-made disasters in Belgium
Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belgium: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Belgium - Covid-19 cases in Belgium by province, by location and day
Timeline of covid-19 since February 2020 in Belgium: Since February 2020 timeline of covid-19 in Belgium
19 April 2020 'I thought I would never wake up' and Belgium reports cases: 19 April 2020: As Belgium reports 38,496 confirmed cases of covid-19 with 5,683 deaths, Belgian doctor Sassine at Brussels' Delta Chirec hospital says 'I thought I would never wake up', after he and his team were all diagnosed at the hospital and after surviving following intensive care and 3 weeks in a coma
15 July 2020 second covid-19 teen victim: 15 juillet 2020: Une seconde victime de moins de 24 ans a été enregistrée en Belgique, à Bruxelles
31 December 2020 dozens of residents die at Belgian care home after 'Santa' visit: 31 December 2020: At least 26 residents of a Belgian retirement home near Antwerp have died since a of 'Saint Nicholas' who has since tested positive for covid-19, criticised as 'completely irresponsible' following the visit on 5 December by volunteers dressed as 'Saint Nicholas' and his helper 'Zwarte Piet', organised by the nursing home’s management
Healthcare in Belgium: Healthcare in Belgium - Medical and health organisations based in Belgium
Hospitals in Belgium: Hospitals in Belgium - List of hospitals in Belgium - Hospitals in Brussels-Capital Region
Belgian media: Belgian media
January 2015 threats against distribution of French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo: 15 January 2015: Four bookshops in Brussels receive letters warning of reprisals if they distribute first issue of French satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo since last week's terror attacks in Paris
Newspapers in Belgium: Newspapers published in Belgium - List of newspapers in Belgium
Broadcasting in Belgium: Broadcasting in Belgium>
Radio in Belgium: Radio in Belgium
Internet in Belgium: Internet in Belgium
Crime in Belgium: Crime in Belgium
Belgian people convicted of child sexual abuse and Belgian rapists: Belgian people convicted of child sexual abuse - Belgian rapists
Belgian murderers of children and Belgian serial killers: Belgian murderers of children - Belgian serial killers
Racism in Belgium: Racism in Belgium
Antisemitism in Belgium: Antisemitism in Belgium
Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium: Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium
Terrorism and massacres in Belgium: Terrorism in Belgium - List of massacres in Belgium
May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting: May 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting
March 2016 Brussels bombings: 22 March 2016 Brussels bombings, three explosions occurred in Brussels, two of which were at the Brussels Airport and one on the metro system - 22 March 2016: Multiple casualties after airport and metro blasts in Brussels - 23 March: After attacks at Zaventem airport and Maelbeek metro station in Brussels killed at least 31 people and injured up to 230, el-Bakraoui brothers named as 'Islamic State' suicide bombers - 24 March: Raising awkward questions for Belgium’s intelligence services, Turkey’s Erdogan says that Belgium ignored Turkey’s warnings that Ibrahim el-Bakraoui was a foreign fighter - 24 March: As names of victims of Tuesday’s suicide bombings emerge, and as survivors reveal the horror of the blasts and narrow escapes, investigations and search for suspects continue - 25 March: Following suicide bombings in Brussels, some arrests linked to suspected wider network that plans, planned and asssisted terror attacks made in French and Belgian police raids - 26 March: Search for suspects in Belgium continues, as a series of raids and arrests reveal more links with the November Paris killings and a new French plot, and as reports reveal that suspects Ibrahim and Khaled El Bakraoui were on USA terror watch list as of last year - 28 March: Three men held as part of 13 raids in Brussels, Mechelen and Duffel at weekend charged with terrorist activity, as anti-immigrant demonstrators trample the memorial in Place de la Bourse in Brussels for victims of last week’s suicide bombings - 9 April: Belgian police detain two key suspects in the Islamic State attacks on Paris and Brussels
Counter-terrorism in Belgium: Counter-terrorism in Belgium
2015: January 2015 anti-terrorism operations in Belgium, including operation in Verviers against Islamist radicals and operations in Brussels, the nearby communes of Schaerbeek, Sint-Jans-Molenbeek, Vilvoorde, and Zaventem - 15 January 2015 Belgian anti-terrorist operation against Islamists - 15 January 2015: Casualties in Belgium police anti-terror raid in Verviers
Judiciary and court system in Belgium: Judiciary and court system in Belgium
Constitutional Court of Belgium: Constitutional Court of Belgium
Law enforcement in Belgium: Law enforcement in Belgium
Local and Federal Police in Belgium: Local Police in Belgium - Federal Police
Police brutality in Belgium: Police brutality in Belgium
Foreign relations of Belgium: Foreign relations of Belgium
Belgian colonial empire and relations with former colonies: Belgian colonial empire - Belgium/Former colonies relations
Treaties of Belgium: Treaties of Belgium
Belgian membership in international organisations: Belgian membership in international organisations
Belgium, Brussels and the EU: Brussels and the European Union
Belgium/United Nations relations: Belgium/United Nations relations
Foreign involvement in the killing of Patrice Lumumba: Foreign involvement in the killing of Patrice Lumumba in January 1961
Bilateral relations of Belgium: Bilateral relations of Belgium
Belgium/Algeria relations: Belgium/Algeria relations
Belgium/Austria relations: Belgium/Austria relations
1914-1918 Habsburg Monarchy and World War I: 1914-1918 World War I
Since 1938 Austria part of Nazi Germany and World War II 1939-1945: 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany - 1939-1945 World War II - Axis powers
Belgium/D.R. of the Congo relations: Belgium/D.R. of the Congo relations
Since 1885 Belgian atrocities, Red Rubber system and forced labour in the 'Congo Free State': 1885-1908 Atrocities in the 'Congo Free State' - Red Rubber system and forced labour
Belgium/Ecuador relations: Relaciones Bélgica/Ecuador
Belgium/France relations: Belgium/France relations - 8 septembre 2012: Vive la Belgique! Le patron français de l'empire du luxe LVMH Bernard Arnault sollicite la nationalité belge
Belgium/Germany relations: Belgium/Germany relations
Belgium/Israel relations: Belgium/Israel relations
Belgium/Palestinian territories relations:
Belgium/Syria relations: Belgium/Syria relations
Belgium/Ukraine relations: Belgium/Ukraine relations
Belgium/United Kingdom relations: Belgium/United Kingdom relations
1814-1918 Congress of Vienna, World War I, German invasion of Belgium, British reaction and allied forces: 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna - Since August 1914 German invasion of Belgium - 1914-1918 World War I
Environment of Belgium: Environment of Belgium - Climate of Belgium
Global warming in Belgium: Global warming in Belgium
Natural disasters in Belgium: Natural disasters in Belgium
May-June 2016 European floods: May-June 2016 European floods


Bosnia and Herzegovina - Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Taxation in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Taxation in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Politics and elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Social movements and protests in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Protests in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosnia and Herzegovina society - Human rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Health in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina media: Bosnia and Herzegovina media
Law enforcement in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Law enforcement in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Bosnian Police
Crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Crime in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian Mafia: Bosnian Mafia
Human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Human trafficking in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian War 1992-1995, war crimes, prosecutions and legal proceedings (ongoing): Bosnian War, prosecutions and legal proceedings - War crimes in the Bosnian War
Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina/European Union relations: Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union
Environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Environment of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Environmental issues of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Environmental issues of Bosnia and Herzegovina


Bulgaria - Geography of Bulgaria - History of Bulgaria - Demographics of Bulgaria
Water in Bulgaria: Water in Bulgaria
Water transport in Bulgaria: Water transport in Bulgaria
Rail transport in Bulgaria: Rail transport in Bulgaria
Road transport in Bulgaria: Road transport in Bulgaria
Road incidents in Bulgaria: Road incidents in Bulgaria
Banking and banks of Bulgaria: Banks of Bulgaria - Bulgarian National Bank
Economic history of Bulgaria and business cycles: Economic history of Bulgaria
2008 Bulgarian energy crisis: 2008 Bulgarian energy crisis
Since 2009 economic downturn in Bulgaria following the international financial and economic crisis: Since 2009 economic downturn in Bulgaria following the international financial and economic crisis
2009 Bulgarian parliamentary and European election: Bulgarian parliamentary election 2009 - European Parliament election, 2009
May 2014 Bulgaria European Parliament election: Bulgaria European Parliament election 25 May 2014
May 2019 European Parliament election in Bulgaria: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Bulgaria
17 March 2021 Bulgarian parties pledge green transformation: 17 March 2021: Bulgarian parties pledge green transformation
30 August 2021 political crisis in Bulgaria to lead to third parliamentary elections in 2021: 30 August 2021: Political crisis in Bulgaria to lead to third parliamentary elections this year
Protests in Bulgaria: Protests in Bulgaria
12 July 2020 thousands call on Bulgarian government to resign in anti-graft protests: 12 July 2020: Thousands call on Bulgarian government to resign in anti-graft protests
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Bulgaria: Bulgarian society - Human rights in Bulgaria
Economy of Sofia: Economy of Sofia
Since 2nd century CE timeline of Sofia: Since 2nd century CE timeline of Sofia
20th century timeline of Sofia: 20th century timeline of Sofia
1941-1944 bombing of Sofia in World War II: 1941-1944 bombing of Sofia in Axis powers' World War II
21st century CE timeline of Sofia: 21st century CE timeline of Sofia
Since 6th century BCE timeline of Varna: Since 6th century BCE timeline of Varna
Demographics and ethnic groups in Bulgaria: Demographics of Bulgaria - Ethnic groups in Bulgaria
Turks in Bulgaria: Turks in Bulgaria
Romani people in Bulgaria: Romani people in Bulgaria
History of the Jews in Bulgaria: History of the Jews in Bulgaria
Immigration to Bulgaria: Immigration to Bulgaria
Education in Bulgaria: Education in Bulgaria
Health in Bulgaria: Health in Bulgaria
Crime in Bulgaria: Crime in Bulgaria
Corruption in Bulgaria: Corruption in Bulgaria
Human trafficking in Bulgaria: Human trafficking in Bulgaria
Organized crime in Bulgaria: Organized crime in Bulgaria - Bulgarian mafia
Terrorism in Bulgaria: Terrorism in Bulgaria
July 2012 Burgas bus bombing: July 2012 Burgas bus bombing
Judiciary of Bulgaria: Judiciary of Bulgaria
Law enforcement in Bulgaria: Law enforcement in Bulgaria
Foreign relations of Bulgaria: Foreign relations of Bulgaria
Treaties of Bulgaria: Treaties of Bulgaria
Immigration to Bulgaria: Immigration to Bulgaria
Since 2014 international and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
Bulgaria's membership in international organisationsBulgaria's membership in international organisations
Bulgaria and the European Union: Bulgaria and the European Union - Bulgaria and the euro
Bilateral relations of Bulgaria: Bilateral relations of Bulgaria
Bulgaria/Afghanistan relations: Bulgaria/Afghanistan relations
Bulgaria/Germany relations: Bulgaria/Germany relations
1939-1945 World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact: World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact
Bulgaria/Lebanon relations: Bulgaria/Lebanon relations
Bulgaria/Romania relations: Bulgaria/Romania relations
Bulgaria/United Kingdom relations: Bulgaria/United Kingdom relations
19 October 2019 Bulgaria soccer coach quits after racist chants Nazi: 19 October 2019: Bulgaria soccer coach quits after racist chants Nazi salutes at England match
Bulgaria/USA relations: Bulgaria/USA relations
Environment and environmental issues in Bulgaria: Environment of Bulgaria - Environmental issues in Bulgaria
Protected areas of Bulgaria: Protected areas of Bulgaria
Natural disasters in Bulgaria: Natural disasters in Bulgaria
Floods in Bulgaria: Floods in Bulgaria
2014 Bulgarian floods: June 2014 Bulgarian floods


Croatia - Geography of Croatia - History of Croatia - Croatian War of Independance
Demographics of Croatia
Industry of Croatia: Industry of Croatia
Water transport in Croatia: Water transport in Croatia
Economic history of Croatia and economic cycles: Economic history of Croatia
2020 economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Croatia: Economic impact of the covid-19 pandemic in Croatia
Labor and trade unions in Croatia: Labor and trade unions in Croatia
Taxation in Croatia: Taxation in Croatia
May 2019 European Parliament election in Croatia: 23-26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Croatia
Protests in Croatia: Protests in Croatia
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Croatia: Croatian society
Regions and cunties of Croatia: Regions of Croatia - 20 Counties of Croatia
Cities and towns in Croatia: Cities and towns in Croatia
Demographics of Croatia: Demographics of Croatia
Ethnic groups in Croatia: Ethnic groups in Croatia
Immigration to Croatia: Immigration to Croatia
2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 International and European refugee and migrant crisis
2015: 16 September 2015: First refugees head for Croatia after Hungary's border crackdown - 18 September 2015: As Croatia closes border crossings with Serbia and police stand guard in front of refugees and migrants, Hungary builds border fence with Croatia - 18 September: Croatia fails to cope with refugee and migrant influx, as refugees wait for the trains that never come - 27 September 2015: Record migrant arrivals in Croatia as crisis deepens - 5 October: Refugees and migrants continue to cross from Serbia to Croatia in their thousands - 19 October 2015: Thousands of refugees trying to make their way to western Europe have rushed over Serbia’s border to Croatia after they were stranded for days in dangerous and deteriorating conditions, 'the last person to go was a young boy without a leg, and we helped him cross in a wheelchair', UNHCR's Melita Sunjic reports, as UN's Ban Ki-moon says, refugees are fleeing difficult hardships they can't bear by themselves
December 2019 brutal policing persists at Croatia’s borders: 22 December 2019: ‘Blood on the ground’ at Croatia’s borders as brutal policing persists
Education in Croatia: Education in Croatia
Health in Croatia: Health in Croatia
Medical outbreaks in Croatia: Medical outbreaks in Croatia
Since February 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Croatia: Since February 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Croatia
Healthcare in Croatia: Healthcare in Croatia
Sport in Croatia by sport: Sport in Croatia by sport
Media of Croatia: Media of Croatia
Newspapers in Croatia: List of newspapers in Croatia
Internet in Croatia: Internet in Croatia
War crimes of the Independent State of Croatia: War crimes of the Independent State of Croatia
Concentration and extermination camps of the Independent State of Croatia: Concentration camps of the Independent State of Croatia - Italian fascist internment camps in Croatia
1941-1945 Jasenovac concentration and extermination camp: 1941-1945 Jasenovac concentration and extermination camp, established in Slavonia by the authorities of the Independent State of Croatia in marshland at the confluence of the Sava and Una rivers near the village of Jasenovac, one of the ten largest in Europe operated by the governing Ustaše regime, which was the only quisling regime in Nazi occupied Europe to operate extermination camps solely on their own for Jews and other ethnic groups - At 1941-1945 'Stara Gradiška concentration and extermination camp' in Croatia during WWII guarded by the Croatian Ustaše and specially constructed for women and children of Serb, Jewish and Romani ethnicity, gas experiments were conducted and humans were poisoned using sulphur dioxide and later Zyklon B - 2011 'Crimes in Past and Present - government sponsored atrocities and international legal responses', edited by David M. Crowe
Massacres in Croatia: Massacres in Croatia
Violence in Croatia: Violence in Croatia
Human trafficking in Croatia: Human trafficking in Croatia
Law and legal history of Croatia: Law of Croatia - Legal history of Croatia
Judiciary of Croatia: Judiciary of Croatia
Law enforcement in Croatia: Law enforcement in Croatia
Foreign relations of Croatia: Foreign relations of Croatia
Treaties of Croatia: Treaties of Croatia
1939/1941-1945 World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy: 1941-1945 'Independent State of Croatia', a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, established in parts of occupied Yugoslavia in April 1941 after the invasion by the Axis powers. as its territory consisted of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as some parts of modern-day Serbia and Slovenia, but also excluded many Croat-populated areas in Dalmatia (until late 1943), Istria, and Medimurje regions (which today are part of Croatia), and as during its entire existence, the NDH was governed as a one-party state by the fascist Ustaša organization - 1941-1944/45 Croatian Home Guard, the land army part of the armed forces of the Independent State of Croatia which existed during World War II
1 January 2023 adoption of the euro: 1 January 2023: Croatia has switched to the euro and entered Europe’s passport-free zone, two important milestones for the country after joining the European Union nearly a decade ago. At midnight on Sunday, the Balkan nation bid farewell to its kuna currency and became the 20th member of the eurozone. But feelings among Croatians are mixed. While they welcome the end of border controls, some fear the euro switch will lead to an increase in the cost of living as businesses round up prices when they convert them. 'It will be difficult. Prices that are already high will become even higher,' said Ivana Toncic, a teacher from Zagreb. - Croatia adopted the euro as its currency on 1 January 2023, becoming the 20th member state of the eurozone. This was the first expansion of the monetary union since Lithuania joined in 2015. A fixed conversion rate was set at 1 € = 7.53450 kn.
Bilateral relations of Croatia: Bilateral relations of Croatia
Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: Croatia/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations
Croatia/Israel relations: Croatia/Israel relations -
Croatia/Serbia relations: Croatia/Serbia relations
1914-1945 Croatia and Serbia in World War I and World War II: 1914-1945 Croatia and Serbia in World War I and World War II
1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence: 1991-1995 Croatian War of Independence
Environmentalism in Croatia: Environmentalism in Croatia
Water supply and sanitation in Croatia: Water supply and sanitation in Croatia
Natural disasters in Croatia: Natural disasters in Croatia
May 2014 Southeast Europe floods: May 2014 Southeast Europe floods
Earthquakes in Croatia: Earthquakes in Croatia


Cyprus - Modern history of Cyprus - Northern Cyprus - Demographics of Cyprus
Water transport in Cyprus: Water transport in Cyprus
Poverty in Cyprus: Poverty in Cyprus
Elections and politics in Cyprus: Elections in Cyprus
May 2011 Cypriot legislative election: Cypriot legislative election May 2011
24 February 2013: Cyprus president-elect Nicos Anastasiades pledged after his poll victory on Sunday to work for an early EU bailout accord to rescue the island from bankruptcy - 18 mars: Le Parlement chypriote se réunit pour examiner le plan de sauvetage européen qui a exigé que tous les dépôts bancaires soient taxés - 20 March: Emergency meeting after Cyprus MPs reject bank levy - 21 March: Cypriot president to present 'Plan B' rescue package - 21 March: European Central Bank issues ultimatum to Cyprus - 22 March 2013: Finance Minister Sarris back from Russia without reaching an agreement - 23 March: Parliament, in a late-night session, backed the first three of eight measures advanced by the government - 25 mars: Le plan de sauvetage conclu entre le gouvernement chypriote et la troïka comprend une taxe sur les dépôts de plus de 100.000 euros et la fermeture de la deuxième banque du pays - 26 March: Closed since March 16 to avert run on deposits Cyprus banks to remain closed until Thursday - 28 March: Temporary limits on daily withdrawals will remain in place as Cyprus reopens banks amid protests - 29 March: Cypriot president rules out leaving eurozone
May 2019 European Parliament election in Cyprus: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Cyprus
Social movements and protests in Cyprus:
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Cyprus: Cypriot society - Human rights in Cyprus
Demographics of Cyprus: Demographics of Cyprus
Women in Cyprus: Women in Cyprus
Education in Cyprus: Education in Cyprus
Healthcare in Cyprus: Healthcare in Cyprus
Internet in Cyprus: Internet in Cyprus
Foreign relations of Cyprus: Foreign relations of Cyprus
Treaties of Cyprus: Treaties of Cyprus
Membership of Cyprus in international organisations: Membership of Cyprus in international organisations
Bilateral relations of Cyprus: Bilateral relations of Cyprus
Cyprus/Egypt relations: Cyprus/Egypt relations
Cyprus/Germany relations: Cyprus/Germany relations
Cyprus/Greece relations: Cyprus/Greece relations
Cyprus/Israel relations: Cyprus/Israel relations
Cyprus/Russia relations: Cyprus/Russia relations
Cyprus/Turkey relations: Cyprus/Turkey relations
1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus: 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute: Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute
Cyprus/United Kingdom relations: Cyprus/United Kingdom relations
1914–1960 British Cyprus: British Cyprus 1914–1960
Cyprus/USA relations: Cyprus/USA relations
Environment of Cyprus: Environment of Cyprus - Climate of Cyprus
Protected areas of Cyprus and Paphos Forest: Protected areas of Cyprus - Paphos Forest
Natural disasters in Cyprus: Natural disasters in Cyprus
Earthquakes in Cyprus: List of earthquakes in Cyprus


Czech Republic - Geography of the Czech Republic - History of the Czech lands - Demographics of the Czech lands
Fossil fuels in the Czech Republic: Fossil fuels in the Czech Republic
Renewable energy in the Czech Republic: Renewable energy in the Czech Republic
Aviation in the Czech Republic: Aviation in the Czech Republic
Rail transport in the Czech Republic: Rail transport in the Czech Republic
Railway accidents and incidents in the Czech Republic: Railway accidents and incidents in the Czech Republic
Water transport in the Czech Republic: Water transport in the Czech Republic
Tourism in the Czech Republic: Tourism in the Czech Republic
Economic history of the Czech Republic and economic cycles: Economic history of the Czech Republic
1989-2014 economic history of the Czech Republic: Since 1989 economic history of the Czech Republic
Taxation in the Czech Republic: Taxation in the Czech Republic
Political parties in the Czech Republic: Political parties in the Czech Republic
Trade unions in the Czech Republic: Trade unions in the Czech Republic
Elections and politics in the Czech Republic: Elections in the Czech Republic
May 2010 Czech legislative election: 28/29 May 2010 Czech legislative election
October 2012 Czech Senate election: Czech Senate election, October 2012
17 January 2018 Andrej Babiš’s Czech government to resign after losing confidence vote: 17 January 2018: Andrej Babiš’s Czech government to resign after losing confidence vote
27 January 2018 anti-immigrant and pro-Putin Zeman takes victory over liberal opponent Jirí Drahoš: 27 January 2018: Anti-immigrant and pro-Putin Zeman takes victory over liberal opponent Jirí Drahoš by a thin margin of 51.5% to 48.5%
May 2019 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic: 24-25 May 2019 European Parliament election in the Czech Republic
2-3 October 2020 Czech Republic Senate and regional elections: 2-3 October 2020 Czech Republic Senate elections alongside regional elections
Social movements and protests in the Czech Republic: Protests in the Czech Republic
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in the Czech Republic: Czech society - Human rights in the Czech Republic
Cities in the Czech Republic: Cities and towns in the Czech Republic
Culture of Prague and tourism: Culture of Prague, as the city is traditionally one of the cultural centres of Europe, hosting many cultural events. Some of the significant cultural institutions include the National Theatre and the Estates Theatre, where the premières of Mozart's Don Giovanni and La clemenza di Tito were held. Other major cultural institutions are the Rudolfinum which is home to the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra and the Municipal House which is home to the Prague Symphony Orchestra. The Prague State Opera performs at the Smetana Theatre. The city has many world-class museums, including the National Museum, the Museum of the Capital City of Prague, the Jewish Museum in Prague, the Alfons Mucha Museum, the African-Prague Museum, the National Gallery, which manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Republic - Prague tourism, as since the late 20th century Prague has become one of the world's most popular tourist destinations
Timeline of Prague since 870 CE: Timeline of Prague since 870 CE
1618-1620 Bohemian Revolt against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the 30 Years' War: 1618-1620 The Bohemian Revolt, an uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the Thirty Years' War. It was caused by both religious and power disputes. The estates were almost entirely Protestant, mostly Utraquist Hussite but there was also a substantial German population that endorsed Lutheranism. The dispute culminated after several battles in the final Battle of White Mountain, where the estates suffered a decisive defeat. This started re-Catholisation of the Czech lands, but also expanded the scope of the Thirty Years' War by drawing Denmark and Sweden into it. The conflict spread to the rest of Europe and devastated vast areas of Central Europe, including the Czech lands, which were particularly stricken by its violent atrocities.
In 1848/1849 European uprising also in Prague Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary: In the 1840s - after Bedrich Smetana had returned to Prague, where he made a living from private pupils and occasional appearances as an accompanist in chamber concerts, also beginning work on his first major orchestral work 'Overture in D major' - Smetana was a participant in the 1848/1849 European uprising, also in Prague. For a period in 1848, also Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary. In the climate of political change and upheaval that swept through Europe beginning in France in that year, a pro-democracy movement in Prague led by Smetana's old friend Karel Havlícek was urging an end to Habsburg absolutist rule and for more political autonomy. A Citizens' Army 'Svornost' was formed to defend the city against possible attack. Smetana wrote a series of patriotic works, including two marches dedicated respectively to the Czech National Guard and the Students' Legion of the University of Prague, and 'The Song of Freedom' to words by Ján Kollár. In June 1848, as the Habsburg armies moved to suppress rebellious tendencies, Prague came under attack from the Austrian forces. As a member of Svornost, Smetana helped to man the barricades on the Charles Bridge. The nascent uprising was quickly crushed, but Smetana avoided the imprisonment or exile received by leaders such as Havlícek.
6 October 2022 first meeting of the IPC in Prague: 6 octobre 2022 la première réunion de la Communauté politique européenne rassemblera des dirigeants de tout le continent dans un esprit d'unité à Prague, avant la réunion informelle des chefs d'État ou de gouvernement, visant à favoriser le dialogue politique et la coopération afin de répondre aux questions d'intérêt commun et à renforcer la sécurité, la stabilité et la prospérité du continent européen. Les participants invités à prendre part à cette première réunion de la CPE sont les États membres de l'EU-27 et 17 autres pays y compris l'Arménie, l'Azerbaïdjan, la Bosnie-Herzégovine, la Géorgie, l'Islande, le Kosovo, la Moldavie, le Monténégro, la Macédoine du Nord, la Norvège, la Serbie, la Suisse, la Turquie, l'Ukraine et le Royaume-Uni
In 1848/1849 European uprising Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary: In the 1840s - after Bedrich Smetana had returned to Prague, where he made a living from private pupils and occasional appearances as an accompanist in chamber concerts, also beginning work on his first major orchestral work 'Overture in D major' - Smetana was a participant in the 1848/1849 European uprising, also in Prague. For a period in 1848, also Bedrich Smetana was a revolutionary. In the climate of political change and upheaval that swept through Europe beginning in France in that year, a pro-democracy movement in Prague led by Smetana's old friend Karel Havlícek was urging an end to Habsburg absolutist rule and for more political autonomy. A Citizens' Army 'Svornost' was formed to defend the city against possible attack. Smetana wrote a series of patriotic works, including two marches dedicated respectively to the Czech National Guard and the Students' Legion of the University of Prague, and 'The Song of Freedom' to words by Ján Kollár. In June 1848, as the Habsburg armies moved to suppress rebellious tendencies, Prague came under attack from the Austrian forces. As a member of Svornost, Smetana helped to man the barricades on the Charles Bridge. The nascent uprising was quickly crushed, but Smetana avoided the imprisonment or exile received by leaders such as Havlícek.
Demographics in the Czech Republic: Demographics of the Czech lands
Ethnic groups in the Czech Republic: Ethnic groups in the Czech Republic
Immigration to the Czech Republic: Immigrants to the Czech Republic
Women in the Czech Republic: Women in the Czech Republic
Education in the Czech Republic: Education in the Czech Republic
Health in the Czech Republic: Health in the Czech Republic
Healthcare in the Czech Republic: Healthcare in the Czech Republic
Czech media: Czech media
Newspapers in the Czech Republic: Newspapers published in the Czech Republic
Internet in the Czech Republic: Internet in the Czech Republic
Crime in the Czech Republic: Crime in the Czech Republic
Corruption in the Czech Republic: Corruption in the Czech Republic
Racism in the Czech Republic: Racism in the Czech Republic
Human trafficking in the Czech Republic: Human trafficking in the Czech Republic
Judiciary and courts of the Czech Republic: Judiciary of the Czech Republic - Courts of the Czech Republic
Supreme Court of the Czech Republic: Since 1993 Supreme Court of the Czech Republic
Law enforcement in the Czech Republic: Law enforcement in the Czech Republic
Foreign relations of the Czech Republic: Foreign relations of the Czech Republic
Treaties of the Czech Republic: Treaties of the Czech Republic
Czech Republic's participation in international organizations: Czech Republic's participation in international organizations
Czech Republic and the United Nations: Czech Republic and the United Nations
Czech Republic in the European Union: Czech Republic in the European Union
Since July 2022 second Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union: Since July 2022 second Czech Presidency of the Council of the European Union
Bilateral relations of the Czech Republic: Bilateral relations of the Czech Republic
Czech Republic/Austria relations: Czech Republic/Austria relations
Czech Republic/P.R of China relations: Czech Republic/P.R of China relations
Czech-Chinese trade relations:Czech Republic/P.R of China trade relations
Czech Republic/France relations: Czech Republic/France relations
Czech Republic/Germany relations: Czech Republic/Germany relations
August-October 1944 'Slovak National Uprising' against NS regime: August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising, an armed insurrection organized by the Slovak resistance movement during World War I, as the movement was represented mainly by the members of the Democratic Party, by social democrats and Communists, and launched from Banská Bystrica in an attempt to resist German troops that had occupied Slovak territory and to overthrow the collaborationist government of Jozef Tiso - 1944-1945 SS general Hermann Höfle played a leading role in the suppression of the Slovak National Uprising, as after WWII - he was arrested by Czechoslovakian authorities, and tried along with Hanns Ludin, as both were sentenced to death and executed on 9 December 1947, as some sources claim that he died in custody on 3 December - Hanns Elard Ludin (1905 – 9 December 1947 in Bratislava), became Ambassador to the Slovak Republic
Czech Republic/Israel relations: Czech Republic/Israel relations
Czech Republic/Poland relations: Czech Republic/Poland relations
Czech Republic/Russia relations: Czech Republic/Russia relations
Czech Republic/Slovakia relations: Czech Republic/Slovakia relations
Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations: Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations
Czech Republic/Ukraine relations: Czech Republic/Ukraine relations
Ukrainians in the Czech Republic: Ukrainians in the Czech Republic
Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations: Czech Republic/United Kingdom relations
Czech Republic/USA relations: Czech Republic/USA relations
Landforms and ecoregions of the Czech Republic: Landforms of the Czech Republic - Ecoregions of the Czech Republic
Rivers of the Czech Republic: List of rivers of the Czech Republic
Natural disasters in the Czech Republic: Natural disasters in the Czech Republic
Floods in the Czech Republic: Floods in the Czech Republic
May/June 2013 European floods: May/June 2013 European floods
Weather events in the Czech Republic: Weather events in the Czech Republic


Denmark - Geography of Denmark - History of Denmark - Demographics of Denmark
Manufacturing companies of Denmark: Manufacturing companies of Denmark
Construction and civil engineering companies: Construction and civil engineering companies of Denmark
Electronics companies of Denmark: Electronics companies of Denmark
Energy in Denmark: Energy in Denmark
Renewable energy in Denmark: Renewable energy in Denmark
Water supply and sanitation in Denmark: Water supply and sanitation in Denmark
Economic history of Denmark and economic cycles: Economic history of Denmark - Income inequality in Denmark
Since 2001 Danish property bubble: Danish property bubble of 2000s
Since 2008 Great Recession in Europe: Since 2008 Great Recession in Europe - Denmark
Employment in Denmark: Employment in Denmark
Unemployment benefits in Denmark: Unemployment benefits in Denmark
Taxation and budget in Denmark: Taxation in Denmark - Budgets of Danish government
Elections and politics in Denmark: Elections in Denmark - Danish EU membership referendum 2011
May 2019 European Parliament election in Denmark: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Denmark
5 October 2022 Denmark announced snap election on 1 November: 5. oktober 2022: Tirsdag den 1. november 2022 skal der afholdes valg til Folketinget
Constitution, social movements and protests in Denmark: Constitution of Denmark - Social and political movements in Denmark - Protests in Denmark
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Denmark: Danish society - Human rights in Denmark - Freedom of speech and freedom of the press in Denmark
Cities and towns in Denmark: Cities and towns in Denmark
Timeline of Copenhagen since 12th century: Timeline of Copenhagen since 1167, when Absalon's Castle founded
Faroese Dane: Faroese Dane
2014/2015 European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014/2015 European refugee and migrant crisis
Museums in Denmark: List of museums in Denmark
Economy, history and culture of Copenhagen: Economy of Copenhagen - History of Copenhagen - Culture in Copenhagen
Education in Denmark: Youth in Denmark
Health care in Denmark: Health care in Denmark
Crime in Denmark: Crime in Denmark
Corruption in Denmark: Corruption in Denmark
Tax evasion and avoidance in Denmark: Elements of income tax evasion and avoidance in Denmark
Human trafficking in Denmark: Human trafficking in Denmark
Law enforcement in Denmark: Law enforcement in Denmark
Courts of Denmark: Courts of Denmark
Police of Denmark: Police of Denmark
Foreign relations of Denmark: Foreign relations of Denmark
Treaties of Denmark: Treaties of Denmark
Denmark/European Union relations: European Union/Denmark relations
Denmark and the euro: Denmark and the euro
Bilateral relations of Denmark: Bilateral relations of Denmark
Denmark/Germany relations: Denmark/Germany relations
1943-1945 arrests and deportations of Danish Jews: Arrests and deportations of Danish Jews 1943-1945
Denmark/Iran relations: Denmark/Iran relations
Denmark/Norway relations: Denmark/Norway relations
Denmark/Poland relations: Denmark/Poland relations
Denmark/Sweden relations: Denmark/Sweden relations
Denmark/Syria relations: Denmark/Syria relations
March 2015 Syrian Coalition meet with Danish Parliament delegation: 5 March 2015: Syrian Coalition meet with Danish Parliament delegation
Denmark/Ukraine relations: Denmark/Ukraine relations
Denmark/USA relations: Denmark/USA relations
Geography and Kingdom of Denmark: Geography of Denmark - Kingdom of Denmark
Forests of Denmark: Forests of Denmark
Water in Denmark: Water in Denmark
Environmental issues and environmentalism in Denmark: Environmental issues in Denmark - Environmentalism in Denmark
Natural disasters in Denmark: Natural disasters in Denmark
Weather events in Denmark: Weather events in Denmark
Faroe Islands: Faroe Islands, politically associated with the Kingdom of Denmark, but self-governing since 1948
Ports and harbours and water transport in the Faroe Islands: Ports and harbours of the Faroe Islands - Water transport in the Faroe Islands
Demographics and society of the Faroe Islands: Demographics of the Faroe Islands - Faroese society
Education in the Faroe Islands: Education in the Faroe Islands
Health in the Faroe Islands: Health in the Faroe Islands
Political parties on the Faroe Islands: List of political parties on the Faroe Islands
Elections in the Faroe Islands: Elections in the Faroe Islands
August 2019 Faroese general election: 31 August 2019 Faroese general election
Faroese law: Faroese law
Greenland: Greenland
Geography of Greenland: Geography of Greenland
Climate of Greenland: Climate of Greenland
Greenland ice sheet and ice cap climate: Greenland ice sheet - Ice cap climate
Water in Greenland: Water in Greenland
History of Greenland: History of Greenland
Economy of Greenland: Economy of Greenland
Education in Greenland: Education in Greenland
Health in Greenland: Health in Greenland


Iceland - Geography of Iceland - Geology of Iceland - History of Iceland - Demographics of Iceland
Energy in Iceland: Energy in Iceland
Geothermal power in Iceland: Geothermal power in Iceland
Fishing in Iceland: Fishing in Iceland
Economic history of Iceland: Economic history of Iceland
2008-2011 Icelandic financial crisis: 2008-2011 Icelandic financial crisis
Politics of Iceland: Politics of Iceland - 1 juillet 2012: Réélection du président Olafur Ragnar Grimsson
2012 Icelandic constitutional referendum: Icelandic constitutional referendum, 20 October 2012
Social movements and protests in Iceland: Protests in Iceland
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Iceland: Icelandic society - Human rights in Iceland
Economy of Reykjavík: Economy of Reykjavík
Since 1911 University of Iceland: Since 1911 University of Iceland
Culture of Iceland: Culture of Iceland
Women in Iceland: Women in Iceland
Education in Iceland: Education in Iceland
Health and healthcare in Iceland: Health in Iceland - Healthcare in Iceland
Media of Iceland: Media of Iceland
Internet in Iceland: Internet in Iceland
Crime in Iceland: Crime in Iceland
Corruption in Iceland: Corruption in Iceland
Law and legal history of Iceland: Law of Iceland - Legal history of Iceland
Foreign relations of Iceland: Foreign relations of Iceland
Iceland/Israel relations:
Climate of Iceland: Climate of Iceland
Forests in Iceland: List of forests in Iceland
Islands of Iceland: List of islands of Iceland
Water and rivers of Iceland: Water in Iceland - List of rivers of Iceland
Natural disasters in Iceland: Natural disasters in Iceland
Volcanism of Iceland: Volcanism of Iceland
March-June 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull: March-June 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull
May 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn: May 2011 eruption of Grímsvötn
2014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga: 2014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga


Éire (Republic of Ireland) - History of Ireland - Geography of Ireland - Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
Companies of the Republic of Ireland by industry: Companies by industry in the Republic of Ireland by industry
Agriculture in the Republic of Ireland: Agriculture in the Republic of Ireland
Fishing in Ireland: Fishing in Ireland
Transport in Ireland: Transport in Ireland
Water transport in the Republic of Ireland: Water transport in the Republic of Ireland
Rail transport in the Republic of Ireland: Rail transport in the Republic of Ireland
Road transport in the Republic of Ireland: Road transport in the Republic of Ireland
Irish economic history, economic cycle and crises: Economic history of the Republic of Ireland
Taxation in the Republic of Ireland: Taxation in the Republic of Ireland
Elections and politics in the Republic of Ireland: Elections in the Republic of Ireland
2008/2009 Fallout of the Irish government budget 2009: Fallout of the 2009 Irish government budget
May 2019 European Parliament election in Ireland: 24 May 2019 European Parliament election in Ireland
Social movements and protests: Protests in Ireland
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Ireland: Irish society - Human rights in Ireland
Provinces and counties of Ireland: 4 provinces of Ireland (Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster) no longer serve administrative or political purposes, but function as historical and cultural entities - Counties of Ireland, in 2019 there are 26 county level, 3 city level and 2 city and county entities – the modern equivalent of counties corporate – that are used to demarcate areas of local government in the Republic of Ireland - In the Republic of Ireland local government functions are mostly exercised by thirty-one local authorities, termed County, City, or City and County Councils - Local Government Reform Act 2014 - Local electoral areas for elections to local authorities in Ireland - There are currently 40 multi-member constituencies, that elect 158 TDs (members of parliament), to Dáil Éireann, Ireland's house of representatives, by means of the single transferable vote, to a maximum term of five years
Towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland by county: Towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland by county
History of Dublin to 795: History of Dublin to 795
Timeline of Dublin: Timeline of Dublin since 841
1919-1921 Irish War of Independence: 1919-1921 Irish War of Independence
1940-1941 German bombing of Dublin and of the Irish state: 1940-1941 German bombing of Dublin and of the Irish state in World War II
Economy of Cork: Economy of Cork
Economy of Limerick: Economy of Limerick
Demographics and ethnic groups in Ireland: Demographics of the Republic of Ireland - Ethnic groups in Ireland
History of the Jews in Ireland: History of the Jews in Ireland
Immigration to the Republic of Ireland: Immigration to the Republic of Ireland
Women and women's rights in Ireland: Women in Ireland - Women's rights in Ireland
Children's rights in Ireland: Children's rights in Ireland
Health in the Republic of Ireland: Health in the Republic of Ireland
Healthcare of the Republic of Ireland: Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland
Media of the Republic of Ireland: Media of the Republic of Ireland
Internet in the Republic of Ireland: Internet in the Republic of Ireland
Since the 1930s abuse in the state childcare system: Since the 1930s abuse in the state childcare system in Ireland
Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home contoversies: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home contoversies
2017 Tuam care home mass grave of babies and children: 3 March 2017: Mass grave of babies and children found at Tuam care home in Ireland
Crime in the Republic of Ireland: Crime in the Republic of Ireland
Corruption in Ireland: Corruption in Ireland
Violence against women in Ireland: Violence against women in Ireland
Law and legal history of the Republic of Ireland: Law of the Republic of Ireland - Law and legal history in the Republic of Ireland
Judiciary of the Republic of Ireland: Judiciary of the Republic of Ireland
Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland: Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland
Foreign relations of Ireland: Foreign relations of the Republic of Ireland
Treaties of Ireland: Treaties of Ireland
Ireland and the European Union EU: Ireland and the European Union EU
Bilateral relations of the Republic of Ireland: Bilateral relations of the Republic of Ireland
Ireland/Australia relations: Ireland/Australia relations - Irish Australian
Ireland/USA relations: Ireland/USA relations - Irish Americans
Natural disasters in Ireland: Natural disasters in Ireland
Weather events in Ireland: Weather events in Ireland

Finland - Geography of Finland - History of Finland - Demographics of Finland
Mines in Finland: Mines in Finland
Manufacturing companies of Finland: Manufacturing companies of Finland
Electronics companies of Finland: Electronics companies of Finland
Nuclear power in Finland: Nuclear power in Finland
Coal and peat energy in Finland: Peat energy in Finland - Coal in Finland
Agriculture in Finland: Agriculture in Finland
Forestry in Finland: Forestry in Finland
Tourism in Finland: Tourism in Finland
Economic history of Finland and economic cycles: Economic history of Finland
Taxation in Finland: Taxation in Finland
Welfare in Finland: Welfare in Finland
Political parties in Finland: Political parties in Finland
Trade unions in Finland: Trade unions in Finland
Politics and elections in Finland: Elections in Finland
October 1994 Finnish European Union membership referendum: Finnish European Union membership referendum 16 October 1994
October 2012 Finnish municipal elections: Finnish municipal elections October 2012
May 2014 European Parliament election in Finland: 25 May 2014 European Parliament election in Finland
May 2019 European Parliament election in Finland: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Finland
3 April 2023 Sanna Marin suffers defeat in Finland election as SDP beaten into third place: 3 April 2023: Finland's PM Sanna Marin suffers defeat in Finland election as SDP beaten into third place
Social movements and protests in Finland: Social movements in Finland - Environmentalism in Finland
Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Finland: Finnish society - Human rights in Finland
Since 1550 Timeline of Helsinki: Since 1550 Timeline of Helsinki
1713 Helsinki taken by Russian forces: 1713 Helsinki taken by Russian forces
Since 1809 Russian empire's Grand Duchy of Finland 1809-1917: Since 1809 Grand Duchy of Finland 1809-1917, Governorate-General of the Russian Empire
Sami people: Sami people
History of the Jews in Finland: History of the Jews in Finland
Swedish-speaking population of Finland: Swedish-speaking population of Finland
Karelians: Karelians
Culture and languages of Finland: Culture of Finland - Languages of Finland
Women and women’s rights in Finland: Women in Finland - Women’s rights in Finland
Childhood and youth in Finland: Childhood in Finland - Youth in Finland
Education in Finland: Education in Finland
Universities in Finland: List of universities in Finland
Health in Finland: Health in Finland
Healthcare in Finland: Healthcare in Finland
Finnish media: Finnish media
Newspapers in Finland: List of newspapers in Finland
Broadcasting in Finland: Broadcasting in Finland
Internet in Finland: Internet in Finland
Crime in Finland: Crime in Finland
Guns and gun politics in Finland: Guns and gun politics in Finland
School shootings in Finland: School shootings in Finland
Spree shootings in Finland: Spree shootings in Finland
February 1999 Helsinki shooting club shooting: 21 February 1999 Helsinki shooting club shooting with a rented pistol
Terrorism in Finland: Terrorism in Finland
Racism in Finland: Racism in Finland
Corruption in Finland: Corruption in Finland
Sexual violence in Finland: Sexual violence in Finland
Law and legal history of Finland: Law of Finland - Legal history of Finland - Constitution of Finland
Judicial and court system of Finland: Judicial system of Finland - Court system in Finland
Supreme Court of Finland: Supreme Court of Finland
Since 1945 War-responsibility trials in Finland: War-responsibility trials in Finland since 1945
Law enforcement in Finland: Law enforcement in Finland
Foreign relations of Finland: Foreign relations of Finland
Treaties of Finland: Treaties of Finland
Bilateral relations of Finland: Bilateral relations of Finland
Finland/Denmark relations: Finland/Denmark relations
Finland/Estonia relations: Finland/Estonia relations
Finland/Germany relations: Finland/Germany relations
1939-1945 Finland's cooperation with Nazi Germany and military history of Finland during World War II: Finland sided with Nazi Germany - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact - Military history of Finland during World War II 1939-1945
Finland/Liberia relations (Finnish-Liberian Friendship Association): Finland/Liberia relations (Finnish-Liberian Friendship Association)
Finland/Nato relations: Finland/Nato relations
Finland/Norway relations: Finland/Norway relations
Finland/Russia relations: Finland/Russia relations
History of Finland/Russia relations and economic relations: History of Finland/Russia relations and economic relations
1939-1945 Finland's cooperation with Nazi Germany and military history of Finland during World War II: Finland sided with Nazi Germany - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact - Military history of Finland during World War II 1939-1945 - Paris Peace Treaties 1947
July 2015 Finland scrambles to intercept Russian military aircraft: 9 July 2015: Finland scrambles to intercept Russian military aircraft
Finland/Sweden relations: Finland/Sweden relations
Finland/Ukraine relations: Finland/Ukraine relations
History of Finland-Ukraine relations: History of Finland-Ukraine relations
Forests of Finland: Forests of Finland
Protected areas of Finland: Protected areas of Finland
Water in Finland: Water in Finland
2007 Nokia water supply contamination: November 2007 Nokia water supply contamination
Rivers of Finland: List of rivers of Finland
Lakes of Finland: List of lakes of Finland
Environmental organisations based in Finland: Environmental organisations based in Finland
Natural disasters in Finland: Disasters and natural disasters in Finland
Fires in Finland: Fires in Finland


France - Geography of France - Gaul during the Iron Age inhabited by Celtic tribes, encompassing present day France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy, of the Netherlands and of Germany - Gallic Wars and expansion of the Roman Empire over the whole of Gaul 58–52 BC - Frankish Kingdom 481–843 during Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages - History of France - Early modern France 1453–1789 - French colonial empire 1534-1980 - French Revolution 1789-1799 marking the global decline of absolute monarchies and organized religions and replacing them with democracies and republics, and Napoleon until 1815 - France in the twentieth century, post World War II period 1945-present - Demographics of France
Shipbuilding companies of France: Shipbuilding companies of France
Car manufacturers of France: Car manufacturers of France
Tractor manufacturers of France: Tractor manufacturers of France
Chemical companies of France: Chemical companies of France
Clothing companies of France: Clothing companies of France
French bicycle industry: French bicycle industry
Construction and civil engineering companies of France: Construction and civil engineering companies of France
Housing in France: Logement en France
Energy and energy companies of France: Energy in France - Energy companies of France
Fossil fuels and oil companies of France: Fossil fuels in France - Oil companies of France
November 2011 France needs to upgrade all nuclear reactors: 17 November 2011: France needs to upgrade all nuclear reactors
Water pollution in France: Water pollution in France
Transport in France by city: Transport in France by city - Transport in Paris
Foreign trade of France: Foreign trade of France
Banking in France: Banking in France
Since 2010 Bank of France controversy: Since 2010 Bank of France controversy
Since 2010 BNP Paribas controversies: BNP Paribas controversies since 2010
Since 2006 Crédit Agricole controversies: Crédit Agricole controversies since 2006
Since the early 1990s Société Générale controversies: Société Générale controversies since the early 1990s
Since 2010 Groupe BPCE controversy: Groupe BPCE controversy since 2010
Since 2010 Crédit Mutuel controversy: Since 2010 Crédit Mutuel controversy
Late 2000s recession in Europe and France: Late 2000s recession in Europe: France
Chômage en France: Chômage en France
Inégalités de revenu en France: Inégalités de revenu en France
Poverty in France: Poverty in France
French Armed Forces: French Armed Forces
World War I weapons and chemical warfare: November 2013: 'The Origins of Chemical Warfare in the French Army' analysis shows contrary to the existing historiography, that the French army aggressively adapted to, and engaged in, chemical warfare in the 20th century - 3 July 2016: The oldest reported case of a chemical substance being used as a weapon due to its toxic properties occurred in the year 256 BC, during the siege of the Persian city Dura Europos in modern Syria, where they used a mixture of tar and sulfur to produce sulfur oxides and thus take control of the city, as France in August 1914 in German empire's World War I launched bromine ethyl acetate tear gas grenades, as the Germans, aware of the allies’ interests in developing chemical weapons, also did the same by strongly developing their chemical industry (especially the dye industry), achieving an ideal situation for offensive chemical development, after French police in 1912 employed Ethyl bromoacetate against people
Since 1954 nuclear weapons program of France and tests abroad: Nuclear weapons program of France - List of nuclear weapons tests of France
1960-1996 French weapons of mass destruction testing centers abroad: French weapons Saharan experiments centres (1960–66), Pacific experiments centre (1966–1996)
Barracuda class nuclear attack submarine: Barracuda class, a nuclear attack submarine for the French Navy
Military budget in France: Military budget
Intelligence agencies of France: List of intelligence agencies of France
Taxation and budget in France: Taxation in France - Budget of France
June 1960 amendment concerning French colonies in Africa and French pressure: 4 June 1960 adopted amendment to the constitution concerning the independence of 'African Member States of the French Community' - 1960 independance of 13 African countries from France during the 'Year of Africa', as France exerted pressure to remain within the French sphere of influence, particularly in economic terms, and French companies thus accepted arrangements, because they would remain well-positioned to profit from the newly independent countries - 1960 is referred to as the 'Year of Africa' because of a series of events that took place during the year, mainly the independence of 17 African nations, that highlighted the growing Pan-African sentiments in the continent, a culmination of African independence movements and the subsequent emergence of Africa as a major force in the UN
Political parties in France: Political parties of France
Socialist Party: Socialist Party
Trade unions in France: Trade unions in France
Parliament of France: French Parliament
Government of France: Government of France
Elections and politics in France: Elections in France
Élections cantonales mars 2011: Élections cantonales mars 2011
January-May 2016: 27 January 2016: French minister Christiane Taubira resigns after fallout over controversial plan to strip people convicted of terrorism of their French citizenship - 1 février 2016: Christiane Taubira n'a pas abandonné le débat sur la déchéance de nationalité pour autant et va publier un livre-réquisitoire - 10 February 2016: French MPs vote in favour of in 2012 elected president Hollande’s heavily contested package of measures to change the French constitution enshrining 'emergency powers' - 10/11 February: French FM Fabius steps down questioning the USA’s commitment to resolving the crisis in Syria, saying its 'ambiguous' policy was contributing to the problem, as Hollande brings Greens and former PM Ayrault to government in cabinet reshuffle - 4 mai 2016: François Hollande à son plus bas niveau historique
June 2017 French legislative election: 11 and 18 June 2017 French legislative election - 12 June 2017: Amid concerns over low turnout of just 48.71%, 'La République En Marche' party and its allies take 32,32% of vote in first round, ahead of 'Les Républicains' and its allies on 21.56%, the anti-EU 'Front National' on 13.20%, followed by 'La France Insoumise' and its allies on 11,02%, the 'Socialist party', that took just 9.51% of the vote with its allies, and 'Europe Écologie Les Verts' on 4.3% - 18/19 June 2017: Tempered by a record low turnout of 42.64% and as abstention particularly high in low-income areas reopens the debate about France’s social divide, the French voting system and legitimacy, Macron’s party and its ally has won a large majority in the French parliament, taking 350 out of 577 seats, handing him a relatively free rein to implement his plans to change French labour law and overhaul unemployment benefits and pensions
September 2017 French Senate election: 24 September 2017 French Senate election
Since 18 July 2018 Benalla-Macron affair: Since 18 July 2018 Benalla affair, a political and judicial case involving Alexandre Benalla, who served as a security officer and deputy chief of staff to Emmanuel Macron - 19 July 2018: France’s public prosecutor has opened a preliminary inquiry after Benalla, one of Emmanuel Macron’s top security officers, was filmed hitting and stamping on a young man at the edge of a Paris demonstration on 1 May while illegally dressed as a police officer, as it emerged that Benalla had continued to take part in other high-profile presidential security operations and MPs suggest there had been a cover up - 20 July 2018: French politicians insisted on a parliament inquiry into how Macron's security officials could have appeared wearing a police armband and visor, committing violence among real police officers without being stopped, as second bodyguard Vincent Crase who worked for Macron also featured wearing a police armband, violently dragging, shaking and raising his hand against young man - 23 July 2018: Macron under pressure to say why aide's brutality went unreported - 25 July 2018: Saying 'Alexandre Benalla has never had the nuclear codes, ... neither has Alexandre Benalla ever been my lover', Emmanuel Macron - after keeping Benalla’s assaults quiet for more than two months - wants to take the blame over Benalla scandal, caused by hate against the national and international labour movement
December 2018: 2 December 2018: French government to hold emergency meeting after central Paris saw its worst unrest in a decade on Saturday afternoon as masked protesters fought running battles with police, set fire to cars, banks and houses and burned makeshift barricades on the edges of demonstrations against rising fuel taxes and living costs, as peaceful protestors complained that the use of teargas had begun very early in the morning, and as Alexandre Benalla's foster-father Macron said he would 'never accept violence' - 4 December 2018: French government reportedly 'to suspend fuel tax increase' following protests - 10 December 2018: In a long-awaited address on television, Macron tried to talk the protesters out of further action, promising a rise in the minimum wage and tax concessions, saying he had heard and understood protesters’ anger and indignation, which he said was 'deep and in many ways legitimate' - 11 December 2018: Macron’s appeal to French from behind gold desk reportedly leaves 'gilets jaunes' protesters unimpressed, as a record 23 million people tuned in - 16 décembre 2018: L'ex-collaborateur déchu de l'Élysée Alexandre Benalla a de nouveau été mis en examen le 29 novembre pour des violences commises en marge du défilé du 1er mai à Paris - 16 décembre 2018: Le premier ministre Philippe a concédé que l'Exécutif n'avait 'pas assez écouté les Français' et 'fait des erreurs' dans la gestion de la gestion de la crise des 'gilets jaunes'
February 2019: 1 février 2019: 'Nous sommes un peuple violent, depuis des siècles et des siècles. La France n'est pas la Suisse', s'exprime Macron dans une 'discussion au coin du feu' - 1 février 2019: Le Conseil d'Etat français est resté sourd aux demandes de la Ligue des droits de l'homme contre les violences policières et l'usage du LBD à l'origine de nombreuses blessures graves, utilisée plus de 9200 fois depuis le début du mouvement de contestation sociale - 10 février 2019: Une enquête judiciaire a été ouverte après qu'un manifestant a eu la main déchiquetée par une grenade samedi à Paris - 20 February 2019: A French senate committee has recommend prosecuting Alexandre Benalla, the former security aide of the French president Macron, for perjury following a seven-month investigation into his violent conduct during a street protest
May 2019 European Parliament election in France: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in France
August 2019 victims of 1982 anti-Semitic attack demand parliamentary inquiry: 9 August 2019: Families of the victims of the 1982 terrorist attack on Paris’ Jewish quarter and Jo Goldenberg’s restaurant are demanding a parliamentary inquiry into an alleged secret pact of French intelligence with the perpetrators, after ex-French spy chief Yves Bonnet now, in 2019, admitted the 1980s pact with Fatah terrorists, following the August 1982 bombing and shooting attack by the Abu Nidal Organization - Since 28 August 1982 'Irish of Vincennes' political scandal following the 9 August 1982 terrorist attack in Paris, when a secret police anti-terrorist cell established by president François Mitterrand arrested three Irish nationals in Vincennes, proudly proclaiming a victory against 'international terrorism', until in 1983 the case fell apart and the suspects were exonerated when it was revealed that weapons and other evidence used against the three had been planted by the arresting officers, who then lied to the courts with the support of the executive - 17 June 2015: Suspects, including the mastermind al-Abassi of the 1982 bomb attack on a Jewish restaurant in Paris, were identified 32 years later thanks to statements from Abu Nidal group members to whom French judges guaranteed anonymity
2 September 2019 France canvasses Iranian regime: 2 September 2019: Once again France hosts Iranian regime officials, presenting offers including a $15 billion credit line for oil 'pre-purchases' to threatening Iranian regime, also praising terror group Hezbollah's Sunday missile attack on IDF targets, as regime's diplomats travel to France and Russia to reinforce regime's Friday deadline for Europe to offer it a way to sell its crude oil on the global market, and as Yad Vashem marks 80th anniversary of start of World War II with online exhibit, describing the progression of the war and exploring the lives of Europe’s Jewish communities with many unable to comprehend the impending horror the war would bring, following European and American retreat in the face of getting stronger nazism and fascism
November 2019 France pledges millions to stop deadly domestic violence: 25 November 2019: France pledges millions to stop deadly domestic violence
8 December 2019 pensions overhaul to go ahead despite huge protests: 8 December 2019: France pensions overhaul to go ahead despite huge protests
5 January 2020 French allied pro-Haftar airstrike kills at least 28 young people and leaves dozens injured in Tripoli: 5 janvier 2020: Au moment de la frappe contre l'école militaire de Tripoli à al-Hadba al-Khadra, un secteur résidentiel peuplé dans la capitale libyenne, qui a tué 28 cadets et blessé des dizaines d'autres, les jeunes hommes effectuaient leur dernier rassemblement de la journée dans la cour principale avant de regagner leurs dortoirs, après la mission de l’ONU en Libye, à plusieurs reprises, a demandé que les secteurs civils soient épargnés par les frappes qui 'pourraient constituer des crimes de guerre' - 5 January 2020: Deadly airstrike on young people in Tripolis occurred after ambulance service appealed for a temporary ceasefire to allow its crews to retrieve the bodies of five civilians killed on As Sidra Road in southern Tripoli and to evacuate families, coming under fire after their appeal
17 March 2020 in a speech to the nation Macron declares 'We are at war': 16/17 March 2020: After inviting and hosting war criminal Putin in France in August 2019, after hosting Chinese regime's Xi Jinping in France in March 2019, after inviting murderous Iranian regime's Zarif to France in August 2019, after supporting Libyan warlord Haftar murdering innocent civilians, desperate refugees, women and children since April 2019, after saying in 2019 'nous sommes un peuple violent', France's drama student Macron declared in a speech to the nation 'We are at war' against ... coronavirus, tightening restrictions on freedom of movement, suspending economic reforms and delaying the second round of local elections in the fight against Chinese coronavirus, banning his French fellow citizens insulted as violent from making anything other than essential outings from their homes on pain of punishment for at least two weeks - 17 mars 2020: Macron déclare la 'guerre' au coronavirus et restreint fortement les déplacements des Français - Les États font la guerre aux autres États, pas aux individus ni aux familles qui les composent, le mot la 'guerre' est définie comme un acte de politique étrangère ou défensif, et vient du francique 'werra', vieux haut allemand werra 'confusion, querelle, lutte', en anglais 'war' vient du normand werre, variante de 'guerre', meaning 'to confuse', 'to bring into confusion'
9 June 2020 France bans chokehold arrest as anger mounts over police brutality: 9 June 2020: France bans chokehold arrest as anger mounts over police brutality
29 November 2020 'unacceptable' injury of Syrian photojournalist Alhalbi during Paris protest against police brutality: 29 November 2020: Press freedom group has denounced the 'unacceptable' injury of award-winning Syrian photojournalist Ameer Alhalbi during a Paris protest against police brutality, as the freelance photographer who worked for Polka Magazine and AFP was covering the demonstrations against police violence and the government’s new law restricting the sharing of images of officers over the weekend when he was injured at the end of the tenth year of Assad's, Putin's and Khamenei's war against the Syrian people - 29 novembre 2020: L’Agence France-Presse AFP a réclamé dimanche une enquête de police après que l’un de ses collaborateurs, le photographe syrien Ameer al-Halbi, qui a été primé à plusieurs reprises pour ses photos de la guerre en Syrie pour le compte de l’AFP, a été blessé samedi durant la manifestation contre le texte de loi 'sécurité globale' et des violences policières samedi à Paris
23 June 2023 governments at Paris summit to finalise climate finance roadmap before the UN Cop28 climate summit this November: 23 June 2023: Paris climate finance summit fails to deliver debt forgiveness plan, as countries in debt distress thrown financial lifeline but critics say measures fall short of what is needed - 23 June 2023: Paris finance reforms could untie poor countries’ hands in climate crisis and changes to the World Bank could unlock developing states access to loans and to the means of staving off disaster, as many poor countries enjoy vast natural resources of wind and sun yet struggle to access renewable energy because of the crippling cost of capital imposed on them. Private sector companies perceive far greater risk in poor countries, penalising most heavily the countries in greatest need of investment.
29 juin 2023: l'Algérie suit avec une 'très grande attention' les développements de l'affaire: 29 juin 2023: Après la disparition du jeune Nahel, l'Algérie suit avec une 'très grande attention' les développements de l'affaire
30 June 2023 Macron tells parents to keep teenagers at home, policing unions criticised over inflammatory language: 30 June 2023: Macron tells parents to keep teenagers at home, policing unions criticised over inflammatory language, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates
Social movements and protests in France: Protests in France - Political movements in France
2013: 5 janvier 2013: Lors d'une rencontre avec une délégation des salariés de Petroplus à Val-de-Reuil (Eure), Hollande a exclu une reprise du site par les pouvoirs publics - 25 March 2013: Paris police used tear gas and batons to fight hundreds of thousands of people protesting against a draft law allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children - 5 mai 2013: Grande manifestation anti-austérité du Parti de Gauche à Paris - 6 June: Protests held in France after left-wing student Clement Meric beaten to death by a group of far-right militants - 10 septembre: Entre 155 000 et 360 000 personnes ont participé aux quelque 180 rassemblements organisés en France pour protester contre la première réforme des retraites - 17 October: Paris students protest against the deportation of foreign pupils following the high-profile eviction of a 15-year-old Roma girl - 1 décembre 2013: Face aux récentes attaques contre la ministre Christiane Taubira, plusieurs milliers de personnes se sont rassemblées à Paris pour dire non à toutes formes de discrimination - 3 décembre: Soirée contre la haine au Théâtre du Rond-Point à Paris
2015: 9 January 2015: Thousands of people took to the streets in France and other countries again Thursday to condemn the killing of 12 people by terrorists at Paris-based satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo - 11 January: As police hunt suspected accomplice more than 700,000 people took to the streets of France in solidarity with terror victims ahead of Paris march - 11 January: An estimated 3.7 million people across France march in solidarity with terror victims, all ages, nations and religions showing their support for the Republic's 'liberté, égalité, fraternité' - 2 March: As Russians march in mourning for murdered opposition leader Nemtsov in Moscow, in Paris about 100 people gathered to remember Nemtsov, asking for an international investigation to be opened and carrying posters reading 'I am Boris' - 24 May 2015: About 3,000 protesters gathered in Paris to protest against the USA biotechnology giant Monsanto and its genetically modified crops and pesticides - 5 septembre: Plus de 10000 personnes se sont rassemblées samedi dans toute la France, et notamment à Paris, pour l’accueil des réfugiés - 22 novembre 2015: Plus de 10.000 manifestants 'contre la barbarie' à Toulouse, une semaine après les attentats de Paris - 2 December 2015: A court in Paris fines a woman €1,000 for refusing to have her fingerprints taken at a rally where clashes erupted between protesters and security forces ahead of 2015 UN climate summit
2016: 26 January 2016: Day of protest as taxi drivers, teachers, farmers and air traffic controllers among employees taking industrial action across France - 27 February: Angry French farmers heckle Hollande at agricultural fair amid rising tensions in agricultural sphere over competition from big industry and neighbouring countries in Europe's single market - 9 March 2016: French students take to the streets to protest far-reaching labour-law reforms as labour unions pledge to hold about 150 marches and protests nationwide - 24 mars 2016: Les manifestations contre le projet de loi travail, présenté en Conseil des ministres, ont rassemblé jeudi plusieurs milliers de jeunes et salariés à Paris, Lyon, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Grenoble ou encore Besançon, à l'appel de sept syndicats et organisations de jeunes, une vidéo montrant un policier frappant un jeune fait le buzz - 31 March 2016: Hundreds of thousands of workers and high-school students joined protest marches across France to challenge plans to loosen the country's protective labour laws that unions say favour businesses
January/February 2017: 21 January 2017 Women's March in cities around the world, including Bordeaux, Marseille, Paris and Toulouse, to promote women's rights and to address racial inequities, workers' issues, and environmental issues - 18 février 2017: 4000 à 5000 personnes selon les organisateurs, se sont réunies samedi à Paris à l'appel notamment d'associations antiracistes et de syndicats, pour protester contre les violences policières après le viol à la matraque présumé d'un jeune noir, Théo, au cours d'une interpellation - 19 février 2017: Des manifestations contre la 'corruption' en politique se sont déroulées dimanche à Paris et ailleurs en France, une première depuis les accusations d'emplois fictifs visant le candidat de droite à la présidentielle François Fillon et la candidate d'extrême droite Marine Le Pen
December 2018: 3 décembre 2018: Une vieille dame, qui a été atteinte par une grenade lacrymogène tirée lors des manifestations des 'gilets jaunes' à Marseille, est morte à l'hôpital - 7 December 2018: French high school students in Paris made to kneel with hands on heads by police, as protests at nearly 300 schools against stricter university entrance requirements have added to recent unrest - 8 December 2018: Over 350 detained and police accused to use teargas against protesters, as Paris braces for ‘yellow vest’ protest violence, and tens of thousands of police took position around France, fearing worsening violence in a new round of anti-government protests - 9 December 2018: 'Protesters' faced off with French riot police in Paris, hurling projectiles, torching cars, vandalising shops, restaurants and newsstands, also damaging a social movement which stands up for an increase to the minimum wage, lower taxes, higher salaries, cheaper energy, better retirement benefits and help for hard-pressed households, certainly without ability to replace torched cars - 9 December 2018: Uniting green and yellow vest protesters, people took to the streets in Paris on Saturday to demand that global leaders take action on climate change
January 2019: 5 janvier 2019: Les 'gilets jaunes' continuent la mobilisation dans plusieurs villes de France, pour défier le gouvernement - 6 janvier 2019: Lors des rassemblements des 'gilets jaunes' à Toulon, un officier de police a été filmé en train de frapper plusieurs personnes, pour le procureur de la République c'était un acte 'proportionnel' - 6 janvier 2019: Des centaines de femmes 'gilets jaunes' se sont rassemblées dimanche dans plusieurs villes, souhaitant donner une image pacifique du mouvement au lendemain d'une mobilisation nationale aussi marquée à la fin par de nouvelles violences - 8 January 2019: Former French boxing champion who was filmed punching police officers during a gilets jaunes protest and who handed himself in to police, has said in a video that he had 'boiled over' after being teargassed alongside his wife on his eighth Saturday protest, also saying 'I reacted badly', adding that he had seen the 'repression' of the police towards protesters - 11 janvier 2019: Manifestation des 'gilets jaunes' interdite à Bourges - 12 janvier 2019: Des dizaines de milliers de 'gilets jaunes' sont de nouveau attendus samedi partout en France contre la politique sociale et fiscale du gouvernement - 12 January 2019: Police use water cannon and teargas on Paris protesters, as at least 84,000 demonstrators turned out across France, according to officials, and as in Bourges, a town of 66,000 people (chosen because of its central location) about 6,700 gilets jaunes gathered despite a ban on protests in its historical centre
3 June 2020 Paris protest against racism and police violence: 3 June 2020: Clashes at Paris protest against racism and police violence
18 June 2020 health workers protest in France: 18 June 2020: Health workers protest in France


Society, demographics, culture and human rights in France: French society
1802-1804 resistance to slavery, repression and French atrocities in Haiti: In 1802, when it became apparent that the French under Napoleonic rule intended to re-establish slavery in Haiti black cultivators revolted in the summer of 1802, Leclerc's successor Vicomte de Rochambeau fought an even more brutal campaign, waged a near-genocidal campaign against the Haitians, killing everyone who was black, importing about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica, who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes, also drowning blacks - In 2005 French historian Claude Ribbe accused Napoleon of having used sulphur dioxide gas for the mass execution of more than 100,000 rebellious black slaves when trying to put down slave rebellions in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) and Guadeloupe, saying Napoleon was racist, instituted slavery, and was the first man in history that 'asked himself rationally the question how to eliminate, in as short a time as possible, and with a minimum of cost and personnel, a maximum of people described as scientifically inferior'
Since 1945 French Indochina War and since 1930/1931 use of torture in Vietnam: French Army practiced torture in Vietnam since 1930 and during its Indochina War since 1945
Economy and transport in Le Havre: Economy and transport in Le Havre
Timeline of Le Havre: Timeline of Le Havre
1516 Harbour construction begins: 1516 Harbour construction begins
Since 1847 Le Havre station: Since 1847 Le Havre station
Le Havre during the times of German empire's wars 1914–1945: Le Havre during the times of German empire's wars 1914–1945
Le Havre after 1945: Le Havre after 1945
Economy and transport in Rouen: Transport in Rouen
Education in Rouen: Education in Rouen
Timeline of Rouen: Timeline of Rouen
History of Rouen in the Middle Ages: History of Rouen in the Middle Ages
Since 1966 University of Rouen: Since 1966 University of Rouen
Timeline of Caen: Timeline of Caen
912 Caen becomes western capital of Normandy: 912 Caen becomes western capital of Normandy
Since 1432 University of Caen Normandy: Since 1432 University of Caen Normandy
Since 1652 Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen: Since 1652 Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Caen
Since 1857 Caen station: Since 1857 Caen station
Politics, administration and elections in Cherbourg: Politics, administration and elections in Cherbourg
Timeline of Cherbourg: History and timeline of Cherbourg
Cherbourg in the Middle Ages: Cherbourg in the Middle Ages
20th century Cherbourg and German empire's World War I 1914-1918: Cherbourg in the early 20th century and German empire's World War I 1914-1918
Cherbourg in the postwar period and 21st century: Cherbourg in the postwar period and 21st century
Economy and tourism of Lisieux: Économie et tourisme de Lisieux en Normandie
Timeline and history of Lisieux: Histoire et chronologie de la ville de Lisieux
June-August 1944 liberation of Lisieux by allied forces against opposing NSDAP-forces, called 'heroically' by Rommel: Juin-août 1944 la prise de Lisieux était un enjeu stratégique pour les Alliés après le débarquement de Normandie, car la ville était un nœud ferroviaire et routier important, permettant à la fois de rejoindre Caen, Deauville, Le Havre, Paris et Alençon, cependant Lisieux ne fut libéré que le 23 août 1944 par les troupes britanniques - Bilan humain des bombardements de Lisieux qui font plus de 800 victimes, soit environ 5% de la population de l'époque - Avant 1944, Lisieux était surnommée la 'capitale du bois sculpté', car ses rues étroites étaient bordées de maisons médiévales à pans de bois sculptés en encorbellement et aux façades ouvragées, abritant des commerces centenaires, mais après la bataille du 'GFM Erwin Rommel' - héroïquement - environ 75% des bâtiments de la ville sont directement détruits par les bombardements, ou sont tellement endommagés qu'ils sont rasés après-guerre
January 1944 - May 1949 NSDAP-led military and mass murder, called 'heroically' by Rommel: Anfang Januar 1944 übernahm Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel das Kommando über alle deutschen Truppen nördlich der Loire, zwischen ihm und Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt kam es nach wie vor bloß zu Meinungsverschiedenheiten hinsichtlich der Frage, wo die alliierte Invasion stattfinden und wie man sie am effektivsten bekämpfen könnte, im März 1944 unterzeichnete GFM Rommel eine Loyalitätserklärung gegenüber Hitler, im Juni 1944, nach der D-Day Landung der Allierten am 6. Juni machte GFM Rommel, vom Geburtstag seiner Frau in Süddeutschland zurückkehrend, am 15. Juli deutlich, dass er einen Sieg der deutschen Truppen für unwahrscheinlich hielt, 'die Truppe kämpft allerorts heldenmütig, jedoch der ungleiche Kampf neigt dem Ende entgegen', mit anderen Worten (in menschliche Sprache übersetzt) der Massenmord befehligt und das heißt auch ausgeführt von deutschen Generalen kann noch und soll noch weitergehen, bis es vielleicht dem einen oder anderen militärisch versierten General and Massenmörder gelingt sich davonzustehlen, damit ihn die EU 2021 als Widerstandskämpfer präsentieren kann - Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt am 10.10.1941: 'Deshalb muß der Soldat für die Notwendigkeit der harten, aber gerechten Sühne am jüdischen Untermenschentum volles Verständnis haben', 'das wesentlichste Ziel des Feldzuges gegen das jüdischbolschewistische System ist die völlige Zerschlagung der Machtmittel und die Ausrottung des asiatischen Einflusses im europäischen Kulturkreis', 'hierdurch entstehen auch für die Truppe Aufgaben, die über das hergebrachte einseitige Soldatentum hinausgehen', 'der Soldat ist im Ostraum nicht nur ein Kämpfer nach den Regeln der Kriegskunst, sondern auch Träger einer unerbittlichen völkischen Idee', am 12.10.1941: 'in den rückwärtigen Gebieten ist die noch vielfach anzutreffende Sorglosigkeit und Weichheit nach dem eigentlichen Kampf nicht tragbar', und im Mai 1949: GFM Rundstedts Herzerkrankung bewog die Briten ihn 1949 aus der Gefangenschaft zu entlassen
History and timeline of 'Lyons-la-Forêt' since 936: 936 Première mention d'une résidence ducale à Lyons
1916-1922 French musician (and soldier) Maurice Ravel in 'Lyons-la-Forêt', beginning in Germany's WWI: Séjours connus à Lyons-la-Forêt du compositeur français Maurice Ravel, et des correspondances liées à ses séjours connus à Lyons-la-Forêt en août 1916 durant une courte permission alors qu'il était engagé comme soldat, de juin à septembre 1917, en septembre 1920 et d'août à septembre 1922 - La Première Guerre mondiale du 28 juillet 1914 au 11 novembre 1918 des Empires centraux l'Allemagne et l'Autriche-Hongrie, surprit Ravel en pleine composition. Dès le début du conflit, le compositeur chercha à s'engager mais, déjà exempté de service militaire en 1895 en raison de sa faible constitution (1,61 m) il fut refusé pour être 'trop léger de deux kilos'. Dès lors, l’inaction devint une torture pour Ravel. À force de démarches pour être incorporé dans l'aviation c'est finalement comme conducteur d'un camion militaire qu'il surnomma 'Adélaïde' qu'il fut envoyé près de Verdun en mars 1916. Depuis le front, tandis que plusieurs musiciens de l'arrière tombaient dans les travers du nationalisme. Plus tard, en 1917, Ravel acheva six pièces pour piano regroupées sous le titre 'Le Tombeau de Couperin' qu’il dédia à des amis tombés au front. Durement touché par ces épreuves accumulées, le musicien resta insensible aux échos de l'armistice et traversa alors une période de silence et de doute que vinrent interrompre en 1919 deux commandes cruciales, l'une de Diaghilev (La Valse) - Ravel y défigura sciemment la valse viennoise en dépeignant un 'tourbillon fantastique et fatal', évocation musicale de l'anéantissement par la guerre de la civilisation européenne qu'incarnaient les valses de Johann Strauss -, l'autre de Rouché (L'Enfant et les Sortilèges). C'était l’orchestration des célèbres 'Tableaux d'une exposition' de Moussorgski, commande de Serge Koussevitzky achevée en 1922 à Lyons-la-Forêt chez son ami Roland-Manuel, qui assit définitivement la réputation internationale de Ravel en la matière. Les Tableaux orchestrés par Ravel font partie, avec le Boléro, des œuvres françaises les plus représentées à l’étranger. - Villa 'Le Fresne' à 'Lyons-la-Forêt' où Ravel acheva la composition du 'Tombeau de Couperin' en 1917 et l'orchestration des 'Tableaux d'une Exposition' de Moussorgsky en 1922, le compositeur honoré familier de Lyons et sa fôret
Politics and regional council of the Hauts-de-France: Regional Council of the Hauts-de-France
June 2021 regional council of the Hauts-de-France elections: 13 et 20 juin 2021 élections régionales de 2021 dans les Hauts-de-France, partis et candidats
Economy of Lille: Economy of Lille
Timeline of Lille since 13th century: Timeline of Lille since 13th century
Since 1236 Hospice Notre-Dame in the Old Town area of Lille: Since 1236 Hospice Comtesse or Hospice Notre-Dame in the Old Town area of Lille
Lille during German empire's World War II 1939-1945: Lille during German empire's World War II 1939-1945
1940-1945 French resistance against NSDAP army, Gestapo and SS: 1940-1945 French resistance against NSDAP army, Gestapo and SS, life under the occupation
Timeline of Saint-Quentin since Middle Ages: History and timeline of Saint-Quentin since Middle Ages
Since early 'modern' ages wars targeting St. Quentin: Wars targeting St. Quentin, including the Battle of St. Quentin (1557), Savoy-Spanish victory over the French in the Habsburg-Valois Wars, Battle of St. Quentin (1871), during the Franco-Prussian War, Battle of St. Quentin (1914), also known as the Battle of Guise, between French and invading German empire's forces, Battle of St. Quentin (1918), part of the 'German Spring Offensive' Operation Michael, Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin, attack at Mont St. Quentin near Péronne by the Australian Corps in August 1918, Battle of the Canal du Nord September 1918, Battle of St Quentin Canal, attack by the British Fourth Army on the Hindenburg Line in September-October 1918, ahead of German empire's defeat in November 1918, bringing the unteachable brutal empire after silencing the opposition to the even more cruel World War II
Amiens city: Amiens city and commune in northern France, located 120km north of Paris and 100km south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in the region of Hauts-de-France. In 2021, the population of Amiens was 135,429 citizens. A central landmark of the city is Amiens Cathedral, the largest Gothic cathedral in France. The town was fought over during both German empire's World Wars, suffering significant damage, and was repeatedly occupied by both sides. The 1918 Battle of Amiens was the opening phase of the Hundred Days Offensive which directly led to the Armistice with Germany. The Royal Air Force heavily bombed the town during the Second World War, the invasion and German occupation also of France since 1940. In the aftermath, the city was rebuilt according to Pierre Dufau's plans with wider streets to ease traffic congestion
20th/21st centuries history of Amiens city: 20th/21st centuries history of Amiens city
Employment in the Île-de-France region: Employment in the Île-de-France region, as in 2018 just 7.2% of employees in the Region were engaged in industry, 62.3% were engaged in commerce and market services, 25.5% in non-market services, including government, health and education, 4.8% in construction, and 0.2% in agriculture, as the largest non-government employers in the Region in 2015 were the airline Air France (40,657), French Railways SNCF (31,955), the telecom firm Orange S.A. (31,497), the bank Société Générale (27,361), the automotive firm Groupe PSA (19,648), EDF Electricité de France EDF (18,199), and Renault (18,136), while - after the 'Petite Couronne' (departments closest to Paris) previously employed the most industrial workers - the largest number is now in the 'Grande Couronne' of the Republic's capital, the outer departments
Paris city, Paris Metropolitan Area and Île-de-France: Paris city, capital and most populous city of France - Paris Metropolitan Area - History of Paris
Timeline of Paris: Timeline of Paris
58–50BC Parisii started burning down their own towns assaulted by the brutal 'Roman empire' and conquest: 58–50BC during the Roman empire's military campaigns against numerous Gallic tribes, when the Romans under Caesar entered Parisii's territory, the assaulted Parisii started burning down their own towns for they were willing to give up these possessions rather than have them taken by the brutal Romans, and in 52 BC, in concert with the Suessiones, the Parisii participated in the general rising of Vercingetorix against Caesar's imperial forces - 52BC Battle of 'Lutetia', a battle on the plain of Grenelle in what is now Paris between Roman empire forces and an anti-Roman Gallic coalition during the so-called Gallic Wars, ending with a Roman victory - September 52BC siege and battle of Alesia, a military conquest engagement by the Roman empire around the Gallic oppidum (fortified settlement) of Mandubii tribe's Alesia, against a defensive confederation of Gallic tribes united under the leadership of Vercingetorix of the Arverni, the last major engagement between Gauls and Romans, destroying the Gallic land and establishing Roman dominance in Gaul for the next 500 years, then continued by a defeated people forced to speak the brutal conqueror's language, establishing a military history of France including conquests, slavery and a 'French empire'
Since 1970s terrorist attacks and 15 July 1983 Orly Airport Armenian bombing: 14 November 2015: The 1970s saw a series of bombing and shooting attacks, mainly in Paris, linked to crises in the Middle East, as they continued into the 1980s, including a deadly bombing of Orly Airport by an Armenian Secret Army in which eight people died, and as Islamist-linked attacks began in earnest in that decade, with 5 bombings attributed to the Lebanese Shi'ite Muslim militant group Hezbollah - 15 July 1983 Orly Airport bombing of a Turkish Airlines check-in counter at Orly Airport in Paris, by the Armenian terrorist organization ASALA as part of its campaign for the recognition of and reparations for the Armenian Genocide, as 3 people were killed immediately in the blast and another 5 died in hospital, 4 of the victims were French, 2 were Turkish, one was Greek-American, and one was Swedish, as the death toll made the Orly bombing the bloodiest attack in France since the end of the Algerian War in 1962
29 May 2017 new French president Macron met Russian regime's Vladimir Putin in the Palace of Versailles: 29 May 2017 in the Palace of Versailles, new French president Macron met Russian regime's Vladimir Putin
March 2018 protest against the stabbing of Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll: 27 March 2018: Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo, actitivsts and politicians call for all the city's residents to march Wednesday in memory of Holocaust survivor Mireille Knoll, who was stabbed to death in an apparent anti-Semitic attack, as politicians across the political spectrum pledge to attend - 28 March 2018: Several thousand people took part in a silent march in Paris on Wednesday and in other large French cities including Lyon, Marseille and Strasbourg in memory of Mireille Knoll who survived the Holocaust but was stabbed to death last week, in what is being investigated as an antisemitic attack, raising questions about France’s failure to tackle resurgent antisemitism after in 2017 Orthodox Jewish Sarah Halimi was beaten and thrown out of the window of her home in Paris
Since 1996 Paris metropolitan area and Grand Paris: Since 1996 Paris metropolitan area, a statistical area that describes the reach of commuter movement to and from Paris and its surrounding suburbs - Since 2016 Métropole du Grand Paris, an administrative structure for cooperation covering the City of Paris and its nearest surrounding suburbs, comprising 131 communes, including the City of Paris, all 123 communes in the surrounding inner-suburban departments of the Petite Couronne (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne), plus seven communes in two of the outer-suburban departments, including the communes of Argenteuil in Val-d'Oise, and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, the latter of which covers part of Orly Airport, as Grand Paris today covers 814 square kilometers and has a population of 7 million citizens
131 communes of Grand Paris: 131 communes of Grand Paris in 2021
Val-de-Marne department: Val-de-Marne department named after the Marne River, located in the Île-de-France region southeast of the city of Paris and in the Grand Paris - Marne river in France, an eastern tributary of the Seine in the area east and southeast of Paris and 514 kilometres long - The Marne in European history, navigable as a free-flowing river until the 19th century, as canalisation was started in 1837 and 1867 including a number of canals to bypass the most extravagant meanders, and as in German empire's aggression since July/August 1914 and Central Powers World War I 1914-1918 the Marne was the scene of two notable battles, including the First Battle of the Marne in September 1914 as the military governor of Paris Joseph Gallieni took the initiative in driving the Germans back from the capital, rendering their war-plan inoperative but without bringing the Social Democratic Party of Germany led by Ebert to change its misanthropic policy, as in the Second Battle of the Marne July-August 1918 the last major German offensive on the Western Front was defeated by an Allied counter-attack, leading eventually to the Armistice in November, in Germany to an uprising against German warmongers - including the emperor and Ebert - followed by the murder of scientists and peace fighters, continuing more and more organized by the NSDAP until World War II and renewed German empire's war crimes by perpetrators partially already active in World War I, including 'Oberleutnant' E. Wagner in World War I, 'quartermaster-general' in World War II, and Erwin Rommel, highly decorated officer in World War I including for the use of chemical weapons, later 'field marshal' in the armed forces of NSDAP ruled German empire during World War II, even returning to countries (France, Italy) of former German crime scenes
Politics of Val-de-Marne department: Politics of Val-de-Marne department
Art in Vincennes: Art and Vincennes porcelain
Economy, education and transport of Boulogne-Billancourt: Economy, education and transport of Boulogne-Billancourt
Timeline of Sèvres since the Middle Ages: History and timeline of Sèvres since the Middle Ages


17th-20th century history of Obernai's Jewish community: Geschichte der jüdischen Gemeinde vom 17. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert in Obernai
Tours city: Tours city in north-central France located on the river Loire, one of the largest cities in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France, and is the prefecture of the department of Indre-et-Loire. The commune of Tours had 136,463 citizens in 2018 while the population of the whole metropolitan area was 516,973 inhabitants. Tours sits on the lower reaches of the Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast, possesses one of the largest amphitheaters of the Roman Empire, the Tours Amphitheatre, and is also known for the Battle of Tours in 732 AD. The city keeps a historical center registered in the UNESCO, and is home to the Vieux-Tours, a patrimonial site. The garden city has a green heritage and an urban landscape strongly influenced by its natural space. The historic city that is nicknamed 'Le Petit Paris' and its region by its history and culture has always been a land of birth or host to many personalities, international sporting events, and is a university city with more than 30,000 students in 2019.
Rhône river: Rhône river, one of the major rivers of Europe, rising in the Rhône Glacier in the Swiss Alps, passing through Lake Geneva and running through southeastern France
7 May 2023 modern humans needed three tries to colonise Europe, according to research of Rhone valley caves: 7 May 2023: It took three separate waves of modern humans to colonise Europe between 54,000 and 42,000 years ago. That is the key conclusion of scientists who have been studying caves in the Rhone valley where they have discovered evidence that Homo sapiens had to make a trio of determined attempts to head westwards and northwards from western Asia before they could establish themselves in the continent. 'The first two of these waves failed but the third succeeded around 42,000 years ago', said Ludovic Slimak of the University of Toulouse, who is leading the excavations in France. 'After that, modern humans took over in Europe. The Neanderthals, who had evolved on the continent, died out.'
Politics and regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes: Politics and since 2015/2016 regional council of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Economy of Lyon: Economy of Lyon
1900-1944 in Lyon: 1900-1944 in Lyon
Since 2015 Lyon Metropolis: Since 2015 Lyon Metropolis
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