July/August 2022 heatwaves and drought in France: < href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_drought#France">After July 2022 was reportedly the driest month in France for 60 years, by August, 100 villages have ran out of drinking water. Water use has been restricted in nearly all metropolitan departments of France. French PM Élisabeth Borne has called it 'the country's worst drought in history', European Commission has warned that 2022 heatwaves and drought will be Europe's worst in half a millennium.

9 août 2022 troisième épisode caniculaire en France: 9 août 2022: Le troisième épisode caniculaire regagne du terrain à compter de mercredi en France métropolitaine et l'été 2022 est déjà record en nombre de jours de vague de chaleur, qui renforce encore une sécheresse inédite

Wildfires in France: Wildfires in France

August 2016 hundreds evacuated from path of wildfire in southern France near Marseille: 11 August 2016: Hundreds evacuated from path of wildfire in southern France near Marseille

16/17 August 2021 firefighters tackle wildfire in southern France: 16 August 2021: French firefighters are battling to contain a large wildfire in the southern region of Var that has forced the evacuation of thousands of people, including tourists in campsites - 17 August 2021: Thousands evacuated in southern France as wildfire spreads

Since 12 July 2022 wildfires in South West France: Since 12 July 2022 wildfires in South West France, as on 18 July in the La Teste-de-Buch and Landiras areas, more than 16,000 people were evacuated as fires continue to spread across Gironde - 18 July 2022: Fires in South-West France spiral out of control - 19 July 2022: Western France is facing a 'heat apocalypse', experts have warned, as extreme temperatures continue to hit much of Europe, as in Spain and Portugal more than 1,000 deaths have been attributed to the heat in recent days

Germany

History of Germany: History of 'Germany'

Geography of Germany: Geography of German territories

Rivers of Germany: Rivers of German speaking communities and territorial states, listed by draining into the Baltic Sea, by draining into the Black Sea, and by draining into the North Sea

Oder river: Oder river in Central Europe. It is Poland's second-longest river in total length and third-longest within its borders after the Vistula and Warta. The Oder rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742 kilometres through western Poland, later forming 187 kilometres of the border between Poland and Germany as part of the Oder–Neisse line. The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches (the Dziwna, Swina and Peene) that empty into the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea

Uecker river: Uecker river in the northeastern states of Brandenburg, where it is known as the Ucker, and of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Its source lies in the Uckermark district, one kilometer north of Ringenwalde. It flows northward through several lakes. The first one is Großer Krinertsee. The next ones are rather small.

Warnow river: Warnow river in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It flows into the Baltic Sea near the town of Rostock, in its borough Warnemünde. The source of the Warnow is in Grebbin, a small village 10 kilometres north of Parchim, at the western end of the Mecklenburg Lake District. It flows north through Sternberg, Bützow and Schwaan before reaching Rostock.

Trave river: Trave river in Schleswig-Holstein. It is 124 kilometres long, running from its source near the village of Gießelrade in Ostholstein to Travemünde, where it flows into the Baltic Sea. It passes through Bad Segeberg, Bad Oldesloe, and Lübeck, where it is linked to the Elbe–Lübeck Canal. It is navigable for sea-going vessels from the Baltic to the Lübeck ports.

Rivers raining into the Black Sea: Rivers raining into the Black Sea

Danube river: Danube river, the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia. It flows through much of Central and Southeastern Europe, from the Black Forest into the Black Sea. Its longest headstream Breg rises in Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, while the river carries its name from its source confluence in Donaueschingen onwards. The Danube today is the river running through the largest number of countries in the world flowing southeast for 2,850 km, passing through or bordering Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine before draining into the Black Sea, then also linking to Asian countries

Inn river: Inn river in Switzerland, Austria and Bavaria. It is a right tributary of the Danube and is 518 kilometres long. The highest point of its drainage basin is the summit of Piz Bernina, at 4,049 metres. The Engadine, the valley of the En, is the only Swiss valley whose waters end up in the Black Sea (via the Danube)

Salzach river: Salzach river in Austria and Germany. It is a right tributary of the Inn and is 227 kilometres in length, its flow eventually joins the Danube. Its drainage basin of 6,829 km2 comprises large parts of the Northern Limestone and Central Eastern Alps. 83% of its drainage basin lies in Austria, the remainder in Bavaria

Rivers draining into the North Sea: Rivers draining into the North Sea

Rhine river: Rhine river, one of the major European rivers connecting European countries and Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate, and North Rhine-Westphalia. The river begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows in a mostly northerly direction through the German Rhineland and the Netherlands and eventually empties into the North Sea.

Neckar river: Neckar river, mainly flowing through the southwestern state of Baden-Württemberg, with a short section through Hesse. The Neckar is a major right tributary of the Rhine. Rising in the Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis near Schwenningen in the Schwenninger Moos conservation area at a height of 706m above sea level, it passes through Rottweil, Rottenburg am Neckar, Kilchberg, Tübingen, Wernau, Nürtingen, Plochingen, Esslingen, Stuttgart, Ludwigsburg, Marbach, Heilbronn and Heidelberg, before discharging into the Rhine at Mannheim, making the Neckar its 4th largest tributary

Main river: Main river connecting Bavaria, Hesse, and Rhineland-Palatinate, the longest tributary of the Rhine. It rises as the White Main in the Fichtel Mountains of northeastern Bavaria and flows west through central Germany for 525 kilometres to meet the Rhine below Rüsselsheim, Hesse. The cities of Mainz and Wiesbaden are close to the confluence, as the largest cities on the Main are Frankfurt am Main, Offenbach am Main and Würzburg. It is the longest river lying entirely in Germany (if the Weser-Werra are considered separate).

Nahe river: Nahe river in Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, a left tributary to the Rhine. The Nahe separates the northern part of the Palatinate from the Hunsrück, and rises in the area of Nohfelden (Saarland), flowing through Rhineland-Palatinate and joining the Rhine in Bingen. Towns along the Nahe include Idar-Oberstein, Kirn, Bad Kreuznach and Bingen

Lahn river: Lahn river, an eastern tributary of the Rhine as its course passes through the federal states of North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse (165.6 km), and Rhineland-Palatinate (57.0 km). It meets the Rhine at Lahnstein, near Koblenz. Important cities along the Lahn include Marburg, Gießen, Wetzlar, Limburg an der Lahn, Weilburg and Bad Ems. Tributaries to the Lahn include the Ohm, Dill, the Weil and the Aar

Saar river: Saar river in northeastern France and western Germany, and a right tributary of the Moselle. It rises in the Vosges mountains on the border of Alsace and Lorraine and flows northwards into the Moselle near Trier. It has two headstreams (the Sarre Rouge and Sarre Blanche, which join in Lorquin), that both start near Mont Donon, the highest peak of the northern Vosges. After 246 kilometres the Saar flows into the Moselle at Konz (Rhineland-Palatinate) between Trier and the Luxembourg border

Moselle river: Moselle river, rising in the French Vosges mountains and flowing from western Germany through Luxembourg,and north-eastern France. It is a left bank tributary of the Rhine, which it joins at Koblenz. A small part of Belgium is in its basin as it includes the Sauer and the Our. Its lower course 'twists and turns its way between Trier and Koblenz along one of Germany's most beautiful river valleys'. In this section the land to the north is the Eifel which stretches into Belgium, to the south lies the Hunsrück

Ruhr river: Ruhr river in North Rhine-Westphalia, a right tributary (east-side) of the Rhine. The source of the Ruhr is near the town of Winterberg in the mountainous Sauerland region, and it flows into the lower Rhine in the municipal area of Duisburg. The river marks the southern limit of the Ruhr area, passing Hagen, Dortmund, Herdecke, Wetter, Witten, Bochum, Hattingen, Essen, Mülheim, and Duisburg, as the Ruhr area was Germany's primary industrial area during the early- to mid-20th century

Ems river: Ems river in northwestern Germany. It runs through the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony, and discharges into the Dollart Bay which is part of the Wadden Sea. Its total length is 362.4 kilometres. The state border between the Lower Saxon area of East Friesland and the province of Groningen (Netherlands), whose exact course was the subject of a border dispute between the countries settled in 2014, runs through the Ems estuary.

Weser river: Weser river of Lower Saxony. It begins at Hannoversch Münden through the confluence of the Werra and Fulda. It passes through the Hanseatic city of Bremen. Its mouth is 50 km further north against the ports of Bremerhaven and Nordenham. The latter is on the Butjadingen Peninsula. It then merges into the North Sea via two highly saline, estuarine mouths. It also connects to the canal network running east-west across the North German Plain, after the river combined with the Werra (a dialectal form of Weser). This makes up the longest river wholly in Germany. The Weser itself is 452 km long, as the Werra rises in Thuringia.

Elbe river: Elbe river, one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It rises in the Giant Mountains of the northern Czech Republic before traversing much of Bohemia (western half of the Czech Republic), then Germany and flowing into the North Sea at Cuxhaven, 110 kilometres northwest of Hamburg. Its total length is 1,094 km. The Elbe's major tributaries include the rivers Vltava, Saale, Havel (coming from Berlin and its northern countryside), Mulde, Schwarze Elster, and Ohre

25 April 1945 'Elbe Day': 25 April 1945 'Elbe Day', the day Soviet and USA troops met at the Elbe River near Torgau in Germany, marking an important step toward the end of World War II in Europe. This contact between the Soviet, advancing from the East and the USA soldiers advancing from the West, meant that the two powers had effectively cut Germany in two, as at the meeting of the Soviet and USA armies Lt. William Robertson and Lt. Alexander Silvashko stand facing one another with hands clasped and arms around each other's shoulders

Demographics of Germany: Demographics of Germany

Since 1648–1815 history of German speaking societies and territorial states: Since 1648–1815 history of German speaking societies and territorial states during the rise of Prussian kingdom ('enlightened absolutism or despotism'), during the French Revolution since 1789, 1815–1871 society, economy and German Confederation, including early industrialization, industrial revolution, corporate formation, economic fluctuations, social change and pauperism in a bourgeois society, emergence of workforce and labour movements - Compare 1830–1938 GNP per capita in USA dollars of different countries in Europe (including Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Russia/USSR, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, as Poland remained occupied by Prussian kingdom and German empire, by Austria-Hungary and the Russian empire and divided until 1918, the end of German and Austro-Hungarian empires' World War I)

German crisis since 1871, 'German Empire' 1871-1945: German crisis since 1871, 'German Empire' 1871-1945 - World War I 1914-1918 - World War II 1939-1945

The division of Germany (and Europe) since 1914 and German obtuseness: Political movements in Germany - History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany 1863–1914 - 13 August 1913: August Bebel died in Passugg - Spirit of 1914 - German 'Burgfrieden' - 13 August 1961: Berlin Wall

Since 1914 crimes of two World Wars: World War I 1914-1918 - World War II 1939-1945 - Racial policy of Nazi Germany - Holocaust - Porajmos - The division of Germany since 1945 - Das geteilte Deutschland, eine Geschichte verdrängter Geschichte, erkannter und unerkannter Mörder, der Unbelehrbarkeit und Verlogenheit (fortdauernd)

Second 'careers', protection of Nazi murderers (ongoing):

1952: CIA-Akten 2006: Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem BND und CIA bereits 1958 bekannt - BND-Akten: Aufenthaltsort Eichmanns sogar schon 1952 bekannt

1953-1963: 1953-1963 CDU-member and racist Nazi-jurist Hans Globke director of the Federal Chancellory of West Germany, 1933-1945 high-profile Nazi-jurist in NSDAP-Germany, drafting the law for the 'Protection of the German Blood' and serving as chief legal advisor in the Office for Jewish Affairs in the Ministry of Interior, the section headed by Adolf Eichmann that implemented the Holocaust bureaucratically, knowing 'that the Jews were being put to death en masse'

1958-1962: Wanted Nazi Walter Rauff was German 'Bundesnachrichtendienst' BND spy between 1958-1962

1965: In 1965 'Butcher of Lyon' SS-Hauptsturmführer Klaus Barbie was recruited by the BND, his initial monthly salary of 500 Deutsche Mark was transferred in May 1966 to an account of the Chartered Bank of London in San Francisco in the USA, which recruited him in 1947 as an agent for the USA Army Counter Intelligence Corps CIC, and he made at least 35 reports to the BND headquarters in Pullach

2011: 26 September 2011: Wanted Nazi Walter Rauff was German 'Bundesnachrichtendienst' spy between 1958-1962 - Walter Rauff: Gas van engineering and mass murder - Word War II: German gas vans in concentration camps, in Poland, Baltic states, Soviet Union, Serbia and North Africa - 27. September 2011: Bislang geheimgehaltene Akten des BND belegen, daß Walter Rauff wegen seiner Tätigkeit im Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Entwicklung und Einsatz von Gaswagen) 1958 vom BND eingestellt wurde - 27. September 2011: Deutscher Verfassungsschutz läßt eigene NS-Vergangenheit untersuchen, schon 2011 - CIA-Akten 2006: Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem BND und CIA bereits 1958 bekannt - BND-Akten: Aufenthaltsort Eichmanns sogar schon 1952 bekannt - 30 November 2011: Investigators have found that in 2007 the German Intelligence Service BND destroyed files of 250 employees who had been in the Nazi SS or Gestapo

2012/2013: 15 juillet 2012: Le criminel nazi Laszlo Csatary retrouvé à Budapest - 18 July: Csatary, accused of organising the deportation to their deaths of some 16,000 Jews arrested in Hungary - 7 May 2013: Living in Baden-Wuerttemberg since 1983, the alleged former guard at the Nazi death camp Auschwitz Hans Lipschis arrested on charges of complicity in the mass murder of prisoners - 28 June: Germany's Federal Administrative Court blocks full release of Nazi Eichmann files - 23 July 2013: The Nazi-hunting Simon Wiesenthal Center launches German poster campaign seeking information on the last perpetrators of the Holocaust still at large nearly 70 years on - 29 July 2013 and its truth: The murderer SS-Priebke and free man in 2013 said, that the victims - from 14 year old boys (today 83) to 75 year old men - were, in his view at the time, terrorists - 2 September: Germany tries 92-year-old member of the Nazi Waffen SS Siert Bruins for Nazi war crime - 26 September: Former Auschwitz guard Hans Lipschis, 93, to be tried as part of drive to round up last surviving members of Nazi regime - 15 October 2013: Angry protests mark funeral of Nazi war criminal SS officer Erich Priebke in Italy

2014: 20 February 2014: Three suspected Auschwitz guards detained in Baden-Wuerttemberg - 19 June 2014: Suspected SS guard J. Breyer arrested in the USA for the alleged murders of hundreds of thousands of Jewish men, women and children during World War II - 2 December 2014: Nazi war criminal Brunner, the unrepentant 'right-hand man' of Adolf Eichmann and wanted for deporting tens of thousands of Jews to death camps, is 'almost certain' to have died in Syria, where he was protected by successive regimes, four years ago, Simon Wiesenthal Centre says

2015: 23. Februar 2015: Ein 94-jähriger ehemaliger SS-Sanitäter im Vernichtungslager Auschwitz-Birkenau soll sich vor dem Landgericht Neubrandenburg wegen Beihilfe zum Mord in mindestens 3.681 Fällen verantworten - 31 March 2015: Following Germany's refusals of extradition to Denmark and protection by German governments and authorities, volunteer in the SS Viking Division and Denmark’s highest-ranking Nazi Soren Kam died a free man last week in Kempten after he fled to CDU/CSU-Germany in 1956 and obtained citizenship, despite conviction in Denmark to have been involved in the murder of Danish anti-Nazi newspaper editor Carl Henrik Clemmensen - 20/21 April 2015: SS 'accountant of Auschwitz' Gröning goes on trial in Germany charged with complicity in the murder of 300,000 Holocaust victims - 15 July: Former SS officer Oskar Groening known as the Bookkeeper of Auschwitz sentenced to four years in prison - 16 July 2015: SS officer Oskar Gröning escaped prosecution in Britain nearly 70 years ago because of the USA’s desire, according to newly discovered UNWCC documents also revealing that the entire judicial process against Germans accused of committing war crimes was closed down after political intervention from above - 1 August 2015: Germany shelves Nazi crimes probe of SS-commander Michael Karkoc now living in USA, who commanded a unit in the SS-led Ukrainian Self Defense Legion accused of burning villages filled with women and children, based on wartime documents, testimony from other members of the unit and Karkoc’s own Ukrainian-language memoir

2016: 17 June 2016: Germany jails ex-Auschwitz guard Hanning, found guilty on 170,000 counts of accessory to murder, for five years - 28 November 2016: German Federal Court of Justice upholds former Auschwitz guard Groening's conviction on accessory to murder charges, setting an important precedent for prosecutors' efforts to pursue others who were part of the 'machinery of death' even if there is no evidence of involvement in a specific killing

2017: 25 January 2017: Researchers uncover vast numbers of unknown Nazi killing fields, as the 'Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos' set for completion in 2025, has now documented 42,500 sites of Nazi persecution, over eight times more than predicted - 25 January 2017: After changes in Germany's prosecution policy since 2011 have resulted in more investigations, in 2015/2016 Germany opened investigations against 42 individuals and convicted Oskar Groening, as seven decades after World War II there have been 103 convictions of Nazi war criminals, with Italy and the USA topping the list, according to the annual Simon Wiesenthal Center report, published since 2002

June-October 2017: 24 June 2017: Neubrandenburg state court appointed three new judges after the removing of three judges found to be biased in the often-delayed trial of a former SS medic Hubert Zafke who served at the Auschwitz death camp, as the International Auschwitz Committee has sharply attacked Germany’s handling of the case, saying the court was hurtling 'between sloppy ignorance and complete disinterest' in a resolution - 13 September 2017: Neubrandenburg state court dropped its case against 96-year-old former Auschwitz medic Hubert Zafke, after he was found unfit to stand trial for his role in the murder of more than 3,600 people at the Nazi death camp - 1 October 2017: Germany not prosecuting 8 members of SS death squad, despite knowing their names

2018: 16 avril 2018: Un ex-garde SS du camp d'extermination d'Auschwitz, qui n'a pas été identifié, a été mis en accusation pour complicité de meurtres, a annoncé lundi le parquet allemand, ouvrant la voie à la tenue d'un procès - 7 June 2018: German prosecutors are investigating suspected former member of Hitler’s mobile killing squads and SS Rottenfuehrer Wilhelm Karl Friedrich Hoffmeister for involvement in World War II massacres carried out by the 'Einsatzgruppen' in Ukraine - 6 November 2018: Former Nazi SS camp guard Johann Rehbogen allegedly serving 1942-1944 at German concentration camp Stutthof near the Polish city of Gdansk, is to begin trial on Tuesday, facing 100 counts of accessory to murder

November 2018: 10 November 2018: Though up to a million people are believed to have actively participated in the extermination of millions of Jewish people during the Holocaust, only around 20,000 were ever found guilty of crimes, and fewer than 600 received heavy sentences, according to British Holocaust historian Mary Fulbrook, examining the German justice system’s prosecution of Nazi war crimes following World War II, saying that 'the total number of persons convicted under the Federal Republic for Nazi crimes was in itself fewer even than the number of people who had been employed at Auschwitz alone' and noting that West Germany’s post-war legal system was populated by many ex-Nazis

December 2018: 13 December 2018: Citing German legal regulations, Muenster state court ends proceedings against former SS guard Rehbogen at the Stutthof Nazi concentration camp, facing hundreds of counts of accessory to murder

April 2019: 18 April 2019: 92-year-old ex-SS guard Dey charged with 5,230 counts of accessory to murder at the Stutthof concentration camp, now in Poland, as 100 families to celebrate seder on eve of Passover in Warsaw Ghetto, for first time since 1943, when Nazi German troops stormed in, expecting the deportation process to last three days, but were ambushed by Jewish rebels

24 July 2019 former SS soldier Karl Muenter charged: 24 juillet 2019: Suite à la plainte de familles de victimes du massacre de 86 civils à Ascq, commis dans la nuit du 1er au 2 avril 1944 par des SS y compris Karl Münter, ce l'ancien SS, qui a assuré que le chiffre de 6 millions de juifs assassinés par les nazis était exagéré lors d'un entretien à la chaîne publique ARD diffusé le 29 novembre 2018, qui a estimé que les victimes d'Ascq étaient aussi responsables de leur mort, est enfin mis en accusation maintenant pour incitation à la haine, après en mars 2018, le Parquet allemand avait en effet annoncé l'abandon des poursuites parce que le suspect avait déjà été condamné à mort par contumace par un tribunal militaire en France en 1949 et qu'il ne pouvait donc être jugé une seconde fois pour ces mêmes faits

20 January 2020 photos surface showing convicted Nazi criminal John Demjanjuk at Sobibor camp: 20 January 2020: Photos surface showing convicted Nazi criminal John Demjanjuk, who denied ever having been a guard at Sobibor and who was sentenced 2011 in Munich to five years in prison, at Sobibor camp

6 July 2020 three years in jail for former Nazi camp guard Bruno Dey demanded: 6 July 2020: German prosecutors demanded three years in jail for a 93-year-old former Nazi concentration camp guard Bruno Dey who they said was 'without a doubt' complicit in the murder of more than 5,000 people during World War II

22 July 2020 at Bruno Dey trial in Hamburg witness Marek Dunin-Wasowicz wants to be heard in Germany: 22 July 2020: Still haunted by the pyres of burning bodies, Marek Dunin-Wasowicz, who spent several months at Stutthof camp, initially built to imprison Polish leaders and intelligentsia in September 1939, where war crimes defendant Bruno Dey at trial in Hamburg served, wants to speak out for the more than 60,000 people killed at the camp and for the few survivors who are still alive, also wanting his testimony to be heard in Germany, the country where Nazism originated and at a time of rising neo-Nazism linked rhetoric, politics and crime in Halle, Hanau, Kassel, Frankfurt, Berlin etc. and in Europe, also reporting that Germans came up to his table in the courtroom to meet him, 'to ask forgiveness in the name of their grandfathers, their fathers', 'I was shocked', and also calling Germany’s long delay in bringing Nazi personnel like Dey to justice 'inexcusable'

23 July 2020 Nazi concentration camp guard Dey convicted over 5,232 murders: 23 July 2020: Nazi concentration camp guard convicted over 5,232 murders of mostly Jewish prisoners, as Bruno Dey found guilty of accessory to murders in final months of second world war, as now about 40 survivors or their descendants were co-plaintiffs in the trial, appearing mostly via a video link, and as Investigation of National Socialist Crimes' office says it is investigating a further 14 individuals over crimes committed in concentration camps

5 February 2021 German prosecutors charged former secretary at Nazi concentration camp with complicity in murders: 5 February 2021: German prosecutors have charged a former secretary, identified only as Irmgard F, at the Stutthof Nazi concentration camp with complicity in the murders of 10,000 people, in the first such case in recent years against a woman, as the suspect 'is accused of having assisted those responsible at the camp in the systematic killing of Jewish prisoners, Polish partisans and Soviet Russian prisoners of war in her function as a stenographer and secretary to the camp commander' between June 1943 and April 1945, the prosecutors said in a statement

2 August 2021 100-year-old former Nazi concentration camp guard to be tried: 2 August 2021: A 100-year-old former concentration camp guard will stand trial in Germany in October accused of complicity in 3,518 murders, public prosecutors have announced

19 October 2021 WWII camp secretary facing charges of abetting thousands of murders remained silent: 19 October 2021: WWII camp secretary facing charges of abetting thousands of murders while working as secretary to concentration camp's commandant remained silent at the start of her trial in Itzehoe near Hamburg on Tuesday, as the defendant named under German law only as Irmgard F stands accused of aiding and abetting murder in more than 11,000 cases at the Nazi-run Stutthof camp, located near Danzig now the Polish port city of Gdansk

20 December 2022 Irmgard Furchner convicted of complicity in 10,500 murders at Nazi Death Camp: 20 December 2022: Itzehoe state court gave Irmgard Furchner a two-year suspended sentence, after being accused of being part of the apparatus that helped the Stutthof concentration camp's function during World War II

Crimes of the 'Wehrmacht': Bis heute kaum bundesdeutsche Strafverfolgung von Wehrmachtsverbrechen - Verschleppung, Verhinderung, Leugnung und Verharmlosung - Strafvereitelung für verurteilte Massenmörder durch Auslieferungsverweigerung - 7. Juli 2011: Neun ehemalige Wehrmachtssoldaten wegen Massaker in Italien 1944 im Juli 2011 in Verona zu lebenslanger Haft verurteilt - Sant'Anna di Stazzema 1944 - Die Täter, wie z.B. Gerhard Sommer, geschützt von der deutschen Justiz in Hamburg und Stuttgart - 1 October 2012: Probe into Nazi massacre at Sant'Anna di Stazzema dropped by German prosecutors - 19 December 2012: At the presentation of a report by Italian and German historians on German war crimes against Italians, Italy presses Germany on conviction of former Nazis

Historikerkommission 2005-2010 zur NS-Vergangenheit des Auswärtigen Amts

Obtuseness and Nazi tradition of Justice: Ungesühnte Nazijustiz - Furchtbare Juristen - Justiz und NS-Verbrechen - 1945-2016 German trial judgments concerning national socialist homicidal crimes - NS-Justizverbrechen ohne Verurteilungen - Die Aufarbeitung der NS-Justizverbrechen durch die bundesdeutsche Justiz gilt als gescheitert, der Bundesgerichtshof bedauerte in einem Urteil aus dem Jahr 1995 selbst, daß auf Grund von 'folgenschweren Versagens der bundesdeutschen Justiz' NS-Richter nicht strafrechtlich zur Verantwortung gezogen worden sind

1956: 16. Februar 2016: Das Grundsatzurteil des Bundesgerichtshofes zur Ablehnung der Entschädigung von NS-verfolgten Sinti und Roma vom 7. Januar 1956, in dem der BGH feststellte, dass die 'Zigeuner' von den Nationalsozialisten zu Recht als 'artfremd' behandelt worden seien, prägte über viele Jahre das gesamte Entschädigungsrecht für die Überlebenden der Sinti und Roma und wurde zur Niederschlagung von Strafverfahren gegen die Organisatoren des Holocausts herangezogen

2011: 27. September 2011: Deutscher Verfassungsschutz läßt eigene NS-Vergangenheit untersuchen, schon 2011 - CIA-Akten 2006: Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem BND und CIA bereits 1958 bekannt - BND-Akten: Aufenthaltsort Eichmanns sogar schon 1952 bekannt - 30 November 2011: Investigators have found that in 2007 the German Intelligence Service BND destroyed files of 250 employees who had been in the Nazi SS or Gestapo

2013: 27 June 2013: German court dismisses bid to release full Eichmann files - 22. Oktober 2013: Schon 2012/2013 beginnt eine 'Unabhängige Wissenschaftliche Kommission beim Bundesministerium der Justiz zur Aufarbeitung der NS-Vergangenheit' ihre Arbeit

2015: 10. August 2015: Journalisten bekommen mehr Einblicke in ein Gutachten zur NS-Vergangenheit des deutschen Bundeslandwirtschaftsministeriums, entscheidet das Oberverwaltungsgericht Münster und hebt vorausgehende Beschlüsse auf - 7 October 2015: 70 years after the end of World War II, Germany’s justice ministry is embarked on a wide-ranging effort to examine the influence that the Nazis had on the country’s legal system, including the role some German officials played in preventing former Nazis from being prosecuted after the war

2016: 10 October 2016: 'Rosenburg Project' study, covering the period from 1950 to 1973 and conducted by independent experts, highlights how thousands of Germans who committed crimes during Hitler's dictatorship were protected by former NDSAP members holding key positions in the legal system, finding that more than half of all senior officials in Germany's Justice Ministry in the 1950s and 1960s were ex-Nazis who, through inaction or intentional sabotage, systematically protected fellow former members of Hitler's National Socialist party from prosecution and shaped West Germany's legal code for decades

November 2016: 26 November 2016: The German government will launch an investigation into NSDAP influence on the country's post-war central government, also seeking to clarify what continuity there was in the staff of the Chancellory and to look at the role of Hans Globke who served as chief of staff and a trusted confidant to chancellor Konrad Adenauer between 1953 and 1963, despite he was a senior civil servant in the Nazi-era interior ministry and was involved in the drafting of the Nuremberg race laws

Economy of Germany: Economy of Germany - main industries include production machinery, vehicles, trains, shipbuilding, space and aircraft, machine tools, electronics, information technology, optical and medical apparatus, iron and steel, coal, cement, mineral fuels, chemicals, plastics, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, textiles - Economic history of Germany - List of companies in Germany

Industry in Germany: Industry in Germany - Companies of Germany by industry

Automotive industry in Germany: Automotive industry in Germany

Since 1951 'Mercedes Benz' in Argentina: Since 1951 'Mercedes Benz' in Argentina, founded by Jorge Antonio employing German Nazis, himself linked with stories of 'Nazi Gold', money brought to Argentina, the USA, and other safe havens by Nazis fleeing Germany, and who later admitted that he knew Eichmann's real identity - Jorge Antonios Verwicklung in Nazigeschäfte und Geldwäsche, recherchiert von Gaby Weber - Nazis in South America, Nazis who lived in Argentina included Adolf Eichmann, Josef Mengele, Aribert Heim, Eduard Roschmann and Ludolf von Alvensleben - Since World War II 'Organisation of Former SS Members' international Nazi network to establish and facilitate secret escape routes

1948-1960 Holocaust organiser Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and 'Mercedes-Benz' department head in Buenos Aires: 1948-1960 Adolf Eichmann's, one of the major organisers of the Holocaust, escape to Argentina, finding employment at 'Mercedes-Benz Argentina' founded in 1951, where he rose to department head in Buenos Aires

Since 2008 worldwide 'Volkswagen' defeat device and emissions scandal: Volkswagen emissions scandal - in September 2015 'Volkswagen' admitted to illegally using installed software to change emissions test results for 11 million of its diesel engine cars sold between 2009 and 2015 - 22 September 2015: Calling for a 'Europe-wide' investigation in the Volkswagen emissions scandal, France’s finance minister Sapin says, 'what we are dealing with is making sure people avoid being poisoned by pollution'

2015 robot kills worker at VW plant: 2 July 2015: Robot kills worker at Volkswagen plant in Germany

2016 carmakers Audi, Mercedes, Opel, Porsche and Volkswagen emissions scandal: 22 April 2016: Diesel crisis deepens as German carmakers Audi, Mercedes, Opel, Porsche and Volkswagen recall 630,000 cars as part of a clampdown on nitrogen oxide emissions

9 September 2016: Volkswagen engineer James Liang pleads guilty to conspiracy in the company’s emissions cheating scandal and has agreed to cooperate in the widening criminal investigation

2017 Daimler emissions scandal: 13 July 2017: German automaker Daimler manipulated the engines of around one million diesel vehicles to make them appear less polluting, local media report

May 2018: Former Chairman of the Vorstand Volkswagen AG Winterkorn was charged in a USA indictment with fraud and conspiracy in the case on 3 May 2018, increasing the likelihood that Winterkorn would face similar actions in his native Germany and impact an existing shareholders lawsuit against Volkswagen

September 2019 call for SUV ban in city: 9 September 2019: Berliners call for SUV ban after a driver reportedly lost control of his car and hit a group of pedestrians in the German capital, killing four people

February 2020 automobile industry facing weaker demand from abroad, stricter emission rules and electrification: 22 February 2020: Problems in Germany’s mighty automobile industry, caused by weaker demand from abroad, stricter emission rules and electrification, is starting to leave a wider mark on Europe’s largest economy by pushing up unemployment, eroding job security and hitting pay

May 2020 German court rules against Volkswagen in 'dieselgate' scandal: 25 May 2020: After years Volkswagen has lost a landmark legal battle in Germany’s highest civil court in 'dieselgate' scandal, in which Volkswagen and fellow German carmaker Daimler have paid more than €30bn, as VW was found to have installed software that artificially lowered emissions of nitrogen oxides when the vehicles were being tested, meaning the output of the harmful pollutants were much higher in real-life conditions, and showing that 'a large corporation is not above the law'

Auto parts suppliers and car parts makers of Germany: Auto parts suppliers of Germany - Tire manufacturers of Germany

August 2020 Germany’s Continental says it used slave labor to supply Nazis: 28 August 2020: German car parts maker Continental, founded in 1871 in Hanover and developed from a consumer and leisure focused company into an armaments business, revealed Thursday that it played a key role in the Nazi war effort and used thousands of slave laborers during World War II, as company was the world’s biggest producer of rubber materials at the time, supplying the Nazi war machine as the horrors of the Holocaust unfolded

Arms industry in Germany and arms export: Arms industry and companies in Germany - Deutschland aktuell drittgrößter Waffenexporteur der Welt

Since 1914 Germany, weapons of mass destruction and history: Germany, weapons of mass destruction and history - Since 1914 Chemical weapons in World War I

Since 1983 German exports to Iraq to produce poison gases: Since 1983 West German companies have exported to Iraq huge quantities of raw materials, equipment, and small industrial factories to produce poison gases, participating directly in building the Sa'd Project, the Iraqi chemical project, and the construction of the military complex in Al-Taji, engaged in chemical warfare during the Iran–Iraq War 1980-1988 - 1986-1989 Anfal genocide and chemical attacks

2011: 1 July 2011: Saudi troops quietly pull out of Bahrain after crackdown on anti-government protests - 3 July 2011: 200 German tanks 'Leopard' to Saudi-Arabia - 4 July: Saudi sources confirm German tanks deal - 44 tanks already bought

14. Juli 2011: Kanzlerin (und Kopf-ab-Komplizin) Merkel - 'Als Waffenhändlerin durch Afrika' im Juli 2011

7. Dezember 2011: Empörung über stark steigende deutsche Rüstungsexporte nach Vorliegen des Rüstungsexportberichts - 19. März 2012: Das Volumen der weltweiten Rüstungsgeschäfte hat in den vergangenen fünf Jahren um 24 Prozent zugenommen - auf die beiden grössten Rüstungsexporteure USA entfällt mehr als die Hälfte - auf Platz drei folgt Deutschland mit neun Prozent

2012: 17 June 2012: Saudi Arabia wants to buy 600-800 Leopard battle tanks from Germany, more than twice as many as originally envisaged - 30 December 2012: The German government is close to completing another 100 million-euro arms deal with Saudi Arabia to sell 30 armoured vehicles, and Berlin's national security council has already signaled its backing

2013: 23 February 2013: German government heavily criticised for allowing its sales of arms and military hardware to Middle Eastern Gulf states to more than double over the past year

2014: 11 January 2014: Political pressure and bribery allegations are unlikely to hurt Germany’s exporters of military equipment, exporting more weapons than Britain, France or any other country besides America and Russia - 11 March: German Heckler&Koch increases small arms exports to conflict regions

2015: 2 June 2015: Selling death - an investigation into Germany’s weapons exports, one of the world’s biggest

2016: 3 July 2016: German arms exports almost doubled in 2015 to their highest level since the beginning of this century, according to an Economy Ministry's report - 25 October 2016: In the first six months of 2016, the CDU/SPD-government approved German arms sales totaling €4.029 billion, an increase of half a billion euros on the first half of the previous year, after 2015 was a record-breaking year for weapons exports, despite assurances from Economy Minister SPD-Gabriel that he wanted to cut down on arms exports

2018: 24 January 2018: Newly released figures show Germany's CDU/SPD coalition approved more weapons exports over the past four years, also showing exports to countries outside the EU and NATO rose even more steeply, by 47% to almost 15 billion euros, as photos emerged in recent days allegedly showing Turkey using German-made tanks against Kurds in northern Syria

October 2019 new military exports to the UAE: German government, headed by CDU's Angela Merkel, has given its approval for new military exports to the UAE, despite an agreement by the ruling coalition to no longer supply military hardware to countries 'directly' involved in the war in Yemen

Chemical industry of Germany: Chemical industry of Germany

Since 1911 development of chemical warfare: Since 1911 Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, during World War I and World War II the research of the institute was directed more or less towards Germany's military needs - Since 1911 later war criminal Fritz Haber played a major role in the development of chemical warfare in World War I, in spite of the Hague Convention of 1907, to which Germany was a signatory - October 1914 'Manifesto of the Ninety-Three' proclamation endorsed by 93 prominent German scientists, scholars and artists, declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions in the early period of World War I, elsewhere called the 'Rape of Belgium', and galvanizing support for the war throughout German schools and universities

Since 1925 IG Farben including BASF, Bayer and Hoechst: In December 1925 IG Farben as a merger of the six companies BASF, Bayer, Hoechst, Agfa, Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron and Chemische Fabrik vorm. Weiler Ter Meer, having a workforce of 100,000-218,000 people, of which 2.6% were university educated, 18.2% were salaried professionals and 79.2% were workers, IG Farben ended up being the 'largest single contribution' to the successful Nazi election campaign of 1933

1933-1945 concentration camp system and killing centers: The German state established killing centers for efficient mass murder as part of the 1933-1945 concentration camp system under National Socialism

German companies involved in the Holocaust: German companies involved in the Holocaust - List of companies involved in the Holocaust, including Allianz, Audi, BASF, Bayer, BMW, Degesch, DEST, Deutsche Bank, Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe (holding company for more than 25 SS industries), Dresdner Bank, Ford Germany, IG-Farben, Krupp, Mercedes-Benz, Opel, Porsche, Thyssen AG, Volkswagen

Since 1919 until today 'Degesch' and 'Zyklon B': In 1938-1943 Degesch, founded in 1919 as a subsidiary of Degussa with its first director Fritz Haber, hold in 1936 by Degussa and IG Farben and having the patent of the infamous Zyklon, a pesticide whose 'Zyklon B' variant (without odor or irritant) was used to execute people in gas chambers of German extermination camps during the Holocaust, became extremely profitable - Nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges führte die Degesch ihr Geschäft fort mit Beteiligung der Bayer AG, der Degussa AG sowie der Th. Goldschmidt AG, seit 1986 als Detia-Degesch GmbH mit Tochtergesellschaften in den USA und Chile

Since 1942 use of'Zyklon B' in the Holocaust: In early 1942, Zyklon B emerged as the preferred killing tool of Nazi Germany for use in extermination camps during the Holocaust

Since 1953 Fritz Haber Institute: Since 1953 Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society (the former Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry since 1911), research topics covered throughout the history of the institute include chemical kinetics and reaction dynamics, colloid chemistry, atomic physics, spectroscopy, surface chemistry and surface physics, chemical physics and molecular physics, theoretical chemistry, and materials science

In the 1960s West Germany planned to deploy chemical weapons, unteachable since 1914: 22 April/2 May 2018: After 'the father of chemical warfare' Fritz Haber personally oversaw the first use of chlorine gas at the front lines at Ypres in 1915 and set out for the eastern front to deploy gas against the Russian army West Germany planned to procure and even deploy chemical weapons in the 1960s, according to recently disclosed and evaluated USA and German military files, contrary to longstanding government denials

2016 BASF fire: 17. Oktober 2016 Unfall bei der BASF in Ludwigshafen mit einem mehr als zehn Stunden andauernden Brand und zwei Explosionen, durch die vier Menschen starben und weitere sieben schwer verletzt wurden - 30 October 2016: BASF chemical giant on Saturday said a firefighter injured in an explosion at its plant in western Germany earlier this month had died, pushing the death toll up to four

August 2018 Monsanto’s Roundup verdict: 11 August 2018: Monsanto, now a unit of Bayer AG, suffered a major blow with a San Francisco jury ruling that the company was liable for terminally ill Dewayne Johnson’s cancer, awarding him $289m in damages, after Monsanto’s Roundup weedkiller caused his cancer without warning him of the health hazards from exposure, and after the jury further found that Monsanto 'acted with malice or oppression' and 'fought science' for years, targeting academics who spoke up about possible health risks of the herbicide product - Monsanto legal cases

Energy and energy policy in Germany: Energy in Germany - Fossil fuels in Germany - Nuclear power in Germany - Nuclear power phase-out in Germany, following the 1979 Three Mile Island partial nuclear meltdown in the USA, the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the USSR, the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan, and nuclear power accidents in Germany - Energy transition in Germany

April 2016 computer virus found in a nuclear power plant in Bavaria: 26 April 2016: Computer virus found in a nuclear power plant in Bavaria

8 July 2022 Germany to reactivate coal power plants as Russia curbs gas flow: 8 July 2022: Germany to reactivate coal power plants as Russia curbs gas flow, as parliament approves measures to use mothballed sites to produce electricity and preserve gas supplies

Renewable energy in Germany: Renewable energy in Germany

Energy infrastructure in Germany: Energy infrastructure in Germany - Electricity sector in Germany

Agriculture in Germany: Agriculture in Germany - products include cereals, sugar beets, vegetables, milk, pork, beef, fruits, grapes and wine, beverages - Agricultural productivity - Agricultural machinery manufacturers of Germany - History of agriculture in Germany

Food industry in Germany: Food industry in Germany

31 July 2023 German supermarket trials charging true climate cost of foods: 31 July 2023: A leading discount supermarket in Germany has raised the prices of a selection of its products to reflect their real cost on people’s health and the environment. In a week-long experiment in all 2,150 branches of the Penny chain, a range of nine products, mainly dairy and meat, will be priced at what experts from two universities have deemed to be their true cost, in relation to their effect on soil, climate, water use and health.

German wine: German wine - Wine regions of Germany

Livestock and animal husbandry in Germany: Livestock and animal husbandry in Germany - Livestock - Animal husbandry - Animal welfare in agriculture in Germany - Fleischkonsum in Deutschland

22 June 2020 meat plant 'system is built on using low-paid, badly exploited workers': 22 June 2020: Covid-19 outbreaks that have struck workers in meat plants around the world are due to poor working conditions and living quarters in a sector that is in a 'disastrous race to the bottom' in the quest for cheap meat, according to trade union representatives, saying 'the whole system is built on using low-paid, badly exploited workers'

Dairy farming in Germany: Dairy farming in Germany

Poultry farming: Poultry farming

2016 German government refuses legal ban on shredding chicks: 18 March 2016: German government refuses legal ban on shredding chicks, as around 45 million male chicks are shredded every year in Germany because they cannot produce eggs

Animal diseases: Animal diseases

10 September 2020 Germany confirms swine fever on its territory leading to crisis measures: 10 September 2020: Germany confirms 1st case of swine fever on its territory - 10 September 2020: German farmers face possible pig culls as African swine fever discovered, as discovery of deadly virus in wild boar cadaver leads to crisis measures including hunting, harvesting and leisure bans

2021 endangered bees and wild bees: Leider gibt es in der Landwirtschaft nur noch wenige adäquate Lebensräume für geschützte Hautflügler, vor allem die intensive Landwirtschaft mit ihrem unverhältnismäßigen Einsatz an Pestiziden bedrohe den Bestand der heimischen Wildbienen massiv, und der Verlust weiterer Arten sei nur noch durch ein Umdenken in der landwirtschaftlichen Praxis möglich,sagt NABU's Johann-Christoph Kornmilch

Organic farming in Germany and NABU: Organic farming in Germany - Sustainable agriculture agriculture - Agricultural biodiversity - Outline of sustainable agriculture - Since 1899 'Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V.' or NABU ('Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union'). a German non-governmental organisation dedicated to conservation at home and abroad, including the protection of rivers, forests and individual species of animals

2014 1,047,633 hectares of farmland for organic agriculture in Germany: In 2014 Germany reached 1,047,633 hectares of farmland for organic agriculture accounting for 6.3% of total farmland

Forestry in Germany: Forestry in Germany - Forests and woodlands of Germany - Western European broadleaf forests

Fishing in Germany: Fishing in Germany

Water in Germany: Water in Germany - List of rivers of Germany by draining - Rivers of Germany by state - Alphabetical list of lakes of Germany - Lakes of Germany by state - Canals in Germany

Water supply and sanitation in Germany: Water supply and sanitation in Germany

Foreign trade of Germany: Foreign trade of Germany

Banking in Germany: Banking in Germany - List of banks in Germany

Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank

1933-1945: 1933-1945 Deutsche Bank took part in the aryanization of Jewish-owned businesses, was involved in 363 such confiscations by November 1938, incorporated other banks that fell into German hands during the occupation of Eastern Europe, provided banking facilities for the Gestapo and loaned the funds used to build the Auschwitz camp and the nearby IG Farben facilities

2001-2007: 2001-2007 Deutsche Bank bank engaged in covert espionage on its critics

2004-2008: 2004-2008 Deutsche Bank was one of the major drivers of the collateralized debt obligation market during the housing credit bubble

2015: 23 April 2015: Deutsche Bank hit by record $2.5bn Libor-rigging fine, also accused of being obstructive towards regulators in their investigations into the global manipulation

2017: 31 January 2017: Deutsche Bank fined $630m over Russia money laundering claims, following five previous fines of £1.7bn for rigging Libor in 2015, of £200m for breaching USA sanctions with Iran and Syria in 2015, of £5.9bn for toxic bond mis-selling scandal in 2016 and of £75m to resolve a USA government lawsuit over hiding tax liabilities to the Internal Revenue Service in 2017 - 21 March 2017: The German bank that loaned $300m to USA's Trump played a prominent role in a money laundering scandal run by Russian criminals with ties to the Kremlin, the Guardian can reveal - 30 May 2017: Federal Reserve fined Deutsche Bank AG $41 million after it found that the German bank had faulty systems to detect suspicious transactions between 2011 and 2015

April 2019 'Deutsche Bank' role in Russian money-laundering scheme: 17 April 2019: Germany’s troubled Deutsche Bank faces fines, legal action and the possible prosecution of 'senior management' because of its role in a $20bn Russian money-laundering scheme, a confidential internal report seen by the Guardian says

7 July 2020 New York state penalizes Deutsche Bank $150M for Epstein dealings: 7 July 2020: New York state penalizes Deutsche Bank $150M for dealings with the late sex offender Jeffrey Epstein

12 January 2021 Deutsche Bank joins companies cutting ties with Donald Trump: 12 January 2021: Deutsche Bank has been Trump’s most important lender since his 1990s bankruptcies, as the 'Trump Organization' fronted by two sons owes the bank about $340m in outstanding loans, now became the latest large company to cut ties with Donald Trump reportedly announcing it would no longer do business with the disgraced president, following deadly attack on the USA Capitol building by a mob of Trump supporters

HSBC Trinkaus Düsseldorf: HSBC Trinkaus Düsseldorf - HSBC Group London - HSBC Private Bank Geneva, together with the private banking business of HSBC Trinkaus known collectively as Global Private Banking - HSBC and money laundering - 8 February 2015: Swiss Leaks, leaked HSBC files offer a rare glimpse inside one of the world’s most private banking systems - 8 February 2015: HSBC files show how Swiss bank helped clients dodge taxes and hide millions

Berenberg Bank: Berenberg Bank, Hamburg-based multinational investment banking and private banking company

2016: 16 April 2016: Public prosecutor and tax authorities are examining claims following leaked 'Panama Papers', that leading German private bank Berenberg helped clients to evade tax - 'Panama Papers' and Germany, Berenberg Bank, Deutsche Bank, Mercedes-Benz, Siemens AG etc.

European Central Bank headquarters in Frankfurt/M.: European Central Bank headquarters in Frankfurt/M. - 18 March 2015: Riots break out at opening ceremony for new ECB headquarters in Frankfurt, setting private vehicles and police cars alight and injuring officers

Economic history and economic cycles in Germany: Economic history of Germany since 1945

1932-1939 unemployment rate in Germany: 1932-1939 unemployment rate in Germany

Since 2007/2008 Financial crisis and ongoing European sovereign debt crisis: 2007-2008 Financial crisis - European sovereign debt crisis (ongoing) - During the late 2000s and early 2010s international 'Great Recession'

2008-2013 recession, economies of EU members and German states: Late 2000s recession in Germany - Economies of EU member states - GDP, growth, deficit and unemployment 2005-2013 - List of German states by GDP 2008-2013

2011/2012: 29. September 2011: Schuldenberg von Bund, Ländern und Gemeinden Ende Juni 2011 auf 2,072 Billionen Euro angewachsen (allein beim Bund auf 1,338 Bio.)

16 August 2011: German economy grew by just 0,1% in second quarter 2011 - 15 February 2012: German economy shrinks 0.2% in fourth quarter 2011 - 15 November 2012: Germany's economy grew by 0.2% between July and September

10 December 2012: General Motors to close Opel plant in Bochum

March 2020 looming recession in German economy: 30 March 2020: The coronavirus outbreak has made a recession in Germany's economy inevitable in the first half of this year, country's council of economic advisers said, predicting that output could shrink by up to 5.4% this year, as others have been more pessimistic

29 April 2020 Germany expects record recession in 2020 due to covid-19 pandemic: 29 April 2020: Germany expects record recession in 2020 due to covid-19 pandemic

15 May 2020 German economy in recession: 15 May 2020: German economy in recession amid covid-19 pandemic as first official snapshot shows GDP down 2.2% in first quarter, 'The Guardian' reports

30 July 2020 German economy shrinks by 10.1% in second quarter: 30 July 2020: The German economy collapsed at a record pace over the second quarter of this year as covid-19 crisis took hold, as GDP fell by 10.1 percent from April to June compared to the previous quarter

February 2021 short-time work owed by covid-19 crisis: 18 Februar 2021: Derzeit sind 2,6 Millionen Arbeitnehmer in Kurzarbeit in der Bundesrepublik, weil u.a. die deutschen Autobauer in der covid-19 Krise deutlich weniger Autos verkaufen

25 May 2020 German economy again in recession: 25 May 2020: German economy again in recession, after high prices took a bigger toll on the country’s economy than originally estimated, and as updated data released by German’s federal statistical office on Thursday showed gross domestic product GDP fell by 0.3% in the first quarter compared with the previous three months, which also recorded a contraction, 'The Guardian' reports

Labor and labor relations in Germany: Labor in Germany - German labour law - Trade unions in Germany

Cooperatives in Germany: Cooperatives in Germany - Worker cooperatives in Europe

Since 2014 Heiler-Glas: Since 2014 Heiler-Glas GmbH in Kirrlach self-managed by its workers

Unemployment in Germany: Unemployment in Germany - List of German states by unemployment rate, ranking from 2,7 to 10,2% in July 2019

Poverty in Germany: Poverty in Germany - Welfare in Germany

2012/2013 gap between rich and poor grows: 23 September 2012: The gap between rich and poor is continuing to widen, according to a new four-yearly poverty report drawn up by the German labor ministry - 6 March 2013: Poverty critics slam Merkel cabinet's social report

October 2014 wealth inequality in Germany: 23 October 2014: Wealth inequality in Germany likely to be higher than previously thought

March 2017 15.7% of Germans in poverty: 3 March 2017: With 15.7% of Germans in poverty, the country has reached a high point since reunification, according to the Equal Welfare Association, based on statistics from the Federal Statistical Office

October 2019 growing gap between the rich and the poor: 7 October 2019: The gap between the rich and the poor in Germany is growing, according to a WSI study, as the findings come in contrast to the greater economic prosperity that Germany has enjoyed for the past 10 years

Wealth in Germany: Wealth in Germany - Alphabetical list of German billionaires - List of German billionaires by net worth

German military 'Bundeswehr': German military 'Bundeswehr' - German rearmament during the interwar period 1918-1939 in violation of the Treaty of Versailles - Rearmament and 'Bundeswehr' since 1955 - Cold War military history of Germany

Since 1937 'Nordlager', since 1961 Hitler-General 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne' in Augustdorf: Barracks of German 'Bundeswehr' - 'Nordlager' in Augustdorf since 1937, Hitler-General 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne' since 1961 - Seit1965 Rommel-Kaserne der Bundeswehr südlich der baden-württembergischen Gemeinde Dornstadt und eine Kasernen die den Namen des Hitler-Generals Erwin Rommel tragen

1996: 14. Juni 1996: Die deutsche 'Wehrmacht' in der Realisierung der Welteroberungs- und Versklavungspläne des national-sozialistischen Deutschlands katapultierte das NS-Mordsystem mit Waffengewalt über die deutschen Grenzen hinaus bis nach Stalingrad und Narvik, an den Nordrand der Sahara und die Küste des Atlantiks, ihren territorialen Eroberungen übrigens immer hart auf dem Fuße ein Vernichtungsapparat, dessen Radius stets identisch mit dem Radius der Wehrmachtsfront war, die daher an der physischen Auslöschung der Opfer selbst dann mitverantwortlich und mitschuldig gewesen wäre, wenn die Massen-, Serien- und Völkermorde ohne ihre Beteiligung stattgefunden hätten, in die sie aber tief involviert war (Ralph Giordano in einem offenen Brief an den CDU-Minister Volker Rühe mit der Aufforderung, Erwin Rommel aus der Bundeswehr-Tradition zu entfernen)

2017: 15 May 2017: The head of the Simon Wiesenthal Center’s Israel office Efraim Zuroff told 'Newsweek' in a telephone interview that the announced still insufficient move to remove Nazi-era military names from German army barracks 'should have happened years ago', as it 'has to be clear that the Wehrmacht also played a role in crimes against humanity and waging a war against peace, people who were part of that shouldn't be the heroes of the new Germany'

1936-1945 War crimes of the Wehrmacht: War crimes of the Wehrmacht - Crímenes de guerra de la 'Wehrmacht' - Válecné zlociny Nemecka behem druhé svetové války - Zbrodnie oddzialów Wehrmachtu - Crimes de guerre de la Wehrmacht - War crimes of the Wehrmacht - Russian language - Verbrechen der Wehrmacht

Since 1949: Since 1949 'Schnez-Truppe', an illegal clandestine army put together in Germany from 1949 by veterans of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS having with around 2,000 officers and a total strength of up to 40,000 members under the leadership of Hitler-officer Albert Schnez (1911–2007) with his accomplices Adolf Heusinger and Hans Speidel

Since 1951: By 1951 CDU-chancellor Konrad Adenauer had learned of the existence of the secret Schnez-army and its military personnel, but evidently declined to act against them

Since 1955 list of generals of the German 'Bundeswehr', mostly former Nazi 'Wehrmacht' officers: List of generals of the German 'Bundeswehr', mostly former Nazi 'Wehrmacht' officers - 1940-1945 Adolf Heusinger devient chef de la section des opérations ('Operationsabteilung') à l’OKH et participe aux décisions opérationnelles et stratégiques, les crimes de guerre de la Wehrmacht - Heinrich Trettner 1907-2006, rejoint la Légion Condor et sert comme adjudant et officier d'opérations du Generalmajor Hugo Sperrle et Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen durant la Guerre civile d'Espagne, ensuite un Generalleutnant allemand qui a servi au sein de la Heer dans la Wehrmacht pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et de 1964 à 1966 Inspecteur général de la Bundeswehr (Generalinspekteur der Bundeswehr)

German military personnel: German military personnel

1976 Rudel-Affäre: Nazi-Offizier Rudel, der sich nach Kriegsende als NS-Fluchthelfer ('Kameradenwerk' Hilfseinrichtung für NS-Kriegsverbrecher in Argentinien und Europa wie Rudolf Heß, Karl Dönitz, Josef Mengele), Neonazi, Waffenhändler, Siemens Auslandsvertreter und Unterstützer von Diktatoren betätigte, nahm im Oktober 1976 auf Einladung ranghoher Bundeswehroffiziere mit öffentlichen Rechtfertigungsversuchen der NS-Vergangenheit an einem Traditionstreffen ehemaliger Angehöriger des Aufklärungsgeschwaders 2 Immelmann der Wehrmacht auf dem Fliegerhorst Bremgarten teil, der Parlamentarische Staatssekretär im Bundesverteidigungsministerium, Hermann Schmidt von der SPD, hatte die Veranstaltung genehmigt

2011-2017: 11 May 2017: Since Germany ended obligatory military service in 2011, the armed forces have examined more than 2,500 cases of suspected right-wing extremists in their ranks

2016/2017: 9 April 2017: German army probing 275 cases of right-wing extremism, including anti-Semitism, of those, 143 cases date back to 2016, with 53 new cases recorded this year

2017: 27 avril 2017: Après la révélation de plusieurs affaires embarrassantes, le général allemand Spindler chargé de la formation a été démis de ses fonctions

Since April 2017: Ab 27. April 2017 Terrorermittlungen gegen Bundeswehr-Oberleutnant Franco Albrecht - 27 April 2017: German lieutenant stationed in Hammelburg, who led a 'double life' pretending to be a Syrian refugee has been arrested on suspicion he planned a gun attack with racist motives, prosecutors say - 3 May 2017: Far right military scandals put German defence minister under pressure - 7 May 2017: German military has ordered an inspection of all of its barracks after discovering Nazi-era memorabilia at two of them, ministry says - 9 May 2017: Police arrested a second soldier Maximilian T. in far-right plot to kill politicians and blame the attack on Muslim asylum seekers

Nazi tradition of intelligence agencies and list of intelligence agencies in Germany (see also 'crime in Germany', explained further below): List of intelligence agencies of Germany

2011: 30 November 2011: Investigators have found that in 2007 the German Intelligence Service BND destroyed files of 250 employees who had been in the Nazi SS or Gestapo

2015: 24 April 2015: German BND helped NSA spy on EU politicians and companies, lied and withheld information for years

Military budget of Germany: Military budget of Germany

1997: 8 May 1997: More than 50 years after Germany's World War II documentary reveals that among more than 1 million people now getting wartime pensions of up to $600 per month are still members and widows of SS units branded as criminal by the Nuremberg war crimes tribunal

2015: 15. Mai 2015: Luftabwehrsystem Meads für Bundeswehr, eines der teuersten Rüstungsvorhaben

2017: 1 March 2017: How much German military spending has grown over time and between the years 2000 and 2015

August 2019 taxpayers pay millions for questionable 'extra tuition': 8 August 2019: Between January and June 2019, the German Defense Ministry and its affiliated institutions spent €155 million on external consultants and support services, almost as much as all 13 other ministries put together, as ministry has long faced scrutiny over equipment deficiencies and why it resorts to consultancy despite having a staff of over 20,000 under CDU's Ursula von der Leyen, now designated president of the European Commission

Taxation in Germany: Taxation in Germany

Federal budget of Germany: Federal budget of Germany

Politics of Germany: Politics of Germany

24 March 1933 'Enabling Act of 1933' and Centre Party: Das 'NS-Ermächtigungsgesetz', welches alle darauf folgenden Maßnahmen zur Festigung der nationalsozialistischen Diktatur ermöglichte, wurde am 24. März 1933 in der Krolloper – neben der NSDAP mit 288 Stimmen – auch von den bürgerlichen Parteien und insbesondere von der Zentrumspartei mit 72 Stimmen angenommen - Background of the Enabling Act of 1933 - Since 1870 Centre Party (Germany)

Political parties in Germany, Nazi tradition and second 'careers': NSDAP/CDU-Kiesinger Kanzler der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Große Koalition von CDU/CSU und SPD 1966-1969, u.a. mit SA- und NSDAP-Mitglied Karl Schiller als Minister) - 1974-1982 Bundeskanzler SPD Helmut Schmidt, Wehrmachtsoffizier im Vernichtungskrieg gegen die UdSSR, bis heute mit humor voller Seilschaft - SA- und NSDAP-Mitglied Karl Carstens Präsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1979-1984

NSDAP/CDU-Filbinger-Affäre (bis 2007) - Justizmorde als NS-Richter - 'Furchtbare Juristen' (mit dem Untertitel 'Die unbewältigte Vergangenheit unserer Justiz') behandelt die Verbrechen der deutschen Justiz in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus und die durch Übernahme von NS-vorbelasteten Juristen in den Staatsdienst der Bundesrepublik Deutschland verhinderte gerichtliche Aufarbeitung ebendieser Verbrechen

SPD-Rassismus: Sarrazins verhinderter Parteiausschluß trotz 2010 publizierter rassistischer Ansichten (nicht abgeschlossen)

Elections and politics in Germany: Elections in Germany - Political parties in Germany

German state elections: Elections in subdivisions of Germany - German state elections

August 1949 West German federal election: 14 August 1949 West German federal election

September 1953 West German federal election: 6 September 1953 West German federal election

September 1957 West German federal election: 15 September 1957 West German federal election

September 1961 West German federal election: 17 September 1961 West German federal election, as the Social Democratic Party narrowly became the largest individual party in the Bundestag, winning 203 of the 521 seats

September 1965 West German federal election: 19 September 1965 West German federal election, as the Social Democratic Party remained the largest single party in the Bundestag, winning 251 of the 518 seats

1 December 1966 former NSDAP member chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger CDU: On 1 December 1966 upon the resignation of Chancellor Ludwig Erhard a grand coalition of Christian Democrats and Social Democrats had governed West Germany under former NSDAP member chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger CDU with SPD chairman Willy Brandt as vice-chancellor and foreign minister

September 1969 West German federal election: 28 September 1969 West German federal election

21 October 1969 Willy Brandt SPD elected Chancellor of Germany: On 21 October 1969 Willy Brandt was elected Chancellor of Germany, the first SPD chancellor in the postwar period, after the last Social Democrat holding this position had been Hermann Müller from 1928 to 1930, with FDP chairman Walter Scheel succeeding Brandt as vice-chancellor and foreign minister, as several party switches in protest against Brandt's Ostpolitik of FDP and SPD members resulted in the snap election of 1972

Since 1972 non-governmental environmental organization 'Greenpeace' and 'Greens' in West Germany: After in 1972 non-governmental environmental organization 'Greenpeace', then in over 55 countries and and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, in the 1970s and 1980s in West Germany a 'Green Party' was formed to organize and accommodate the anti-nuclear movement in Germany, and after peace movement activists and other new social movements had previously been active in the 'APO', as later in 1983, the 'German Green Party' was elected into the Bundestag still in Bonn, where it stood for the concept of movement and change - until today seen in new social movements - and as within only a few years, the 'Greens' gained political influence amid growing knowledge of natural foundations and the unity of man and nature

Since October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital: 3 October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital of the 'Federal Republic of Germany'

December 1990 German federal election: 2 December 1990 German federal election, the first all-German election since the NSDAP show election in April 1938, the first multi-party all-German election since that of March 1933, which was held after the NSDAP seizure of power and was subject to widespread suppression, and the first free and fair all-German election since November 1932, as the 1990 result was a comprehensive victory - following the Monday demonstrations since 1982/1989 in East Germany, the 1989 Alexanderplatz demonstration for political reforms, events in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, the November 1989 fall of the Berlin Wall - for the governing coalition of the CDU/CSU and the FDP, which was reelected to a third term - Revolutions of 1989 formed part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s that resulted in the end of one party ruled regimes in several countries, ongoing in the 21st century and then also including Islamic countries

Federal election 2009: German federal election 2009 - 25. Juli 2012: Von der CDU/FDP-Regierung durchgesetzte Reform des Bundestagswahlrechts wegen Verletzung der Grundsätze der Gleichheit und Unmittelbarkeit der Wahl verfassungswidrig - 10. August 2012: Koalition gegen die Ratifizierung der Uno-Anti-Korruptions-Konvention

Federal election 2013: German federal election 22 September 2013 - 22 septembre 2013: Les Allemands ont voté en masse dimanche matin pour les élections législatives qui devraient confirmer Angela Merkel - 23 September: Germany's CDU/CSU wins by a landslide but faces tough coalition choices - 23/24 September: 'This morning I stood in front of my wardrobe and I thought red is no good, bright green is no good, blue was yesterday, what are you going to do?' CDU chancellor Merkel said - 17 octobre 2013: Merkel tente un rapprochement avec les sociaux-démocrates - 20 octobre: La convention du parti social-démocrate a donné son feu vert aux négociations pour former une coalition avec la CDU - 27 November: CDU/CSU and SPD reach deal on forming a coalition - 14 décembre 2013: Feu vert des sociaux-démocrates à la 'grande coalition' dans un référendum interne - 18 December: Angela Merkel elected to a third term as chancellor in a vote in the German lower house of parliament

2014: 14 February 2014: German minister Friedrich quits over Edathy's suspected involvement in child pornography - 17 February: German grand coalition dispute over SPD lawmaker's child porn probe as commentators are asking whether Merkel's third government can rule in its current state - 26 February: Constitutional court scraps EU vote threshold

Since 20 May 2014: Since 20 May 2014 German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA and BND spying scandal

May 2014 German European Parliament election: German European Parliament election 25 May 2014

2015: 7 May 2015: German defense ministry official tried to get MAD intelligence service on the urging of the manufacturer of assault rifles G36 Heckler&Koch to cover up negative reports about this rifles used by the Bundeswehr - 13 October 2015: Anti-refugee protesters create a gallows for Angela Merkel over her open-door refugee policies as housing for those who have fled the Middle East are daubed in racist graffiti - 17 October 2015: Henriette Reker, running for the office of the Mayor of Cologne, was seriously wounded by an assailant with a knife while shouting against refugees - 7 November 2015: Just two days after resolving a coalition row over how to handle the record influx of refugees, row over their status reopened by the CDU/CSU interior minister saying Syrian refugees would receive a modified status and be barred from having family members join them

2016: 13 March 2016: Legislatures in the prosperous southwestern state of Baden-Wuerttemberg, neighboring Rhineland-Palatinate and relatively poor Saxony-Anhalt in the east entered by right-wing AfD with strong gains, that took around a quarter of the vote in Saxony-Anhalt - Since 2015 German automobile industry emissions scandal - 27 August 2016: Viele Autokonzerne haben manipuliert, die Politik hat in der Abgas-Affäre versagt

December 2016: 1 December 2016: The first time German government admits that Ramstein military base in Rhineland-Palatinate plays a central role in the USA’s illegal drone war missions around the world, killing almost 5,000 people in Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia as well as more than 13,000 in the war in Afghanistan, as the large majority of the victims are innocents such as women, children, and old people according to Ramstein campaign

June 2017: 18 June 2017: NSU victims' families sue German government over investigation errors, as families of two men murdered by a neo-Nazi group are suing for damages due to mistakes made in the probe argueing that authorities could have arrested the trio earlier, preventing further murders - 23 June 2017: German lawmakers voted Thursday to cut off public financing for extremist parties, a measure targeting the neo-Nazi NPD party after two failed attempts by parliament to ban it

August 2017: 21 August 2017: German Chancellor Angela Merkel said Monday she doesn't intend to seek a business post after life in politics and criticised her predecessor S P D-Schröder for joining the board of Russian oil giant Rosneft

September 2017 German federal election: 24 September 2017 German federal election - 24 September 2017: Angela Merkel wins fourth term but neo-Nazi linked AfD surges to third, announcing to 'hunt' Merkel and saying 'we will take our people and our country back'

November 2017: 20 November 2017: Raising prospect of new election German coalition talks break down, after the FDP withdrew

January 2018: 23 janvier 2018: L'extrême droite préside la commission sur le budget - 24 January 2018: Newly released figures show Germany's CDU/SPD coalition approved more weapons exports over the past four years, also showing exports to countries outside the EU and NATO rose even more steeply, by 47% to almost 15 billion euros, as photos emerged in recent days allegedly showing Turkey using German-made tanks against Kurds in northern Syria

February 2018: 7 février 2018: Le parti de la chancelière allemande et les sociaux-démocrates sont enfin tombés d'accord pour gouverner, mais quelque 460'000 militants du SPD devront se prononcer lors d'une consultation interne

March 2018: 4. März 2018 Mitgliedervotum der SPD zum Koalitionsvertrag 2018 - 4 March 2018: Social democrats’ vote for 'grand coalition' with conservatives ends months of uncertainty - 9 mars 2018: Le nouveau gouvernement d'Angela Merkel finalisé

April 2018: 22 April 2018: Germany’s Social Democrats have elected Andrea Nahles, a combative and outspoken former labour minister, as the first female leader of the 155-year-old party

July 2018: 12 July 2018: As German neo-Nazi jailed for NSU's killings, relatives of the victims want to know why their father, brother or son had to die, expressing 'hope all other supporters of the NSU are found and convicted', and spotlight falls on treatment of migrants in Germany

August 2018: 19 August 2018: Neo-Nazis marched through Berlin on Saturday to commemorate the anniversary of the death of Hitler's aide Rudolf Hess, carrying a banner reading 'I don't regret anything', as Putin and Merkel had a quiet drink outside Berlin, showing memory and admiration for Russian, Iranian and Assad's assaults on the Syrian people, murdering hundreds of thousands, for the effects of Sarin, BUK-missiles, Polonium-tea and Novichok-perfume, after Putin's dancing arm-in-arm with Austria's neo-Nazi linked FM Karin Kneissl at her wedding on Saturday

8 September 2018: 8 September 2018: Pressure grows on BfV domestic intelligence agency's Maassen, who told the mass-selling daily 'Bild', that he was skeptical about 'media reports on right-wing extremists hunting down people in Chemnitz', adding that a video circulating shows that the happening could have been faked, promoting the neo-Nazi linked AfD party with his untenable and false assertions and aggravating tensions about whether politicians and the authorities are being too complacent in the face of rising xenophobia in Germany, where many thought the lessons of its Nazi history had long been learned

18 September 2018: 18. September 2018: Bundesregierung befördert den Nazis und Neonazis schützenden Präsidenten des Bundesamtes für Verfassungsschutz Maaßen zum Staatssekretär in das Bundesinnenministerium, als der er in die Besoldungsgruppe B 11 (Grundgehalt 14.157,33 €) statt bisher B 9 (Grundgehalt 11.577,13 €) auf Kosten der Steuerzahler vorrückt, auch ein Bonus dafür, daß Maaßen die juristisch geforderte Offenlegung der beim 'Verfassungsschutz' vorhandenen Akten zu dem NS-Kriegsverbrecher Alois Brunner 'erfolgreich' verweigert hat

November 2018: 5 November 2018: German spy chief Maaßen loses out on government role after firebrand speech

May 2019 European Parliament election in Germany: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Germany

June 2019 neo-Nazi death threats: 20 June 2019: Several German politicians who have publicly stood up for refugees have received death threats since what police are treating as the politically motivated murder of Walter Lübcke, including death threats against Mayor of Cologne Henriette Reker, the victim of an assassination attempt in 2015

August/September 2019: 30 August 2019: Now 80 years after Germany started off World War II, Germany and some nations grapple with their past, mixing victims in with perpetrators, turning Nazis and collaborators into national heroes, as Germany today honours Nazi general Erwin Rommel and sides with belligerent Iran and Russia, committing war crimes year after year

1 September 2019 neo-Nazi linked German AfD party make big gains: 4 September 2019: Anti-immigration and neo-Nazi linked AfD, the third-biggest party in the 2017 German general election, main opposition, and able to mobilise several hundred thousand people who had never voted before, overtakes German Left, Greens and SPD in Saxony and German CDU, Greens and Left in Brandenburg in state elections

7/8 September 2019 CDU, SPD and FDP elected neo-Nazi to head local authority: 8 September 2019: All representatives, including representatives of the CDU, SPD and FDP, of the Ortsbeirat of Altenstadt-Waldsiedlung had voted neo-Nazi Deputy NPD state chairman Stefan Jagsch as their head

November 2019 commemorating 1938 'Kristallnacht': 8 November 2019: A resolution commemorating 1938 'Kristallnacht', that notes the synagogue shootings in Pittsburgh and Poway, will be introduced by USA democrats, recalling the pogroms that erupted in Germany and Austria and marked the first wide-scale use of violence by the Nazis against Jews, as CDU could 'tear itself apart' after call for AfD coalition in Thuringia, beaten into third place by the openly xenophobic and neo-Nazi linked party - 9 novembre 2019: L'Allemagne et l'Europe célèbrent le 30e anniversaire de la chute du Mur de Berlin qui avait mis fin à la division du continent

15 November 2019 AfD party's Brandner removed from parliament’s Legal Affairs Committee chairmanship: 15 November 2019: AfD party's Brandner removed from parliament’s Legal Affairs Committee's chairmanship by German lawmakers, after he made comments that have been widely condemned as anti-Semitic and racist, and after he was choosen by the same lawmakers

November/December 2019 leadership vote of Social Democrats: 1 December 2019: After Walter-Borjans and Saskia Esken, who are demanding a shift in policies, won a vote for leadership of Social Democrats, several senior conservatives on Sunday ruled out talks to renegotiate a governing agreement

December 2019 parliament urges to ban all activities by Iran-backed Hezbollah in Germany, citing its 'terrorist activities', especially in Syria: 19 December 2019: German parliament on Thursday approved a motion urging Chancellor Angela Merkel's government to ban all activities by the Iran-backed Hezbollah group on German soil, citing its 'terrorist activities', especially in Syria

15 January 1919 - 15 January 2020: 15 January 2020: Russian Jew David Dushman, one of the last surviving soldiers to have taken part in the liberation of the Auschwitz camp in January 1945, since 1996 living in southern Germany and still struggling to explain how such a catastrophe could happen, joined the Red Army in 1941 after Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, today saying 'they were standing there, all of them in (prisoner) uniforms, only eyes, only eyes, very narrow - that was very terrible, very terrible'

6 February 2020 anti-Semitic AFD party's backing for Thuringia's new elected state premier Kemmerich shocks Germany: 6 February 2020: Anti-Semitic AFD party's backing for Thuringia's FDP politician and new elected state premier Kemmerich shocks Germany, also enjoying support from lawmakers of Chancellor Merkel’s CDU as well as his FDP stablemates, as tacit cooperation between CDU, FDP and AfD condemned by Josef Schuster, saying he was 'horrified' by Wednesday’s vote

10 February 2020 Kramp-Karrenbauer to quit as CDU leader and chancellor's candidacy: 10 février 2020: Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, la dauphine désignée d'Angela Merkel, a annoncé lundi renoncer à lui succéder et vouloir abandonner la présidence du parti conservateur, tirant les leçons de la crise politique ouverte par une alliance avec néonazis en Thuringe

5-23 February 2020 CDU supports neo-Nazi linked AfD and Secretary General denies solution of crisis: 5 February 2020: CDU and FDP politicians 'break taboo' voting with racist AfD and its state leader Björn Höcke, legally termed a fascist, to oust Thuringia premier Bodo Ramelow, defying the national party’s refusal to work with neo-Nazi linked parties - 23 February 2020: After lawmakers in Thuringia agreed on a way to vote in a new state government without the support of neo-Nazi party, avoiding a repeat of a decision earlier this month that caused a political uproar, CDU Secretary General Paul Ziemiak criticized party lawmakers for the way out of the crisis caused by the CDU (the party of NSDAP members Globke, Kiesinger Filbinger etc.), saying 'this is about the credibility of the CDU in general', adding that the party 'rejects all coalitions and similar forms of cooperation'

30 April 2020 Germany bans all Hezbollah activity on its soil: 30 April 2020: After USA and Israeli pressure, Germany bans all Hezbollah activity on its soil, designating the Iran-backed group a terrorist organizations, as Israel welcomes move as a 'valuable and significant step in the global fight against terrorism', urging more European states to follow

6 June 2020 loneliest of D-Day remembrances amid covid-19 as 'Bundeswehr' continues to praise Nazigeneral Rommel: 6 June 2020: The loneliest of D-Day remembrances is marked amid covid-19 pandemic, as small ceremony held a year after tens of thousands came to Normandy beaches to cheer the dwindling number of veterans and celebrate liberation from Nazi oppression, as German 'Bundeswehr' continues to praise and honour the Nazigeneral Rommel

24/25 June 2020 Germans back in lockdown demand accountability: 24 June 2020: Germans back in lockdown demand accountability, as residents and local businesses forced back into strict lockdown following a covid-19 outbreak at a local abattoir are demanding that those responsible are held to account and North Rhine-Westphalia’s Gütersloh district had its first full day under a reimposed covid-19 lockdown after more than 1,700 employees at the Tönnies abattoir and meat processing plant tested positive - 25 June 2020: Abattoir air cooling systems could pose covid-19 risks, expert warns, as analysis of Tönnies meat plant system in Gütersloh shows it contributed to spread of aerosol droplets laden with coronavirus

July 2020 SPD leader (2009-2017) Sigmar Gabriel paid as a consultant for the meat producer Toennies: 2 July 2020: 2009-2017 SPD leader and former Federal Minister of Economics Sigmar Gabriel paid as a consultant for the meat producer Toennies in Rheda since March 2020, as Gabriel reportedly received a flat fee of € 10,000 per month and an additional four-digit fee for each day of travel for his activity that should last two years

15 July 2020 German CDU Merkel supports 'Wirecard' China deal, CSU-Guttenbergs 'Spitzberg Partners': Am 15. Juli 2020 wurde bekannt, dass CSU-Guttenbergs 'Spitzberg Partners' 2019 dem Zahlungsdienstleister Wirecard, der 2020 Insolvenz angemeldet hat, beim Eintritt in das China-Geschäft unterstützt hat, und zugleich bei der Bundesregierung Lobbyarbeit für Wirecard leistete - 15. Juli 2020: Guttenberg warb bei der Bundesregierung für Wirecard und die Beratungsfirma des Ex-Ministers begleitete 2019 den China-Deal des Zahlungsdienstleisters, und suchte und fand bei CDU-Merkel Regierung Unterstützung für das Vorhaben

29 July 2020 draft bill against use of subcontractors in meat industry approved: a29 July 2020: CDU-Merkel's cabinet has approved a draft bill that would ban the use of subcontractors and agency workers in the meat industry, and that could mean working and housing conditions get better, as NGG, which represents workers in the food industry, welcomed the new regulations

August 2020 anniversary of 'SPD Arbeiterjugendtag in Hamburg' 28-30 August 1920: August 2020 hundredth anniversary of 'SPD Arbeiterjugendtag in Hamburg' 28-30 August 1920 - 1933 'Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft' ('promise of most loyal obedience'), a declaration by 88 German writers and poets of their loyalty to Adolf Hitler printed in the 'Vossische Zeitung' on 26 October 1933, publicised by the 'Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin' and in German media, such as the 'Frankfurter Zeitung', to widen public awareness of the confidence of the signed poets and writers in Hitler as the Chancellor of Germany

7 September 2020: German Greens well placed for share of power despite covid-19 setback: 7 September 2020: German Greens well placed for share of power despite covid-19 setback

16/17 September 2020 29 Green party calls for review of extremism in the police force sharing pictures of Hitler and refugees in gas chambers: 16/17 September 2020: Green party calls for a nationwide review of extremism in the police force, after investigators searched 34 locations, including police stations and private apartments, as 29 German police officers suspended for sharing pictures of Hitler, also accused of sharing doctored images depicting refugees in gas chambers and using neo-Nazi chatrooms

18 September 2020 German states push for police racism probe: 18 September 2020: Several Social Democrat-led regional governments in Germany are insisting their own studies into racism among police forces if Interior Minister Horst Seehofer does not initiate a nationwide study

20 September 2020 Seehofer plans Germany's racism probe: 20. September 2020: Seehofer plant breit angelegte Rassismus-Studie, stemmt sich aber weiterhin gegen eine Studie zu rassistischen Tendenzen bei der Polizei

24 September 2020 German CDU/CSU party's and Europe's memory: , 24 September 2020: Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen continues to promote war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the 'Führerbegleitbatallion' during the invasion of Poland, since 1940 a military commander in Nazi Germany's conquest of western Europe, describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military - 24 September 2020: As site in Amsterdam’s Jewish Quarter will feature names of more than 102,000 Jews, Roma and Sinti who were murdered in or on their way to Nazi concentration camps, a school friend of World War II Jewish diarist Anne Frank laid the first stone Wednesday at a new memorial under construction in Amsterdam to honor all Dutch victims of the Holocaust, after Dutch court cleared the way last year for the memorial to be constructed

8 October 2020 AfD's Gottschalk chairman of Wirecard committee of inquiry with CDU and SPD support: ^8. Oktober 2020: AfD's Kay Gottschalk mit den Stimmen von CDU und SPD zun Ausschussvorsitzenden des Wirecard-Untersuchungsausschusses gewählt - 8 October 2020: Survivors relive terror in German trial of Halle synagogue attack

29 October 2020 German chancellor decries populists who say coronavirus is harmless: 29 October 2020: Populists who argue the coronavirus is harmless are dangerous and irresponsible, German chancellor Angela Merkel said on Thursday, defending a circuit break lockdown aimed at slowing the spread of the virus

19/20 November 2020 AfD-linked demonstrators penetrated the Bundestag as 75 years marked since Nuremberg trials: 20 November 2020: 75 years marked since Nuremberg trials that established concept of war criminals, as aggressive demonstrators supported by neo-Nazi linked AfD-party penetrated the Bundestag while parliamentarians were discussing a new Infection Protection Law, after party's Gauland in May described the 8 May 1945 a 'day of absolute defeat', also repeatly praising German war criminals, allied with other German politicians in the AfD, CDU, SPD and FDP

3 December 2020 Germany to return to pre-Nazi alphabet table with Jewish names: 3 December 2020: For first time in 86 years, schools plan to use so-called Weimar tables as aid to help children learn to spell, as Germany is planning a return to pre-World War II alphabet tables that existed before the Nazis removed all names with Jewish associations, according to local media

16 January 2021 CDU party chooses Armin Laschet as leader: 16 January 2021: Angela Merkel's CDU party chooses Armin Laschet as leader, beating the conservative hardliner F. Merz by 521 to 466 votes in a run-off vote

4 February 2021 Germany governed by Merkel CDU records new jump in neo-Nazi linked crime in 2020: 4 February 2021: Germany records new jump in neo-Nazi linked crime in 2020, as number jumped to its highest level for many years, according to provisional official figures, as police recorded 23,080 crimes of a far-right nature last year, around 700 more than the previous year

15 March 2021 CDU defeats in Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate: 15 March 2021: Christian Democrats face questions over their new leader and the impact of a corruption scandal involving face mask production following historic defeats in German regional elections on Sunday in the states of Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate, after the CDU had previously ruled Baden-Württemberg from 1953 for almost 58 years, shaped by NSDAP and CDU careerists Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Hans Filbinger and also Hitler-general Erwin Rommel, and as the CDU has had to face up to the fact that a corruption scandal involving alleged kickbacks over face mask procurement, which led to the resignation of three MPs within a week, in the run-up to the votes, has seriously damaged its image

31 March 2021 Syrian refugee drops out of German parliament election after threats in NRW: 31 March 2021: A Damascus-born Syrian man running to become the first refugee to enter the German parliament has withdrawn his candidacy, citing personal threats and security concerns, as Tareq Alaows, who fled Assad's conscription in Syria and therefore orders to kill fellow citizens, arriving in Germany in 2015, was in January 2021 nominated as a Bundestag candidate for an opposition party in North Rhine-Westphalia, as on Tuesday his party issued a statement saying Alaows had withdrawn his candidacy because of threats against himself and people close to him

9 April 2021 federal plan to take control of Germany’s covid response: 9 April 2021: The German chancellor Angela Merkel plans to take control over the covid-19 response from federal states to impose restrictions on regions with high numbers of new infections, as the head of the country’s disease control agency said Germany needed a two- to four-week lockdown to prevent hospitals from being overwhelmed

13 May 2021 German Jews demand government protect synagogues after attacks: 13 May 2021: Germany’s Jewish community called upon the German government on Tuesday to step up protection of Jewish institutions throughout the country after Israeli flags were burned, the window of a synagogue door was shattered and in another a fire was lit over a monument marking the site of a synagogue destroyed by the Nazis in 1938

3 July 2021 Biden to nominate daughter of Holocaust survivor as USA Ambassador to Germany: 3 July 2021: USA's president Joe Biden will nominate University of Pennsylvania president Amy Gutmann, the daughter of a Holocaust survivor, as USA Ambassador to Germany, as Gutmann will be the first woman to ever hold the post, and will be counted on to use her academic expertise in political and democratic philosophy to stabilize USA-German relations following the Trump years

18 July 2021 CDU, chancellor Merkel and election campaign: July 2021 CDU and chancellor Merkel and election campaign - 23. Mai 2021: Die Opfer des Krieges des Hamas-Regimes in Gaza im Mai 2021 gegen Israel

20 July 2021 before the German September elections: Since 1950s Western German state's yearly commemoration of German empire's army officers' 20 July 1944 attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler to ensure their own survival, now facing the inevitable defeat of the earlier promoted empire and its crimes, made powerful by them in the inhuman war - Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg beim deutschen Überfall auf Polen, 'Westfeldzug', im Oberkommando des Heeres

Since 1932 22 assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler ending with the failed 20 July 1944 plot following successful Normandy landing by Allied forces: Since 1932 list of 22 assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler ending with the failed 20 July 1944 plot following successful Normandy landing by Allied forces - 20 July 1944 NSDAP ruled German empire's army officers attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler inside his 'Wolf's Lair' field headquarters near Rastenburg in east Prussia, an action called 'Operation Valkyrie', following NSDAP empire's offensives since 1939, including invasion and occupation of Poland, battle of the Atlantic, invasions of Denmark, of Norway, of Iceland, battle of the Netherlands, invasion of Luxembourg, Battle of Belgium, Battle of France 'Case Yellow', Battle of Britain, invasion of Yugoslavia (NSDAP rulw Germany and Axis allies via Germany, Italy, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Albania), Battle of the Mediterranean, Battle of Greece, Battle of Crete, and 'Operation Barbarossa', including several barbaric sieges of large cities until the military initiative was won by the Soviet Union in summer 1943 - June - August/September 1944 'Battle of Normandy', the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II, launched on 6 June 1944 with the Normandy landings

Since ancient times Torah's sixth commandment 'Thou shalt not murder': 9. November 2006: Die Formulierung des sechsten Gebotes in der Tora ist eine ganz andre als in den Formulierungen beruhend auf der lateinischen Bibelübersetzung, wie sie die römisch-katholische Kirche seit Mittelalter verwendete, nämlich 'ratsah', das mit 'morden' übersetzt werden sollte. Diese Wurzel bezieht sich nur auf verbrecherische Tötungshandlungen - The fifth book of the Jewish Torah, the ten commandments, and the sixth commandment 'Thou shalt not murder'

21 July 2021 Germany’s cabinet approved 400 million euro package of flood victims aid: 21 July 2021: Germany’s cabinet has approved an approximately 400 million euro package of immediate aid for the victims of last week’s floods to deliver urgently needed aid, promises billions-strong reconstruction programme following deadly flooding, after at least 170 people were killed by floods causing extensive damage to local infrastructure

19./20. Juni 2021 Wahlprogrammparteitag der Partei 'Die Linke' für die Bundestagswahl am 26. September: Reden auf dem Wahlprogrammparteitag der Partei 'Die Linke' am 19./20. Juni für die Bundestagswahl am 26. September 2021 mit der Rede der Parteivorsitzenden Janine Wissler 'Für eine starke Linke und einen Politikwechsel', mit der Rede der Vorsitzenden der Bundestagsfraktion Amira Mohamed Ali 'Wir legen uns jeden Tag mit den Reichen und Mächtigen an'

September 2021 German federal election for the 20th Bundestag: 26 September 2021 German federal election for the 20th Bundestag - Opinion polling for the 2021 German federal election - 26 September 2021: Social Democrats and Merkel’s CDU neck-and-neck in chancellor race, exit poll says in the early evening, as 'The Guardian' reports live

27 September 2021 SPD wins narrow victory with 25.7% of the vote: 27 September 2021: SPD wins narrow victory with 25.7%, CDU/CSU with 24.1%, Greens with 14.8% and FDP with 11.5% of the vote, according to preliminary results - 27 September 2021: German constituency held by Angela Merkel for the last 30 years has flipped to a 27-year-old politician from the SPD, in the starkest expression yet of a generational change of guard underlying Sunday’s national vote, after Angela Merkel had continuously won a direct mandate in the electoral district of Vorpommern-Rügen/Vorpommern-Greifswald I since it was created after reunification in 1990 - 27 September 2021: German election 2021 full results and analysis, reported by 'The Guardian'

8 December 2021 Olaf Scholz elected to succeed Angela Merkel as Germany’s new chancellor: 8 December 2021: Olaf Scholz elected to succeed Angela Merkel as Germany’s new chancellor after securing a majority of 395 of 736 delegates’ ballots in a parliamentary vote, as Scholz will oversee a liberal-left coalition government between his Social Democratic party, the Greens and the liberal Free Democratic party, the first power-sharing agreement of such a kind in Germany

7 March 2022 Olaf Scholz pushes back against calls to ban Russian oil and gas imports: 7 March 2022: German chancellor Scholz pushes back against calls to ban Russian oil and gas imports, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates

17 March 2022 Ukrainian president addresses German parliament urging for help against Russia's new 'Wall': 17 March 2022: Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky virtually addressed the Germany parliament and urged for a help to destroy the new 'Wall' Russia was erecting in Europe, as ahead of his address, German MPs gave Zelensky a standing ovation

7 December 2022 members of German far-right terrorist group arrested for allegedly planning a coup d'état: On 7 December 2022, 25 members of a far-right terrorist group were arrested for allegedly planning a coup d'état in Germany. The group, called 'Patriotic Union' which was led by a 'Council', is connected with Germany's far-right extremist Reichsbürger movement. The groups aim to reestablish a monarchist government in Germany in the tradition of the German Reich, with the government being similar to the German Empire. The 'Patriotic Union' reportedly wanted to provoke chaos and a civil war in Germany in order for it to take power. Over 3,000 police and special forces searched 130 locations throughout Germany and made several arrests, including Heinrich Prinz Reuss, a descendant of the House of Reuß, as well as former Alternative for Germany AfD MP Birgit Malsack-Winkemann. The group also included active military and police personnel. The operation against the group is considered to be the largest in Germany's history, and the Public Prosecutor General Peter Frank declared the group to be a terrorist organization. - Reichsbürgerbewegung, a label for several anticonstitutional/revisionist groups and individuals in Germany and elsewhere who reject the legitimacy of the Federal Republic of Germany in favour of the second German Empire (1871–1918) and the 'German Reich' (1919–1933/45). 21st century's authorities estimate that 21,000 people belong to the movement in Germany, as of July 2021.

7 Deceember 2022 as fear of local extremism grows, Germany approves first-ever government plan to combat antisemitism: 7 December 2022: Just days before news of a planned neo-Nazi linked terrorist plot to overthrow Germany’ government has stoked fears about the rise of extremism here, government officials approved Germany’s first-ever program specifically designed to fight antisemitism and promote Jewish life. Approved last Thursday by the entire German Cabinet and presented in Berlin by Felix Klein, Germany’s commissioner on antisemitism, the National Strategy against Anti-Semitism and for Jewish Life highlights best practices and recommends new actions to be taken on political and societal levels.

State elections and subdivisions of Germany: State elections by state and by year in the Federal Republic of Germany - Subdivisions of Germany - History of Germany by state - Former German states and territories by current state - Municipalities of Germany - List of cities and towns in Germany

History of Baden-Württemberg: History of Baden-Württemberg

Economy,agriculture and environment in Baden-Württemberg: Economy,agriculture and environment in Baden-Württemberg

Geography of Baden-Württemberg: Geography of Baden-Württemberg

Demographics, cities and towns in Baden-Württemberg: List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population - Demographics of Baden-Württemberg with a population of 10,486,660 citizens in 2014

Stuttgart Metropolitan Region: Stuttgart Metropolitan Region is a metropolitan region in Germany consisting of the cities of Stuttgart, Heilbronn, Tübingen/Reutlingen

Stuttgart city: Stuttgart city, the capital and largest city of Baden-Württemberg, located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley with a population of 635,911 citizens in 2020 - History of Stuttgart

Economy of Stuttgart: Economy of Stuttgart area, known for its high-tech industry, as some of its most prominent companies include Daimler AG, Porsche, Bosch, Celesio, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Sika

Timeline of Stuttgart: Timeline of Stuttgart

20th century Stuttgart: 20th century Stuttgart

Since October 1998 'Southwest Broadcasting', a regional public broadcasting corporation: Since October 1998 'Southwest Broadcasting', a regional public broadcasting corporation serving the southwest of Germany, with corporation's main offices and director's office being in Stuttgart

Heidelberg city: Heidelberg city, a university town in Baden-Württemberg, situated 78 km south of Frankfurt on the river Neckar with a population 159,914 citizens in 2016, of which roughly a quarter consisted of students, as Heidelberg is part of the densely populated Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region

Schwetzingen town: Schwetzingen town in northwest Baden-Württemberg, around 10km southwest of Heidelberg and 15km southeast of Mannheim, one of the five biggest cities of the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis district, located in the Rhine-Neckar-triangle in the plain of the Rhine river, lying west of the Odenwald and in the east of the Rhine. A small stream, the Leimbach, runs through the city before joining the Rhine. The city is most famous for Schwetzingen Palace and the Schlosstheater. The palace grounds also feature a mosque, the oldest in Germany. Although not functional, it was used by Muslim prisoners in the Franco-Prussian War.

Schwetzingen palace and festival: Schwetzingen Palace situated in Schwetzingen, roughly equidistant from the electors' seats at Heidelberg and Mannheim, and is most notable for its spacious and ornate gardens. Other than these exceptionally well preserved gardens and the palace proper, the compound also features the Schlosstheater Schwetzingen, the principal venue for the annual Schwetzingen festival.

Karlsruhe city: Karlsruhe city, the second-largest city of the federal state of Baden-Württemberg after its capital of Stuttgart, with 313,092 inhabitants on the right bank of the Rhine

Mannheim city: Mannheim city, the third-largest city in Baden-Württemberg with a population of approximately 309,119 inhabitants in 2020, as the city is at the centre of the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region

Göppingen town: Göppingen town in southern Germany, part of the Stuttgart Region of Baden-Württemberg, and the capital of the district Göppingen, as the city is also home to the toy company Märklin, as Göppingen is situated at the bottom of the Hohenstaufen mountain, in the valley of the river Fils, with the districts of Bartenbach, Bezgenriet, Faurndau, Göppingen, Hohenstaufen, Holzheim, Jebenhausen and Maitis

History and economy of Göppingen: History and economy of Göppingen, as - following the August 1782 destruction of the town by a fire - industrialisation during the 19th century made the area into a centre of industry

Weikersheim town: Weikersheim town in the Main-Tauber district of Baden-Württemberg, im fränkisch geprägten Nordosten des heutigen Bundeslandes

Weikersheim history: Weikersheim in der Geschichte, frühe Neuzeit, 2. 'Reich', Nationalsozialisms, nach zwei Weltkriegen Bundesland mit Gebietsreformen und Einwohnerentwicklung bis 2020 und 7439 'citizen' - Die Jüdische Gemeinde in Weikersheim bestand bereits im Mittelalter (mit Unterbrechungen durch Judenverfolgungen) und in der Neuzeit ab dem 17. Jahrhundert bis zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus, Jews numbered 82 in Wekersheim in 1900, just 16 in 1933, and in the 1930s/40s ten managed to emigrate, according to Yad Vashem

Economy, schools, politics and culture in Weikersheim: Wirtschaft, Ausbildung, Politik, Gemeinderat, Kultur und Kulturdenkmale in Weikersheim

Heilbronn city: Heilbronn city in northern Baden-Württemberg, surrounded by Heilbronn District. With over 126,000 residents, it is the sixth-largest city in the state. From the late Middle Ages on, it developed into an important trading centre. At the beginning of the 19th century, Heilbronn became one of the centres of early industrialisation in Württemberg. Heilbronn's old town was completely destroyed during the air raid of 4 December 1944 and rebuilt in the 1950s. Today Heilbronn is the economic centre of the Heilbronn-Franken region.

Neckarwestheim municipality: Neckarwestheim municipality, with 3524 inhabitants in the Heilbronn district, Baden-Württemberg, in south-west Germany. It is located on the Neckar river and is well known as the location of a nuclear power station, the Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Plant.

Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Station: Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Station, a nuclear power plant in Neckarwestheim municipality, sometimes abbreviated GKN

15 April 2023 nuclear power phase-out in Neckarwestheim: 15. April 2023: Nachdem in den Tagen vor dem geplanten Abschalttermin erneut eine Debatte über eine eventuelle Laufzeitverlängerung der verbliebenen drei Reaktoren und über die Wiederinbetriebnahme bereits abgeschalteter Kernkraftwerke entfacht wurde, wurden mit Ablauf des 15. April die letzten drei deutschen Reaktoren jedoch wie geplant vom Netz genommen.

Politics and state elections in Baden-Württemberg: State elections in Baden-Württemberg

1848–1849: Baden in the German revolutions of 1848–1849 - 1848/1849 Baden Revolution

1933-1945 subcamps of the Natzweiler-Struthof complex of Nazi concentration camps: List of subcamps of the Natzweiler-Struthof complex of Nazi concentration camps, located on both sides of the German-French border, in Alsace and Lorraine as well as in the adjacent German provinces of Baden and Württemberg

Since 1942 World War II Axis advance stalls: Since January 1942 and the German defeat in Stalingrad the Allied Forces of WWII, including the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the USA and 22 smaller or exiled governments including Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Free France, Poland etc., issued the Declaration by United Nations, affirming the Atlantic Charter, and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers and that defeating Germany was the primary objective - By 30 April 1945, German empire's army in Southwest Germany were defeated and all of Baden, Württemberg and Hohenzollern were completely occupied

1958-1978 Baden-Württemberg governed by former NSDAP members: Since the creation of the state of Baden-Württemberg in 1952, the state's Minister-presidents included 1958-1960 former NSDAP's Kurt Georg Kiesinger and 1966-1978 former NSDAP's Hans Filbinger

Since 1962 Nazigeneral 'Rommel-Kaserne' in Dornstadt: Since 1962 'Rommel-Kaserne' in Dornstadt, named to honour Nazigeneral Rommel

March 2011 Baden-Württemberg state election: March 2011 Baden-Württemberg state election - 11. Juli 2012: Staatsanwaltliches Ermittlungsverfahren gegen früheren CDU-Ministerpräsidenten Mappus wegen Untreue beim Kauf von EnBW-Aktien - 14. Juli 2012: CDU distanziert sich von Stefan Mappus

March 2016: 13. März 2016 Landtagswahl in Baden-Württemberg - 12 May 2016: Green party politician and first Muslim woman Muhterem Aras elected with a large majority as president (speaker) of Baden-Württemberg's state legislature

13/14 July 2020 police searching for threatening armed man in combat gear: 13 July 2020: Police in Baden-Württemberg are searching for a man in combat gear armed with a bow and arrow, a knife and a handgun who held up four police officers and stole their weapons, as schools, nurseries and lidos in Oppenau stay closed - 14 July 2020: Police are looking for armed man with a large contingent

March 2021 Baden-Württemberg state election: 14 March 2021 Baden-Württemberg state election - Opinion polling reported by 'Wikipedia' (english)

div>History of Bavaria: History of Bavaria

Cities in Bavaria: Cities in Bavaria

Munich Metropolitan Region: Munich Metropolitan Region

Munich city: Munich city, the capital and most populous city of Bavaria with a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants in 2020, as city's metropolitan region is home to 6 million people, located at the banks of the River Isar - a tributary of the Danube - north of the Bavarian Alps - History of Munich since Middle Ages

Timeline of Munich since 1158: Timeline of Munich since 1158

20th century timeline of Munich: 20th century timeline of Munich

8-9 November 1923 'Beer Hall Putsch in Munich' of Hitler and the NSDAP Party: 8-9 November 1923 'Beer Hall Putsch in Munich', as Adolf Hitler and the NSDAP Party planned to seize Munich and use the city as a base for a march against Germany's national government, failure of the Putsch

21st century timeline of Munich: 21st century timeline of Munich

Since 22 March 2007 Jewish Museum Munich: Since 22 March 2007 Jewish Museum Munich, providing an overview of Munich’s Jewish history as a part of the city's new Jewish Center located at Sankt-Jakobs-Platz. It is situated between the main synagogue Ohel Jakob and the Jewish Community Center which is home to the Jewish Community of Munich and Upper Bavaria and houses a public elementary school, a kindergarten, a youth center as well as a community auditorium and a kosher restaurant.

Since May 2015 'NS-Dokumentationszentrum' museum of Munich: Since May 2015 'NS-Dokumentationszentrum', a museum in the Maxvorstadt area of Munich, which focuses on the history and consequences of the NSDAP regime and the role of Munich as Hauptstadt der Bewegung ('capital of the movement')

17 February 2023 Ukrainian president Zelenskiy will be the opening speaker at the three-day Munich security conference: 17 February 2023: Senior politicians are meeting today in Germany, with Ukrainian officials expected to address the 'security conference', as - bolstered by tens of thousands of reservists - Russia's Putin regime has intensified ground attacks across southern and eastern Ukraine, and, as the first anniversary of its 24 February invasion nears, a major new Russian offensive appears to be taking shape, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates

Tegernsee town and lake: Tegernsee town in the Miesbach district of Bavaria, located on the shore of Lake Tegernsee, which is 747m above sea level. A spa town, it is surrounded by an alpine landscape of Upper Bavaria, and has an economy mainly based on tourism. The town is home to a former Benedictine monastery, the Tegernsee Abbey. - Tegermsee lake

Since Middle Ages history of Tegernsee region and of Tegernsee town: History of Tegernsee area since Middle Ages, as the recorded history of the region and of the town began with the arrival of the Bavarians in the sixth century AD. In 746, the noble family of Huosi founded the Benedictine monastery 'Tegernsee Abbey'.

Ca. 1180 'Codex latinus Monacencis': Ca. 1180 'Dû bist mîn, ich bin dîn', der erste von sechs zusammenhängenden Versen, die sich im Codex latinus Monacencis (Tegernseer Briefsammlung) am Ende eines Liebesbriefes finden. Sie wurden gegen Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts von einem anonymen Schriftsteller verfasst. Der Text gehört zu den bekanntesten Beispielen der deutschen Literatur des Mittelalters und gilt als ältestes mittelhochdeutsches Liebeslied.

Nuremberg city: Nuremberg city, the second-largest city of Bavaria with 518,370 inhabitants in 2019, situated on the Pegnitz River (from its confluence with the Rednitz in Fürth onwards Regnitz, a tributary of the River Main) and the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal, and located in the Bavarian administrative region of Middle Franconia, as Nuremberg forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring cities of Fürth, Erlangen and Schwabach

Economy and economic history of Nuremberg: Economy and economic history of Nuremberg, as the 1797-1801 sample was early industrial, then the economic structure of the region around Nuremberg was dominated by metal and glass manufacturing, reflected by a share of nearly 50% handicrafts and workers, as in the 19th century Nuremberg became the 'industrial heart' of Bavaria with companies such as Siemens and MAN establishing a strong base in the city during the rise of the 2nd Germany empire leading to WWI and II, as Nuremberg after WWII is still an important industrial centre with a strong standing in the markets of Central and Eastern Europe, as items manufactured in the area include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles, writing and drawing paraphernalia, stationery products and printed materials, and as in 21st century the city is also strong in the fields of automation, energy and medical technology, and around a third of German market research agencies are located in the city in an area of growing aggressive advertising especially in some parts of our planet

Since 1949/50 Nuremberg International Toy Fair (Spielwarenmesse): Since 1949/50 Nuremberg International Toy Fair (Spielwarenmesse) and annually held, the largest international trade fair for toys and games as only trade visitors associated with the toy business, journalists and invited guests are admitted when during about 2,800 exhibitors from about 60 countries present their products, in 2017 73,000 trade visitors and purchasers from 123 countries, and as the fair is organized by 'Spielwarenmesse eG' - 'Global Toy Conference' on the last day of the fair dealing with issues concerning the future of the toy trade and industry, e.g. sustainability, toy safety, but today also online marketing and successful selling on the Internet - 20 categories of modelling in the USA and UK - Les différentes formes de modélisme en France au 21ème siècle - Depuis 1902 Meccano, un jeu de construction à base d'éléments à l'origine entièrement métalliques, d'abord produit par Meccano Ltd. à Liverpool, ensuite par la filiale française Meccano SA à Paris et à Calais - Seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts in verschiedenen europäischen Ländern eine Vielzahl von Herstellern von Metallbaukästen - März 2021 Auflistung von Marken und Kompatibilität durch 'Wikipedia' Autoren

Timeline of Nuremberg since Middle Ages: Timeline of Nuremberg since Middle Ages

1219-1806 Free Imperial City of Nuremberg's prosperity, target of wars: 1219-1806 Free Imperial City of Nuremberg — independent city-state — within the Holy Roman Empire, after Nuremberg gained piecemeal independence from the Burgraviate of Nuremberg in the High Middle Ages, leading to the economic and cultural flowering of the city and surrounding areas in the 15th and 16th centuries, making it the center of the German Renaissance also with increased trade routes and therefore becoming a target for in the coming periods of war, as the ravages of the major European wars of the 17th and 18th centuries caused the city to decline and incur sizeable debts, resulting in the city's absorption into the new Kingdom of Bavaria on the signing of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, becoming one of the many territorial casualties of the Napoleonic Wars

Organization of medieval 'Free imperial city' states: Organization and development of medieval 'Free imperial city' states in Europe

Since 15th century development of medieval 'Free imperial city' states in central Europe including later Switerland: 16th and 17th century, a number of Imperial Cities separated from the Empire, including cities connected to the 'Old Swiss Confederacy', gaining its formal independence from the Empire in 1648 after de facto independence since 1499, as also tthe independence of the Imperial Cities of Basel, Bern, Lucerne, St. Gallen, Schaffhausen, Solothurn, and Zürich was formally recognized by the empire - Territorial growth of Bern, the largest free imperial city until 1798

Territory of independent city-state Nuremberg, and after city of Bern left to join the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1353: Territory of independent city-state Nuremberg, comprising some 1,200 square kilometres, making it one of the largest imperial cities territories, after the Imperial City of Bern left to join the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1353, only the Imperial Cities of Ulm and Strasbourg had anything like the same amount of land

July-September 1632 Siege of Nuremberg: July-September 1632 Siege of Nuremberg, a battle campaign that took place in 1632 about the Imperial City of Nuremberg during the 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War

1668 Simplicissimus novel published: Simplicius Simplicissimus, written in 1668 by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen and probably published the same year, inspired by the events and horrors of the 'Thirty Years' War' which devastated Germany from 1618 to 1648, and regarded as the first adventure novel in the German language and the first German novel masterpiece

1695 Pachelbel becomes organist of St. Sebaldus Church: 1653-- 1706 Johann Pachelbel German composer, organist, and teacher, who brought the south German organ schools to their peak as his contributions to the development of the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a place among the most important composers of the European Baroque era

1806 Nuremberg becomes part of the Kingdom of Bavaria: 1806 Nuremberg City becomes part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, per Treaty of Confederation of the Rhine

Since 1834 Bavarian Ludwig Railway: Since 1834 Bavarian Ludwig Railway, the first steam-hauled railway opened in German territories after the Ludwigs-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft) received a concession to build a railway from Nuremberg to Fürth

Since 1844 Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof: 1844 Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof opens

20th century Nuremberg: 20th century Nuremberg

1923-1938 Nuremberg rallies including 1933 'Rally of Victory' and Leni Riefenstahl's film 'Der Sieg des Glaubens': 1923-1938 Nuremberg rallies, including 5th NSDAP party congress August-September 1933, called the 'Rally of Victory' as Leni Riefenstahl's film 'Der Sieg des Glaubens' was made at this rally

April 1945 Battle of Nuremberg, a five-day battle between USA forces and NSDAP-ruled Germany's forces (including somes foreign traitors even now), as the battle saw some of the fiercest urban combat during the war and it took four days for the defenders of human rights and democracy to capture the city

November 1945 - October 1946 Nuremberg trials: November 1945 - October 1946 Nuremberg trials, a series of military tribunals held after World War II by the Allied forces under international law and the laws of war

Seit 1914/1032 Landgericht Nürnberg-Fürth: Landgericht Nürnberg-Fürth, eines von 22 Landgerichten im Freistaat Bayern, das 1914 durch Zusammenlegung der Landgerichte Fürth und Nürnberg enstand, zum Bau des Nürnberger Justizpalastes führte (1932 abgeschlossen), und das besonders bekannt wurde insbesondere der Schwurgerichtssaal des Justizpalastes, in dem die internationalen Nürnberger Prozesse nach 1945 gegen NS-Kriegsverbrecher und Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit und die Nachfolgeprozesse stattfanden

Seit 1945 SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Polizei Bach-Zelewski für Beteiligung an Kriegsverbrechen nie zur Rechenschaft gezogen: Seit August 1945 wurde SS-Obergruppenführer, General der Waffen-SS und General der Polizei Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski für seine Beteiligung am Holocaust und der 'Bandenbekämpfung' in der Sowjetunion nie zur Rechenschaft gezogen, nachdem die Staatsanwaltschaft des Landgerichts Nürnberg-Fürth zwar ab 1951 ermittelte, das Verfahren edoch im Dezember 1954 einstellte und Bach-Zelewski außer Verfolgung setzte obwohl auch für die Staatsanwaltschaft des Gerichts ein Tatverdacht für seine Teilnahme an den Ermordungen von Juden und Russen vorlag

Since 1945 SS-commander Bach-Zelewski never faced trial for any war crimes: Since August 1945 SS commander of NSDAP-ruled Germany Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski - who in 1944 led the brutal suppression of the Warsaw Uprising, as since 1941 the forces under von dem Bach numbered 14,953 Germans, mostly officers and unteroffiziere, and 238,105 local 'volunteers', as war crime victims were also executed by local collaborators under Nazi command - never faced trial for any war crimes, in reported exchange for his testimony against his former superiors at the Nuremberg trials, and similarly, he never faced extradition to Poland or to the USSR, as of the sentences against the war criminal referred to his role in Poland, in the Soviet Union, or his participation in the Holocaust, although he openly denounced himself as a mass murderer, and as his evidence for the defence at the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Israel in May 1961 was to the effect that operations in the Soviet-Union and Poland were conducted by 'Operations Units of the Security Police' and were not subject to the orders of Adolf Eichmann's office, nor was Eichmann able to give orders to the officers in charge of these units, who were responsible for the murder of Jews and Gypsies

1. August - 2. Oktober 1944 Warschauer Aufstand: 1. August - 2. Oktober 1944 Warschauer Aufstand, die militärische Erhebung der Polnischen Heimatarmee gegen die deutsche Besatzungsmacht im Zweiten Weltkrieg

Seit August 1944 'Rzez Woli' und von der deutschen Besatzungsmacht begangener Massenmord an polnischen Zivilisten: August 1944 'Rzez Woli', der von der deutschen Besatzungsmacht begangene Massenmord an polnischen Zivilisten des Warschauer Stadtteiles Wola während des Zweiten Weltkrieges, später wurde von Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski der Massenmord aus taktischen Gründen variiert, wobei Frauen, Alte und Kinder wurden vom Erschießungsbefehl ausgeschlossen und die Durchführung des Massenmords von den eigentlichen Kampfeinheiten auf speziell gebildete Einsatzgruppen hinter der Front verlagert wurde, um den Fortgang der Morde vor der Zivilbevölkerung zu verschleiern

6 November 2021 multiple people wounded in knife attack on German train between Regensburg and Nuremberg: 6 November 2021: Multiple people wounded in knife attack on German train near Seubersdorf station as man arrested in connection with attack on a high-speed train travelling between the cities of Regensburg and Nuremberg

Since settlement by Celtic peoples history of Bavaria: History of Bavaria - originally settled by Celtic peoples such as the Boii, then eventually conquered and incorporated into the Roman Empire as the provinces of Raetia and Noricum, after the decline of the slave holding empire a stem duchy of Bavaria in the 6th century, later in the Holy Roman Empire to its status as an independent kingdom and finally as a large Bundesland (state) of the Federal Republic of Germany since 1945/1949, as the second German empire since 1871 was defeated, abolished and devided in two pieces amid the emerging so called 'Cold War'

1848-1849 German revolutions: Bavaria in the German revolutions of 1848–1849

Since 1871 and 1933: Since 1871 Bavaria in the German Empire, since 1918 in the Weimar Republic and during the 1933-1945 Nazi period - 30 October 2017: Adolf Hitler only joined the Nazis after being rejected by the 1919 newly formed German Socialist party, telling him that it did not want him in the party, historian Thomas Weber has learned

Since 1932 von Stauffenberg agreed with the Nazi party's racist and nationalistic aspects, later supporting and committing war crimes: Since 1932 during the German presidential election leutnant Claus von Stauffenberg agreed with the Nazi Party's racist and nationalistic aspects, had supported the German colonization of Poland and made extremist remarks regarding Polish Jews, and voiced support for Hitler, saying 'the idea of the Führer principle bound together with a Volksgemeinschaft .., the racial thought (Rassengedanke), and the will towards a new German-formed legal order appears to us healthy', later his regiment took part in the attack on Poland, and he supported the occupation of Poland, its handling by the Nazi regime, the use of Poles as slave workers, later Stauffenberg's unit was reorganized into a Panzer Division, and he served as an officer on the General Staff in the Battle of France, for which he was awarded the Iron Cross First Class, then in 1943, Stauffenberg was promoted to Oberstleutnant of the general staff, was sent to Africa to join GFM Rommel launching his offensive against British, USA and French forces in Tunisia, later receiving multiple severe wounds in an airstrike, then beginning to change some of his views towards Hitler

8/9 November 1923 'Beer Hall Putsch' coup d'état attempt by the NSDAP: 8/9 November 1923 'Beer Hall Putsch' (Munich Putsch), a failed coup d'état by the NSDAP, by leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, as approximately 2,000 Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle in the city centre, were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 NSDAP members and four police officers, as Hitler, who was wounded during the clash, escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside

February-April 1924 'Beer Hall Putsch' trial: February-April 1924 'Beer Hall Putsch' trial at Bavarian 'People's Court' ('Volksgericht') - Alan Bullock (1914-2004), a British historian known for his 1952 book 'Hitler - A Study in Tyranny', second edition 1962, the first comprehensive biography of Adolf Hitler as Bullock's later writings show the dictator as much more of an ideologue, who pursued the ideas expressed in 'Mein Kampf' and elsewhere, important to understand Hitler's way to the Holocaust, expressed in his trial February-April 1924 in Munich with the words 'ich wollte der Zerbrecher des Marxismus werden. Ich werde diese Aufgabe lösen ... Als ich zum erstenmal vor Wagners Grab stand, da quoll mir das Herz über ...' - Alan Bullock's 'Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (1952)'

2009, 'the (1924 Munich) trial was the decisive boost to Hitler's political career': 2009 Oxford University Press New York, Bernhard Fulda: 'The verdct of 1 April was spectacularly lenient, as the lay judges had only be prepared ot accept a 'guilty' verdict on condition that Hitler receivec the lightest possible sentence, with the prospect of of early release after six months' (p 69), and as 'the trial was the decisive boost to Hitler's political career' (p 70)

1923-1925 Heinrich Himmler, involved in the 'Beer Hall Putsch', became SS-leader, rise in the SS: Heinrich Luitpold Himmler, born in Munich in 1900 into a teacher's (Gebhard Himmler) Roman Catholic family and as Heinrich's name was that of his godfather Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler, as Himmler later admired Röhm because he was a decorated combat soldier, and at his suggestion Himmler joined his antisemitic nationalist group 'Bund Reichskriegsflagge', becoming in 1922 more interested in the 'Jewish question', as after the murder of FM Walther Rathenau on 24 June Himmler took part in demonstrations against the treaty of Versailles and joined the NSDAP in August 1923, and then - as a member of German military officer Röhm's paramilitary unit 'Sturmabteilung SA' - Himmler was involved in the 'Beer Hall Putsch', then - sfter NSDAP party was re-founded in February 1925 - Himmler joined the 'Schutzstaffel SS' as an SS-leader

Since 23 March 1933 'Enabling Act' and more: 'Enabling Act of 1933', passed in both the Reichstag and Reichsrat on 23 March 1933, as on 30 January 1934 the policy of Gleichschaltung brought an end to the Reichsrat, transferring the states' powers to the Reich, as it can be argued that this violated the 'Enabling Act' - 'Gleichschaltung' and 'legal basis', the process of Nazification by which Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party successively established a system of totalitarian control and coordination over all aspects of German society and societies occupied by Nazi Germany 'from the economy and trade associations to the media, culture and education' - June/July 1934 'Night of the Long Knives'. after chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Göring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his power and alleviate the concerns of the German military about the role of Ernst Röhm and the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Nazis' paramilitary organization

Since 1933 Munich's 'Academy for German Law' on the initiative of Hans Frank, Adolf Hitler's personal legal adviser: Academy for German Law (Akademie für deutsches Recht) was an institute founded in 1933 in Nazi Germany on the initiative of Hans Frank, born in 1900 to the lawyer Karl Frank and his wife Magdalena, later graduated from high school at the renowned Maximilians gymnasium in Munich, then joined the German empire's army in WWI, studied law and economics from 1919 at the University of Munich (also at the University of Kiel, again 1922-1923 at Munich obtaining his Dr. jur. degree in 1924, in 1919-1920 as a member of the Thule Völkisch society, serving also in the Freikorps under Franz Ritter von Epp's command and taking part in the crackdown of the Münchner Räterepublik. in 1919, then joined the German Workers' Party DAP at its beginning, evolving quite soon into NSDAP as Frank in 1923 became a member of the Sturmabteilung SA, joined the NSDAP in October and in November took part in the 8/9 November 1923 'Beer Hall Putsch', the failed coup attempt intended to parallel Mussolini's March on Rome, fled to Austria, returning in Munich only in 1924, after the pending legal proceedings were stayed, then Frank rose to become Adolf Hitler's personal legal adviser

Since 1919 Heinrich Müller became head of the Munich Political Police, since 1933/1939 chief of the 'Gestapo': Heinrich Müller - born in Munich in April 1900 to Catholic parents as his father had been a rural police official - was a high-ranking German Schutzstaffel SS and police official after World War I, who joined the Bavarian Police in 1919, was involved in the suppressions in the early post-war years, became head of the Munich Political Police Department, having risen quickly through the ranks, then in May 1933 was promoted to Polizeiobersekretär and again to Criminal Inspector in November 1933, then in April 1934 'Geheimen Staatspolizeiamtes in Berlin, then in September 1939 during military's invasion of Poland - when the Gestapo and other police organizations were consolidated under Heydrich into the 'Reich Security Main Office RSHA' - Müller was made chief of the RSHA 'Amt IV' (Office or Dept. 4) Gestapo, remaining for the majority of World War II in Europe the chief of the secret state police of NSDAP ruled Germany, as Müller was central in the planning and execution of the Holocaust and attended the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, which formalised plans for deportation and genocide of all Jews in German-occupied Europe, named by the NSDASP party the 'Final Solution to the Jewish Question' - Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich's career in the SS, born in 1904 in Halle an der Saale to composer and opera singer Richard Bruno Heydrich and his wife Elisabeth, as his father was protestant and his mother was Roman Catholic, as his forenames were patriotic musical tributes with 'Reinhard' referring to his father's opera 'Amen', and with 'Tristan' stems from Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, then in the 1920th naval career, then since August 1931 in the SS, Gestapo and SD, since 1936 consolidating the police forces and leaving the Catholic Church in favour of the 'Gottgläubig movement'

8 November 1939 assassination attempt on Hitler by German resistance fighter: 8. November 1939 Bomben-Attentat auf Adolf Hitler und nahezu die gesamte nationalsozialistische Führungsspitze im Münchner Bürgerbräukeller durch den Widerstandskämpfer gegen den Nationalsozialismus Georg Elser, das nur knapp scheiterte - Memorials of the 8 November 1939 assassination attempt on Hitler

Since November 2012 neo-Nazis charged with murders of 11 people mostly immigrants: November 2012: Federal prosecutors charge neo-Nazis with murders of 10 people, mostly immigrants and a police officer

March 2013: 27 March 2013: Munich court sparked angry criticism for failing to guarantee the Turkish media access to cover the upcoming neo-Nazi murder trial in which most of the victims were Turkish

May 2013: 4. Mai 2013: 79 Landtagsabgeordnete haben Verwandte ersten Grades, also Ehepartner, Eltern oder Kinder, angestellt und dafür Gelder vom Landtag kassiert

Since 6 May 2013: Since 6 May 2013 'NSU Trial' against several people in connection with the National Socialist Underground terrorist organization in Germany and the NSU murders in Munich - 'National Socialist Underground' far-right German terrorist group which was uncovered in November 2011

July 2013: 30 juillet 2013: Le président du club de football Bayern Munich, Uli Hoeness, qui avait reconnu avoir caché de l'argent en Suisse, accusé de fraude fiscale

August 2013: Gustl Mollath's persecution and HypoVereinsbank black money scandal since 2003 - 6 August 2013: The OLG Nuremberg orders the reopening of Mollath's case and his immediate release

September/October 2013 Bavaria state election: September/October 2013 Bavaria state election - 16 September 2013: Christian Social Union wins in Bavaria

June 2015: 6./7. Juni 2015: G7-Gipfel auf Schloss Elmau 2015 kostet Bundesrepublik und das Land Bayern über 200 Millionen Euro

2017: 17 May 2017: Six alleged perpetrators all from Munich and Ebersberg ranging in age from 18 to 33 charged with incitement to hate after spewing anti-Semitic abuse at passengers on a Munich city bus packed with some 40 passengers, but only an unmarried couple from Munich attempted to intervene, as Bavaria has seen a rise in anti-Semitic criminality with 176 anti-Jewish crimes reported in the state in 2016

April 2018: 25 April 2018: Bavaria's ruling Christian Social Union CSU has ordered Christian crosses, that are already compulsory in public school classrooms and courtrooms, to be placed in all state buildings, saying that 'the cross is a fundamental symbol of our Bavarian identity and way of life' and a cultural rather than religious symbol, without explicitly mentioning that crucifixion was the capital punishment in the Roman Empire meted out specifically to slaves predominantly acquired through warfare, succeeded by kingdoms and empires, including Francia (Kingdom of the Franks 481–843), the Carolingian Empire, and the 'Holy Roman Empire' 800/962–1806

April 2018 Bavarian Muehldorfer Hart concentration camp memorial: 28 April 2018: Germany inaugurated a memorial at the long-forgotten site of World War II Nazi Muehldorfer Hart concentration camp where forced laborers built an aircraft factory deep inside a Bavarian forest and where at least 2,200 prisoners, many of them Hungarian Jews, died in the miserable conditions at the camp and were buried on-site in a mass grave, after more than 70 years later the state of Bavaria has finally put up a memorial of standing concrete slabs with photographs and text on the site’s grim history, according to the association 'For Remembrance' that fought for 20 years for the memorial to be built

October 2018 Bavarian state election: 14 October 2018 Bavarian state election - 15 October 2018: After voters delivered the Christian Social Union CSU its worst showing since 1954, Germany’s ruling parties attempt to ride out the fallout from a disastrous regional election, as Green Party ends CSU’s 61-year political dominance in Bavaria

October 2019 Oktoberfest methane emissions: 27 October 2019: Oktoberfest 'produces 10 times as much methane as Boston', as first analysis of environmental impact of Munich festival reveals extent of emissions

3 November 2019 neo-Nazi linked AfD target Indian-German 'Christ Child': 3 November 2019: Benigna Munsi, the daughter of Indian-German parents selected by the city of Nuremberg to play the 'Christ Child' and open its world-famous Christmas market, will speak to the press, days after she was targeted by a racist comment by the neo-Nazi linked AfD

28/29 April 2020 75th anniversary of the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp: 29 April 2020: Israel Defense Forces and USA Navy bands surprised Israeli Holocaust survivor Abba Naor this week to mark both Israel’s 72nd Independence Day and the 75th anniversary of the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp where at the start of Nazi dictatorship Eichmann's battalion of the Deutschland Regiment was quartered in 1934, playing for him a rendition of Israel’s national anthem, Hatikva

May 2020 Thailand's king living in the Bavarian Alps in luxury while his country suffers: 1 May 2020: The king of Thailand is enjoying life at a luxury hotel in the Bavarian Alps in Germany, while his subjects back home are suffering under covid-19, but criticizing the monarchy is outlawed, despite the king's 'embarrassing' behavior, enjoying special permission to reside at Garmisch-Partenkirchen's Hotel Sonnenbichl not open for normal accommodation, as his entourage of 100 includes a harem of at least 20 women and the king jet-setting around Germany in a private Boeing 737, after he reportedly didn't even disembark and took off again directly after landing

June 2020 Munich bans display of yellow stars at covid-19 lockdown protests: 2 June 2020: Munich bans display of yellow stars at covid-19 lockdown protests, after German Jewish groups raised concerns over using symbol meant to resemble the ones that Nazis forced Jews to wear during Holocaust

25 June 2021 several people killed and injured in a knife attack in Wuerzburg: 25 June 2021 a mass stabbing in Würzburg in Bavaria - 25 June 2021: Several people were killed and others injured in a knife attack in the southern German city of Wuerzburg, as 'the attacker was overpowered ... and there are several injured as well as fatalities' police said on Twitter

July/August 2020 Thailand struggles to cope with crises as king squanders people's product in Germany: 29 July 2020: Thailand struggles to cope with covid-19 crisis, as king is gallivanting miles away in Germany and Thai protesters call for end of monarchy on king's birthday, as Thai PM promises 'we will follow in His Majesty's footsteps' - 31 August 2020: Thai king 'releases his concubine from jail and flies her to Germany to join his harem' a year after she was stripped of royal titles

30 July 2021 suspected NSU allied Susanne G. sentenced: 30. Juli 2021: Das Oberlandesgericht München hat Susanne G. wegen Vorbereitung einer schweren staatsgefährdenden Gewalttat, wegen Bedrohung, wegen Verstoßes gegen das Waffengesetz und wegen Störung des öffentlichen Friedens durch die Ankündigung von Straftaten zu einer Gesamtfreiheitsstrafe von 6 Jahren verurteilt, allerdings ohne ihre Verbindung zur Terrorgruppe NSU in die Urteilsfindung einzubeziehen

Politics and elections of Bavaria: Politics of Bavaria - State elections in Bavaria

Berlin city, region, economy and history: Berlin city, the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population with 3,769,495 inhabitants in 2019

Economy of Berlin: Economy of Berlin, dominated by the service sector, with around 84% of all companies doing business in services. Important economic sectors in Berlin include life sciences, transportation, information and communication technologies, media and music, advertising and design, biotechnology, environmental services, construction, e-commerce, retail, hotel business, and medical engineering.

Universities and research institutions in Berlin: Universities and research institutions in Berlin, one of the most prolific centers of higher education and research in the world. It is the largest concentration of universities and colleges in Germany. The city has four public research universities and 27 private, professional and technical colleges.

Humboldt University of Berlin: Since 1810 Humboldt University of Berlin, a public research university in the central borough of Mitte in Berlin

Since 4 September 2023 Humboldt university's photo exhibition 'Russian War Crimes': Since 4 September 2023 Humboldt-Universität will be showing the photo exhibition 'Russian War Crimes', which documents war crimes in Ukraine since February 2022. At the opening event the president of the university will welcome visitors, followed by a contribution from the vice-president of the German Bundestag. Afterwards, Andriy Yermak, Head of the Office of the President of Ukraine, and Viktor Pinchuk, the donor of the exhibition, will speak.

Elections in Berlin: Elections in Berlin

Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region since 1990: Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region since 1990

Geography of Brandenburg including Potsdam, Cottbus, Frankfurt/O., region including Berlin: Geography of Brandenburg state in the northeast of Germany with an area of 29,478 square kilometres and - without Berlin - a population of 2.5 million residents, the fifth-largest German state by area and the tenth-most populous, Potsdam is the state capital and largest city, while other major towns include Cottbus, Brandenburg an der Havel and Frankfurt (Oder), and as Brandenburg 'surrounds' the national capital and city-state of Berlin, together forming the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, the third-largest metropolitan area in Germany

History of Brandenburg, former Prussia and Berlin: History of Prussia - History of Brandenburg state

1848-1849 Prussia in the German revolutions: Prussia in the German revolutions of 1848–1849, backlash in Prussia and repression

Since 1871, since 1918 and 1933-1945: Since 1871 Prussia in the German Empire - Since 1918 Prussia in the Weimar Republic, during the 1933-1945 Nazi period and end of Prussia

Economy of Brandenburg state: Economy of Brandenburg state, as its Gross domestic product GDP was 72.9 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 2.2% of German economic output, as GDP per capita was the third lowest of all states in Germany, as unemployment rate stood at 5.8% in October 2018, higher than the German average but lower than the average of Eastern Germany

Subdivisions of Brandenburg state with 14 rural districts (Landkreise) and 4 urban districts: Subdivisions of Brandenburg state, divided into 14 rural districts (Landkreise) and four urban districts (kreisfreie Städte)

Cities and towns in Brandenburg: List of cities in Brandenburg by population - Towns in Brandenburg listed by 'Wikipedia'

Potsdam city: Potsdam city, the capital and largest city of Brandenburg, bordering the federal capital Berlin as parts of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, like Berlin situated on the River Havel some 25 kilometres southwest of Berlin's city centre, as Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the 'German Kaiser' until 1918, as Potsdam also today - over 1000 years old - is widely known for its palaces, its lakes, and a certain historical and cultural significance

Education in Potsdam: Education and research in Potsdam

Beelitz town: Beelitz town in Potsdam-Mittelmark district in Brandenburg, chiefly known for its cultivation of white asparagus (Beelitzer Spargel).

History and timeline of Beelitz since 997: A 997 deed by Emperor Otto III mentions a settlement with the Slavic name Belizi, though this denotation may also refer to the nearby town of Belzig. The Saint Mary and Saint Nicholas parish church was first mentioned in a 1247 report of a Jewish host desecration, and bleeding host miracle, that made Beelitz a medieval pilgrimage site. Since 1370 the host was kept in a small chapel adjacent to the church. The reason for the former name of the Judenberg - renamed Friedensberg after WWI and II in 1945 - before the Mühlentor is not confirmed, though tradition indicates it was the site of the burning of Jews.

1900-1990 history of Beelitz town: 1900-1990 Geschichte von Beelitz, als von 1908 bis 1942 der Deutsch-Israelitische Gemeindebund Berlin in Beelitz die Israelitische Erziehungsanstalt unterhielt, ein Heim für geistig behinderte Kinder und Jugendliche, die einzige jüdische heilpädagogische Einrichtung in Deutschland. Im Jahre 1937 wurden dort noch 56 Mädchen und Jungen betreut. Im April und Juni 1942 wurden die Kinder und ihre Erzieher in zwei Transporten in das Ghetto Warschau und in das Vernichtungslager Sobibor deportiert. Am Gymnasium in der Karl-Liebknecht-Straße erinnert seit Ende der 1990er Jahre eine Gedenktafel mit dem Davidstern an ihr Schicksal. Seit den 30iger Jahre wurde die sogenannte 'Tannenbaum-Antenne' (collinear antenna array) weltweit bekannt, die aus einer Zusammenschaltung von 96 Einzeldipolen bestand, welche an 75 m hohen Stahlmasten aufgehängt waren. All das diente dazu, möglichst störungsfreie Signale zu erhalten, die per Kabel nach Berlin zum HTA bzw. zum Fernsprechamt übertragen wurden. Die Funkempfangsstelle Beelitz war somit Teil des weltweiten postalischen Fernmeldenetzes. Seit 1930 entstand der Begriff, daß Beelitz das 'Ohr zur Welt' sei. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden über die Funkempfangsstelle Beelitz die Funkverbindungen für die DDR-Post unter anderem mit Moskau, Peking, Shanghai, Kairo, Helsinki, Budapest, Belgrad, Ulan Bator, Pjöngjang und Havanna hergestellt.

Since 1990 history of Beelitz town: Geschichte von Beelitz seit 1990, die heutige Großgemeinde entstand durch den Zusammenschluss der Stadt Beelitz mit den Orten des ehemaligen Amtes Beelitz in 2001

Cottbus city: Cottbus city, a university city and the second-largest city in Brandenburg, situated around 125 km southeast of Berlin on the River Spree, as Cottbus is also a major railway junction with extensive sidings/depots, and as - although only a small Sorbian minority lives in Cottbus itself - the city is considered as the political and cultural center of the Sorbs in Lower Lusatia

Frankfurt (Oder) town: Frankfurt (Oder) (also known as Frankfurt an der Oder) town located on the west side of the Oder River, on the Germany-Poland border, as the town's recorded history began in the 13th century as a West Slavic settlement, the in its history successively part of the Kingdom of Poland, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the Bohemian Crown, Prussia and Germany, as after World War II the eastern part of Frankfurt became part of Poland under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement (renamed to Slubice), while the western part became a border town of the GDR in 1949

Demographics of Frankfurt (Oder): Demographics of Frankfurt (Oder)

Education in Frankfurt (Oder): European university in Frankfurt, as university was refounded in 1991 with a European emphasis, in close cooperation with the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, jointly also running the Collegium Polonicum in Slubice, as the Viadrina European University, Viadrina European University

Oranienburg town in Brandenburg, the capital of the district of Oberhavel, located on the banks of the Havel river, 35 km north of the centre of Berlin

History of Oranienburg and WWII 'Auergesellschaft Oranienburg Plant': History of Oranienburg, originally named Bötzow, dating back to the 12th century and was first mentioned in 1216, as in the 20th century Oranienburg became the center of NSDAP ruled Germany's nuclear-energy project because it was the location of the 'Auergesellschaft Oranienburg Plant', Germany's uranium production facility, as the town also had an armaments hub, aircraft plant, and railway junction, all of military importance

Since 1933 Oranienburg concentration camp: Oranienburg was an early German concentration camp, one of the first detention facilities established by the Nazis in the state of Prussia when they gained power in 1933. It held the political opponents of Nazi Party from the Berlin region

Since 1936 Sachsenhausen concentration camp, gaa chamber, medical experimentation area: Since 1936 Sachsenhausen concentration camp - outfitted with several subcamps, a gas chamber, and a medical experimentation area, a prisoners were treated harshly, fed sparingly, and killed openly - used from 1936 to the end of NSDAP rule in May 1945, mainly holding political prisoners includinge Francisco Largo Caballero, PM of the Second Spanish Republic attacked by Spanish, German and Italian war criminals, Yakov Dzhugashvili, Paul Reynaud the penultimate PM of France, the wife and children of the Crown Prince of Bavaria, Ukrainian nationalist leader Stepan Bandera, several enemy soldiers and political dissidents

Zossen (Upper Sorbian Sosny) town: Zossen (Upper Sorbian Sosny) town in the district of Teltow-Fläming about 30 km south of Berlin, as Zossen before the 21st century consisted of several smaller municipalities, which were grouped together in 2003 to form the city

20th century history of Zossen, preparation of WW I and II and German empire's war crimes: Zossen im 20. Jahrhundert, Vorbereitung von Weltkrieg I und II, und Bunkeranlagen 'Maybach I' für den Großteil des Oberkommandos des Heeres OKH, direkt neben dem Bunker 'Maybach II', und dem Bunker 'Zeppelin' der militärischen Nachrichtenzentrale mit dem postalischen Decknamen 'Amt 500', wobei die Bunkeranlagen Maybach I un II leider nur zu Gräbern für andere führten, die Opfer der deutschen brutalen Angriffskriege, und nicht für die Ratten, die zum Teil ab Sommer 1944 versuchten das - übrigens ab 1941/42 deutlich erkennbar - sinkende Schiff zu verlassen um sich zu retten

Since 1914 prisoner of war camp for French, British, Indian, Russian, Tartars, Bashkirs and then cemetry 'Zehrendorf': Im Ersten Weltkrieg entstanden auf dem Truppenübungsplatz zwei Kriegsgefangenenlager (später Halbmondlager und Weinberglager genannt) für Franzosen, Briten, Russen, Tataren, Baschkiren sowie indische Angehörige der Streitkräfte des Britischen Empire, die an der Westfront in deutsche Gefangenschaft geraten waren, dann wurden gestorbene Kriegsgefangene auf dem Zehrensdorfer Friedhof bestattete

20th century Zehrensdorf Indian Cemetery: Zehrensdorf Indian Cemetery ist ein deutscher Soldatenfriedhof für indische kriegsgefangene Soldaten des Ersten Weltkriegs, die letzte Ruhestätte für 206 indische Soldaten, die in der rassistischen deutshen Kriegsgefangenschaft verstarben

Since 1933 development of NSDAP's German Luftwaffe, then in Spanish fascists' war: 30 April 2020: James S. Corum explains how Germany's Luftwaffe and 'Legion Condor 1936–39' develop Blitzkrieg in Franco's war, showing 1936 - 1939 development of NSDAP's German Luftwaffe in Spanish fascists' war against the Republic, to hone and develop their tactics, train their officers, and to become the most practised air force in the world at conducting close support of ground troops, as in effect this proved to be the training ground for the 'Blitzkrieg' which would be unleashed across Europe in the years that followed - In July 1936 'Reich Air Travel Ministry' used Ju 52s, flown by 'Deutsche Luft Hansa' pilots to carry the Franco's army of Africa from Spanish Morocco to Spain, as this mission became known as 'Operation Magic Fire', and as since October 1936 the 'Kriegsmarine' provided various surface ships, coordinated the movement of German supplies to Spain, dispatched German U-boats to Spanish waters - Since 17 July 1936 history of NSDAP's military aid to Spain

Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres' building systems for new wars of aggression in Zossen's 'Wünsdorf': Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres', the High Command of the German Army during NSDAP ruled German empire, founded as a part of Hitler's re-militarisation of Germany contrary to all international treaties and obligations since 1914-1918 WWI, as from 1938 OKH was, together with OKL (Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, High Command of the Air Force) and OKM (Oberkommando der Marine, High Command of the Navy), formally subordinated to the OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, High Command of the Armed Forces), with the exception of the Waffen-SS, located in Zossen town's - about 30 kilometres south of Berlin - 'Wünsdorf', hosting the underground headquarters of the German Wehrmacht (OKW) and Army's High Command (OKH), where since 1933 independent armored penetrations were trained and executed by the Germans, a technique later called 'Blitzkrieg', using innovative combined arms tactics and also radios in all of the tanks to provide a new level of tactical flexibility and power, and where since 1937 bunker systems were built - Since 1938 'Oberkommando der Wehrmacht', the High Command of the Wehrmacht (armed forces) of NSDAP ruled Germany and replacing the 'Reich War Ministry', having nominal oversight over the 'Heer' (army), the 'Kriegsmarine' (navy), and the 'Luftwaffe' (air force)

21th century Zossen Holocaust denial and neo-Nazi violence: 2008-2011 Zossen, wo im Zentrum der Stadt Stolpersteine zum Gedenken an die während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus ermordeten Bewohner verlegt werden, und wobei ein städtischer Mitarbeiter von einem Holocaustleugner tätlich angegriffen witd. woraufhin der Holocaustleugner in der Folgezeit in diesem Haus ein Geschäft betreibt

January 2010 neo-Nazi arson attack in Zossen, and 2011 second trial: 20. Januar 2010: Plötzlich stand das Gebäude einer brandenburgischen Bürgerinitiative in Zossen in Flammen, wo sich im Inneren eine Ausstellung über das jüdische Leben im Ort befand, und nun hat ein Rechtsextremer zugegeben, das Feuer gelegt zu haben - Im Januar 2010 brannte das von dem gegen rechtsextreme Umtriebe in der Stadt engagierten Verein 'Zossen zeigt Gesicht' genutzte Haus der Demokratie nach Brandstiftung durch einen jugendlichen neo-Nazi ab, Reste wurden wenige Wochen später abgerissen, dann wurde der Täter wurde aufgrund mangelnder Reife freigesprochen, aber später wurde Daniel T., der den Jugendlichen angestiftet hatte, am 1. Dezember 2011 u. a. wegen Anstiftung zur Brandstiftung und Volksverhetzung zu 3 Jahren und 8 Monaten Haft verurteilt

30 Mai 2019 Brandenburgs 'tax haven Zossen': 30 Mai 2019: Brandenburgs 'tax haven Zossen', der märkischen 17.000-Einwohner-Kleinstadt, wo mittlerweile unzählige Immobilien- und andere Unternehmen registriert sind, denn Zossen erhebt den niedrigstmöglichen Gewerbesteuersatz von gerade einmal gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen 200%

Prignitz district: Prignitz district, neighboring the district Ludwigslust-Parchim in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the district Ostprignitz-Ruppin in Brandenburg, the district Stendal in Saxony-Anhalt and the district Lüchow-Dannenberg in Lower Saxony

Perleberg´town: Perleberg´town located at Stepenitz tributary river of the Elbe, the capital of the district of Prignitz, today also located in the northwest of the German state of Brandenburg, and today with about 12,000 inhabitants in a mostly agricultural area, having a long history of troops being stationed here (most notably Prussian), but since Middle Ages first an administrative center for local government situated halfway between the two largest German cities Berlin and Hamburg and surrounded by the municipalities Karstädt to the north-west, Gross Pankow (Prignitz) to the north-east, Plattenburg to the south-east, the Ämter Bad Wilsnack/Weisen in the south, Lenzen-Elbtalaue in the west, and the town of Wittenberge to the south-west

Hanseatic League member Perleberg's history, 1618-1648 'Thirty Years' War, Prussian garrison town, world wars, and aftermath: History of Perleberg, as in the 14th century the town was at its height as part of the Hanseatic League, as in 1523 after the 1517 beginning of the Protestant Reformation movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in particular to papal authority, Perleberg was the muster point for an army assembled by Elector Joachim I in support of his brother-in-law Christian II of Denmark's attempt to recover his throne, and then 1618-1648 'Thirty Years' War' caused serious damage to the town of 3,500 inhabitants, only 300 survived - In 1860 wird Perleberg preußische Garnisonsstadt, 1904-1909 Neubau der kaiserlichen Kasernen, 1992 letzte Militäreinheiten der ehemaligen Gruppe der sowjetischen Streitkräfte in Deutschland verlassen den Garnisonsstandort

Brandenburg elections: Elections in Brandenburg

September 2014 Brandenburg state election: 14 September 2014 Brandenburg state election - 14/15. September: Vorläufiges amtliches Ergebnis der Landtagswahl 2014 in Brandenburg

September 2019 Brandenburg state election: 1 September 2019 Brandenburg state election

Timeline and politics of Berlin: History and timeline of Berlin since foundation in 1163

18 January 1871 Berlin becomes capital of the German Empire: Since 18 January 1871 Berlin becomes capital of the newly unified German Empire

1892 'German Peace Society' in Berlin: 1892 'German Peace Society', founded in 1892 in Berlin, still existing and known as the Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft - Vereinigte KriegsdienstgegnerInnen (DFG-VK, German Peace Society - United War Resisters)

15 January 1919 war resisters Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht assassinated: 15 January 1919 war resisters Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht assassinated in Berlin by 'Freikorps' used by SPD leaders

8 October 1919 USPD's Hugo Haase assassinated: On 8 October 1919 USPD's Hugo Haase (29.9.1863-7.11.1919), who was walking into the Reichstag but was shot by Johann Voss as he entered the building and died on 7 November - Hugo Haases, verheiratet mit Thea Lichtenstein (1869-1937) aus Szczytno, gemeinsamer Sohn, der Neurologe Ernst Haase arbeitete im Krankenhaus Moabit und Tiergarten, gab 1929 einige Schriften aus dem Nachlass des Vaters heraus, bis ihm 1938 die Nationalsozialisten die Approbation entzogen und er über England in die USA emigrierte unter Verlust des größten Teil von Hugo Haases Nachlass, während die beiden Enkeltöchter infolge der nationalsozialistischen Machtübernahme nach Palästina auswanderten und sich einem sozialistischen Kibbuz anschlossen

Since 1931 Reinhard Heydrich's career in the SS: Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich's career in the SS, born in 1904 in Halle an der Saale to composer and opera singer Richard Bruno Heydrich and his wife Elisabeth, as his father was protestant and his mother was Roman Catholic, as his forenames were patriotic musical tributes with 'Reinhard' referring to his father's opera 'Amen', and with 'Tristan' stems from Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, then in the 1920th naval career, then since August 1931 in the SS, Gestapo and SD, since 1936 consolidating the police forces and leaving the Catholic Church in favour of the 'Gottgläubig movement'

February 1933 Reichstag fire: 27 February 1933 Reichstag fire, an arson attack on the Reichstag building, home of the German parliament in Berlin, precisely four weeks after Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany - 1955 Testimony of SA-member Hans-Martin Lennings, published in July 2019, more than 80 years after the event

1933/1955/2019: 26/27 July 2019: When witness Hans-Martin Lennings and his colleagues of the Nazis' SA arrived with van der Lubbe at the Reichstag, he noticed 'a strange smell of burning and there were clouds of smoke billowing through the rooms', saying 1955 in an account confirmed by a Hanover court 'we were convinced that van der Lubbe could not possibly have been the arsonist, because according to our observation, the Reichstag had already been burning when we dropped him off there', as Reichstag blaze in Germany was used by Adolf Hitler used to claim a Communist plot and consolidate his influence with a crackdown

Since April 1933 NSDAP Germany's 'Gestapo' in Berlin: 26 April 1933 Nazi 'Gestapo' (secret police) headquartered in Berlin on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße, preceded by the 'Prussian Secret Police' since 1851

Since 1930s Gestapo Heinrich Müller in Berlin: Heinrich Müller - born in Munich in April 1900 to Catholic parents as his father had been a rural police official - was a high-ranking German Schutzstaffel SS and police official after World War I, who joined the Bavarian Police in 1919, was involved in the suppressions in the early post-war years, became head of the Munich Political Police Department, having risen quickly through the ranks, then in May 1933 was promoted to Polizeiobersekretär and again to Criminal Inspector in November 1933, then in April 1934 'Geheimen Staatspolizeiamtes in Berlin, then in September 1939 during military's invasion of Poland - when the Gestapo and other police organizations were consolidated under Heydrich into the 'Reich Security Main Office RSHA' - Müller was made chief of the RSHA 'Amt IV' (Office or Dept. 4) Gestapo, remaining for the majority of World War II in Europe the chief of the secret state police of NSDAP ruled Germany, as Müller was central in the planning and execution of the Holocaust and attended the January 1942 Wannsee Conference, which formalised plans for deportation and genocide of all Jews in German-occupied Europe, named by the NSDASP party the 'Final Solution to the Jewish Question'

Since 1930s Gestapo personnel and some known operations: Gestapo personnel and some operatons

Since April 1933 'Research Office of the Reich Air Ministry' and NSDAP's Herman Göring: Since April 1933 'Research Office of the Reich Air Ministry', as leading member of the NSDAP Herman Göring was the most important individual at the FA

July 1933 Columbia concentration camp in Berlin: Since July 1933 Columbia concentration camp in Berlin established - 1936-1945 Sachsenhausen Nazi concentration camp, used primarily for political prisoners - Since 1936 Berlin-Marzahn concentration camp set up for Romani people by Nazi authorities

Since 30 January 1935 NSDAP Germany's 'Reich Security Main Office RSHA' headquartered in Berlin: Since 30 January 1935 NSDAP Germany's 'Reich Security Main Office RSHA' - SS officers Reinhard Heydrich and Heinrich Müller - headquartered in Berlin, on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße

Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres' building systems for wars of aggression, near Berlin: Since 1935 'Oberkommando des Heeres', the High Command of the German Army during NSDAP ruled German empire, founded as a part of Hitler's re-militarisation of Germany contrary to all international treaties and obligations since 1914-1918 WWI, as from 1938 OKH was, together with OKL (Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, High Command of the Air Force) and OKM (Oberkommando der Marine, High Command of the Navy), formally subordinated to the OKW (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, High Command of the Armed Forces), with the exception of the Waffen-SS, located in Zossen town's - about 30 kilometres south of Berlin - 'Wünsdorf', hosting the underground headquarters of the German Wehrmacht (OKW) and Army's High Command (OKH), where since 1933 independent armored penetrations were trained and executed by the Germans, a technique later called 'Blitzkrieg', using innovative combined arms tactics and also radios in all of the tanks to provide a new level of tactical flexibility and power, and where since 1937 bunker systems were built - Since 1938 'Oberkommando der Wehrmacht', the High Command of the Wehrmacht (armed forces) of NSDAP ruled Germany and replacing the 'Reich War Ministry', having nominal oversight over the 'Heer' (army), the 'Kriegsmarine' (navy), and the 'Luftwaffe' (air force)

January 1940 'Wannsee Conference': 20 January 1940 'Wannsee Conference', a meeting of senior government officials of Nazi Germany and SS leaders to ensure the cooperation of administrative leaders to implement the 'Final solution to the Jewish question', whereby most of the Jews of German-occupied Europe would be deported to occupied Poland and murdered

2 May 1945 'Raising a Flag over the Reichstag' taken by a Jewish Soviet army officer and photographer: 2 May 1945 'Raising a Flag over the Reichstag', World War II photograph and a symbol of the Soviet victory over NSDAP ruled Germany, taken during the Battle of Berlin, as the identities of the men in the picture were revealed in 2006, as the photographer Yevgeny Khaldei was born to a Jewish family in Ukraine's Yuzovka (now Donetsk), since 2014 facing another aggression, following the April/May 1945 Battle of Berlin, one of the last major offensives of the European theatre of - by the time only - German empire's World War II, and after the Soviet army had liberated NSDAP regime's concentration and extermination camps, including Majdanek and Auschwitz, since months

May 1945 Estrongo Nachama from Thessaloniki stays in Berlin: Mai 1945: Als die Rote Armee Ende 1944 auf Auschwitz zurückte, wurden die Häftlinge nach Sachsenhausen gebracht. Estrongo Nachama aus Thessaloniki gehörte zu den 12.000, die von dort aus im Frühling 1945 den berüchtigten 'Todesmarsch' nach Mecklenburg antreten mußten. Nur ganz wenige überlebten diese Tortur. Nach seiner Befreiung durch sowjetische Truppen traf er im Mai in Berlin ein. Der Zug, der nach Griechenland hätte fahren sollen, blieb in der Stadt, die Eisenbahnlinien waren zerschlagen. - 15. Januar 2000: Estrongo Nachama, Oberkantor der Jüdischen Gemeinde zu Berlin, ist gestorben. Der in Thessaloniki Geborene musste für die Nazis singen und verlor vorübergehend seine Stimme. Nach der Shoah blieb er im Land der Täter und belebte den Synagogengesang neu.

Since 30 August 1945 'Allied Control Council' and operations: Since 30 August 1945 'Allied Control Council', the governing body of the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany and Allied-occupied Austria, as members were the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the USA and France, based in Berlin-Schöneberg, as was constituted the sole legal sovereign authority for Germany as a whole, replacing the extinct civil government of the German empire

1948 deterioration in inter-Allied cooperation within the council and breakdown: 1948 deterioration in inter-Allied cooperation within the council and breakdown

June 1948 newly introduced Deutsche Mark also in West Berlin and blockade: June 1948 – May 1949 Berlin Blockade, one of the first major international crises of the 'Cold War', as during the multinational occupation of post–war Germany the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control, as the Soviets offered to drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the newly introduced Deutsche Mark from West Berlin

Since 1949 Berliner Ensemble after Brechts exile in the USA: Since 1949 'Berliner Ensemble', a German theatre company established by actress Helene Weigel and her husband playwright Bertolt Brecht in East Berlin, as in the time after Brecht's exile in the USA the company first worked at 'Deutsches Theater' and in 1954 moved to the 'Theater am Schiffbauerdamm', that was open for the 1928 premiere of 'The Threepenny Opera', since 1949 premiering with 'Mother Courage and Her Children' written in 1939, followed by 'The Caucasian Chalk Circle' written in 1944, 'Life of Galileo' written in 1938 and receiving its first theatrical production in German at the Zurich Schauspielhaus since September 1943, 'The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui' written in 1941, and 'Schweyk in the Second World War' written by Brecht in 1943 while in exile in California - Seit 1933 verließen Verfolgte und Entrechtete das NSDAP beherrschte Deutsche Reich zu Hunderttausenden (500.000 Menschen, einschließlich Lehrer und Erzieher, Publizisten, Schriftsteller, Wissenschaftler etc.), 360.000 der Exilanten stammten aus Deutschland, nach dem Anschluss Österreichs 1938 kamen ungefähr 140.000 Österreicher hinzu, wobei der weitaus größte Teil von ihnen (zwischen 80 und 90 %) jüdischer Abstammung war, und wobei mit dem Schritt in das Exil die Menschen versuchten, einer drohenden Inhaftierung, Verbringung in ein Konzentrationslager und Tötung zu entgehen - daß dies trotzdem geschehen konnte, zeigt z.B. das Schicksal von Anne Frank azs Frankfurt in Holland, Felix Nussbaum aus Osnabrück in Belgien im Juni 1944 von der Wehrmacht inhaftiert und nach Auschwitz-Birkenau gebracht -, und am 23. Oktober 1941 das 'Reichssicherheitshauptamt' unter Heinrich Himmler ein generelles Ausreiseverbot für Juden erlassen hatte, seitdem das NS-Regime seit 1938 in der Tschechoslowakei und seit 1939 in Polen und dann weiter den Massenmord begonnen hatte

16/17 June 1953 East German uprising: 16/17 June 1953 East German uprising that began with a strike action by construction workers in East Berlin against work quotas during the Sovietization process in East Germany, as demonstrations in East Berlin turned into a widespread uprising against the government of East Germany and the Socialist Unity Party the next day, involving over one million people in about 700 localities across the country

June–November 1961 Berlin Crisis: June–November 1961 Berlin Crisis, the last major politic-military European incident of the Cold War about the occupational status of the former German capital city Berlin and of post–World War II Germany, as the crisis started when the USSR launched an ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of all armed forces from Berlin including the Western armed forces in West Berlin and as the crisis culminated in the city's de facto partition with the East German erection of the Berlin Wall, and as the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union — the last to be attended by the Communist Party of China — was held in Moscow during the crisis - June 1961 Vienna Summit and the Berlin question, following the 1960 USA election and the January 1961 inauguration of John F. Kennedy, until the summer 1963 political crisis in the USA and his 22 November 1963 assassination in Texas, with an enormous impact on USA's public contributing to a growing distrust of governmental institutions, as the suspected perpetrator Lee Harvey Oswald was killed by Jack Ruby on 24 November, and as Kennedy was succeeded as president by Lyndon Johnson until January 1969

August 1961 - 1989 Berlin Wall and impacts for the parts of Berlin: Since 13 August 1961 Berlin Wall, a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989, as construction of the wall was commenced by the GDR (East Germany) on 13 August and cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany, including East Berlin - Auswirkungen des Mauerbaus 1961 bis 1990 für Westberlin - Auswirkungen des Mauerbaus 1961 bis 1990 für Ostberlin

In and since the 1960s social and new political movements in Germany: In and since the 1960s social and new political movements, grewing as younger people became disillusioned with the political 'establishment', worrying it was reminiscent of German empire's NSDAP rule past, as West Berlin became a center for these movements since many pensive and critical, 'left' leaning people would take residence in West Berlin to avoid the military draft that was in effect in the rest of West Germany - 1960s-1970s 'Außerparlamentarische Opposition' (German for extra-parliamentary opposition, commonly known as the APO), a political protest movement in West Germany forming a central part of the German student movement, as its membership consisted mostly of young people disillusioned with the grand coalition (Große Koalition) of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), and as - since the coalition controlled 95% of the Bundestag, the APO provided a more effective outlet for student (and more) dissent

April 1968 assassination attempt against Rudi Dutschke: 11 April 1968 assassination attempt against the spokesperson of the German student movement of the 1960s Rudi Dutschke, who later died, by Josef Bachmann, who had contact with an active cell of Neonazis in Peine since 1961, participating in shooting practice with them

1 May 1968 may demonstration in Westberlin: 1. Mai 1968 in Westberlin, als im SDS Ende der sechziger Jahre das 'Kapital' von Karl Marx gelesen wurde um theoretische Grundlagen für die Überwindung des Kapitalismus und den Übergang zum Sozialismus zu entwickeln. Einer der Mitstreiter: Rudi Dutschke aus Luckenwalde, DDR, der nach dem Mauerbau in West-Berlin studierte. Viele aktive Theoretiker waren es nicht. Aber nach dem Mord an Benno Ohnesorg am 2. Juni 1967 änderte sich auf einen Schlag die Stimmung der Studenten nicht nur auf dem Campus der Freien Universität in Berlin. Demonstrationen. Auseinandersetzungen mit der Polizei. Proteste gegen den Vietnamkrieg der USA. Rote Fahnen auf dem Kurfürstendamm in West-Berlin und Studenten, die dem kommunistischen Chef des nordvietnamesischen Vietcong huldigten, mit ihren Ho-Ho-Ho-Chi-Minh-Rufen. Die heiß diskutierten Notstandsgesetze, die der Bundestag schließlich im Frühjahr 1968 verabschiedete, heizten die Atmosphäre zusätzlich an und verschafften der außerparlamentarischen Opposition, der APO, ungeahnten Zulauf.

1 May 1969 huge may demonstration from Berlin-Neukölln to Berlin-Kreuzberg: 1. Mai 1969 Demonstration der APO (Außerparlamentarische Opposition) von der Karl-Marx-Straße in Berlin-Neukölln zum Hohenstaufenplatz in Berlin-Kreuzberg mit der Teilnehmerzahl von 1 Million Demonstranten

Since 1970s/1980s reconstruction of the system of political economy: 1977/78 Krise und Auflösung der 'Projektgruppe Entwicklung des Marxschen Systems' (Das Kapitel vom Geld 1973, Theorien über den Mehrwert 1975, Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie 1978) infolge politischer Intrige seitens des Projektleiters seit Sommer 1977 nach verletzter Eitelkeit, Gegenangriff mithilfe eines WG-Miglieds und Psychologiestudenten mit doppeltem Spiel, außerdem zu der Zeit unzureichender Quellenlage zur Geschichte Israels, des Militärstaats 'Imperium Romanum', dann - nach dessen Selbstauflösung trotz von seinen Ideologen ausgedachter christlicher Staatsreligion, ausgehend von nicht verstandener jüdischer Geschichte und Kultur - des 'Sacrum Imperium Romanum' bis 1806 und der Nationalstaaten bis 2021, und damit vor allem zur Geschichte der Privateigentumsformen, die heute den globalen Kapitalismus, den Weltmarkt und das Verhältnis reicher Länder zu Ländern mit Gemeinwesen, die die europäische Entwicklung mit seinen Privateigentumsformen (und entsprechenden Kriegen) nicht mitgemacht sondern nur darunter gelitten haben und leiden

Since 1971/1972 'Four Power Agreement on Berlin': After Willy Brandt took office of chancellor in Bonn in October 1969, 3 September 1971 'Four Power Agreement on Berlin', agreed on by the four wartime Allied powers, drawn up 'in the English, French and Russian languages, all texts being equally authentic', thus there is no authentic text in the German language, put it into force at a ceremony in Berlin on 3 June 1972 by 4 powers' ambassadors

July/August 1973 '10th World Festival of Youth and Students' with millions of visitors in East Berlin 'against Nuclear Weapons': July/August 1973 '10th World Festival of Youth and Students' held in East Berlin, organised by World Federation of Democratic Youth with 26,000 participants from 104 countries and millions of visitors, as the theme of the festival was 'Peace and Friendship against Nuclear Weapons'

Since 1970s non-governmental environmental organization 'Greenpeace' and 'Greens' in West Germany: After in 1972 non-governmental environmental organization 'Greenpeace', then in over 55 countries and and with an international coordinating body in Amsterdam, in the 1970s and 1980s in West Germany a 'Green Party' was formed to organize and accommodate the anti-nuclear movement in Germany, and after peace movement activists and other new social movements had previously been active in the 'APO', as later in 1983, the 'German Green Party' was elected into the Bundestag still in Bonn, where it stood for the concept of movement and change - until today seen in new social movements - and as within only a few years, the 'Greens' gained political influence amid growing knowledge of natural foundations and the unity of man and nature

Since early 1980s 'Schwerter zu Pflugsharen' movement also in the GDR and its capital: Seit Anfang der 1980er Jahre haben die Oppositionsgruppen in der DDR immer stärkeren Zulauf, wobei eine wesentliche Ursache dafür das von vielen Menschen als Bedrohung empfundene Wettrüsten der Supermächte ist, und in den Jahren 1982/83 gehen die Jugendlichen mit zahlreichen Aktionen in die Öffentlichkeit

Since October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital: 3 October 1990 German reunification, unified Berlin designated capital of the 'Federal Republic of Germany'

2011 Berlin state election: 2011 Berlin state election - Political parties - compare - 18 septembre 2011: Une majorité pour les sociaux-démocrates SPD (28,3%) avec les Verts (17,6%) au scrutin régional à Berlin - le parti libéral FDP (1,8%) est chassé du parlement

September 2016 Berlin elections: 18 September 2016 Wahl zum Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin - 19 septembre 2016: Après les élections régionales à Berlin le maire actuel Michael Müller, SPD avec moins de 22% des voix, privilégie une coalition avec les écologistes, crédités de 15% des voix, et le parti 'Die Linke', qui progresse nettement et recueille un score voisin, plus que l'AfD - 17 January 2017: Appointed by the Left party, Andrej Holm, an academic who had hidden the fact he served in the notorious East German secret police Stasi before the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, resigned as deputy housing minister

February 2019 BND headquarter in Berlin: 8 February 2019: After taking 12 years and €1bn of taxpayers to build, BND's, and world’s biggest, intelligence headquarters reopens in Berlin

29 August 2020 Berlin protests and planned counter-protests amid covid-19: 29 August 2020: Berlin braces for protest against covid-19 restrictions after court ruling, amid calls for counter-protests saying 'there must be no tolerance towards racists, anti-Semites, right-wing extremists and Nazis’ - 29 August 2020: After mass protest against pandemic restrictions had been allowed to go ahead by German court after a bitter legal battle, Berlin police break up protest against covid-19 restrictionsh by 18,000 coronavirus sceptics because protesters were failing to respect social distancing

29 August 2020 'Reichsbürger' and neo-Nazi linked groups tried to storm German parliament: 29 August 2020: 'Anti-corona' extremists try to storm German parliament, some waving the flag of the German Reich since 1871 and neo-Nazi linked banners, but police prevent hundreds from entering Reichstag and disband march against covid protection measures

26 September 2021 Berlin state election: 26 September 2021 Berlin state election - 2021 opinion polling for September 2021 Berlin state election, giving the Greens a leading position with about 22-27%

15 January 2022 Europe commemorates the 103rd anniversary of the summary execution of Luxemburg and Liebknecht: 15 janvier 2022 après dans l'oblast de Tcheliabinsk en Russie la ville de Roza été fondée en 1931 dénommée en sa mémoire, un collège de la ville de Lisses porte son nom en France, plusieurs écoles également, et la Ville de Paris a nommé un jardin à son nom, les jardins Rosa-Luxemburg - 9. Januar 2022: 'Und wer war dieser Liebknecht' fragt eine junge Polizistin vor der Gedenkstätte der Sozialisten am Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde, wohin ca. 2.400 Menschen gekommen sind for the annual demonstration in memory of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, commemorating the 103rd anniversary of their assassinations on January 15 1919, carried out on by the far-right Freikorps paramilitary at the behest of the Social Democratic Party SPD during the German revolution

8 June 2022 man detained after driving car into Berlin crowd, killing one: 8 June 2022: Man detained after driving car into Berlin crowd, killing one, as police says a teacher died and 14 schoolchildren were injured on road adjacent to 2016 fatal attack

17 October 2022 new EU sanctions against Iranian/Russian war crimes in Ukraine: 17. Oktober 2022: 'Die neuen EU-Sanktionen gegen den Iran sind nur das absolute Minimum des Nötigen. Der Aufstand für die Freiheit ist Europas Regierungen gleichgültig', kommentiert die Autorin Gilda Sahebi

23 October 2022 demonstrators hold banner 'Woman, Life, Freedom' during solidarity rally in Berlin: 23 October 2022: Demonstrators hold a banner in Berlin reading 'Woman, Life, Freedom' during a rally - in Berlin's Tiergarten Park - in solidarity with Iranian protests following the death of Mahsa Amini last month

24 October 2022 climate protesters threw potatoes at Claude Monet painting in Potsdam southeast of Berlin: 24 October 2022: German climate protesters threw mashed potatoes at a Claude Monet painting at Potsdam’s Barberini Museum southeast of Berlin not intending to harm the painting because it was enclosed in glass, and they did not cause any damage. The painting is the latest artwork in a museum to be targeted by climate activists. The UK group Just Stop Oil threw tomato soup at Vincent van Gogh’s Sunflowers in London’s National Gallery earlier this month.That painting was also behind protective glass and unharmed, according to the museum.

9 November 2022 controversial panel discussion about the Holocaust and 'Nakba' delayed: 9 November 2022: Eine für den 9. November geplante Veranstaltung des Goethe-Instituts in Israel und der Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung in Tel Aviv - bei der sich drei Teilnehmer zur Frage austauschen sollten wie die Erfahrungen des Holocaust und die der 'Nakba' der Palästinenser vergleichbar sind - wird nach Protesten verschoben

2 December 2022 campaigners celebrate changing of colonial street names in Berlin: 2 December 2022: Campaigners who have fought for decades for Germany to confront its colonial past celebrated the renaming of Berlin places in tribute to figureheads who resisted forced rule in Africa, as Manga Bell Platz in the so-called African Quarter of Berlin’s Wedding district was renamed in memory of Rudolf and Emily Duala Manga Bell, a king and queen of Duala in Cameroon who fought against German colonialism. Rudolf Duala Manga Bell, who had been educated in Germany, was executed along with about 100 other people by German authorities in August 1914 after a sham trial - and after German empire's appalling attack against Belgium in its World War I. The square, a central part of the African Quarter, had until Friday been known as Nachtigalplatz since 1910, after Gustav Nachtigal, the German empire’s commissioner for west Africa who had a key role in the German colonisation of Togo, Cameroon and Namibia in the 1870s. Close by, Lüderitz Strasse, named after colonialist Adolf Lüderitz, a Bremen tradesman once celebrated as the founder of the German-Southwest Africa colony – now Namibia – was given the new name Cornelius Fredericks Strasse. Frederiks was a resistance fighter from the Nama people who was imprisoned in a concentration camp on Shark Island along with a group of almost 1,800 people in 1906. He died on 16 February 1907 from malnutrition and hypothermia. Some of the victims among those held with him were decapitated and their skulls sent to Germany for so-called racial scientists to carry out anthropological research on them. In a ceremony attended by the ambassadors of Cameroon and Namibia, as well as the current King Eboumbou of Douala and his wife.

15. Januar 2023 Demonstrationen zum Jahrestag der Ermordung von Karl Liebknecht und Rosa Luxemburg: 15. Januar 2023: Anlässlich des 104. Jahrestages der Ermordung von Karl Liebknecht und Rosa Luxemburg ist am Sonntag wieder zu mehreren Demonstrationen in Berlin aufgerufen worden. Die größte Demo vom Frankfurter Tor bis zum Friedhof in Friedrichsfelde, auf dem Rosa Luxemburg und Karl Liebknecht beerdigt sind, ist beendet. Die Polizei zählte etwa 4300 Teilnehmer.

Society, ethnic groups and crime in Berlin: Berlin society - Ethnic groups in Berlin - Crime in Berlin - Since 1914 German war crimes promoted and ordered in Berlin

Jews and Judaism in Berlin: Jews and Judaism in Berlin

April 2018 Berlin anti-semitic attack: 17 April 2018 Berlin anti-semitic attack, when two young men wearing Jewish skullcaps were insulted by Arabic-speaking passers-by, and one of the two, an Israeli citizen, was beaten with a belt by a Palestinian attacker

March 2019 anti-Semitic attacks: 2 March 2019: For restaurateur Yorai Feinberg in Berlin, anti-Semitic attacks are routine, after he was taking a break outside his Berlin restaurant in December 2017, when a man screamed at him 'Go back to your gas chambers', filmed by his friend and posted as video on social media that went viral and unleashed a torrent of anti-Semitic hate mail

29 October 2019 Jewish man beaten on the street: 29 October 2019: A 70-year-old Jewish man was beaten on a Berlin street in an apparent anti-Semitic attack, after he was initially insulted by an unknown man as he walked in the Karow neighborhood

August 2020 neo-Nazi linked arson attack on Israeli-owned bar in Berlin: 20 August 2020: Berlin police investigate neo-Nazi link to arson attack on Israeli-owned bar that has been the repeated target of anti-Semitic harassment, as at a solidarity rally called by the Lichtenberg Anti-fascist Network the bar’s owner said he would not close shop, despite the repeated threats

25 February 2021 hundreds of German police swoop on members of banned anti-Semitic Islamic group: 25 February 2021: Hundreds of German police swoop on members of banned anti-Semitic Islamic group, as raids in Berlin and across Brandenburg target Jama’atu Berlin organization, said to have called for armed jihad and terrorist attacks on civilians

Bremen state elections: State elections in Bremen

May 2015: 10 May 2015 Bremen state election - 11 May 2015: Following state elections, Bremen’s mayor resigns despite SPD and Greens could proceed to govern with a slim bulk

May 2019 Bremen state election: 26 May 2019 Bremen state election

History of Hamburg: History of Hamburg - Elections in Hamburg - Timeline of Hamburg

Since 1847 Hamburg-American Line: Since 1847 Hamburg-American Line (Hamburg-Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Aktien-Gesellschaft HAPAG), a transatlantic shipping enterprise established in Hamburg, that developed into the largest German, and at times the world's largest, shipping company, serving the market created by German immigration to the USA, later immigration from Eastern Europe, as on 1 September 1970, after 123 years of independent existence, HAPAG merged with the Bremen-based North German Lloyd to form Hapag-Lloyd AG

1914-1917 Hamburg-American Line during WWI and German unrestricted submarine warfare: 1914-1917 Hamburg-American Line during WWI, as in 1914 company's 'Vaterland' was caught in port at Hoboken in New Jersey at the outbreak of World War I and interned by the USA, then - since German empire's unrestricted submarine warfare - seized, renamed Leviathan after the declaration of war on Germany in 1917, and served for the duration and beyond as a troopship, and as in 1917 Hamburg America Line's 'Allemannia' was torpedoed by German submarine near Alicante and two people were lost

1938-1945: 1938-1945 Neuengamme concentration camp near the village of Neuengamme in the Bergedorf district of Hamburg, operated by the SS an estimated 106,000 prisoners were held at Neuengamme and at its subcamps, the verified death toll is 42,900

Since 1945 Hamburg after the Second World War: Hamburg after the Second World War 1939-1945

1946-1948 Hamburg Ravensbrück trials: 1946-1948 Hamburg Ravensbrück trials, a series of seven trials for war crimes against camp officials from the Ravensbrück concentration camp that the British authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Hamburg after the end of World War II

Since 1950s history of 'Tagesschau' (German TV series): Propagandakompagniemitarbeiter (Truppengattung der Nazi-Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS) Martin Svoboda bildete nach Kriegsende mit Filmproduzent Kipp und Fotograf Fritz Kempe ein Team, um von 1951 bis 1960 als erster und zunächst einziger Redakteur für die Tagesschau beim Nordwestdeutschen Rundfunk NWDR Materialien nach eigener Vorstellung zu einer Nachrichtensendung zusammenschneiden, sprach die Nachrichten dreimal wöchentlich abends live, war dann seit 1960 Sendeleiter und außerdem für Dienstpläne der Tagesschau-Sprecher verantwortlich, die bis zum heutigen Tag Nachrichten von anonym bleibenden Redakteuren verbreiten, d.h. ohne jemals einen verantwortlichen Autor für die Sendung zu nennen

'Show' or 'Schau', 'Darbietung', 'Vorführung': Eine 'Show' oder 'Schau', Darbietung, Vorführung, ein Ereignis mit Unterhaltungs- oder/und mit Informationscharakter

Since 1968 'Friedrich-Ebert-Gymnasium' in Hamburg: 1968 wurde das Harburg Gymnasium für Jungen koedukativ und nach dem ehemaligen SPD-Vorsitzenden Friedrich Ebert benannt, der 1914-1918 mitverantwortlich für den 1. Weltkrieg des Deutschen Reiches war, aber niemals zur Rechenschaft gezogen wurde (zuvor 1628 gegründete Lateinschule, ab 1937 Oberschule für Jungen, ab 1959 Gymnasium für Jungen Harburg), und nachdem 1967 der in den sechsiger Jahren amtierende Senator der Hamburger Polizeibehörde und dann Innensenator Helmut Schmidt SPD-Fraktionsvorsitzender im Bundestag in Bonn geworden war

June and December 1982 Hamburg state election, Greens win 7,7%: 6 June 1982 Hamburg state election, Greens party wins 7,7% - 19 December 1982 Hamburg state election

February 2015 Hamburg state election: 15 February 2015 Hamburg state election - 16 February 2015: Conservatives suffer blow in Hamburg state vote but AfD wins seats in its first western regional assembly, turnout about 54%

June/July 2017 protests G20 against summit in Hamburg: G20 Hamburg summit protests June-July 2017 - 7–8 July 2017 G20 Hamburg summit in the city of Hamburg - 7 July 2017: Protesters reportedly clashed with police, torched patrol cars and blocked roads in the German city of Hamburg on Friday in fresh violence just before the start of the G20 summit - 7 July 2017: New York city mayor Bill De Blasio, one of Trump's sharpest critics, will take part in protests against the G20 summit in Hamburg and will be a keynote speaker on Saturday at a rally for human rights and democracy - 9 July 2017: Two nights of rioting, looting and transport chaos left many residents in Hamburg asking why their government had decided to hold the annual G20 summit with Putin, Xi Jinping, Trump and Erdogan in a densely populated city with such a strong tradition of counter-cultural protest

2018 transformation of Hamburg Gestapo headquarters: 1 February 2018: Relatives of some of the thousands of Nazi victims who were tortured and murdered in the Hamburg headquarters of the Gestapo have accused authorities and property developers of insulting their memory following the transformation of the building into a luxury complex with scant reference to its past

February 2020 Hamburg state election: 23 February 2020 Hamburg state election - 2020 Hamburg state election opinion polling - 24 February 2020: Greens and SPD victorious with 24.2% and 39% in Hamburg state elections as the crisis in the CDU, FDP and AfD deepens

3 May 2020 75th anniversary of the liberation of Hamburg and Neuengamme Concentration Camp: 3 May 2020: On 3 May 1945 British troops liberated Hamburg, but international commemorative ceremony to mark the 75th anniversary of the liberation of Neuengamme Concentration Camp can unfortunately not take place this year due to covid-19 pandemic

April 2021 Hamburger SOST Abschaum in St. Georg's Lange Reihe: Im April 2021 wagen es die Mitglieder der sog. 'Sozialistische Studiengruppen' Joachim Bischoff, Christoph Lieber, Gerd Siebecke et al. gemeinsam mit Wolfgang-Walther Schmidts Tochter Jenny Schmidt in Münster und Jennys Mutter Ursula Schmidt-Rickels in Frankfurt eine Trauermitteilung für die verstorbene Berliner Prof. Ursula Schumm-Garling zu publizieren, obwohl sie wissen, daß es sich um die Tochter des 'mit aller Brutalität' fertig zu machenden Wolfgang-Walther Schmidt handelt. Dieser Abschaum vor allem aus Hamburg - der sich 'sozialistisch' nennt - schreckt vor nichts zurück.

10 July 2021 Esther Bejarano, a survivor of the Auschwitz death camp, has died: 10 July 2021: Esther Bejarano, a survivor of the Auschwitz death camp who devoted much of her life to the fight against antisemitism and racism – often through the power of music – has died peacefully in the early hours of Saturday at the Jewish Hospital in Hamburg, after regaining her life and liberty following 1945 death camp's liberation by Soviet soldiers, according to Auschwitz Committee in Germany's Helga Obens

9/10 March 2023 seven people killed in Jehovah’s Witnesses hall shooting in Hamburg: 9 March 2023 mass shooting at a Jehovah’s Witness centre on Deelbögestrasse in Hamburg's Gross Borstel district at c. 9:00 p.m. – 9:15 p.m., as at least eight people were killed and an unspecified number were injured, eight of them seriously. The perpetrator - according to the police an ex-member of Jehovah's Witnesses - is among the dead. - 10 March 2023 seven people killed and dozens wounded in Jehovah’s Witnesses hall shooting in Hamburg, as the perpetrator, who was said to have emptied one of several magazines of bullets in the shooting, had been ejected from the church about 18 months ago for reasons unknown, according to local media

History of Hesse: History of Hesse - State elections in Hesse - Constitution of Hesse December 1946, the constitution of the German state (Bundesland) of Hesse since World War II

Since 1st century BCE 'Germania magna' and Roman empire's fleet bases Rhein-Main-Gebiet: Since 1st century BCE Roman empire's 'Germania magna' - Seit 13/12 v. Chr. römisches Legionslager auf einer Anhöhe über dem Rhein und gegenüber der Mainmündung an der römischen Rheintalstraße, das über 350 Jahre lang Standort römischer Legionen und bis in die Mitte des 3. Jahrhunderts, teilweise auch noch im 4. Jahrhundert, Ausgangspunkt für Feldzüge in die Magna Germania blieb, und außerdem Stützpunkt der Rheinflotte des römischen Reiches wurde - 297-455 'Germania Primera' ('Germania prima')

Monasteries in Hesse and 'Lorsch Codex': Monasteries in Hesse and 'Lorsch Codex' - Since 764 Lorsch Abbey (the Imperial Abbey of Lorsch), about 10 km east of Worms, later one of the most renowned monasteries of the Carolingian Empire - About 1175-1195 'Lorsch Codex' consisting of 460 pages in large format containing more than 3800 entries, and important because it details the gifts given to the monastery and the possessions belonging to it, giving some of the first mention of cities of the Middle Ages in central Germany, and in particular in the Rhein-Neckar region, as over one thousand places are named - Since 736 Hersfeld Abbey, an important Benedictine imperial abbey in the town of Bad Hersfeld, founded by a disciple of Saint Boniface, as the clerics - because its location rendered it vulnerable to attacks from the Saxons - transferred it to Fulda, and some years later, in or about 769 after the defeat of the Saxons by the Franks, the archbishop of Mainz re-founded the monastery at Hersfeld - List of Carolingian (and earlier) monasteries

Since 13th century landgraviate of Hesse and later principality: Landgrafschaft Hessen, ein Fürstentum des Heiligen Römischen Reiches mit dem historischen Kerngebiet im Norden und in der Mitte des heutigen Landes Hessen, wobei die Residenz zunächst kurzfristig in Marburg und in Gudensberg war, aber schon von 1277 an in Kassel, während vor 1500 die Landgrafschaft Hessen territorial bis an Rhein und Neckar anwuchs, dann als Fürstentum regiert durch das Haus Hessen woei 1526 der Übertritt Hessens zum lutherischen Glauben erfolgte

1524-1525 'German Peasants War' popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe: 1524-1525 German Peasants' War, a widespread popular revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe (the largest and most widespread popular uprising prior to the French Revolution since 1789), that failed because of intense opposition from the aristocracy, who slaughtered up to 100,000 of the 300,000 poorly armed peasants and farmers, as the survivors were fined and achieved few, if any, of their goals, and as - like the preceding Bundschuh movement and the Hussite Wars, the war consisted of a series of both economic and religious revolts in which peasants and farmers, often supported by Anabaptist clergy, took the lead - 1525 Odenwälder Bauernheer während des Deutschen Bauernkrieges - List of peasant revolts, as their history spans over a period of over two thousand years, and as a variety of reasons fueled the emergence of the peasant revolt phenomenon, including tax resistance, social inequality, religious war, national liberation, resistance against serfdom, redistribution of land, and also more or less external factors such as plague and famine

1567-1806 Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt: 1567-1806 Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt

1567 founding of Hesse-Darmstadt and European war in Germany 1618-1648: Gründungsphase von Hessen-Darmstadt 1567–1596, Dreißigjähriger Krieg, Pest und Hungersnöte 1597–1661

1848-1849 National Assembly in Frankfurt in the German revolutions: National Assembly in Frankfurt in the German revolutions of 1848–1849

9 November 1848 democrat Robert Blum executed in Vienna: 9. November 1848 Robert Blums - in Köln geborener Wortführer der Linken in der Frankfurter Nationalversammlung von 1848 und der populärste Politiker seiner Zeit - letzte Worte 'Ich sterbe für die deutsche Freiheit, für die ich gekämpft' bevor er am 9. November 1848 im Wiener Vorort Brigittenau im Morgengrauen durch die Kugeln eines österreichischen Hinrichtungskommandos sterben mußte - 9 novembre date est celle d'au moins cinq événements emblématiques aussi pour l'Europe comprenant l`empire d`autriche et aujourd'hui la republique d'Autriche

1933/34-1945 People's State of Hesse: People's State of Hesse, the name of the German state of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1918 until 1933/34-1945, and constitution since 20 February 1919

September 2013 Hesse state election: 22 September 2013 Hesse state election - 23. September 2013: Vorläufiges Ergebnis der Landtagswahl 2013

October 2018 Hessian state election: 28 October 2018 Hessian state election - 29 October 2018: After the CDU slumped to 27% in preliminary results in the state and the SPD tanked to 19.8% in a dead heat with the resurgent Green party for second place, giving the coalition 69 seats of 137, Merkel said national politics had had negative influence on the results in Hesse

29 March 2020 finance minister Thomas Schäfer died by suicide amid covid-19 pandemic and economic crisis: 29 March 2020: Police suspect finance minister for the state of Hesse Thomas Schäfer died by suicide after his body was found on train tracks near Wiesbaden, leaving a note before taking his own life referencing his reasons for his apparent suicide, after he regularly appeared in public in recent days to inform the public about financial assistance during the covid-19 crisis

14 March 2021 Hessian local elections, to elect district, municipal, and city councils and local boards: 14 March 2021 Hessian local elections, to elect district, municipal, and city councils and local boards, as well as mayors in some cities and district administrators in some districts, as indirect elections will also take place for the Planning Board of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main Regional Authority and the regional councils of Hesse's three governing districts

Since March 2021 results of local elections in Frankfurt/M., Wiesbaden, Kassel, Darmstadt and Offenbach: Since March 2021 results of local elections in independent cities in Hesse including Frankfurt/Main (24.6% Greens, 21.9% CDU, 17.0 SPD), Wiesbaden (23.% CDU, 21.4 Greens, 20.3 SPD), Kassel (28.7 Greens, 24.6% SPD, 19.2% 'Leopard tank' party CDU), Darmstadt (27.4% Greens, 16.7% SPD, 15.6% CDU, Offenbach am Main (28.4% SPD, 18.1% Greens, also CDU)

8 October 2023 Hesse state election: 8 October 2023, as all members of the Landtag will be elected - Opinion polling for the October 2023 Hesse state election

Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region and Frankfurt/Main: Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region - Frankfurt/Main city

Geography of Frankfurt/Main: Geography of Frankfurt/Main

History, economy, and banking of Frankfurt/Main: History of Frankfurt/Main and, economy of Frankfurt/Main - Frankfurt/Main's Bankenviertel

Frankfurt/Main's Altstadt in the Medieval Period: Frankfurt/Main's Altstadt in the Medieval Period

Early 20th century's Frankfurt/Main's old town: Frankfurt/Main's old town in the early 20th century

1939-45 Frankfurt/Main's destruction in World War II, post-war period 'reconstruction', second destruction: Frankfurt/Main's destruction in World War II, post-war period with reconstruction and second destruction

20th/21st century districts and sights of the Altstadt of Frankfurt/Main: 20th/21st century districts and sights of the Altstadt of Frankfurt/Main, including Römerberg and surroundings and Cathedral area - where the majority of German kings were chosen since the Middle Ages, and from 1562 to 1792 10 emperors of the Holy Roman Empire were crowned in the Bartholomäuskirche -, western, northern, eastern (in the Judengasse Museum, part of the Frankfurt Jewish Museum, excavated remains of the ghetto and the synagogue can be viewed) old town - Frankfurt/Main's Bankenviertel

Elections and mayors of Frankfurt-am-Main since 19th century: Elections and mayors of Frankfurt-am-Main since 19th century

7 November 2022 voters in Frankfurt/Main remove city's mayor amid corruption case: 7 November 2022: Voters in Frankfurt/Main remove city's mayor amid corruption case

Timeline of Frankfurt since 843 CE: Timeline of Frankfurt since 843 CE, as city becomes capital of East Francia

1241 Judenprogrom: 1180 Staufenmauer built, 1241 'Judenschlacht' - Pogrom von 1241 in Frankfurt am Main, die älteste dokumentierte Verfolgung der Juden in Frankfurt, welche am 24. Mai 1241 seitens der christlichen Mehrheit der Stadtbevölkerung stattfand, angestachelt insbesondere durch die Dominikaner, als 170 Juden ermordet wurden (die Opferzahlen weichen, je nach Quelle, leicht voneinander ab), wobei Opfer wohl auch gefoltert wurden bevor sie umgebracht, ausgeplündert, nackt liegen gelassen und nicht bestattet wurden, und infolgedessen sich 24 überlebende Juden taufen ließen um der Ermordung zu entgehen

1349 second Judenschlacht: The second Judenschlacht of 1349

1462-1811 Frankfurter Judengasse (ghetto), Germany's largest Jewish community in early modern times: 1462-1796 Frankfurter Judengasse, das seit 1462 bestehende jüdische Ghetto in Frankfurt am Main, das erste und eines der letzten seiner Art in Deutschland vor der Epoche der Emanzipation im 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts, wobei in der frühen Neuzeit hier die größte jüdische Gemeinde Deutschlands lebte

1721 Ghetto Fire: The Ghetto Fire of 1721

July 1796 French Revolutionary troops, end of the Judengasse: Bombardment of 1796 by French Revolutionary troops and end of the Judengasse

1848/49 Frankfurt Parliament and constitution: 1848/49 Frankfurt Parliament (Frankfurter Nationalversammlung), the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany, including the German-populated areas of Austria-Hungary, elected on 1 May 1848 in the Paulskirche at Frankfurt am Main. Its existence was both part of and the result of the 'March Revolution' within the states of the German Confederation

1914 University Frankfurt and 1923 Frankfurt School and critical theory: 18 October 1914 University Frankfurt

Since 1923 Institute for Social Research IfS: Since 1923 Institute for Social Research IfS, a research organization for sociology and continental philosophy, best known as the institutional home of the Frankfurt School and critical theory - 1903-1969 Theodor W. Adorno, born Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund, was a German scientist, sociologist, musicologist, and composer known for his critical theory of society and a leading member of the Frankfurt School of critical theory, whose work has come to be associated with thinkers such as Ernst Bloch, Walter Benjamin, Max Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, and Herbert Marcuse, for whom the works of Marx, Freud and Hegel were essential to a critique of modern society and a critic of both fascism and what he called the culture industry

Since 1921/1930 'Röderberg-Reformschule': 1921 wird die Reformvolksschule Röderberg gegründet, eine öffentliche Volksschule und Teil eines ambitionierten reformpädagogischen Modellversuchs der Stadt Frankfurt, wobei der Besuch unentgeltlich ist und die Schule wird im Gegensatz zu den Regelschulen keinem Schulbezirk zugeordnet wird, und 1930 kann nach gemeinsamer konzeptioneller Arbeit im Rahmen des Projekts Neues Frankfurt mit dem Stadtbaumeister Ernst May ein eigenes Schulgebäude am Bornheimer Hang geplant und realisiert werden

August 1937 - Frühjahr 1942 Lager für Sinti und Roma Frankfurt am Main: 18. August 1937 - Frühjahr 1942 Lager für Sinti und Roma Frankfurt am Main, Aufnahme in das Haftstättenverzeichnis der Stiftung EVZ gemäß Beschluss vom 08. Juni 2001

9/10 November 1938 'Kristallnacht' in Frankfurt, followed by the Holocaust: 9/10 November 1938 Kristallnacht, as most of the synagogues in Frankfurt were severely damaged or destroyed by the NSDAP mob on Kristallnacht,including the synagogues at Alt Heddernheim 33, Börneplatz, Börnestraße, Conrad-Weil-Gasse, Freiherr-vom-Stein-Straße, Friedberger Anlage 5-6, Hermesweg 5-7, Inselgasse 9, Marktplatz Höchst, Obermainanlage 8, Ostendstraße 18, Niederhofheim'sche Synagoge, Schloßstraße 5, and Unterlindau 21, and as the deportation of the Jewish residents to their deaths in the East quickened in pace after Kristallnacht, as their property and valuables were taken by the Gestapo before deportation, and as they were subjected to extreme violence during transport to the stations for the cattle wagons which carried them east, as most ended up in new ghettoes established by the Nazis such as the Warsaw Ghetto before their murder in camps such as Sobibor, Belzec and Treblinka

Since 1942 Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II: Since 1942 Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II

March 1945 Battle of Frankfurt: March 1945 Battle of Frankfurt was a four-day struggle for control of Frankfurt am Main during World War II since 1939, as USA's 5th Infantry Division conducted the main attack while the 6th Armored Division provided support, as the city was occupied by NSDAP Germany's Seventh Army, as radio Luxembourg reported small sporadic fighting lasting until 4 April

Februar 1942 - 18. März 1945 'Arbeitserziehungslager Frankfurt-Heddernheim', Buchenwald: Februar 1942 - 18. März 1945 'Arbeitserziehungslager Frankfurt-Heddernheim', Häftlinge wurden nach Auflösung nach Buchenwald deportiert. Arbeit bei der Vereinigten Deutschen Metallwerke AG/Adler-Werke, Aufräumarbeiten und Entladen von Waggons

Since 1 August 1945 Frankfurter Rundschau: Since 1 August 1945 Frankfurter Rundschau, a German daily newspaper published every day but Sunday as a city, two regional and one nationwide issues, the first newspaper published in the USA sector in occupied Germany as the licence was handed over to the first team of editors consisting of Emil Carlebach, Hans Etzkorn, Wilhelm Karl Gerst, Otto Grossmann, Wilhelm Knothe, Paul Rodemann and Arno Rudert, a group of social democrats, political Catholics and communists, who had spent years in the resistance and Nazi concentration camps or in exil

20th century journalist and resistance fighter Emil Carlebach, opposing NSDAP dictatorship since early 1934: 1914-2001 Emil Carlebach a Hessian Landtag member, a writer, and a journalist, who was sentenced to 3 years in prison for spreading anti-fascist union publications, then in 1937 sent to Dachau concentration camp, then imprisoned at Buchenwald in 1938, where he was active in the illegal resistance organization, then was to have been shot by the SS on 6 April 1945 for his efforts in the camp revolt but was hidden by other prisoners and survived till liberation, then after the liberation of the concentration camp, the prisoners from Buchenwald chose him as their spokesman, later becoming the vice-president of the International Buchenwald Committee, as in 1947, without explanation, the USA Military Government (general Clay) in Germany revoked Carlebach's publisher's license despite he was also a co-founder of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime VVN (Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes) - Publikationen von Emil Carlebach

Since 1957 Deutsche Bundesbank: Since 1957 Deutsche Bundesbank, the central bank of the Federal Republic of Germany and as such part of the European System of Central Banks ESCB

1963-1965 second Auschwitz trial: 1963-1965 second Auschwitz trial, a series of trials charging 22 (!) defendants under German criminal law for their roles in the Holocaust as mid- to lower-level officials in the Auschwitz-Birkenau death and concentration camp complex

1977 'Röderberg-Reformschule' becomes 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule Frankfurt/Main': 1977 'Röderberg-Reformschule' wird 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule Frankfurt/Main', politisch gewollt u.a. von SPD Mitgliedern die aus deutscher Geschichte, der Entwicklung zum 1. Weltkrieg und Ebert-SPD unterstützten Kriegsverbrechen - angefangen Juli/August 1914 in Luxemburg, Belgien und Frankreich (German 'Schrecklichkeit'), dann barbarischem 'Stellungskrieg' mit hunderttausenden von Opfern, geächtetem und unmenschlichen Chemiewaffeneinsatz seit 1915 in Belgien bis 1917/18 gegen und in Italien durch den späteren GFM Erwin Rommel, weltweiter 'unrestricted submarine warfare' - und dann den Verfolgungen von Kriegsgegnern (um sie mit allen Mitteln zum Schweigen zu bringen) bis hin zu den Morden von Friedenskämpfern wie Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, Hugo Haase und vielen anderen - Verbrechen die der NSDAP den Weg ebneten und den NSDAP-Organisationen die Orientierung boten - kaum etwas gelernt haben

1 November 1979: Thursday 1 November 1979, events

1980 Frankfurt city twinned with Tel Aviv city in Israel: 1980 Frankfurt city twinned with Tel Aviv city in Israel, according to 'Die Zeitgeschichte 1945–2000', Chronik der Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Institut für Stadtgeschichte

18 October 1980: Saturday 18 October 1980, events

Since 1997 Anne Frank Educational Centre to promote human rights education and facilitating dialogue: Since 1997 Anne Frank Educational Centre located in the neighbourhood of Dornbusch, Frankfurt am Main, where Anne Frank was born. The Centre is supported by the Anne-Frank-Fonds in Basel. In their work, the Centre uses the biography and the diary of Anne Frank as a unique tool to promote tolerance and educate people about the consequences of Nazism, discrimination and racism.

April 2001 Emil Carlebach died in Frankfurt: 9 April 2001: Former 'Buchenwald Inmates Advisory Board at the Buchenwald Memorial', and vice president of the 'International Committee of Buchenwald-Dora and Subcamps' Emil Carlebach died in Frankfurt a. M.

16 June 2020 Frankfurt court hearing against two neo-Nazis in Walter Luebcke murder case: 16 June 2020: German court in Frankfurt begin hearing the case against two neo-Nazis accused of killing regional politician Walter Luebcke, as Stephan Ernst is accused of murder, attempted murder, serious bodily harm and firearms offenses, and as protesters against anti-immigrant Pegida movement hold a banner reading 'who always wanted to know, how it could happen with the Nazis, lives in the right time' during a demonstration on Monday

9 July 2020 Frankfurt police computer searched for data on politician receiving letters since February signed 'NSU 2.0': 9 July 2020: German police computer in Frankfurt was searched for data on politician Janine Wissler threatened by neo-Nazis, receiving several threatening letters and emails since February, signed 'NSU 2.0', a reference to the German neo-Nazi National Socialist Underground group that committed several racist murders in the 2000s, coming now as the German police and army find themselves under increased scrutiny for neo-Nazi linked and racist views in their ranks, a debate fuelled by the global Black Lives Matter protests

14 July 2020 Idil Baydar also received threatening letters from neo-Nazis: 14 July 2020: Idil Baydar also received threatening letters from neo-Nazi linked extremists, as data were said to have been requested from the Hessian police

August 2020 Frankfurt’s new Jewish museum reclaims Anne Frank’s forgotten roots in the city: 26 August 2020: Frankfurt’s new Jewish museum reclaims Anne Frank’s forgotten roots in the city, preparing to showcase the Frank family’s deep attachment to a city they left for the Dutch capital in 1933, when Anne was 4 years old

24 October 2021 Zimbabwe's Tsitsi Dangarembga recipient of the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade 2021: 21 June/24 October 2021: Zimbabwean author and filmmaker Tsitsi Dangarembga has been named the recipient of the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade 2021, as the Prize honours personalities who have contributed to the realisation of the idea of peace in literature, science or art

13 January 2022 court jails former Syrian Assad regime's intelligence officer A. Raslan for life: 13 January 2022 after his arrest in 2014, former Syrian Assad regime's colonel Anwar Raslan - who led a unit of regimes's General Intelligence Directorate -, is sentenced by a German court to life in prison, after prosecutors had accused Anwar Raslan of 58 murders in a Damascus prison where they say at least 4,000 opposition activists were tortured in 2011 and 2012 - Das Oberlandesgericht in Koblenz hat am Donnerstag den früheren syrischen Geheimdienstoffizier Anwar Raslan der Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit schuldig befunden, und verurteilte ihn zu lebenslanger Haft. Der Prozess wurde unter dem Weltrechtsprinzip geführt, das es ermöglicht, in Deutschland auch schwere Straftaten in Drittstaaten zur Anklage zu bringen. - 13 January 2022 Anwar Raslan sentenced to imprisonment for life and given a week to appeal the verdict, according to 'Wikipedia'

19 January 2022 trial at Frankfurt’s higher regional court against Syrian Assad regime's torturer: 19 January 2022: Trial at Frankfurt’s higher regional court - the second of its kind in Germany - adding to other European efforts to hold loyalists of Syrian Assad’s regime to account for alleged war-era atrocities, as finally accused Alaa M faces 18 counts of torturing detainees and killing one of them at military hospitals in Homs and Damascus in 2011-12

19-23 October 2022 Frankfurt Book Fair, annual event in mid-October since 1949: 19-23 October 2022 Frankfurt Book Fair, the world's largest trade fair for books, based on the number of publishing companies represented. It is considered to be the most important book fair in the world for international deals and trading. The five-day annual event in mid-October since 1949 (17th century) is held at the Frankfurt Trade Fair grounds, as the first three days are restricted exclusively to professional visitors.

7 November 2022 voters in Frankfurt/Main remove city's mayor amid corruption case: 7 November 2022: Voters in Frankfurt/Main remove city's mayor amid corruption case

Wiesbaden city: Wiesbaden city and the capital of the state of Hesse with 290,955 inhabitants in 2020 plus approximately 19,000 USA citizens (mostly associated with the army), as Wiesbaden is the second-largest city in Hesse after Frankfurt/M.

History and timeline of Wiesbaden: History of Wiesbaden

Antiquity and Wiesbaden: While evidence of settlement at present-day Wiesbaden dates back to the Neolithic era, historical records document continuous occupancy after the erection of a Roman fort in 6 AD which housed an auxiliary cavalry unit, as the thermal springs of Wiesbaden are first mentioned in Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historia, becoming famous for their recreation pools for Roman army horses

1922-1941 Alexej von Jawlensky in Wiesbaden: 1922-1941 Alexej von Jawlensky in Wiesbaden, a Russian painter who moved to Germany, in 1914 to Switzerland, expelled from the German empire, and again to Germany - 1911-1914 'Der Blaue Reiter' group of artists founded by a number of Russian emigrants, including Wassily Kandinsky, Alexej von Jawlensky, Marianne von Werefkin, and native German artists, such as Franz Marc, Paul Klee, August Macke and Gabriele Münter

1914-1945 Wiesbaden, World War I/II and deportation of Jews to the death camps in Poland: Wiesbaden in the Weimar Republic, the NSDAP ruled German empire 1933-1945 and its World War II 1939-1945 - Geschichte der Juden in Wiesbaden und der Holocaust, nachdem 1938 alle Synagogen geschändet und beschädigt wurdem, und später etwa die Hälfte von 3.000 Juden fliehen und den Holocaust überleben konnte während von den übrigen fast alle aus der Stadt vertrieben oder in die Vernichtungslager deportiert wurden

Darmstadt city: Darmstadt city in located in the southern part of the Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region), as Darmstadt has around 160,000 inhabitants, making it the fourth largest city in the state of Hesse after Frankfurt am Main, Wiesbaden and Kassel

Education and research in Darmstadt: Education in Darmstadt

Since 1629 Ludwig-Georgs-Gymnasium in Darmstadt: Seit 1629 Ludwig-Georgs-Gymnasium in Darmstadt, welches besonderen Wert auf humanistische und altsprachliche Bildung legt, und außerdem das älteste Gymnasium in Südhessen - Seit 1625 Geschichte des Ludwig-Georgs-Gymnasiums

Since 1826 Georg-Büchner-Schule: Seit 1826 Georg-Büchner-Schule, ein staatliches Gymnasium im Südosten Darmstadts, benannt nach dem Schriftsteller Georg Büchner

Since 1877 'Technische Universität Darmstadt': Since 1877 'Technische Universität Darmstadt' - Research and cooperation, and fields of study - Botanical Garden of TU Darmstadt

Since 1971 Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences: Since 1971 Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences

20s/21st century European Space Operations Centre ESOC: European Space Operations Centre ESOC serves as the main mission control centre for the European Space Agency ESA and is located in Darmstadt

Economy of Darmstadt: Economy of Darmstadt

Timeline and history of Darmstadt: Geschichte der Stadt Darmstadt

Darmstadt since the Middle Ages until WWI 1914-1918: During the Middle Ages Darmstadt - a village since 8th/9th century - was chartered as a city by the 'Holy Roman Emperor' in 1330, at which time it belonged to the 'counts' of Katzenelnbogen, as the city, then called Darmstait, became a secondary residence for the counts, with a small castle established at the site of the current, much larger edifice, and as - when the house of Katzenelnbogen became extinct in 1479 - the city was passed to the 'Landgraviate' of Hesse, and was seat of the ruling landgraves 1567–1806 and thereafter (to 1918) of the 'grand dukes' of Hesse

1813-1837 Karl Georg Büchner: 1813-1837 (in Zürich) Karl Georg Büchner, Schriftsteller, Mediziner, Naturwissenschaftler und Revolutionär, der trotz seines schmalen Werkes – er starb bereits im Alter von 23 Jahren – als einer der bedeutendsten Literaten des Vormärz gilt, wobei Teile seines Werkes zur Exilliteratur zählen - 1815–1871 'Vormärz' (oder 'Ära Metternich' vor den Revolutionen in Europa 1848-1850) und Industrialisierung

1 October 1830 Södel massacre by grand duchy's military: 1. October 1830 Blutbad von Södel, eine gewalttätige Aktion von Soldaten des Großherzogtums Hessen gegen Bewohner des Dorfes Södel und des damaligen Fleckens Wölfersheim

1834 'Hessische Landbote von Georg Büchner: 1834 'Hessische Landbote', ein von Georg Büchner verfasstes, nach redaktioneller Überarbeitung des Butzbacher Rektors Weidig gedrucktes und veröffentlichtes Pamphlet gegen die sozialen Mißstände der Zeit, wobei die ersten Exemplare der Flugschrift in der Nacht zum 31. Juli 1834 heimlich im Großherzogtum Hessen-Darmstadt verteilt wurden und die Streitschrift seitdem bekannt geworden ist für ihren Aufruf 'Friede den Hütten! Krieg den Palästen!'

1933-1945 NSDAP ruled Germany and Darmstadt: 1933-1945 NSDAP ruled Germany, as Darmstadt was the first city in Germany to force Jewish shops to close in early 1933, for 'endangering communal order and tranquility', as in 1942, over 3,000 Jews from Darmstadt were first forced into a collection camp and later deported to concentration camps where most eventually died, as several prominent members of the German resistance movement against the Nazis were citizens of Darmstadt, some executed for their opposition to Hitler's regime, as Darmstadt was first bombed in 1940, and 34 other air raids would follow before the war's end

20s/21st century European Space Operations Centre ESOC: European Space Operations Centre ESOC serves as the main mission control centre for the European Space Agency ESA and is located in Darmstadt

Hanau town: Hanau town in the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, located 25 km east of Frankfurt am Main and is part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, a major railway junction and port on the river Main, making it an important transport centre

Timeline of Hanau: History and timeline of Hanau

After WWII 'Schule in Klein-Auheim' in Hanau becomes 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule': In der Folge von WWII wird aus der 'Schule in Klein-Auheim' eine 'Friedrich-Ebert-Schule', gewollt von Politikern die aus deutscher Geschichte, der Entwicklung zum 1. Weltkrieg und Ebert-SPD unterstützten Kriegsverbrechen - angefangen Juli/August 1914 in Luxemburg, Belgien und Frankreich (German 'Schrecklichkeit'), dann barbarischem 'Stellungskrieg' mit hunderttausenden von Opfern, geächtetem und unmenschlichen Chemiewaffeneinsatz seit 1915 in Belgien bis 1917/18 gegen und in Italien durch den späteren GFM Erwin Rommel, weltweiter 'unrestricted submarine warfare' - und dann den Verfolgungen von Kriegsgegnern (um sie mit allen Mitteln zum Schweigen zu bringen) bis hin zu den Morden von Friedenskämpfern wie Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, Hugo Haase und vielen anderen - Verbrechen die der NSDAP den Weg ebneten und den NSDAP-Organisationen die Orientierung boten - kaum etwas gelernt haben

February 2020 Hanau shootings: 19 February 2020 Hanau shootings, targeting two shisha bars/hookah lounges - 20 February 2020: 11 people dead, including suspect, after Hanau attacks at the opening of the actual carnival week starting on 'Fat Thursday', after the beginning of the 'Fifth Season' on 11 November at 11:11 a.m.

21 February 2020 people of Hanau rallied in the wake of racist assault as politicians, judiciary and media not tackling racism with full strength: 21 February 2020: As the people of Hanau rallied together in the wake of a deadly and racist assault on its community, there were not just whispers filled with fear but also cries for help and shouts of anger, as even German Constitutional Court needs 75 years to start probing the Nazi connections of its postwar judges, including long-serving judge NSDAP-member Willi Geiger, who served from 1951 to 1977, after during the Nazi regime from 1933 to 1945 Geiger handed down a number of death sentences for minor offenses while presiding over a special court under Adolf Hitler's NSDAP party

Volkmarsen town: Volkmarsen town in Waldeck-Frankenberg district in northern Hesse

24 February 2020 Volkmarsen ramming attack: 24 February 2020 Volkmarsen ramming attack, as a car was driven by a German citizen from the local area into a crowd at a carnival parade in Volkmarsen and more 30 people were injured, seven seriously, and as a third of those injured were children - 24 février 2020: Une voiture a foncé dans un défilé de carnaval à Volkmarsen dans le centre de l'Allemagne, faisant une trentaine de blessés - 25 February 2020: The number of people confirmed as injured after a car ploughed into a carnival crowd in western Germany has risen to 52, as 18 of those hurt in Monday's incident are children

History of Lower Saxony: History of Lower Saxony - Elections in Lower Saxony

January 2013 Lower Saxony state election: 20 January 2013 Lower Saxony state election - 21 janvier 2013: Obtenant un siège de plus l'alliance des sociaux-démocrates et des verts renverse la coalition des conservateurs et des libéraux en Basse-Saxe

October 2017 Lower Saxony state election: 15 October 2017 Lower Saxony state election - 16 October 2017: Germany’s Social Democrats score victory in regional election

9 October 2022 Lower Saxony state election: 9 October 2022 Lower Saxony state election to elect the 19th Landtag of Lower Saxony.[1] The incumbent government is a coalition of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and Christian Democratic Union (CDU) led by Minister-President Stephan Weil

Geography of Lower Saxony: Geography of Lower Saxony - Landforms of Lower Saxony - Forests and woodlands of Lower Saxony - Rivers of Lower Saxony - List of rivers of Lower Saxony

Economy and agriculture of Lower Saxony: Ecnomy of Lower Saxony, as the GDP of the state was 229.5 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 8.7% of German economic output, as agriculture, strongly weighted towards the livestock sector, has always been a very important economic factor in the state, as the north and northwest of Lower Saxony are mainly made up of coarse sandy soil that makes crop farming difficult and therefore grassland and cattle farming are more prevalent in those areas, as Lower Saxony is home to one in five of Germany's cattle, one in three of the country's pigs, and 50% of its hens, as wheat, potatoes, rye, and oats are among the state's present-day arable crops, as towards the south and southeast, extensive loess layers in the soil left behind by the last ice age allow high-yield crop farming, as one of the principal crops there is sugar beet, and consequently, the Land has a big food industry, mainly organized in small and medium-sized enterprises

Economy and manufacturing of Lower Saxony: Economy of Lower Saxony, as manufacturing is another large part of the regional economy, as the car maker Volkswagen with its five production plants within the state's borders still remains the single biggest private-sector employer, as due to the Volkswagen Law, which has recently been ruled illegal by the European Union's high court, the state of Lower Saxony is still the second largest shareholder, owning 20.3% of the company, and as thanks to the importance of car manufacturing in Lower Saxony, a thriving supply industry is centred around its regional focal points, as other mainstays of the Lower Saxon industrial sector include aviation, shipbuilding (such as Meyer Werft), biotechnology, and steel, as medicine plays a major role, as Hanover and Göttingen have two large University Medical Schools and hospitals and Otto Bock in Duderstadt is the word leader in prosthetics

24 August 2022 Lower Saxony has inaugurated a railway line powered entirely by hydrogen: 24 August 2022: Lower Saxony has inaugurated a railway line powered entirely by hydrogen, a 'world premiere' and a significant step forward for green train transport despite nagging supply challenges, as a fleet of 14 trains provided by French industrial giant Alstom to the state has replaced diesel locomotives on the 100km of track connecting the cities of Cuxhaven, Bremerhaven, Bremervoerde and Buxtehude near Hamburg, a promising way to decarbonise the rail sector and replace climate-warming diesel, which still powers 20 percent of journeys in Germany

List of regions of Lower Saxony: List of regions of Lower Saxony

Cities in Lower Saxony: Cities in Lower Saxony

Since October 1946 results of local elections in Lower Saxony: Seit 13. Oktober 1946 Ergebnisse der Kommunalwahlen in Niedersachsen

2011 local elections in Lower Saxony: 11. September 2011 Kommunalwahlen Niedersachsen

September 2016 local elections in Lower Saxony: 16. September 2016 Kommunalwahlen in Niedersachsen

September 2021 local elections in Lower Saxony: 12. September - 26. September 2021 Kommunalwahlen in Niedersachsen

Hanover city: Hanover city, the capital and largest city of Lower Saxony with 535,061 inhabitants in 2017, as Hanover's urban area comprises the towns of Garbsen, Langenhagen and Laatzen and the Hanover Region has approximately 1.16 million inhabitants in 2019, located at the confluence of the River Leine (progression Aller, Weser, North Sea) and its tributary Ihme in the south of the North German Plain

Economy of Hanover: Economy of Hanover

Since 1333 Timeline of Hanover: Since 1333 Timeline of Hanover

Since 1843/44 Hanover–Brunswick Railway: Since 1843/44 Hanover–Brunswick Railway, a German main line railway in Lower Saxony, the first railway line linking to the city of Hanover and the first operating line of the Royal Hanoverian State Railways, until today one of the main routes for east-west traffic

Since 1847 Wunstorf–Bremen railway: Since 1847 Wunstorf–Bremen railway, one of the most important lines in the German state of Lower Saxony, connecting the port city of Bremen via Verden an der Aller and Nienburg to Wunstorf, where it connects with the line to Hanover

Since 1853-1856 Hanoverian Southern Railway: Since 1853-1856 Hanoverian Southern Railway, a German main line railway in Lower Saxony and one of the oldest lines in Germany

Since 1864 Hanover–Hamburg railway: Since 1864 Hanover–Hamburg railway, one of the most important railway lines in Lower Saxony and Germany, linking the Lower Saxon state capital of Hanover with Hamburg, running through Celle, Uelzen and Lüneburg

1866 Hanover becomes part of Prussia: 1866 Hanover becomes part of Prussia

Since early 20th century Hanover aircraft manufacturer of the World War I era: Hannoversche Waggonfabrik AG, a German aircraft manufacturer of the World War I era, known as a railway rolling stock constructor until required by the German government in 1916 to start the construction of aeroplanes, as the aircraft branch of the company was established at Hannover-Linden where other types were first manufactured under licence until 1916 when the Hannover type itself came on stream

Since 1937 NDSAP mayors in Hanover, NSDAP's war since 1939 and the Holocaust in Hanover, Europe and northern Africa: After 1937 the lord mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP, as a large Jewish population then existed in Hanover, as in October 1938 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the Grynszpan family with the Grynszpans' son Herschel in Paris at the time, learning of what was happening and driving to the German embassy in Paris and shootng the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath, as the the Nazis took this act as a pretext to stage a nationwide pogrom known as Kristallnacht, the synagogue of Hanover, designed in 1870 by Edwin Oppler in neo-romantic style, was burnt by the Nazis, and in September 1941 a ghettoisation of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began, and even before the Wannsee Conference Jews from Hanover were deported first to Riga, and fewer than 100 were still in the city when troops of the USA arrived on 10 April 1945 to occupy Hanover at the end of the war, as after the war a large group of Orthodox Jewish survivors of the nearby Bergen-Belsen concentration camp settled in Hanover

Since 1940 following NSDAP's 'Blitzkrieg' raid against Poland allied air raids against Nazi rule and regime's generals: After on 4 September 1939, the day after the British declaration of war against NSDAP-ruled Germany following its 'Blitzkrieg' raid against Poland, a first British raid involved just one RAF Armstrong Whitworth Whitley dropping leaflets, as on 19 May 1940 the RAF bombed the Misburg refineries, killing nineteen people, and the 1 August saw the first raid on Hannover itself, with a raid on the Seilerstraße in the south of the city, as on 30 September 1940 six planes destroyed several buildings in Wülfel and Linden, and as air raids by allied forces continued until 1945 to liberate the country

14 July 2020 in Hanover Turkish business owners received threatening letters: 14 July 2020: In Hanover, Turkish business owners have received letters threatening to set fire, as police are investigating suspected sedition and threats, according to spokesman

Braunschweig city: Braunschweig city in Lower Saxony, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the North Sea via the rivers Aller and Weser. In 2016, it had a population of 250,704 citizens. A powerful and influential centre of commerce in medieval Germany, Brunswick was a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th until the 17th century. It was the capital city of three successive states: the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1269–1432, 1754–1807, and 1813–1814), the Duchy of Brunswick (1814–1918), and the Free State of Brunswick (1918–1946). In the 21st century, Brunswick is the second-largest city in Lower Saxony and a major centre of scientific research and development.

Economy of Braunschweig: Braunschweig was one of the centres of the industrialization in Northern Germany. During the 19th and early 20th century the canning and railroad industries and the sugar production were of great importance for Braunschweig's economy, but eventually other branches such as the automotive industry became more important, while especially the canning industry began to vanish from the city after the end of World War II. The defunct truck and bus manufacturer Büssing was headquartered in Braunschweig. Current factories in the city include Volkswagen, Siemens, Bombardier Transportation, and Bosch

History of Brunswick (Braunschweig): History of Brunswick (Braunschweig)

Since 861 timeline of Braunschweig: Timeline of Braunschweig since 861, as according to legend Braunschweig founded by Bruno of Saxony

12th/13th century Braunschweig joins the Hanseatic League: 12th/13th century Braunschweig joins the Hanseatic League, the medieval commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe. Growing from a few North German towns in the late 12th century, the League ultimately encompassed nearly 200 settlements across seven modern-day countries; at its height between the 13th and 15th centuries, it stretched from the Netherlands in the west to Russia in the east, and from Estonia in the north to Kraków, Poland in the south Braunschweig since 861, as according to legend Braunschweig founded by Bruno of Saxony

1509 Braunschweig's printing press in operation: 1509 Braunschweig's printing press in operation amid the spread of the printing presses in Central and Western Europe

1520s protestant reformation in Braunschweig: Timeline of Braunschweig since 861, as according to legend Braunschweig founded by Bruno of Saxony

1528 Braunschweiger Kirchenordnung: 1528 Braunschweiger Kirchenordnung, eine von Johannes Bugenhagen erstellte Schrift, mit der eine einheitliche Ordnung in den Bereichen Kirche, Schule und Armenfürsorge in Braunschweig festgeschrieben werden sollte - Oktober/November 2017: 'Ohne (Johannes) Bugenhagen gäbe es wohl kein evangelisches Norddeutschland und keine lutherische Staatskirche in Skandinavien. Hier zeigt sich beispielhaft, dass die Reformation nicht das Ergebnis eines Einzelkämpfers namens Luther war, sondern dass ein Netzwerk Geschichte schrieb'

1663 trial and death of Anna Roleffe, one of the last witches to be executed in Braunschweig: 1663 trial and death of Anna Roleffe, one of the last witches to be executed in Braunschweig, as the complete account of the trial, located in the city of Brunswick archives, is a rare example of an early modern witchcraft prosecution's documentary record being preserved and surviving in its entirety

August 1809 Battle of Ölper, part of the War of the Fifth Coalition: August 1809 Battle of Ölper, that took place in Ölper, currently a district of the town of Brunswick, as part of the War of the Fifth Coalition. It pitched troops of the Kingdom of Westphalia against the Black Brunswickers under Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, but ended in a tactical draw

1918-1946 Free State of Brunswick: 1918-1946 Free State of Brunswick, a state of the German Reich in the time of the Weimar Republic. It was formed after the abolition of the Duchy of Brunswick in the course of the German Revolution of 1918–19. Its capital was Braunschweig.

1944-1945 four satellite camps in Braunschweig of Neuengamme concentration camp: 1944-1945 four satellite camps in Braunschweig of Neuengamme concentration camp, a network of Nazi concentration camps in Northern Germany that consisted of the main camp Neuengamme and more than 85 satellite camps

21st century timeline of Braunschweig: 21st century timeline of Braunschweig, as on 6 December 2006 a new Synagoge of Braunschweig opens

Osnabrück city: Osnabrück city in Lower Saxony, situated on the river Hase in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest, with a population of 168,145 citizens Osnabrück is one of the four largest cities in Lower Saxony

Economy and transport in Osnabrück: Economy and transport in Osnabrück

Osnabrück University: Since 1974 Osnabrück University, consisting of ten schools (Fachbereiche) and four interdisciplinary institutes, as schools are split up into subjects or institutes or both including school of Cultural Studies and Social Sciences, school of Educational and Cultural Studies, school of Physics, school of Biology/Chemistry, school of Mathematics/Computer Science, school of Language and Literary Studies, school of Human Sciences, school of Business Administration and Economics, school of Law, Institute of Migration Research and Intercultural Studies, Institute of Early Modern Intercultural Studies, Institute of Cognitive Science, Institute of Environmental Systems Research

History and timeline of Osnabrück: History of Osnabrück, as the city initially developed as a marketplace with its name referring to a bridge in the northwestern 'Osning' region, the name of the Teutoburg Forest until the 19th century, as the city later became a member of the 'Hanseatic League', as at the end of the Thirty Years' War 1618–1648, the Peace of Westphalia was negotiated in Osnabrück and the nearby city of Münster, as the city is also known as the birthplace of anti-war novelist Erich-Maria Remarque and German-Jewish painter Felix Nussbaum, whose work gives a rare glimpse into the essence of one person among the victims of the Holocaust, who was born in Osnabrück in 1904, was arrested in Belgium after German forces including Nazi-general Erwin Rommel attacked in 1940, was subsequently taken to the Saint-Cyprien camp in France, managed to escape, later again arrested in 1944 by German armed forces, sent to the Mechelen transit camp, sent to Auschwitz and was murdered at the age of 39, as in 1998, the 'Felix Nussbaum Haus' designed by architect Daniel Libeskind opened its doors to exhibit the artworks of Felix Nussbaum

Timeline of Osnabrück since 8th century: Timeline of Osnabrück since 8th century

1618/28-1648 catholic Imperial alliance's 'Petersburg' castle against Osnabrück's citizens: Seit 1618/28 'Petersburg', eine Zitadelle im Südosten der Stadt Osnabrück, die in der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges 1618-48 bestand und helfen sollte, die Gegenreformation in der Stadt durchzusetzen. Die Bevölkerung von Osnabrück und der evangelische Rat der Stadt empfanden die Petersburg als Bedrohung und nicht als Bauwerk zum eigenen Schutz. Denn trotz des Protests der Bevölkerung wurde ein Teil der Stadtmauer gegenüber der Burg abgerissen, dadurch ließen sich von ihr neben Feinden von außen ebenso die Einwohner unter Kontrolle halten. Am Ende des Dreißigjährigen Krieges ebneten die Osnabrücker die Wälle der ihnen verhassten Petersburg ein. Die letzten Überreste verschwanden, als die Stadt im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert erweitert wurde. An die Festung erinnern heute die Straßennamen 'An der Petersburg' und 'Petersburger Wall'

24 October 1648 'Peace of Westphalia': 24 October 1648 'Peace of Westphalia', the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the 'Holy Roman Empire', closing a calamitous period of European history that killed approximately eight million people. The Holy Roman Emperor (Ferdinand III), the kingdoms of France and Sweden, and their respective allies among the princes of the Holy Roman Empire participated in these treaties. Leading English-language historian Joachim Whaley of the Holy Roman Empire mentions that later commentators such as Leibniz, Rousseau, Kant, and Schiller eulogized the Peace of Westphalia as the first step towards a universal peace, but he points out that 'their projections for the future should not be mistaken for descriptions of reality'.

November 1938 'Reichsprogromnacht' and deportations of Jews to the concentration camp Buchenwald: Nachdem die jüdische Gemeinde seit Beginn der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus auch in Osnabrück in wachsende Bedrängnis geraten war gab es bereits 1937 im Keller des Osnabrücker Schlosses fünf Haft- und Folterzellen der Geheimen Staatspolizei (Gestapo), und in der Nacht vom 9. auf den 10. November 1938 wurde die Synagoge von SA-Trupps geschändet, geplündert und anschließend in Brand gesetzt, Löscharbeiten wurden verhindert und 90 Gemeindemitglieder wurden am selben Tag zunächst in den Zellen des Gestapokellers inhaftiert und wenige Tage später ins Konzentrationslager Buchenwald deportiert

1976–2000 timeline of Osnabrück: 1976–2000 Chronik der Stadt Osnabrück

April-Mai 1993 'Warschau 1943 Aufstand im Ghetto' Veranstaltungsreihe: Frühjahr 1993 'Warschau 1943 - Aufstand im Ghetto' Veranstaltungsreihe vom 4. April - 18. Mai 1993 in allen Stadtteilen von Osnabrücks Alt- und Neustadt, in deren Hauptkirchen, in der Aula des ehemaligen Schlosses etc., mit Ausnahme des römisch-katholischen St. Peter Doms wegen mangelndem Interesse der katholischen Kirche, im Rathaus der Nachbargemeinde Georgsmarienhütte (mit großem Stahlwerk der Klöckner-Werke bis in 1960er Jahre) und der heute kommunal genutzten 'Villa Stahmer'

17 August 2021 last known surviving fighter of '1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising' Leon Kopelman dies in Israel: 17. August 2021: Leon Kopelman, der letzte bekannte Überlebende des Aufstands im Ghetto von Warschau im Frühjahr 1943, der dann auch im israelischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg 1948/49 kämpfte, starb im Alter von 97 Jahren

Since July 1998 'Felix Nussbaum Haus' by architect Daniel Libeskind to exhibit the artworks of Felix Nussbaum: Seit Juli 1998 Felix-Nussbaum-Haus Osnabrück, ein Museum im niedersächsischen Osnabrück. Es beherbergt mit mehr als 200 Werken die weltweit größte Sammlung seiner Bilder Felix Nussbaum, die in wechselnden Auszügen gezeigt werden. Das Gebäude wurde nach den Plänen des amerikanisch-jüdischen Architekten Daniel Libeskind errichtet, wobei das Felix-Nussbaum-Haus das erste Gebäude war, das von ihm erbaut und eröffnet wurde, gebaut mit wohl überlegter 'Architektursprache' und Nussbaum-Brücke (Nussbaum-Bridge) vom Altbau zum Neubau - 4. Dezember 2017: Die Architektur des Libeskind-Baus erzählt deutsch-jüdische Geschichte - 3. august 2020: Der Museumspreis der Niedersächsischen Sparkassenstiftung geht an das Museumsquartier in Osnabrück mit dem gelungenen Zusammenschluss des Felix-Nussbaum-Hauses, des Kulturgeschichtlichen Museums, der Villa Schlikker und des Akzisehauses unter dem Leitthema Frieden

21st century timeline of Osnabrück: Seit 2001 Chronik der Stadt Osnabrück

Geography of Osnabrück: Geography of Osnabrück

River Hase in Osnabrück: Die Hase, ein 169,6 km langer, östlicher und orographisch rechter Nebenfluss der mittleren Ems im Landkreis Osnabrück, im Landkreis Cloppenburg und im Landkreis Emsland, wobei der Name von einem germanischen *haswa (grau), fortgesetzt zum Beispiel in angelsächsisch hasu oder altisländisch hoss, auch im Völkernamen Chasuarii (Haseanwohner), der unter anderem bei Tacitus (Germania 34,1) belegt ist

Kalkriese village and Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD: Kalkriese village, now administratively part of the city of Bramsche in the district of Osnabrück in Lower Saxony, on the northern slope of the Wiehen Hills, a ridge-like range of hills north of Osnabrück, considered by archaeologists to be the likely site of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, when an alliance of Germanic tribes ambushed and decisively destroyed three Roman legions

Bramsche/Kalkriese archeaological museum: Museum und Park Kalkriese, ein archäologisches Museum mit angeschlossenem Freilichtmuseum im Bramscher Ortsteil Kalkriese am Wiehengebirge im Osnabrücker Land. Die Anlage wurde gegründet, da die Fundregion Kalkriese darauf hinweist, dass hier im Jahr 9 n. Chr. einer der Schauplätze der Varusschlacht zwischen Arminius und Varus gewesen sein könnte - Fundregion Kalkriese, ein Areal in der Kalkrieser-Niewedder Senke in Bramsche im Osnabrücker Land, in dem größere Mengen römischer Funde gemacht wurden. Es handelt sich neben dem Römerlager Hedemünden, dem Fundplatz Bentumersiel, dem Römischen Marschlager von Wilkenburg und dem Harzhorn um eine der wenigen größeren römischen Fundstellen in der Nordhälfte Deutschlands. Die Funde sind im Museum und Park Kalkriese ausgestellt - Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald), described as the Varian Disaster by Roman historians, took place in the 'Teutoburg Forest' in 9 CE, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus, as the alliance was led by Arminius, a Germanic officer of Varus's auxilia, who had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses

Lüneburg city: Lüneburg city, located about 50 km southeast of Hamburg, home to roughly 77,000 people as Lüneburg's urban area, which includes the surrounding communities of Adendorf, Bardowick, Barendorf and Reppenstedt, has a population of around 103,000 citizens, allowed to use the title 'Hansestadt' in recognition of its membership in the former Hanseatic League - Demographics of Lüneburg

Economy of Lüneburg: Economy of Lüneburg

History and timeline of Lüneburg: History and timeline of Lüneburg

Human presence Lüneburg's area dating back to the time of Neanderthal Man: The first signs of human presence in the area of Lüneburg date back to the time of Neanderthal Man, as 56 axes, estimated at 150,000 years old, were uncovered during the construction of a road in the region

Since 956 Lüneburg in the Middle Ages and Hanseatic period: Since 956 Lüneburg in the Middle Ages and Hanseatic period

Lüneburg in the modern period to the end of the Second World War: Lüneburg in the modern period to the end of the Second World War

Since September 1945 'Bergen-Belsen-Prozess' in Lüneburg: Even before the Nuremberg Trials took place, the first war crimes trial, the 'Bergen-Belsen-Prozess' began in Lüneburg in September 1945 conducted against 45 former SS men, women and kapos (prisoner functionaries) from the Bergen-Belsen and Auschwitz concentration camps - 1944 deportation of Anne Frank from Amsterdam, born 1929 ín Frankfurt/M, to the Auschwitz concentration camp, then to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where Anne died in February/March 1945 a day after her elder sister Margot

Since 1946 Leuphana University Lüneburg: Since 1946 Leuphana University Lüneburg, a public university in Lüneburg

Central Building of Leuphana University: Central Building of Leuphana University offers space for research, teaching, student work, and academic and cultural exchange, as the Libeskind auditorium designed by architect Daniel Libeskind with up to 1100 seats is an essential component of the building

Institute of Ecology: Institute of Ecology

Sustainable Use of Natural Resources: Sustainable Use of Natural Resources - Leuphana Institute

Emden city and seaport: Emden city and seaport in Lower Saxony in the northwest of Germany, located on the river Ems and the main city of the region of East Frisia with a population of 51,528 citizens in 2011

Economy of Emden: Economy of Emden as the main industries in the city are automobile production and shipbuilding

History of Emden: History of Emden since the Middle Ages, as at the end of the 16th century, Emden experienced a period of great prosperity. Due to the Spanish blockade of Flemish and Brabant ports at the start of the Dutch Revolt, Emden became the most important transshipment port on the North Sea. Thousands of Protestant refugees came from Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant to the Protestant city Emden to escape persecution by the Spanish rulers of the Low Countries. The Emden Revolution in 1595 resulted in Emden becoming a distinct city-state. With the support of the Dutch Republic, Emden became a free government city under the protection of the Dutch Republic.

Hamelin city: Hamelin city on the river Weser in Lower Saxony, the capital of the district of Hamelin-Pyrmont and with a population of roughly 57,000 citizens in 2021. Hamelin is best known for the tale of the Pied Piper of Hamelin.

Economy and infrastructure of Hamelin: Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur der Stadt Hameln

History and timeline of Hamelin: History and timeline of Hamelin, as the settlement started with a monastery, which was founded as early as 851 AD. A village grew in the neighbourhood and had become a town by the 12th century. In the 15th and 16th centuries Hamelin was a minor member of the Hanseatic League. The era of the town's greatest prosperity began in 1664, when Hamelin became a fortified border town of the Principality of Calenberg. In 1705, it became part of the newly created Electorate of Hanover, when the later King George I of Great Britain Prince of Calenberg inherited the Principality of Lüneburg. 1933-1937 the Nazi regime held the Reich Harvest Thanksgiving Festival at the nearby Bückeberg hill, to celebrate the achievements of Germany's farmers, as during the Second World War until May 1945 Hamelin prison was used for the detention of Communists, Social Democrats and other political prisoners. Around 200 died here, and more died in April 1945, when the Nazis sent the prisoners on long marches, fearing the Allied advance. Just after the war, Hamelin prison was used by British Occupation Forces for the detention of Germans accused of war crimes.

Seit 2. Oktober 1964 Glocken- und Figurenspiel Rattenfängerlied der Rattenfängersage am alten Rathaus in Hamelns Altstadt: Seit 2. Oktober 1964 Glocken- und Figurenspiel Rattenfängerlied der Rattenfängersage am alten Rathaus in Hamelns Altstadt, ein bedeutender Weserrenaissance-Bau in Niedersachsen, der aus Süntelsandstein gebaut wurde

History of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern since 1945/1949/1990: History of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern since 1945/1949/1990 - State elections in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

September 2011: 4 September 2011 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election - 4. September 2011: SPD-Sieg in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

September 2016: September 2016 Landtagswahl in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - 5 September 2016: Germany’s xenophobic and anti-migrant populists AfD beat Merkel’s party in local vote, obtaining around 21% in its first bid for seats in the regional parliament

26 September 2021 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election: 26 September 2021 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election - 2021 Opinion polling ahead of September 2021 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election, showing the female led SPD in a leading position

2 October 2021 how the SPD relied on young rebels to win in north-east Germany: 2 October 2021: How the SPD relied on young rebels to win in north-east Germany, as the left-behind Baltic Sea state - a springboard for Angela Merkel’s career - took revenge on Merkel’s CDU, which had done too little for too long to help the region, 'The Guardian' reports

14 October 2021 Social Democratic Party, 'The Left' party coalition talks to finish mid November: 14 Oktober 2021: Koalitionsverhandlungen zwischen SPD und Linken in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern sollen bis Mitte November abgeschlossen sein, und 'Die Linke' plant ihren Parteitag zur Abstimmung über den Koalitionsvertrag für den 20. November, laut dpa

Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: Geography, regions, districts, location and urban areas of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Islands of Germany in the Baltic Sea: Islands of Germany in the Baltic Sea - List of European islands in the Baltic Sea listed by size and by population

Rügen island, district of Vorpommern-Rügen and Stralsund city: Rügen island - Germany's largest island located off the Pomeranian coast in the Baltic Sea and belonging to the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - neighboured by the Hanseatic city of Stralsund, where it is linked to the mainland by road and railway via the Rügen Bridge and Causeway, two routes crossing the two-kilometre-wide Strelasund. as Rügen's coast is characterized by numerous sandy beaches, lagoons (Bodden) and open bays (Wieke), as well as projecting peninsulas and headlands, and as the island of Rügen is part of the district of Vorpommern-Rügen, with its county seat in Stralsund

Transport of Rügen: Transport of Rügen - Rügen Airport

Towns, municipalities and villages of Rügen island: Towns, municipalities and villages of Rügen island

Bergen town auf Rügen: Bergen auf Rügen, the capital of the former district of Rügen in the middle of the island

History of Bergen town: History of Bergen town, as its first settlements on the present day territory of Bergen are, however, considerably older. During the Early Middle Ages, Rügen was settled by a Slavic tribe, the Rani who established a pagan worship site on Cape Arkona, defended by a fort, the Jaromarsburg. In the area of present-day Bergen

Economy and education in Bergen: Wirtschaft, Infrastruktur und Schulen in Bergen

Transport of Bergen auf Rügen: Transport of Bergen auf Rügen, as the town's railway station is served by trains to and from Berlin, Cologne, Dresden, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hannover, Prague, Rostock, Stralsund and Stuttgart

Putbus town: Putbus town on the southeastern coast of the island of Rügen. a significant tourist destination with numerous seaside resorts

Agriculture in Putbus: Putbus has an unusually high proportion of agricultural land and forest that covers 89% of the territory in the borough

Media in Putbus: 20. Oktober 2020: Ostsee-Zeitung stellt Menschen von Rügen und Hiddensee vor, heute eine deutsch-spanische Historikerin und Lateinamerikanistin und Mitglied des 'Vocal-Ensembles' Putbus

Sassnitz town: Sassnitz town on the Jasmund peninsula of Rügen Island with a population of 9,498 citizens in 2012, as Sassnitz is a well-known seaside resort and port town

Economy of Sassnitz and Sassnitz Ferry Port: Economy of Sassnitz, dominated by tourism and the port, as chalk quarrying is a traditional industrial activity due to its high quality, Rügen Chalk is also used for curative and preventative medicines, and as fish processing employs around 200 people producing a large range of tinned fish, and as Sassnitz Ferry Port is the easternmost deep water port in Germany with the shortest sea links from Germany to Sweden, Denmark (Bornholm), Finland, Russian and the Baltic states

Cities in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: List of cities in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - Hanseatic League, an influential medieval commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in central and northern Europe, growing from a few north German towns in the late 12th century, the League ultimately encompassed nearly 200 settlements across seven modern-day countries; at its height, it stretched from the Netherlands in the west to Estonia in the east, and reached as far north as Swedish Gotland and as far south as Kraków, Poland

Rostock city: Rostock city, officially the Hanseatic and University City of Rostock, the largest city in the German state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania located in the Mecklenburgian part of the state, with around 208,000 inhabitants the third largest city on the German coast after Kiel and Lübeck, and was the largest coastal and most important port city in East Germany

Economy of Rostock: Economy of Rostock

Timeline of Rostock: Timeline of Rostock since 1218

Timeline of Rostock in the 20th and 21st century: Timeline of Rostock in the 20th and 21st century

1914/1918-1939/1945 German empire's World War I/II, military and fighter airkcrafts: Arado Flugzeugwerke was a German aircraft manufacturer, originally established as the Warnemünde factory of the Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen firm, that produced land-based military aircraft and seaplanes during the First and Second World Wars, as until their liberation in April 1945 by the Soviet army, 1,012 slave laborers from Freiberg, a sub-camp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp, worked at the Arado factory, beginning with the first trainload of 249 prisoners arriving in August 1944, as the prisoners were mostly Polish Jewish women and girls sent to Freiberg from Auschwitz

Since 1922 Heinkel Flugzeugwerke producing bomber aircraft for NSDAP regime's 'Luftwaffe' in World War II: Since 1922 Heinkel Flugzeugwerke aircraft manufacturing company, noted for producing bomber aircraft for NSDAP rule German empire's 'Luftwaffe' in World War II - Heinkel was a major user of Sachsenhausen concentration camp labour using thousands of prisoners on the He 177 bomber - and for important contributions to high-speed flight, with the pioneering examples of a successful liquid-fueled rocket and a turbojet-powered aircraft in aviation history, with both Heinkel designs' first flights occurring shortly before the outbreak of World War II in Europe

1992 worst mob attacks against migrants in postwar Germany in Rostock: August 1992 violent xenophobic riots took place in the Lichtenhagen district of Rostock, the worst mob attacks against migrants in postwar Germany, stones and petrol bombs were thrown at an apartment block where asylum seekers lived. as at the height of the riots, several hundred militant neo-Nazi extremists were involved, and about 3,000 neighbourhood onlookers stood by, applauding them, as the initial response of authorities and politicians was heavily criticised

Schwerin city: Schwerin city, the capital and second-largest city of the northeastern German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern as well as of the region of Mecklenburg, after Rostock

History and timeline of Schwerin: History and timeline of Schwerin

Stralsund city: Stralsund city, officially the Hanseatic City of Stralsund, in the Pomeranian part of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern located at the southern coast of the Strelasund sound of the Baltic Sea separating Rügen from the mainland, as the Western Pomeranian city has been the capital of the Vorpommern-Rügen district since the 2011 district reforms, today the fourth-largest city of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and, together with Greifswald, Stralsund forms an Oberzentrum, one of four high-level urban centres of the region, as Stralsund in the Medival ages was granted city rights in 1234 becoming one of the most prosperous members of the Hanseatic League until in 1628, during the 'Thirty Years' War', the city came under Swedish rule and remained so until the upheavals of the Napoleonic Wars, as from 1815 to 1945 Stralsund became part of Prussian kingdom (dutch since 1526, kingdom since 1701, after knocked down 1848/49 revolution violently establishing a second German empire since 1870/71 to wage WW1 and WW2), as Stralsund city's main industries today are shipbuilding, fishing, mechanical engineering, tourism, life sciences, services and high tech industries, especially information technology and biotechnology

Economy of Stralsund: Wirtschaft in Stralsund - Unternehmen in Stralsund

Education and transport in Stralsund: Education and transport in Stralsund

History and timeline of Stralsund: History and timeline of Stralsund

History of North Rhine-Westphalia: History of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia

1848-1849 Rhineland in the German revolutions of 1848–1849: Rhineland in the German revolutions of 1848–1849

After World War II since August 1946 creation of new state of 'North Rhine-Westphalia': On 23 August 1946 state of 'North Rhine-Westphalia' was established by the British military administration's 'Operation Marriage', including 'Westphalia', the northern parts of the 'Rhine Province', both formerly part of Prussia, as an 21 January 1947 the former state of 'Lippe' was merged with North Rhine-Westphalia, and the constitution of North Rhine-Westphalia was then ratified through a referendum, following German empire's World War I and World War II - State elections in North Rhine-Westphalia

Since 1946 politics of North Rhine-Westphalia: Politics of North Rhine-Westphalia, legislation, executive branch, election results and Centre Party's, CDU's and SPD's minister-presidents since 1946

March 2012: 14. März 2012: Selbstauflösung des NRW-Landesparlaments nach Machtpoker der Opposition

May 2012 North Rhine-Westphalia state election: 13 May 2012 North Rhine-Westphalia state election - 14 mai 2012: Avec 26,3% des voix le parti d'Angela Merkel CDU enregistre un sérieux revers électoral (SPD 39,1%, Les Verts 11,3%)

May 2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election: 14 May 2017 North Rhine-Westphalia state election - Frühjahr 2017 Landtagswahl in Nordrhein-Westfalen - 15/16 May 2017: Christian Democrats CDU defeat the ruling Social Democrats SPD in North Rhine-Westphalia's state election, convincing 430,000 non-voters to turn up and pinching 310,000 votes from the SPD with its new federal chairman and bearer of hope Martin Schulz, who after that calls politics and parliamentary elections a boxing match (as is generally known with physical injuries), also calling the defeat and his party's failure a liver shot and in the end calling voting citizens and democrats a referee of violent assaults and batteries

September 2020 local elections in North Rhine-Westphalia: 13. September 2020 Kommunalwahlen in Nordrhein-Westfalen

16/17 September 2020 29 German police officers suspended for sharing pictures of Hitler and refugees in gas chambers: 16/17 September 2020: 29 German police officers suspended for sharing pictures of Hitler, as officers also accused of sharing doctored images depicting refugees in gas chambers and using neo-Nazi chatrooms, as investigators searched 34 locations, including police stations and private apartments, and as opposition Green party calls for a nationwide review of extremism in the police force

November 2020 CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia dilettante and hostile to culture: 2. November 2020: NRW-Ministerpräsident Armin Laschet CDU verspricht im Interview zum covid-19 'Lockdown' im November 2020 u.a. auch gegen Musikschulen, den Sachverhalt zu den Musikschulen noch einmal genauer anschauen zu wollen, vor allem im Vergleich mit den Erfahrungen der anderen Bundesländer

25 January 2021 NRW government explains its policy neither speaking Latin nor Kauderwelsch or Gibberish: 25. Januar 2021: Am 19. Januar 2021 haben sich 'Bundeskanzlerin und die Ministerpräsidentinnen und -präsidenten der Länder auf eine Verlängerung der bisherigen Corona-Maßnahmen bis zum 14. Februar 2021 verständigt', und NRW informiert die Menschen des Bundeslandes mit einer 'Verordnung zum Schutz vor Neuinfizierungen mit dem Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaschutzverordnung – CoronaSchVO) vom 7. Januar 2021 in der ab dem 25. Januar 2021 gültigen Fassung: Auf Grund von § 32 in Verbindung mit § 28 Absatz 1, § 28a Absatz 1, 3 bis 6, § 73 Absatz 1a Nummer 6 und 24 des Infektionsschutzgesetzes vom 20. Juli 2000 (BGBl. I S. 1045), von denen § 28 Absatz 1 zuletzt durch Artikel 1 Nummer 16 des Gesetzes vom 18. November 2020 (BGBl. I S. 2397) geändert, § 28a durch Artikel 1 Nummer 17 des Gesetzes vom 18. November 2020 (BGBl. I S. 2397) eingefügt, § 73 Absatz 1a Nummer 6 zuletzt durch Artikel 1 Nummer 26 des Gesetzes vom 19. Mai 2020 (BGBl. I S. 1010) und § 73 Absatz 1a Nummer 24 zuletzt durch Artikel 1 Nummer 23 des Gesetzes vom 18. November 2020 (BGBl. I S. 2397) geändert worden sind, sowie von § 10 des Infektionsschutz- und Befugnisgesetzes vom 14. April 2020 (GV. NRW. S. 218b) verordnet das Ministerium für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales: § 1 Allgemeine Grundsätze (1) Zur Fortsetzung der Bekämpfung der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie und insbesondere zur Gewährleistung ausreichender medizinischer Versorgungskapazitäten werden mit dieser Verordnung Maßnahmen angeordnet, die die Infektionsgefahren wirksam und zielgerichtet begrenzen und Infektionswege nachvollziehbar machen. (2) Jede in die Grundregeln des Infektionsschutzes einsichtsfähige Person ist verpflichtet, sich so zu verhalten, dass sie sich und andere keinen vermeidbaren Infektionsgefahren aussetzt.' (Zitatende)

3. März 2022 'Die Linke' 'solidarisch an der Seite der Menschen in der Ukraine': 3. März 2022 weltweite Protestaktionen gegen den Krieg in der Ukraine. Die Partei 'Die Linke' ruft zur Teilnahme auf.

15 May 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election: 15 May 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election via mixed-member proportional representation. 128 members are elected in single-member constituencies via first-past-the-post voting. 53 members are then allocated using compensatory proportional representation. Voters have two votes, the 'first vote' for candidates in single-member constituencies, and the 'second vote' for party lists, which are used to fill the proportional seats. The minimum size of the Landtag is 181 members. - Opinion polling for the May 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election, as big changes happened since last summer 2021 - 4. Januar 2022: NRW-Grüne begrüßen zweite Amtszeit für Steinmeier, die überfallenen Bürger der Ukraine wollen ihn nicht im Land haben ab Februar 2022 wegen seiner Unterstützung des Putin Regimes

16/19 May 2022 results of NRW May 2022 state election: 16 May 2022: North Rhine-Westphalia - that is home to major cities Cologne, Düsseldorf, Essen, Dortmund, Aachen, Bonn, Münster - state election results show the party of former CDU chancellor Angela Merkel receiving 35.7% of the vote to 27% of the second-place center-left Social Democrats SPD, The Greens 18.2%, the FDP 5.9% - 19 May 2022 polling from across Europe including all EU countries, updated daily - April/July 2010 'How Christian Teachings About Jews Paved the Road to the Holocaust', Gabriel Wilensky explains in his book publlished by Qwerty Publishers in April 2010, as Elizabeth Breau in her review says Gabriel Wilensky's book details the entrenchment of anti-Semitism throughout every era of Europe’s religious history since the birth of Christianity, and 'The Nazis simply had to light the match'

Geography and landforms of North Rhine-Westphalia: Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia - Landforms of North Rhine-Westphalia - Mountain ranges and mountains and hills of North Rhine-Westphalia

The Rhine, a European river flowing in a mostly northerly direction also through German federal states: Le bassin du Rhin, un bassin versant situé en Europe occidentale, qui comprend le système hydrologique de son fleuve principal et s'étend sur les régions naturelles très différentes en Suisse, en Italie, au Liechtenstein, en Autriche, en Allemagne, en France, au Luxembourg, en Belgique, et aux Pays-Bas - The Rhine, one of the major European rivers and the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe after the Danube - Rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia

Economy of North Rhine-Westphalia: Economy of North Rhine-Westphalia

History and timeline of North Rhine-Westphalia: History of North Rhine-Westphalia

History of districts, cities and towns in North Rhine-Westphalia: History of cities in North Rhine-Westphalia - Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia

Aachen district in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, as neighboring districts are Heinsberg, Düren, Euskirchen, and also the Netherlands province of Limburg and the Belgian province of Liège, as its administrative body is the regional parliament called 'Städtregionsparlament'

Aachen city: Aachen city, with around 249,000 inhabitants in 2020, the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, the westernmost city in Germany bordering Belgium and the Netherlands to the west, located between Maastricht in the Netherlands and Liège in Belgium in the west, as the Wurm River flows through the city, and as - together with Mönchengladbach - Aachen is the only larger German city in the drainage basin of the Meuse, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea - History of Aachen, as Flint quarries on the Lousberg, Schneeberg, and Königshügel, first used during Neolithic times 3000–2500 BC, attest to the long occupation of the site of Aachen, as do recent finds under the modern city's Elisengarten pointing to a former settlement from the same period

Economy of Aachen: Economy of Aachen, as products manufactured in Aachen include electrical goods, textiles, foodstuffs (chocolate and candy), glass, machinery, rubber products, furniture, metal products, also chemicals, plastics, cosmetics, and needles and pins, as - once a major part in Aachen's economy - today glassware and textile production make up only 10% of total manufacturing jobs amid a number of spin-offs from the university's IT technology department

Timeline of Aachen: Timeline of Aachen

Heinsberg district: As Heinsberg district is the most westerly of Germany, covering the lowlands of the Lower Rhine Bay, Heinsberg district is located in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia with the town of Heinsberg as its capital, and with neighbouring districts of Viersen, Neuss, Düren and Aachen

Erkelenz town, RWE surface mine, ongoing resettlements: Erkelenz town in the Rhineland southwest of Mönchengladbach on the northern edge of the Cologne Lowland, a medium-sized town with over 44,000 citizens and the largest in the district of Heinsberg in North Rhine-Westphalia. In 2006 the eastern part of the borough was cleared to make way for the Garzweiler II brown coal pit operated by RWE Power. This is planned to be in operation until 2045. Over five thousand people from ten villages have had to be resettled as a result.

Gatzweiler surface mine in NRW: 'Tagebau Garzweiler', a surface mine in NRW, operated by RWE and used for mining lignite. The mine is located west of Grevenbroich and exploitation is progressing towards Erkelenz. Mining was originally limited to the 66 km2 Garzweiler I area located east of the A 44 motorway and will take until around 2045 to fully exploit both sectors. The lignite is used for power generation at nearby power plants such as Neurath and Niederaußem. It is not yet known what effect the plan to phase out all coal-fired power plants in Germany by 2038 will have on the Garzweiler lignite mine system.

Lützerath village: Lützerath hamlet in North Rhine-Westphalia between Aachen and Düsseldorf. After in 2013, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled in favour of the expansion of the Garzweiler surface mine that will destroy Lützerath, climate activists moved to the village, squatting on empty farms and occupying treehouses. A campaign began to save the village called 'Lützerath lebt'. In October 2022, the federal government and NRW state announced that RWE would phase out coal mining in the region by 2030, but Lützerath would still be demolished. Preparations for the eviction began in January 2023.

Since 10 January 2023 evictions from Lützerath and resistance: The Heinsberg court issued an order permitting evictions from Lützerath from 10 January 2023 onwards and banned people from going there. Climate activist Luisa Neubauer and the head of the Earth System Analysis at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research both condemned the eviction. - 2 Januar 2023: Scuffles have broken out outside a village in western Germany that is to be razed to allow the expansion of a coal mine, a plan that is drawing resistance from climate activists

14 January 2023 thousands protesting German coal mine expansion, betrayal of German Greens: 14 January 2023: About 35,000 demonstrators marched in a large-scale protest around Germany's Lützerath village on Saturday against the demolition of the village to make way for an open-cast coal mine extension. There were standoffs with police as some protesters tried to reach the edge of the mine and the village itself. German Greens party – part of Germany's ruling coalition with Chancellor Olaf Scholz's Social Democrats and the liberal FDP – has come under heavy criticism from activists who accuse it of betrayal. Following the energy crisis set off by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the government has brought old coal power plants back online.

Stolberg town: Stolberg town in North Rhine-Westphalia, that has a long industrial history, belonging to the district Aachen and the lower district court of Eschweiler

History, economy and timeline of Stolberg town: Stolberg, first mentioned in documents from the 12th century, became an important centre of brass production when Protestant brass producers resettled to Stolberg from Aachen around 1600 to escape religious persecution and economic restrictions, as in the 20th century after two German empire's world wars Stolberg hosted the headquarter of German Neo-Nazi organization Wiking-Jugend ('Viking youth') - Im der ersten Zeit des 21. Jahrhunderts ist schließt die Wirtschaft und das produzierende Gewerbe Stolbergs große Industrieunternehmen ein wie die Schwermetall Halbzeugwerk GmbH&Co. KG, die größte Vorwalzbandproduzentin der Welt, weitere metallverbeitende Industrien wie u.a. die Bleihütte BBH, Glas und Pharmaprodukte herstellende Firmen, wobei wegen der beengten Tallage Stolbergs auch viele Unternehmen im Vichttal vor große Probleme gestellt waren und sind - 2021 Hochwasser im Vichttal - Seit Juli 2021 Hochwasser in West- und Mitteleuropa mit schweren Sturzfluten bzw. Überschwemmungen in mehreren Flußgebieten, besonders in Teilen Belgiens, der Niederlande, Österreichs, der Schweiz, in etlichen deutschen Bundesländern wie NRW, und weiterer angrenzender Länder, vor allem der European Union

Cologne governmental district: Cologne, one of the five governmental districts of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia, located in the south-west of that state and covers the hills of the Eifel as well as the Bergisches Land

Cologne city: Cologne city, the largest city of Germany's most populous federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city in Germany with slightly over a million inhabitants, as Cologne is also the largest city on the Rhine and also the most populous city both of the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region, which is Germany's largest and one of Europe's major metropolitan areas and of the Rhineland - History of Cologne since the 1st century

Economy and transport in Cologne: Economy of Cologne - Transport in Cologne, as Cologne Ports is one of the largest operators for inland ports in Germany, and as ports include Deutz, Godorf, Mülheim and Niehl I and II

Timeline of Cologne: Timeline of Cologne

13 CE 'Germanicus Julius Caesar' general of the Roman Empire headquartered in the area of Cologne: 13 CE 'Germanicus Julius Caesar', general of the Roman Empire, headquartered in the area of Cologne, known for his campaigns in Germania, as the agnomen 'Germanicus' was added to his full name in 9 BC when it was posthumously awarded to his father in 'honor' of his victories in Germania

260 'Colonia Agrippina' becomes capital of Gallic Empire: 260 'Colonia Agrippina' becomes capital of Gallic Empire (Imperium Galliarum or the Gallic Roman Empire) from 260 to 274, established by Emperor in the West 'Postumus' (before he was murdered by his own troops), including at its height territories of Germania, Gaul, Britannia, and (for a time) Hispania

About 313 Catholic diocese of Cologne established: About 313 (year of the first known Bishop of the diocese according to the chronology of ecclesial jurisdictions of Germany) Catholic Diocese of Cologne, followed by Mainz, Trier (Moselle), Strasbourg in the Rhine valley - In February 313 Roman emperor Constantine I met with Licinius in Milan to develop the Edict of Milan, which stated that Christians should be allowed to follow their faith without oppression - 285-315 Maternus of Cologne, first known bishop of Cologne, founder of the diocese of Tongeren, active during the period of the Donatist controversy, as in 313 Maternus and other bishops were summoned to Rome by Emperor Constantine to consult regarding the status of Bishop Caecilianus of Carthage, also taking part in the Synod of Arles in 314 while a legend grew in Trier concerning Maternus and a popular cult developed in Cologne - May-August 325 First Council of Nicaea of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea (now Iznik, Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325, as this ecumenical council was the first effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly, and as its main accomplishments were 'settlement' of the divine nature of 'God the Son' and his relationship to 'God the Father'

459 Rhineland Franks grouping of early Frankish people take power in the region: Since 274 Ripuarian or Rhineland Franks, one of the two main groupings of early Frankish people, and specifically it was the name eventually applied to the tribes who settled in the old Roman territory of the Ubii, with its capital at Cologne on the Rhine river in modern Germany, as their western neighbours were the Salii ('Salian Franks'), who settled with imperial permission within the Roman Empire in what is today the southern part of the Netherlands, and Belgium, and later expanded their influence into the northern part of France above the Loire river, creating the Frankish empire of Francia

716 Battle of Cologne during the battles of the Frankish War 715-718: 716 Battle of Cologne during the battles of the Frankish War 715-718

History of the Jews in Cologne since the late Roman Empire: History of the Jews in Cologne since late Roman Empire, as it became necessary for the Cologne Council to use a decree of Emperor Constantine of 321 considered the first evidence of the existence of a Jewish community in Cologne, as it is officially documented from the period of the High Middle Ages, as over its history, the Jewish community of Cologne has suffered persecutions, many expulsions, massacres and destruction, and as the community numbered about 19,500 people before its dispersal, murders and destruction in the 1930s by the Nazis before and during World War II

Since 4th/10th century until 1806 Cologne in the Holy Roman Empire: Cologne in the Holy Roman Empire, as its first Christian bishop was Maternus, responsible for the construction of the first cathedral erected early in the 4th century, while in 794 Hildebald was the first Bishop of Cologne to be appointed archbishop, and Bruno I (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne since 953, since 954 Duke of Lotharingia, was the brother of 'Holy Roman Emperor' Otto I (912-973), the first in a succession of emperors, corresponding to the succession bishops, of the nearly millennial 'Holy Roman Empire' marked by violence, also termed as the First Reich, a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars

1824 unfinished 'Kölner Dom': 1824 der unfertige Kölner Dom zur Zeit Heinrich Heines - 1843/1844 Heinrich Heine reist durch den Teutoburger Wald, spendet in Detmold Geld für den gerade begonnenen Bau des Hermannsdenkmals, und denkt - bei zu der Zeit noch unzulänglicher Quellenlage - auch darüber nach, was wohl geschehen wäre, wenn der Cherusker Arminius das Römische Sklavenhalterreich in einem Verteidigungskampf der Region zu Beginn des 1. Jhs. nicht besiegt hätte, bemerkt allerdings spöttisch 'Sie stelzen noch immer so steif herum, so kerzengrade geschniegelt, als hätten sie verschluckt den Stock, womit man sie einst geprügelt', reist nach einem Besuch des Geburtshauses seines Großvaters - der nicht Willy hieß - in Bückeburg weiter nach Hannover, um am Ziel seiner Reise in Hamburg sich bei seiner Mutter einzuquartieren, die - eine dortige Heinrich-Heine-Buchhandlung, eine 'Lange Reihe' mit manchen Fahrradfahrern glücklicherweise - einen Bahnhof leider noch nicht kennenlernen konnte, leider auch nicht die 'Rounds Mountain' (mit schöner Rundsicht), weil die 'Hamburg-American Line transatlantic shipping enterprise' erst in 1847 in Hamburg gegründet wurde

1848/1849 'Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie' in Cologne: 1848/1849 'Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie', a German daily newspaper, published by Karl Marx in Cologne between 1 June 1848 and 19 May 1849, recognised by historians as one of the most important dailies of the Revolutions of 1848 in Germany, as the paper was regarded by its editors and readers as the successor of an earlier Cologne newspaper, the 'Rheinische Zeitung', also edited for a time by Karl Marx, which had been suppressed by state censorship over five years earlier

Since 1933 Cologne in the 'Third Reich': Since 1933 Cologne in the 'Third Reich', as local elections on 13 March 1933 resulted in the 'Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei NSDAP' winning 39.6% of the vote, followed by the catholic Zentrum Party with 28.3%, the Social Democratic Party of Germany with 13.2%, and the Communist Party of Germany with 11.1%, and as one day later on 14 March, NSDAP followers occupied the city hall and took over government while Communist and Social Democratic members of the city assembly were imprisoned

20th century antisemitism in Cologne and extermination: In spring 1933 15,000 inhabitants declared on the population census that they were Jewish, but so-called NSDAP's 'aryanization' proceeded in two phases starting in April 1933 with the boycott of Jewish businesses, followed by the violence in the Kristallnacht on 9 November 1938, as in May 1941 the Cologne Gestapo started to concentrate all Jewish from Cologne in so-called Jewish houses preparing the transfer to the barracks in Fort V in Müngersdorf, the preparation for the deportation to exterminations camps

1942-1945 German city of Cologne bombed by the Allies during Nazi Germany's World War II: May 1942 - March 1945 German city of Cologne was bombed in 262 separate air raids by the Allies during Nazi Germany's World War II

October 2015 Cologne mayor election Henriette Reker elected as first female mayor: 18 October 2015: German city official Henriette Reker who was stabbed in the neck in an attack over her work with refugees elected the first female mayor of the western city of Cologne

'Rhein-Erft-Kreis' district and Erftstadt town in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia: 'Rhein-Erft-Kreis' district in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, as neighboring districts are Neuss, district-free Cologne, Rhein-Sieg, Euskirchen, Düren - Erftstadt town located about 20 km south-west of Cologne in the Rhein-Erft-Kreis

16 July 2021 residents of Erftstadt struggle to comprehend 'catastrophe' after record rainfall: 16 July 2021: Residents of Erftstadt struggle to comprehend how their familiar landscape became treacherous terrain, as NRW town stunned by flood damage

17 July 2021 devastation and deaths in NRW and EU countries: 17 juillet 2021: 43 décès survenus en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie, une autre région allemande frappée par la catastrophe

Düsseldorf governmental district: Düsseldorf governmental district of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the north-west of the country covering the western part of the Ruhr Area, as well as the Niederrheinische Tiefebene, and the most populated of all German administrative areas of the kind

Düsseldorf city: Düsseldorf city, the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, its second-largest city and the seventh-largest city in Germany, with a population of 617,280 citizens in 2019

Economy of Düsseldorf: Economy of Düsseldorf, that has become one of the top telecommunications centres in Germany - Düsseldorf financial center

Government and mayors of Düsseldorf: Government and mayors of Düsseldorf

Timeline of Düsseldorf since 8th century: Timeline of Düsseldorf since 8th/12th century

Since Roman and 'Holy Roman Empire' Jews pushed into roles considered socially inferior such as tax and rent collecting and moneylending: Since the formation of the 'Holy Roman Empire' and Christian territorial states, restrictions upon Jewish occupations were imposed by Christian authorities, as local rulers and church officials closed many professions to Jews, pushing them into marginal roles considered socially inferior, such as tax and rent collecting and moneylending, occupations only tolerated as a 'necessary evil', as catholic doctrine held that lending money for interest was a sin, according to Jesus Christus and the so-called 'New Testament', and it was an occupation forbidden to Christians, amid constantly growing financial needs of the feudal lords, their wars, conquests and then gobal and colonial conquests including Portuguese and Spanish conquests, when catholics developped the 'Holy Inquisition' to detect 'conversos'

Since Roman empire's colonial conquests antisemitic laws in Europe and Germany: Since Roman empire's colonial conquests 'Antisemitisches Recht' (antisemitic laws) in Europe and Germany

Since 8th century St. Petrus and St. Suitbertus: St. Suitbertus, eine flachgedeckte dreischiffige Pfeilerbasilika im Düsseldorfer Stadtteil Kaiserswerth, die Klosterkirche St. Petrus vom Anfang des 8. Jahrhundert ersetzte

Since 904 'Pfarrkirche St. Nikolaus' in the district 'Himmelgeist' of later Düsseldorf: Seit 904 Pfarrkirche St. Nikolaus, die zu den drei ältesten Kirchen in Düsseldorf gehört und sich im Stadtteil Himmelgeist befindet

Since 1144 'Pfarrkirche St. Remigius': Seit 1144 Pfarrkirche St. Remigius in Düsseldorf-Wittlaer, eine romanische Basilika, die aus einer Saalkirche hervorging und dann zur dreischiffigen Basilika ausgebaut wurde, belegt durch die erste schriftliche Quelle aus dem Jahr 1144, die die Pfarrei St. Remigius erwähnt

12th to the 19th centuries Jülich-Berg county/duchy: Since 12th century Berg, originally a county, later a duchy, in the Rhineland of Germany - as its later capital was Düsseldorf -, that existed as a distinct political entity from the early 12th to the 19th centuries

Since 1285 St. Sebastianus 'Bruderschaft Kaiserswerth' militia: 1285 St. Sebastianus 'Bruderschaft Kaiserswerth' militia formed

1438 'Zusicherung' von Jülich-Berg's Herzog über Vertreibung von Juden aus Düsseldorf: Nach Verfolgungswellen während der großen Pest seit 1349 mit zahlreiche Todesopfer und Zerstörungen von rund 80 Gemeinden im Rheinland, erhielt Düsseldorf 1438 eine 'Zusicherung' von Herzog Gerhard von Jülich-Berg, daß in den nächsten zwölf Jahren keine Juden in Düsseldorf geduldet werden sollten

Seit dem Mittelalter Gesetzgebung kirchlichen/weltlicher Herrscher um Juden auszugrenzen: Der Gelbe Ring war im Mittelalter eine für Juden vorgeschriebene Kennzeichnung, Teil einer Gesetzgebung der kirchlichen und weltlichen Herrscher, die darauf zielte, Juden auszugrenzen und zu diskriminieren, ein Vorläufer des Judensterns aus der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus - Der Judenhut entstammt einer freiwillig getragenen, jüdischen Tracht, wurde aber ab dem 13. Jahrhundert Juden aus antijudaistischen Motiven als stigmatisierendes Kennzeichen vorgeschrieben

Oktober 1514 Anordnung für Juden 'einen gelen rink', einen gelben oder güldenen Ring, zu tragen: John III Duke of Cleves and John I Duke of Jülich-Berg and since 1521 sovereign of the 'Vereinigten Herzogtümer Jülich-Kleve-Berg' gab am 3. Oktober 1514 die Anordnung, dass die Juden auf ihrer Kleidung an der Brust 'einen gelen rink', also einen gelben oder güldenen Ring, zu tragen hätten, 'daran man sie vur joeden erkennen mochte', während die 1554 erlassene Polizeiverordnung seines Sohnes und Nachfolgers Herzog Wilhelms V. die Ausweisung der Juden forderte

Im Übergang vom zur Neuzeit Krisen Suche nach Sündenböcken, Hexenverfolgungen und sich verändernder Antisemitismus: Schwere Krisen am Übergang vom Mittelalter zur Neuzeit als es in Mitteleuropa insbesonder während und infolge des verheerenden 'Dreißigjährigen Krieges von 1618 bis 1648' vermehrt zu Hexenprozessen kam und diese Bündelung von Krisenerscheinungen für die Menschen mit einer Erschütterung des Weltbildes und dem Verlust sicher geglaubter Wahrheiten einherging, auch gekennzeichnet durch Suche nach Sündenböcken, nach dem Muster der kirchlichen Inquisition auch mündend in Hexenverfolgungen in Verbindung mit weit verbreiteten Ängsten, die sich als Volksbewegungen mit - und mitunter sogar gegen - staatlicher Obrigkeit und Kirchen äußern konnten

1500-1808 expensive protection letters ('Schutzbriefe') for Jews to fill up sovereign's coffers: In den Jahren von 1500–1808 mussten die Düsseldorfer Juden - wie überall in Jülich und Berg - einen so genannten Schutzbrief vorweisen, um sesshaft werden zu können, wobei das Schutzgeld über die Landjudenschaft eingeholt und an die landesherrliche Kasse entrichtet wurde, und die meisten der erstmaligen urkundlichen Beweise kommunaler oder landesherrlicher Provenienz, die jüdische Familien in den bergischen, Düsseldorf benachbarten Städten belegen, fallen überwiegend in die Zeit nach 1500, wie beispielsweise für Mülheim an der Ruhr (1508), Solingen (1568), Ratingen (1592), (Düsseldorf-)Kaiserswerth (1611) oder für die Herrschaft Hardenberg (1678), ein großer Teil dann aber erst ins späte 17. und frühe 18. Jahrhundert

Since 1792 'Alte Synagoge' in Düsseldorf: Die Alte Synagoge in Düsseldorf, erbaut nach dem Vorbild der ältesten Synagoge Englands von 1699/1701, wurde am 24. März 1792 eingeweiht und später durch die Große Synagoge, etwas entfernt, ersetzt - Die Geschichte der Düsseldorfer Juden reicht in ihren Anfängen bis in das späte Mittelalter zurück, doch erst seit dem ausgehenden 17. Jahrhundert war eine dauerhafte Ansiedlung von Juden möglich, deren Gemeinde während der Industrialisierung stark anwuchs mit einen Anteil von rund 1% der Gesamtbevölkerung, in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus zerstört wurde als ein Großteil der Düsseldorfer Juden emigrieren mußte oder ermordet wurde, und ist mit ca. 7087 Personen als Jüdische Gemeinde Düsseldorf zu Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts die größte Gemeinde in NRW sowie nach der Jüdischen Gemeinde zu Berlin und München und Oberbayern die drittgrößte Gemeinde in Deutschland

1797-1856 Jewish born German writer and literary critic Heinrich (Harry) Heine in Düsseldorf and later in Paris and London: 1797-1856 Heinrich Heine, born as Harry Heine in Düsseldorf, who dies on 17 February in Paris, was born into a Jewish family and became known as 'Heinrich' after his conversion to Lutheranism in 1825, as his father Samson Heine (1764–1828) was a textile merchant and his mother Peira was the daughter of a physician

Since Middle Ages dates of Jewish emancipation, worldwide and in Germany 1812-1933: Dates of Jewish emancipation, since 1264 in Poland, since 1790 in the USA and in Prussia and the German empire 1812-1933

19th century Grand Duchy of Berg, confederation and 19th century Düsseldorf: 1806-1813 Grand Duchy of Berg ('Großherzogtum Berg'), a territorial grand duchy established in 1806 by Emperor Napoleon opening the 19th century Düsseldorf - Confederation of the Rhine

Since 1815 Prussians in power, crushed European revolutions and German empire: Kingdom of Prussia until 1918, a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918 - German Confederation ('Deutscher Bund'), an association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 as a replacement of the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806, as the German revolutions of 1848–49, motivated by liberal, democratic, socialist and nationalist sentiments, attempted to transform the Confederation into a unified German federal state with a liberal constitution, but the ruling body of the Confederation, dissolved on 12 July 1848, was re-established in 1850 after the revolution was crushed by Austria, Prussia and other states

Since 1817 chronology of the Lower Rhenish Music Festival and Felix Mendelssohn: 19th century chronology of the Lower Rhenish Music Festival, including 1833 in Düsseldorf German premiere of Symphony No. 4 (The Italian) of Felix Mendelssohn, also the oratorio 'Israel in Egypt' in the German original version of G. F. Handel, and in 1836 world premiere of the oratorio 'St. Paul' of F. Mendelssohn

1853 Robert and Clara Schumann, Brahms and 1860 manifesto against the 'New German' School: 1853 in Düsseldorf world premiere of the Symphony No. 4 d-minor op. 120 and the festival-overture Op. 123 of Robert Schumann with Clara Schumann (piano) and Joseph Joachim (violin), who had an extensive correspondence with both Clara Schumann and Brahms, as Brahms greatly valued Joachim's opinion of his new compositions, and in 1860 Brahms and Joachim jointly wrote a manifesto against the 'progressive' music of the 'New German' School, in reaction to the polemics of Brendel's Neue Zeitschrift für Musik - Since 1834 'Neue Zeitschrift für Musik', a music magazine, co-founded in Leipzig by Robert Schumann

1875 Düsseldorf premiere of the Missa Solemnis of L. v. Beethoven: 1875 Düsseldorf premiere of the Missa Solemnis of L. v. Beethoven

1903-1938 the 'Große Synagoge' in Düsseldorf, Leo Baeck and 'Galileo Galilei und das Ende des Mittelalters': 1903-1938 die Große Synagoge an der Kasernenstraße in Düsseldorf wurde im Jahre 1903 nach den Entwürfen des Architekten Josef Kleesattel im Stil der Neoromanik erbaut, am 10. November 1938 in Brand gesteckt und die Ruine wurde am 29. November desselben Jahres abgebrochen - Von 1907 bis 1912 amtierte Rabbiner Leo Baeck aus Leszno (Lissa) in Polen in Düsseldorf, wurde 1912 Gemeinderabbiner in Berlin, wo er ab 1913 auch als Dozent an der Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums wirkte, war Feldrabbiner im 1. Weltkrieg des Deutschen Reiches, wurde 1943 in das Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt verschleppt, wo er als 'Prominenter mit besonderen Rechten' lebte (während die 'Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland“ von der Gestapo geschlossen wurde), hielt, soweit bekannt, im Dezember 1944 im Ghetto seinen letzten Vortrag mit dem Titel 'Galileo Galilei und das Ende des Mittelalters', und starb 1956 in London

1898-1973 career of German lawyer Hans Josef Maria Globke and the Holocaust: Since early 20th century career of German lawyer Hans Josef Maria Globke (1898-1973) from Düsseldorf, who served as a judge in the police court of Aachen, then became vice police-chief of Aachen in 1925, then in December 1929 entered the Higher Civil Service in the Prussian Ministry of the Interior, then in November 1932 wrote a set of rules to make it harder for Germans of Jewish ancestry in Prussia to change their last names to less obviously Jewish names followed by guidelines for their implementation, then helped to formulate the 'Enabling Act' of 1933, which effectively gave Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers, then co-authored the official legal commentary on the new Reich Citizenship Law, one of the Nuremberg Laws introduced at the Nazi Party Congress in September 1935 which revoked the citizenship of German Jews, wrote a legal annotation on the antisemitic Nuremberg Race Laws that placed the NSDAP on a firmer legal ground, setting the path to the Holocaust, Globke designed the 'J' imprinted in the passports of Jews, had a leading role preparing the Law for the Defense of German Blood and Honor in 1938, then in 1940 asked for NSDAP membership, then Globke served as chief legal adviser to the Office for Jewish Affairs since 1941 headed by Adolf Eichmann and that performed the bureaucratic implementation of the Holocaust the Civil Status Act November 1937, Globke also served as chief legal adviser to the Office for Jewish Affairs in the Ministry of Interior, headed by Adolf Eichmann, that performed the bureaucratic implementation of the Holocaust, then since 1949 in West Germany as CDU member second career becoming a high-ranking civil servant and politician as Secretary of State and Chief of Staff of the West German Chancellery from 28 October 1953 to 15 October 1963, responsible for running the Chancellery, recommending the people who were appointed to roles in the government, coordinating the government's work, and for the establishment and oversight of the West German intelligence service and for all matters of national 'security'

Since 1914 from World War I to World War II, North Rhine-Westphalia, Düsseldorf: Since 1914 from World War I to 1920, when Düsseldorf became the centre of the General Strike and 45 delegates of the German Miners Union were murdered by the 'Freikorps', to 1939-1945 World War II, when Düsseldorf was liberated by Allied forces and the local German Resistance group in April 1945 launched 'Aktion Rheinland' to avoid further deaths, and as in 1946 Düsseldorf was made capital of the new federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia in later German Federal Republic

1933–1945 National Socialism and the Holocaust in Düsseldorf: Seit 11. April 1933 in Düsseldorf Verbrennung 'unerwünschter Literatur' durch die Deutsche Studentenschaft, unter anderem von Büchern Heinrich Heines, am 10. November 1938 wurden in der Pogromnacht die Synagogen auf der Kasernenstraße und in Benrath niedergebrannt, die jüdische Bevölkerung der Stadt wurde verfolgt und mindestens 18 Personen wurden ermordet, die Deportation von fast 6000 Juden aus dem gesamten Regierungsbezirk lag in den Händen des 'Judenreferats' der Staatspolizeileitstelle Düsseldorf, am 27. Oktober 1941 fuhr der erste Zug mit insgesamt 1003 Düsseldorfer und niederrheinischen Juden in die deutschen Konzentrationslager im besetzten Polen, über 2200 Düsseldorfer Juden wurden ermordet - 1933–1945 Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust in Düsseldorf, Globkes Heimatort und eine der Wirkungsstätten eines deutschen Juristen, der NSDAP und der SS

May 1961 intervention by CDU chancellor Adenauer to close Globke investigation: After accusations that Globke was heavily responsible for the Holocaust in Greece, that prompted preliminary criminal proceedings to be initiated against Globke by former resistance fighter and jurist Fritz Bauer, the chief public prosecutor of Hesse, the investigation was transferred to the public prosecutor's office in Bonn - located in NSDAP/CDU Globke's homeland - in May 1961 after an intervention by Adenauer, where it was closed due to 'lack of evidence'

21st century Düsseldorf: 21st century Düsseldorf

August 2021 OLG Düsseldorf trial against antisemitic and neonazi criminal association: 6. August 2021: Zwei mutmaßliche Gründer und ein Mitglied der Organisation müssen sich nun wegen Verdachts auf Mitgliedschaft in einer rechtsextremistischen kriminellen Vereinigung vor dem Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf verantworten, wo ihnen vorgeworfen wird nationalsozialistische, antisemitische und volksverhetzende Inhalte verbreitet zu haben

Wuppertal city: Wuppertal city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in and around the Wupper valley, east of Düsseldorf and south of the Ruhr, as - with a population of approximately 350,000 citizens - it is the largest city in the Bergisches Land

Economy and transport in Wuppertal: Economy and transport in Wuppertal

Politics of Wupptertal: Politics, city council and mayor of Wupptertal

History of Wuppertal: History of Wuppertal, as city in its present borders was formed in 1929 by merging the industrial cities of Barmen and Elberfeld with the communities Vohwinkel, Ronsdorf, Cronenberg, Langerfeld and Beyenburg

Solingen city: Solingen city, after Wuppertal the second-largest city in the 'Bergisches Land' located some 25km east of Düsseldorf, and in 2009 with population of 161,366 citizens. It is a member of the regional authority of the Rhineland. Solingen is called the 'City of Blades', since it has long been renowned for the manufacturing of fine swords, knives, scissors and razors.

Since the Middle Ages history of Solingen: Since the Middle Ages history of Solingen, as in the 'modern age' and in German empire's World War number two, the Old Town was completely destroyed by a bombing raid by the RAF in 1944. 1,800 people died and over 1,500 people were injured. As such, there are few pre-war sites in the centre.

May 1993 Germany's Solingen arson attack against citizens of Turkish descent: May 1993 Solingen arson attack, one of the most severe instances of xenophobic violence in modern Germany, as on the night of 28–29 May 1993, four young German men belonging to the skinhead scene with neo-Nazi ties, set fire to the house of a large Turkish family in Solingen in North Rhine-Westphalia, as three girls and two women died, as fourteen other family members, including several children, were injured, some of them severely, as the attack led to violent protests by Germans of Turkish descent in several German cities and to large demonstrations of other Germans (of non-Turkish descent) now in the 1990s expressing solidarity with the Turkish victims

1 August 2013 CDU's Helmut Kohl in 1982 discussed secret plan with UK's Thatcher to reduce number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%: 1 August 2013: Former Chancellor Helmut Kohl (CDU) discussed a secret plan with Margaret Thatcher in 1982 to reduce the number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%

Duisburg city: Duisburg city in the Ruhr metropolitan area of the western North Rhine-Westphalia and the 15th-largest city in Germany, lying on the confluence of the Rhine and the Ruhr rivers, as the city in the Middle Ages was a member of the Hanseatic League and later a major centre of iron, steel, and chemicals industries, heavily bombed in World War II and today hosting the world's largest inland port, with 21 docks and 40 kilometres of wharf

Demographics of Duisburg: Demographics of Duisburg

Education in Duisburg: Bildung und Schulen in Duisburg

Economy and companies based in Duisburg: Economy and companies based in Duisburg - Manufacturing companies based in Duisburg

Harbours in Duisburg: Hafen in Duisburg - Schiffahrt Duisburg

Politics of Duisburg: Politik in Duisburg

Timeline of Duisburg: Timeline of Duisburg since 1290

Since 1845/46 Cologne–Duisburg railway: Since 1845/46 Cologne–Duisburg railway

1941-1945 Bombing of Duisburg in World War II: 1941-1945 Bombing of Duisburg in World War II

Since 1964/1987 Wilhelm Lehmbruck Museum - Center for International Sculpture: Wilhelm Lehmbruck Museum - Center for International Sculpture - in Duisburg, and history since 1964/1987 following World War II

Since 1968 University of Duisburg: Since 1968 University of Duisburg, as the university was founded again - Since 16th century history of Duisburg-Essen University - In 2003 Gerhard Mercator University merged with the University of Essen to form the University of Duisburg-Essen, which is today one of the largest universities in Germany

Oberhausen city: Oberhausen city, located on the river Emscher in the Ruhr Area between Duisburg and Essen, as the city hosts the 'Gasometer Oberhausen', an anchor point of the European Route of Industrial Heritage

Education and schools in Oberhausen: Liste der Schulen in Oberhausen

Since 1994 Anne Frank secondary school: Seit 1994 Anne-Frank-Realschule, die bis dahin nach dem Gründer Karl-Broermann-Realschule hieß, dann aber - als die nationalsozialistische Schulliteratur Broermanns durch einen anonymen Artikel in der Zeitung Styrum Intern bekannt wurde - den Namen in Anne-Frank-Realschule erhielt - In 2017 there are 266 schools worldwide that are named after Anne Frank 1929–1945 who was murdered by the National Socialists, as the majority of them are in Germany (96), France (89), Italy (43) and the Netherlands (17)

Economy of Oberhausen: Economy and infrastructure of Oberhausen

Politics of Oberhausen: Politics of Oberhausen, 21st century city council and mayors, called 'Bürgermeister' and since 1903 'Oberbürgermeister' (members of DVP, Zentrum, NSDAP, SPD and CDU)

Timeline of Oberhausen: History and timeline of Oberhausen

19th/20th century Oberhausen's coal mines, steel mills and target during liberation in World War II: In the 19th century Oberhausen was named for its 1847 railway station which had taken its name from the Oberhausen Castle, as the new borough was formed in 1862 following inflow of people for the local coal mines and steel mills, as in the German second empire 1871-1945 Oberhausen absorbed several neighbouring boroughs including Alstaden, parts of Styrum and Dümpten in 1910, becoming a city in 1901, incorporating the towns of Sterkrade and Osterfeld in 1929, as the Ruhrchemie AG synthetic oil plant became a bombing target of the oil campaign of NSDAP-ruled Germany's World War II, and the USA forces reached the plant by 4 April 1945

Dortmund city: Dortmund city, the third-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, after Cologne and Düsseldorf, and the eighth-largest city in Germany. With a population of 609,000 inhabitants, it is the largest city (by area and population) of the Ruhr as well as the largest city of Westphalia

Timeline of Dortmund since 1005: History and timeline of Dortmund since 1005

21st century timeline of Dortmund: 21st century timeline of Dortmund

2020 2.724 Mitglieder der Jüdischen Gemeinde Dortmund: Die Jüdische Gemeinde Dortmund - seit dem 11. Jahrhundert - zählt im 21. Jahrhundert über 2.000 Mitglieder, in 2020 2.724

September 2023 Philipp Peyman Engel Chefredakteur der Jüdischen Allgemeinen in Dortmund: Seit September 2023 Philipp Peyman Engel Chefredakteur der Jüdischen Allgemeinen in Dortmund - 18. Oktober 2023: Nachdem die islamistische Terrororganisation Hamas - elf Tage nach den von ihr verübten bestialischen Morden an 1400 Israelis - zu weltweiten 'Protesten' gegen Israel aufgerufen hatte, kommt es auch im Ruhrgebiet u.a. in Duisburg zu antisemitischen Demonstrationen, 78 Jahre nach dem Ende des 2. Weltkriegs und 75 Jahre nach der Wiedergründung eines jüdischen Staates im sog. Nahen Osten - 24. Oktober 2023: Islamist plante Terroranschlag auf Pro-Israel-Demo in Duisburg - 29. Oktober 2023: Tausende Menschen haben am Samstag in NRW für Palästina und gegen die israelische Militäraktion im Gaza-Streifen nach den Angriffen der Hamas demonstriert. Demos gab es in Dortmund, Duisburg, Aachen und Lüdenscheid

Bonn city: Bonn city in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region, a federal city on the banks of the Rhine in 2021 with a population of over 300,000 citizens, and located about 24 km south-southeast of Cologne city in Germany's largest metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants. It is famous as a university city, the birthplace of the musician and composer Beethoven, as well as the capital city of the Electorate of Cologne from 1597 to 1794 and West Germany from 1949 to 1990 following NSDAP ruled German empire's World War II until 8 May 1945

Timeline of Bonn: Since ancient period timeline of the history of the city of Bonn

70 AD Roman-Batavian conflict: 70 AD Roman-Batavian conflict, as Bonn (Bonna or Castra Bonnensia), originally a town of the Ubii, became at an early period the site of a Roman military settlement, and as such is frequently mentioned by Tacitus. It was the scene, in A.D. 70, of a battle in which the Romans were defeated by Claudius Civilis, the valiant leader of the Batavians. Greatly reduced by successive inroads, it was restored about 359 by the Roman emperor Julian. In the centuries that followed the break-up of the Roman empire based on slavery

1543 Bonn's printing press in operation, 1597 Bonn becomes capital of the Electorate of Cologne: 1543 Bonn's printing press in operation, 1597 Bonn becomes capital of the Electorate of Cologne

Since 1818/1822 19th century Bonn as town becomes part of the Rhine Province in 1822:

Since October 1818 'Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn': Since October 1818 'Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn', a public research university located in Bonn, founded in its present form as the Rhein-Universität in 1818, as Bonn becomes part of the Rhine Province in 1822

1841-1843 (1848/1849) mouthpiece of the democratic movement in Germany 'Rhenish Newspaper': 1841-1843 'Rhenish Newspaper', a 19th-century German newspaper edited most famously by Karl Marx. The paper was launched in January 1842 and terminated by Prussian state censorship in March 1843 - Unter Marxens Chefredaktion formulierte die RZ schnell radikale, revolutionäre demokratische Ideen. Sie wurde eines der wichtigsten Sprachrohre der demokratischen Bewegung in Deutschland. - 1848/1849 'New Rhenish Newspaper. Organ of Democracy', but soon suppressed by Prussian state censorship - Am 19. Mai 1849 stellte die Neue Rheinische Zeitung nach 301 Ausgaben ihr Erscheinen ein, nachdem die letzten Aufstände der Märzrevolution von Preußen im Rheinland niedergeschlagen worden waren. Marx ging erneut ins Exil, diesmal nach London

Since 1845 first Beethovenhalle in Bonn: Since 1845 first 'Beethovenhalle' in Bonn built during the inauguration of the Beethoven Monument, located in the Münsterplatz, with a rectangular auditorium. The interior contained galleries along the side walls and could accommodate 1,500 people. During the next several years, the hall not only hosted concerts, but also poetry readings and more, but the hall was destroyed on 18 October 1944, during a World War II bombing raid

1959 beethovenhalle rebuilt, since 1970 UN Volunteers programme in Bonn: 1959 beethovenhalle rebuilt - Since December 1970 United Nations Volunteers UNV programme in Bonn, an organization that contributes to peace and development through volunteerism worldwide, as volunteerism is a powerful means of engaging people in tackling development challenges, and it can transform the pace and nature of development. Volunteerism benefits both society at large and the individual volunteer by strengthening trust, solidarity and reciprocity among citizens, and by purposefully creating opportunities for participation

Since 1981 'Bonn Women's Museum' in Bonn: Since 1981 'Bonn Women's Museum' in Bonn. It was founded in 1981 by an interdisciplinary group of working women, and claims to be the first museum of its kind in the world. It hosts temporary exhibitions (over 500 since its founding) and accompanying events, and is run by the society 'Women's Museum – Art, Culture, Research'

Since 1992/1994 'UN Framework Convention on Climate Change secretariat' headquartered in Bonn: Since 1992/1994 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change - secretariat headquartered in Bonn - established an international environmental treaty to combat 'dangerous human interference with the climate system', in part by stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. It was signed by 154 states at the UN Conference on Environment and Development, informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992. It entered into force on 21 March 1994. The treaty called for ongoing scientific research and regular meetings, negotiations, and future policy agreements designed to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner

21st century city of Bonn timeline: 21st century city of Bonn timeline

1994-2009 first female mayor of Bonn: 1994-2009 Bärbel Dieckmann mayor of Bonn, the first woman and Social Democrat to become mayor of Bonn

Since September/November 2020 Katja Dörner Bonn's second-ever female mayor: Since September/November 2020 Katja Dörner Mayor of Bonn, elected in a run-off election in September 2020 with 56.27% of the vote, becoming Bonn's second-ever female mayor

Since 1969 'Rhein-Sieg-Kreis' district surrounding he federal city of Bonn: Since 1969 'Rhein-Sieg-Kreis' district in the south of North Rhine-Westphalia, as neighboring districts are the urban district of Cologne, Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis, Oberbergischer Kreis, Altenkirchen, Neuwied, Ahrweiler, Euskirchen, Rhein-Erft-Kreis. The federal city of Bonn is nearly completely surrounded by the 'Rhein-Sieg-Kreis' district.

Towns and municipalities of 'Rhein-Sieg-Kreis' district: Towns and municipalities of 'Rhein-Sieg-Kreis' district

Hennef (Sieg) town: Hennef (Sieg) town in the Rhein-Sieg district, situated on the river Sieg 15 km east of Bonn. Hennef is the fourth-biggest town in the 'Rhein-Sieg-Kreis' district

1 January 2022 exploding fireworks killed and injured people in Hennef, Leipzig, Hamburg and in Austia: 1 January 2022: Exploding fireworks killed two men on New Year’s Eve in Germany and Austria, as a 37-year-old man died in Hennef near Germany’s city of Bonn, as another 39-year-old was severely injured in the same incident, taken to hospital, as several other people were injured in mishaps involving fireworks in the German cities of Leipzig and Hamburg, and as in Austria a 23-year-old man died south-west of Vienna and 3 other people were injured

Münster governmental district: Münster governmental district, located in the north of the state, and named after the capital city of Münster, including the area which in medieval times was known as the Dreingau

Münster governmental district: Münster governmental district, located in the north of the state, and named after the capital city of Münster, including the area which in medieval times was known as the Dreingau

Muenster city: Muenster city, an independent city located in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region, and the site of the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War in 1648 - History of Münster since the Middle Ages, as Münster later was a leading member of the Hanseatic League

Hospitals in Muenster: Krankenhäuser und Kliniken in Münster - University Hospital Muenster

Timeline of Münster since 797, when first school was founded: Timeline of Münster since 797, when first school was founded

18th-20th centuries in Münster, World War II and postwar period: 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries in Münster, World War II and postwar period

April 2018 Muenster car ramming attack: On 7 April 2018, a German man drove a van into people seated outside restaurants in a pedestrianised square in the old part of the German city of Münster, killing two people and injuring about 20 others

9 December 2021 covid-19 in Muenster: 9. Dezember 2021: Bei der wöchentlichen covid-19 Inzidenz in Münster weist die Gruppe der Kinder zwischen 5 und 14 Jahren die höchste Inzidenz mit einem Wert von 305 auf, die wöchentlichen Fallzahlen liegen hier aktuell bei 77 Neuinfektionen. Insgesamt liegt die wöchentliche Inzidenz in Münster aktuell bei 139.

Arnsberg governmental district: Arnsberg governmental district, located in the south-east of the country, covering the Sauerland hills as well as the east part of the Ruhr area

Economy of Arnsberg governmental district: Economy of Arnsberg governmental district, as its GDP was 124.8 billion € in 2018, accounting for 3.7% of German economic output

Hagen city: Hagen city located in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia's Arnsberg governmental district on the south eastern edge of the Ruhr area, 15 km south of Dortmund, where the rivers Lenne and Volme (met by the river Ennepe) meet the river Ruhr, with a population of 188,529 citizens in 2010

Economy of Hagen: Economy of Hagen

History and timeline of Hagen: History and timeline of Hagen

Solingen city: Solingen city

2013 CDU's Helmut Kohl discussed secret plan with UK's Thatcher in 1982 to reduce number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%: 1 August 2013: Former Chancellor Helmut Kohl (CDU) discussed a secret plan with Margaret Thatcher in 1982 to reduce the number of Turks living in West Germany by 50%

Schmallenberg city: Schmallenberg city and a climatic health resort in the High Sauerland District, by area the third biggest of all cities and towns of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the second biggest of the region of Westphalia. With small Schmallenberg central town and the rural Bad Fredeburg Kneipp health resort the town has two urban settlements. Additionally, 82 villages and hamlets belong to the town's territory.

Town divisions of Schmallenberg with residence of inhabitants in 83 places: Town divisions of Schmallenberg city, as on 31 December 2019 modern Schmallenberg had 25,146 inhabitants by main residence in 83 places

History, economy, education and culture of Schmallenberg city: History, economy, education and culture of Schmallenberg city - Das Musikbildungszentrum Südwestfalen in Schmallenberg-Bad Fredeburg ist das Zentrum für Orchester, Ensembles, und Chöre

Detmold governmental district: Detmold governmental district, located in the north-east of the state, congruent with the administratively not existent area of Ostwestfalen-Lippe OWL (East Westphalia-Lippe)and created in 1947 when the former state of Lippe was incorporated into North Rhine-Westphalia - 1918-1947 'Free State of Lippe', a German state formed after the 'Principality of Lippe' was abolished following the German Revolution of 1918

Da agosto 1875 monumento della vergogna: Crimini di guerra della Wehrmacht furono quelli commessi dalle forze armate tedesche durante la seconda guerra mondiale, che tra il settembre 1939 e il maggio 1945 si macchiarono di innumerevoli crimini di guerra, crimini contro le popolazioni civili e violazioni delle norme internazionali che regolavano i conflitti armati, specialmente sul fronte orientale - 'Armadio della vergogna', un'espressione del giornalismo relativo a crimini di guerra commessi sul territorio italiano durante la campagna d'Italia (1943-1945) dalle truppe nazifasciste - Depuis 16 août 1875 monument d'Hermann ('Hermannsdenkmal' - 'sapere aude'), un monument situé en Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie en Allemagne dans le sud de la forêt de Teutberg, qui se trouve au sud-ouest de Detmold dans le district de Lippe. Il se dresse sur le mont densément boisé de Teutberg qui s'élève à 386 mètres, au centre de la fortification circulaire de Grotenburg, mais c'est vers l'ouest et non vers le sud que la statue - inaugurée en présence de l'empereur Guillaume - est tournée - 9 CE 'Battle of the Teutoburg Forest' in the northern countryside of Osnabrück, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, as the alliance was led by Germanic officer of Varus's auxilia 'Arminius', who had acquired Roman citizenship and had received a Roman military education, which enabled him to deceive the Roman commander methodically and anticipate the Roman army's tactical responses. The very cruel battle reportedly (by contemporary historians) for many days is commonly seen as one of the most important defeats in Roman history, bringing the triumphant period of expansion under Augustus to an abrupt end. The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania - List of ancient Germanic peoples

January 1933 Lippe state election bringing NSDAP to power: 15 January 1933 'Free State of Lippe' state election was held to elect the members of the Landtag of Lippe, as the NSDAP won 39,5% of the vote, bringing NSDAP's Adolf Wedderwille to power, ahead of Nazi seizure and Adolf Hitler's rise to power on 30 January 1933 after a series of parliamentary elections and associated backroom intrigues

Since 1937 'Nordlager' in Augustdorf: 'Nordlager' in Augustdorf since 1937, Hitler-General 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne' since 1961

Since 1961 Hitler-General 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne' in Augustdorf: Since 1961 Hitler-General 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne'

Detmold town: Detmold town, with a population of about 73,400 in 2013, that was the capital of the county of Lippe since 16th century until 1918 and then of the Free State of Lippe until 1947, and today the administrative center of the district of Lippe and of the Regierungsbezirk Detmold

Bielefeld city: Bielefeld city in the Ostwestfalen-Lippe Region with a population of 341,730 citizens in 2018 and the most populous city in the administrative region

Industry and education in Bielefeld city: Industry and education in Bielefeld city, linked in the 19th century with the establishment of German states' railway system. Formerly a linen-producing town - in the early 1920s the town's savings bank issued money made of linen, silk and velvet - Bielefeld developped quickly. In addition to the manufacture of home appliances and various heavy industries, Bielefeld companies included food manufacturing, leather products and plastics, clothing and textiles and Bethel Institution with 17.000 employees. Bielefeld University was founded in 1969. Other institutions of higher education include the Theological Seminary Bethel and the Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, which offers 21 courses in 8 different departments.

History and timeline of Bielefeld: History and timeline of Bielefeld

April 2009 'Ravensberger Heimstättengesellschaft', USA Goldman Sachs real estate fund, modernization stopped, rents increased: 7. April 2009: Modernisierung gestoppt und Mieten erhöht, nachdem die westfälische Ravensberger Heimstättengesellschaft an den Immobilienfonds 'Whitehall', eine Tochter der USA Bank Goldman Sachs, verkauft wurde - 27. February 2011: Die LEG, zu der auch die frühere Ravensberger Heimstätte gehört, verfügt über 2.322 Wohnungen in Bielefeld. Die einstige Landesentwicklungsgesellschaft wurde 2008 von der damaligen CDU-FDP-Landesregierung an Fonds in der Regie der Großbank Goldman Sachs in New York verkauft. - Goldman Sachs controversies and legal issues - Goldman Sachs Unternehmenskritik, Hedge-Fonds-Verluste, Verschleierungen in der Europäischen Schuldenkrise und Einfluss auf die Politik, Vorwurf des Wertpapierbetrugs, Rolle bei den USA-Präsidentschaftswahlen, Rolle bei malaysischem Staatsfonds und Strafzahlung, Widerstand gegen Europäische Finanztransaktionssteuer, Ungesunde Arbeitsbelastungen

History and timeline of the Natural History Museum in Bielefeld 'namu': Since 1906 Natural History Museum in Bielefeld, a natural history museum, that - since 2003 - was given the additional name namu, which stands for the German words Natur (nature), Mensch (man), and Umwelt (environment). The exhibitions take place in the Spiegelshof, a historical building from the 14th century. History and timeline of the Natural History Museum in Bielefeld 'namu'

21 September 2022 'Into the Wild': 21 September 2022 'Into the Wild' Ausstellung, zu der die Theaterwerkstatt Bethel mit Interessierten eine Inszenierung mit Ausstellungsexponaten entworfen hat. Für die Entwicklung und Ideenfindung finden zwei Tanz- und Theaterworkshops im Naturkundemuseum statt. Musikalisch wird uns die Geigenspielerin Irena Suer unterstützen.

Gütersloh city: Gütersloh city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in the area of Westphalia and the administrative region of Detmold, as Gütersloh is the administrative centre for a district of the same name and has a population of 100,194 people in the 2020s

Demographics of Gütersloh: Demographics of Gütersloh, as there are approximately 10,000 Arameans in the city, having the largest number of Arameans of any other towns in Germany, and in 2010, 100 companies in Gütersloh were run by Arameans

Summer 2023 multiculturalism makes German cities liveable: Gütersloh town and its suburbs, the basis of the town, both place of residence and living centre - 19.08.2023 Dreiecksplatz 'open-air' Veranstaltung mit Folklore- und Musikgruppen aus der Türkei, Griechenland, Spanien, Albanien, Italien, Portugal, Philippinen, Thailand, etc.

Dalke river: Dalke river of North Rhine-Westphalia, flowing into the Ems near Gütersloh

Economy of Gütersloh: Economy of Gütersloh, an industrial city, also containing a variety of shops and department stores, as city is best known for Bertelsmann SE&Co. KGaA (a media company with 11,300 workers in the district) and Miele (an appliance manufacturer with 5,000 workers). There are 5,000 other small and medium enterprises in Gütersloh. Those companies have 46,000 workers

11 November 2022 Bertelsmann Stiftung's Ashbrook about Putin's war, USA midterms,'It's all about democracy': 11 November 2022: Cathryn Clüver Ashbrook, transatlantic expert at the Bertelsmann Stiftung since August 2022, says Europeans should prepare well for the times ahead, actively providing greater military and financial resources to Ukraine, as in the November USA midterm elections youngest and newest voters' turnout looks to be historic, when women, African-Americans and Latinos threw their support behind Democratic candidates over Republicans

Health and healthcare in Gütersloh: Health and healthcare in Gütersloh

Klinikum Gütersloh mit 1.128 Mitarbeitern in 2018: Klinikum Gütersloh mit 1.128 Mitarbeitern in 2018

History and politics in Gütersloh: History and politics in Gütersloh, as the city is also the seat of the district administration ('Kreis Gütersloh' including more towns, villages and rural areas)

Lemgo town: Lemgo town in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia situated between the Teutoburg Forest and the Weser Uplands, as the old hanseatic town had a population of 41,000 citizens in 2017 belonging to the OWL cluster region for mechanical engineering and industrial electronics in Germany

Education in Lemgo today including research: Education and research in Lemgo

Timeline and history of Lemgo since 12th century: Timeline and history of Lemgo since 12th century when the city was founded at the crossroad of two merchant routes, as Lemgo then was a member of the medieval trading association 'Hanseatic League' of free or autonomous cities in several northern European countries such as the Netherlands, Germany and Poland, as during the Reformation the city of Lemgo adopted Lutheranism in 1522, whereas otherwise in Lippe, its spread was hampered until 1533 by the opposition of the then Catholic ruling Counts of Lippe, as in 1605 Count of Lippe Simon VI adopted Calvinism and demanded the conversion of Lemgo's citizens too using his monarchic privilege of 'cuius regio, eius religio' leading to a dispute with Lemgo, as the city defied the edict to convert to Calvinism, leading to the Revolt of Lemgo followed by the Peace of Röhrentrup in 1617, granting Lemgo the right to determine its faith independently, but during the 30 Years War on 15 October 1638 Lemgo was put under siege by a powerful combined army of Palatine and Swedish troops followed by the Battle of Vlotho near Lemgo - October 1636 Battle of Vlotho, a victory for the Imperial Army under the command of Field Marshal Melchior von Hatzfeldt, that ended the attempt by Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, to recapture the Electoral Palatinate - Oktober 1638 Schlacht bei Vlotho, Folgen für die europäischen Mächte die den Kieg in Mitteleuropa 30 Jahre lang führten und katastrophale Folgen für die Zivilbevölkerung, die Bauern, Handwerker, Kaufleute, also die Bürger mit ihren Familien - 1618-1648 Dreißigjähriger Krieg, ein Konflikt um die Hegemonie im Heiligen Römischen Reich und in Europa, der als Religionskrieg begann und als Territorialkrieg endete, wobei sich in diesem Krieg auf europäischer Ebene der habsburgisch-französische Gegensatz und auf Reichsebene der Gegensatz zwischen dem Kaiser und der Katholischen Liga einerseits und der Protestantischen Union andererseits entluden, während - gemeinsam mit ihren jeweiligen Verbündeten - die habsburgischen Mächte Österreich und Spanien neben ihren territorialen auch ihre dynastischen Interessenkonflikte mit Frankreich, den Niederlanden, Dänemark und Schweden vorwiegend auf dem Boden des Reiches austrugen, und wobei infolgedessen eine Reihe von weiteren Konflikten mit dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg eng verbunden waren - 1939-1941 'Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder' von Bertolt Brecht im schwedischen Exil verfasst und 1941 in Zürich uraufgeführt, das im Dreißigjährigen Krieg zwischen 1624 und 1636 spielt und die Geschichte der Marketenderin Mutter Courage erzählt, die versucht, ihr Geschäft mit dem Krieg zu machen, und dabei ihre drei Kinder verliert, wobei Brecht Abscheu vor dem Krieg vermitteln will und - im 20. Jahrhundert - vor der kapitalistischen Gesellschaft, die - d.h. deren herrschende Klassen mit einem von ihnen dominierten, beherrschten Staat, Regime und Militär - ihn hervorbringt

Since the high Middle Ages 'Hanseatic League' ties with European cities: Die 'Hanse' - im Frühmittelalter eine Gruppe von Kaufleuten, die gemeinsam Handel trieben und bestimmte Privilegien im Ausland genossen - hatte sich aus der 'Kaufmannshanse' zur 'Städtehanse' entwickelt, also einem Zusammenschluss von Städten zum Schutz der Kaufleute und der Handelswege. Städtebündnisse und Landfriedensbündnisse dienten demselben Zweck. Die Handelsaktivitäten der Lemgoer Kaufleute seit dem 13. Jh. spiegelten sich in zahlreichen Bürgschaftsurkunden und Verbindungen und lassen sich so bis Nowgorod, Lübeck, Antwerpen oder Riga belegen.

20th century Lemgo and January 1933 Lippe state election bringing NSDAP to power: 15 January 1933 'Free State of Lippe' state election was held to elect the members of the Landtag of Lippe, as the NSDAP won 39,5% of the vote, bringing NSDAP's Adolf Wedderwille to power, ahead of Nazi seizure and Adolf Hitler's rise to power on 30 January 1933 after a series of parliamentary elections and associated backroom intrigues

Since WWII history of Lemgo: Since WWII history of Lemgo, as town's historic centre survived the Second World War completely undestroyed, as the overall urban character with the testimonies from the time of the Middle Ages and Renaissance was preserved, as the town hall in the style of the Weser Renaissance, which was included in the UNESCO list of works of European renown, consists of parts built at different times, and also therefore the city is inviting to ponder and to understand its history and the presence and the past of its citizens

Im Juni 1940 - nach dem Überfall des Deutschen Reiches auf Belgien, Luxemburg, die Niederlande und Frankreich von Mai bis Juni - ziehen der spätere Ehrenbürger Lemgos Kantor Walter Schmidt, GenQu Stabsstellenunteroffizier, Bundesverdienstkreuzträger ab 1989, und seine Offizierskollegen von 1940-1944 nach Fontainebleau 55km südlich von Paris um, um dort ihre Stabstelle einzurichten

Since 1970 history of Lemgo: Die heutige Kernstadt Lemgo hat sich gemeinsam mit Brake in den letzten Jahrzehnten bis Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts zu einem Zentrum für Kultur und Wirtschaft entwickelt, und in den ersten beiden Jahrzehnten des 21. Jahrhunderts stieg die Bedeutung Lemgos als Wissenschaftsstandort dank der Technischen Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe

Paderborn district: Paderborn district in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia located at the western slope of the Teutoburg Forest, as neighboring districts are Gütersloh, Lippe, Höxter, Hochsauerland, and Soest

Since 799/1281 'Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn': History of the 'Prince-Bishopric of Paderborn' of the Holy Roman Empire from 1281 to 1802, after the 'Diocese of Paderborn' was founded in 799 by Pope Leo III (in the early years it was subordinated to the bishop of Würzburg), as since 855 the clergy had the right to elect the bishop, as the diocese included the larger part of Lippe, Waldeck, and nearly half of the County of Ravensberg, as in 1180 (when the Duchy of Saxony ceased to exist) the rights which the old dukedom had exercised over Paderborn were transferred to the Archbishopric-Electorate of Cologne, as under Bernhard II Bishop of Paderborn 1188–1203 the bailiwick over the diocese, which since the middle of the 11th century had been held as a fief by the Counts of Arnsberg, returned to the bishops, an important advance in the development of the bishops' position as a secular ruler in his temporalities, forming a Hochstift of imperial immediacy since 1281, 1807-1813 ceded to Kgdm Westphalia, then succeeded by the Kingdom of Prussia and Prussian province of Westphalia, since 1848-49 and 1870/71 establishing the second German empire, dominated by Prussia's military and political tradition, later waging World War I and II

Paderborn city and 'Schloß Neuhaus':Paderborn city, capital of the Paderborn district as the name of the city derives from the river Pader and 'born' (an old German term for the source of a river), as the river Pader originates in more than 200 springs near Paderborn Cathedral - Schloß Neuhaus ist seit seiner Eingemeindung 1975 ein nördlicher Stadtteil von Paderborn

Demographics of Paderborn: Demographics of Paderborn, in 2020 with a population of 151,864 citizens, of which approximately 10% are students at the local university, as 60% of the population are Catholics, 20% Lutherans and 20% members of other faiths or not religious

Economy of Paderborn: Economy of Paderborn, as tday several information technology companies as well as industrial enterprises are located in the city

Since 14th century history of 'Schloß Neuhaus': 1370 verlegte Bischof Heinrich von Spiegel aufgrund von Streitigkeiten mit der Bürgerschaft der Stadt die bischöfliche Residenz endgültig nach 'Neuhaus', d.h. eine nach dem damaligen Stand der Kriegstechnik befestigte Anlage, von wo aus bis zur Annexion durch das Königreich Preußen 1802 das Fürstbistum Paderborn regiert wurde - Château Neuhaus - Legal history, laws by continent and legal history in European territories and countries

Schloß Neuhaus tombs for killed Russian prisoners of war in German empire's World War I: Grabstätte für 172 russische Kriegsgefangene des Ersten Weltkriegs des Deutschen Reiches 1914-1918, Paderborn-Schloß Neuhaus Diebesweg - Truppenübungsplatz Senne

1944/1945 Paderborn defeated by democracies forced into Germany's horrific war and its crimes called 'breach of civilization': 1944/1945 during World War II Paderborn was bombed by Allied aircraft, resulting in 85% destruction, including many of the historic buildings, then seized by the USA 3rd Armored Division after a pitched battle March/April 1945, in which tanks and flamethrowers were used during combined mechanized-infantry assaults against the city's southwestern, southern and southeastern approaches, and as in the late 1940s and 1950s the city was reconstructed

Since 1851 'Sennelager' camp of the Prussian Army: Since 1851 'Sennelager' (camp on the Senne), when the Prussian Army used the area as a training camp for their cavalry, later expanding into a full training facility for the armed forces, most notably during the 1888–1918 reign of emperor Wilhelm II, as during World War I a POW camp here housed British and French soldiers as well as, in a distinct section, various civilians, merchant seamen, including many British trawlermen taken prisoner after German raiders sank their ships in the North Sea, as many of the fishermen came from Boston or from Grimsby in Lincolnshire, and as many were later transferred to Ruhleben internment camp near Berlin, remaining there for the duration of the war, as later during the German empire's World War II the 'Wehrmacht' used the village as a military loading station, and the village's railway station, as nearby

Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock honorary cemetery for killed soviet prisoners of German empire's World War II 1939/1941-1945: Ehrenfriedhof für die etwa 65.000 sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, die im Stalag 326/VI K Senne umgekommen sind, Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock Senner Straße - Grabstätte für vier sowjetische Opfer des Zweiten Weltkriegs, darunter zwei Zwangsarbeiterkinder, Gütersloh-Verl Friedhofsweg

Since 19th century Sennelager Training Area, 'Truppenübungsplatz Senne': Sennelager Training Area and 'Truppenübungsplatz Senne' - also a military training area in Germany under the control of British Forces based in Paderborn Garrison - north of Paderborn, on the western edge of the Teutoburg Forest in the middle of the Senne, as the Stapel Exercise Area in Lage, north of Augustdorf, also belongs to the Sennelager Training Area within the boundaries of the following towns and villages Augustdorf, Detmold, Schlangen (Lippe), Bad Lippspringe, Paderborn, Hövelhof (Paderborn district) and Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock (Gütersloh district) and belonging to the German Government which discharges its responsibility through the Institute for Federal Real Estate, as the area was first used for military purposes at the end of the 19th century, and as Germany's 'Field Marshal Rommel Barracks' Augustdorf is located nearby - Ab 1936 entstand nördlich von Augustdorf zusätzlich der Übungsplatz Stapel, und 1941 entstand am Nordwestrand des Truppenübungsplatzes in Stukenbrock-Senne das Kriegsgefangenenlager Stalag 326, in dem bis zur Befreiung 1945 etwa 65.000 überwiegend sowjetische Kriegsgefangene ums Leben kamen, während auch im dazugehörenden 'Lager Staumühle' ab 1941 vorwiegend sowjetische Kriegsgefangene untergebracht waren - Ehrenfriedhof für die etwa 65.000 sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen, die im Stalag 326/VI K Senne umgekommen sind, Schloß Holte-Stukenbrock Senner Straße

1941-1945 über 5 Millionen sowjetische Soldaten in deutsche Kriegsgefangenschaft und Massenmord: Zwischen 1941 und 1945 gerieten weit über 5 Millionen sowjetische Soldaten in deutsche Kriegsgefangenschaft, 3,3 Millionen sowjetische Kriegsgefangene kamen dabei um, annähernd 80.000 jüdische kriegsgefangene Angehörige der Roten Armee wurden ermordet, wobei Arbeitseinsätze sowjetischer Gefangener schon vor dem Führerbefehl vom 31. Oktober 1941 stattfanden, und - obwohl das Oberkommando der Wehrmacht OKW schon im März 1941 für die Wochen nach dem Überfall, den Sommer und Herbst 1941, mit zwei bis drei Millionen sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen gerechnet hatte - keine wenigstens einigermaßen ausreichenden Vorbereitungen für deren existenzsichernde Unterkunft und Versorgung getroffen worden waren, d.h. die Gefangenen kampierten überwiegend unter desaströsesten Bedingungen im Freien, mit absolut unzureichender Ernährung, schlechter Hygiene und kaum medizinischer Versorgung, so dass viele an Krankheiten wie Ruhr- und Fleckfieberepidemien umkamen, und wobei der Aggressor schon vor Kriegsbeginn im sogenannten Hungerplan den Hungertod so vieler sowjetischer Soldaten einkalkuliert hatte (Sterbelager), wobei Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene wurden auch in deutschen Konzentrationslagern inhaftiert wurden, etwa im KZ Sachsenhausen, und auf zahlreiche Arten ermordet wurden, wie z. B. mittels Genickschussanlage, Hängen, tödlicher Injektionen verschiedener Substanzen und Massenerschießungen (KZ Dachau, KZ Buchenwald), und wobei Menschenversuche mit sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen für das KZ Neuengamme (Tuberkulose) und für das KZ Auschwitz (Vergiftungsversuch an 600 Gefangenen mit Zyklon B) belegt sind, und wobei hunderttausende von ihnen heute – ebenso wie gefallene Soldaten der Roten Armee und sowjetische Zwangsarbeiter der NS-Zeit – auf sowjetischen Kriegsgräberstätten in Deutschland liegen z.B. in Schloß-Holte Stukenbrock, unzählige in Massengräbern verscharrt wurden und ihre Leichname teilweise nach und nach zum Vorschein kamen - 1941-1945 les crimes nazis contre les prisonniers de guerre soviétiques furent perpétrés par le 'Troisième Reich' pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en raison d'une véritable politique d'extermination, et ces exactions se situent à la suite de l'opération 'Barbarossa' sur le front de l'Est

21st century Sennegemeinde (Senne municipality) Hövelhof on the border with the 'Sennelager' military training area: Sennegemeinde (Senne municipality) Hövelhof 10km northwest of Paderborn on the border with the 'Sennelager' military training area, with 16,222 citizens in 2020, five schools and a library

Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region: Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, the largest metropolitan region with over 11 million inhabitants and the only megacity in Germany

September 2020 local elections in North Rhine-Westphalia: 13. September 2020 Kommunalwahlen in Nordrhein-Westfalen

15 May 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election: 15 May 2022 North Rhine-Westphalia state election to elect the 18th Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia

History of Rhineland-Palatinate: History of Rhineland-Palatinate - Elections in Rhineland-Palatinate

1848-1849 German revolutions: Palatinate in the German revolutions of 1848–1849

2011 Rhineland-Palatinate state election: March 2011 Rhineland-Palatinate state election

March 2016: 13. März 2016 Landtagswahl in Rheinland-Pfalz

14 March 2021: 2021 Rhineland-Palatinate state election: 14 March 2021: 2021 Rhineland-Palatinate state election

May 2021 medial soldiers of fortune: Mai 2021: Abgeschaut von Lerche und Kuckuck versucht die 17. Januar Bande von deutschen und europäischen Glücksrittern, in der 2001-2021 Fortführung der Verbrechen dieser Bande zurückreichend bis 1914 und 1848/1871, und unter Täuschung des Publikums neues Unheil zu stiften, in dem sie nun am 8. May 2021 den Verbrechen der Hitlergeneräle Keitel, Guderian, Rommel etc. und ihres dazugehörigen Personals huldigen

Cities and municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate: Cities in Rhineland-Palatinate - Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate

Mainz city: Mainz city, the capital and largest city of Rhineland-Palatinate as most of the city is upstream of the Rhine before it flows west. The north of the city faces Wiesbaden, the capital of the neighbouring state Hesse, and the east the confluence of the Main. Mainz is an independent city with a population of 218,578 citizens in 2019 and today forms part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region. Mainz was founded by the Romans in the 1st century BC as a military fortress on the northernmost frontier of the empire and provincial capital of 'Germania Superior'. Mainz became an important city in the 8th century AD as part of the 'Holy Roman Empire', capital of the Electorate of Mainz and seat of the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz, the Primate of Germany. Mainz is famous as the birthplace of Johannes Gutenberg, the inventor of the movable-type printing press, who in the early 1450s manufactured his first books in the city, including the Gutenberg Bible. Mainz was heavily damaged in NSDAP ruled German empire's World War II 1939-1945, as more than 30 air raids by earlier attacked and ambushed democracies, now in defense destroying also important cities to protect their citizens. Mainz is notable as a transport hub, for wine production, and for its many rebuilt historic buildings

Timeline of Mainz since 13/12 BC, when Roman fort Mogontiacum built: Timeline of Mainz since 13/12 BC, when Roman fort Mogontiacum built

Au Moyen Âge les sites SchUM de Spire, Worms et Mayence à l'origine de la culture ashkénaze en Europe centrale: Seit dem 10. Jahrhundert bildeten sich am Rhein jüdische Gemeinden, in Mainz Mitte des 10. Jahrhunderts, in Worms um 1000 und in Speyer spätestens 1084, vermutlich durch die Ansiedlung jüdischer Fernhändler aus Italien und Frankreich entstanden die enge Verbindungen zueinander unterhielten. Anfang des 11. Jahrhunderts stand der aus Metz stammende Gelehrte Gerschom ben Jehuda einer Talmudakademie vor, die als religiöses und geistliches Zentrum in Aschkenas galt. Als Die Weisen von Speyer wird eine Gruppe der zehn berühmtesten Gelehrten der Talmudschule in Speyer bezeichnet, in einem Verbund SchUM, Schin für Schpira (Speyer), Waw für Warmaisa (Worms) und Mem für Magenza (Mainz), der seine herausragende Stellung in Aschkenas (d. h. Deutschland) betonte. Der Verbund beeinflusste die Architektur von Synagogen und Mikwaot (Mikwen), prägte zutiefst Kultur, religiöse Strömungen und die halachische Rechtsprechung der mittel- und osteuropäischen jüdischen Diaspora - Les sites SchUM de Spire, Worms et Mayence regroupent trois villes de la vallée du Rhin qui possédaient d'importantes communautés juives coopérant entre elles au Moyen Âge, et reconnues comme étant à l'origine de la culture ashkénaze en Europe centrale. La grande époque des SchUM se termine après quatre siècles vers 1350, puisque ces grandes communautés sont effacées par la grande peste noire et les massacres. Par la suite, d'autres petites communautés s'y sont établies mais elles n'ont jamais regagné l'importance de leurs prédécesseurs

20th century timeline of Mainz: Timeline of Mainz in the 20th century

In 1946 19th century closed university refounded in 1946 by the French military government after World Wars I and II: In 18th/19th century and since the 1790s after capture and recaptured by the Prussians, Mainz university activity came to a gradual standstill. Lectures in the department of medicine took place until 1823. Only the faculty of theology continued teaching during the 19th century, albeit as a theological Seminary (since 1877 'College of Philosophy and Theology'. The current Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz was founded in 1946 by the French occupying power. In a decree on 1 March the French military government implied that the University of Mainz would continue to exist: the University shall be 'enabled to resume its function'. The remains of warfare barracks erected in 1938 after the remilitarization of the Rhineland during the NSDAP ruled German empire served as the university's first buildings and are still in use today

21st century timeline of Mainz: Timeline of Mainz in the 21st century

March 2010 Cyclone Xynthia: 1 March 2010: Storms swept through western Europe at the weekend, killing three people in Spain, three in Germany and one each in Portugal and Belgium - 26 February 2010 - 7 March 2010 Cyclone Xynthia, an exceptionally violent European windstorm which crossed Western Europe

September 2010 inauguration of the new Synagogue of Mainz: 3 September 2010 inauguration of the new Synagogue of Mainz, the date of the anniversary of the inauguration of the old main synagogue of 1912 located in Mainz Neustadt. Due to controversial discussions regarding the street name, the location in the Hindenburgstraße was renamed as Synagogenplatz

27. Juli 2021, 31. Januar 2023 UNESCO zeichnet jüdisches Schum-Kulturstätten in Deutschland als Welterbe aus: 27. Juli 2021: Zum ersten Mal zeichnete die Unesco jüdisches Kulturgut in Deutschland aus, indem die begehrte Auszeichnung an die sogenannten Schum-Stätten Speyer, Worms und Mainz als eine Wiege des europäischen Judentums ging - 31. Januar 2023: Weltkulturerbe SchUM-Städtebund zwischen den jüdischen Gemeinden von Speyer, Worms und Mainz als bedeutendstes mittelalterliches Zentrum jüdischer Lehre in Europa durch die UNESCO offiziell in der Liste des Weltkulturerbes

Trier city: Trier city, located on the banks of the Moselle in Germany in a valley between low vine-covered hills of red sandstone in the west of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, near the border with Luxembourg and within the important Moselle wine region, founded by the Celts in the late 4th century BC as Treuorum and conquered 300 years later by the Roman empire, who renamed it 'Augusta Treverorum'

Education in Trier: Education in Trier

Economy and transportation in Trier: Economy and transportation in Trier

History and timeline of Trier: History and timeline of Trier

Since ancient times Treveri Celtic tribe of the Belgae group: Treveri or Treviri, a Celtic tribe of the Belgae group who inhabited the lower valley of the Moselle from around 150 BCE, until their displacement by the Franks, as their domain lay within the southern fringes of the Ardennes Forest, a part of the vast Silva Carbonaria, in what are now Luxembourg, southeastern Belgium and western Germany, and as its centre was the city of Trier ( called Augusta Treverorum by the Roman empire), and as Celtic in language, according to Tacitus they claimed Germanic descent

898-1801 Electorate of Trier: 898-1801 Electorate of Trier, traditionally known in English by its French name of Trèves, was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire that existed to the early 19th century, consisting of the temporal possessions of the prince-archbishop of Trier, also a prince-elector of the empire, along with the Elector of Cologne and the Elector of Mainz, among which the latter ranked first

16th century 'Witch Trials of Trier' in the diocese: 16th century 'Witch Trials of Trier', from 1581 to 1593 perhaps the biggest witch trials in European history, part of witch trials in Germany alongside the Fulda witch trials, the Würzburg witch trial, the Bamberg witch trials, and elsewhere, when in the diocese of Trier the 'trials' meant the death of at least 368 people, perhaps the biggest mass execution in Europe in peace time

Trier in the modern age, 1848 revolution, repression and 1871 second German Empire: Trier in the modern age, as during the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, Trier's city council sent a letter to the king of Prussia, demanding more civic liberties, as the lawyer Ludwig Simon was elected to represent Trier in the first German parliament in Frankfurt, as Prussian soldiers killed one citizen and wounded others escalating the situation, as the people of Trier hoisted black-red-gold flags as democratic symbols, rang the church bells, organized a militia and took away the signs of Prussian rule, as a second melée between demonstrators and soldiers, which left two citizens dead, led to a collective outburst of fury with people building barricades and waving the red flag, as there were even reports that a statue of the Prussian king was smashed into pieces and Trier was on the eve of a civil war, when the commander of the VIII Prussian army corps arrived and threatened to shell Trier, as - after being confronted with superior Prussian military power - the citizens gave up and removed the barricades, as some citizens were jailed for their democratic intentins, as Ludwig Simon emigrated like many others and died in Switzerland, and as Trier became part of the German Empire during the Prussian-led unification of Germany in 1871

May 2018 Karl Marx exposition: 5 mai 2018: Une exposition permanente a été inaugurée dans la matinée dans la maison natale de l'auteur du 'Capital' Karl Marx à Trèves, ville proche de la France et du Luxembourg où Marx a vu le jour le 5 mai 1818

1843 Karl Marx' frühe Texte: 1843 in Karl Marx' Kritik der 'Deutschen Ideogie' - in der 'Vormärz' Periode der deutscher Länder zwischen der Julirevolution 1830 und der Märzrevolution von 1848 (und andere im Europa der Jahre 1848-1851) - schreibt er in seiner Kritik zu Bruno Bauers Schrift 'Die Judenfrage' von 1843 - in der es heißt, daß die deutschen Juden 'die staatsbürgerliche, die politische Emanzipation' begehren -, daß 'erst in den nordamerikanischen Freistaaten - wenigstens in einem Teil derselben - die Judenfrage ihre theologische Bedeutung verliert und zu einer wirklich weltlichen Frage' wird. 'Mit der lebensfrische(n ... Existenz der Religion (sei) der Beweis geführt, daß das Dasein der Religion der Vollendung des Staats nicht widerspricht.' 'Die Religion gilt uns nicht mehr als der Grund, sondern nur noch als das Phänomen der weltlichen Beschränktheit'. Marx arbeitet sich gleichermaßen in seiner Kriik an der fast 2000-jährigen Geschichte und Tradition der Juden in Europa ab, die ihn als Sohn einer angesehenen jüdischen Rechtsanwaltsfamilie in Trier, der in der Folge der großen französichen Revolution 1789-1792 und der Judenemanzipation zum Christentum konvertiert war. Wie anderswo in Europa zuvor und insbesondere auf der iberischen Halbinsel, während und in Folge der 'Reconquista' der spanischen 'conquistadores'. Mit von ihnen besonders konsequent, brutal und bis ins 19./20. Jahrhundert praktizierter 'Inquisition', die vor allem auf konvertierte Juden zielte (und diese zu einem sehr kleinen Teil auch wohlhabend, weil sie ab Etablierung der christlichen Religion nach der Zerstörung Israels in 2 Jahrhunderten etwas später als Doktrin, als Staatsreligion des römischen und dann des Heiligen Römischen Reiches deutscher Nation' von 'ehrbaren' Berufen ausgeschlossen wurden, daher u.a. von Jesus als Christus nach seiner Kreuzigung durch das 'Imperium Romanum' verächtlich gemachte Tätigkeiten in Verbindung mit der Geldzirkulation ausübten und wohl gut verstanden hatten. Dieser Kontext wird in der August-Dezember 1843 Schrift von Marx, der im Juni 1843 Jenny von Westphalen in Bad Kreuznach standesamtlich heiratete, nur bruchstückhaft sichtbar, u.a. wegen der damaligen Quellenlage, wegen anderer Schwerpunkte der publizistischen Arbeit des jungen Wissenschaftlers, der bedeutend später in Bemerkungen über anstehende Arbeiten ausdrücklich den individuellen Reproduktionsprozeß der gesellschaftlichen Individuen anspricht (im Unterschied zum gesellschaftlichen Reproduktionspozeß und den er wegen des enormen Aufwands für die Formulierung seines Hauptwerks vernachlässigen mußte), wie auch ethnologische Studien auflistet

1845/1846 'Kommunismus' die wirkliche Bewegung, welche den jetzigen Zustand aufhebt: Der Kommunismus ist für uns nicht ein Zustand, der hergestellt werden soll, ein Ideal, wonach die Wirklichkeit sich zu richten haben [wird]. Wir - Marx, Engels and colleagues - nennen Kommunismus die wirkliche Bewegung, welche den jetzigen Zustand aufhebt, 'Die deutsche Ideologie' 1845/46 unveröffentlicht - According to some scientiests in the 20th and 21st centuries programmatic terms of a classless society first emerged in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome has also been discussed, among them thinkers such as Aristotele, Cicero, Demosthenes, Plato, Tacitus, as the 5th-century Mazdak movement in Persia has been described as communistic for challenging the enormous privileges of the noble classes and the clergy, criticizing the institution of private property, and striving to create an egalitarian society, as in the Medieval Christian Church communities shared their land and their other property, and as an economic system 'communism' was attractive to many of the peasants who supported social revolution in 16th century central Europe (among others highlighted in one of Karl Marx's early writing), as in the early 19th century, various social reformers founded communities based on common ownership (including Robert Owen, who founded New Harmony, Indiana in 1825, and Charles Fourier, whose followers organized other settlements in the USA), in its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe, and as the 'Industrial Revolution' advanced socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions (including Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, working at the mill owned by his father in Manchester as an office clerk, working his way up to become a partner of the firm in 1864, tied together with Mary Burns, a fierce young Irish woman who worked in the Engels factory, while Engels regarded stable monogamy as a virtue, and Burns guided Engels through Manchester and Salford, showing him the worst districts for his research)

1849-1883 Karl and Jenny Marx' family in London: 1849-1883 Karl and Jenny Marx' family in London

London 1867 Karl Marx - Ware und Geld und der Produktionsprozeß des Kapitals: 1867 Karl Marx: Der Produktionsprozeß des Kapitals, Erster Abschnitt Ware und Geld, Dietz Verlag 1968

London 1873 Karl Marx' Nachwort zur zweiten Auflage: 'Die Bourgeoisie hatte in Frankreich und England politische Macht erobert. Von da an gewann der Klassenkampf, praktisch und theoretisch, mehr und mehr ausgesprochne und drohende Formen. Er läutete die Totenglocke der wissenschaftlichen bürgerlichen Ökonomie. Es handelte sich jetzt nicht mehr darum, ob dies oder jenes Theorem wahr sei, sondern ob es dem Kapital nützlich oder schädlich, bequem oder unbequem, ob polizeiwidrig oder nicht. An die Stelle uneigennütziger Forschung trat bezahlte Klopffechterei, an die Stelle unbefangner wissenschaftlicher Untersuchung das böse Gewissen und die schlechte Absicht der Apologetik'

Ab 1875 studierte Marx weitere, darunter neuere, Literatur zur Entwicklung der Menschheit und von Elementen der Produktivkraft ihrer Arbeit im umfassenderen Sinne. Dieser große Themenkreis einer wissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung entsprach auch Engels’ Plan, ein Werk über die Dialektik der Natur schreiben zu wollen. Probleme zum Zusammenhang des Physischen und des Psychischen, der physischen, chemischen und biotischen Hauptformen der Materie, der Existenz, Umwandlung und Nutzung von Stoffen und Energien sowie der Herausbildung und Entwicklung der Menschheit fanden Marx’ wissenschaftliches Interesse. Es ging dabei auch um die von Thomas Malthus 1815 wiederholt in die öffentliche Diskussion gebrachte wichtige Frage, wie viel Menschen auf der Erde ernährt werden können. So studierte Marx zwischen Januar 1875 und Februar 1876 die sozialökonomische und politische Entwicklung Russlands nach den Reformen der 1860er und Anfang der 1870er Jahre, von März bis Juni 1876 Probleme der Physiologie und der Geschichte der Technik und von Mai bis Dezember 1876 die Geschichte des Grundeigentums sowie Probleme der europäischen und außereuropäischen Rechts- und Verfassungsgeschichte

Die gedankliche Fassung und Darstellung der Probleme des Zirkulationsprozesses des Kapitals im zweiten Buch des „Kapitals” hingegen scheint Marx sehr schwer gefallen zu sein, wie die 8 Manuskripte bezeugen, die er dazu bis Anfang 1880 erarbeitet hat (Manuskripte V-VIII davon seit April 1877 entstanden) – und zwar noch keineswegs druckreif. Es ging darum, welche inneren, wesentlichen und allgemeinen Zusammenhänge entstehen, wenn der nach Abschluss des unmittelbaren Produktionsprozesses der in den hergestellten Waren verkörperte Wert (einschließlich Mehrwert) in möglichst kurzer Zeit erfolgreich realisiert, d.h. die Warenform des Kapitals in die Geldform verwandelt werden soll, um reproduzieren, also ununterbrochen produzieren zu können. Die Orte des wirtschaftlichen Geschehens sind in diesem Zusammenhang vor allem das Kontor (Büro, Buchhaltung, Verwaltung, Management bzw. Werkleitung) des Unternehmens und die Märkte.

June 1870 until May 1871 in London 'Adresse(n) des Generalrats der IAA', and first 'an das Romanische Föderalkomitee in Genf': 29. Juni 1870 in London Adresse des Generalrats der Internationalen Arbeiterassoziation IAA an das Romanische Föderalkomitee in Genf, und 1870 weitere Adresss der IAA die Schweiz betreffend, einschließlich 5. Juli 1870 'Die Aussperrung der Bauarbeiter in Genf' (also cocerning UK/Switzerland relations and achievements of the english labor movement) avant la guerre juillet 1870 - janvier 1871 guerre franco-allemande, la défaite de Napoléon III, la chute du Second Empire, 1871 siège de Paris, l'achèvement de l'unité italienne après la prise de Rome en septembre 1870, 'l'unité' allemande et 'Second Empire', l'insurrection de la Commune de Paris combattue puis écrasée avec l'accord des Prussiens lors de la 'Semaine sanglante' (21-28 mai) par le gouvernement investi par l'Assemblée nationale, qui était replié à Versailles depuis le 18 mars

District ('Landkreis') of Ahrweiler and Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler city: Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler ist eine verbandsfreie Stadt und Sitz der Kreisverwaltung des Landkreises (district) Ahrweiler im nördlichen Rheinland-Pfalz. Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler ist ein staatlich anerkanntes Heilbad - Landkreis Ahrweiler, Gebietskörperschaft mit 130.479 Einwohnern in 2020 im Norden von Rheinland-Pfalz. Sitz der Kreisverwaltung und zugleich bevölkerungsreichste Kommune ist die verbandsfreie Stadt Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler

Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler city: Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler und Geschichte im 20. und 21. jahrhundert. Beim schweren Hochwasser im Juli 2021 kam es zu erheblichen Schäden an der Infrastruktur. So wurden mit einer Ausnahme alle Ahr-Brücken der Stadt – darunter die Casinobrücke und die Kurgartenbrücke – zerstört. Uferbereiche wurden mitgerissen, so dass auch angrenzende Straßen beschädigt wurden. Zu schweren Beschädigungen kam es an der Spielbank, dem Thermalbadehaus, dem Saunagarten der Ahr-Thermen, dem Kurgarten, dem Dahliengarten und mehreren Hotels. Der Friedhof am Ahrtor wurde teilweise zerstört

Ahr river and Ahr valley (Ahrtal): Ahr river and a left tributary of the Rhine. Its source is at an elevation of approximately 470 metres above sea level in Blankenheim in the Eifel, in the cellar of a timber-frame house near the castle of Blankenheim. After 18km it crosses from North Rhine-Westphalia into Rhineland-Palatinate, and then the Ahr flows through Ahr valley or Ahrtal, passing through the towns of Schuld, Altenahr and Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler. Between Remagen and Sinzig (south of Bonn), at about 50m above sea level, it flows into the Rhine. The length is roughly 89 kilometres, of which 68 kilometres is within Rhineland-Palatinate

History of Ahrweiler district since ancient times and in the 21st century: History of Ahrweiler district, as the region was conquered by the Romans under military leader Julius Caesar about 50 BC. Some hundred years later the Roman fort of Rigomagus (Gaulish for 'king's field') was founded, later to become the city of Remagen. The Vinxtbach, a narrow brook and an affluent of the Rhine, was defined as the borderline between the Roman provinces of 'Germania superior' and 'Germania inferior', as later during the middle ages towns were first mentioned in the 9th century, among them Sinzig and the eponymous village of Ahrweiler, first noted in the Land Register of the Abbey of Prüm in the 9th century - Jewish history in Ahrweiler town, as from the 13th century and on, there was a considerable Jewish community in Ahrweiler. In the 14th century, the Jews of the town traded in salt and wine, but the Jewish community - after the NSDAP came to power - were all taken away and relocated, some to concentration camps after 1933. No member of this community ever returned to Ahrweiler, and today, the town's old synagogue that was desecrated during 1938 Kristallnacht, is used for art displays - 21. Jahrhundert Geschichte des Landkreises Ahrweiler (history of Ahrweiler district in the 21st century)

Since 1844 history and operations of the Ahr Valley Railway: History and operations of the Ahr Valley Railway, that began as a branch line of the West Rhine Railway (Linke Rheinstrecke), built up the Rhine from Cologne to Rolandseck via Bonn between 1844 and 1856, and later extended to Bingerbrück via Remagen and Koblenz

Remagen town in the district of Ahrweiler: Remagen town in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate in the district of Ahrweiler. It is about a one-hour drive from Cologne, just south of Bonn, the former West German capital. It is situated on the left (western) bank of the river Rhine. There is a ferry across the Rhine from Remagen every 10–15 minutes in the summer. Remagen has many notable and well-maintained buildings, churches, castles and monuments - Remagen, eine verbandsfreie Stadt im Landkreis Ahrweiler in Rheinland-Pfalz, am linken Ufer des Mittelrheins gelegen. Sie grenzt im Norden an den Stadtbezirk Bad Godesberg der Bundesstadt Bonn. Remagen ist Standort des RheinAhrCampus. Bekannt wurde Remagen durch die am 7. März 1945 von der US-Army eingenommene Ludendorff-Brücke (Brücke von Remagen)

History of Remagen since ancient times and the rise of the Roman Empire: History of Remagen since ancient times and the rise of the Roman Empire, also invading European regions northern of the alps to establish colonies, also ever hunting for slaves to expand empire's and Rome's economy, wealth and power

7-25 March 1945 Battle of Remagen during the Allied invasion and liberation of Germany: 7-25 March 1945 Battle of Remagen during the Allied invasion of Germany, resulting in the unexpected capture of the 'Ludendorff Bridge' since German empire's WWI 1914-1918 - constructed between 1916 and 1919, using Russian prisoners of war as labour and built to help deliver reinforcements and supplies to the German troops on the Western Front - over the Rhine

Altenahr town: Altenahr town. a municipality in the district of Ahrweiler in Rhineland-Palatinate and the administrative centre for the eponymous collective municipality, to which it belongs. Altenahr is a state-recognised tourist resort and is ranked as a Grundzentrum for state planning purposes

Altenahr Verbandsgemeinde ('collective municipality') in the district of Ahrweiler: Altenahr Verbandsgemeinde ('collective municipality') in the district of Ahrweiler, consisting of 12 Ortsgemeinden, as the seat of the municipality is in Altenahr

Since March 2019 new mayor of Altenahr collective municipality: 10.03.2019 Wahl der Bürgermeisterin der Verbandsgemeinde Altenahr, bei der BM Cornelia Weigand (SPD/Grüne') mit 60,9% der Stimmen gewählt wurde - 16.07.2021: Appell der Bürgermeisterin von Altenahr Cornelia Weigand zu dringlich notwendiger Soforthilfe und Ende September 2021 zu den neuen Richtlinien zum Wiederaufbau im Ahrtal

Neighbouring municipalities, climate of Altenahr and 2021 floods: Neighbouring municipalities of Altenahr, as the town borders on the following neighbouring municipalities, listed clockwise from the north including Kalenborn, Grafschaft, Mayschoß, Ahrbrück, Lind and Berg. The climate, precipitations and weather timeline of Ahr Valley towns includes February as the driest month, the greatest amount of rain falls in July. However, in general the level of precipitation varies little and is evenly distributed over the year. Altenahr town was almost entirely submerged during the 2021 European floods

Summer and July 2021 European and German flooding: 17 July 2021: During the summer 2021 European and German flooding, images before and after the precipitation show a never seen extent of flood damage from the Ahr and Eifel regions, as quaint villages of half-timbered houses scattered across narrow valleys have now been destroyed. - 17 July 2021: DW's Kate Martyr reports from the region and from Sinzig town, as residents say there was little warning - 22 September 2021: Heavy rains swept across western Germany in the summer 2021, as the states of Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westphalia were particularly hard hit, as were the neighboring countries of the Netherlands and Belgium in one of the region's worst natural catastrophes in recent generations, as many people died and many more lost their homes and belongings

Koblenz city: Koblenz city on the banks of the Rhine and of the Moselle, a multi-nation tributary. as Koblenz was established as a Roman military post by Drusus around 8 B.C. Its name originates from the Latin word confluentes. Today it ranks in population behind Mainz and Ludwigshafen am Rhein to be the third-largest city in Rhineland-Palatinate. Its usual-residents' population is 112,000 citizens in 2015. Koblenz lies in a narrow flood plain between high hill ranges, some reaching mountainous height, and is served by an express rail and autobahn network.

Economy of Koblenz: Economy of Koblenz

Since 1990 University of Koblenz and Landau: Since 1990 University of Koblenz and Landau, a public university

Politics of Koblenz: Politics of Koblenz

Prior to 19th century timeline of Koblenz: Timeline of Koblenz since 9 BCE

20th century timeline of Koblenz and German empire's world wars: After World War I, France occupied the area once again. The city was the center of USA's occupation force from 1919 - 1923. In defiance of the French, the German populace of the city insisted on using the more German spelling of Koblenz after 1926. During 1939-45 World War II it hosted the command of German Army Group B and, like many counterparts, was heavily bombed and rebuilt afterwards. From 16–19 March 1945, it was the scene of heavy fighting by the USA 87th Infantry Division in support of Operation Lumberjack. Between 1947 and 1950, it served as the seat of government of Rhineland-Palatinate.

21st century timeline of Koblenz: 21st century timeline of Koblenz

13 January 2022 court jails former Syrian Assad regime's intelligence officer A. Raslan for life: 13 January 2022 after his arrest in 2014, former Syrian Assad regime's colonel Anwar Raslan - who led a unit of regimes's General Intelligence Directorate -, is sentenced by a German court to life in prison, after prosecutors had accused Anwar Raslan of 58 murders in a Damascus prison where they say at least 4,000 opposition activists were tortured in 2011 and 2012 - Das Oberlandesgericht in Koblenz hat am Donnerstag den früheren syrischen Geheimdienstoffizier Anwar Raslan der Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit schuldig befunden, und verurteilte ihn zu lebenslanger Haft. Der Prozess wurde unter dem Weltrechtsprinzip geführt, das es ermöglicht, in Deutschland auch schwere Straftaten in Drittstaaten zur Anklage zu bringen. - Ende Januar 2014 veröffentlichten der britische 'The Guardian' und der Sender 'CNN' Informationen über einen Bericht von HRW, der sich auf Aussagen eines nach eigenen Angaben übergelaufenen syrischen Polizei-Fotografen stützt. Er habe alleine Bilder von 11.000 toten Häftlingen, die er selbst fotografiert habe, auf Datenträgern aus dem Land geschmuggelt. Einige der toten Häftlinge auf den Bildern hatten keine Augen mehr, andere seien augenscheinlich stranguliert oder mit Elektroschocks getötet worden. Viele Gefangene seien ausgemergelt gewesen, andere zeigten Spuren von Schlägen mit Stangen oder anderen Gegenständen.

'Neustadt an der Weinstraße': 'Neustadt an der Weinstraße' town in Rhineland-Palatinate with 53,300 inhabitants as of 2020, it is the largest German town called 'Neustadt'. The town lies in the western park of the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region between the Haardt mountains, the eastern edge of the Palatinate Forest, and the western edge of the Upper Rhine Plain in the middle of the Palatinate wine region, an area that is around 10km wide and 85km long. The Speyerbach river flows through the town from west to east as does the Rehbach, which separates from the Speyerbach within the town at the Winzinger 'Wassergescheid' before emptying into the River Rhine several kilometres further north than the Speyerbach.

History, culture, structures of 'Neustadt an der Weinstraße': History, culture, and structures of 'Neustadt an der Weinstraße', as Neustadt's main attraction is its historic Altstadt or Old Town. Outside the residential areas there are palaces and castles including the Hambach Castle, considered a symbol of the German democracy movement because of the 'Hambacher Fest' which occurred here in 1832. On 6 December 2002 Gunter Demnig has laid 41 so-called Stolpersteine, metal paving stones, in memory of the Jewish victims of Nazism, on 10 March 2013 the memorial site to Nazi victims was opened.

Kusel town: Kusel town with a population of 5,566 citizens in 2020 in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, also the seat of the Kusel-Altenglan Verbandsgemeinde

History and timeline of Kusel town in recent time: History of Kusel town in recent time

31 January 2022 police arrested two men over the killing of two police officers near Kaiserslautern: 31 January 2022 police shooting in Rhineland-Palatinate, as two police officers were shot fatally at a traffic control on 31 January near Kusel town - 31 January 2022: Police arrested two men suspected of being involved in the killing of two police officers who were shot dead on a rural road while on a routine patrol, during a traffic check near Kusel, as - prior to their deaths - they were able to radio to colleagues

History of Saarland: History of Saarland - Elections in Saarland

March 2012 Saarland state election: 25 March 2012 Saarland state election - 25 March 2012: Provisional official results of the 25 March state poll - CDU 35,2%, SPD 30,6%, Linke 16,1%, Piraten 7,4%, Grüne 5% and the FDP is now the 1,2% party and is kicked out - 9. Mai 2012: Ministerpräsidentin Kramp-Karrenbauer an der Spitze einer CDU/SPD-Koalition im Amt bestätigt

March 2017 Saarland state election: 26 March 2017 Saarland state election - 26. März 2017 Landtagswahl im Saarland

Saarbrücken city: Saarbrücken city, the capital and largest city of the state of Saarland, and its administrative, commercial and cultural centre, next to the French border

History and timeline of Saarbrücken: History and timeline of Saarbrücken

History of Saxony: History of Saxony - Elections in Saxony

1848-1849 Saxony in the German revolutions: Saxony in the German revolutions of 1848–1849

August 2014 Saxony state election: 31 August 2014 Saxony state election - 31 August 2014: Christian Democrats win nearly 40% of the vote, breakthrough of eurosceptics and right-leaning rival AfD

June 2019 local election in Goerlitz: 17 June 2019: CDU's Octavian Ursu, who came to Germany from Romania in 1990, received 55.1% of the vote in Sunday’s election in Goerlitz, as opponent AfD's Sebastian Wippel received 44.9% according to preliminary results

September 2019 Saxony state election: 1 September 2019 Saxony state election

Dresden city: Dresden city, the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig - Education in Dresden

Economy of Dresden: Economy of Dresden

Timeline of Dresden: Timeline of Dresden

1206 first documentation of Dresden: 1206 first documentation of Dresden

July 1760 siege of Dresden by Prussian army: July 1760 Siege of Dresden during the Third Silesian War, part of the Seven Years' War, when a Prussian force led by Frederick unsuccessfully besieged the city of Dresden in Saxony

July 1807 Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw: July 1807 Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw promulgated by Napoleon in Dresden

August 1813 Battle of Dresden part of Napoleonic Wars: August 1813 Battle of Dresden, a major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, but the Sixth Coalition felt emboldened in their quest to expel the French from Central Europe, as Napoleon's victory did not lead to the collapse of the coalition, and the lack of effective French cavalry units, caused by a very heavy loss of French soldiers and horses during 1812 French invasion of Russia, precluded a major pursuit, and days after the battle, the Allies surrounded and captured a French corps at the Battle of Kulm

May 1849 Dresden uprising and failure: May 1849 Uprising took place in Dresden, one of the last of the series of events known as the Revolutions of 1848, as from 1849 the German states saw a sharp rise in emigration as thousands deserted their homeland for political reasons, fearing for their lives, many of them artists, writers and other well-educated, prominent members of society, after the revolution had only a slight effect on the political system, in that the nobility lost some of its power in the lower house, but otherwise was a complete failure

1842-1849 composer, theatre director, polemicist Richard Wagner in Dresden: 1842-1849 German composer, theatre director, polemicist Richard Wagner in Dresden, as unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works

Since 1840s composer and writer Richard Wagner's anti-Semitism: Since 1840s composer and writer Richard Wagner notoriously believed that music could be 'Jewish', and indeed he used the title Jewishness in Music (Das Judentum in der Musik) for the most influential of all his anti-Semitic essays. Wagner’s (social background was) the world of the nineteenth-century bourgeois and liberal. 'It is not legitimate historically to read him with hindsight - that cardinal historical sin — in the appalling light of the unimaginable world that emerged after the First World War - a world of violent social revolution and political murder, a world brutalized and barbarized by the experience of the war and defeat of 1918, a world in which mass industrial death had become conceivable and which opened the way to the Holocaust. Wagner died in 1883, a full six years before Hitler was even born. How could Wagner have possibly imagined that his nationalism could lead to the 'Third Reich', and his anti-Semitism to the Holocaust?' - Paul Lawrence Rose in 'Anti-Semitism in Music: Wagner and the Origins of the Holocaust', 2007. Studies in European Culture and History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York - after Rose in his earlier book 'Wagner. Race and Revolution' exlained how Wagner experienced an epiphany in 1847–1850. During these years, he converted to revolutionism; he embraced political, social, and human revolution and liberation; he revolutionized his art; and he adopted a new kind of fanatical 'revolutionary' anti-Semitism

February 1945 bombing of Dresden in Nazi Germany's World War II: February 1945 bombing of Dresden in Nazi Germany's World War II - 27 March 1945 last day of German V-2 rocket attacks on London, as one hits Hughes Mansions, Stepney, killing 134 citizens, as the last falls in Orpington with one fatality, and as more than 2,700 people died across London and more than 6,500 people were injured as a result of German rockets in their second World War in the 20th century - March 1945 end of the German V-1 attacks against England and assessment of German Blitz and V-1 attacks

Since April 1946 Sächsische Zeitung: Since April 1946 'Sächsische Zeitung', a regional German daily newspaper published in Dresden

Since 1961 Technical University of Dresden: Since 1961 Technical University of Dresden, as of the 20,620 students from Saxony, 12,351 or 59.9% were from Dresden, and as there were 3,442 international students enrolled at the TU Dresden in 2005/2006, with most of the foreign students coming from Europe 1,527, followed by Asia 1,404, and America 170

1989-1991 Monday demonstrations in Leipzig and East Germany: 1989-1991 Monday demonstrations in East Germany, a series of peaceful political protests against the government of the German Democratic Republic that took place in towns and cities all around the country on various days of the week

1992 Soviet forces withdrawn including KGB's Vladimir Putin: In 1992 Soviet forces withdrawn from Saxony and Dresden, including later Russian war criminal Vladimir Putin, who was stationed in Dresden by the KGB 1985-1990, and is admired and supported by German neo-Nazi linked AfD party since its foundations in 2013

Since 1999/2001 'Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics' in Dresden: Since 1999/2001 'Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics', a biology research institute located in Dresden founded in 1998 and fully operational in 2001 with more than twenty research groups work in molecular biology, cell biology, developmental biology, biophysics, and systems biology supported by various facilities - 2 September 2022: British cell biologist Anthony Hyman discovered a completely new state of biological matter that will help prevent diseases

August 2002 Dresden received significant damage amid European floods: August 2002 European floods, as Dresden received significant damage when the Elbe River reached an all-time high of 9.4 meters and Germany was the hardest hit, with over two-thirds of the flood's total losses

Since 2010 Dresden anti-fascist protests: Since 2010 Dresden anti-fascist protests against 'Pegida' movenment and AfD

February 2020 refugee Mozon al-Mleihan fleeing bombing and shelling to Jordan and the UK wins Dresden Peace Prize: 12 February 2020: Mozon al-Mleihan, who fled from the city of Daraa in Syria’s southwest because of the bombing and shelling, arrived with her family arrived in 2013 to the Zaatari camp in Jordan and now lives in the UK, has been awarded the Dresden Peace Prize for her work with children and education, reports Arab-Europe

Leipzig city: Leipzig, the most populous city in the German state of Saxony, with a population of 600,000 inhabitants in 2019 Germany's eighth most populous city - Education in Leipzig

Economy of Leipzig: Economy of Leipzig

Since 1082 timeline of Leipzig: Timeline of Leipzig since 1082

Since the 12th century (at least) Thomaskirche: At the current site of the 'Thomaskirche' (from the Aramaic ta'am, from Hebrew t'óm, meaning 'twin') there has been a church at least since the 12th century, as foundations of a Romanesque building have been discovered in the choir and crossing of the current church - 1st century 'Didache' ('Teaching'), also known as 'The Lord's Teaching Through the Twelve Apostles' to the Nations, a brief anonymous early Christian treatise written in Koine Greek, dated by modern scholars to the first century - Likely prior to the Diocletian reform in AD 293, Roman Gaul Gallican Rite, a historical version of Christian liturgy and other ritual practices in Western Christianity, as rites first developed in the early centuries as the Syriac-Greek rites of Jerusalem and Antioch and were first translated into Latin in various parts of the Western Roman Empire Praetorian prefecture of Gaul - Ambrosian chant (also known as Milanese chant), the liturgical plainchant repertory of the Ambrosian rite (Ambrosius c. 340 – 397) of the Roman Catholic Church, introducing hymnody from the Eastern Church to the West, distinct from Gregorian chant - Mozarabic Rite developed before and during the Visigothic period 418-721, officially called the Hispano-Mozarabic Rite, a liturgical rite of the Latin Church once used generally in the Iberian Peninsula, in what is now Spain and Portugal - Dissemination and hegemony of Gregorian chant, that appeared in a remarkably uniform state across Europe within a short time, after Charlemagne, once elevated to Holy Roman Emperor, aggressively spread Gregorian chant throughout his empire to consolidate religious and secular power, requiring the clergy to use the new repertory on pain of death - Augustinians, Christian religious orders following the Rule of Saint Augustine, who developped a conception of 'original sin', emerging in the 3rd century and fully formed with the writings of Augustine of Hippo, becoming the first author to use the phrase 'original sin', as there are two distinct types of Augustinians in Catholic religious orders in the Middle Ages - Since 592 Benedictines, a monastic religious order of the Catholic Church following the Rule of Saint Benedict - Seit der Mitte des 9. Jahrhunderts entwickelte sich in europäischen Klöstern eine neue Art der Musikschrift für den gregorianischen Choral mit Neumen, welche man über den Text notierte zur Verbildlichung der Winkbewegungen des Chorleiters oder des Sängers (griechisch 'neuma'), wobei die älteste Quelle dieser Notation sich in der Musica disciplina von Aurelian von Réôme um 850 findet, unter Verweis auf die 'Musica Albini' (vor 800), diese unter Berufung auf die alten griechischen Autoren (graeca lingua auctorem) mit Darstellung von acht Tonarten, vier Grundtonarten ('authenticum'), und aus den vorherigen abgeleitet ('Plagi'), identisch mit der später zunächst aus acht Kirchentonarten bestehenden Tonordnung mit I. Dorisch, II. Hypodorisch, III. Phrygisch etc. - Der linienlosen adiastematischen Neumennotation wurden allmählich Linien hinzugefügt, zunächst zwei farbige Notenlinien für die Töne f und c, um die Halbtonschritte e–f und h–c zu markieren, dann, um auch die Tonschritte zwischen den Linien genau zu erfassen, fügte der Benediktinermönch, Musiktheoretiker und Lehrer Guido von Arezzo (992 in der Gegend von Paris - Mai 1050 in Avellana) zu Beginn des 11. Jahrhunderts zwischen die f- und die c-Linie eine dritte Linie ein, und das Terzliniensystem, mit dem sich jeder diatonische Schritt genau bezeichnen lässt, war erfunden, ergänzt durch den Rat über oder unter die drei Linien eine vierte Linie zu setzen, dann verwendete Guido statt der Farben Buchstaben (c oder f) am Beginn eines Systems, um eine der Halbtonpositionen zu markieren, der Notenschlüssel war erfunden, und im praktischen Unterricht erfand Guido ergänzend die relative Solmisation, in der sowohl der Halbtonschritt mi-fa (oder e–f) als auch der Halbtonschritt si-do (h–c) mit den immer gleichen Tonsilben 'mi–fa' gesungen wird - Since 1123 celibacy was first required of some clerics of the Catholic Church at the First Lateran Council, as - because clerics resisted it - the celibacy mandate was restated at the Second Lateran Council in 1139 and the Council of Trent 1545–64, as Judaism - the religion of Jesus from Nazareth and reportedly the son of Maria and Joseph - strongly opposes celibacy - Seit dem 11. Jahrhundert und seit 1170 eröffnet die Notation komponierter Musik den Weg zur 'Ars antiqua', franko-flämischen Schule etc., indem es nun gelingt, diese Kunst, welche keine Gegenständlichkeit kennt und in der die Menschen sich und ihre sozialen Beziehungen - in der Herausbildung der christlichen Religion zum Abstraktum einer Trinität entwickelt - wiederfinden können gerade weil diese Kunst in ihrer lebendigen Gestalt keine Ware werden und wie die gesprochene(n) Sprache(n) nur in Gegenwart lebendiger Menschen (auch Nonnen und Mönche) existieren kann

Since 1212 Thomas School in Leipzig: Since 1212 Thomas School in Leipzig, a co-educational and public boarding school founded by the Augustinians in 1212 and one of the oldest schools in the world - Notable alumni of Thomas School in Leipzig

Since 1409 Leipzig University and alumni: Since 1409 Leipzig University - List of Leipzig University people, including scientists, poets, musicians, and politicians - Since 1990 South African politician Jeffrey Thamsanqa 'Jeff' Radebe, born in August 1953, who studied at the University of Zululand and finished in International Law at the Karl Marx University in Leipzig in 1981, and was arrested in 1986 after returning to South Africa, and sentenced to a 10-year imprisonment on Robben Island, but released from prison in 1990 after a successful hunger strike and served as minister first under Nelson Mandela after the 1994 democratic elections and later - CDU's Angela Merkel, born 1954 and Chancellor of Germany since 2005, was educated at Karl Marx University in Leipzig, where she studied physics from 1973 to 1978, and then studied and worked at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry in Berlin-Adlershof from 1978 to 1990 - Student finance of Leipzig University people

Since 1543 Leipzig University Library: Since 1543 Leipzig University Library, the central library of the university and one of the oldest German university libraries

1546-47 Schmalkaldic War: 1546-47 Schmalkaldic War between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire - simultaneously King Charles I of Spain -, commanded by the Duke of Alba and the Duke of Saxony, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire

Since July 1650 'Einkommende Zeitungen', the first daily newspaper in the world: Seit 1. Juli 1650 die 'Einkommenden Zeitungen' erschienen ab dem 1. Juli 1650 regelmäßig sechsmal in der Woche und gelten damit als die derzeit älteste bekannte Tageszeitung der Welt, mit direkten Nachfolgern bis in das 20. Jahrhundert

Since 1688/1702 Leipzig collegia musica: Since 1688/1702 Leipzig collegia musica, consisting mostly of university students, enjoying a succession of known directors including Johann Kuhnau (1688), refounded by Telemann (1702), Bach (1729–1737), who composed several concertos and dramme per musica for weekly performances at Café Zimmermann and for 'extraordinary' concerts, as Telemann went on to promote professional concerts by Frankfurt and Hamburg collegia in the late 1720s, thus fostering the emergence of public subscription concerts in Germany, and with the Moravian emigration, later USA's collegia sprang up beginning in 1744 in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, and the Carolinas - Examples of modern ensembles 'Collegium Musicam' worldwide

1723-1750 Johann Sebastian Bach in Leipzig: Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) - a German composer and musician known for instrumental compositions such as concertos, for instance for violin, for harpsichord including 'The Well-Tempered Clavier', suites, chamber music as well as for orchestra, as many of his works employ the genres of canon and fugue, extensively for organ, for vocal music, such as the St John Passion, cantatas, the Mass in B minor, as since the 19th-century (Mendelssohn) Bach Revival regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time - since 1723 employed as Thomaskantor at St. Thomas) in Leipzig, now composing music for the principal Lutheran churches of the city, for festivities (e.g. Peasant Cantata, Coffee Cantata) in Leipzig and the region, for invitations by territorial lords, and for its university's student ensemble Collegium Musicum, including 'The Art of the Fugue' (which he continued to prepare for publication until shortly before his death) and 'The Musical Offering'

Since 1781 'Gewandhaus' concert hall in Leipzig: Since 1781 'Gewandhaus' concert hall in Leipzig, the home of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, as today's hall is the third to bear this name since 1981, two hundred years after the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra moved into the original hall, and like the second it is noted for its fine acoustic

12 May 1789 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart played the organ in Leipzig's Thomaskirche: On 12 May 1789, 39 years after the death of J.S. Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart played the organ in Leipzig's Thomaskirche, as in 1806 the church served as a munitions depot for Napoleon Bonaparte's imperial army during the Napoleonic Wars following the foreign interventions against the French revolution July 1789 - November 1799 (the coup of '18 Brumaire' by General Napoleon on 9 November 1799), as during the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, the Thomaskirche was used as a military hospital

October 1813 Battle of Leipzig, the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I: October 1813 Battle of Leipzig, when coalition armies of Austria, Prussia, Sweden, and Russia decisively defeated French Emperor Napoleon I's army, also containing Polish and Italian troops, as well as Germans from the Confederation of the Rhine, involving 500,000 soldiers, 2,200 artillery pieces, the expenditure of hundreds of thousands rounds of artillery ammunition, and causing 127,000 casualties, making it the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I

Since 1837-1839 Leipzig–Dresden railway: Since 1837-1839 Leipzig–Dresden railway

Since 1843 University of Music and Theatre 'Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Leipzig', 1850 anti-Semitism promoted by Wagner following failed revolutions: Since 1843 University of Music and Theatre 'Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Leipzig', a public university in Leipzig, founded in 1843 by Felix Mendelssohn as Conservatory of Music, the oldest university school of music in Germany - 1835-1847 Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy in Leipzig, concentrated on developing the town's musical life by working with the orchestra, the opera house, the Thomanerchor, the city's other choral and musical institutions, and founded the Leipzig Conservatory in 1843 - 1850 anti-Semitic composer Richard Wagner, who fled from Dresden, holds that Jews are unable to speak European languages properly and that Jewish speech took the character of an 'intolerably jumbled blabber', a 'creaking, squeaking, buzzing snuffle', incapable of expressing true passion, that debars them from any possibility of creating song or music, stating that Mendelssohn, whom Wagner damns with faint praise, is 'sweet and tinkling without depth', citing 'the redemption of Ahasuerus — Going under'

1855 Leipzig Synagogue built: 1855 Leipzig Synagogue was built by German Jewish architect Otto Simonson who had studied under Gottfried Semper, architect of the Semper Synagogue in Dresden

Since 1863 General German Workers' Association: Since 1863 General German Workers' Association, a German political party founded on 23 May in Leipzig, the first organized mass working-class party in European history

Since 1869 Leipzig Museum of Ethnography: Since 1869 Leipzig Museum of Ethnography, today part of the Grassi Museum, an institution which also includes the Museum of Applied Arts and the Museum of Musical Instruments

1879-1945 Reichsgericht: 1879-1945 Reichsgericht, the supreme criminal and civil court in the German empire founded in Versailles in 1871, as the court was established when the 'Reichsjustizgesetze' ('Imperial Justice Laws') came into effect and it built a widely regarded body of jurisprudence during the period of the German Empire, Weimar Republic, and during the rise and expansion of the 'Third Reich', when the Reichsgericht became deeply embroiled in the National Socialist agenda

Since 1926 and the 1950s 'Museum of Musical Instruments of Leipzig University': Since the 1950s 'Museum of Musical Instruments of Leipzig University', one of the largest music instrument museums in Europe alongside those of Brussels and of Paris including instruments from Europe and beyond, as well as music-related items from the Renaissance, the Baroque, and Bach's Leipzig period - Worldwide list of music museums encompasses past and present museums that focus on musicians, musical instruments or other musical subjects

Since 1933 history of Leipzig during Nazi regime: Since 1933 history of Leipzig during Nazi regime

9/10 November 1938 Jews and Jewish institutions suffered in 'Kristallnacht' in Leipzig: 9/10 November 1938 Jews and Jewish institutions suffered from attacks in Leipzig during the events called 'Kristallnacht' as in other German cities, taking its name because of all of the shattered glass from destroyed synagogues, Jewish-owned stores, Jewish-owned homes, schools, and Jewish-owned artifacts, as violence and destruction was carried out by members of the Sturmabteilung SA, Schutzstaffel SS, Gestapo, as well as German civilians, German and Nazi officials, as Jewish property in Leipzig turned to ash, affecting Jewish men, women, and children in Leipzig and other parts of Germany - Torture of Jews, violence against women and children during 'Kristallnacht' and aftermath

1938-1945 The Holocaust in Leipzig: Since 1938, following the 'pogromnacht' when 553 Jewish men were arrested and centers of Jewish communal life were destroyed, Nazi rule in Leipzig led to 'final deportations' until February 1945, when the last 220 Jews were deported to Theresienstadt, and by 1945 there were only 15 Jews remaining in the city

April 1945 Allied ground advance arrives, July 1945 Leipzig city under Soviet control: April 1945 Allied ground advance arrives, July 1945 Leipzig city under Soviet control

Since 1982 congregation at St. Nicholas in Leipzig and prayers for peace: Despite the policy of the so-called 'DDR', Leipzig's Nicholas Church pastor Christian Führer regularly met with his congregation at St. Nicholas in Leipzig for prayer since 1982, leading to later weekly Friedensgebet (prayer for peace) in Leipzig's church, also in western Germany since 1982 and in North Rhine-Westphalia - 1975–1989 decline and fall of the GDR, developing international debt crisis as much of the debt originated from attempts by the GDR to export its way out of its international debt problems, which required imports of components, technologies and raw materials, as well as attempts to maintain living standards through imports of consumer goods

1989-1991 Monday demonstrations in Leipzig: 1989-1991 Monday demonstrations in East Germany and Leipzig, as demonstrations in Leipzig are the most well known and important - Cycles of the Monday Demonstrations in Leipzig - Revolutions of 1989 formed part of a revolutionary wave in the late 1980s and early 1990s that resulted in the end of one party dictatorships in Central and Eastern Europe and beyond

Since 1990s Jewish immigration from the former Soviet Union: In 1989 the Jewish community numbered 30 members in Leipzig, but as a result of the immigration from the former Soviet Union, it began to grow and in 2012 the Jewish community numbered 1,300 members

2020 Archiv Bürgerbewegung Leipzig e.V. Chronik zu den Friedensgebeten und zu den politisch-alternativen Gruppen in Leipzig: Chronik zu den Friedensgebeten und zu den politisch-alternativen Gruppen in Leipzig, Archiv Bürgerbewegung Leipzig e.V.

Chemnitz city: Chemnitz, from 1953 to 1990 Karl-Marx-Stadt, the third largest city in Saxony after Leipzig and Dresden, and part of the Central German Metropolitan Region, located in the middle of a string of cities

Economy of Chemnitz: Economy of Chemnitz area, the largest in the Chemnitz-Zwickau urban area and one of the most important economic areas of Germany's new federal states

Since 1136 timeline of Chemnitz: Timeline of Chemnitz since 1136

Since 1836 Königliche Gewerbeschule (later Chemnitz University of Technology): Since 1836 Königliche Gewerbeschule and later Chemnitz University of Technology

Since 1852 Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof: Since 1852 Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof

Since 1918/19 Chemnitz during Weimar Republic: After World War I Chemnitz during Weimar Republic, as the working-class industrial city remained a powerful center of socialist political organization after the criminal war with 1,000 votes to three to break from the SPD and join the Communist Party behind their local leaders, and as in March 1919 the German Communist Party had over 10,000 members in Chemnitz

9 November 1938 'Kristallnacht' antisemitic Nazi violence: 9 November 1938 'Kristallnacht' antisemitic Nazi violence and Chemnitz synagogue destroyed

1939-1945 Chemnitz during World War II: 1939-1945 Chemnitz during World War II, as 41% of the built-up area of Chemnitz were destroyed because the city contained factories that produced military hardware and auto manufacturer Auto Union, relocated after war in Ingolstadt in Bavaria, and when city also had a Flossenbürg forced labor subcamp for Astra-Werke AG, until city was occupied by Soviet troops on 8 May 1945

August/September 2018 neo-Nazi violence targeting immigrants in Chemnitz: 28 August 2018: Neo-Nazi linked mob violence targeting immigrants in the German city of Chemnitz has again cast an ugly spotlight on the country’ ex-communist east as a hotbed of xenophobia, since German-Cuban carpenter Daniel Hillig was stabbed to death in the early hours of Sunday, allegedly by an Iraqi and a Syrian who were arrested Monday - August/September 2018 Chemnitz riots and counter protests

August/September 2018 neo-Nazi attack on Jewish restaurant in Chemnitz: 8 September 2018: The Jewish restaurant 'Shalom' in the German town of Chemnitz was attacked by neo-Nazis on 27 August 2018

August/September 2019 Chemnitz violence on trial in Dresden: 22 août 2019: Un tribunal de Dresden a condamné jeudi à neuf ans et demi de prison un Syrien de 24 ans accusé d'avoir poignardé à mort un homme l'an dernier à Chemnitz, un meurtre qui avait déclenché des violences anti-étrangers - 30 September 2019: 8 alleged neo-Nazis have gone on trial in Dresden accused of plotting terror attacks, as federal prosecutors say the group planned to target immigrants, political opponents and the 'economic establishment'

Freiberg city: Freiberg city, a university and former mining town in Saxony, the administrative centre of Mittelsachsen district. Its historic town centre has been placed under heritage conservation and is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the Ore Mountain Mining Region, due to its exceptional testimony to the development of mining techniques across many centuries. Until 1969, the town was dominated for around 800 years by the mining and smelting industries. In recent decades it has restructured into a high technology site in the fields of semiconductor manufacture and solar technology, part of Silicon Saxony. It is home of the oldest university of mining and metallurgy in the world, the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology.

Economy and education in Freiberg city: Economy and education in Freiberg city

History of Freiberg city: History of Freiberg city

Since 12th century Ore Mountain folk art: Ore Mountain folk art ('Erzgebirgische Volkskunst'), a well-known form of highly artistic wood carving from East Germany. It encompasses the diverse forms of expression of the creative work beyond the classical or the modern arts, and in particular the production of figures, sculptures and paintings. In a broader sense, the people's poetry, literature, and the Ore Mountain songs are in itself the folk art. The Ore Mountains claim to be the largest, enclosed folk art area in Germany. One of the more important aspects of the Ore Mountain folk art is the production of material products. The art's historical origin is closely linked to mining, which has been significant in shaping the development of the Ore Mountains since the 12th century.

Further towns in the Ore Mountains: Towns in the Ore Mountains, including Altenberg, Glashütte (known as the birthplace of the German watchmaking industry), Karlovy Vary city in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic on the confluence of the rivers Ohre and Teplá - 'Erzgebirgskreis' district in the Free State of Saxony, named after the mountain range in the southern part of the district which forms part of the Germany–Czech Republic border. Its cities and towns include Annaberg-Buchholz - the capital of the district of Erzgebirgskreis -, Zschopau town (famous for its motorcycle industry), Schneeberg town belonging to the Town League of Silberberg, Seiffen town, famous for many Christmas traditions after the silver and tin deposits declined, and former miners turned to wood carving, and Seiffen became a centre of the wooden toy industry

Saxony-Anhalt: Saxony-Anhalt state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony, Thuringia and Lower Saxony. Covering an area of 20,447.7 square kilometres it has a population of 2.19 million inhabitants in 2018, making it the 8th-largest state in Germany by area and the 11th-largest by population. Its capital is Magdeburg and its largest city is Halle (Saale). The state of Saxony-Anhalt was formed in July 1945 after World War II, when the Soviet army administration in Allied-occupied Germany formed it from the former Prussian Province of Saxony and the Free State of Anhalt. Saxony-Anhalt became part of the German Democratic Republic in 1949, but was dissolved in 1952 during administrative reforms and its territory divided into the districts of Halle and Magdeburg, with the city of Torgau joining the district of Leipzig. Following German reunification the state of Saxony-Anhalt was re-established in 1990 and became one of the new states of the Federal Republic of Germany.

List of rivers of Saxony-Anhalt and Saale river; Saale river, also known as the Saxon Saale and Thuringian Saale, is a river in Germany and a left-bank tributary of the Elbe - List of rivers of Saxony-Anhalt, list alphabetically

Economy of Saxony-Anhalt: Economy of Saxony-Anhalt, as the gross domestic product GDP of the state was 62.7 billion euros in 2018, which accounts for 1.9% of Germany's total economic output and ranks 13th among the 16 German states. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 26,000 euros or 86% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 88% of the EU average. The GDP per capita was the second lowest of all German states.

History of Saxony-Anhalt and elections: History of Saxony-Anhalt - Elections in Saxony-Anhalt

2011 Saxony-Anhalt state election: March 2011 Saxony-Anhalt state election

March 2016 Saxony-Anhalt state election: 13. März 2016 Landtagswahl in Sachsen-Anhalt

September 2018: 10 September 2018: Germany's Merkel has expressed anger after neo-Nazi linked demonstrators chanted Nazi slogans as they marched over the death of a German man following a fight with two Afghans

September 2018 neo-Nazi linked demonstrations: 10 September 2018: Germany's Merkel has expressed anger after neo-Nazi linked demonstrators chanted Nazi slogans as they marched over the death of a German man following a fight with two Afghans

October 2019 Halle synagogue neo-Nazi shooting: 9 October 2019 Halle synagogue shooting in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt

15 June 2020 neo-Nazi Stephan Balliet on trial in July: 15 June 2020: German man charged with a deadly anti-Semitic shooting in the eastern city of Halle last year will go on trial on July 21, regional court in Naumburg said Monday, as Stephan Balliet is accused of shooting dead two people in October after he tried and failed to storm the synagogue

21 July 2020 Stephan Balliet on trial for deadly Halle synagogue shooting: 21 July 2020: German Stephan Balliet goes on trial at the eastern German state court in Magdeburg for the Yom Kippur attack and deadly shooting targeting Jews in the city of Halle last year, accused of shooting dead two people after failing to storm Halle synagogue and after publishing documents online that called for the killing of all Jews

27 September 2020 a year after Halle terror attack disturbing systemic shortcomings: 27 September 2020: A year after Halle terror attack, Jews who were there still looking for answers, as shooting that killed two on Yom Kippur last year has underscored rising anti-Semitism in Germany, but investigations in its wake reveal even more disturbing systemic shortcomings

June 2021 Saxony-Anhalt state election: 6 June 2021 Saxony-Anhalt state election - 2021 Saxony-Anhalt state election parties and opinion polling (since 2017), amid covid-19 crisis and impacts (since 2020)

3 julliet 2023 l'extrême droite parvient à faire élire son premier maire à Raguhn-Jessnitz: 3 julliet 2023: Une semaine après avoir remporté son premier canton, le parti Alternative pour l'Allemagne AfD a franchi dimanche soir une nouvelle étape dans sa progression électorale en faisant élire un premier maire à plein temps d'une commune de 9 000 habitants, à Raguhn-Jessnitz

Magdeburg city: Magdeburg city, the capital and second-largest city of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt, after Halle (Saale). It is situated on the Elbe River. Otto I, the first Holy Roman Emperor and founder of the archbishopric of Magdeburg, was buried in the city's cathedral after his death. Magdeburg's version of German town law, known as Magdeburg rights, spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe. Until 1631, Magdeburg was one of the largest and most prosperous German cities and a notable member of the Hanseatic League.

Economy of Magdeburg: Economy of Magdeburg

Since 937 documented history and timeline of Magdeburg: Since 937 documented history and timeline of Magdeburg - Chronik der Stadt Magdeburg - Ab 2002 Magdeburger Biographisches Lexikon der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität

Since 937 documented history and timeline of Magdeburg: Magdeburg rights ('Magdeburger Recht', also called 'Magdeburg Law'), a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I and based on the Flemish Law, which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by the local ruler. Named after the German city of Magdeburg, these town charters were perhaps the most important set of medieval laws in Central Europe.[2] They became the basis for the German town laws developed during many centuries in the Holy Roman Empire.[2] The Magdeburg rights were adopted and adapted by numerous monarchs, including the rulers of Bohemia, Hungary, Poland and Lithuania, a milestone in the urbanization of the region which prompted the development of thousands of villages and cities

Since 13th/14th centuries spread of Magdeburg rights and implementation across Europe: Spread of Magdeburg rights and implementation across Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries, Magdeburg rights were granted to more than a hundred cities, in Central Europe apart from Germany, including Schleswig, Bohemia, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, in Pomerania, Prussia, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - following the Christianization of Lithuania -, and probably Moldavia. Notable Polish, Lithuanian, and today's Belarus and Ukraine towns governed on the basis of the location privilege known as the 'settlement with German law' issued by Polish and Grand Duchy of Lithuania landlords - since the 16th to 18th centuries by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth landlords -, included Biecz, Frysztak, Sandomierz, Kraków, Kurów, Minsk, Polotsk, Poznan, Ropczyce, Lódz, Wroclaw, Szczecin (which was not a part of Poland when granted town rights, they were given by a Pomeranian landlord), Zlotoryja, Vilnius, Trakai, Kaunas, Hrodna, Kyiv, Lviv, Chernivtsi, Brody, Lutsk, Volodymyr, Sanok, Sniatyn, Nizhyn among many hundreds of others. The advantages were not only economic, but also political.

1550 Magdeburg Confession against the imposition of Roman Catholicism: 1550 Magdeburg Confession, written by nine pastors of the city of Magdeburg in response to the Augsburg Interim and the imposition of Roman Catholicism. The Confession explains why the leaders of the city refused to obey the imperial law, and were prepared to resist its implementation with force if necessary. The Magdeburg Confession calls for resistance to political tyranny, and argues that the 'subordinate powers' in a state, faced with the situation where the 'supreme power' is working to destroy true religion, may go further than non-cooperation with the supreme power and assist the faithful to resist.

20th century history and timeline of Magdeburg, World War II and the Holocaust: 20th century history and timeline of Magdeburg

History of Magdeburg since reunification in 1990: Since 1990 history and timeline of Magdeburg after reunification of German 2 states following World War II

21st century timeline of Magdeburg: 21st century timeline of Magdeburg

Halle (Saale) city: Halle (Saale) city, the largest city of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt, the fifth most populous city in the area of former East Germany after (East) Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz, as well as the 31st largest city of Germany, and with around 239,000 inhabitants in 2020. Together with Leipzig, the largest city of Saxony, Halle forms the polycentric Leipzig-Halle conurbation. Halle lies in the south of Saxony-Anhalt, in the Leipzig Bay, the southernmost part of the North German Plain, on the River Saale - a tributary of the Elbe -, which is the third longest river flowing entirely in Germany after the Weser and the Main. The White Elster flows into the Saale in the southern borough of Silberhöhe. Halle - the fourth largest city in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz - is an economic and educational center in central Germany. The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, with campuses in Halle and Wittenberg, is the largest university in Saxony-Anhalt, one of the oldest universities in Germany, and a nurturing ground for the local startup ecosystem.

Since Middle ages documented history of Halle (Saale): Since 937 documented history of Halle (Saale), as the earliest documented mention of Halle dates from AD 806

Since 991 timeline of Halle (Saale): Since 981 documented history and timeline of Halle (Saale)

History of Schleswig-Holstein: History of Schleswig-Holstein

Economy of Schleswig-Holstein: Economy of Schleswig-Holstein

Elections in Schleswig-Holstein: Elections in Schleswig-Holstein

August 2011 CDU von Boetticher affair: 14. August 2011: Affäre des CDU-Landesvorsitzenden von Boetticher, Rücktritt von Parteivorsitz in Schleswig-Holstein und von Spitzenkandidatur für Landtagswahl in Neunmonatsfrist am 6. Mai 2012

May 2012 Schleswig-Holstein state election: 6 May 2012 Schleswig-Holstein state election - 6. Mai 2012: Grüne, Liberale und Piraten über den Erwartungen, diverse Koalitionsmöglichkeiten - 24 July 2013: Former HSH executive board all on trial over bank's near failure

May 2017 Schleswig-Holstein state election: 7 May 2017 Schleswig-Holstein state election - Frühjahr 2017 Landtagswahl in Schleswig-Holstein

8 May 2022 Schleswig-Holstein state election: 8 May 2022 Schleswig-Holstein state election, as all 69 seats in the Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein will be elected - 2022 election opinion polling

14 July 2022 child of Mali refugees becomes Germany’s first black female cabinet minister: 14 July 2022: Child of Mali refugees becomes Germany’s first black female cabinet minister, as Aminata Touré - belonging to the pro-environment Greens - vows to tackle racism in the country as minister for social affairs in the state of Schleswig-Holstein

Geography of Schleswig-Holstein: Geography and list of places in Schleswig-Holstein - Demographics of Schleswig-Holstein

North Frisian Islands: North Frisian Islands, the Frisian Islands off the coast of North Frisia

Amrum island: Amrum island, one of the North Frisian Islands on the German North Sea coast, south of Sylt and west of Föhr, part of the Nordfriesland district in the federal state of Schleswig-Holstein with approximately 2,300 inhabitants, as the island is made up of a sandy core of geestland and features an extended beach all along its west coast, facing the open North Sea

Heligoland: Heligoland, a small archipelago in the North Sea, as islands were historically possessions of Denmark, then became the possessions of the United Kingdom from 1807 to 1890, then part of the German second empire since 1871 as part of Schleswig-Holstein since 1890 and briefly managed as a war prize from 1945 to 1952

20th century Heligoland, naval base during World War I and II: 20th century Heligoland and and German empire's naval base during World War I and II

Cities in Schleswig-Holstein and by population: List of cities in Schleswig-Holstein by population - Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein

Kiel city: Kiel city, the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 249,023 citizens in 2016

Economy of Kiel: Economy and infrastructure of Kiel

History and timeline of Kiel: History and timeline of Kiel

Lübeck hanseatic city: Lübeck city, officially the Hanseatic City of Lübeck in Northern Germany with around 217,000 inhabitants, the second-largest city on the German Baltic coast and in the state of Schleswig-Holstein, located in Holstein on the mouth of the River Trave, which flows into the Bay of Lübeck in the borough of Travemünde, and on the Trave's tributary Wakenitz

Economy of Lübeck: Economy of Lübeck (Wirtschaft von Lübeck) - Unternehmen in Lübeck

Education and schools in Lübeck: Education and schools in Lübeck - Seit 1298 Archiv der Hansestadt Lübeck

Demographics of Lübeck: Demographics of Lübeck as in 2015, the city had a population of 218,523 citizens, with the largest ethnic minority groups including Turks, Central Europeans (Poles), Southern Europeans (mostly Greeks and Italians), Eastern Europeans (e.g. Russians), Arabs, and several smaller groups

Seit 1656 erste jüdischen Familien außerhalb der Lübecker Landwehr: Seit 1656 erste jüdischen Familien außerhalb der Lübecker Landwehr, die sich 1656 im Dorf Moisling niederließen, und vor den Pogromen des ukrainischen Kosakenaufstandes 1648–1657 aus dem multinationalen Großreich Polen-Litauen geflohen waren. Lübecks Bürgermeister von Höveln 1603–1671, der die aschkenasischen Juden aus ökonomischen Erwägungen ansiedelte, stieß damit auf starken Widerstand bei Rat und Bürgerschaft, die bis dahin eine jüdische Ansiedlung sowohl im Lübecker Stadt- als auch Landgebiet verhindert hatten

Jüdische Gemeinde und Synagoge in Lübeck: Jüdische Gemeinde und Synagoge in Lübeck

12 August 2021 Carlebach-synagoge reopens: 12. August 2021: Carlebach-Synagoge wird feierlich wiedereröffnet

History and timeline of Lübeck: History and timeline of Lübeck

12th century timeline of Lübeck: Timeline of Lübeck the 12th century

1250-1350 St. Mary's Church in Lübeck built: 1250-1350 St. Mary's Church in Lübeck built, becoming a symbol of the cultural life, music and prosperity of the old Hanseatic city, situated at the highest point of the island that forms the old town of Lübeck and today part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, as St. Mary's epitomizes north German Brick Gothic and set the standard for about 70 other churches in the Baltic region, making it a building of enormous architectural significance

Spring 1942 bombing of Lübeck and 'Baedeker Blitz' series of attacks by German empire's Luftwaffe on English cities: March 1942 during German empire's World War II, the city of Lübeck was the first German city to be attacked in substantial numbers by the Royal Air Force, as the attack of 28 March 1942 created a firestorm that caused severe damage to the historic centre, with bombs destroying three of the main churches and large parts of the built-up area, and led to the retaliatory 'Baedeker' raids on historic British cities - April–May 1942 'Baedeker Blitz' series of attacks by German empire's Luftwaffe on English cities including Bath, Canterbury, Exeter. Norwich, and York, as the name derives from Baedeker, a series of German tourist guidebooks, including detailed maps, which were used to generate targets for bombing, as the raids were planned in response to a devastating increase in the effectiveness of the Royal Air Force's bombing offensive, and - to increase the effect on civilian life - targets were chosen for their cultural and historical significance, rather than for any military value, following the lost battle against Soviet Union's Moscow, the 20 January 1942 Wannsee conference deciding and organizing the Holocaust, as German empire forces and allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia, marked by fierce close-quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in air raids, and one of the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare, with an estimated 2 million total casualties, and as by 1942 the authority of the German military's Army High Command OKH was limited to the Eastern Front

Flensburg town: Flensburg town (kreisfreie Stadt) in the north of the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, as Flensburg is the centre of the region of Southern Schleswig, and after Kiel and Lübeck the third largest town in Schleswig-Holstein

Economy of Flensburg: Economy of Flensburg

History of Flensburg: History of Flensburg founded at the latest by 1200 at the innermost end of the Flensburg Firth by Danish settlers, who were soon joined by German merchants, as in 1284, its town rights were confirmed and the town quickly rose to become one of the most important in the Duchy of Schleswig, not belonging to the German Holy Roman Empire and therefore not a member of the Hanseatic League, but it did maintain contacts with this important trading network

Schleswig town: Schleswig town in the northeastern part of Schleswig-Holstein, the capital of the district Schleswig-Flensburg, with a population of about 27,000 citizens, as the main industries being leather and food processing, and as it takes its name from the Schlei, an inlet of the Baltic sea at the end of which it sits

Heide town: Heide town in Schleswig-Holstein, the capital of the 'Kreis' Dithmarschen and with a population of 21,000 citizens

History of Heide: Geschichte der Stadt Heide seit dem späten Mittelalter

Sankt Peter-Ording: Sankt Peter-Ording, a popular German seaside spa ('sanus per aquam') and a municipality in the district of Nordfriesland in Schleswig-Holstein, the only German seaside resort that has a sulphur spring and thus terms itself 'North Sea spa and sulphur spring', as by overnight stays, St. Peter-Ording is the largest seaside resort and has the most overnight stays in the state of Schleswig-Holstein

History and economy of St. Peter-Ording: History and economy of St. Peter-Ording, as its importance as a beach resort dates from 1877, when the first hotel was built, then 1913 the first sanatorium was built, as in 1953 a strong iodine spring was found and more curative facilities were built, also for children, and as in 1958 the state recognized St.Peter-Ording as a North Sea spa and sulphur spring

History of Thuringia: History of Thuringia state of Germany, with a population of about 2.15 million inhabitants, as Erfurt is the state capital and largest city, and as other cities are Jena, Gera and Weimar and more

Geography of Thuringia: Geography of Thuringia, bordering on the German states of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony, Bavaria and Hesse, as the landscapes of Thuringia are quite diverse, as the far north is occupied by the Harz mountains, followed by the Goldene Aue, and as south of the Thuringian Basin the Land's largest mountain range is marked by the Thuringian Forest in the north-west, the Thuringian Highland in the middle and the Franconian Forest in the south-east

List of rivers of Thuringia and Saale river: Saale river, also known as the Saxon Saale and Thuringian Saale, is a river in Germany and a left-bank tributary of the Elbe - List of rivers of Thuringia, listed alphabetically

Economy of Thuringia: Economy of Thuringia

List of cities, towns and municipalities in Thuringia: Cities, towns and municipalities in Thuringia

Erfurt city: Erfurt city, the capital and largest city in the state of Thuringia located in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin, within the wide valley of the Gera river, and together with a string of neighbouring cities Gotha, Weimar, Jena and others, Erfurt forms the central metropolitan corridor of Thuringia called Thüringer Städtekette with over 500,000 inhabitants, as Erfurt's old town is one of the best preserved medieval city centres in Germany, while the city's economy is based on agriculture, horticulture and microelectronics, and as its central location has led to it becoming a logistics hub for Germany and central Europe

Timeline of Erfurt since the 8th century: Timeline of Erfurt since the 8th century

Since 742 Erfurt in the Middle Age: Since 742 Erfurt in the Middle Age

Since 1497 Erfurt Bell, the world's largest medieval free-swinging bell: Since 1497 Erfurt Bell, a well-known bell of Erfurt Cathedral, cast by Geert van Wou is the world's largest medieval free-swinging bell, as its hum tone is near an octave below the strike tone, and all other notes are in tune including the minor third, fifth, octave, and major third and fifth in the second octave that may be heard in large bells - Geläut der Glocke 'Gloriosa' von Gerhardus van Wou 1497 gegossen

Early modern age and for nearly two hundred years Thuringia's Bach family: Thuringia's Bach family for nearly two hundred years, with over 50 known musicians and several notable composers, as a family genealogy was drawn up by Johann Sebastian Bach himself in 1735 and completed by his son Carl Philipp Emanuel. after the Bach family never left Thuringia until the sons of J.S. Bach went in some European towns and counties, after all the misery of the peasantry and citizens in towns at the period of the Thirty Years' War - 1615-1692 Heinrich Bach, a German organist, composer and a member of the great Bach family. was Ratsmusikant in the Erfurt Ratsmusikanten-Compagnie, as from 1641 he became organist in Arnstadt's St. Mary's Church and the Upper Church. as also three of his sons, Johann Christoph Bach, Johann Michael Bach and Johann Günther Bach, were musicians

1807-1814 Principality of Erfurt followed by Erfurt's remaining a part of the Prussian Province of Saxony: 1807-1814 Principality of Erfurt, a small state in modern Thuringia, comprising the modern city of Erfurt and the surrounding land, subordinate directly to Napoleon rather than being a part of the Confederation of the Rhine, and in 1914 after nearly 3 months of siege, the city fell to Prussian, Austrian and Russian forces, and - having mainly been Prussian territory before the Napoleonic Wars - most of the lands were restored to Prussia by the 1814/1815 Congress of Vienna, and - although enclosed by Thuringian territory in the west, south and east, the city of Erfurt remained part of the Prussian Province of Saxony until 1944

September 1808 French/Russian 'Congress of Erfurt': September 1808 Congress of Erfurt, the meeting between French emperor Napoleon and Alexander I, Emperor of All Russia, intending to reaffirm the alliance concluded the previous year with the Treaties of Tilsit which followed the end of the War of the Fourth Coalition

19th century second half Erfurt until World War I: Since 1815 history of Erfurt as in and after the 1848 Revolution - in Europa and German territories still ruled by the nobility since Middle Ages, also Germans having different and opposite interests in their evolving and developping class society desired to have a united national state in a very different shape, as an attempt in this direction was the failed 'Erfurt Union of German states in 1850', as during the Industrial Revolution reached Erfurt in the 1840s, including the Thuringian Railway connection with Berlin and Frankfurt, with many factories in different sectors, as one of the biggest was the 'Royal Gun Factory of Prussia' in 1862

Since 1878 J.A. Topf and Sons engineering company later building crematoria ovens for concentration and extermination camps: Since 1878 J.A. Topf and Sons, an engineering company in Erfurt, originally making heating systems and brewing and malting equipment, as the company later diversified into silos, chimneys, incinerators for burning municipal waste, and crematoria, as during World War I it made weapons shells, limbers (carts for carrying artillery) and other military vehicles, and as in and before World War II it made weapons shells and aircraft parts for the Luftwaffe, and as it is now infamous as the largest of 12 companies that designed and built crematoria ovens for concentration and extermination camps during the Holocaust, planned and carried out by the NSDAP regime from 1935 to 1945. as the company 1939 with 1,150 employees - and at least 620 foreigners were forced to work for the company - not only made crematoria ovens, even also made ventilation systems for the gas chambers at Auschwitz II–Birkenau - WWII Use of forced labour by J.A. Topf and Sons

1891 'Erfurt Program' adopted by SPD party: 1891 'Erfurt Program' adopted by the Social Democratic Party of Germany during the SPD Congress at Erfurt in 1891, and formulated under the political guidance of Eduard Bernstein, August Bebel, and Karl Kautsky, as it superseded the earlier Gotha Program - 1891 Friedrich Engels: A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic Program of 1891

20th century timeline of Erfurt: Timeline of Erfurt in the 20th century

1919 city of Erfurt with s population of 129.646 citizens: 1919 city of Erfurt with s population of 129.646 citizens, as the capital Berlin - scene of the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht on 15 January in post-WWI Germany during the revolution that had finished the German empire since 1871 and its world war - counted 1.902.511 inhabitants, 1.902.509 without the two assassinated war opponents

1933-1945 NSDAP ruled Erfurt: 1933-1945 NSDAP ruled Erfurt and timeline 'im Zeichen des Hakenkreuzes'

17 August 1940 bombing of Erfurt in World War II begins: 17 August 1940 bombing of Erfurt in World War II begins (wobei die Schwerpunkte der Zerstörung zunächst im Bereich Großgarage Radowitzstraße (Iderhoffstraße), Baumerstraße, Gneisenaukaserne und Johannesring (Juri-Gagarin-Ring) liegen)

1990 Erfurt city became capital of the state of Thuringia, economic crisis: With the re-formation of the state of Thuringia in 1990, the city became the state capital. After reunification, a deep economic crisis occurred in Eastern Germany. Many factories closed and many people lost their jobs and moved to the former West Germany.

Since the 1990s organized crime has gained a foothold in Erfurt: Since the 1990s, organized crime has gained a foothold in Erfurt, with several mafia groups, including the Armenian mafia present in the city, as among other events, there has been a robbery and an arson attack targeting the gastronomy sector and in 2014 there was a shoot-out in an open street, the rocker group Hells Angels was also active in the city

21st century timeline of Erfurt: Timeline of Erfurt in the 21st century

April 2002 Erfurt massacre and aftermath: April 2002 Erfurt massacre, a school shooting that occurred on 26 April 2002 at the Gutenberg-Gymnasium in Erfurt, as 19-year-old expelled student Robert Steinhäuser shot and killed 16 people, including 13 staff members, two students, and one police officer, before committing suicide - 'Post-traumatic stress disorder', a mental and behavioral disorder that can develop because of exposure to a traumatic event, such as sexual assault, warfare, traffic collisions, child abuse, domestic violence or other threats on a person's life - 20. April 2017: Der 26. April 2002 war nicht nur der Tag, an dem Robert Steinhäuser 16 Menschen tötete, er löste auch eine politische Debatte aus, incl. Debatte um Killerspiele und Waffenbesitz, wie auch in anderen Staaten

15 February 2020 demonstration in Erfurt against neo-Nazism and racism: Nachdem am 5. Februar 2020 FDP Thomas Kemmerich mit den Stimmen von AfD, CDU und FDP zum thüringischen Ministerpräsidenten gewählt wurde, organisierte das Bündnis 'Unteilbar' (#nichtmituns – Kein Pakt mit Faschist*innen – niemals und nirgendwo!) eine bundesweite Großdemonstration am 15. Februar 2020 in Erfurt Die Demonstration richtete sich gegen Rassismus sowie eine Zusammenarbeit mit der AfD

23 Febuary 2023 Germany's largest Crystal-Meth-Labor in Erfurt excavated: 23. Februar 2023: Anfang 2022 entdeckte das Thüringer Landeskriminalamt ein Crystal-Meth-Labor auf einem Industriegelände in Erfurt, das bis heute deutschlandweit größte Crystal-Meth-Labor. Interne Akten zeigen: Die Bande in Thüringen hatte offenbar Hilfe aus den Niederlanden. Doch der Start des Drogenprozesses vor dem Landgericht Erfurt ist unklar.

Mühlhausen city: Mühlhausen city in the north-west of Thuringia, first mentioned in 967 and becoming one of the most important cities in central Germany in the late Middle Ages. In the mid-13th century, it became a Freie Reichsstadt, an independent and republican self-ruled member of the 'Holy Roman Empire' - Mühlhausen Kreisstadt des Unstrut-Hainich-Kreises an der Unstrut, einem Nebenfluss der Saale und 55 km nordwestlich der Landeshauptstadt Erfurt. Im Mittelalter waren die Reichsstädte Mühlhausen und Nordhausen nach Erfurt die zweitmächtigsten Städte im Thüringer Raum. Bekannt ist Mühlhausen auch für sein reichhaltiges historisches Erbe, so war es Wirkungsstätte von Johann Sebastian Bach und Thomas Müntzer sowie bis 1802 Reichsstadt. Von der einstigen Bedeutung zeugen heute noch zahlreiche historische Bauwerke wie die Stadtmauer oder die Marienkirche.

Economy and infrastructure of Mühlhausen city: Economy and infrastructure of Mühlhausen city, as during recent years, the economic situation of the city has improved. The unemployment rate in the Unstrut-Hainich district declined from 21% in 2005 to 10% in 2013 with higher rates in the city than in the bordering rural municipalities. Still, Mühlhausen itself has one of the highest unemployment rates in Thuringia.

Since 14th century history and timeline of Mühlhausen: Mühlhausens Geschichte seit dem 14. Jahrhundert

Since 14th century St. Mary's Church: Since 14th century St. Mary's Church (Marienkirche) in the town of Mühlhausen, the second-largest church building in Thuringia after Erfurt Cathedral, considered to be a masterpiece of the Gothic style - Die Marienkirche in der thüringischen Stadt Mühlhausen war ein Ereignisort des Bauernkriegs um 1525, da der Revolutionsführer Thomas Müntzer hier als Pfarrer wirkte

Since 1914 history and timeline of Mühlhausen: Seit 1914 Geschichte Mühlhausens, einschließlch der Periode seit 1991

Politics and elections in Thuringia: Elections in Thuringia

September 2014 Thuringian state election: 14 September 2014 Thuringian state election - 14. September: Vorläufiges amtliches Ergebnis der Landtagswahl 2014 im Land Thüringen - Die amtierende Landesregierung ist eine rot-rot-grüne Koalition aus den Parteien Die Linke, SPD und Bündnis 90/Die Grünen seit dem 5. Dezember 2014

October 2019 Thuringian state election: 27 October 2019 Thuringian state election - 28 October 2019: Thuringia's 'Die Linke' party won about 31%, Merkel’s Christian Democrats won 21,8%, but far ahead of her coalition partner, the once powerful Social Democrats SPD, who scored only 8,2%, the xenophobic and neo-Nazi linked AfD party scored about 23,4%, more than doubling its 2014 result, after an 9 October attack in Halle, where a suspected neo-Nazi gunman tried and failed to storm a synagogue and then shot dead two people outside

5 February 2020 President of the Central Council of Jews in Germany Josef Schuster condemns alliance of FDP, AfD and CDU to elect FDP's Thomas Kemmerich: 5. Februar 2020: Der Präsident des Zentralrats der Juden, Josef Schuster verurteilt das Bündnis von FDP, AfD und CDU bei der Wahl Thomas Kemmerichs zum thüringischen Ministerpräsidenten und erklärt 'damit verlässt die FDP den Konsens der demokratischen Parteien, nicht mit der AfD zusammenzuarbeiten oder auf die Unterstützung der Rechtspopulisten zu zählen' - Josef Schuster was born in Haifa in 1954, after his paternal family had lived in Franconia since at least the middle of the 16th century, and as his father David Schuster was a merchant who was forced to emigrate to Palestine in 1938, as both parents of his mother died at the Auschwitz concentration camp, as his family returned to Germany in 1956 where Schuster later studied medicine becoming a specialist in internal medicine, today also a volunteer as an emergency physician for the Bavarian section of the Red Cross

Since February 2020 Thuringia political crisis caused by AfD, FDP and CDU: Since February 2020 Thuringia political crisis, triggered by the election of FDP's Thomas Kemmerich as Thuringian Minister President with votes from the AfD, CDU and FDP on 5 February 2020, as the election attracted national and international attention because, for the first time in the history of federal Germany a Minister President was elected with votes from a neo-Nazi linked party, in this case the AfD

July 2021 continuation of Thuringia political crisis caused by AfD, FDP and CDU: July 2021 continuation of Thuringia political crisis caused by AfD, FDP and CDU

28 June 2023 Thuringia became first German state to elect a mayor from neo-Nazi AfD party: 28 June 2023: Thuringia became first German state to elect a mayor from far-right AfD party, as video of apparent neo-Nazi handing out balloons at German nursery in Föritztal in the district of Sonneberg, where the election took place, sparks outrage

Social movements and protests: Protests in Germany

Uprising of June 1953 in East Germany - Student movement during the late 1960s - Anti-nuclear movement in Germany since the early 1970s

1989/1990 Monday demonstrations for political reforms in East Germany: Monday demonstrations in East Germany 1989/1990 - Alexanderplatz demonstration for political reforms in East Berlin on 4 November 1989

2010/2015: 5 October 2010: After police deployed water cannon, batons, teargas and pepper spray against thousands of protesters in Stuttgart on 30 September 2010, images of bloodied protesters and reports of police beating schoolchildren have transformed 'Stuttgart 21' from a central station project into a political disaster for Angela Merkel's CDU - 18 November 2015: Stuttgart police found guilty of brutality when they broke up a protest against Stuttgart's planned train station five years ago, injuring 100 people

2011-2013: 7. Dezember 2011: Empörung über stark steigende deutsche Rüstungsexporte nach Vorliegen des Rüstungsexportberichts - 23 February 2013: German government heavily criticised for allowing its sales of arms and military hardware to Middle Eastern Gulf states to more than double over the past year - 1 June 2013: Thousands of people take part in a series of anti-capitalist demonstrations in Frankfurt on May 31, 2013, targeting primarily the European Central Bank and banking giant Deutsche Bank - StopWatchingUs 2013 - 7 September 2013: Thousands took to the streets in Berlin in protests against Internet surveillance activities by intelligence agencies and the NSA, and the German government's perceived lax reaction to them

May 2014: 20 May 2014: Holocaust survivors call on Germany to take in more Syrian refugees

October-December 2014: 12 October 2014: In the city of Duesseldorf more than 20,000 mainly Kurdish people protested against attacks by Islamic State terrorists on Kurdish towns in Syria, particularly the besiegement of the town of Kobane - 30 November 2014: Thousands of citizens pay tribute to 23-year-old student Tugçe Albayrak who was murdered after rushing to the aid of two teenage girls who were being harassed by a group of men in Offenbach - 23 December 2014: Protesters hold up banner reading 'Together against Neo Nazis and racism' during a demonstration under the slogan 'Dresden Nazi-free' against the latest 'anti-Islamisation' Pegida rally in Dresden

2015: 5 January 2015: Thousands take to the streets in Berlin, Stuttgart, Cologne and Dresden to oppose racism and xenophobia - 10 January: Tens of thousands of people rally in Dresden against racism and xenophobia - 12 January: 'Anti-Islamisation' Pegida marchers were outnumbered by tens of thousands counterdemonstrators across the country, with 30,000 people in Leipzig, 20,000 in Munich, in Dresden and other cities - 13 January: Rally to condemn the Paris jihadist attacks and take a stand against Islamophobia draws 10,000 people in Berlin - 19 April: Thousands in Germany protest against Europe-USA trade deal that they fear will erode food, labour and environmental standards - 10 October 2015: Hundreds of thousands of people marched in Berlin on Saturday to oppose planned free trade deal TTIP between the EU and the USA that is claimed to be anti-democratic and to threaten food safety and environmental standards - 19 October 2015: Demonstrations in Berlin to protest against Russia’s aggression on Syria

2016: 16 January 2016: Thousands of protesters in Berlin call for organic farming, which is done without pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, without the use of antibiotics for livestock and GMO feed, also protesting against corporate agriculture as well as the pending TTIP free trade agreement between the EU and the USA - 11 avril 2016: Environ 45'000 salariés de la sidérurgie ont manifesté pour dire leurs inquiétudes quant à leur avenir, dans un secteur soumis à la concurrence féroce des acteurs chinois - 24 April 2016: Tens of thousands of opponents of a proposed transatlantic trade deal poured onto German streets Saturday on the eve of a visit by USA's Obama - 29 avril 2016: Plusieurs débrayages ont eu lieu dans toute l'Allemagne pour réclamer de meilleures conditions de travail et une augmentation de salaires pour une vaste branche fourre-tout qui recouvre l'automobile, les industries électriques, la métallurgie, et emploie 3,4 millions de personnes

June 2016: 11 June 2016: Thousands of peace activists and demonstrators have formed a human chain near USA Ramstein air base in western Germany, used to control USA's aircraft operating in Middle East, to protest against lethal drone strikes, as critics also state that drones often miss their intended targets, can only partly relay what is happening on the ground and encourage warfare with impunity, waged by people at computer screens far from danger - 20 June 2016: Tens of thousands of people joined weekend rallies in Germany to condemn racism and right-wing populist groups who have been railing against a record influx of migrants

September 2016: 3 septembre 2016: Plusieurs dizaines de milliers de Kurdes ont manifesté à Cologne après l'offensive lancée contre les milices kurdes en Syrie - 17 September: Tens of thousands of demonstrators in seven major cities across Germany in protest over transatlantic trade deal TTIP

November 2016: 5 November 2016: Several thousand Kurds marched against Erdogan in the western Germany city of Cologne on Saturday in support of pro-Kurdish politicians jailed in Turkey the previous day by Erdogan's regime

December 2016: 8 December 2016: Hundreds of German and Arab nationals gathered in front of the Russian Embassy in Berlin to denounce the ongoing Russian aerial bombardment of Aleppo in response to initiative by the International Festival of Literature in Berlin as well as 250 writers from 60 countries

January 2017: 21 January 2017 Women's March in cities around the world, including Berlin, Bonn, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt am Main, Heidelberg and Munich, to promote women's rights and to address racial inequities, workers' issues, and environmental issues - 21 January 2017: Thousands protest over far-right conference in Koblenz

March 2017: 9 March 2017: Several thousand protesters gathered in Berlin and other German cities to march on International Women's Day on Wednesday, with Donald Trump's presidency being a recurring theme - 19 March 2017: Tens of thousands voiced their opposition to next months Turkish referendum on greater presidential powers, as German Kurds took to the streets of Frankfurt to protest against Turkish president Erdogan

April 2017: 22 April 2017: About 50,000 protesters have tried to disrupt a gathering of the anti-asylum and anti-EU xenophobic AfD party in Cologne, already riven by internal rivalries five months before the country’s general election

June 2017: 27 June 2017: Greenpeace, Oxfam and other organizations, preparing protests against the G20 summit in July, demanding solutions and cooperation to combat famines, inequality, climate change, wars and displacements, not provided by present G20 policy, call for developing democracy, strengthening parliaments, creating transparency, enabling effective public participation in important decisions, also in Germany and Hamburg, that will host Putin, Xi Jinping, Trump and Erdogan in July

June/July 2017: 27 June 2017: Greenpeace, Oxfam and other organizations, preparing protests against the G20 summit in July, demand solutions and cooperation to combat famines, inequality, climate change, wars and displacements, not provided by present G20 policy, and call for developing democracy, strengthening parliaments, creating transparency, enabling effective public participation in important decisions, also in Germany and Hamburg, that will host Putin, Xi Jinping, Trump and Erdogan in July - Proteste und Gegenveranstaltungen gegen den G20-Gipfel in Hamburg am 7./8. Juli 2017 - zahlreiche Bündnisse und Initiativen organisieren Veranstaltungen um Alternativen zum beim G20 vertretenen Wirtschaftssystem aufzuzeigen - 7 July 2017: New York city mayor Bill De Blasio, one of Trump's sharpest critics, will take part in protests against the G20 summit in Hamburg and will be a keynote speaker on Saturday at a rally for human rights and democracy

August 2017: 19 August 2017: Counter-protesters block neo-Nazi march in Berlin's Spandau district, coming from all over Germany and neighboring European countries, and attempting to march to the site of the prison where Nazi officer Rudolf Hess died, after police have told organizers they can march

September/October 2017: 25 September 2017: Hundreds of protesters gathered in Berlin and other cities in Germany to protest the surge of the neo-Nazi linked Alternative for Germany party, which captured around 13% of the vote in the German elections Sunday, catapulting it to become the country’s third biggest political force - 22 October 2017: Two days before the new parliament convenes and AfD will join this assembly that is obligated to the constitution, thousands protest racism in Berlin

December 2017: 2 December 2017: Protests delay German neo-Nazi linked AfD party congress, as police use water cannons to disperse hundreds of protesters, and as later in the day, about 6,500 protesters marched through Hannover chanting slogans against the party and carrying placards reading 'Hanover against Nazis' and 'Stand up to racism'

January 2018: 8 January 2018: Workers have downed tools at more than 80 companies across Germany as the country’s biggest union IG Metall stepped up its campaign for a 28-hour working week to allow employees to improve their work-life balance

March 2018: 4 March 2018: Thousands in Berlin protest against the attack of the Turkish military on the Kurdish region of Afrin in northwestern Syria, which has been largely trouble-free throughout Assad's war against the Syrian people

April 2018: 25 April 2018: Non-Jewish Germans joined with Jews wearing kippahs at several protests across Germany in a sign of solidarity following shocking anti-Semitic incidents, as one small Berlin-Neukoelln rally was called off by its members when angry counter-protesters shouted 'terrorists', spat at participants and snatched away an Israeli flag, and after Jewish leader warned against wearing religious symbols on streets for fear of attack, raising pointed questions about German government’s ability to protect its burgeoning Jewish community seven decades after the Holocaust

May 2018: 5 May 2018: Germans and Kurds take to the streets against arms trade and German weapons manufacturer Rheinmetall - 28 May 2018: 25,000 activists rally in German capital shout 'Nazis out' to eclipse nationalist AFD party's 5,000-strong march

July 2018: 8 July 2018: Thousands of people marched through German cities on Saturday to protest against EU policy on refugees and support NGOs helping rescue migrants in the Mediterranean

July 2018: 19 July 2018: Hundreds took to the streets of Bonn to protest anti-Semitism after an assault on an Israeli professor ended in embarrassment for police when they apprehended the victim instead of the attacker

13/14 October 2018 tens of thousands, organizers said at least 242,000 people marched in Berlin in a protest against racism: 14 October 2018: Tens of thousands, organizers said at least 242,000 people marched in Berlin Saturday in a protest against racism amid growing concern over xenophobic incidents in the east of the country - 13. Oktober 2018 bundesweites Aktionsbündnis #unteilbar solidarisch – gerade jetzt! Demonstration in Berlin mit zehntausenden Teilnehmern, nachdem am gleichen Tag das neue Bündnis von hunderten bundesweiten und lokalen Organisationen und Gruppen mit der programmatischen Erklärung seiner Zielsetzung - eine solidarische und gerechte Gesellschaft - handlungsfähig geworden war

December 2018: 2 December 2018: Thousands of demonstrators took to streets Saturday in Berlin and Cologne to protest the government's climate policy ahead of the UN Climate Change Conference

January 2019 remembrance of the 100th anniversary of the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht: In January 2019 German democrats commemorated the 100th anniversary of the murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht - 13 January 2019: Jewish-born anti-war and anti-racism activist and scientist Rosa Luxemburg, who was killed in 1919 amid renewed repression following WWI, commemorated Sunday two days before the 100th anniversary of her murder in Berlin, as a whole week of events is planned for the commemoration, although neo-Nazi linked politicians have tried to ban demonstrations honoring 'enemies of democracy and free society' - 13 janvier 2019: Karl Liebknecht, autre personnage majeur contre la guerre 1914-1918, assassiné lui aussi en janvier 1919, a attiré plusieurs milliers de sympathisants dimanche dans le centre de la capitale.

April 2019 protests against rising rent prices: 6 April 2019: Thousands of people have taken to the streets of Berlin to protest against rising rent prices, as estimates say housing costs in the German capital have doubled over the past 10 years, as protesters are calling for the local government to seize properties owned by private landlords, and as similar protests also took place in Munich and Cologne

June 2019: 1 June 2019: Hundreds of counter-protesters, showing solidarity with Israel, and anti-Israel protesters face off in Berlin, Germany's capital since 1871, as numbers at 'al-Quds Day' rally reportedly lower than expected

July 2019: 7 July 2019: Protesters support humanitarian aid work to rescue refugees and save lives in the Mediterranean

20 July 2019 protest against neo-Nazi party: 20 July 2019: Thousands of people have staged a counterprotest against a planned demonstration by a neo-Nazi party in Kassel, several weeks after the murder of Walter Lübcke, one of the city's prominent pro-migrant politicians

September 2019 transport policy protest: 14 September 2019: Tens of thousands of climate demonstrators turned up to protest at Germany's biggest car show in Frankfurt, using the event as a platform to demand the car industry address its role in damaging the environment

October 2019 Kurdish protests against Turkish aggression: 11 October 2019: Kurdish people took the streets in many German cities, as Turkish state's occupation attacks against northern and eastern Syria have been protested in tens of cities in Germany and were joined by tens of thousands of people

13 October 2019 German protests against anti-Semitism: 13 October 2019: Starting where Nazis burned books, 10,000 march in Berlin against anti-Semitism, as thousands more rally elsewhere in Germany four days after neo-Nazi attempted to massacre Jews in Halle on Yom Kippur, but failed to enter synagogue and killed 2 bystanders

23 November 2019 protest against encouraged neo-Nazis in Hannover, supported by court decision: 23 November 2019: Over 5,000 people demonstrate against 100 German neo-Nazi protesters and their NPD, which marches to intimidate journalists who have reported critically on the nationalist party, after police had tried to ban the NPD from protesting, but a court decided late Friday that the neo-Nazi action could go ahead

21 February 2020 thousands in vigils across Germany chanting 'Nazis out' after terrorist attack: 21 February 2020: Thousands of people have taken part in vigils across Germany chanting 'Nazis out' at vigils after gunman Rathjen with racist beliefs killed nine people with so-called 'migrant background' at restaurants in Hanau

11 April 2020 Nazi concentration camp Buchenwald quietly marks 75 years since liberation: 11 avril 2020: 75 ans après la libération de Buchenwald, le mémorial du camp de concentration, contraint d'annuler ses commémorations en raison de l'épidémie de Covid-19, a rendu hommage virtuellement samedi aux victimes du nazisme, racisme et l'antisémitisme

4 September 2021 many thousands demonstrate in Berlin for a solidarity society: 4. September 2021: Viele tausend Menschen demonstrieren in Berlin für eine solidarische Gesellschaft und Zusammenhalt, aufgerufen von dem Aktionsbündnis 'Unteilbar'

3 February 2024 about 200,000 people protest across Germany against far-right AfD party: 3 February 2024: About 200,000 people have taken to the streets of Germany in further protests against the far-right party Alternative for Germany AfD. Protests on Saturday also took place in Dresden, Mainz and Hanover in a sign of growing alarm at strong public support for AfD. Roughly 150,000 people flocked to the Reichstag parliament building in Berlin, where protesters gathered under the slogan 'We are the Firewall'.

Society, demographics, languages, human rights, religion, racism and antisemitism in Germany: German society - Demographics of Germany - Human rights in Germany - Ethnic groups in Germany - Immigrants to Germany

Since early 1990s history of immigration to and migration in Germany: Since early 1990s history of immigration to and migration in Germany

21st century immigrant population in Germany by country of birth: According to the 'Federal Statistical Office of Germany' in 2012, 92% of residents (73.9 million) in Germany had German citizenship, with 80% of the population being Germans (64.7 million) having no immigrant background, as of the 20% (16.3 million) people with immigrant background, 3.0 million (3.7%) had Turkish, 1.5 million (1.9%) Polish, 1.2 million (1.5%) Russian and 0.85 million (0.9%) Italian background, as in 2014, most people without German citizenship were Turkish (1.52 million), followed by Polish (0.67 million), Italian (0.57 million), Romanians (0.36 million) and Greek citizens (0.32 million), and as of 2020, the most common groups of resident foreign nationals in Germany are listed and ranked by number

List of groups of resident foreign nationals in Germany ranked by number: List of groups of resident foreign nationals in Germany ranked by number, including - and beginning with a group of five - Turkey (12.8%), EU's Poland (7.6%), Syria (7.2%), EU's Romania (7.0%), and EU's Italy (5,7%)

21st century UN's OHCHR monitoring Germany's compliance with obligations of human rights treaties: United Nations OHCHR monitoring Germany's compliance with obligations of human rights treaties

History of the Jews in Germany: History of the Jews in Germany since the Early Middle Ages - Category: Jewish German history - Antisemitism and Holocaust (the genocide in which approximately six million Jews were murdered by Nazi Germany) in Germany and Europe - The end of the Cold War 1990/91 contributed to a growth in the Jewish people of Germany with a population of more than 100,000 registered citizens - May 2005: Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe - sixty years after the end of World War II - 14 September 2014: 'Stand Up Against Anti-Semitism: No More Jew-Hatred' Rally at the Brandenburg Gate on Sunday afternoon in the middle of Berlin, attended by 5,000 people - 20 February 2015: Berlin's Jewish community removes its logo on envelopes containing its monthly magazine to protect members from anti-Semitic attacks

9/10 November 2018: 9 November 2018: In one of numerous events in the capital and across the country students and rabbis in German capital read names of victims, light candles and pray at memorials 80 years after ‘Night of Broken Glass’ with more recent anti-Jewish violence in the USA and elsewhere prevalent in people’s minds - 10 November 2018: In rare move, the Central Council rallied other mainstream Jewish organizations in a statement of opposition to the neo-Nazi linked AfD party and to a new small group calling itself Jews for the AfD

May 2019: 28 May 2019: Following a warning that Jews should refrain from wearing skullcaps in public German chancellor expressed concerns over the country's rise in anti-Semitism saying every Jewish institution in Germany needs police protection

Romani people in Germany: Romani (Roma and Sinti) people in Germany - History of the Romani people during World War II - Romani genocide (Porajmos) was the effort during World War II by Nazi Germany and its allies to exterminate the Romani people of Europe - Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma

October 2012 memorial in Berlin to Roma and Sinti victims: 24 October 2012: Long-delayed memorial in Berlin to Roma and Sinti victims of the Nazis

February 2018: 26 February 2018: As Monday marks 75 years since the Nazi genocide against Sinti and Roma started, these communities struggling for decades for official recognition of that crime still live with daily prejudice

2 August 2019 genocide of Sinti and Roma remembered: 2 August 2019: After on 2 August 1944 more than 4,000 people were gassed to death in Auschwitz, the Nazi genocide of Sinti and Roma in Europe still affects many lives today, historian says

October 2019 'Forgotten Victims' exhibition in London: 27 October 2019: Nazi directives and accounts of Roma genocide go on display, as 'Forgotten Victims' exhibition in London documents fate of 500,000 Roma and Sinti

Afro-Germans: Afro-Germans - List of former German colonies - Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany - Afro-Germans in Germany since 1945

Arabs in Germany: Arabs in Germany

Armenians in Germany: Armenians in Germany, like much of the Armenian diaspora, most Armenians immigrated to Germany after the Armenian Genocide of 1915, others came later, fleeing conflicts in places like Iran, Azerbaijan and Lebanon, another influx came fleeing nationalist persecution in Turkey

Asians in Germany: Asians in Germany - Vietnamese people in Germany

Assyrians/Syriacs in Germany: Assyrians/Syriacs in Germany

Kurds in Germany: Kurds in Germany

Polish minority in Germany: The Polish minority in Germany is the second largest Polish minority in the world and the biggest in Europe

20 October 2015: Twelve people were injured after a fire broke out on Monday at a building in Gudensberg housing mostly migrant workers from Bulgaria and Poland

Romanians in Germany: Romanians in Germany are one of the sizable communities of the Romanian diaspora in Western Europe, as according to German statistics from 2015/2016 the number of Romanian nationals in Germany was 452,718, which was up from 94,326 in 2008 (after the entry of Romania in the European Union in 2007), as by the end of 2019, the number had increased to 748,225, and as - if descent is actually taken into account as the main criterion of immigration - the total number of individuals living in Germany who stem from Romania (both Romanian-German and Romanian) may amount to as much as 2,000,000 residents, therefore putting the Romanian diaspora living in this country the largest of all Romanian ones living within the European Union

Russians in Germany: Russians in Germany

2016: 29 January 2016: Russian FM Sergei Lavrov calls for 'truth and justice' in a Russian teen's fabricated rape claim by alleged Middle East migrants in Berlin, as Russian regime is murdering hundreds of civilians including children in Syria since months - 31 January 2016: 13-year-old Russian-German girl has admitted making up a story about being kidnapped and raped by migrants, exacerbated by a report on Russian state TV, in which the girl’s relatives claimed her allegations were not being investigated, and that triggered outrage among Berlin’s Russian-German community, staging protests supported by the Pegida-related Bärgida movement, the Neonazi National Democratic party, and joint by Russian FM Sergei Lavrov, who criticised the Berlin authorities

Spaniards in Germany: Spaniards in Germany

Syrians in Germany: Syrians in Germany - December 2015: Syrian asylum applications in Europe from April 2011 to December 2015 according to UN - 7 December 2015: Germany is on pace to take in one million asylum-seekers in 2015, in the last 11 months the country has taken in 964,574 new migrants, including more than 200,000 just in November

November 2016: 23 November 2016: High Administrative Court ruling to leave 1000s of Syrians divided from families, as UNHCR indicates that there is a pattern whereby returning Syrians are imprisoned and disappear

October 2018 North Rhine-Westphalia 'apologizing' for jailing Syrian man who then died in his cell: 5 October 2018: Authorities in western Germany's North Rhine-Westphalia are 'apologizing' for mistakenly jailing a Syrian man who died following a fire in his cell after more than two months in custody

12 December 2020 Anwar al-Bunni now in exile in Germany part of first prosecution for war crimes against Assad’s regime: 12 December 2020: Human rights lawyer Anwar al-Bunni, who devoted his life to human rights in Syria, now in exile in Germany and part of a landmark first prosecution for war crimes against Assad’s regime after spending several years inside its jails, has also met Anwar Raslan, who became a police officer before transferring to Assad's intelligence services and helped detain Bunni, now both buying groceries in a Turkish shop near the gates of Marienfelde, the Berlin refugee camp they now called home

10 June 2022 number of Syrians becoming German citizens tripled in 2021: 10 June 2022: The number of Syrians who became naturalised German citizens was three times higher in 2021 than the year before, with many of those who fled between 2014 and 2016 now fulfilling eligibility criteria, after hundreds of thousands of migrants entered Germany after former chancellor Angela Merkel opened the country in 2015 to refugees fleeing war and poverty in the Middle East and beyond

Turks in Germany: Turks in Germany

Solingen arson attack of 1993 - Since 1990th to 2011 'National Socialist Underground' terrorist group's serial murders - 1 December 2014: Thousands pay tribute Sunday to young woman Tugce Albayrak who was beaten to death trying to stop a group of men harassing two teenage girls in a McDonald's restroom - 17 June 2015: 18-year-old man convicted and sentenced under juvenile law to three years in prison over the death of German-Turkish student Tugce Albayrak following an altercation at a fast-food restaurant - 14. Juli 2015: Mutter von Sanel M. spuckte nach der Urteilsverkündung im Prozess gegen ihren Sohn auf ein Gedenkfoto der getöteten Tugce

Immigration and refugees in Germany: Immigration to Germany

2013/2014: 17 octobre 2013: De Lampedusa aux rues de Berlin, l'odyssée d'un migrant ghanéen - 29/30 September 2014: Asylum-seekers reportedly abused in German refugee centres

Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: Since 2014 International and European refugee and migrant crisis

2015: 4 August 2015: Number of immigrants living in Germany rose by 3.7% last year to a record high of 11 million, as many of the immigrants came from other European Union countries - 6 September 2015: Hundreds of refugees and migrants arrive in Munich, as Germany expects to receive thousands - 7 September: 10,000 more refugees expected to arrive by train on Monday - 13 September: Germany reinstates controls at Austrian border - 5 November 2015: Government will establish up to five reception centres inside Germany for the swifter processing of asylum claims and the prompt deportation of those with little chance of obtaining refugee status, mainly people from the Balkans

2016: 29 January 2016: Germany tightens refugee policy, announcing to close its border to Algerians, Tunisians and Moroccans and also to prevent migrants from bringing their families to join them for two years, as Finland joins Sweden in deportations - 5 February 2016: Tens of thousands Syrians flee joint Russian-Iranian-Assad offensive on Aleppo as regime forces fully encircle countryside north of major city and Russian airstrikes mount to 250 a day - 6 November 2016: Ahead of 2017 federal elections the German CDU-led interior ministry reportedly wants to stop migrants ever reaching Europe’s Mediterranean coast by picking them up at sea and returning them to Africa - 18 November 2016: Survivors of the SS St. Louis, the trans-Atlantic liner carrying nearly 1,000 Jewish refugees from Germany in 1939, rejected by the USA and Cuba and forced to return to Europe, urge world to treat immigrants 'as family'

July 2018: 3 July 2018: German government deal over migration spells end of open borders for refugees

Languages, culture and religions in Germany: Languages in Germany - main immigrant languages are Turkish, Polish, Italian, Kurdish, Arabic, Romanian, Greek, Serbo-Croatian, Russian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese, Ukrainian, French, Vietnamese - Anglicismes en allemand - Culture in Germany - Culture of Germany by state

Music in Germany and history: Music in Germany - History of music in Germany

2018: 1 March 2018: Lost music of Nazis’ prisoners to be heard at concert in Jerusalem in April, in first public performance of songs written in concentration camps and tracked down over decades

27 September 2022 USA volunteers work to 'save lives' in Ukraine called 'Mozart', run by ex-soldiers: 27 September 2022: A USA volunteers work to 'save lives' in Ukraine called 'Mozart' and run by ex-soldiers, says it wants to save lives in Ukraine by offering aid and military training after choosing its name as a 'tongue in cheek' nod to notorious Russian paramilitary group Wagner. The two might both be named for famous composers, but those offering their efforts in the Mozart group say that is where the similarities end, France24 reports

Religion and history of religion in Germany: History of religion in Germany - Religion in Germany

Since the Middle Ages 'Holy Roman Empire' and European countries: Religion in the 'Holy Roman Empire' 800-1806 - State church of the Roman Empire since 380 - History of the Jews in Europe - Religion in European countries

Christianity and antisemitism: Christianity and antisemitism - Medieval antisemitism

Antisemitism in Germany and Europe: Antisemitism in Germany - Antisemitism in Europe

1933, 1941–1945 The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah, genocide during World War II: The Holocaust in Germany, also referred to as the Shoah, was a genocide in which some six million European Jews were killed by Nazi Germany and the World War II collaborators with the Nazis also outside Europe under Axis occupation

February 1963: 20 February 1963 - 20 February 2015: 'The Deputy', play about Vatican’s silence during Holocaust, opens in Berlin

February 2015: 23 February 2015: From Notre Dame to Wittenberg, in Europe the fine art of anti-Semitism is on public display at many of the continent’s most visited landmarks

February 2018: 27 February 2018: In a vote on Monday night, the local council in southwestern Germany's Herxheim near Heidelberg decided by 10 votes to 3 that a Nazi-era bell, complete with the inscription 'Everything for the Fatherland - Adolf Hitler', should continue to hang in the local church, as councilors, expressing cynicism, said the bell, which also bears a swastika, should serve as a force for reconciliation and a memorial against violence and injustice

April 2018: 3 April 2018: Local church officials in Schweringen decided in mid-March to put Nazi-era swastika church bell back in use, the symbol engraved on the bell was removed along with part of a Nazi-era inscription with a note claiming responsibility found on the church door saying 'Spring cleaning 2018 - it was time for spring cleaning to bring fresh air to the village'

Catholic church sexual abuse cases in Germany: Catholic church sexual abuse cases in Germany - Catholic sexual abuse in the Archdiocese of Munich and Freising - Protected child abuser catholic priest Peter Hullermann - Parish transfers of abusive priests

January 2013 defamation of scientists: 9. Januar 2013: Deutsche katholische Kirche beendet auf Betreiben der Diözese München die Untersuchung ihres Missbrauchsskandals und diffamiert die Wissenschaftler - 9 January 2013: Prof Pfeiffer accuses the catholic church of obstructing his team's work by seeking to control the investigation into sexual abuse by clergy - 7. März 2013: Missbrauch im Kloster Ettal war systematisch

2016: 8 January 2016: At least 231 children at Regensburger Domspatzen boys’ choir run by Pope Benedict’s elder brother Georg Ratzinger from 1964 to 1994, were victims of physical abuse ranging from sexual assault to rape, severe beatings and food deprivation for decades, according to lawyer U. Weber

2017: 18 July 2017: Five-hundred-and-forty-seven pupils at one of Germany’s most famous Roman Catholic choir schools in Regensburg were physically or sexually abused between 1945 and 2015, an independent report has found, with some boys likening the institution to hell

September 2018 'tip of the iceberg' and calls for justice: 12 septembre 2018: Des milliers d'enfants ont été abusés sexuellement par des prêtres en Allemagne entre 1946 et 2014, selon une étude sur l'Eglise catholique allemande, qui est aussi accusée d'avoir sciemment caché les faits - 25 September 2018: German Catholic church presented the results of an investigation into decades of sexual abuse of children, detailing the cases of 3,677 children, the majority of whom are male, and of 1,670 implicated clerics, mainly priests, as justice minister says report probably shows only the tip of the iceberg, encouraging the church to work with the judicial system to bring as many cases as possible to court

Religious disaffiliation (Kirchenaustritte): Kirchenaustritte in Deutschland

2013/2014 Tebartz-van Elst's expenses scandal: Tebartz-van Elst's expenses scandal since 2007 - 27 March 2014: Pope Francis accepts resignation of German 'Bishop of Bling' Tebartz-van Elst

Women and women's rights in Germany: Women in Germany - Women's rights in Germany

2014/2015: 26 November 2014: Agreement for law demanding at least 30% women in top boardrooms - 30 November 2014: Thousands of citizens pay tribute to 23-year-old student Tugçe Albayrak who was murdered after rushing to the aid of two teenage girls who were being harassed by a group of men in Offenbach - 17 June 2015: 18-year-old man convicted and sentenced under juvenile law to three years in prison over the death of German-Turkish student Tugce Albayrak following an altercation at a fast-food restaurant - 14. Juli 2015: Mutter von Sanel M. spuckte nach der Urteilsverkündung im Prozess gegen ihren Sohn auf ein Gedenkfoto der getöteten Tugce

2016: 5 janvier 2016: Entre 200 et 300 personnes se sont rassemblées devant la cathédrale de Cologne pour appeler à plus de respect envers les femmes - 2016 New Year's Eve sexual assaults and robbery in Germany - 8 January 2016: German police have identified 18 asylum-seekers among 31 suspects in connection with crimes committed in Cologne at New Year, as government spokesman tells reporters that there are 9 Algerians, 8 Moroccans, 5 Iranians, 4 Syrians, 2 Germans and one person each from Iraq, Serbia and the USA among the suspects - 11 May 2016: Women's rights activists say that while government plans to allow women to compare their salaries against peers were a good start, more still needs to be done - 12 May 2016: Green party politician and first Muslim woman Muhterem Aras elected with a large majority as president (speaker) of Baden-Württemberg's state legislature

Children, childhood and children's rights in Germany: Children in Germany - Childhood in Germany - Children's rights in Germany

German childhood in Nazi Germany and World War II: German childhood in Nazi Germany and World War II

1938-2018 evacuated youngsters to Britain and elsewhere in Europe: 17 December 2018: 80 years after the start of effort to evacuate 10,000 youngsters to Britain and elsewhere in Europe to escape Hitler’s regime, Germany has agreed to one-time payments of 2,500 euros for survivors, primarily Jews, who were evacuated from Nazi Germany, many of whom never saw their parents again, as about 1,000 survivors are thought to be alive today, with about half living in Britain, and the payment is seen as a 'symbolic recognition of their suffering', Claims Conference negotiator Greg Schneider said

22 July 2020 2.8 million children in Germany grow up in poverty: 22 July 2020: 2.8 million children in Germany grow up in poverty, as covid-19 crisis threatens to exacerbate the problems of child poverty, according to a new study, saying 'politicians are doing too little to save children from poverty'

Murdered children in Germany: Murdered children in Germany

Child abuse in Germany: Child abuse in Germany

Since January 2020 impact of covid-19 pandemic on children: Since January 2020 impact of the covid-19 pandemic on children in Germany and on education

11 June 2020 covid-19 outbreak and children: 11 June 2020 covid-19 outbreak, kids, and how covid-19 affects children - March 2020: Schools closed due to covid-19 and tips to help parents cope

Education in Germany: Education in Germany - Education in Germany by state

Schools by state of Germany: Schools by state of Germany - List of schools in Germany by 'Bundesland'

Schools named 'Anne-Frank-Schule' in Germany: Liste der nach Anne Frank benannten Schulen in Deutschland benannt nach Anne Frank (1929 in Frankfurt - 1945 in Bergen-Belsen)

August 2015 German schools named 'Janusz-Korczak-Schule': 24: August 2015: Interaktive Karte der Schulen benannt nach Janusz Korczak (1878 in Warsaw - 1942 in Treblinka)

November 2017 student honored for opposing racism: 8. November 2017: Die 15 Jahre alte Schülerin Emilia S. ist für ihren Einsatz gegen rechte Umtriebe und Rassismus an ihrer Schule in Dresden mit dem Preis für Zivilcourage gegen Rechtsradikalismus, Antisemitismus und Rassismus ausgezeichnet worden

Since 2019–20 impact of the 2019–20 Chinese coronavirus pandemic on education worldwide including Germany: Since 2019–20 impact of the 2019–20 Chinese coronavirus pandemic on education worldwide including Germany - 16 March 2020: 56 countries have closed schools nationwide, impacting over 516.6 million children and youth, and further 17 countries have implemented localized school closures and, should these closures become nationwide, hundreds of millions of additional learners will experience education disruption, as selected schools started in German states of Bavaria, Nordhein-Westfalen, Baden-Württemberg, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz and several cities

Universities and colleges in Germany: Universities and colleges in Germany by state

28 October 2020 researchers say early humans used green Levant including Israel as steppingstone out of Africa: Early humans migrated out of Africa through the Middle East with the help of a favorable climatic window over some 8,000 years, using today’s Israel and the surrounding region as a steppingstone on their way to Europe and the rest of Asia, as Jordan Rift Valley likely provided a green corridor for early humans to migrate north during a regional 'humid interval' when people were first establishing a permanent foothold outside Africa, according to researchers from several German universities with findings based on archaeological remains in Jordan, which were correlated with ecological data from the Dead Sea to ascertain the local environment at the time

Museums in Germany: Museums in Germany - Museums in Germany by state - Museums in Germany by city - List of museums in Germany

History museums in Germany: History museums in Germany

Holocaust memorials and museums in Germany: List of Holocaust memorials and museums in Germany, included in a list of Holocaust memorials and museums worldwide, listed by country

Archives in Germany: Archives in Germany - List of archives in Germany

'International Tracing Service' in Bad Arolsen: 'International Tracing Service' in Bad Arolsen, an internationally governed centre for documentation, information and research on Nazi persecution, forced labour and the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and its occupied regions, containing about 30 million documents from concentration camps, details of forced labour, and files on displaced persons

May 2019: 21 May 2019: Arolsen Archives makes available details and artifacts of about 2.2 million people, including Nazi concentration camp prisoner cards and death notices

Since 1997 Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma: Since 1997 Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma was established in Heidelberg

Health in Germany: Health in Germany

Medical outbreaks and health disasters in Germany: Medical outbreaks in Germany - Health disasters in Germany - Man-made disasters in Germany

1918 flu pandemic during World War I, mistakenly called 'Spanish flu': 1918 World War I flu pandemic (mistakenly called 'Spanish flu') in the last year of German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman's empires' World War I 1914-1918, lasting from spring 1918 through spring or early summer 1919, and infecting 500 million people – about a third of the world's population at the time - as the death toll is estimated to have been anywhere from 17 million to 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in human history

Seit 1954 Contergan-Skandal: Seit 1954 Contergan-Skandal - das millionenfach verkaufte Beruhigungsmedikament Contergan, das den Wirkstoff Thalidomid enthielt, konnte bei der Einnahme in der frühen Schwangerschaft Schädigungen in der Wachstumsentwicklung der Föten hervorrufen

Seit Beginn der 1980er Jahre: Seit Beginn der 1980er Jahre Infektionen durch HIV-kontaminierte Blutprodukte

2009 flu pandemic: 2009 flu pandemic in Germany

2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak: 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak

2011/2012 aftermath of 'Contergan-Skandal': 8 November 2011: Drug thalidomide blamed for a broader range of harmful effects, revealed in German 'Contergan-Skandal' - 1 September 2012: German company Grunenthal Group issued its first apology in a half-century saying it regretted the consequences of the drug Thalidomide, that led to the births of children without limbs or with shortened limbs during the 1950s and 1960s, as a British charity representing families hurt by thalidomide in the 1950s and 1960s said the company apology was not enough

2017 Fipronil scandal: Juni, Juli und August 2017 Fipronil Lebensmittelskandal, in Hühnereiern, Hühnerfleisch und Hühnerkot aus den Niederlanden, Belgien und Deutschland wurde Fipronil nachgewiesen, obwohl die Verwendung bei Tieren, die der Lebensmittelerzeugung dienen, verboten ist

2020 coronavirus pandemic in Germany: Since January 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic in Germany

Since January 2020 timeline of German government reactions to covid-19: Timeline of German government reactions to the 2020 Chinese coronavirus pandemic spreading in the country

5 April 2020 current numbers of covid-19 cases in Germany: 5 April 2020: RKI reports - in its current numbers of registered cases in Germany since 24 February - total of 91,714 covid-19 infections, total of 1,342 deaths, 5,936 new cases and 184 new deaths

23 May 2020 new covid-19 cases following church service and visiting restaurant: 23 mai 2020: Une quarantaine de personnes ont été contaminées par le nouveau coronavirus dans un restaurant de la ville de Leer et après avoir assisté à une messe à Francfort début mai

30 May 2020 confirmed covid-19 cases in Germany increased by 738 to 181,196: 30 May 2020: The number of confirmed covid-19 cases in Germany increased by 738 to 181,196, data from the RKI for infectious diseases showed on Friday, as reported death toll rose by 39 to 8,489

Since 25 February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia: Since 25 February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia

Since 27 February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Heinsberg district: Since 27 February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Heinsberg district in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia

Since May/June 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Gütersloh district: Juni 2020 covid-19-Ausbruch in Tönnies-Stammwerk in Rheda-Wiedenbrück im Kreis Gütersloh

18 June 2020 North Rhein Westphalia fresh outbreak of covid-19: 18 June 2020: In North Rhein Westphalia around 7,000 people placed in quarantine and schools and kindergartens have been closed after fresh outbreak of covid-19, as spread is believed to have come from meat processing plant Tönnies in Rheda-Wiedenbrück with now 657 confirmed cases of the virus with people living in very cramped conditions

19 June 2020 Tönnies managers opted against taking basic safety precaution: 19 June 2020: For months, human rights activists, labor rights experts and doctors have demanded that workers be given a bedroom each to reduce the risk of a covid-19 outbreak, but Tönnies managers opted against taking this basic safety precaution, as it would have slightly diminished their profits

20 June 2020 more than 1.000 Tönnies workers tested positive for covid-19: 20 June 2020: More than 1,000 workers have tested positive for covid-19 at Tönnies slaughterhouse in Rheda-Wiedenbrück in northwestern Germany, as results have prompted local authorities to shut down the plant, and suspend all schools and daycare centers in the region until the summer holidays

2 August 2020 neo-Nazis, others hold massive Berlin protest against covid-19 restrictions: 2 August 2020: Neo-Nazis, others hold massive Berlin protest against covid-19 restrictions, as some 20,000 people rally outside Brandenburg gate, calling pandemic ‘the biggest conspiracy theory’

13 December 2020 Germany to close shops and schools in tightened covid-19 lockdown: 13 December 2020: Germany to close shops and schools in tightened covid-19 lockdown, as chancellor Angela Merkel after a meeting with leaders of the country’s 16 federal statesnsays urgent action is needed as daily cases and deaths hit record highs

Healthcare in Germany: Healthcare in Germany - Medical and health organisations based in Germany - Health Care System of Elderly in Germany

1933-1945 Nazi healthcare and medical experiments: Health and healthcare in NDSAP-Germany

2016 aftermath of Nazi medical experiments: 26 January 2016: Newly discovered testimony provides brutal new details about Nazi medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners

2016 Germany's healthcare system is losing money to scammers, also linked to the Russian mafia: 17 April 2016: Germany's healthcare system is losing as much as €1 billion euros a year to scammers, some of whom are linked to the Russian mafia, according to a media report

Drugs in Germany: Drugs in Germany

Sport in Germany by sport and city: Sport in Germany by sport - Sport in Germany by city

2023 IFAF World Championship for American football postponed to 2023: 2023 IFAF World Championship for American football, originally scheduled to be held in Wollongong in Australia from 29 July 2019 to 5 August 2019, will be postponed to 2023

11 December 2021 at IFAF's annual congress Germany awarded hosting rights for the 2023 World Championship: 11 December 2021: Germany has been awarded hosting rights for the 2023 International Federation of American Football IFAF World Championship at the body's Annual Congress held online today. The World Championship is scheduled to feature the top eight nations in the world, with Germany qualifying as a host nation and an invitation extended to the reigning champions, the USA. Australia will also qualify as representatives of Oceania alongside the top two nations in Europe.

Amateur sport in Germany: Amateur sport, called 'Breitensport' in Germany

'Professional' sports in Germany and 'Bundesliga': 'Professional' sports in Germany and 'Bundesliga'

January 2020 former German soccer president sent hundreds to die in Auschwitz: 25 January 2020: Former German soccer president sent hundreds to die in Auschwitz, as DFB in January 2020 reveals that Felix Linnemann, who led it from 1925 to 1945, ‘was directly involved’ as the head of the Hannover Criminal Police control center in registering Sinti, Roma people before they were sent to the Nazi death camp

Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany: Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany

Broadcast income in football league's 'Bundesliga' business model: Football league 'Bundesliga' business model, as Bundesliga's turnover was €1.7bn one season, broken down into match-day revenue €424m, sponsorship receipts €573m and frontrunner broadcast income €594m

1970/1971 Bundesliga scandal for-profit manipulation of games: 1971 Bundesliga scandal refers to the malicious, for-profit manipulation of games in the 1970–71 German football championship season

2005 match fixing scandal: 2005 German football was overshadowed by the discovery of a €2 million match fixing scandal

2009 European football betting scandal: 2009 European football betting scandal of hundreds of fixtures, including domestic league games, UEFA Europa League and UEFA Champions League games in the nine European countries of Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Croatia, Slovenia, Turkey, Hungary, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Austria

2006/2015 bidding committee of Germany’s 2006 World Cup bought votes: 16 October 2015: The bidding committee of Germany’s 2006 World Cup bought the votes of Asian Fifa executive committee members with a £5m fund made available by former Adidas CEO, according to a German newspaper - 23 October 2015: Former DFB president says slush fund helped Germany win 2006 World Cup - 3 November 2015: German police raid Germany’s football association on suspicion of tax evasion linked to the awarding of the 2006 World Cup

2016 Fifa investigatione: 22 March 2016: The Fifa ethics committee will investigate possible undue payments, contracts to gain an advantage. bribery and corruption of former DFB vice-president Franz Beckenbauer and five other DFB officials including Wolfgang Niersbach and Theo Zwanziger connected with Germany’s 2006 World Cup bid

November 2019 rockets at Berlin derby: 2 November 2019: Rockets were fired onto the pitch at Berlin derby, as German football official blames AfD for rising violence in the sport, claiming that the party has normalized 'social disinhibition’ in the society

May 2020 resistance against resuming Bundesliga: 15 May 2020: Most fans don't even want the league to resume - the latest polls from German broadcasters show a growing majority are against it - but soccer authorities were desperate to get back on track with Bundesliga clubs for financial reasons

Media of Germany: Media of Germany - German media by state - Media in Germany by city

Freedom of press and censorship in Germany: Freedom of press in Germany - Censorship in Germany

August 2018: 23 August 2018: Saxony’s CDU-led interior ministry confirmed that a police employee had attended a march by anti-Islam and neo-Nazi linked group Pegida last Saturday and had reported TV journalists covering the rally to police who detained them for 45 minutes

August 2019 Monsanto's 'intelligence center' targeted journalists and activists: 8 August 2019: Monsanto operated a 'fusion center' to monitor and discredit journalists and activists, and targeted a reporter who wrote a critical book on the company, documents reveal, as records reviewed by the Guardian show Monsanto adopted a multi-pronged strategy to target Reuters journalist Carey Gillam who investigated the company’s weedkiller and its links to cancer

Newspapers and broadcasting in Germany: Newspapers in Germany - Broadcasting in Germany - Radio in Germany - Television in Germany

March 1914 German newspapers beat the war drums: March 1914: German newspapers beat the war drums

1914 Unterstützung der Massaker von Dinant durch die SPD und ihre Presse: 1914 verfassen Adolf Köster, Redakteur des SPD-Zentralorgans Vorwärts sowie des Hamburger Echos, und Gustav Noske, SPD-Abgeordneter im Reichstag, Chefredakteur der Chemnitzer Volksstimme und Wehrexperte der Partei, eine Schrift, die die Massaker von Dinant unterstützt und den Standpunkt des deutschen Heeres teilt

Since March 1935 television history in Germany: Television history in Germany began in Berlin March 1935

1918-1945 German NSDAP propaganda: The propaganda used by the German NSDAP in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's dictatorship of Germany 1933–1945 was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of NSDAP, SS and Gestapo policies

1933-1945 and since 1945: Peter Köpf, 1995: Schreiben nach jeder Richtung - Goebbels-Propagandisten in der westdeutschen Nachkriegspresse

2010 paraplegic Samuel Koch since TV show: Querschnittsgelähmter Samuel Koch seit TV-Unterhaltungssendung Dezember 2010

21 March 2012 self-disassembly of a ZDF journalist: 21. März 2012 Claus Kleber - Selbstdemontage eines Nachrichtenstars, incl. ZDF/Screenshot, von Stefan Buchen

2013/2014 German broadcaster and Waffen SS past: 2 May 2013: German broadcaster has dropped repeat showings of a popular detective series after it emerged its late star had hidden his Waffen SS past - 25 March 2014: Applications for judicial review filed against the ZDF State Treaty successful for the most part

2015: 11 January: Arson attack against German paper that reprints Charlie Hebdo cartoons - 28 June 2015: Berlin’s philharmonic’s new conductor met by anti-Semitism in German press, as NDR website calls Russian-born Kirill Petrenko, philharmonic’s first Jewish conductor, 'the tiny gnome, the Jewish caricature'

2017 deprivation of press accreditations by Germany during the G20 summit: Entzug von Presseakkreditierungen und Ausschluß von Journalisten beim G20-Gipfel in Hamburg - 11 July 2017: International and European Federation of Journalists join their German affiliates DJU and DJV in condemning the attacks against the press, after at least 32 journalists have been deprived of their press accreditations by the German government during the G20 protests in Hamburg held on 7 July - 10 August 2017: Nine of the journalists who had their accreditation revoked ahead of last month's Group of 20 summit in Hamburg will take Germany's Federal Press Office to court, complaining that the move was unlawful

May 2018: 16 May 2018: German daily draws outrage with ‘anti-Semitic’ image of Netanyahu at Eurovision

13 June 2018: 13 June 2018: Olaf Zimmermann, who heads the 'Conseil culturel allemand' ('German cultural council'), has called for the plug to be pulled on the nation’s multitude of political talkshows of public broadcasters for a year, arguing that their populist agenda has helped cement gloom-ridden public attitudes towards refugees and foreign cultures and fuel the rise of neo-Nazi linked parties and politicians

14 June 2018: 14 June 2018: Berlin Museum of Photography prepares an installation about the life of pro-Nazi filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl, called by critics 'an absurd and disgusting obscenity' that will glorify the late director’s 'fascist aesthetics' and advance a rehabilitation that Riefenstahl does not deserve

15 June 2018: 15 June 2018: The founder of Germany’s first Jewish film festival Nicola Galliner, whose 24th annual Jewish Film Festival Berlin-Brandenburg begins later this month, has been awarded the highest honor in the state of Brandenburg

Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany: Sports broadcasting contracts in Germany

Media coverage of 'Ball treten' and broadcast income in football league's 'Bundesliga' business model: Football league 'Bundesliga' business model, as Bundesliga's turnover was €1.7bn one season, broken down into match-day revenue €424m, sponsorship receipts €573m and frontrunner broadcast income €594m

1970/1971 Bundesliga scandal for-profit manipulation of games: 1971 Bundesliga scandal refers to the malicious, for-profit manipulation of games in the 1970–71 German football championship season

2005 match fixing scandal: 2005 German football was overshadowed by the discovery of a €2 million match fixing scandal

Internet in Germany: Internet in Germany - Internet censorship in Germany

2015: 31 July 2015: As German government accuses news website of treason over leaks, for the first time in more than 50 years journalists are facing treason charges, which is being denounced as an attack on the freedom of the press

Film industry in Germany: Film industry in Germany can be traced back to the late 19th century

February/March 2020 Berlinale reels from revelations that its founding director Alfred Bauer was a high-ranking Nazi: 29 February 2020: As the Berlinale reels from revelations that its founding director Alfred Bauer was a high-ranking Nazi, the issue of memory politics looms large over the film festival’s 70th anniversary, following a newspaper report last month alleging Bauer had been more involved in the Nazi regime than previously thought, as a number of films on the program set out to challenge dominant narratives about the past, also presenting 'example(s) of how long an accepted Nazi perpetrator could tell his own story as if he and those in his milieu didn’t have so much to do with it'

Crime in Germany: Crime in Germany

Racism in Germany: Racism in Germany

Since 18th century 'Germanisation', 'Aryanization', and later 'Generalplan Ost' for the genocide and ethnic cleansing: Since 18th century 'Germanisation' - Germanisation in the Nazi period - Racial policy of Nazi Germany - 'Aryanization', term coined during Nazism referring to the forced expulsion of so-called 'non-Aryans' - 'Generalplan Ost' was the Nazi German government's plan for the genocide and ethnic cleansing on a vast scale, and colonization of Central and Eastern Europe by Germans

Since 17th century German colonialism in Africa and worldwide since 19th century: Since 1680 German colonization of Africa - Since 1884 German colonial empire -

Since 19th century systematic genocide, 2016: 5 May 2016: Decades before the Nazis tried to annihilate the Jews, German colonialists in Southwest Africa dehumanized, built death camps for, and slaughtered tens of thousands of tribespeople in a systematic genocide, 'subhumans', 'cattle car transports', even the 'Final Solution' have their sinister antecedents in Africa in the early 1900s

Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany: Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany

Antisemitism in Germany: Antisemitism in Germany - History of the Jews in Germany - Timeline of antisemitism - 23 February 2015: From Notre Dame to Wittenberg, in Europe the fine art of anti-Semitism is on public display at many of the continent’s most visited landmarks

Since 1850: Richard Wagner's 'Das Judenthum in der Musik', first published in 1850, attacking Jews in general and some composers in particular - 1882 premiere of Wagner's 'Parsifal' in Bayreuth - Houston Stewart Chamberlain's best-selling work 'The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century' (1899) is a main work of modern antisemitism - H.St. Chamberlain (1855-1927), seeing his ideas begin to bear fruit particularly in Germany, visited NSDAP's Adolf Hitler several times (1926 together with Joseph Goebbels) at the Wagner family's property in Bayreuth

Since 1882: First Aliyah 1882-1903 (return of Jews to Israel) after May Laws in Russia 1882

Since 1888: Antisemitism of the German Emperor Wilhelm II ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918 - World War I 1914-1918 - Following his abdication in November 1918 Wilhelm II advocated a 'regular international all-worlds pogrom à la Russe' as 'the best cure' against Jews saying that they are a 'nuisance that humanity must get rid of some way or other' and that he believes 'the best thing would be gas' - Since early 20th century 'Kaiser-Wilhelm-II.-Denkmäler' mainly in Germany

1933-1945: Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany - Nuremberg Laws of 1935 were anti-Semitic laws in Nazi Germany - 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion' ordered to be studied in German classrooms by the Nazi Party since 1933 - 'Jewish Bolshevism' is part of the Jewish World Conspiracy theory that Jews control the world - Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany - Fifth Aliyah refers to the fifth wave of the Jewish immigration to Palestine from Europe and Asia between the years 1929 and 1939 - Aliyah Bet

The Holocaust: The Holocaust in Germany - 30 January 2014: In a speech to the Reichstag on 30 January 1939 Hitler makes first call for Jews’ annihilation - 20 February 2016: Samuel Willenberg, the last survivor of Nazi death camp Treblinka, who was among a group of Jews who survived a dramatic escape bid from the camp in 1943, then joined the Polish resistance and fighted the Nazis in Warsaw, then working and becoming an artist in Israel, dies aged 93

1933-1945 Jewish resistance under Nazi rule: Jewish resistance under Nazi rule - Ghetto uprising during World War II - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising April-May 1943 - Bialystok Ghetto Uprising - Nazi extermination camp Sobibor uprising 1943 - 2 August 1943 Treblinka prisoner uprising

April 1943 - April 2018: 18 April 2018: Krystyna Budnicka, the last remaining member of her family, said this week on the 75th anniversary of the Warsaw ghetto uprising that she 'lost all six brothers, my sister, my parents, as well as four sisters-in-law', making it her mission to recount how she survived the Warsaw ghetto in order to keep her loved ones’ memory alive

1945 liberations of Holocaust survivors: In 1945, when Anglo-American and Soviet troops entered the concentration camps, they discovered piles of corpses, bones, and human ashes—testimony to Nazi mass murder, soldiers also found thousands of Jewish and non-Jewish survivors suffering from starvation and disease, many Jewish survivors feared to return to their former homes because of the antisemitism that persisted in parts of Europe, the trauma they had suffered and their hostile reception by locals that propelled survivors to 'displaced persons' camps in Germany, Austria and Italy

Since 1945 aftermath of the Holocaust, German obstination and obtuseness: Aftermath of the Holocaust in Germany, which largely responded to the enormity of the evidence for and the horror of the Holocaust with an attitude of self-justification and a practice of keeping quiet, as many Germans attempted to rewrite their own history to make it more palatable in the post-war era, and as for decades West Germany and then unified Germany refused to allow access to its Holocaust-related archives in Bad Arolsen, citing privacy concerns - 1945-1949 only 31,651 Nazi war criminals out of the hundreds of thousands active during the war were brought to trial, most of the individuals who carried out the atrocities were never brought to justice

1945-1952 Holocaust survivors, displaced persons and the State of Israel: Holocaust survivors, displaced persons and the State of Israel, as Palestine became the primary destination for many Jewish refugees, but local Arabs opposed their immigration and the United Kingdom refused to allow Jewish refugees into the Mandate territory - 27 September 2017: Rare photographs show Holocaust survivors from SS Exodus sent back to Germany by the British in 1947, after removing resisting passengers in Haifa, injuring dozens, killing three, and loading them on three ships, as between 1945 and 1952 more than 250,000 Jews lived in displaced persons camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria and Italy

27. Juli 2000 Sprengstoffanschlag in Düsseldorf: 27. Juli 2000 Sprengstoffanschlag in Düsseldorf mit einer mit TNT gefüllten Rohrbombe, die zehn Menschen zum Teil lebensgefährlich verletzt und das ungeborenes Kind einer im fünften Monat schwangeren Frau tötet - 7 August 2000: Germany is clamping down on the far right, following a spate of neo-Nazi attacks on asylum seekers, Jews and the homeless over the past few weeks

2. Oktober 2000 Brandanschlag auf die Neue Synagoge in Düsseldorf: 2. Oktober 2000 Brandanschlag auf die Neue Synagoge in Düsseldorf durch zwei arabischstämmige junge Männer

July 2014: 18 July: Anti-Semitic slogans chanted at Berlin protest against Israel's Gaza operation - 21. Juli: Eine anti-israelische Kundgebung in Berlin von palästinensischen und politischen Gruppen wie dem Hochschulverband der Partei 'Die Linke' ist am Samstag mit antisemitischen Parolen und dem versuchten Angriff auf ein Ehepaar aus Jerusalem eskaliert - 21 July: Germany's Jewish community is shocked by an 'explosion of evil and violent hatred of Jews' shown by protesters at anti-Israel demonstrations across the country chanting 'gas the Jews' and other anti-Semitic slogans during some pro-Gaza protests - 21 July: As wave of anti-Semitic rallies hits cities across Germany and anti-Israel protester chanted in Dortmund and Frankfurt 'Hamas Hamas Juden ins gas', Jewish community braces itself ahead of Friday’s Iranian-sponsored Al Quds Day March

2015: 5 January 2015: A 26-year-old Israeli was beaten by a group of seven men on a Berlin subway car after he filmed them singing an anti-Semitic song and refused to delete the video - 27 January 2015: Auschwitz survivors gather for memorial 70 years after liberation - 17 February: Jewish cemetery in the northern German city of Oldenburg vandalized, targeted over the past few years by right-wing extremists - 28 June 2015: Berlin’s philharmonic’s new conductor met by anti-Semitism in German press, as NDR website calls Russian-born Kirill Petrenko, philharmonic’s first Jewish conductor, 'the tiny gnome, the Jewish caricature' - 16 November 2015: Ursula Haverbeck after calling the Holocaust in a statement broadcast on television outside of the trial of former SS guard Oskar Groening 'the biggest and most sustainable lie in history', sentenced to 10 months in jail

2016: 5 February 2016: Several Jewish cemeteries, monuments vandalized in Germany's Berlin, Hannover and elsewhere in past month

September 2016: 13 September 2016: German judge von Renesse, who had been accused of causing 'reputational damage of the social jurisprudence' after it emerged that he had questioned the rejection of ghetto pension applications and intervened to help applicants, interviewing more than 120 Holocaust survivors in Israel, evades prosecution by North Rhine-Westphalia's SPD Minister of Justice Kutschaty, and therefore punishment for helping survivors

January/February 2018: 27 January 2018: World remembers Holocaust amid signs of rising hatred - 13 February 2018: German police record 1,453 anti-Semitic incidents in 2017, including 32 violent attacks, almost all perpetrators identified as 'right-wing-oriented'

April 2018: 19 avril 2018: Adam Armoush, un jeune Arabe israélien, a voulu prouver qu'il n'était pas dangereux de porter une kippa dans la rue berlinoises et s'est fait agresser par un groupe de trois jeunes parlant arabe

July 2018: 8 July 2018: A group of 10 men and women chased a Syrian Jewish man in a park in Berlin who was wearing a Star of David, knocked him to the ground and beat him, putting him into the hospital for his injuries - 16 July 2018: Jewish professor Yitzhak Melamed, who teaches philosophy at Baltimore's Johns Hopkins University, accuses Bonn authorities of brutality and of falsely blaming him for provoking the assault after being assaulted in a Bonn park first by a Palestinian and then by police who slammed him to the ground and punched him in the face

August 2018: 8 August 2018: In Germany, anti-Semitic crimes up 10% in first half of 2018

September 2018: 8 septembre 2018: Un restaurant juif de Chemnitz a été la cible d'une attaque à caractère antisémite en marge d'une récente manifestation à l'appel des xénophobes et néonazis dans cette ville allemande sous tension depuis deux semaines

February 2019, increase in anti-Semitic incidents in 2018: 13 February 2019: After France and UK, Germany reports increase in anti-Semitic incidents in 2018, as the number of anti-Semitic crimes increased from 1,504 in 2017 to 1,646, with the number of cases considered violent almost doubling

May 2019: 14 May 2019: Last year anti-Semitic incidents rose 19.6% to 1,799, 89.1% of those involving far-right perpetrators, as Xenophobic incidents rose 19.7% to 7,701 amid an overall uptick in hate crimes to 8,113 from 7,913, German officials say

June 2019: 28 June 2019: Witness says 31-year-old suspect Iyad B. wanted to kill real estate investor Michael Reicher in November 2018 he thought was Jewish, saying his people ‘destroyed my homeland’, as Germany’s BfV agency said in its annual report the number of anti-Semitic acts of violence rose sharply last year alongside a further increase in those identified as neo-Nazi linked extremists

August 2019: 15 August 2019: Rabbi assaulted and pushed to the ground by unidentified suspects in Berlin, two weeks after another rabbi reported being spat upon in a building in the same general neighborhood, and after a week ago in Munich a rabbi and his two sons said they were spit on and verbally attacked as they left a synagogue

9 October 2019 Halle synagogue attack: 9 October 2019 Halle synagogue attack - 10 October 2019: Jews demand action from Germany to protect the community after at least two people were shot dead in the eastern German city of Halle in an anti-Semitic gun attack on the holy day of Yom Kippur

4 October 2020 Jewish student attacked with shovel and seriously hurt outside Hamburg synagogue: 4/5 October 2020: Jewish student wearing a kippa attacked with shovel, seriously hurt outside Hamburg synagogue and taken to the hospital with a ‘significant head injury', as suspect, a German of Kazakh origin, had paper with swastika in his pocket, and as anti-Semitic crimes have increased steadily in Germany in recent years with 2,032 anti-Semitic offenses recorded in 2019, up 13% on the previous year

21 December 2020 German court hands life sentence to Halle Synagogue attacker: 21 December 2020: German court hands life sentence to Halle Synagogue attacker Stephan Balliet, who killed two people in the street after failing to break into synagogue, confessing later to antisemitic motives, and who denied the Holocaust and expressed no remorse for failed 2019 storming of German house of worship

Since 19th century timeline of Nazism and since 1919 NSDAP's rise to power: Since 19th century timeline of Nazism in Germany - Since 1919 Adolf Hitler's rise to power

1914-1918 World War I and German Empire since 1871: World War I 1914-1918 and German Empire since 1871 - German war crimes in World War I

15 January 1919 SPD-linked ordered assassination of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht: 15 January 1919 ordered assassination of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht - German army officer Pabst, who ordered the executions of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg in 1919 as well as summary executions of many other Communist Party of Germany members, was never brought to justice even in the later Federal Republic of Germany, became an industrialist and eventually Director of Rheinmetall Borsig in Berlin, later settled in Switzerland, where he took a post with the arms manufacturer Oerlikon and following World War II, Pabst took some involvement in the activities of the neo-Nazi Bruderschaften, small groups that existed across Europe and which attempted to co-ordinate their political activism, later returned to Germany in 1955, settling in Düsseldorf, and there became involved with neo-Nazis - In 1962 in an interview and in his memoirs, Pabst maintained that he had talked in 1919 on the phone with SPD-Noske in the Chancellery, and that SPD-Noske and SPD-Ebert had approved of his assassination actions, never challenged, especially since neither the Reichstag, the Bundestag nor the courts in Germany until today ever examined the case

1918-1933 Political violence in Germany: 1918-1933 Political violence in Germany

8-9 November 1923 Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch: 8-9 November 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Hitler-Ludendorff-Putsch, a failed coup attempt by the NSDAP leader Adolf Hitler to seize power in Munich, which resulted in the death of four police officers and some Nazis, bringing Hitler to the attention of the German nation and the decision to change NSDAP tactics following Hitler's release after only nine months in Bavarian prison

1933-1945 Nazi Germany and since 1939 World War II: 1933-1945 Nazi Germany, the period in German history since 1933, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party NSDAP - Nazi Germany and World War II

September 1935 Nuremberg Laws: 15 September 1935 Nuremberg Laws, antisemitic and racial laws in Nazi Germany introduced by the Reichstag

9-10 November 1938 'Novemberpogrome' against Jews: 9-10 November 1938 'Novemberpogrome' against Jews throughout Nazi Germany, carried out by SA paramilitary forces and German civilians as German authorities looked on without intervening

Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany: Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany

Germanisation in the Nazi period, 'Aryanization', 'Generalplan Ost' for the genocide and ethnic cleansing: Germanisation in the Nazi period - Racial policy of Nazi Germany - 'Aryanization', term coined during Nazism referring to the forced expulsion of so-called 'non-Aryans' - 'Generalplan Ost' was the Nazi German government's plan for the genocide and ethnic cleansing on a vast scale, and colonization of Central and Eastern Europe by Germans

German war crimes in World War II, crimes of the Wehrmacht and the Holocaust: German war crimes in World War II - War crimes of the Wehrmacht - The Holocaust

Nazi tradition of intelligence agencies and list of intelligence agencies in Germany: List of intelligence agencies of Germany - Bundesnachrichtendienst BND's Nazi tradition

1946: Gehlen Organization established in June 1946 by USA occupation authorities consisted of members of the 12th Department of the former 'Foreign Armies East', numerous former SS, SD and Wehrmacht officers and carried the name of Wehrmacht Major general Reinhard Gehlen, head of the German military intelligence in the Eastern Front during World War II - Agency 114 of the Bundesnachrichtendienst BND was a main entrance for former Nazis - 26 September 2011: Wanted Nazi Walter Rauff was German 'Bundesnachrichtendienst' spy between 1958-1962 - Walter Rauff: Gas van engineering and mass murder - In 1965 'Butcher of Lyon' SS-Hauptsturmführer Klaus Barbie was recruited by the BND, his initial monthly salary of 500 Deutsche Mark was transferred in May 1966 to an account of the Chartered Bank of London in San Francisco in the USA, which recruited him in 1947 as an agent for the USA Army Counter Intelligence Corps CIC, and he made at least 35 reports to the BND headquarters in Pullach - 27. September 2011: Bislang geheimgehaltene Akten des BND belegen, daß Walter Rauff wegen seiner Tätigkeit im Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Entwicklung und Einsatz von Gaswagen) 1958 vom BND eingestellt wurde - CIA-Akten 2006: Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem BND und CIA bereits 1958 bekannt - BND-Akten: Aufenthaltsort Eichmanns sogar schon 1952 bekannt

2011: 30 November 2011: Investigators have found that in 2007 the German Intelligence Service BND destroyed files of 250 employees who had been in the Nazi SS or Gestapo

2015: 24 April 2015: German BND helped NSA spy on EU politicians and companies, lied and withheld information for years - 11 November 2015: Germany’s 'foreign' intelligence service BND spied on targets including the UN Children’s Fund, the World Health Organisation, the international court of justice in The Hague, the French foreign minister Laurent Fabius, the FBI, and German citizen, diplomat and now head of the EU’s mission in Turkey Hansjörg Haber, a media report alleges

2016: 27 April 2016: Speculation is mounting whether the head of the foreign intelligence service BND, Germany’s version of the CIA, has been removed as part of a political struggle over how to deal with the series of scandals since the revelations provided by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden in 2013

March 2017: 8 March 2017: The case against the NSU, the neo-Nazi terrorist organization National Socialist Underground that committed ten murders, three bomb attacks, and 15 bank robberies in the years between 1998 and 2011, is an unprecedented example of the close connection between the German secret services and the neo-Nazi movement as well as the structural racism within the German law enforcement authorities, NSU-Watch says

June 2018 Nazi Heinrich Himmler's daughter employed by BND: 29 June 2018: Germany’s foreign intelligence service BND employed the daughter of top Nazi Heinrich Himmler in the early 1960s, although she never renounced her father or Nazism, remained active in far-right extremism all her life, fought to defend her father’s reputation and aided in the defense of SS members and Nazi war criminals

Since 1945 neo-Nazism in Germany: Chauvinism, fascism and neo-Nazism in Germany - Neo-Nazism

Nazi terrorism since 1945, Nazi party 'NPD' and neo-Nazi linked AfD in German parliaments: Todesopfer rechtsextremer Gewalt in Deutschland nach 1945

11. April 1968 Attentat auf Rudi Dutschke: 11. April 1968 Attentat auf Rudi Dutschke in West-Berlin

September 1991 Riot of Hoyerswerda: Riot of Hoyerswerda September 1991

August 1992 Riot of Rostock-Lichtenhagen: Riot of Rostock-Lichtenhagen August 1992

1992 Mordanschlag von Mölln: Mordanschlag von Mölln 1992

1993 Solingen arson attack: Solingen arson attack of 1993 - 29 May 2018: As Germany is struggling with a new upsurge of racist attacks and neo-Nazi linked activism, including the entry into parliament of the Alternative for Germany AfD party following an influx of more than one million asylum seekers since 2015, Germany will hold memorial events on Tuesday for five ethnic Turkish victims of a neo-Nazi arson attack 25 years ago

1999 Hetzjagd in Guben: Hetzjagd in Guben 1999

Since 1990th to 2011 'National Socialist Underground' terrorist group: 'National Socialist Underground' terrorist group's serial murders - Neonazi-Mordserie bis 2011

10. Juni 2000 Neonazis ermorden den aus Mosambik stammenden Alberto Adriano: 10. Juni 2000: Der aus Mosambik stammende Alberto Adriano wurde in der Nacht vom 10. auf den 11. Juni 2000 von drei betrunkenen Wolfener Neonazis im Dessauer Stadtpark zusammengeschlagen und starb drei Tage später im Krankenhaus an seinen Verletzungen

9. September 2000 Enver Simsek erstes Opfer der NSU-Mordserie: 9. September 2000: Enver Simsek war das erste Opfer der Mordserie der terroristischen Vereinigung 'Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund' und wurde an seinem mobilen Blumenstand in Nürnberg mit acht Schüssen aus zwei Pistolen niedergeschossen

2. Oktober 2000 Brandanschlag auf die Neue Synagoge in Düsseldorf: 2. Oktober 2000 Brandanschlag auf die Neue Synagoge in Düsseldorf durch zwei arabischstämmige junge Männer

2001: 9. August 2001: Dieter Egon Wilfried Manzke wurde in Dahlewitz von fünf jungen Männern im Alter zwischen 17 und 22 Jahren in einem leer stehenden Gartenbungalow zu Tode gefoltert, weil die Täter Obdachlose für 'lebensunwerte Existenzen' hielten

2002: 12. Juli 2002: Marinus Schöberl wurde Mordopfer rechtsextremer Jugendlicher in Potzlow, nachdem die Täter ihr Opfer vorher lange und grausam quälten

2003: NPD-Verbotsverfahren (2003 gescheitert) - Parteienfinanzierung

2005: Death of Oury Jalloh in Dessau police custody 7 January 2005

2005: 15. Juni 2005: Der griechischstämmige Einzelhändler Theodoros Boulgarides wurde am 15. Juni 2005 in München durch die Terrorzelle Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund ermordet

2006: 6. April 2006: Halit Yozgat wurde als vermutlich neuntes Todesopfer der Neonazi-Mordserie in seinem Internetcafé im Kasseler Stadtteil Nord-Holland durch zwei gezielte Pistolenschüsse in den Kopf ermordet

2007: Polizistenmord von Heilbronn 25. April 2007

2009: 1. Juli 2009: Die ägyptische Handballnationalspielerin und Pharmazeutin Marwa Ali El-Sherbini wurde während einer Strafverhandlung im Landgericht Dresden, zu der sie als Zeugin geladen war, vom Angeklagten aus islam- und ausländerfeindlichen Motiven erstochen

2010: 1. November 2010: Als sechster Mensch, der allein in Leipzig seit 1990 durch nazistisch und rassistisch motivierte Gewalt ums Leben kommt, wird in der Nacht zum 24. Oktober der Iraker Kamal Kilade von zwei Nazis vor dem Hauptbahnhof mit einem Messer angegriffen und ermordet - 15. Juli 2011: In Leipzig ermorden Neonazis 2010 den jungen Iraker Kamal Kilade, im sächsischen Oschatz wird im Mai 2011 der obdachlose Andre K. tot geprügel, in Möchengladbach endet ebenfalls im Mai 2011 ein Kioskstreit für einen Deutsch-Kongolesen David M. tödlich, auch die Folgen von mangelnder und mangelhafter Strafverfolgung

2011/2012: 12. November 2011: Mordserie an Ausländern und Polizistin von seit 90er Jahren bekannten Neonazis - 13 November 2011: Police made a second arrest after the discovery of evidence linking a Nazi group to 10 murders - Untersuchungsausschuss zur Terrorgruppe Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund seit Januar 2012 - 13. März 2012: Zahlreiche Festnahmen bei polizeilicher Aktion gegen die kriminelle Vereinigung 'Aktionsbüro Mittelrhein' und deren 'Braunes Haus' - 27 March 2012: 'Germany's new breed of neo-Nazis pose a threat', British TV report says - 30. Mai 2012: Von fünf mutmasslichen Helfern der Rechtsterroristen sind nur noch zwei in Haft - 15. Juni 2012: Bundesgerichtshof hebt Haftbefehl gegen weiteren mutmaßlichen Helfer der rechtsterroristischen NSU auf - 28. Juni 2012: 'Verfassungsschutz' vernichtete im November 2011 Akten über seine Verbindung zu Naziterroristen nach Aufforderung zu deren Übermittlung - 23. November 2012: Bundespräsident Gauck lehnt Treffen mit den Opferfamilien der NSU-Morde ab und schlägt Bitte der Türkischen Gemeinde für ein persönliches Treffen zum Jahrestag der Aufdeckung der NSU-Mordserie aus

2013: 26 Mart 2013: Almanya’da sekizi Türk 10 kisiyi öldüren neonazi terör örgütü NSU’nun yargilanacagi davada Münih Yüksek Eyalet Mahkemesi - 2. April 2013: 50 'Verfassungsschutz' V-Leute im NSU-Umfeld identifiziert, schwerste Straftaten, hohe Honorare des Staates (fünf- bis sechsstellig) und oftmals ohne Strafverfolgung - 2. April: Celal Özcan erklärt. daß 'Hürriyet' immer wieder beim OLG München angerufen und um eine Vorabinformation gebeten habe, wann die Akkreditierungsfrist beginnen würde - 'die Verfahrensweise ist ungerecht und nicht akzeptabel' - 2. April: Statt das Anliegen, die Teilnahme türkischer Medien und der Botschaft am NSU-Prozeß vor dem Münchner OLG zu gewährleisten, als Vorsitzender des Auswärtigen Ausschusses nach Kräften zu unterstützen, maßt sich CDU-Polenz von der Kiesinger/Filbinger/Globke-CDU an, die 'türkische Politik' 'dringend zu warnen' - vor dem Zustand eines Landes, dessen Behörden den Naziterror sogar finanziell gefördert haben (ein Grund, sich zu schämen und zu entschuldigen), und welchen auch dieser CDU/CSU-Politiker mit herbeigeführt hat und nun selbst offenbart - 4 April: A Turkish newspaper complains to Germany's highest court over German neo-Nazi trial access - 12 avril: La Cour constitutionnelle allemande a ordonné au tribunal de Munich d'accorder des places supplémentaires aux médias étrangers pour couvrir le procès de néonazis jugés à partir de mercredi pour des meurtres racistes - 15 avril: Le procès de néo-nazis allemands accusés de meurtres racistes est reporté au 6 mai - 25 April: The German lower house, the Bundestag, refuses to back a ban of the neo-nazi party NPD

May 2013: NSU-Prozess vor dem 6. Strafsenat des Oberlandesgerichts München - Kontroverse um Journalisten-Akkreditierung (Platzvergabe, Prozeßverschiebung) beim NSU-Prozess 2013 - 6 mai: Le procès néonazis s'ouvre à Munich pour juger neuf meurtres racistes - 21. Mai 2013: Mit Schreiben vom 28.04.2000 des Präsidenten des Landesamts für Verfassungsschutz an den damaligen sächsischen CDU-Innenminister Klaus Hardraht und mehrere Verantwortliche wurden diese darüber unterrichtet, daß es Zweck der Nazi-Terrorgruppe NSU sei, 'schwere Straftaten gegen die freiheitlich demokratische Grundordnung zu begehen' und daß bei der NSU 'eine deutliche Steigerung der Intensität bis hin zu schwersten Straftaten feststellbar' sei

August 2013: 22 August: Representatives of co-plaintiffs at the NSU trial criticize the final report by the Bundestag Commission of Inquiry as inconsistent

2014: 12. August 2014: Prozess gegen Neonazichef Pastörs von der NPD wegen 'Justizpanne' - kein Antrag zur Aufhebung seiner Immunität gestellt - geplatzt - 16./21. August 2014: Untersuchungsausschuss des Thüringer Landtages wirft dem Verfassungsschutz vor, die Fahndung nach den Neonazi-Terroristen der NSU regelrecht sabotiert zu haben - 24. September 2014: NSU-Terrorzelle profitierte laut Zeugenaussage von Verfassungsschutz-Geld - 1. Oktober: Deutscher Verfassungsschutz kannte NSU schon 2005

October-December 2014: 27 October 2014: Football hooligans and members of the German far right clashed with riot police in the centre of Cologne as a demonstration against Islamic extremism turned violent - 12 December: Neo-Nazis suspected in German asylum seeker arson attack - 15 December: Estimated 15,000 people join ‘pinstriped nazis’ on march in Dresden, as far-right group Pegida using slogan from 1989 campaign against East German government holds 'Islamisation' protest - 23 December: Listening to speeches about immigrants and asylum seekers and singing Christmas carols a record 17,500 people have turned out for the latest 'anti-Islamisation' rally in Dresden, but counter-demonstrations were being held

2015: 21 January 2015: The leader of far-right and anti-Muslim movement Pegida resigned after a photo of him posing as Hitler and reports that he called refugees 'scumbags' - 11 February 2015: German refugee centres face drastic rise in extremist attacks - 23 Februar 2015: Bachmann wieder im Pegida-Vorstand - 9 March 2015: Village of Tröglitz mayor Markus Nierth quits over neo-Nazi protest after neo-Nazis were given permission to demonstrate outside his home over his support of asylum seekers - 29. März 2015: Zeugin und Ex-Freundin von Florian H. tot, der im Herbst 2013 im Auto verbrannte bevor er im NSU-Ausschuß aussagen konnte - 4 April 2015: Asylum seekers' accommodation set on fire in suspected far-right arson attack in village of Tröglitz - 22 April 2015: Germany grapples with attitudes to asylum seekers - 6 May 2015: Police detained four people suspected of setting up a right-wing extremist group that was planning bomb attacks on Muslims and refugees, as a separate investigation began into arsonists who damaged a shelter for asylum-seekers - 30 July 2015: A worrying rise of fire bombings and violent attacks on asylum-seekers has marred German attempts to integrate desperate refugees from Syria, Eritrea and also people from the Balkans, as in the past 25 years in Germany 75 people have been murdered in rightwing extremist attacks - 23 August 2015: The outbreak of violence by right-wing radicals against refugees followed a demonstration of some 1,000 people in Heidenau, near Dresden against the roughly 250 refugees - 26 August: Two new attacks hit refugee centres in Leipzig and Parchim - 17 October 2015: Mayoral candidate Henriette Reker, responsible for taking charge of refugees in her city, stabbed in Cologne in a racist attack wounding four other people and linked to migrants policy - 19 October 2015: At the anniversary of the Pegida rallies in Dresden on 19 October 2015 keynote speaker Pirinçci tries to stir up hatred against refugees in Europe and Germany saying 'KZs sind ja leider derzeit außer Betrieb' - 22 October 2015: In the first three quarters of 2015 there were a total of 461 attacks across Germany against asylum seekers’ homes believed to have been driven by xenophobic motives, including scores of arson attacks - 7 December: Germany's constitutional court to hear case on banning neo-Nazi NPD in March 2016 - 22 December 2015: A German town council member of the National Democratic party has been given only a suspended sentence over a tattoo bearing a notorious Nazi concentration camp slogan and a rendering of Auschwitz

2016: 11 January 2016: Two Pakistanis and a Syrian man were injured in attacks by gangs of people in Cologne, German police said late on Sunday - 11 January 2016: Gangs attacked groups of foreigners in four separate incidents on Sunday in Cologne, after attackers reportedly arranged via Facebook to go on 'manhunt' of foreigners after assaults on women on New Year’s Eve - 12 January: Over 200 masked anti-refugee supporters, carrying placards with racist overtones, went on a rampage in the German city of Leipzig on Monday night, throwing fireworks, breaking windows and vandalising buildings, police says - 20 February 2016: A video showing a mob of people in Saxony chanting hate slogans at a bus full of visibly shaken refugees has sparked outrage among German social media users - 20 février: Tollé après la diffusion de vidéos montrant en Saxe des policiers évacuant brutalement un bus de demandeurs d'asile qui refusent de gagner leur foyer, effrayés par des manifestants anti-réfugié - 21 February: A fire that destroyed a hotel being converted into a shelter for refugees in Saxony's city of Bautzen was cheered and celebrated by onlookers, police say treating the incident as suspected arson - 8 March 2016: Congo-born priest Ndjimbi-Tshiende in Germany's Bavaria quits over death threats he received since speaking out in defence of refugees and after he was fed up with xenophobic utterances from prominent CSU local politicians Sylvia Boher and Johann Haindi - 19 April 2016: In diesem Jahr sind in Deutschland bereits mehr als 300 Straftaten gegen Asylunterkünfte verübt worden - 11. Mai 2016: Mobiltelefon des mittlerweile toten Neonazis 'Corelli', V-Mann des sogenannten 'Verfassungsschutzes', aufgetaucht, welches 2012 (!) bei der Aufnahme in ein 'Zeugenschutzprogramm' der NSU-Untersuchung übergeben wurde und auf dem sich zahlreiche Bild-Dateien und Kontakte befinden - 6 July 2016: Anti-immigration party AfD plunged into a leadership crisis over Holocaust denial and antisemitic views expressed by one of its MPs - 13 July 2016: A group of young men left a black man bloodied and unconscious after he tried to stop them harassing some Somalis in Munich - 16 August 2016: Berlin authorities must cancel contracts with Pewobe company that runs nine homes for asylum seekers after leaked emails showed managers including a former DVU member joking about executing refugees, suggesting to invest a €5,000 donation from BMW in 'a small guillotine for children' and joking that disposing of the bodies would require a 'large-volume crematorium' - 27 September 2016: Police suspect a 'xenophobic motive’ after two improvised explosive devices detonated outside a mosque and congress centre in Dresden on Monday - 7 October: A group of young people in eastern Germany's Sebnitz threatened three Syrian refugee children with a knife and hit them before chanting right-wing slogans, police said - 20 October 2016: Police officer dies from injuries after being shot by Neo-Nazi 'Reichsbürger' extremist - 23 October 2016: As police and fire officers tried to persuade a Somali boy not to jump, onlookers were spending a long time, watching and calling on the migrant teen to leap from an apartment block in German town of Schmoelln and to suffer fatal injuries - 31 October 2016: Two weeks after a 'Reichsbürger' Neo-Nazi killed an officer during a police raid, German police are investigating within their own ranks for links to the extremist movement with the largest number of cases in Bavaria and Saxony-Anhalt

2013-2017 zweites NPD-Verbotsverfahren mit BVerfG-Urteil zugunsten der Nazipartei: 2013-2017 zweites NPD-Verbotsverfahren - 4 March 2016: German 'Bundesrat' wants to ban the neo-Nazis of the NPD again - 23 May 2016: Rightwing violence surges in Germany, as interior ministry reports 'unacceptable' increase in number of hate crimes, with attacks on asylum seekers’ homes soaring

17 January 2017: 17 January 2017: The Constitutional Court of Germany rejects bid to ban neo-nazi NPD party, as Holocaust survivors group warns ruling could spur extremists, saying that 'this reality-blind and untimely decision sends a disastrous signal to Europe, where far-right and right-wing populists have found new partnerships and are now trying to transform the fear and insecurity of the population into hatred and aggression'

18/19 January 2017: 18 January 2017: After leading member of German party AfD Hoecke called to stop remembering Nazi crimes, urging shift away from Holocaust remembrance, Germany’s Jewish Council's chairman Josef Schuster says that 'the AfD has shown its real face with these anti-Semitic and extremely hostile words' and former president Dieter Graumann says that Hoecke's speech was 'outrageous' and it was a scandal for such a poisonous mentality to come from a politician in a party set to win seats in parliament

February-April 2017: 10 February 2017: German Neo-Nazi, a local politician of the NPD party, called too insignificant to spell a real threat to the democratic order by Germanny's Constitutional Court, was sentenced to 8 years jail for an arson attack on refugee shelter in Nauen and for other xenophobic crimes, as 5 other men were also sentenced - 9 mars 2017: Des armes à feu ont été saisies lors d'un raid contre des 'Reichsbürger', une mouvance mêlant néonazis, dans six lieux situés dans la région de Duisbourg - 28 April 2017: Two men in eastern Germany's Cottbus are accused of racially abusing a young Egyptian woman moments after their friend drove over her, three days later, the woman died of her injuries

May/June 2017: 18 May 2016: 23,500 right-wing crimes were committed in 2016, violent right-wing crimes jumped up by 14.3%, and eastern Germany represents around half of these crimes also caused by a pernicious western German influence and the uncomprehended reunification, according to police statistics and recent report - 18 June 2017: NSU victims' families sue German government over investigation errors, as families of two men murdered by a neo-Nazi group are suing for damages due to mistakes made in the probe argueing that authorities could have arrested the trio earlier, preventing further murders

July 2017: 4 July 2017: Violent acts by neo-Nazi groups in Germany rose 14% to 1,600 in 2016, annual BfV intelligence and government report says, seeing 'a clear radicalization in both substance and rhetoric regarding asylum matters', also saying that Germany is a big target of spying and cyberattacks by foreign governments such as China, Iran, Russia and Turkey, warning of 'ticking time bombs' that could sabotage critical infrastructure, and assuming 'that Russian state agencies are trying to influence parties, politicians and public opinion, with a particular eye to the 2017 parliamentary election'

August/September 2017: 29 August 2017: AfD's Gauland launch racist attack on integration minister Aydan Özoguz, saying she should be 'disposed of' to Turkey - 11 September 2017: AfD's Weidel, one of two lead candidates for the AfD in September national elections, reportedly called Chancellor Angela Merkel 'a pig tasked by WWII victors to keep Germany down’ - 14 September 2017: AfD's Gauland says Germans 'have the right to be proud of the achievements of the German soldiers in two world wars'

October 2017: 23 October 2017: 'Citizens of the Reich' militant Wolfgang Plan sentenced to life in prison by the regional court of Nuremberg for killing a policeman during a dawn raid on his house

December 2017: 2/3 December 2017: Rising German neo-Nazi linked AfD party elects leaders at a convention in the city of Hannover amid protests

January/February 2018: 2 janvier 2018: La responsable du parti Alternative pour l'Allemagne a vu son tweet retiré des réseaux sociaux après avoir comparé les réfugiés à des 'hordes de barbares' - 22 February 2018: Germany's AfD set to embrace anti-Islam and neonazi-linked Pegida, as latest INSA poll this week showed the AfD on 16%, overtaking the SPD for the first time - 22 February 2018: A German-Russian dual national has been arrested and accused of 'politically motivated' attempted murder after he attacked three asylum seekers with a knife in Heilbronn - 27 February 2018: In a vote on Monday night, the local council in southwestern Germany's Herxheim near Heidelberg decided by 10 votes to 3 that a Nazi-era bell, complete with the inscription 'Everything for the Fatherland - Adolf Hitler', should continue to hang in the local church, as councilors said the bell, which also bears a swastika, should serve as a force for reconciliation and a memorial against violence and injustice

March 2018: 7 March 2018: Eight members of 'Freital Group', which carried out bombings that wounded a Syrian refugee, seeking to create 'climate of fear', face verdicts Wednesday after a year-long terrorism trial - 7 March 2018: A German court sentenced seven men and one woman to four to 10 years in jail for founding a neo-Nazi terrorist group responsible for attempted murder and bomb attacks on refugee shelters and politicians in Saxony

April 2018: 21 April 2018: Hundreds of neo-Nazis gathered Friday on Adolf Hitler’s birthday for a two-day festival in the eastern German town of Ostritz near the Polish and Czech borders, where citizens and anti-fascist groups staged spirited counter-protests

May 2018: 9 May 2018: Germany's AfD decides not to expel critic of Holocaust memorial - 14 May 2018: After the German Nazis adopted the phrase 'The Jews are our misfortune', in 2018 a banner with the colors of the Israeli flag that said 'The state Israel is our misfortune' was held by neo-Nazis in Dortmund, expressing their alleged solidarity with Palestinians by waving PLO flags against both the opening of the USA embassy in Jerusalem and the founding of the State of Israel

June 2018: 12 June 2018: AfD party ended a drive for the expulsion of member Bjoern Hoecke who suggested the country end its tradition of acknowledging and atoning for its Nazi past, also saying Berlin memorial to the Jews killed in the Holocaust is a 'monument of shame' - 14 June 2018: Berlin Museum of Photography prepares an installation about the life of pro-Nazi filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl, called by critics 'an absurd and disgusting obscenity' that will glorify the late director’s 'fascist aesthetics' and advance a rehabilitation that Riefenstahl does not deserve

July 2018 neo-Nazi Zschaepe sentenced to life in prison: 11 July 2018: Munich court found the main defendant Zschaepe in a neo-Nazi trial guilty over the killing of 10 people - most of them migrants - who were gunned down between 2000 and 2007 in a case that prompted accusations of institutional racism in the country's 'security' agencies

July 2018: 25 July 2018: Germany experiences a resurgence in neo-Nazis, intel agency finds, saying the number of individuals in Germany who espouse extreme political views rose by 9% last year to 126,000

Since 2 August 2018 'NSU 2.0', signatories of serie of death, bomb and attack threats: Seit 2. August 2018 'NSU 2.0', Unterzeichner und mutmaßliche deutsche Neo-Nazis einer Serie von Mord-, Bomben- und Anschlagsdrohungen, die sie seit 2018 per Fax, E-Mail oder SMS über das Darknet an bestimmte Empfänger versenden, wobei die Unterschrift auf die Neo-Nazi Gruppe 'Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund' NSU anspielt, die zwischen den Jahren 2000 und 2007 mindestens zehn Menschen ermordete, neun davon aus rassistischen Motiven

August 2018: August 2018 Ausschreitungen in Chemnitz nach Ermordung des Deutsch-Kubaners Daniel Hillig - 30 August 2018: A migrant was subjected to xenophobic insults and beaten up in the northern German city of Wismar Wednesday evening, police said, in an attack that comes as the country is shaken by neo-Nazi linked demonstrations against foreigners, following August 2018 Chemnitz stabbing attack and riots

September 2018: 4 September 2018: Germany's neo-Nazi linked Alternative for Germany AfD has overtaken the Social Democrats SPD, a poll showed on Tuesday, days after violent protests by AfD and xenophobic Pegida, chasing migrants through the streets, hurling bottles and fireworks and some even making the Hitler salute, as calls are mounting for the domestic intelligence agency to place the AfD under surveillance

October 2018: 1 October 2018: German police have arrested seven men belonging 'to the hooligan, skinhead and neo-Nazi scene in the area of Chemnitz', on suspicion of forming a 'far-right terrorist organization', which assaulted foreigners in Chemnitz, planned attacks on politicians and civil servants, according to the federal prosecutor's office, and reportedly 'wanted to achieve more than the National Socialist Underground' neo-Nazi group, uncovered in 2011, that murdered 10 people and planted three bombs

Since November 2018 AfD preliminary proceedings: Seit November 2018 Ermittlungsverfahren gegen AfD und A. Weidel hinsichtlich illegaler Wahlkampfspenden aus dem Ausland

December 2018: 17 December 2018: Prosecutors are investigating a suspected neo-Nazi cell within the Frankfurt police force that is thought to have sent a German-Turkish lawyer a message threatening to kill her two-year-old daughter

January 2019 xenophobic car attack: 1 January 2019 Bottrop and Essen car attack targeting people from Syria and Afghanistan, classified as a terrorist attack - 2 janvier 2019: La justice allemande a placé en détention provisoire pour tentatives de meurtre l'Allemand accusé d'avoir délibérément foncé avec sa voiture sur des étrangers la nuit du Nouvel an, faisant huit blessés - 3 January 2019: Neo-Nazi linked NPD 'street patrol’, posting photos online of supporters wearing red protective vests to create 'safe spaces' including outside a refugee center in German town of Amberg where four Afghan and Iranian asylum seekers allegedly drunkenly attacked passers-by last weekend, according to local authorities

February 2019: 28 February 2019: Police in Germany are under fire for their handling of a neo-Nazi torch-lit march from outside a refugee's home to the Nazi party's historic rally grounds in Nuremberg last Saturday, called an 'unacceptable provocation' by Jewish community's Josef Schuster

June 2019 murder of pro-refugee German politician Walter Lübcke: 2. Juni 2019 gewaltsamer Tod des Regierungspräsidenten des Regierungsbezirks Kassel Walter Lübcke - 9 June 2019: After neo-Nazi linked accounts on social media celebrated Lübcke’s death, drawing condemnation from across the political spectrum, detectives investigating the death of German politician Walter Lübcke have questioned a man in connection to the suspected murder - 17 June 2019: Identified only as Stephan E, with links to neo-Nazi groups, who once planted a pipe bomb outside a home for asylum seekers, is a suspect in the murder of German politician Lübcke, according to security sources

22/23 July 2019 Eritrean murdered: 23 July 2019: The drive-by shooting of a 26-year-old man from Eritrea in a small town in western Germany was 'very clearly' motivated by xenophobia, according to police, saying that the Eritrean 'became a victim because of his skin color', as the Eritrean survived the shooting, but the suspected shooter later died, presumably from a self-inflicted wound

September 2019 NPD politician elected by CDU, SPD and FDP: 7. September 2019: NPD-Politiker in Hessen mit Stimmen von CDU, SPD und FDP zum Ortsvorsteher in Altenburg gewählt

17 September 2019 wheelchair-bound Libyan migrant attacked: 17 September 2019: Police in Chemnitz say they're investigating an attack on a wheelchair-bound Libyan migrant as a possible far-right hate crime, after one of the assailants with a record for assaults and far-right crimes yelled anti-immigrant epithets and punched the victim

November 2019 German neo-Nazi linked AfD lawmakers meet Assad regime's representatives in Syria: 22 November 2019: German neo-Nazi linked AfD lawmakers meet Assad regime's representatives in Syria, as AfD's Steffen Kotre refers to a video saying that his party wants to send 70,000 refugees back to Syria and end sanctions against Assad's regime

February 2020 12 men arrested on suspicion of neo-Nazi linked plot to overthrow the political order: 16 February 2020: 12 men arrested on suspicion of involvement in a neo-Nazi linked plot to overthrow the political order by means of targeted attacks, planning to stage attacks on politicians, asylum seekers and Muslims, after German federal prosecutors won a court order

20 February 2020 German terrorist Rathjen published online manifesto before massacre: 20 February 2020: German terrorist Rathjen published online manifesto in January calling for eliminating entire countries, including Israel, Egypt, Morocco, Turkey, Iran, Indian, Pakistan, Vietnam and the Philippines, before killing 10 citizens, including 5 Kurds, in the city of Hanau in Germany

19 March 2020 police raided sites across the country linked to 'Citizens of the Reich': 19 March 2020: German police have raided sites across the country linked to 'Citizens of the Reich', weeks after a suspected neo-Nazi shot dead nine people of migrant backgrounds, and as ministry spokesman said raids were being carried out in 10 of Germany’s 16 states

27 April 2020 German neo-Nazi linked AfD to drop 'fascist’ spokesman: 27 April 2020: German neo-Nazi linked AfD party to drop 'fascist’ spokesman Lueth, who described himself as a fascist and proud of 'Aryan' grandfather, as ARD daily news give party’s parliamentary leader Gauland once again talk time at the best time, who earlier praised German war crimes as achievements and dismissed the Nazi dictatorship as a 'speck of bird shit' in German history

29 April 2020 neo-Nazi Stephan Ernst charged with murder: 29 April 2020: Germany charges neo-Nazi Stephan Ernst with murder of pro-refugee politician Walter Luebcke in 2019, as prosecutors say ‘racism and xenophobia founded on an ethnic-nationalist attitude were decisive’ in his decision to kill

4 June 2020 dozens raided over hate comments on slain German politician Luebcke: 4 June 2020: German investigators carried out raids on dozens of people suspected of posting hate messages about politician Walter Luebcke from Chancellor Angela Merkel's party who was brutally killed last year

17 July 2020 two Germans arrested on suspicion of spearheading Nazism: 17 July 2020: Two German men arrested on suspicion of spearheading neo-Nazi 'Goyim Party Germany' group that posted pro-Nazi and anti-Semitic material online, including a call to kill Jews, according to prosecutors

2 August 2020 2 Guineans injured in an apparent racially-motivated attack in Erfurt: 2 August 2020: Two Guineans were injured, one of them critically, in an apparent racially-motivated attack near a known far-right hangout in Germany's Erfurt, as 12 German nationals were arrested but later freed

5 August 2020 German neo-Nazi Stephan Ernst admits to murdering pro-refugee politician Walter Luebcke: 5 August 2020: German neo-Nazi Stephan Ernst on trial admits to murdering pro-refugee politician Walter Luebcke, implicates co-defendant in killing

28 January 2021 German xenophobic extremist Stephan Ernst convicted of murdering pro-refugee politician: 28 January 2021: German xenophobic extremist convicted of murdering pro-refugee politician, as Stephan Ernst sentenced to life in prison for 2019 shooting of Walter Luebcke over his outspoken views on helping asylum seekers

4 February 2021 Germany records new jump in neo-Nazi linked crime in 2020: 4 February 2021: Germany records new jump in neo-Nazi linked crime in 2020, as number jumped to its highest level for many years, according to provisional official figures, as police recorded 23,080 crimes of a far-right nature last year, around 700 more than the previous year

Terrorism in Germany: Terrorism in Germany

Seit 1914/1918 Todesopfer chauvinistischer, rassistischer und rechtsextremer Gewalt in Deutschland und weltweit - German war crimes since the opening months of the World War I, regarding the terrorism against civilians during the German invasion and occupation of Belgium during the German aggression - September 2004: Since August 1914 German atrocities, the etiology of war crimes and the complexities of remembrance - December 2004: The Rape of Belgium - The Untold Story of World War I - National Socialism, also known as Nazism, is the ideology and practice associated with the 20th-century German NSDAP party and NSDAP and SS state and by extension other groups - Neo-Nazi attacks in Germany

Islamist terrorism in Germany

Since 1918/1945: Todesopfer rechtsextremer Gewalt in Deutschland, nach 1945 bis in die Gegenwart

Since 1971 RAF terror attacks: Since 1971 list of assaults attributed to the Red Army Faction, a West German terrorist group supported by the Stasi

1972 Munich massacre and aftermath: 1972 Munich massacre, an attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, in which the Palestinian terrorist group Black September took eleven Israeli Olympic team members hostage and killed them along with a West German police officer, after West German neo-Nazis had given the group logistical assistance and as its spokesman vainly demanded the release of 234 Palestinian prisoners jailed in Israel and of the West German terrorists Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof

In the wake of the hostage-taking, public criticism of the Olympic Committee's decision to continue the games, but about 80,000 people who filled Munich's Olympic Stadium for a West German football match carried noisemakers, waved flags, and when several spectators unfurled a banner reading '17 dead, already forgotten?' security officers removed the sign and expelled those responsible from the grounds, the remaining members of the Israeli team withdrew from the Games and left Munich after a memorial service with the notorious Brundage - Accusation of German foreknowledge of the attack, revealed since 2012 - 1 December 2015: In 1992 the lawyer Mr. Zeltzer and Ms. Spitzer, the widow of the fencing coach Andre Spitzer, pressured the German government into releasing the file, which included the photographs 1972 Munich Olympic massacre's victims - 2 December 2015: Horrific new details emerge about the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre, as Israeli athletes were beaten until their bones snapped and one man was castrated by Palestinian terrorists

Surviving terrorists and Abu Daoud, the man who claims that the attack was his idea, and who is known to have died of natural causes in 2010 in Syria's Damascus under Assad's rule, praised by Palestinian Authority's Mahmoud Abbas - Salah Mesbah Khalaf (1933-1991), accused by Israel and the USA of having founded the Black September terrorist organization, was deputy chief and head of intelligence for the PLO, and the second most senior official of Fatah after Yasser Arafat

1980 Oktoberfest terror attack: September 1980 Oktoberfest terror attack was a terrorist attack with a right-wing radical background

1986 Berlin discotheque bombing: 5 April 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing - a 2001 trial in the USA found that the bombing had been 'planned by the Libyan secret service and the Libyan Embassy'

May 1993 Solingen arson attack: 28 May 1993 Solingen arson attack

2000-2007 NSU murders series of xenophobe murders: 2000-2007 NSU murders series of xenophobe murders perpetrated by German Neo-Nazi group National Socialist Underground throughout Germany, leaving ten people dead and one wounded, primary targets were ethnic Turks but also Kurds, though the victims also included one ethnic Greek and one ethnic German policewoman

18 July 2016 Würzburg train attack: 18 July 2016 Würzburg train attack - 19 July 2016: 17-year-old Afghan asylum seeker, who had arrived in Germany as an unaccompanied minor, armed with axe and knife shot dead after attacking passengers and injuring three people seriously on train in Bavaria

22 July 2016 Munich shooting: 22 July 2016 Munich shooting - 22 July 2016: Munich police warned people to avoid public places as they hunted for the shooter who opened fire at a shopping mall, killing at least eight people and wounding others - 23 July: 18-year-old German-Iranian from Munich kills 9 people then himself in Munich terror rampage - 23 July: Munich attack reports, live updated by British newspaper - 24 July: 18-year-old Ali Sonboly from Munich, who killed nine people mostly teenagers including three children from Turkey, three ethnic Albanians from Kosovo and at least one Greek teenager, was reportedly obsessed with mass killings, played computer shooting games and was interested in the Neo-Nazi terrorist Anders Breivik, who murdered 77 mostly young people on 22 July 2011 targeting an AUF camp, and whose face was used by Sonboly as his profile picture on the WhatsApp messaging service - 24 July: Police arrest a 16-year-old Afghan youth on suspicion of a connection to the killing of nine people by Sonboly, as authorities confirmed that the gunman had written a manifesto before the attack without revealing any details about its content, and that he spent more than a year planning the attack and was able to buy a handgun on the dark web - 27. Juli 2016: Der Münchner Todesschütze Sonboly hat es Presseberichten zufolge als 'Auszeichnung' empfunden, am einem 20. April wie Adolf Hitler geboren worden zu sein, war als Deutsch-Iraner stolz darauf Arier zu sein, habe Araber und Türken gehasst und ihnen gegenüber 'Höherwertigkeitsgefühle' gehegt - 27 July: Police investigate Sonboly's targeting of people of foreign origin, saying the gunman was racist and a rightwing extremist

24 July 2016 Ansbach bombing: 24 July 2016 Ansbach bombing - 25 July 2016: A Syrian man, who had been denied asylum, has killed himself and injured 12 others after setting off an explosive device outside a music festival in Ansbach

December 2016 Berlin Christmas market truck attack: 19 December 2016 Berlin Christmas market truck attack - 20 December 2016: The driver who rammed a truck into a crowded Christmas market in the heart of German capital Berlin, killing at least 12 people and injuring nearly 50, did so intentionally, according to police, investigating the suspected 'terror attack' - 20 December: Candlelit vigils held in Berlin - 21 December: German police say they have more than 500 leads concerning the Berlin Christmas market attack - 22 December: Breitscheidplatz Christmas market in Berlin reopens with beefed up security - 23 December 2016: Berlin Christmas market attack suspect Amri reportedly killed in a shootout with police in Milan

April 2017 Dortmund football team attack: 11 April 2017 Borussia Dortmund team bus attack - 21 April 2017: German-Russian suspect Sergej W. arrested for Dortmund bus blasts motivated by financial greed, according to prosecutors

July 2017 Hamburg attack: 28 July 2017 Hamburg supermarket attack - a man, reportedly born in the United Arab Emirates, attacked several people with a machete, killing a 50-year-old German man and injuring 6 in addition to the murder

March 2018 Freital neo-Nazi group: 7 March 2018: A German court sentenced seven men and one woman to four to 10 years in jail for founding a neo-Nazi terrorist group responsible for attempted murder and bomb attacks on refugee shelters and politicians in Saxony

January 2019 xenophobic car attack: 1 January 2019 Bottrop and Essen car attack targeting people from Syria and Afghanistan, classified as a terrorist attack

Political violence in Germany: Political violence in Germany

August 2017: 22 August 2017: A car belonging to SPD politician Michelle Müntefering and a car belonging to the SPD were set on fire on Monday evening the the second case of arson against politicians in the town of Herne this year

November 2017: 28 November 2017: German pro-refugee mayor of Altena attacked by man with knife

August/September 2019 assassination of Khangoshvili: 23 August 2019 assassination of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili - 2 September 2019: The murder of Chechen Khangoshvili in Berlin looks like a Russian operation, but the CDU/SPD Merkel government is not making a public fuss about that - 27 September 2019: New evidence links Russian state to Berlin assassination of Chechen Khangoshvili by suspected 'Vadim Andreevich Sokolov', Bellingcat reports

Organized crime groups and activities in Germany: Organized crime groups in Germany with activities of various groups of crime families and organised crime syndicates - Gangs in Germany

July 2916 Russian mafia 'increasingly active' in Germany: 11 July 2016: Russian mafia is becoming 'increasingly active' in Germany, with networks recruiting in German prisons and groups bringing in billions of euros each year, BKA says

May 2017: 30. Mai 2017: Mafiöses System für Abrechnungsbetrug von rund 230 Pflegediensten mit Gründern aus Russland und der Ukraine, Verwicklung auch in andere kriminelle Machenschaften wie Geldwäsche und Schutzgeldzahlungen, laut Bundes- und Landeskriminalamt

July 2017 'invisible' mafia almost everywhere in Germany: 13 July 2017: 'The mafia are invisible but almost everywhere in Germany', experts say at an Italian-German conference in Berlin to discuss how to combat such criminal groups that still have a solid presence in the Bundesrepublik

Murder victims in Germany: Murder victims in Germany

Illegal trade of arms in Germany: Illegaler Waffenhandel in Deutschland - Prohibited firearms in Germany

Human trafficking in Germany: Human trafficking in Germany

Crime in Germany by type and year: Crime in Germany by type - Crime in Germany by year - Crime in Germany by state

School shootings and killings in Germany: School shootings in Germany - School killings in Germany - School violence is widely held to have become a serious problem in recent decades in many countries, especially where weapons such as guns or knives are involved

Violence against women in Germany: Violence against women in Germany

Rape in Germany: Rape in/a> Germany

October 2018 Freiburg gang rape, aftermath and trial: Oktober 2018 Gruppenvergewaltigung in Freiburg

Child sexual abuse in Germany: Child sexual abuse in Germany - German people convicted of child sexual abuse

Since 2008 child sexual abuse in Lügde, responsibilities and 2019 trial:Seit 2008 Missbrauchsfall Lügde, ein Kriminalfall des schweren sexuellen Missbrauchs von Kindern sowie der Produktion und Verbreitung von Kinderpornografie in Lügde in Nordrhein-Westfalen

June 2020 German convicted paedophile Brückner and suspect in Madeleine McCann case linked to two more child disappearances: 7 June 2020: German convicted paedophile Brückner and now suspect in 2007 Madeleine McCann case linked to two more child disappearances in 1995 and 2015, as claims emerge that Brückner was flagged as a key suspect seven years ago by police but the report was ignored by the authorities

Since June 2020 investigation of 30,000 people suspected of taking part in a child abuse network: 30 June 2020: Authorities in western Germany are investigating 30,000 people suspected of taking part in a child abuse network, after police arrested a man in Bergisch Gladbach and investigators who searched his premises found vast amounts of electronic evidence that revealed the existence of a large paedophile network

Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Germany: Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Germany

Theft in Germany: Theft in Germany

1933-1945 stealing of art and other items, organized looting in European countries during NSDAP rule: 'Nazi plunder', stealing of art and other items as a result of the organized looting of European countries during the time of the Third Reich, as looting of Jewish property was a key part of the Holocaust, and as plundering occurred from 1933, beginning with the seizure of property of German Jews, until the end of World War II, particularly by military units and also soldiers - NS-Raubkunst (kurz Raubkunst) werden Kunstwerke bezeichnet, die während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus geraubt beziehungsweise 'NS-verfolgungsbedingt entzogen' wurden, wobei die Opfer des Raubs vor allem Juden und als Juden Verfolgte waren, sowohl innerhalb des deutschen Reichs von 1933 bis 1945, wie in allen von den Deutschen während des Zweiten Weltkriegs besetzten Gebieten auf der Grundlage einer Vielzahl von gesetzlichen Regelungen und unter Beteiligung diverser Behörden und eigens dafür eingerichteten Institutionen, nach der London Charter of the International Military Tribunal von 1945 als Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit eingestuft

Theft in Germany and legal position since 1998: Diebstahl, Rechtslage nach letzter Änderung des § 242 StGB vom 1. April 1998

Political corruption and crimes:

Since 1975 'Flick-Affäre' (not finished): Flick-Affäre seit 1975 (nicht abgeschlossen)

Since late 1970s 'Hitler Diaries' German media scandal involving K. Kujau, G. Heidemann, Th. Walde i.a.: Since 1970s production. sale, acquisition and publication - after German and Hamburg journalists Gerd Heidemann and Thomas Walde produced a prospectus outlining what was available for purchase and the costs - of the so-called 'Hitler Diaries' ('Hitler-Tagebücher'), a series of sixty volumes of journals purportedly written by Adolf Hitler, but in fact forged by Konrad Kujau until 1983. The diaries were purchased in 1983 for 9.3 million Deutsche Marks by the West German news magazine 'Stern', which sold serialisation rights to several news organisations. One of the publications involved was the British newspaper The Sunday Times, which asked their independent director, the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, to authenticate the diaries; he did so, pronouncing them genuine. At the press conference to announce the publication, Trevor-Roper announced that on reflection he had changed his mind, and other historians also raised questions concerning their validity. Rigorous forensic analysis, which had not been performed previously, quickly confirmed that the diaries were fakes. The West German journalist with Stern who 'discovered' the diaries and was involved in their purchase was Gerd Heidemann, who had an obsession with the Nazi era. When Stern started buying the diaries, Heidemann stole a significant proportion of the money. Kujau and Heidemann spent time in prison for their parts in the fraud, and several newspaper editors lost their jobs. - 16. März 2008: 'Gier nach dem großen Geld', die Veröffentlichung der angeblichen Hitler-Tagebücher vor 25 Jahren war der GAU der deutschen Pressegeschichte - 6. Mai 2013: Das Bundesarchiv der Bundesrepublik Deutschland gab am 6. Mai 2013 nach intensiver Prüfung bekannt, dass die angeblichen 'Hitler-Tagebücher' des 'Stern' gefälscht waren, nachdem das Bundesarchiv bereits seit dem 5. April 1982 mit den 'Stern'-Redakteuren Dr. Thomas Walde und Leo Pesch, wenig später auch mit Gerd Heidemann, in Kontakt gestanden hatte

Since 1990 'CDU/CSU-Korruptions-, Spenden- und Schwarzgeldaffäre' (not finished): CDU/CSU-Korruptions-, Spenden- und Schwarzgeldaffäre seit den 90iger Jahren, nicht abgeschlossen - Vgl.: Das "wunderbare Land" und die K-Frage 2009: Kläffende Köter, Carstensens Kieler Karren und nicht nur ein hervorragender "Kopp" - CDU/CSU Korruptionsaffäre: Ludwig-Holger Pfahls (nicht abgeschlossen) - 9 November 2011: Former junior defence minister Pfahls (CDU/CSU-Kohl government) once more sentenced to 4 1/2 years for fraud - CDU/CSU Korruptionsaffäre: Karlheinz Schreiber (nicht abgeschlossen) - 14 November 2013: Arms lobbyist Karlheinz Schreiber convicted of tax evasion and sentenced to six-and-a-half years in prison

Since 1990 Leuna-Affäre: Leuna-Affäre (seit 1990, nicht abgeschlossen)

Since 1999 Telekom Überwachungsaffäre: Überwachungsaffäre der Deutschen Telekom (seit 1999)

Since 2005 SPD-Schröder corruption: Siding with former secret police officers linked to the KGB, former German SPD chancellor Gerhard Schroeder is going to work for Russian energy behemoth Gazprom, going to work for a company over whose industry he once had jurisdiction and for a company controlled by the Russian government that is helping to build a Baltic Sea gas pipeline that he championed while in office - 11 December 2015: SPD Gerhard Schröder, Putin’s €250,000 pal since 2006 - 12 August 2017: Russian regime nominates German ex-chancellor Schroeder to Russian oil producer Rosneft board

2007 Polizistenmord von Heilbronn: Polizistenmord von Heilbronn 25. April 2007

Since 2010 'Staatstrojaner'-Affäre: 'Staatstrojaner'-Affäre seit 2010

2013 German blocking of tougher EU car emissions rules: 15 October 2013: Germany blocked the introduction of tougher EU emissions rules for cars shortly after Chancellor Angela Merkel's party received a large donation from three major BMW shareholders

Surveillance and spying: Since 1949 mass surveillance in East Germany was a widespread practice throughout the country's history, involving Soviet, East German, and Western agencies

Since 1999 'Überwachungsaffäre der Deutschen Telekom': Überwachungsaffäre der Deutschen Telekom (seit 1999)

2010 'Staatstrojaner': 'Staatstrojaner'-Affäre seit 2010 - 10. Oktober 2011: Chaos-Computerclub erhebt schwere Vorwürfe wegen illegaler staatlicher Überwachungsprogramme mit sog. 'Trojanern' - 10. Oktober: Affäre um 'Staatstrojaner' weitet sich aus - Einsatz in Bayern

2013 spying affair: 9 October 2013: After the federal 'Verfassungsschutz' had observed German politician Bodo Ramelow for many years, the German Bundesverfassungsgericht rules: 'Die Beobachtung stellt demnach einen Eingriff in das freie Mandat dar.'

2015 mass surveillance in Germany: 2 October 2015: In damning report and indictment of mass surveillance in Germany the Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights Nils Muižnieks criticises the fact that democratic control of the intelligence services is practically impossible and that mass surveillance can be carried out virtually unchecked

Computer crime, cyber spying and industrial espionage: Computer crime - Cyber spying - Industrial espionage - Cyber-attacks - Computer security

2015: 11 June 2015: A cyber attack on the German Bundestag lower house of parliament reported last month is still stealing data and could force officials to spend millions of euros replacing the entire computer system

January 2019 German personal data leaked online: January 2019 German personal data leaked online - 4 January 2019: Sensitive data belonging to hundreds of German politicians, celebrities and public figures has been published online via a Twitter account in what is thought to be one of the largest leaks in the country’s history

22 October 2021 cybercrime threat in Germany higher than ever before: 22 October 2021: Cybercrime threat in Germany higher than ever before, as cyberthreats increase and cybercriminals become increasingly professional, according to the IT Security Situation Report 2021 published by BSI. The report shows a significant expansion of cybercriminal extortion methods known as ransomware attacks, and a dramatic increase in new variants of malware, software designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorised access to a computer system. Between May 2020 and May 2021, 144 million new variants were identified, a 22% increase compared to the same period of the previous year.

Corruption, white collar crime and scandals in Germany: Corruption in Germany

Since 1950s doping in sport: Systematisches und staatlich gefördertes Sport-Doping - Studie der Berliner Humboldt-Universität August 2013 - 5 August 2013: West German government helped fund a wide-scale doping programme from the 1970s onwards, with evidence of drug use among the country’s athletes stretching back to the 1950s

Since 1957 Contergan-Skandal: Contergan-Skandal seit 1957 - 1 September 2012: Thalidomide victims say apology by German inventor of drug that caused severe birth defects in 1950s and 60s is too little too late, after 50 years

1960s HS-30-Skandal: HS-30-Skandal der 1960er Jahre bei der Beschaffung des Schützenpanzers HS 30 für die Bundeswehr, offenbar nur getätigt, weil mit dem Geschäft Schmiergeldzahlungen an mehrere an der Beschaffungsentscheidung beteiligte Personen (u. a. Ministerialbeamte) und illegale Parteienfinanzierung für die CDU verbunden waren

2008 Siemens bribery scandal: 15 December 2008: Siemens, the German engineering giant, agreed to pay a record total of $1.6 billion to American and European authorities to settle charges that it routinely used bribes and slush

2013: 18 July 2913: Global Corruption Barometer 2013 says, that 65% of respondents in Germany felt that political parties were corrupt/extremely corrupt, that 61% of respondents in Germany felt that business was corrupt/extremely corrupt, that 54% of respondents in Germany felt that media was corrupt/extremely corrupt, that 20% of respondents in Germany felt that judiciary was corrupt/extremely corrupt

2015: 31 August 2015: Siemens, Daimler, and Rheinmetall have been mired in cases of alleged corruption in Greece

2015 FIFA corruption case: 2015 FIFA corruption case, investigation by USA's FBI into wire fraud, racketeering and money laundering that has lasted many years - 16 October 2015: German football drawn into the ever widening Fifa corruption crisis after it was alleged that the former Adidas chief executive Robert Louis-Dreyfus set up a 10.3m Swiss francs slush fund to buy votes and secure the right to stage the 2006 World Cup

November 2015 DFB and Fifa scandal: 9 November 2015: German DFB president Niersbach, under investigation for tax evasion, says he takes the responsibility for a controversial 6.7 million euro payment to FIFA allegedly used to bribe officials of world soccer's governing body to vote for Germany's 2006 World Cup hosting bid

2016 DFB and Fifa scandal: 22 March 2016: The Fifa ethics committee will investigate possible undue payments, contracts to gain an advantage. bribery and corruption of former DFB vice-president Franz Beckenbauer and five other DFB officials including Wolfgang Niersbach and Theo Zwanziger connected with Germany’s 2006 World Cup bid

September 2016: 1/2 September 2016: Swiss prosecutors confirm that they are investigating Germany football's Franz Beckenbauer over a claim of alleged corruption, as also former German federation presidents Theo Zwanziger and Wolfgang Niersbach as well as ex-DFB general secretary Horst R Schmidt face allegations of fraud, criminal mismanagement, money-laundering and misappropriation of funds - 14 September 2016: Franz Beckenbauer, who said he worked for free as chairman of Germany's 2006 World Cup organizing committee, actually drew a fee of more than €5 million

2016 Duisburg trial over 2010 mass panic: 24 July 2010 mass panic at an electronic dance music festival in Duisburg - 5 April 2016: The state court in Duisburg has decided that 10 people accused of serious planning failures and failing to monitor security procedures properly will not stand trial over 2010 deadly mass panic at a techno music festival in Duisburg, that killed 21 people including people from Spain, Australia, Italy, Bosnia, China and the Netherlands in a crush in a packed tunnel that was the sole access point to the event, and that injured more than 500 people

White collar crime: White-collar crime and 'Wirtschaftskriminalität'

2011/2012: 22. September 2011: Amnestie für Steuerbetrüger - neu ausgehandeltes Steuerabkommen mit der Schweiz auf anonymer Grundlage - 30. März 2012: SPD-geführte Bundesländer verweigern die Zustimmung zum Steuerabkommen zwischen Deutschland und der Schweiz - 1. April: Scharfe Kritik an Schweizer Justizbehörde und ihrer Haftbefehle gegen bundesdeutsche Steuerfahnder wegen deren Einsatz gegen Wirtschaftskriminalität - auch CDU-Finanzminister Schäuble in der Kritik - 21 June: German banker G. Gribkowsky has told a Munich courtroom that he took a £28-million 'bribe' from F1 chief Bernie Ecclestone - 10. August 2012: Koalition gegen die Ratifizierung der Uno-Anti-Korruptions-Konvention

Since 2012 Deutsche Bank scandals: 12 December 2012: Deutsche Bank offices raided in carbon tax fraud probe - 4 April 2013: Deutsche Bank, through its Singapore branch, helped its customers create or manage more than 300 secretive offshore companies and trusts in the British Virgin Islands and other tax havens - 5 décembre 2013: La Commission européenne inflige des amendes à huit établissements financiers (Deutsche Bank, Société Générale etc.) pour avoir manipulé les taux interbancaires - 23 April 2015: Deutsche Bank hit by record $2.5bn Libor-rigging fine, also accused of being obstructive towards regulators in their investigations into the global manipulation

2013 Bayern Munich's Hoeness tax evasion: 30 July 2013: Prosecutors have charged Uli Hoeness, president of football company Bayern Munich, with tax evasion after a lengthy inquiry - 13 March 2014: Munich court convicts Uli Hoeness of tax evasion and sentences him to 3-1/2 years in jail

2016 'Panama Papers' and German white collars: 5 April 2016: At least 28 banks in Germany used the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca's services in recent years, according to 'Panama Papers' documents - 21 April 2016: 'The total volume of money laundering in the financial and non-financial sectors in Germany taken together exceeds €50 billion and is probably more than €100 billion per year', according to university research in Halle/Saale

June 2020 suspected Wirecard 'falsification of accounts': Juni 2020 Verdacht der Marktmanipulation durch Markus Braun und drei weitere Vorstandsmitglieder des Bezahldienstleisters Wirecard

15 July 2020 German CDU Merkel government supports 'Wirecard' China deal and CSU-Guttenbergs 'Spitzberg Partners': Am 15. Juli 2020 wurde bekannt, dass CSU-Guttenbergs 'Spitzberg Partners' 2019 dem Zahlungsdienstleister Wirecard, der 2020 Insolvenz angemeldet hat, beim Eintritt in das China-Geschäft unterstützt hat, und zugleich bei der Bundesregierung Lobbyarbeit für Wirecard leistete - 15. Juli 2020: Guttenberg warb bei der Bundesregierung für Wirecard und die Beratungsfirma des Ex-Ministers begleitete 2019 den China-Deal des Zahlungsdienstleisters, und suchte und fand bei Merkel-Regierung Unterstützung für das Vorhaben

22 July 2020 more arrest warrants against Wirecard: 22 July 2020: Former CEO of Wirecard Braun has been arrested again, as according to prosecutors, arrest warrants were issued against two other ex-leaders, and Wirecard was already in red in 2015

Environmental Crime in Germany: Environmental Crime in Germany - 2014 EU country report - Umweltkriminalität, rechtsverletzende Handlungen gerichtet gegen gesetzlich geschützte Umweltgüter

Since 2015 Volkswagen defeat device and German and international automotive industry emissions scandal: Volkswagen emissions scandal - in September 2015 Volkswagen admitted to illegally using installed software to change emissions test results for 11 million of its diesel engine cars sold between 2009 and 2015 - Since 2014 International diesel emissions scandal, raising awareness over the high levels of pollution being emitted by diesel vehicles built by a wide range of carmakers, including BMW, Ford, Mercedes and Volkswagen group, scandals relating to the emissions from diesel engines began in 2014 when emissions discrepancies between European and USA models of vehicles were highlighted by the International Council on Clean Transportation

September 2015: 22 September 2015: Calling for a 'Europe-wide' investigation in the Volkswagen emissions scandal, France’s finance minister Sapin says, 'what we are dealing with is making sure people avoid being poisoned by pollution' - 20 June 2016: German prosecutors investigate ex-VW chief over emissions scandal and market manipulation - 27 August 2016: Viele Autokonzerne haben manipuliert, die Politik hat in der Abgas-Affäre versagt

September 2016: 9 September 2016: Volkswagen engineer James Liang pleads guilty to conspiracy in the company’s emissions cheating scandal and has agreed to cooperate in the widening criminal investigation

2017: 17 mai 2017: Le parquet de Stuttgart a ouvert dès février une enquête pour manipulation de cours dans le cadre du dieselgate, visant des membres du directoire de Porsche SE parmi lesquels l'actuel patron du groupe Volkswagen - 2 August 2017: Environmental groups and consumer advocates voice sharp criticism of the 'diesel summit' in Berlin, offering a software upgrade

August 2017: 26 August 2017: VW engineer James Robert Liang, the first person criminally charged, sentenced to 40-month prison term over his role in Volkswagen Group’s multiyear scheme to sell diesel cars that generated more pollution than USA rules allow

December 2017: 6 December 2017: Senior Volkswagen executive, who misled USA investigators and destroyed documents, sentenced to seven years in prison by a court in Detroit after being found guilty of concealing software used to evade pollution limits on nearly 600,000 diesel vehicles

September 2018: 19 September 2018: EU probes German car makers including BMW, Daimler, Volkswagen and Audi for suspected collusion to cheat emission tests

Arson in Germany: Arson in Germany

1955 Testimony of SA-member Hans-Martin Lennings: 1955 Testimony of SA-member Hans-Martin Lennings, published in July 2019, more than 80 years after the event

Law in Germany: Law of Germany - Legal history of Germany

1945-1946 Nuremberg trials: 20 November 1945 - 1 October 1946 Trial of the major war criminals before the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg

1946-1949 subsequent Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals: 1946-1949 subsequent Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals were a series of twelve USA military tribunals for war crimes against members of the leadership of Nazi Germany

Since 1945 Holocaust trials: Since 1945 Holocaust trials

1949 Basic Law for the Federal Republic and Judiciary of Germany: 1949 Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany approved on 8 May 1949 in Bonn, and, with the signature of the western Allies of World War II on 12 May, came into effect on 23 May - German constitutional law

1942 - April 2017: 18 April 2017: The once-inaccessible archive of the UN war crimes commission, that was closed in the late 1940s and its use of the records was effectively suppressed, as West Germany was transformed into a pivotal ally at the start of the cold war and as many convicted Nazis were granted early release after the anti-communist USA senator Joseph McCarthy lobbied to end war crimes trials, is being opened by the Wiener Library in London with a catalogue that can be searched online - 23 April 2017: Citing recently released UN documents that show the Allies were aware of the scale of the Holocaust in 1942, Israeli PM Netanyahu says in a speech marking Holocaust Remembrance Day that this new research assumed the 'terrible significance' that 'the powers knew and did not act', adding that global indifference persisted and is persisting, as evidenced by the horrors in Biafra, Cambodia, Rwanda, Sudan and Syria

Judiciary and courts in Germany: Judiciary of Germany

Juli 2019 NS-Vergangenheit von Bundesjustizministerium, Bundesanwaltschaft und Fortsetzung: 2. Juli 2019: Bis voraussichtlich Ende des Jahres lässt die Bundesanwaltschaft ihre NS-Vergangenheit aufarbeiten anknüpfend an ein Aufarbeitungsprojekt des Bundesjustizministeriums für die Zeit von etwa 1949/50 bis 1973, bei dem 2016 herausgekommen war, daß seit 1949 mehr als die Hälfte der Führungskräfte ehemalige NSDAP-Mitglieder waren, jeder Fünfte SA-Mann, und 16% aus dem früheren Reichsjustizministerium gekommen waren

June 2020 German courts and anti-Semitism: 20 June 2020: German church in Calbe near Berlin covers anti-Semitic ‘Jew pig’ sculpture installed in the 15th century it was forced to keep, as pastor denounces carving as ‘an insult to Jewish citizens’ and didn’t want the relief to be reinstalled at all, and as German Jews and others have campaigned to have the anti-Semitic imagery removed, with limited success, because in February German appeals court in Karlsruhe rejected a motion to remove one Judensau relief from a church in Wittenberg, saying Jewish plaintiff seeking removal of ‘Judensau’ sculpture didn’t prove that it is of ‘slanderous character’ or violates his rights

Courts in Germany: Courts in Germany

Seit 1947 Liste von bekannten Justizirrtümern: Liste von bekannten Justizirrtümern in der deutschen Rechtsprechung seit 1947

2009 murder of Marwa Ali El-Sherbini in court room: 1. Juli 2009: Die ägyptische Handballnationalspielerin und Pharmazeutin Marwa Ali El-Sherbini wurde während einer Strafverhandlung im Landgericht Dresden, zu der sie als Zeugin geladen war, vom Angeklagten aus islam- und ausländerfeindlichen Motiven erstochen

Since May 2013 NSU Trial in Munich: Since May 2013 NSU Trial against several people in connection with the 'National Socialist Underground' and the NSU murders in Munich in the 6th Criminal Division of the Munich Higher Regional Court before five professional judges - 7 April 2017: Nearly five years into the trial of a German neo-Nazi gang NSU who went on a killing spree against immigrants, relatives of the victims have become so frustrated with the police’s inability to untangle the case they have turned to London-based organisation Forensic Architecture, after the presiding judge of the Munich higher municipal court Manfred Götzl has so far ruled out investigating the role played by Germany’s intelligence agencies in the NSU’s criminal activities

2015: 7 February 2015: German court in the city of Wuppertal says torching of Synagogue not motivated by anti-Semitism

January 2017: 15 January 2017: German court affirms ruling synagogue arson not anti-Semitic, declining to question ruling on 2014 Wuppertal synagogue arson attack, after a regional court in Germany has decided that a brutal attempt to set fire to a local synagogue in 2014 was an act meant to express criticism against Israel’s conduct in its ongoing conflict with Hamas

May 2017: 4. Mai 2017: Kein Flüchtlingsstatus für Syrer im wehrdienstfähigen Alter, weil dem Kläger eine Verfolgung wegen Verweigerung des Militärdienstes im Zusammenhang mit völkerrechtswidrigen Kriegshandlungen (insbesondere Kriegsverbrechen) nicht drohe, sagt das die Diktatur Assads unterstützende Oberverwaltungsgericht für das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen

May 2017: 30. Mai 2017: Das Landgericht Koblenz hat einen der umfangreichsten Neonazi-Prozesse wegen Bildung einer kriminellen Vereinigung, Körperverletzung und Sachbeschädigung eingestellt mit dem Hinweis auf ein angebliches 'Verfahrenshindernis der überlangen Verfahrensdauer'

June 2017: 24 June 2017: Neubrandenburg state court appointed three new judges after the removing of three judges found to be biased in the often-delayed trial of a former SS medic Hubert Zafke who served at the Auschwitz death camp, as the International Auschwitz Committee has sharply attacked Germany’s handling of the case, saying the court was hurtling 'between sloppy ignorance and complete disinterest' in a resolution

July/August 2018: 18 July 2018: Munich state court ordered the release of Ralf Wohlleben convicted last week and sentenced to 10 years' imprisonmen as an accessory to the murder of nine victims of neo-Nazi group that targeted immigrants - 31 juillet 2018: Le seul suspect d'un attentat raciste en Allemagne a été acquitté 18 ans après les faits, a annoncé mardi le tribunal de Düsseldorf qui le jugeait depuis janvier pour cette attaque à la bombe à Düsseldorf - 1 August 2018: An alleged neo-Nazi was acquitted by a German court in Düsseldorf Tuesday for a bombing 18 years ago targeting Jewish immigrants, in what angry victims’ advocates called a historic 'legal mistake'

January 2019: 30 January 2019: Rejecting the complaint of a Jewish man against a Herxheim decision to allow the bell dedicated to Adolf Hitler to continue to hang in the town's church tower, German appeals court in Koblenz upheld the lower court's rejection of the complaint from the unidentified relative of Holocaust survivors, who argued the bell was a 'mockery and ridicule of the victims of Hitler's terror'

January 2020 Wittenberg anti-Semitic sculpture at the center of a court battle in Naumburg: 17 January 2020: High on the wall of a German church where Martin Luther once preached, the so-called 'Judensau' or 'Jew pig' sculpture on the Town Church in Wittenberg dating back to around 1300 and an ugly remnant of centuries of anti-Semitism, is now at the center of a court battle in the eastern city of Naumburg

February 2020 German appeals court denies bid to remove 700-year-old anti-Semitic 'Jew pig’ statue: 5 February 2020: 75 years after the liberation of the German Auschwitz death camp, German appeals court denies bid to remove 700-year-old anti-Semitic 'Jew pig’ statue from a church where Martin Luther once preached, as plaintiff Michael Duellmann argued that the sculpture is 'a defamation of and insult to the Jewish people' that has 'a terrible effect up to this day', telling AP that he will appeal the case to Germany’s Federal Court of Justice and is prepared to take it all the way to the European Court of Human Rights if necessary

Federal Constitutional Court: Federal Constitutional Court - Appointment of judges of the Federal Constitutional Court by the 'Bundestag' and the 'Bundesrat', composed of political parties' members

Juli 2005: 27. Juli 2005: Regelungen des Niedersächsischen Polizeigesetzes zur vorbeugenden Telefonüberwachung nichtig - Grundrechte des Beschwerdeführers auf freie Meinungsäußerung (Art. 5 Abs. 1 GG) und freie Entfaltung seiner Persönlichkeit (Art. 2 Abs. 1 GG) seien durch das Polizeigesetz eingeschränkt, 'er sei durch diese Normen ständig der Gefahr ausgesetzt, dass seine Telekommunikation heimlich von der Exekutive überwacht werde', wodurch 'eine unbefangene Meinungsäußerung auch in privaten Telefongesprächen' verhindert werde und der 'Kern seiner Privatsphäre' betroffen sei

Juni/Juli 2009: 23. Juli 2009: Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat entschieden mit einem Beschluß vom 17. Juni, daß die Bundesregierung und große Koalition mit ihrem restriktiven Vorgehen im BND-Untersuchungsausschuß des Bundestages gegen das Grundgesetz verstoßen hat - 2007/2008 Untersuchungsausschüsse des Bundestages, Verantwortung des früheren Chefs des Bundeskanzleramtes und Beauftragten für die Nachrichtendienste Frank-Walter Steinmeier und der Fall des Folteropfers Murat Kurnaz 2002-2006

April 2016: 20 April 2016: Verfassungsbeschwerden gegen die Ermächtigung des Bundeskriminalamts zum Einsatz von heimlichen Überwachungsmaßnahmen teilweise erfolgreich - Urteil des Ersten Senats des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 20. April 2016 zum Einsatz von heimlichen Überwachungsmaßnahmen (Wohnraumüberwachungen, Online-Durchsuchungen, Telekommunikationsüberwachungen, Telekommunikationsverkehrsdatenerhebungen und Überwachungen außerhalb von Wohnungen)

August 2016: 4. August 2016: Wahre Tatsachenbehauptungen über Vorgänge aus der Sozialsphäre sind grundsätzlich hinzunehmen, gemäß dem Beschluß des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 29. Juni 2016

January 2017: 17 January 2017: The Constitutional Court of Germany rejects bid to ban neo-nazi NPD party, as Holocaust survivors group warns ruling could spur extremists, saying that 'this reality-blind and untimely decision sends a disastrous signal to Europe, where far-right and right-wing populists have found new partnerships and are now trying to transform the fear and insecurity of the population into hatred and aggression'

June 2017: 7 June 2017: Germany’s constitutional court powers energy giants ruling that a nuclear fuel tax imposed from 2011-2016 was illegal, paving the way for power companies to claim back more than 6 billion euros from the Merkel government that did not have the legal competence to claim the tax

December 2017: 29 December 2017: Former Nazi SS guard Oskar Groening known as the Bookkeeper of Auschwitz lost his final legal challenge against being jailed when Germany’s highest court Friday rejected claim imprisonment would violate 'right to life' for Groening, an accessory to 300,000 murders - 29 December 2017: Germany’s Constitutional Court rejects bid by Volkswagen AG to suspend the work of a special auditor appointed to investigate management’s actions in the worldwide 'Dieselgate' emissions scandal since 2008

28 November 2019 forgetting the victims of an irreversible crime in 1982: 28 November 2019: Forgetting the victims of an irreversible crime, who cannot take action, Germany's constitutional court found in favour of a man who was given a life sentence for killing two people on a yacht in 1982, saying the murderer has the right to be forgotten and have his name removed from online search results

15 April 2021 constitutional court rules that Berlin’s rent cap is illegal: 15 April 2021: Germany’s highest court has ruled that a rent cap imposed by the Berlin state government is illegal, dealing a huge blow to those who have campaigned to keep the city affordable

29 April 2021 constitutional complaints against the Federal Climate Change Act partially successful: 29 April 2021: Constitutional complaints against the Federal Climate Change Act partially successful, first Senate of Federal Constitutional Court ruled

Law enforcement agencies in Germany: Law enforcement in Germany - Law enforcement agencies in Germany

Federal Criminal Police Office of Germany: Bundeskriminalamt BKA ist eine dem Bundesministerium des Innern nachgeordnete Bundesoberbehörde der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit Standorten in Wiesbaden, Berlin und Meckenheim bei Bonn, mit der Aufgabe, die nationale Kriminalitätsbekämpfung in enger Zusammenarbeit mit den Landeskriminalämtern zu koordinieren, unterstützt von zentralen erkennungsdienstlichen und kriminaltechnischen Einrichtungen mit Sammlungen, wobei die Behörde bei ihrer Gründung und für die folgenden 20 Jahre ähnlich wie Justiz, Verfassungsschutz und BND vor allem in der Führungsetage einen zunächst fast hundertprozentigen Bestand an ehemaligen Mitgliedern der NSDAP und Angehörigen der SS aufwies, aufgebaut seit 1951 unter der Leitung der Kriminalkommissare und ehemaligen SS-Angehörigen Paul Dickopf und Rolf Holle, 1959 waren noch zwei Drittel der Beamten im BKA-Führungspersonal ehemalige SS-Mitglieder, drei Viertel gehörten zuvor der NSDAP an, nur zwei von 47 leitenden Beamten des BKA hatten keine NS-Vergangenheit, 33 waren ehemalige SS-Führer, selbst 1969 zählte noch ein Viertel des BKA-Führungspersonals zu ehemaligen SS-Mitgliedern, die Hälfte aller Beamten waren einst Parteimitglieder der NSDAP, wobei auch auch die Organisationsstruktur und die Arbeitsweise aus dem Reichskriminalpolizeiamt, daher schloß sich auch das Verbrechenskonzept und die Theorie der Verbrechensbekämpfung fast nahtlos an die NS-Zeit an, besonders hinsichtlich der Auffassung von Sinti und Roma

2007/2008 Beginn der offiziellen Aufarbeitung der Geschichte des BKA: 2007/2008 Beginn der offiziellen Aufarbeitung der Geschichte des BKA, als fast 60 Jahre nach der Gründung Jörg Ziercke 2008 nach einem Kolloquium 2007 eine externe Forschungsgruppe um den Historiker Patrick Wagner mit der Aufarbeitung der NS-Vergangenheit beauftragte, nachdem man noch wenige Jahre vorher der Forschungsarbeit Dieter Schenks und anderer jegliche Unterstützung und Anerkennung verweigert hatte und die Untersuchung selbst von Innenminister Otto Schily für überflüssig erklärt worden war

Nazi tradition of intelligence agencies and list of intelligence agencies in Germany: List of intelligence agencies of Germany - Bundesnachrichtendienst BND's Nazi tradition

Police misconduct and brutality in modern Germany: Police misconduct in Germany - Police brutality in modern Germany - List of killings by law enforcement officers in Germany by year

2005/2017: Death of Oury Jalloh in Dessau police custody 7 January 2005 - 16. November 2017: Gemäß Sachverständigengutachten aus den Bereichen Brandschutz, Medizin und Chemie wurde der Asylbewerber Oury Jalloh vermutlich in Dessauer Polizeizelle umgebracht

2010/2015: 18 November 2015: Stuttgart police found guilty of brutality when they broke up a protest against Stuttgart's planned train station five years ago, injuring 100 people

Foreign relations of Germany: Foreign relations of Germany

Since 1656 wars and battles involving Prussia: Since 1656 wars and battles involving Prussia, since 1701 'Kingdom of Prussia'

Since 1864 wars involving 'Kingdom of Prussia', since 1871 'German Empire': List of wars involving the 'Kingdom of Prussia', 'German Empire' and German states since 1864, 1871 and 1945 - Wars involving Germany - Since the Middle Ages military history of Germany

'Spirit of 1914', 1914-1918 World War I and 1939-1945 World War II: 'Spirit of 1914' or 'Augusterlebnis' 1914, the support of German empire's aggression leading to World War, after on 4 August 1914 all the political parties in the Reichstag, including the previously antimilitarist Social Democratic Party of Germany supported the war credits in a unanimous vote, later referred to as the Burgfrieden - 1914-1918 World War I - German nazism - 1939-1945 World War II

German colonial empire until 1918

2016/2017: October 2016 to 14 May 2017: Examining the colonial ideology, which was founded in the belief of a European superiority, and shedding light on the motives of the missionaries, officials, military personnel, settlers and merchants on the German side as well as the interests of the colonialized peoples, 'Deutsches Historisches Museum' in Berlin is dealing for the first time with various aspects of German colonialism in an exhibition

Treaties of the German Empire 1871-1918 - Treaties of the Weimar Republic 1918-1933 - Treaties of Nazi Germany 1933-1945 - Treaties of East Germany - Treaties of West Germany - Treaties of Germany since 3 October 1990, after the German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic of Germany

German membership of international organisations: German membership of international organisations

Since 1957 Germany and the European Union: Germany and the European Union

Representation of the European Commission in Germany

2016 tens of thousands of EU Holocaust survivors with property stolen during Nazi era waiting for compensation: 5 May 2016: Tens of thousands of Holocaust survivors are spending the final years of their lives in financial hardship while waiting for governments across Europe to compensate them for property stolen during the Nazi era

11/12 July 2020 the only EU country without comprehensive national legislation to return private property confiscated by the Nazis is Poland: 11 July 2020: As Poland is the only country in the EU that has not passed comprehensive national legislation to return, or provide compensation for, private property confiscated by the Nazis, Polish president rejects Holocaust restitution claims ahead of election, as Andrzej Duda vows no reparations for assets seized from Jews during World War II, saying 'damages should be paid by the one that started the war', and as EU leaders are split over covid-19 recovery ahead of this week’s emergency summit that will expose national divisions over budgets, the €750bn pandemic fund, but not yet over Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen, promoting war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the Führerbegleitbatallion, tasked with guarding Hitler and his field headquarters during the invasion of Poland, which began on 1 September 1939, describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military

Germany/United Nations relations and membership since 1973: Germany and the United Nations

1 January 1942 Arcadia Conference (26 governments) 'United Nations' declaration: 1942 Declaration by the 'United Nations' agreed on 1 January was a World War II document during the Arcadia Conference by 26 governments, the Allies USA, the UK, the USSR, and China, nine other American countries in North and Central America and the Caribbean, the four British Dominions, British India, and eight Allied governments-in-exile

February 1945 Yalta Conference World War II meeting of the heads of government of the USA, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union: February 1945 Yalta Conference World War II meeting of the heads of government of the USA, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe

July/August 1945 Potsdam Conference: July/August 1945 Potsdam Conference and Potsdam Agreement

April-June 1945 Charter of the United Nations: United Nations Conference on International Organization of delegates from 50 Allied nations from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in San Francisco, reviewing and rewriting the Dumbarton Oaks agreements and resulting in the creation of the United Nations Charter, which was opened for signature on 26 June - 1945 'Charter of the United Nations' signed in San Francisco on 26 June by 50 of the 51 original member countries

1945-1949 Allied-occupied Germany: 1945-1949 Allied-occupied Germany, the administration of Germany (unconditional surrendered 'Deutsches Reich') from the May 1945 defeat of NSDAP ruled Germany in World War II until the founding of East- and West Germany in 1949 - Pages of 'Aftermath of World War II in Germany', including 1944 proposed 'Morgenthau Plan' and discussion, other allied plans for German industry after World War II, including since 1947/48 'Marshall Plan', after a USA initiative passed in 1948 for foreign aid to Western Europe, French ' Monnet Plan' emphasizing expansion, modernization, efficiency, and modern management practice, setting investment targets, and allocating investment funds, as the plan’s process – focusing, prioritizing, and pointing the way – has been called 'indicative planning' to differentiate it from highly directive and rigid Soviet style planning

Since 1945 USA's 'Operation Paperclip', initiated by 'Osenberg List' since 1943: Since 1945 Operation Paperclip - including 'Osenberg List' since 1943 - a secret USA intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from former NSDAP ruled Germany to the USA for government employment after the end of World War II in Europe, as since May 1945 maily conducted by the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency JIOA - it was largely carried out by special agents of the USA Army's Counterintelligence Corps, as many of these personnel were former members, and some were former leaders, of the NSDAP Party and organisations, as the primary purpose for Operation Paperclip was USA military advantage in the Soviet–American Cold War, and the Space Race - USA intelligence involvement with German and Japanese war criminals after World War II - CIA's 'Operation Bloodstone', a covert operation whereby the Central Intelligence Agency sought out Nazis and collaborators living in Soviet-controlled areas, to work undercover for USA intelligence inside of the country itself, in Latin America, and Canada, as well as domestically within the USA, as many of those who were hired as part of Bloodstone were high-ranking Nazi intelligence agents who had committed war crimes - Since WWII 'Ratlines', a system of escape routes for Nazis - including the Holocaust organiser Adolf Eichmann, Auschwitz concentration camp's Josef Mengele, the 'Butcher of Lyon' Klaus Barbie protected by the government in 'La Paz' until 1983 - and other fascists fleeing Europe in the aftermath of World War II, as these escape routes mainly led toward havens in Latin America, particularly Argentina though also in Paraguay, Colombia, Brazil, Uruguay, Mexico, Chile, Peru, Guatemala, Ecuador and Bolivia, as well as the USA, Spain and Switzerland

7 December 1970 Willy Brandt's 'Kniefall von Warschau': 7 December 1970 Willy Brandt's 'Kniefall von Warschau', today commemorated by a plaque in Warsaw, a gesture towards the victims of the April-May 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

Since 1973 both parts of Germany admitted as full UN members: Since September 1973 SPD/FDP ruled Germany in the United Nations, after the 'Federal Republic of Germany' was admitted to the UN as an observer in 1952, after the 'German Democratic Republic' was admitted as an observer in 1972, and after on 18 September 1973 both were admitted as full members by the UN General Assembly

Since December 2000 Warsaw monument near the Museum of the 'History of Polish Jews' commemorates 1943 and 1970: Since 6 December 2000 Willy Brandt Monument in Warsaw, a monument located near the Museum of the History of Polish Jews, commemorating German chancellor Willy Brandt's Warschauer Kniefall in December 1970

November 2013 calls to UN for an end to excessive electronic surveillance: 2 November 2013: Brazil and Germany circulated a draft resolution to the UN that calls for an end to excessive electronic surveillance, data collection and other gross invasions of privacy - 8 November: Brazil and Germany are presenting a resolution to the UN General Assembly urging all countries to extend internationally guaranteed privacy rights to the Internet and other electronic communications

2017 prohibition of nuclear weapons debate without Germany: 11. Juni 2017: Während am kommenden Donnerstag in New York an der zweiten Verhandlungsrunde über ein Abkommen zum Verbot von Atomwaffen etwa zwei Drittel der 193 UN-Mitgliedstaaten teilnehmen, ist keiner der bis zu neun Staaten dabei, die im Besitz von Atomwaffen sind, Deutschland und andere Nato-Mitglieder ebenfalls nicht

January 2020 Mary Robinson and Ban Ki-moon today joined atomic experts marking 75th anniversary of the UN and atomic bombings: 23 January 2020: Mary Robinson and Ban Ki-moon today joined experts from the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists for the unveiling of the Doomsday Clock in Washington DC, an annual assessment of the existential risks faced by humanity, taking into account the precarious state of nuclear arms controls, the growing threat of climate disaster, and how these can be compounded by disruptive new technologies - 6 and 9 August 1945 atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as USA detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities with the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement, remaining the only uses of nuclear weapons in armed conflict - Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945, followed by a debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, after the used weapons needed to be developed against attackers in a war never been there, and the killed children and innocent victims also in Japan were killed by Japanese, German, Italian and allied war criminals, in a looming age of ultimately indivisible responsibility

5 November 2020 Germany supporting UN resolutions broke recent promises to oppose anti-Israel bias at the UN: 5 November 2020: A committee at the UN General Assembly passed with overwhelming majorities a series of resolutions critical of Israel, lambasting the Jewish state, among other things, for ostensible human rights violations against Palestinians and 'repressive measures' against Syrians in the Golan Heights, as motions are passed annually by the 'UN’s Special Political and Decolonization Committee', with minor adjustments, and ratified by member states in December, with nearly all European countries, including staunch allies of Israel such as Germany and the Czech Republic, traditionally supporting most of these resolutions, and as UN Watch, a Geneva-based nonprofit monitoring the world body’s alleged anti-Israel bias, released a long statement decrying the resolutions passed Wednesday, saying 'world body now adds insult to injury' 'just two weeks after the Palestinian Islamic Jihad terrorist group assaulted Israeli civilians with a barrage of rockets from Gaza — while the UN’s General Assembly and Human Rights Council stayed silent', and as 'same European nations have failed to introduce a single UNGA resolution on the human rights situation in China, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Cuba, Turkey, Pakistan, Vietnam, Algeria, or on 175 other countries'

Foreign relations of Germany by continent and bilateral relations: Foreign relations of Germany by continent and countries - Bilateral relations of Germany

Germany/Afghanistan relations: Germany/Afghanistan relations

Afghans in Germany, estimated 156,000 people in 2015, the largest Afghan community in Europe and part of the Afghan diaspora

2014: 31 December 2014: Involvement of German Bundeswehr in targeted Taliban killings in Afghanistan

2017: 12 février 2017: Un jeune homme bien intégré en Allemagne a été contraint de rentrer en Afghanistan, où il a fait partie des victimes d'un attentat en attendant son passeport à un guichet

23 December 2017: Germany and other European nations are deporting to Afghanistan young Afghans who have never set foot in the country, or not lived there since they were infants

Germany/Africa relations: Germany/Africa relations

Since 1682 German colonization of Africa and slaving: Since 1682 German colonization of Africa, after in the 1680s the Margraviate of Brandenburg, then leading the broader realm of Brandenburg-Prussia, pursued limited imperial efforts in West Africa - 1682-1721 Brandenburger Gold Coast, later Prussian Gold Coast, a colony that existed from until 1720/1721, when king Frederick William I of Prussia sold it for 7200 ducats to the Dutch Republic - Brandenburg slaving, after in 1680 the first slaving ship sailed from Brandenburg to Africa - German colonial projects before 1871

August 2019 Israeli schools and North African Jews in the Holocaust: 20 August 2019: Israeli schools to teach about fate of North African Jews in the Holocaust, as education Minister Peretz insists history of Jewish people living in Muslim countries during World War II be included in curriculum

Germany/Albania relations: Germany/Albania relations

1914-1918 Albania during World War I: Albania during World War I 1914-1918 - Principality of Albania 1914-1917, 1920-1925

1939-1944 Albania under Italy and Nazi Germany and Albanian resistance: Albania under Italy and Nazi Germany 1939-1944 - National Liberation Movement in World War II - Albanian resistance during World War II

Germany/Algeria relations: Germany/Algeria relations

Since 1940/2017: 24 August 2017: Algeria, under the control of German client regime Vichy France since 1940, was introducing a series of anti-Semitic laws which stripped Jews of their French citizenship, barred Jewish children from public schools, and prevented Jewish doctors, lawyers, pharmacists and other professionals from working in their trades

February 2018: 5 February 2018: Living under the French Vichy regime which collaborated with the Nazis and persecuted for being Jewish, some 25,000 Jewish Algerians for the first time are now eligible for a one-time payment of 2,556 euros, after German government has agreed to recognize them as Holocaust survivors eligible for compensation, and as the great majority of these survivors live in France today and some 3,900 in Israel

Germany/Angola relations: Germany/Angola relations - German campaign in Angola 1914-1915 during World War I

Germany/Argentina relations: Germany/Argentina relations

German Argentine - Population of German descent by province in Argentina - Population of Misiones, whose residents are descendants of mostly European immigrants

Since 1945 German war criminals in Argentina: Nazis in South America, Nazis who lived in Argentina included Adolf Eichmann, Josef Mengele, Aribert Heim, Eduard Roschmann and Ludolf von Alvensleben - Since World War II 'Organisation of Former SS Members' international Nazi network to establish and facilitate secret escape routes

1947-2002 Waffen-SS Willem Sassen's escape to and continuation of his road of life in Argentina: 1947-2002: Dutch collaborator, Nazi journalist and member of the Waffen-SS Willem Sassen's escape to and continuation of his road of life in Argentina, in the 1970s Sassen worked as a PR-consultant for Chile's dictator Pinochet and Paraguay's dictator Stroessner

1948-1960 Holocaust organiser Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and Mercedes-Benz department head in Buenos Aires: 1948-1960 Adolf Eichmann's, one of the major organisers of the Holocaust, escape to Argentina, finding employment at Mercedes-Benz Argentina founded in 1951, where he rose to department head in Buenos Aires - 26 February 2009: 'After Words' interview with Neal Bascomb about his book 'Hunting Eichmann, How a Band of Survivors and a Young Spy Agency Chased Down the World’s Most Notorious Nazi'

1956-1960 Sassen's Eichmann interviews: 1956-1960 Sassen's Eichmann interviews, published in parts in 'Life' magazine, as beginning in late 1956 Eichmann was extensively interviewed by Nazi expatriate journalist Willem Sassen with the intention of producing a biography, transcripts also later used as the basis for a series of articles that appeared in 'Life' and 'Der Stern' magazines in late 1960

Since 1951 Mercedes Benz in Argentina: Since 1951 Mercedes Benz in Argentina, founded by Jorge Antonio employing German Nazis, himself linked with stories of 'Nazi Gold', money brought to Argentina, the USA, and other safe havens by Nazis fleeing Germany, and who later admitted that he knew Eichmann's real identity - Jorge Antonios Verwicklung in Nazigeschäfte und Geldwäsche, Recherchen Gaby Webers

2017: 13 September 2017: Argentina hands Israel some 140,000 of WWII files to uncover help Argentina gave to Nazi and German war criminals seeking refuge after Holocaust, as Israeli PM Netanyahu arrived for the first visit by an Israeli leader to Latin America since Israel’s creation in 1948

Germany/Armenia relations: Germany/Armenia relations

Armenians in Germany: Armenians in Germany are ethnic Armenians living within the modern republic of Germany, and like much of the Armenian diaspora, most Armenians immigrated to Germany after the Armenian Genocide of 1915

Armenian Genocide 1915-1923: Armenian Genocide 1915-1923 - Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian Genocide

1919 German confession: 13 July 1919: Germany confesses in a secret record, printed at Potsdam, her Turkish partner's crimes in Armenia and its attempt to destroy a whole people - 17 February 2007: Germany, Turkey and the Armenian Genocide - a documentary of the Armenian genocide - 21 October 2012: Photograph of 1915 links Germans to 1915 Armenia genocide by the Ottoman Turks during World War I

2016: 2 June 2016: German Bundestag almost unanimously (with one vote against the motion and one abstention) passed a resolution qualifying the World War I and Ottoman Era Armenian killings 'genocide'

International Armenian Genocide recognition and Turkey's denial: International Armenian Genocide recognition - The governments of Turkey and Azerbaijan deny that the Ottoman authorities attempted to exterminate the Armenian people

April 2015: 15 April 2015: Armenian genocide should be called what it was and the German government has a special responsibility, because German officers were among the accessories and accomplices, the Central Council of Jews in Germany says - 17 April 2015: Turkey has never accepted the term genocide for its war crime against Armenians, even though historians have demolished its denial of responsibility for up to 1.5 million deaths - 17 April 2015: SPD-Steinmeier avoids to say 'genocide' for genocide of Armenians, because his party supported World War I from German beginning to end and as a result the war crimes - 17 April 2015: SPD-Schulz disassociates himself from European Parliament's resolution recognizing the Armenan Genocide, because his party supported World War I from German beginning to end and hence the war crimes

2015: Commemoration of 100 years of the Armenian Genocide 24 April 2015

2016/December 2017 'Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler': 'Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler' , a 2016 book by the professor of history at the University of Haifa Stefan Ihrig, which shows how violence against the Ottoman Armenians, from the 1890s massacres to the Armenian Genocide, influenced Germany, illustrating how the topic was debated in Germany after World War I and how these debates and historical perceptions influenced the Holocaust - 18 December 2017: Stefan Ihrig and Abraham Terian receive NAASR’s Aronian Armenian Studies book prizes

Germany/Austria relations: Germany/Austria relations

1914-1918 World War I: July Crisis 1914 - 5/6 July 1914 Hoyos Mission and 'Blank cheque' in Berlin - 1914-1918 World War I

1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss': 1938 German occupation 1938 called 'Anschluss'

1939-1945 The Holocaust in Austria during World War II: The Holocaust in Austria during World War II - Nazi concentration camps in Austria

March 1945 Rechnitz massacre, Thyssen and aftermath: März 1945 Massaker von Rechnitz - Thyssen family - 28 June 2017/13 July 2017: 'My aunt had a dinner party, and then she took her guests to kill 180 Jews' in March 1945, journalist Sacha Batthyany reveals more than 60 years later

2012 October 2012 Vienna's first monument to remember people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve: 12 October 2012: Vienna will erect first monument to remember the thousands of people executed by the Nazis for deserting or refusing to serve in the military during World War II

2014 Vienna's monument to remember resistance opened: 24. Oktober 2014: Denkmal für die Verfolgten der NS-Militärjustiz als zentrale österreichische Gedenkstätte für Deserteure des NS-Regimes am Wiener Ballhausplatz von Bundespräsident Heinz Fischer der Öffentlichkeit übergeben

2015 BND/NSA cooperation: 5. Mai 2015: Nach Berichten, daß der BND dem USA-Geheimdienst NSA beim Ausspionieren österreichischer Behörden geholfen habe, erstattet Österreich Strafanzeige

6 November 2020 German police raid flats, offices in several towns over November 2020 Vienna terrorist attack: 6 November 2020: German police raid flats, offices in several towns over November 2020 Vienna terrorist attack, as sites in Osnabrueck, Kassel and Pinneberg located 18 km northwest of the city centre of Hamburg were searched because 'there may be links to the alleged assassin', and carried out on a request from Austrian authorities, according to BKA

Germany/Bangladesh relations: Germany/Bangladesh relations

2013: 24 April 2013: After the deadly collapse of a block housing garment factories in Dhaka, a website of a company, which had two factories in the building, listed 27 main buyers, including firms from Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Spain, and the United States

2015: 21 April 2015: 'Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit' expands assistance following the 2013 Rana Plaza accident in Bangladesh

Germany/Belarus relations: Germany/Belarus relations

Early 20th century Minsk a centre for the worker's movement: In the early years of the 20th century, Minsk was a major centre for the worker's movement within Belarus, and also one of the major centres of Belarusian national revival, along with Vilnia

1915 Minsk battle-front city of German empire's World War I: By 1915, Minsk became a battle-front city of German empire's World War I and its eastern front

February 1918 German empire's occupation of Minsk and military rule: February 1918 German imperial forces occupied Minsk and Belarus remained under German military rule during 1918 until the defeat of the aggressor

1939-1945 Germany's World War II and Belarus: Belarus in World War II - Military history of Belarus during World War II - German war crimes in WW II

June 1941 German empire's bombing of Minsk in World War II: June 1941 German empire's bombing of Minsk in World War II, as much as 85% of the city's buildings and the entire infrastructure was destroyed, more than 1,000 people were killed

Since 1941 occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany forces and 'Hunger Plan': Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany - Quartermaster general of the German 'Wehrmacht' 1939-1944 - 'Hunger Plan' developed during the planning phase for the German 'Wehrmacht' invasion of the Soviet Union since 1941, an engineered famine, planned and implemented as a rational act of policy to obtain the food from conquered lands at any cost and causing the deaths of millions of citizens in the German-occupied territories of the Soviet Union - 'Einsatzgruppen' SS paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass killings, primarily by shooting, during World War II

Nazi war crimes in Belarus: Nazi war crimes in Belarus - War crimes of the Wehrmacht - German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war - Hunger Plan - World War II casualties of the Soviet Union

The Holocaust in Belarus: The Holocaust in Belarus - Minsk Ghetto - Maly Trostenets extermination camp

Belarusian resistance during World War II: Belarusian resistance during World War II

2012 German support against opposition in Belarus: 24. August 2012: Von 2008-2011 Schulung von Polizei und Miliz des Innenministeriums Weißrußlands in Deutschland für Einsätze gegen Demonstranten, sog. 'Rädelsführer' etc., auf Veranlassung der Regierung Merkel

February 2019 WWII mass grave: 22 February 2019: A mass grave containing bones from hundreds of bodies with gunshot wounds to their skulls, human remains belonging to men, women and children as well as clothes, shoes and other personal items, were discovered during construction atop what used to be the ghetto of Brest in present-day Belarus, as Nazi Germany forces killed three million civilians in Belarus, of whom 800,000 were Jewish

Germany/Belgium relations: Germany/Belgium relations

1907: Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 are a series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two international peace conferences at The Hague in the Netherlands - An der zweiten Konferenz 1907 waren 44 Staaten beteiligt, um eine internationale Rechtsordnung auszuarbeiten und Normen für friedliche Lösungen bei internationalen Streitfällen zu erreichen, konnten sich allerdings auf keine Abrüstungsschritte einigen und scheiterten bei der Einführung einer obligatorischen Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit an der deutschen Ablehnung, der sich auch Österreich-Ungarn, die Türkei und einige kleinere Staaten anschlossen

1 August 1914: German declarations of war on Russia on 1st August, on France on August 3, on Belgium on August 4, German troops invaded Luxemburg as early as 7:00 pm of August 1st without declaration, first of all occupying the railway station of Ulflingen

5–16 August 1914 Battle of Liège: 5–16 August 1914 Battle of Liège, the opening German aggression in its invasion of Belgium and the first battle of World War I, the length of the siege of Liège may have delayed the German invasion of France by 4–5 days, railways needed by the German armies in eastern Belgium were closed for the duration of the siege and German murderous troops did not appear in strength before Namur until 20 August - On 6 August 1914 the German Army Zeppelin Z VI bombed the Belgian city of Liège, killing nine civilians, followed by night raids on Antwerp on 25 August and 2 September - Super-heavy howitzer developed by the German armaments manufacturer Krupp were used to destroy the Belgian forts at Liège, Namur, and Antwerp, and the French fort at Maubeuge, applauded by the German press and declared a 'Wunderwaffe' (wonder weapon) - September-October 1914 Siege of Antwerp

August 1914 German massacres of hundreds of unarmed Belgian civilians in Dinant: On 21/22 August 1914 German infantry and pioneers advanced into Dinant, killing seven civilians and burning 15–20 houses, on 23 August 1914 the Germans massacred 674 unarmed Belgian civilians in Dinant, civilians were lined up against a wall and shot, including men over 70, women or girls, children under 14 and even babies, 1,200 houses were burned down and 400 people were deported to Germany as an area of Dinant was systematically looted and burned down by the Germans, also destroying public and historic buildings, including the collegial church and the town hall

1914 Western Front German massacres: Atrocités allemandes en 1914 en Wallonie, en Flandre et en France

August/September 1914 'Septemberprogramm' 1914, the plan for the territorial expansion of Imperial Germany: The 'Septemberprogramm' 1914, the plan for the territorial expansion of Imperial Germany at the beginning of World War I 1914–1918, showing the true scope of German plans for territorial expansion in two directions, east and west - Buts de guerre des Empires centraux 1914-1918

1914-1918: In August 1914, Ebert led the Social Democratic Party to vote almost unanimously in favour of war loans - German war crimes World War I - Chemical weapons in World War I - April/May 1915 Second Battle of Ypres - Germany used the first time poison gas on a large scale on the Western Front - By 1916 the German Empire had become a military dictatorship under the control of Hindenburg and Ludendorff - The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was over 38 million, over 17 million deaths and 20 million wounded, including about 11 million military personnel and about 7 million civilians, the Allies lost about 6 million military personnel while the so-called Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey) lost about 4 million, at least 2 million died from diseases and 6 million went missing, presumed dead

1939-1945: German occupation of Belgium during World War II - German war crimes World War II - Belgian prisoners of war in World War II - The Holocaust in Belgium

2013: 3. August 2013: Der 1. Weltkrieg, der vom Deutschen Reich vor 99 Jahren begonnen wurde, war die epochale Katastrophe

September 2013: 13. September 2013: Zum 100. Jahrestag der von deutschen Kriegsverbrechern verübten Massaker von Dinant in Belgiens Wallonie erhielt die deutsche CDU-Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel am 13. September 2013 vom Bürgermeister Dinants eine Einladung, die sie ausschlug - August 2013 Ghouta chemical attack in Syria on opposition-controlled areas, where 'significant quantities of sarin were used in a well-planned indiscriminate attack targeting civilian-inhabited areas, causing mass casualties', according to UN

2014-2018: First World War 1914-1918 centenary 2014-2018 - 28 October 2014: Representatives from World War I enemies in Nieuwpoort to mark the centenary of the first big battle on Flanders Fields and four years of death of hundreds of thousands

October 2018: 11 October 2018: Iranian Assadollah Assadi extradited from Germany, questioned in Antwerp over plot to attack Paris rally, reportedly foiled by Mossad

February 2019 German payments to Nazi collaborators: 21 February 2019: Nearly 75 years after the second world war, Germany is still paying monthly pensions to collaborators of the wartime Nazi regime in several European countries including Belgium and Britain, as Belgian foreign affairs committee voted in favour of a resolution urging the German federal government to put an immediate stop to the payments and publish a full list of those receiving them

1 February 2021 Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas and Nazi general Erwin Rommel: 1 February 2021: Belgian PM’s home daubed with swastikas, as vandalism comes as Alexander De Croo faces series of criticisms, including from hardline Flemish Nationalists, over allegedly undemocratic nature of anti-covid restrictions - 1 October 2020: Belgian government attracted attention for being the country’s first gender-balanced one, as Sophie Wilmes became Belgium’s first female foreign minister, as her paternal grandparents were killed in the bombing of Limal during World War II, and as her mother - an Ashkenazi Jew - lost several relatives in the Holocaust - Limal et la Seconde Guerre mondiale, quand en mai 1940, les Allemands devaient passer la Dyle par le pont de Limal, se trouvait en face d’eux la IIe Division Nord-Africaine, une lutte s'engagea, et quand nombreux furent les soldats français qui payèrent de leur vie cette résistance acharnée qui dura trois jours à Limal - 10 mai 1940 sans déclaration de guerre, l'Allemagne déclenche son offensive contre les Pays-Bas, la Belgique, le Luxembourg et la France, et dès le premier jour de combat, les armées belge et néerlandaise sont surclassées, suivie par des arrestation, internement et déportation des 'suspects étrangers', soit 7500 Allemands et Autrichiens pour la plupart des réfugiés Juifs, déportés vers les camps du midi de la France, et quand Winston Churchill devient Premier ministre, succédant à Arthur Neville Chamberlain - 20 mai 1940 20 les chars de Rommel atteignent La Manche à Abbeville, encerclant l'armée du Nord (Français, Anglais et Belges) - 24 mai au 27 mai 1940 résistance des bataillons des Royal Welch Fusiliers et Royal Scott Fusiliers sur les canaux au Sud-Ouest de Lille face à la division de Rommel, 7e Panzerdivision - 20 avril 1944 bombardement de Limal qui détruisit presque entièrement le village et fit 31 morts ainsi que plusieurs blessés - 1940-1944 'Des Bombes sur Limal' - Limal 'Monument aux morts', aux victimes civiles et militaires de 1914-1918 et 1940-1945 - 20 avril 1944 victime d'un bombardement médecin Charles Wilmes, mort à l'âge de 34 ans, Place Albert 1er, n° 4, et Marie-Louise Piette, tuée en même temps que son époux

Germany/Benin relations: Germany/Benin relations

Germany/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations: Germany/Bosnia and Herzegovina relations

Since 1914 Balkans Campaign, World War I and II and German war crimes: Balkans Campaign World War I - World War I casualties - 'Independent State of Croatia' - protectorate of Italy 1941–43, puppet state of Germany 1943–45 - 'Ustaše' Croatian fascist and terrorist organization active before and during World War II - Catholic clergy involvement with the 'Ustaše' - World War II persecution of Serbs - Concentration camps in the 'Independent State of Croatia'

2014-2018 First World War centenary: First World War centenary 2014-2018

28/29 June 2014 Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation: 28/29 June 2014: Sarajevo marks 100 years since Franz Ferdinand was assassinated following Austro-Hungarian annexation, as divisions still run deep

May 2020 Jewish groups protest honoring Nazi collaborators: 14 May 2020: Bosnian Catholic cardinal to honor Nazi collaborators in memorial service, as Jewish groups and Israeli embassy protest event in memory of Ustasha forces, responsible for gory anti-Semitic killings during World War II

Germany/Brazil relations: Germany/Brazil relations

Since 1942, 1951-1967 protection of Nazi war criminal Stangl: Since 1942 commandant of the Sobibor death camp Franz Stangl emigrated 1951 to Brazil where he was given an engineering job and after 1959 he worked at a Volkswagen AG factory, still using his own name as for years his responsibility in the deaths of hundreds of thousands Jewish men, women and children had been known to the Austrian authorities, tracked down by Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesenthal, Stangl was arrested in Brazil on 28 February 1967 - 12 May 2017: After Stangl's arrest and extradition in 1967, it took German authorities three years to bring him to trial, charged with the deaths of 1.2 million people

1964-1988 Volkswagen AG participant in Brazilian military dictatorship's persecution and oppression of political opponents: 24 July 2017: Germany's car manufacturer Volkswagen AG reportedly was an active participant in the persecution and oppression of political opponents of Brazil's military dictatorship that was in power from 1964 to 1985

2016: 4 November 2016: After former employees filed a civil lawsuit in Brazil which claimed 12 workers were arrested and tortured in a VW factory near Sao Paulo during the 1964-1985 dictatorship, and dozens of people there were placed on a blacklist, 'Volkswagen' has appointed a historian to look into the carmaker’s actions during Brazil’s military dictatorship

December 2017: 16 December 2017: Security staff at Volkswagen’s Brazilian plant collaborated with the country’s 1964-1985 military dictatorship, leading to the arrest and torture of several employees, according to a landmark report commissioned by VW

Germany/Bulgaria relations: Germany/Bulgaria relations

1939-1945 World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact: World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact

March 1941 Tripartite Pact: Tripartite Pact, signed by Bulgaria on 1 March 1941

Germany/Burundi relations: Germany/Burundi relations

1885–1919 Germany's 'East Africa' colonial territories and German 'Völkisch movement': German East Africa 1885–1919 - Founder of the German East Africa Company Carl Peters, a proponent of Social Darwinism and the 'Völkisch movement' - Evangelical Missionary Society for German East Africa

1914-1918 Burundi and German empire's World War I: German East Africa in 1914-1918 World War I, colony's military commander Lettow-Vorbeck's campaign inflicting upwards of 10,000 casualties - East African Campaign (World War I)

1939-1945 Burundi and German empire's World War II: Ruzagayura famine during World War II

1972 and 1993 Burundi genocide: Burundi genocide 1972 and 1993

1993-2005 Burundian Civil War: Burundian Civil War 1993-2005

Germany/Cameroon relations:

Since 1868 German Woermann-Linie in Cameroon, 1884 Cameroon becomes a German colony: Since 1868 company Woermann-Linie in Cameroon, 1881 Woermann-Linie receives the authorization to build a factory (trading post) in Deido, 1884 Germans in power (the treaty between the Douala and Germans is signed; Cameroon becomes a German protectorate)

1884–1916 'German Cameroon' African colony of the German Empire: 1884–1916 'German Cameroon' was an African colony of the German Empire from 1884 to 1916 in the region of today's Republic of Cameroon, also including northern parts of Gabon and the Congo with western parts of the Central African Republic, southwestern parts of Chad and far eastern parts of Nigeria - German West Africa - Since 1885 German West African Company

1911-1916 'Neukamerun': a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neukamerun">1911-1916 'Neukamerun' was the name of Central African territories ceded by France to Germany in 1911

1914-1916 Kamerun Campaign during World War I: 1914-1916 Kamerun Campaign during World War I, ending in a defeat for the German empire and the partition of its former colony between France and Britain

Germany/Canada relations: Germany/Canada relations

1914-1945: Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years

2013: 14 November 2013: Arms-industry lobbyist Karlheinz Schreiber, who fought extradition from Canada for 10 years and was involved in a corruption scandal linked to former German chancellor Kohl, has been convicted of tax evasion and sentenced to 6½ years in prison

2014: 29 October 2014: Thousands mourn Canadian corporal Nathan Cirillo killed at war memorial in Ottawa attack

2016: 12 March 2016: Canadian Jewish groups are calling on Canada to strip Canadian citizenship of Helmut Oberlander, who was a member of one of the most savage Nazi killing units, responsible for the murder of more than 90,000 Jewish men, women, and children during the Holocaust and who fraudulently gained Canadian citizenship in 1954

Germany/Caribbean relations: Germany/Caribbean relations and German interest in the Caribbean, as by 1904 German naval strategists had turned their attention to Mexico where they hoped to establish a naval base in a Mexican port on the Caribbean. and as in 1917 they proposed a military alliance in a war against the USA in the Zimmermann Telegram, which accelerated USA's entry into World War I

Since 1924 Lago Oil and Transport Co. Ltd and Aruba: Since 1924 Lago Oil and Transport Co. Ltd., a shipping company carrying crude oil from Lake Maracaibo to its transshipment facility on the island of Aruba, and 1941-1945 wartime during WWII

1941-1945 Battle of the Caribbean by NSDAP-ruled German empire's U-boats and Italian submarines: 1941-1945 Battle of the Caribbean, referring to a naval campaign waged during World War II that was part of the Battle of the Atlantic, as NSDAP-ruled German empire's U-boats and Italian submarines attempted to disrupt the Allied supply of oil and other material, sank shipping in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico and attacked coastal targets in the Antilles, as later improved Allied anti-submarine warfare eventually drove the Axis submarines out of the Caribbean region

Germany/Chile relations: Germany/Chile relations

1848-1875: German Chileans chiefly descendants of about 30,000 immigrants who arrived between 1846–1914, most following the Revolutions of 1848 and the persecution in the German states - From 1850 to 1875 the region around Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue in Southern Chile received some 6,000 German immigrants as part of a state-led colonization scheme

1939-1945: Latin America during World War II

1973-1990 'Colonia Dignidad' and Pinochet: 15 October 2015: Late Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet's regime had ties to secretive enclave 'Colonia Dignidad' founded by an ex-Nazi corporal that has been accused of collaborating in human rights abuses, according to a leaked report

2015 Colonia Dignidad's Schäfer sentenced: 19 October 2015: A Chilean court has sentenced a former intelligence official and two residents of secretive German community 'Colonia Dignidad', founded in 1961 by former medic in the Nazi-era German army Paul Schaefer in southern Chile, over the kidnapping and torturing of 50 people in 1975

May 2019 Colonia Dignidad's Hartmut Hopp free in Germany: 8 May 2019: German prosecutors in Krefeld said Tuesday they had dropped their probe against former right-hand man and doctor in the Chilean 'Colonia Dignidad' sect Hartmut Hopp, the chief physician in the German led group that abused members, adults and children, and was used to torture and 'disappear' regime critics during the 1973-1990 dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet - Hartmut Wilhelm Hopp, Klinikleiter der auslandsdeutschen Sekte bzw. totalitären religiösen Gemeinschaft 'Colonia Dignidad' in Chile und die rechte Hand ihres Anführers Paul Schäfer

Germany/PR of China relations: Germany/PR of China relations

1899-1901 Boxer rebellion: 1899-1901 Boxer rebellion

May 2013 red carpet for premier Li: 26 May 2013: Chinese premier Li meets Angela Merkel in Berlin on the red carpet amid EU-China trade dispute

September 2019 Joshua Wong calls for Germany to stop the export of riot control weapons: 11 September 2019: Hong Kong activist Joshua Wong has called for Germany to stop the export of riot control weapons and equipment to Hong Kong police, as he embarked on a global tour to promote his pro-democracy message

Germany/Czech Republic relations: Germany/Czech Republic relations

History of Czech-'Germany' relations: History of Czech-'Germany' relations

August-October 1944 'Slovak National Uprising' against NS regime: August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising, an armed insurrection organized by the Slovak resistance movement during World War I, as the movement was represented mainly by the members of the Democratic Party, by social democrats and Communists, and launched from Banská Bystrica in an attempt to resist German troops that had occupied Slovak territory and to overthrow the collaborationist government of Jozef Tiso - 1944-1945 SS general Hermann Höfle played a leading role in the suppression of the Slovak National Uprising, as after WWII - he was arrested by Czechoslovakian authorities, and tried along with Hanns Ludin, as both were sentenced to death and executed on 9 December 1947, as some sources claim that he died in custody on 3 December - Hanns Elard Ludin (1905 – 9 December 1947 in Bratislava), a German diplomat who became Ambassador to the Slovak Republic in 1941, replacing Manfred von Killinger, as his activities included convincing the Slovak government to comply with deportations for slave labor and providing diplomatic cover to such activities, promoted to SA-Obergruppenführer, committing war crimes, as some years after the war he was arrested and extradited to Czechoslovakia, where he was tried with SS-Obergruppenführer Hermann Höfle, and as Hanns Ludin's youngest son Malte filmed a documentary about the impact of his father's involvement in the Third Reich on his family, called '2 oder 3 Dinge, die ich von ihm weiß', released in 2005 and run in New York City in January 2007 at the Film Forum, as Hanns Ludin's granddaughter Alexandra Senfft later wrote the book 'Schweigen tut weh. Eine deutsche Familiengeschichte'

Since 1938 Czech resistance to Nazi occupation: Czech resistance to Nazi occupation

2013 Bubny train station in Prague to be turned into a Holocaust memorial: 15 July 2013: Bubny train station in Prague to be turned into a Holocaust memorial site by NGO Shoah Memorial Prague

Germany/Denmark relations: Germany/Denmark relations

Danish resistance movement: Danish resistance movement - Deportation of Danish police 1944

1943 rescue of the Danish Jews: 1943 rescue of the Danish Jews ensuring the safety of most Danish Jews

1943-1945 arrests and deportations of Danish Jews: Arrests and deportations of Danish Jews 1943-1945

1999: In 1999 Danish Minister of Justice Frank Jensen requested an extradition of Nazi criminal Soren Kam, later repeated by Jensen's successor Lene Espersen, but refused by Germany

2004, 2014: 10 December 2014: In 2004, a court in Lyngby ruled that former Danish SS officer Søren Kam should be arrested in Germany and sent to Denmark to stand trial for the murder of anti-Nazi newspaper editor Carl Henrik Clemmensen in 1943, but Germany refused and Kam remains fifth on the Simon Wiesenthal Most Wanted Nazi War Criminals list

2007: 7 February 2007: As ex-Nazi officer Søren Kam dodges EU extradition rules Denmark expresses disappointment

1940, 1956-2015: 31 March 2015: Following Germany's refusals of extradition to Denmark and protection by German governments and authorities, volunteer in the SS Viking Division and Denmark’s highest-ranking Nazi Soren Kam died a free man last week in Kempten after he fled to CDU/CSU-Germany in 1956 and obtained citizenship, despite conviction in Denmark to have been involved in the murder of Danish anti-Nazi newspaper editor Carl Henrik Clemmensen

Germany/Egypt relations: Germany/Egypt relations

Germany-Egypt economic relations and tourism

March 2019 German submarines: 22 March 2019: Former Israeli PM Olmert says in an interview he never imagined Germany would sell submarines to Egypt

May 2019: 5 May 2019: At the shipyards of shipbuilding company Thyssenkrupp in the city of Kiel, Libyan warlord Haftar backing Egypt receives third German submarine of four promised in deal that has caused considerable controversy in Israel

Germany/Eritrea relations: Germany/Eritrea relations

2015: 14/15 January 2015: Police investigates the killing of Eritrean refugee Khaled Idris Bahray in Dresden, who was stabbed to death on 12 January

Germany/Ethiopia relations: Germany/Ethiopia relations

Ethiopians in Germany: Ethiopians in Germany, as of 2016, there are a total 18,425 Ethiopia-born immigrants living in Germany

Germany/Finland relations: Germany/Finland relations

April 1918 Battle of Helsinki, German invasion and starvation as a weapon in warfare: April 1918 Battle of Helsinki, as the German empire invaded Helsinki despite the opposition of Finnish White Army leader Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim who wanted to attack the capital city with his own troops, but the Germans including their Ebert/Scheidemann supporters had their own interest in taking Helsinki as quickly as possible and then moving further east towards the Russian border - April-May 1918 Battle of Lahti - Baltic Sea Division comprising two army brigades from the German Eastern Front, as Germany aimed in 1918 to establish a chain of satellite states in eastern Europe in order to provide raw materials for German industry and food products - Hunger as A Weapon of War in Eastern Europe during the period of World War I - Detachment Brandenstein, unit assigned to cut the railway between Helsinki and Viipuri

1941-1944 Siege of Leningrad: 1941-1944 Siege of Leningrad, a prolonged military blockade undertaken from the south by the Army Group North of Nazi Germany against the Russian city of Leningrad in World War II, as the Finnish army invaded from the north, co-operating with the Germans until they had recaptured territory lost in the recent Winter War

July 2015 Finland scrambles to intercept Russian military aircraft: 9 July 2015: Finland scrambles to intercept Russian military aircraft

Germany/France relations: Germany/France relations

August/September 1914: The 'Septemberprogramm' 1914, the plan for the territorial expansion of Imperial Germany at the beginning of World War I 1914–1918, showing the true scope of German plans for territorial expansion in two directions, east and west - Buts de guerre des Empires centraux 1914-1918

Since August 1914 German bombs on Paris: During the opening months of its war a German empire's pilot flying a Taube regularly dropped bombs on Paris, also slightly damaging Notre Dame Cathedral and dropping a note demanding the immediate surrender of Paris and the French nation

1914-1918 World War I: World War I 1914-1918 First Battle of the Marne September 1914 - The Battle of Verdun from 21 February – 18 December 1916 was one of the largest battles of World War I, after the German 5th Army attacked the defences of the Région Fortifiée de Verdun and those of the Second Army garrisons on the right bank of the Meuse, intending to rapidly capture the Côtes de Meuse - In 1916 the German strategy was to inflict mass casualties on the French, to weaken the French Army to the point of collapse, therefore the Germans planned to use a large number of heavy and super-heavy guns to inflict a greater number of casualties than French artillery - In 1980, J. Terraine gave 750,000 Franco-German casualties in 299 days of Verdun battle, E.R. Dupuy and T.N. Dupuy gave 542,000 French casualties in 1993, H. Heer and K. Naumann calculated 377,231 French and 337,000 German casualties - German war crimes World War I - Chemical weapons in World War I - List of French villages destroyed in World War I - French World War I casualties

May/June 1940 German invasion of France during World War II and war crimes: German invasion of France 1940 during World War II - Hitler's general Erwin Rommel and Nazi invasion of France and Belgium 1940, in 1961 the biggest German military barracks named 'Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne' - Hitler's general Heinz Guderian and Nazi invasion of France and Belgium 1940, after 1945 he advised on the re-establishment of military forces in West Germany - Hitler's quartermaster general of the German 'Wehrmacht' 1939-1944 - Allied casualties of the second German assault and war crime within 26 years include 85,310 French soldiers murdered (including 5,400 Maghrebis), 12,000 missing, 120,000 wounded and 1,540,000 prisoners (including 67,400 Maghrebis) - German Military Administration in France 1940-1944 - Vichy France 1940-1944 - German war crimes World War II - Oradour-sur-Glane in Nazi occupied France was destroyed on 10 June 1944, when 642 of its inhabitants, including women and children, were massacred by a German Waffen-SS company - French World War II casualties

1940-1945/2009 German war crimes in France: 27. Juli 2009: Die 'Wehrmacht' des nationalsozialistischen Deutschlands verletzte systematisch - in Deutschland jahrzehntelang geleugnet und verdrängt - die Genfer Kriegskonvention und verübte z.B. 1940 aus rassistischen Motiven Kriegsverbrechen, die der Historiker Raffael Scheck anhand von Dokumenten beschreibt, die belegen wie Wehrmachtseinheiten innerhalb nur eines Monats, zwischen dem 24. Mai und dem 24. Juni 1940 mindestens 3.000 schwarze Soldaten Frankreichs ermordeten, obwohl die sich bereits ergeben hatten oder verwundet waren und nicht mehr im Kampf standen

The Holocaust in France 1940-1944: The Holocaust in France refers to the persecution and attempted extermination of Jews and Roma between 1940 and 1944 in occupied France during World War II

1940-1945 French Resistance: 'La Résistance française', French resistance movements that fought against the Nazi German occupation of France and against the collaborationist Vichy régime during World War II

Since June 1944 Allied invasion and liberation of France: Since 6 June 1944 Western Allies of World War II invasion of northern France when they attacked German army positions at Normandy, commanded by German 'Generalfeldmarschall' Gerd von Rundstedt and 'Generalfeldmarschall' Erwin Rommel, who participated in the invasions of Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, where he was responsible for the execution of prisoners

Since July 1945 Place de la Bataille-de-Stalingrad in Paris: Depuis 7 juillet 1945 Place de la Bataille-de-Stalingrad située dans les 10e et 19e arrondissements de Paris, qui commémore la ville de Russie où les armées soviétiques remportèrent une victoire décisive sur l'armée allemande du 17 juillet 1942 au 2 février 1943, commandée par 'Generalfeldmarschall' Paulus et 'Generalfeldmarschall' Manstein, après la guerre accusé et jugé coupable de crimes de guerre et contre les civils, y compris son commandement à ses troupes de participer aux opérations d'épuration à Simferopol en novembre 1941, aidant au massacre de 11 000 civils Juifs, mais en 1955 le criminel de guerre devient conseiller pour la nouvelle Armée de l'Allemagne de l'Ouest, la Bundeswehr - 'Generalfeldmarschall' Manstein's war crimes, involvement in the Holocaust, and 1949 trial in Hamburg

11 novembre 1968 une foule énorme se déploie à Paris et à 11 heures précises, toutes les cloches des villes de France retentissent: Le 11 novembre 1968, une foule énorme se déploie le long des Champs-Élysées, et à 11 heures précises, toutes les cloches des villes de France retentissent comme lors du cessez-le-feu en 1918

Novembre 1968 le 'Requiem' de Brahms par la chorale des J.M.F. et le 'Studio Orchester' de Hanovre à Saint-Gervais: Le 'Requiem' de Brahms par la chorale des J.M.F., publié le 27 novembre 1968 par Anne Rey, disant 'la récente exécution en l'église Saint-Gervais du Requiem allemand de Brahns par la chorale des Jeunesses Musicales de France et le Studio Orchester de Hanovre avait attiré un nombreux auditoire, généralement très jeune', nené par Klaus Bernbacher - 27 novembre 1968: Le 'Requiem allemand' de Brahms en l'église Saint-Gervais par la chorale des 'Jeunesses musicales de France' et le 'Studio Orchester de Hanovre' avait attiré un nombreux auditoire, généralement très jeune' - L'église Saint-Gervais, estimée par des compositeurs et la famille Couperin, collègues de la famille de J.S. Bach en Thuringe

2012 la police fancaise expose ses archives de la rafle du Vel d'Hiv: 16 juillet 2012: Pour la première fois, la police fancaise expose ses archives de la rafle du Vel d'Hiv - NZZ 22. Juli 2012: Frankreichs Präsident Hollande hat die Deportation der Juden auf Anweisung Nazideutschlands im Jahr 1942 ein 'französisches Verbrechen' genannt

2013: 1 September 2013: The French town of Oradour-sur-Glane, set to receive a German president for the first time, has become a ghostly war crimes museum since Nazi troops burned it to the ground on June 10, 1944 - 4 September 2013: Led by a survivor French President Hollande and Germany's Gauck paid a visit to the ghost village of Oradour-sur-Glane, where 642 people were killed in a 1944 Nazi massacre - 14 November 2013: French court finds German safety standards firm TUV liable in implants scandal

2014: 8 janvier 2014: La justice allemande a inculpé un octogénaire pour meurtres lors du massacre d'Oradour-sur-Glane en 1944 - 14 April 2014: Senior French and German officials have warned that the surge in nationalism fueling the crisis in Ukraine, where separatists in the East are seeking to join Russia, echoes the ideas that led to World War I - 5 December 2014: France to pay $60 million for Holocaust victims deported by state rail company to Nazi death camps

2015: 24 March 2015 Germanwings Flight 9525 crashed in the French Alps

April 2015: 26 April 2015: Marking 70 years since Allied troops liberated the last Nazi camps, France's Francois Hollande visits gas chamber to honor Nazi victims and Jews, Roma and French resistance fighters at ceremony at Natzweiler-Struthof, the only German concentration camp in occupied France during World War II, urging vigilance against resurgent anti-Semitism and racism - 30 April 2015: EU's Jean-Claude Juncker expects that German government gets to the bottom of Brussels spy scandal after Germany reportedly snooped on the EU and France at Washington's behest - 1 May 2015: Airbus to file complaint in German BND spy scandal

September 2015: 2015 'Volkswagen' scandale lié à l'utilisation par le groupe Volkswagen entre 2009 et 2015 d'un logiciel diminuant frauduleusement les émissions polluantes d'un de ses moteurs diesel lors des contrôles d'homologation - 22 September 2015: Calling for a 'Europe-wide' investigation in the Volkswagen emissions scandal, France’s finance minister Sapin says, 'what we are dealing with is making sure people avoid being poisoned by pollution' - 25 septembre: 1,1 million de véhicules diesel sont potentiellement concernés dans l'Hexagone par la fraude aux émissions polluantes mise en place Volkswagen

November 2015: 3 November 2015: France to pay $60m into compensation fund for USA victims of Holocaust after SNCF trains transported 76,000 Jews across France to Nazi death camps between 1942 and 1944

May 2017: 8 mai 2017: Le nouveau président élu Emmanuel Macron assistait lundi matin aux cérémonies du 8 mai aux côtés du président sortant François Hollande

1914-1918/2014-2018: First World War 1914-1918 centenary 2014-2018 - World War I memorials - 12 octobre 2013: Les commémorations du centenaire de la Première Guerre mondiale, qui devraient se prolonger sur cinq ans, ont été partiellement dévoilées à Blois - 17 octobre 2013: A moins de huit mois du 70e anniversaire de la Libération, en Normandie un bunker allemand 'au coeur du Débarquement' 1944 s'ouvre au public - 29 mai 2016: Les africains, qui se sont battus dans les tranchées, et le centenaire de la bataille de Verdun de la première guerre mondiale déclarée par l'Allemagne - 29 mai 2016: Bayeux a commémoré le centenaire de la bataille de Verdun, conçue par le commandant en chef de l'Armée allemande général Erich von Falkenhayn comme une bataille d'attrition pour 'saigner à blanc l'Armée française' sous un déluge d'obus - 29 mai 2016: Cannes commémore le centenaire de la bataille de Verdun, la plus terrible bataille que l'humanité ait connue - 29 mai 2016: Cent ans après l'enfer de Verdun, François Hollande et Angela Merkel commémoraient la bataille de Verdun, une journée placée sous le signe de l'Europe dans un contexte difficile - 1 July 2016: Battle of the Somme centenary commemorations in France and in the United Kingdom - 1 juillet 2016: Près de 600 enfants - 300 Britanniques et 300 Français - doivent participer à la célébration à Thiepval pour célébrer le centenaire de la bataille de la Somme, la plus meurtrière de la Grande Guerre

August 1918/2018: 7 August 2018: British PM Theresa May will join 3,000 members of the public, including descendants of those who fought in the four-day assault, 100 years to the day of the start of the battle of Amiens that brought the war out of the trenches at a cost of 46,000 allied casualties and as many as 75,000 German losses, including those taken prisoner

24 July 2019 former SS soldier Karl Muenter charged: 24 July 2019: German prosecutors said they have filed charges against Karl Muenter for incitement and disparaging the memory of Nazi victims, after the former SS soldier Karl Muenter, who has a previous conviction in France for killing 86 people in the northern French village of Ascq on the night of 1 April 1944 during World War II, but was never imprisoned much more pardoned in 1955 as part of French-German 'reconciliation' and German whitewashing, has blamed French victims for their own death and denied 6 million Jews killed, making his inflammatory remarks in an interview broadcast by German channel ARD in November 2018

4 November 2019 French Resistance hero Yvette Lundy dies at 103: 4 November 2019: French Resistance hero Yvette Lundy, who provided fake papers to Jews fleeing Nazis, survived the concentration camps, liberated by the Soviet army in April 1945, and went on to teach reconciliation, giving talks to French as well as German students, dies at 103, as Mayor of Epernay Franck Leroy praised her 'incredible commitment to the duty of remembrance'

11 November 2019 France marks Remembrance Day: 11 November 2019: France marks Remembrance Day, 101 years since end of World War I

22 August 2020 centre de la mémoire d'Oradour vandalized: 22 août 2020: Le Centre de la mémoire d’Oradour-sur-Glane, village martyr de la Seconde guerre mondiale, a été vandalisé

20 November 2020 resistance fighter against Nazi occupation Daniel Cordier died aged 100: 20 November 2020: Daniel Cordier, one of last heroes of French resistance and secretary to resistance leader Jean Moulin, dies aged 100 after he helped organise fight against Nazi occupation

22 November 2020 resistance fighter Française Noëlla Rouget died: 22 novembre 2020: Dimanche, la Française Noëlla Rouget s’est éteinte dans sa 101e année, après elle s’était engagée dans la résistance en 1940, avant d’être envoyée dans un camp allemand en 1944

21 August 2021: France24 looks back seminal moment for 'La Resistance', 80 years on: 21 August 2021: On August 21, 1941, at Barbès-Rochechouart metro station in occupied Paris, first deadly attack on the occupiers, which prompted NSDAP rule German empire to kill hundreds of hostages they were holding in the occupied zone, France24 looks back at this seminal moment for La Resistance, 80 years on

Germany/Gabon relations: Germany/Gabon relations

1911-1916 German colony 'Neukamerun': 1911-1916 'Neukamerun', Central African territories ceded by France to Germany in 1911, today forming part of Chad, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, and Gabon

June 1940: Le 7 juin 1940 les assassins de la 7e division blindée allemande sous les ordres d'Erwin Rommel, qui séparent alors les Africains des Européens, exécutent sommairement le capitaine N'Tchoréré, qui refuse d’être considéré comme un 'Untermensch', un 'sous-homme' - 1940 Execution of prisoners in France by Nazi Germany and by Rommel's 7th Panzer division alongside troops from 5th Panzer division, committing numerous atrocities against French and especially French-African soldiers, Rommel himself ordered the execution of one French officer, who did not have a gun - 27. Juli 2009: Die 'Wehrmacht' des nationalsozialistischen Deutschlands verletzte systematisch - in Deutschland jahrzehntelang geleugnet und verdrängt - die Genfer Kriegskonvention und verübte z.B. 1940 aus rassistischen Motiven Kriegsverbrechen, die der Historiker Raffael Scheck anhand von Dokumenten beschreibt, die belegen wie Wehrmachtseinheiten innerhalb nur eines Monats, zwischen dem 24. Mai und dem 24. Juni 1940 mindestens 3.000 schwarze Soldaten Frankreichs ermordeten, obwohl die sich bereits ergeben hatten oder verwundet waren und nicht mehr im Kampf standen

November 1940 Battle of Gabon during World War II: November 1940 Battle of Gabon during World War II, resulting in the Free French Forces taking the colony of Gabon and its capital Libreville from client state of Nazi Germany Vichy France's forces

Since 1961: Since 1961 the biggest West-German military barracks named Generalfeldmarschall-Rommel-Kaserne', named for Hitler's general Erwin Rommel, commander of Hitler's 'Führerbegleithauptquartier' during the Nazi invasion of Poland in 1939, commander during the Nazi invasion of France, Belgium 1940 and North Africa

Germany/Georgia relations: Germany/Georgia relations

2014: 10 June 2014: German company Adidas accused of profiting from the absence of labour rights in Georgia

Germany/Greece relations: Germany/Greece relations

1910-1940 'National Schism' regarding the foreign policy of Greece: 1910-1922 'National Schism' disagreements between pro-German King Constantine I and PM Venizelos in support of the Allies, regarding the foreign policy of Greece and entry in World War I, bitter effects of this division were the main features of Greek political life until the 1940s, and contributed to Greece's defeat in the Greco-Turkish War, the collapse of the Second Hellenic Republic and the establishment of the dictatorial Metaxas Regime - August 1916 National Defence coup d'état in Thessaloniki - Provisional Government of National Defence

June 1917 Greece joins World War I against the Central Powers: June 1917 Greece joins World War I against the Central Powers and Greek military suffered an estimated 5,000 deaths from their nine divisions that participated in the war, but territorial acquisitions agreed by the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres were largely undone by the 1919-1922 'Asia Minor Catastrophe' and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne in favour of Turkish nationalists

1941-1945 Invasion of Greece by Germany and Italy and occupation: Invasion of Greece by Germany and Italy 1941 - Axis occupation of Greece 1941-1945

Nazi war crimes and the Holocaust in Greece: Nazi war crimes in Greece - The Holocaust in Greece - Haidari concentration camp

1941–1944 Greek Resistance: Greek Resistance 1941–1944, establishment of Free Greece

26 February 2014 Thessaloniki Jewish community takes Germany to court over thousands of slave laborers sent to death camps: 26 February 2014: Thessaloniki Jewish community takes Germany to court seeking return of huge ransom paid to Nazi occupiers to free thousands of slave laborers, who were sent to death camps anyway

1967-1974 support for the Greek military dictatorship, including German: Support for the Greek military dictatorship 1967-1974

2004 Siemens bribery scandal in Greece: The Siemens bribery scandal in Greece was a corrupt and bribery scandal that hit Greece over deals between Siemens AG and Greek government officials during the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens, Greece regarding security systems and purchases by OTE in the 1990s

Since 2010 eurozone controversy: 27 August: Germany's centre-right government has criticised a leading conservative politician for suggesting that Greece will have to leave the eurozone

2010/2013 Tsochatzopoulos corruption scandal and submarines: 2010/2013 Tsochatzopoulos corruption scandal - German Ferrostal/HDW submarines for Greece - PASOK-Tsochatzopoulos corruption scandal 2010 (ongoing) - 11. April 2012: Der frühere PASOK-Verteidigungsminister Tsochatzopoulos ist wegen Korruptionsverdachts im Zusammenhang mit dem Kauf deutscher U-Boote verhaftet worden - 4 March 2013: Former Greek defense minister Akis Tsochatzopoulos was convicted and sentenced on Monday to eight years in prison for concealing assets from the authorities - 24 August 2013: EADS, ThyssenKrupp venture raided over suspected bribes in Greek order

October 2013 Nazi soldier Stork sentenced in absentia involved in execution of Italian officers in Greece: 18 October 2013: 90-year-old former Nazi soldier Alfred Stork sentenced in absentia by a military court in Rome which found him guilty of taking part in the execution of at least 117 Italian officers on the Greek island of Cephalonia

2014 arms sales: 4. Januar 2014: Griechische Waffenkäufer bei Firmen aus Deutschland, Russland, den USA und anderen Ländern legen Schmiergeld in der Schweiz an - 11 April: Under azure blue skies Greek governmemt welcomes A. Merkel while protesters demand 'Merkel go home'

April 2015 reparations demand called 'stupid' by SPD-Gabriel: 8 April 2015: Germany's economy minister Gabriel rejects Greece's demand for $305b in WWII reparations as 'stupid' - 13 July 2015: Germany faces backlash over tough Greece bailout demands - 16 October 2015: Germany is willing to give Greece financial backing to deal with the refugee crisis on its own soil instead of exporting it north towards central Europe

Germany/Hungary relations: Germany/Hungary relations

Since 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact and World War II 1939-1945: World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact

Military history of fascist Kingdom of Hungary 1920–46 during World War II: Military history of fascist Kingdom of Hungary 1920–46 during World War II

Hungarian resistance movement of World War II: Hungarian resistance movement of World War II

Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Hungary: Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Hungary

The Holocaust in Hungary: The Holocaust in Hungary - Holocaust locations in Hungary - Holocaust perpetrators in Hungary

1944-1945 Battle of Budapest: 1944-1945 Battle of Budapest, the 50-day-long encirclement by Soviet forces of the Hungarian capital defended by Hungarian and German troops, ending with a strategic victory for the Allies in their push towards Berlin

2012: 15 juillet 2012: Le criminel nazi Laszlo Csatary retrouvé à Budapest - 16 July: The Simon Wiesenthal Center has urged Hungary to act against war crimes suspect Csatary - 18 July: Nazi war crimes suspect Csatary arrested in Hungary - 18 June 2013: Prosecutors in Hungary have indicted 98-year-old former police officer Csatary for abusing Jews and assisting in their deportation to Nazi death camps during World War II - 12 August: Nazi war crimes suspect Laszlo Csatari dies age 98, after being sentenced in absentia by a Czechoslovakian court in 1948 and living for decades in Canada and Hungary

Germany/India relations: Germany/India relations - Hindu–German Conspiracy 1914-17 - Indian 'National' Army, ally of Nazi Germany and imperial Japan - India in World War II - 11 April 2013: India and Germany sign six new pacts including joint research in the field of higher education

Germany/Indonesia relations: Germany/Indonesia relations

Trade and investment: Trade and investment

Germany/Iran relations: Germany/Iran relations - German–Iranian trade

17 September 1992 Mykonos restaurant assassinations: 17 September 1992 Mykonos restaurant assassinations in Berlin - 14 December 2007: Terrorist freed in Germany is welcomed by Iranian regime

2012-2013: 15 August 2012: Four men have been arrested in Germany on suspicion of illegally supplying Iran with parts needed to build a nuclear reactor - 8 December 2013: German firms sold sensitive equipment to Iran even during sanctions regime

2014: 8 April 2014: Activists from the Iranian group Naame Shaam held a demonstration in Berlin against the Iranian regime’s involvement in Syria, demanding that the Iranian Revolutionary Guards 'Sepah Pasdaran' and the Lebanese Hezbollah pull out all their fighters from the war-torn country immediately

2015: 24 January 2015: NGO in Berlin sharply criticized a delegation of Bundestag deputies Claudia Roth (Green Party), Dagmar Wöhrl (Conservatives) and Stefan Rebmann (Social Democrats) for January 2015 meeting with Iranian Holocaust deniers and hostage takers, following the meeting of SPD foreign policy speaker Niels Annen with Iranian terrorist mastermind Velayati in December - 19 July 2015: In first visit to Tehran of western official since 2015 nuclear deal, vice chancellor and economy minister Gabriel says Germans cannot accept questioning Israel's right to exist and that economic ties with Iran depend on improving relations with Israel - 21 July 2015: Iran dismisses Germany’s call for Israel recognition

2016: 17 June 2016: Germany’s FM SPD-Steinmeier welcomed Iran's Assad ally Javad Zarif for a bilateral meeting in Berlin, seemingly defying Chancellor Angela Merkel’s earlier commitment to not normalize relations with Iranian regime as long as the regime refuses to recognize Israel’s right to exist - 2 October 2016: Iran rejects German demand that it recognize Israel, as German Vice Chancellor and Economy Minister Sigmar Gabriel is due to visit Tehran on Sunday as part of Germany’s efforts to renew business ties with the Islamic regime following the last year’s nuclear deal, again encouraging Iranian, Russian and Assad regime to commit more war crimes, as Syrian opposition and democracy fights desperately against annihilation

November 2017: 2 November 2017: Iran’s trade with the EU stood at €13.1 billion in the eight months ending August 2017, almost double compared with the same period of last year, as Iran-Germany trade increased in 2017 by 19% and Israeli Chief Rabbi Yitzhak Yosef says that a genocide is being perpetrated in Syria by the Assad regime and its allies, insisting that there is a moral responsibility to stop the bloodshed of civilians

January 2018: 16 January 2018: Germany conducts countrywide searches for suspected Iranian agents who allegedly spied on Israelis

February 2018: 28 February 2018: Germany's military refueled Iranian regime's FM Javad Zarif’s plane in Munich in mid-February after local fuel companies refused avoiding to violate sanctions against the murderous regime, as Zarif calls Netanyahu speech at Munich conference 'cartoonish circus’, saying Israeli PM’s critical remarks about Iran do not deserve 'the dignity of a response'

February 2019 SPD congratulations to the Iranian regime: 21 February 2019: Congratulations to the Iranian regime, that seeks the destruction of the Jewish state, by SPD politicians including Germany's social democratic FM Heiko Maas, who appeared in a photograph shaking hands with Iran's FM Javad Zarif at the weekend Munich Security conference, Germany's deputy FM SPD-Annen, who celebrated Iranian regime's seizure of power in its embassy in Berlin, and German president SPD-Steinmeier, who sends 'congratulations to the most dangerous regime in the world', condemned by Simon Wiesenthal Center's Abraham Cooper according to 'The Jerusalem Post' - 26 February 2019: Germany’s Central Council of Jews joins criticism of German president over Iran telegram, as Josef Schuster says that 'routine diplomacy appears to have overtaken critical thinking', also rejected as 'shocking' by Human Rights Watch’s Wenzel Michalski

Since 8 January 2020 airliner shootdown by Iranian regime's terrorist organization and victims from Germany: 10. Januar 2020: Durch den Abschuß eines ukrainischen Passagierflugzeugs im Iran durch das islamische Terrorregime sind 176 Menschen ums Leben gekommen, unter ihnen eine Mutter und zwei Kinder aus Werl in Nordrhein-Westfalen - 11 January 2020: Doctoral student Paniz Soltani from Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz killed on 8 January 2020 in airliner shoodown by Iranian regime's terrorist organization

12 January 2020 Navid Kermani explains Iranian crisis in German TV interview: 12. Januar 2020: Proteste in Iran gebe es, weil der Staat nun 'auf frischer Tat ertappt' wurde, so der deutsch-iranische Autor Navid Kermani, nachdem das das Regime erst leugnete und dann eingestehen mußte, dass sein Militär eine Passagiermaschine abgeschossen hatte

14 September 2021 Germany arrests man for allegedly assisting Iran's nuclear program: 14 September 2021: Germany arrests man for allegedly assisting Iran's nuclear program and for allegedly supplying laboratory equipment to an EU blacklisted company connected to Tehran's nuclear and missile programs - 14 September 2021: Iran is one month out of having enough material for 'a single nuclear weapon', the New York Times reported

Germany/Iraq relations: Germany/Iraq relations

1941 Iraqi coup d'état: The 1941 Iraqi coup d'état was a nationalist and pro-Nazi Coup d'état in Iraq on 1 April 1941 - German and Italian support for the 1941 Iraqi coup d'état nationalists, including German air force's support

June 1941 pogrom against the Jewish population of Baghdad: June 1941 pogrom against the Jewish population of Baghdad, over 180 Jews were killed and 1,000 injured, looting of Jewish property took place and 900 Jewish homes were destroyed

Since 1970s: Since 1970s German firms helped build Iraqi chemical weapons facilities and first production buildings in the early 1980s under the cover of a pesticide plant, also sending 1,027 tons of precursors of mustard gas, sarin, tabun, and tear gasses in all and allowing Iraq to produce mustard agent and Tabun in 1983 and 1984 respectively, continuing throughout the decade, 52% of Iraq's international chemical weapon equipment was of German origin

Germany/Ireland relations: Germany/Ireland relations - Independent Ireland in World War II 1939-1945 - 1941 Bombing of Dublin in World War II by the Germman Luftwaffe

2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - In 1914/1915 events of 'Christmas Truce' were friendly reported in British papers but strongly criticized in Germany

Germany/Israel relations: Germany/Israel relations

History of the Jews in Germany: History of the Jews in Germany

Antisemitism and racism in Germany: Timeline of antisemitism - Antisemitism in Germany - Racism in Germany

Since 1882 Aliyah (immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the land of Israel): Aliyah - immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the land of Israel since 1882

1914-1918: 2 August 1914 Ottoman German Alliance in SPD supported World War I - On 14 November 1914 Ottoman Empire declares an Islamic holy war on behalf of the Ottoman government, urging his Muslim followers to take up arms against Britain, France, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro in World War I - 1914-1918 German military commanders to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War were Otto Liman von Sanders, Goltz, Kress von Kressenstein, and more, compare the 'League of German Asian Warriors' affiliated to the NSDAP after the Nazi takeover of power in 1933 - 1914-1918 World War I Middle East's combatants were on the one hand the Central Powers, the Ottoman Empire (including Kurds, Persians and some Arab tribes), and on the other hand, the British (with the help of Jews, Greeks, Assyrians and the majority of the Arabs), the Russians and the French from the Allies of World War I, main campaigns include, the Sinai and Palestine Campaign 28 January 1915 – 30 October 1918, the Mesopotamian Campaign 6 November 1914 – 14 November 1918, and the Persian Campaign December 1914 – October 1918

1915-1918 Sinai and Palestine Campaign: 1915-1918 Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of SPD supported World War I, fought by the Arab Revolt and the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire and its Imperial German allies, starting with an Ottoman attempt at raiding the Suez Canal in 1915, and ending with the Armistice of Mudros in 1918, leading to the cession of Ottoman Syria and Palestine - November 1917 third Battle of Gaza fought between the German and Ottoman empire and the United Kingdom and allies

November/December 1917 'Battle of Jerusalem': 17 November – 30 December 1917 'Battle of Jerusalem' on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea north of Jaffa, into the Judean Hills and around Jerusalem fought between the German and Ottoman empire and the United Kingdom and allies

1933-1945 anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany: Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany - Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany - Fifth Aliyah refers to the fifth wave of the Jewish immigration to Palestine from Europe and Asia between the years 1929 and 1939 - Aliyah Bet

24 June 1941 German air force in the skies of pre-state Israel: 8 April 2021: On 24 June 1941 during the longest and most complex sortie executed by the NSDAP-ruled German empire's air force in the skies of pre-state Israel, a Junkers plane photographed Tel Aviv, the Jordan Valley, Tiberias and an airport near Amman, as this revealing June 1941 sortie was not the only wartime German action over Palestine, as Israeli historians and aerial warfare scholar Daniel Uziel uncovered a collection of hundreds of aerial photographs of Palestine taken by the Luftwaffe during World War II, recently published in the Hebrew-language journal Cathedra, as 286 photographs from 50 sorties were found in the USA National Archives (a fraction of over 1 million photographs taken by the Luftwaffe during the war), seized by the Allies and handed over to the CIA, which later used them in intelligence analyses of areas under Soviet control during the Cold War, after in June 1941 German empire's forces were preparing for the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Germans and Italians aided the Arab rebels in Iraq in their revolt against the British, with the aim of cutting the British off from vital oil fields in Iraq, and then, the Luftwaffe flew over Palestine and bombed targets there, focusing mainly on Haifa but struck Tel Aviv and Latrun as well, after a few months earlier, Italian planes had bombarded Tel Aviv, killing more than 100 people and causing major damage, as the Luftwaffe flew over Palestine once again during part of the operations by Erwin Rommel’s Afrika Korps, which reached Egypt in 1942, as for the first time in summer 1943 Hitler allied Husseini proposed bombing Jerusalem and Tel Aviv in reprisal for the British and American bombardments of German cities, and as the Luftwaffe even prepared a detailed plan for a heavy bombardment of Tel Aviv that was not executed

The Holocaust: Holocaust - 30 January 2014: In a speech to the Reichstag on 30 January 1939 Hitler makes first call for Jews’ annihilation - German war crimes - 30 July 2015: A new online exhibition at Yad Vashem recounts the powerful and personal stories of 100 soldiers in the Soviet Union’s army, as there were between 350,000 to 500,000 Jews in the Red Army during the war, and about 140,000 were killed by the Germans

Jewish resistance under Nazi rule: Jewish resistance under Nazi rule - Ghetto uprising during World War II - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising April-May 1943 - Bialystok Ghetto Uprising - Nazi extermination camp Sobibor uprising 1943

1952/1958 Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem BND und CIA bekannt: CIA-Akten 2006: Aufenthaltsort Adolf Eichmanns dem BND und CIA bereits 1958 bekannt - BND-Akten: Aufenthaltsort Eichmanns sogar schon 1952 bekannt

1953-1963 CDU-member and racist Nazi-jurist Hans Globke director of the Federal Chancellory of West Germany: 1953-1963 CDU-member and racist Nazi-jurist Hans Globke director of the Federal Chancellory of West Germany, 1933-1945 high-profile Nazi-jurist in NSDAP-Germany, drafting the law for the 'Protection of the German Blood' and serving as chief legal advisor in the Office for Jewish Affairs in the Ministry of Interior, the section headed by Adolf Eichmann that implemented the Holocaust bureaucratically, knowing 'that the Jews were being put to death en masse'

1961 Adolf Eichmann's trial in Jerusalem after capture in Argentina: April-December 1961 Adolf Eichmann's, one of the major organisers of the Holocaust, trial before the Jerusalem District Court after capture in Argentina in 1960

2012: Haaretz 8 April 2012: Interior Minister Eli Yishai condemns Gunter Grass' 'poem' (claiming that Israel is a threat to world peace) and says that he is declared a persona non grata in Israel for wearing SS uniform in the past - 12. April: Israels Innenminister Eli Yishai erklärt zum Einreiseverbot, daß 'ein Mensch, der sich freiwillig zu den SS-Totenkopfverbänden gemeldet hat, kein Recht hat, in das Land eines Volkes zu reisen, dessen Vernichtung er mitbetrieben hat'. - 5 September: At Munich massacre memorial ceremony Jewish leaders criticized the bungled rescue, the former IOC president Brundage, who announced 1972 the continuation of the Munich Olympics, and the lack of commemoration during the 2012 London Olympics

2013: 8 April 2013: Thousands from across the globe marched solemnly at the former Nazi Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp to honour the six million Jews killed in the Holocaust during World War II - 18 avril 2013: Condamnés à mourir dans des chambres à gaz, les derniers jeunes juifs du ghetto de Varsovie 1943, ont au moins voulu choisir leur mort et mourir au combat, l'arme à la main, se souvient Simcha Rotem - 14 June 2013: Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu, visiting the former Nazi death camp at Auschwitz, says the Jewish state would act - alone if necessary - to prevent a repetition of the Holocaust - 28 June: Germany's Federal Administrative Court dismisses bid to release full Eichmann files - 8 November: Anti-Semitism on rise in Europe, says European Fundamental Rights Agency survey - 9 November 2013: Holocaust survivors, citizens and politicians will marks Nazi pogrom of November 1938 with vigils and tributes to the victims

2014: 28 March 2014: Palestinian students visit Auschwitz in first organized visit in a program, that aims to teach Israeli and Palestinian students about the other side's suffering in effort to study how empathy could facilitate reconciliation - Yom HaShoah 28 April 2014 - 13 July: About 1,000 demonstrators, most of them Palestinian, hold unregistered march protesting Israel's Operation Protective Edge - 16 July: Following its German sister company’s lead, the Dutch branch of Europe’s TUI travel giant has called off all tours of Israel due to the rocket fire there - 18 July: Anti-Semitic slogans chanted at Berlin protest against Israel's Gaza operation - 21. Juli: Eine anti-israelische Kundgebung in Berlin von palästinensischen und politischen Gruppen wie dem Hochschulverband der Partei 'Die Linke' ist am Samstag mit antisemitischen Parolen und dem versuchten Angriff auf ein Ehepaar aus Jerusalem eskaliert - 21 July: Germany's Jewish community is shocked by an 'explosion of evil and violent hatred of Jews' shown by protesters at anti-Israel demonstrations across the country chanting 'gas the Jews' and other anti-Semitic slogans during some pro-Gaza protests - 21 July: As wave of anti-Semitic rallies hits cities across Germany and anti-Israel protester chanted in Dortmund and Frankfurt 'Hamas Hamas Juden ins gas', Jewish community braces itself ahead of Friday’s Iranian-sponsored Al Quds Day March - 24 July: As death toll in the Gaza/Israel conflict rises, officials indicate that ceasefire may take time - 24 July 2014: Parents in Gaza and Israel do not want their children to grow up to kill or be killed in a senseless war that has no end - 30 July: In Israel, 79-year-old Holocaust survivor worries about her Gazan daughter

2015: 27 January: Holocaust survivors from around the world and visitors marking the 70th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland - 24 March 2015 Germanwings Airbus 320 Flight 9525 crashed in the French Alps - 30 March: Along with helping local search teams at Germanwings crash site, Israeli volunteers will be tasked with recovering and returning for a Jewish burial in Israel the remains of Israeli passenger Eyal Baum - 28 June 2015: The world’s Jewish population has grown to be nearly as large (16.5 million) as it was on the eve of the second world war before the Holocaust, Jewish People Policy Institute says in its annual report

2016: 2016 Bavarian republication of Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' in Germany - 9 January 2016: New Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' Bavarian publication in 2016 'a slap in the face to Holocaust survivors' - 22 December 2016: Visiting Berlin from Herzliya, north of Tel Aviv, Dalia Elyakim killed and her husband seriously injured in the truck-ramming attack at Berlin Christmas market outside the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, that killed 12 people

2017: 25 April 2017: Visiting Israel German FM Sigmar Gabriel says that it would be 'regrettable' if PM Benjamin Netanyahu were to refuse to meet him due to his planned meeting with groups critical of the Israeli army, but insists that he will not change his plans - 26 April 2017: German FM Gabriel met with groups after defying to cancel the meeting, shortly after the meeting one of the groups, B’Tselem co-funded by the FordFoundation, called on the international community to punish Israel for the continued occupation of the West Bank - 10 July 2017: Six people including a number of former senior public officials, suspected of corruption in the potentially fraudulent purchase of naval vessels, questioned as part of the ongoing investigation into the 'submarine affair', in which PM Netanyahu’s personal lawyer David Shimron is suspected of attempting to sway multi-billion-shekel deals in favor of the German shipbuilder ThyssenKrupp, which he represented in Israel

September 2017: 25/26 September 2017: Day after election success xenophobic AfD party's Gauland questions whether the country's national interests include Israel's existence, as Israeli opposition lawmakers express concern over the rise of the AfD

December 2017: 11 December 2017: Germany’s Interior Minister has condemned the burning of Israeli flags at pro-Palestinian demonstrations in Berlin, following the USA decision to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel last week

March 2018: 28 March 2018: Germany denies deal to give Israel UN council seat, despite agreement made 20 years ago when the Jewish state joined the Western European and Others WEOG regional group at the UN, said to have included promise to allow Israel to run unopposed for Security Council

May 2018: 15 May 2018: Naming the largest base of the German military 'Bundeswehr' in 'honour' of Hitler general and war criminal 'Field Marshal Erwin Rommel Barracks' since 1961, Germany wants an investigation into the deadly violence on the Israel-Gaza border after UN Security Council statement blocked in this respect, unable to punish own war crimes, to understand history, and to prevent new crimes against th Jewish people and in the Middle East, on the contrary supporting Iranian, Russian and Syrian war criminals

October 2018: 10 October 2018: Incendiary balloon, later neutralized by Israel police, lands in Jerusalem’s German Colony neighborhood, established in the second half of the 19th century by members of the German 'Temple Society'

15 January 2020 murderous alliance of SPD, German TV and Iranian Mullah regime: 15 January 1919 SPD-supported murder of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht in Berlin, 13 January 2020 German TV and SPD support for Iranian regime's denial of its brutal shootdown of a Ukrainian jetliner, as Iranian regime's Rohani warned on 15 January that European soldiers in the Mideast 'could be in danger', as regime's FM acknowledged that Iranians 'were lied to' for days following its brutal shootdown of a Ukrainian jetliner that killed 176 people, and as the state of Israel, founded following the Holocaust committed by Germany, is continuously forced to defend itself against terrorists also in Syria, where Assad is allied with the Russian, the Iranian Mullah regime and Hezbollah terrorists - 15 January 2020: Russian Jew David Dushman, one of the last surviving soldiers to have taken part in the liberation of the Auschwitz camp in January 1945, since 1996 living in southern Germany and still struggling to explain how such a catastrophe could happen, joined the Red Army in 1941 after Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, today saying 'they were standing there, all of them in (prisoner) uniforms, only eyes, only eyes, very narrow - that was very terrible, very terrible'

20 January 2020 Rachel Hanan's son says Holocaust forum should have been honoring survivors first and foremost: 20 January 2020: Many leaders and even war criminal Putin - allied with the Iranian Mullah regime, Assad and Hezbollah terrorists - and German president, but few actual survivors invited to landmark Holocaust event, as Yaron Hanan, son of former Auschwitz prisoner Rachel Hanan, who was not among 30 given tickets to event, says forum should have been honoring survivors first and foremost, adding 'I think they’re no less essential to representing what took place there than anything else this ceremony is intended to achieve', and as Environmental Protection Minister Ze’ev Elkin says he would hand over his invitation to a survivor who wished to attend but was not invited, and called on his fellow ministers to do the same

21 January 2020 75 Holocaust survivors featured in a common commemorative photo project in Essen: 21 January 2020: 75 years after Auschwitz was liberated, 75 Holocaust survivors featured in a commemorative photo project that Israel’s Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial produced along with award-winning German portrait photographer, opening Tuesday at Ruhr Museum in Essen

21 April 2020 Israeli Holocaust event in Germany 'zoom bombed' with anti-Semitic slurs: 21 April 2020: Israeli Holocaust event in Germany held by the Israeli embassy 'zoom bombed' with anti-Semitic slurs, as online testimony by survivor disrupted with images of Hitler and anti-Semitic slogans and had to be suspended, embassy says, voicing concern over Independence Day events next week

8 May 2020 60/75 years on Israeli prosecutor Gabriel Bach recalls Eichmann trial and German AfD lawmaker calls 8 May a 'day of absolute defeat': 8 May 2020: 60 years on, Israeli prosecutor Gabriel Bach recalls Eichmann trial after the world learnt that a key architect of Adolf Hitler’s 'Final Solution' to exterminate Europe’s Jews had been seized in Argentina by Israeli secret agents - 7 May 2020: Neo-Nazi linked AfD party's Gauland, describing the 8 May 1945 when World War II ended in Europe following Nazi Germany’s surrender, called this day a 'day of absolute defeat', saying end of conflict marked a 'loss of the possibility to shape things’

14 April 2021 on Memorial Day Israelis gathered by the graves of Jewish soldiers and victims of WWI: 14 April 2021: On Memorial Day, a group of civilians gathered by the graves of 24 Jewish soldiers buried in Mount Scopus British War Cemetery, part of 23,000 burial sites around the world and funded by the UK in partnership with the governments of Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and South Africa, whose soldiers fought alongside Britain in 1914-1918 World War I

2 July 2021 Lapid to insist on submarine affair probe concerning German firm ThyssenKrupp: 2 July 2021: Israeli FM Yair Lapid said that he will not relent on the demand for the establishment a formal national commission of inquiry into the so-called submarine affair, relating to allegations of misconduct involving the purchase of submarines and other naval vessels from the German firm ThyssenKrupp, expanding in WWI and since the 1930s by NSDAP's rearmament policy as labor was conscripted and supplemented by foreign workers, slave laborers, and prisoners of war

10 October 2021 documentary points finger at the West for abandoning victims of the Holocaust: 10 October 2021: How did 99% of Nazi war criminals evade justice? New film has the shameful answer, as powerful new documentary ‘Getting Away with Murder(s)’ points a finger at the West for willfully abandoning victims of the Holocaust

10 October 2021 chancellor Merkel in Israel, as Iran, antisemitism top the agenda: 10 October 2021: Chancellor Merkel in Israel, as Iran, antisemitism top the agenda, as German chancellor joins cabinet meeting - 'Haaretz' reports in 'Live Updates'

Germany/Italy relations: Germany/Italy relations

1914-1918 Austria-Hungary's and Germany's campaign against Italy in World War I and Erwin Rommel: Austria-Hungary's and Germany's campaign against Italy in World War I - Battles of the Isonzo 1915-1917 in World War I - The use of poison gas by the Germans played a key role in the collapse of the Italian Second Army in the Battle of Caporetto 1917, Erwin Rommel (later Hitler's favorite general) won the 'Pour le Mérite' for his role in the battle - In 1917 the 1944 Nobel laureate Otto Hahn was one of three officers, disguised in Austrian uniforms, sent to the Isonzo front in Italy to find a suitable location for an attack, utilising newly developed rifled minenwerfers that simultaneously hurled hundreds of containers of poison gas onto enemy targets, as they selected a site where the Italian trenches were sheltered in a deep valley so that a gas cloud would persist, the 'Battle of Caporetto' broke through the Italian line and the Central Powers overran much of northern Italy, as in 1918 the German offensive in the west smashed through the Allies' lines after a massive release of gas from their mortars

1915-1918 German empire's 'Gastruppe' and Nobel laureate 'Haber's rule': 1915-1918 'Gastruppe' durante la prima guerra mondiale, le truppe tedesche incaricate dell'uso dei gas sotto la supervisione del premio Nobel 1918 Fritz Haber - 'Manifesto of the Ninety-Three', 4 October 1914 proclamation originally titled in English 'To the Civilized World' by 'Professors of Germany', declaring their unequivocal support of German military actions in World War I - Since 1915 Fritz Haber, who played a major role in the development of the non-ballistic use of chemical warfare in World War I, in spite of the proscription of their use in shells by the Hague Convention of 1907 and to which Germany was a signatory, formulated a simple mathematical relationship between the gas concentration and the necessary exposure time which became known as 'Haber's rule', as during the 1920s his institute developed the cyanide gas formulation Zyklon A

1936/1937 Anti-Comintern Pact and 1939-1945 World War II: 1936/1937 Anti-Comintern Pact and 1939-1945 World War II

Since 1945 Germany refuses to extradite war criminals convicted in Italy: List of Germans convicted of war crimes committed in Italy during World War II, mostly never extradited by Germany

March 1944 Ardeatine massacre: Ardeatine massacre 24 March 1944 - 335 civilians, including Italian (political prisoners) and Jewish civilians, killed

29 June 1944 Civitella massacre of 244 civilians by german soldiers of the 'Wehrmacht', never charged in Germany: 29 June 1944 massacre of 244 civilians in Civitella was done by german soldiers of the 'Wehrmacht', never charged in Germany

August 1944 Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre: August 1944 Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre, German war crime committed in Sant'Anna di Stazzema in Tuscany in the course of an operation against the Italian resistance movement, the Waffen-SS murdered about 560 local villagers and refugees, including 130 children, and burned their bodies

September/October 1944 Marzabotto massacre: September/October 1944 Marzabotto massacre, a mass murder of at least 770 civilians by German military, which took place in the territory around the small village of Marzabotto, in the mountainous area south of Bologna

Since 1945 'Schrank der Schande', 'Armadio della vergogna', 'LA MEMORIA': - LA MEMORIA - Armadio della vergogna - Schrank der Schande (staatlich versteckte Akten über deutsche Kriegsverbrechen)

1954 British court-martial in Padua tried SS General Max Simon in 1944 Marzabotto massacre: A British court-martial in Padua tried SS General Max Simon for his part in the 1944 Marzabotto massacre, sentenced to death, later changed to life in prison, Simon was released from German jail in Werl in 1954

2004/2012 no one was prosecuted for Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre apart from Max Simon until July 2004: Apart from the divisional commander Max Simon, no one was prosecuted for Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre until July 2004, when a trial of ten former Waffen-SS officers and NCOs living in Germany was held before a military court in Italy's La Spezia, that found the accused guilty of participation in the killings and sentenced them in absentia to life imprisonment, but in 2012 German prosecutors shelved their investigation of 17 unnamed former SS soldiers in the case

June 2012 anti-italian riots in German cities: 29 June 2012: Non solo a Wuppertal, infatti anche a Berlino, Monaco, Wolfsburg e in diverse città centinaia di pseudo-tifosi hanno aggredito fisicamente e verbalmente gli italiani in festa

2012/2013 report by Italian and German historians on German war crimes against Italians and reactions: 19 December 2012: At the presentation of a report by Italian and German historians on German war crimes against Italians, Italy presses Germany on conviction of former Nazis - 29 July 2013 and its truth: The murderer SS-Priebke and free man in 2013 said, that the victims - from 14 year old boys (today 83) to 75 year old men - were, in his view at the time, terrorists - 15 October 2013: Angry protests mark funeral of Nazi war criminal SS officer Erich Priebke in Italy - 16 October: Italy marked the 70th anniversary of the round-up and deportation of Jews from Rome's ghetto on Wednesday, amid turmoil over the burial of Nazi war criminal Erich Priebke and his Holocaust-denying final statement - 18 October: 90-year-old former Nazi soldier Alfred Stork sentenced in absentia by a military court in Rome which found him guilty of taking part in the execution of at least 117 Italian officers on the Greek island of Cephalonia - 19 October 2013: Nazi war criminal Priebke to be buried in 'secret location' in Italy

15 August 2020 after 76 years victims of 1944 Nazi Fosse Ardeatine massacre identified: 15 August 2020: After 76 years, victims of 1944 Fosse Ardeatine massacre, in which civilians were killed by Nazi German occupation soldiers in reprisal for a partisan attack on an SS regiment in Italy, identified through DNA testing, as two of those who died can now finally be honored by families, and as David Reicher's father Marian, a Polish Jew who fled to Italy during WWII, was among the 335 civilians murdered in the indiscriminate mass killings, which targeted Jews and Gentiles of all ages, from all professions, and socioeconomic groups, during the German led massacre period following the overthrow of Mussolini, as Nazi Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel became commander of German Army Group B in Italy since July 1943, to force Italy to continue Nazi's war after the overthrow of the war criminal Mussolini, as EU's present-day president of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen calls Erwin Rommel a resistance fighter

Germany/Japan relations: Germany/Japan relations

1683-1693 German physician and explorer Engelbert Kaempfer in Asia and Japan: 1683-1693 German naturalist, physician, explorer and writer Engelbert Kaempfer known for his tour of Russia, Persia, India, Southeast Asia, and Japan

1936 Anti-Comintern Pact: 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact and World War II

1939-1945 World War II: 1939-1945 World War II - Japanese war crimes - German war crimes in World War II - War crimes of the Wehrmacht

2013: 1 août 2013: En déclarant que le Japon pourrait s’inspirer de la manière dont le régime nazi avait réformé la Constitution allemande, le vice-Premier ministre japonais Taro Aso s’est attiré une volée de critiques

Germany–Korea relations: Germany–Korea relations

1883: Germany–Korea Treaty of 1883

Germany/North Korea relations: Germany/North Korea relations

February 2018 North Korea acquiring equipment and technology for its nuclear and weapons programmes through its Berlin embassy: 4 February 2018: North Korea has been acquiring equipment and technology for its nuclear and weapons programmes through its Berlin embassy, according to Germany’s domestic intelligence BfV

24 January 2020 'Munich Security Conference' invited North Korean regime to Munich 2020 23 January 2020: Lining up with German and international appeasement policy, 'Munich Security Conference' - to assume an air of own importance - invited North Korean regime to Munich 2020, encouraging regime's crimes, and coming a month after regime declared it was abandoning moratoriums on nuclear and intercontinental ballistic missile tests - 24 January 2020: North Korea appoints hardline ex-army officer Ri Son-gwon as new FM, who has little diplomatic experience, as analysts say appointment of Ri Son-gwon suggests tougher stance on nuclear talks with USA

Germany/South Korea relations: Germany/South Korea relations

Germany/Kuwait relations: Germany/Kuwait relations

2016, November 2017: 16 November 2017: After an Israeli passenger was barred from a Frankfurt-Bangkok flight in 2016 despite having a valid ticket, the Frankfurt state court ruled that Kuwait’s national airline didn’t have to transport an Israeli citizen, noting in its decision that Kuwait Airways is not allowed to have contracts with Israelis under Kuwaiti law because of the Middle Eastern country’s boycott of Israel

Germany/Latvia relations: Germany/Latvia relations

Baltic Germans: Baltic Germans

Since 1914 WWI and September 1917 Germans in power in Riga: 3 September 1917 fall of Riga to German military's infiltration tactics and Germans in power amid German empire's military offensive on the Eastern Front

Since July 1941 German occupation of Riga and elimination of the Jewish and Roma population: Since July 1941 German occupation of Riga, as elimination of the Jewish and Roma population began, with major mass killings taking place at Rumbula and elsewhere, committed by the 'Einsatzgruppe', the 'Wehrmacht' and Latvian collaborators, including the 500–1,500 members of the Arajs Kommando which alone killed around 26,000 Jews, as most most of the remaining Jewish people being rounded up and put into ghettos and the Riga Ghetto became crowded, later taken from the ghetto to the nearby Rumbula Forest and shot, and as - before the Soviet forces returned - all Jews under 18 or over 30 were shot, with the remainder moved to Stutthof concentration camp

July 1941 burning of the Riga synagogues: July 1941 burning of the Riga synagogues

July 1941-1943 Riga Ghetto in Maskavas Forštate and timeline: July 1941-1943 Riga Ghetto in Maskavas Forštate, a neighbourhood of Riga - Timeline of Riga Ghetto until end of November 1943, when all Jews removed from the ghetto, either by transport to another camp or by murder

November/December 1941 'Rumbula massacre': November/December 1941 'Rumbula massacre', in which about 25,000 Jews were killed in or on the way to Rumbula forest near Riga during the Holocaust, except for the Babi Yar massacre in Ukraine the biggest two-day Holocaust atrocity until the operation of the death camps, as about 24,000 of the victims were Latvian Jews from the Riga Ghetto and approximately 1,000 were German Jews transported to the forest by train, and as the massacre was carried out by the Nazi 'Einsatzgruppe' with supporters

December 1941 author of 'World History of the Jewish people' Simon Dubnow murdered by the Nazis: 8 December 1941 Jewish-born Russian historian, writer and activist Simon Dubnow (1860-1941), the son of a timber dealer and the renowned author of the ten-volume 'World History of the Jewish people', first published in German translation in 1925–1929, was murdered by the Nazis during the violent liquidation of the Riga ghetto

1943 - October 1944 Nazi 'Kaiserwald concentration camp': 1943 - October 1944 Nazi 'Kaiserwald concentration camp' near the Riga suburb of Mežaparks in Latvia, built in March 1943 as the first inmates of the camp were several hundred victims coming from Germany

Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45: Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45

1941-45 World War II losses in Latvia among the highest in Europe: 1941-1945 World War II losses in Latvia were among the highest in Europe, as estimates of population loss stand at 30% for Latvia

Germany/Lebanon relations: Germany/Lebanon relations

November 2017: 18 November 2017: Lebanon's Saad Hariri names Germany's Sigmar Gabriel when announcing that he was heading to the airport in Saudi Arabia, saying 'I am on the way to the airport Mr. Sigmar Gabriel', following Hezbollah terrorists' lies that he was not allowed to leave the country, and apparently singling out the German foreign minister because Gabriel had criticized meddling in Lebanon's affairs, amid Hezbollah's, Iranian, Russian aggressions in the region and their common war with Assad against the Syrian people since 2011 - 20 November 2017: In unprecedented footage, the IDF allowed an Israeli TV crew to film it opening the border gates to Syria, and allowing in a group of mothers and their children, who were then transported to an Israeli hospital for medical treatment

Germany/Libya relations: Germany/Libya relations

1936-1945 and German invasion of North Africa 1941: World War II North African campaign 1940-1943 and German invasion

The Holocaust in Italian Libya 1938-1943: The Jews of Libya after the passage of Italy's Manifesto of Race in 1938 and following the German intervention in 1941 during the Holocaust - The Holocaust in Italian Libya 1938-1943

Since 1970s: Libyen-Affäre - langjährige Ausbildungshilfe für Gaddafis Unterdrückungsapparat seit den 70iger Jahren

2011: 18 March 2011: UN Security Council resolution authorising a no-fly zone over Libya - China, Germany and Russia abstained - 31 August 2011: Große Anzahl deutscher Sturmgewehre in Gaddafis Armee - 4 September 2011: German spies worked with Gaddafi

Germany/Lithuania relations: Germany/Lithuania relations

Since 19 September 1915 German occupation of Lithuania District: Since 19 September 1915 German empire's invasion of Vilna Governorate and 1915-1918 Lithuania District of German-controlled territory of Ober-Ost during World War I

1939 German ultimatum and 1941-1945 Occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany: 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania - Klaipeda Region - Occupation of the Baltic states by Nazi Germany 1941-1945 - Occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany 1941-1945

/June/July 1941 - August 1944 German invasion, Ponary massacre and the Holocaust in Lithuania: June/July 1941 - August 1944 Ponary massacre, the mass murder of up to 100,000 people by German SD and SS and their Lithuanian collaborators, including Ypatingasis burys killing squads, during World War II - September 1941 - September 1943 Vilna Ghetto, a World War II Jewish ghetto established and operated by Nazi Germany in the city of Vilnius - The Holocaust in Lithuania - 1943-1944 KP 562, the site of a Nazi forced labor camp for Jews in Vilnius, during the Holocaust - Since 1942 'Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye', a Jewish resistance organization based in the Vilna Ghetto that organized armed resistance against the Nazis during World War II, founded by Communist and Zionist partisans

Resistance in Lithuania during World War II: Resistance in Lithuania during World War II

2013: 22 septembre 2013: La mémoire de la communauté juive de Lituanie revit sur internet - 23 septembre: La Lituanie a marqué lundi le 70e anniversaire de la liquidation par l'Allemagne nazie du ghetto juif de Vilnius et d'une fin quasi totale de la riche culture juive de la ville, surnommée autrefois 'la Jérusalem du Nord'

2017: 15 April 2017: 'Holocaust Escape Tunnel' documentary sheds new light on the attempt by 80 imprisoned men and women, mostly Lithuanian Jews, to make a break for freedom in the face of Nazi bullets

Germany/Luxembourg relations: Germany/Luxembourg relations

28 July 1914: The International Socialist Bureau (permanent secretariat in Brussels) urges the European working population and its organizations, to continue and intensify the battle for peace, for an arbitrational solution of the Austrian-Serbian crisis

Since August/September 1914 'Septemberprogramm': The 'Septemberprogramm' 1914, the plan for the territorial expansion of Imperial Germany at the beginning of World War I 1914–1918, showing the true scope of German plans for territorial expansion in two directions, east and west - Buts de guerre des Empires centraux 1914-1918

1 August 1914 German invasion of Luxembourg and occupation 1914-1918: 1 August 1914: German declarations of war on Russia on 1st August, on France on August 3, on Belgium on August 4, German troops invaded Luxemburg as early as 7:00 pm of August 1st without declaration, first of all occupying the railway station of Ulflingen - German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I - German war crimes in the 20th century

1939-1945 German invasion of Luxembourg: The German invasion of Luxembourg was part of the German invasion of the Low Countries and France during World War II since 10 May 1940 - German occupation of Luxembourg during World War II - Luxembourg in World War II

Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany and Holocaust: Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany - The Holocaust in Luxembourg - 13 February 2015: Luxembourg’s wartime bosses willingly cooperated with German Nazis in the persecution of Jews during the Holocaust, a government-commissioned study determined

Luxembourg Resistance: Luxembourg Resistance - 1942 Luxembourgish general strike to protest against a directive that conscripted Luxembourg youth into the Wehrmacht, German authorities responded violently by sentencing 21 strikers to death

1959 Germany/Luxembourg Compensation Agreement for Victims of the Nazi Regime on paying DM 18 million: 1959 Germany/Luxembourg 'Bilateral Compensation Agreement for Victims of the Nazi Regime' on paying DM 18 million

2014-2018: First World War 1914-1918 centenary 2014-2018

Germany/Luxembourg economic and financial relations: Business in Luxembourg - Economy, finance and companies of Luxembourg

JAB Holding Company owned by the Reimann family: JAB Holding Company, a privately held German conglomerate owned by the Reimann family, headquartered in Luxembourg, that includes investments of companies operating in the arenas of consumer goods, forestry, coffee, luxury fashion, and fast food, among others

March 2019: On 24 March 2019, the Reimann family announced that Albert Reinmann Sr. and Albert Reinman Jr. were supporters of Adolph Hitler and the Nazi party, and that historical research has revealed that the company used 175 forced labourers and employed a foreman who was known for his cruel treatment in 1943 and onwards - 24 March 2019: Following historical research since 2014, Reimann family, which owns Pret a Manger, Krispy Kreme and Peet’s Coffee, says ancestors 'belonged in jail’ for use of Russian civilians and French POWs as forced laborers, also saying the family never spoke of the Nazi era, despite the Reimanns donated to the paramilitary SS even before the Nazis came to power

Germany/Malta relations: Germany/Malta relations

1940-1942 Siege of Malta by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: 1940-1942 Siege of Malta by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany during World War II, after the opening of a new front in North Africa in June 1940 increased the considerable value of the strategically important island of Malta

Since January 1941 German intervention: Since January 1941 German intervention

Since 1942: Since 1940 World War II sites in Malta

2017 sociétés 'boîte aux lettres': 10 mai 2017: Des milliers d'entreprises fictives enregistrées sur l'île de Malta et liées à de grands groupes allemands sont dans le viseur du fisc allemand

Germany/Mexico relations: Germany/Mexico relations - 1917 'Zimmermann Telegram' proposal from the German Empire for Mexico to join an alliance with Germany in the event of the USA entering World War I - 7 May 2013: German arms manufacturer Heckler&Koch admitted to illegally selling thousands of rifles to Mexico, where the weapons were reportedly used to commit human rights violations - 25 December 2014: Protesters in Mexico claim that German arms manufacturers exported assault rifles to corrupt local police department implicated in the 2014 Iguala kidnapping of 43 students

Germany/Middle East relations: Germany/Middle East relations

1871-1945 Germany and the Middle East: 2004: Germany and the Middle East, 1871-1945

1914-1918 Central Powers Mediterranean U-boat Campaign and impunity: 1914-1918 Mediterranean U-boat Campaign during World War I in the Mediterranean Sea, fought by Austria-Hungary and German Empire (with some support by the Ottoman Empire) against the Allies, characterised by the ability of the Central Powers to raid with near impunity during the first years of the war, causing substantial shipping losses, until the introduction of the convoy system allowed the Allies to drastically cut their losses from 1917 on

1939-1945 submarine warfare in German, Italian and Japanese empires' World War II: Submarine warfare in World War II

15 September 2020 Hamas said to retrieve ammunition from WWI warship sunk off Gaza coast by a German submarine: 15 September 2020: Naval commandos from the Hamas terror group reportedly succeeded in retrieving a trove of ammunition, including large-caliber naval shells, from a sunken British warship off the coast of the Gaza Strip with the aim of using it to arm itself against Israel, as over a period of several weeks, divers removed the ammunition from HMS M15, which was sunk in 1917 during World War I by a German submarine and now lies about a kilometer northeast of Gaza City

Germany/Moldova relations: Germany/Moldova relations - 'Transnistria Governorate' Romanian-administered territory conquered by the Axis Powers and occupied 1941-1944 - The Holocaust in Transnistria

Germany/Mozambique relations: Germany/Mozambique relations

1894-1916 German Kionga Triangle in Portuguese Mozambique: 1894 the German empire established an outpost south of the Rovuma River designated as the border between the German and Portuguese colonies, naming the area Kionga Triangle - on 9 March 1916 during World War I Germany declared war on Portugal and the Portuguese military seized the disputed area in April 1916

November 1917 Battle of Ngomano: November 1917 Battle of Ngomano fought between the German Empire and Portugal during the East African Campaign of World War I

Dezember 1984 Anschlag bei Unango in Mosambik: 6. Dezember 1984 Anschlag bei Unango in Mosambik war einer der schwersten terroristischen Anschläge gegen DDR-Bürger

1990 Ausweisung mosambikanischer Vertragsarbeiter: Rund 15.000 Mosambikaner, die als Vertragsarbeiter aufgrund eines Staatsvertrages zwischen der DDR und Mosambik seit 1979 in der DDR arbeiteten, wurden nach der Wende in der DDR 1990 durch die Bundesrepublik bei ungeklärten Lohnforderungen nach Mosambik ausgewiesen

Juni 2000 Ermordung von Alberto Adriano: Alberto Adriano, mort le 14 juin 2000 à Dessau-Roßlau en ex Allemagne de l'Est RDA, était un charcutier allemand d'origine mozambicaine et victime mortelle de la violence néo-nazie en Allemagne, en août 2000 les suspects furent reconnus coupables de meurtre en association et condamnés

Germany/Namibia relations: Germany/Namibia relations

1884-1915 'German South-West Africa' colony: Namibia 'German South-West Africa' colony 1884-1915 - Herero Wars 1904-1908, after German colonists occupied large areas of land since 1884, ignoring any claims by the Herero and other natives, and some of the Khoi and Herero tribes rose in revolt 1903 - Herero and Namaqua Genocide 1904-1907 - Shark Island Concentration Camp, between 1,032 and 3000 Herero and Namaqua men, women, and children died in the camp between 1905 and 1907 - 'Red Line' 1911, originally a Police zone for controlling north-south travel of the indigenous population in South-West Africa

1914-1915, World War I, Germany and South-West Africa: African Theatre of World War I describes campaigns in Africa instigated by the German and Ottoman empires, local rebellions against European colonial rule and Allied campaigns against the German colonies - 1914-1915 German South-West Africa campaign

2004: 16 August 2004: After hundred years, Germany apologised for the first time for the colonial-era genocide which killed 65,000 Herero people in Namibia

2016: 5 May 2016: Decades before the Nazis tried to annihilate the Jews, German colonialists in Southwest Africa dehumanized, built death camps for, and slaughtered tens of thousands of tribespeople in a systematic genocide, 'subhumans', 'cattle car transports', even the 'Final Solution' have their sinister antecedents in Africa in the early 1900s - 14 octobre 2016: Deux peuples de l'actuelle Namibie ont dénoncé une 'insulte phénoménale' de l'Allemagne à propos de sa volonté de s'excuser pour le génocide des Héréro et Nama au début du XXe siècle tout en refusant des réparations

2017: 5 January 2017: Germany sued in the USA for damages of genocide in Namibia by descendants of the Herero and Nama people, for what they called a campaign of genocide by German colonial troops in the early 1900s that led to more than 100,000 deaths

August/September 2018: 31 August 2018: Poland says it lost more than 5 million citizens, including 90% of Poland's Jewish population, and over $54 billion dollars worth of assets under the Nazi German occupation of the country during World War II

12 August 2020 Namibia says Germany's offered reparations for mass killings needed to be 'revised': 12 August 2020: Namibia’s president Hage Geingob said reparations offered by Germany for mass killings in its then colony at the start of the twentieth century needed to be 'revised', after German occupiers in Namibia killed tens of thousands of indigenous Herero and Nama people in 1904-1908 massacres, which historians have called the first genocide of the 20th century

Germany/Netherlands relations: Germany/Netherlands relations

1914-1918 German war crimes in SPD supported World War I: German war crimes in SPD supported World War I 1914-1918 - Buts de guerre des Empires centraux 1914-1918 - German war crimes since 1914 German invasion and 1914-1918 occupation of Belgium against 1839 Treaty of London - 1839 Treaty of London - the European powers recognized and guaranteed the independence and neutrality of Belgium, article VII required Belgium to remain perpetually neutral, and by implication committed the signatory powers to guard that neutrality in the event of invasion

1918 Wilhelm's flight, 1920-1941 exile for war criminal Wilhelm II in the Netherland against the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, expressly providing in article 227 for the prosecution of Wilhelm for war crimes: 10 November 1918 flight and 1920-1941 exile and asylum for last German emperor and war criminal Wilhelm II in the Netherlands' 'Huis Doorn' was based on monarchist and family ties with Netherlands' Queen Wilhelmina, in return Germany invaded the Netherlands on 10 May 1940, committing war crimes not yet seen and Wilhelm went undisturbed by the German 'Wehrmacht' - 1919 Peace Treaty of Versailles, Articles 227-230: 'The Allied and Associated Powers publicly arraign William II of Hohenzollern, formerly German Emperor, for a supreme offence against international morality and the sanctity of treaties. A special tribunal will be constituted to try the accused, thereby assuring him the guarantees essential to the right of defence.'

1940-1945 German invasion of Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and France: 'Slag om Nederland' part of 'Case Yellow', the German invasion of Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and France during World War II

May 1940 German aerial bombardment of Rotterdam, German occupation and The Holocaust: Aerial bombardment of Rotterdam, destroying almost the entire historic city centre and killing nearly nine hundred civilians, by the 'Luftwaffe' on 14 May 1940 - History of the Netherlands 1939-1945: German invasion and occupation - Anne Frank - The Holocaust in the Netherlands

Dutch resistance and 1941 February General Strike during World War II against Nazi Germany: Dutch resistance against German occupation and war crimes - 1941 February Strike, general strike organized during World War II in the Netherlands against the anti-Jewish measures and activities of the Nazi Germany, its direct causes were the pogroms held by the Germans in the Jewish neighbourhood of Amsterdam

June 1942 - 1944 'The Diary of Anne Frank': Since June 1942 Dutch language diary of Anne Frank while she was in hiding for two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands 'Het Achterhuis', Dagboekbrieven 14 Juni 1942 – 1 Augustus 1944, first published in 1947

September 2013: 2 September 2013: Germany tries 92-year-old member of the Nazi Waffen SS Siert Bruins for Nazi war crime

November 2018: 28 November 2018: The Dutch state-owned rail company has said it will pay compensation to survivors and relatives of those transported by their trains to the Nazi death camps during the second world war after receiving a threat of litigation

30 July 2020 Holocaust survivor launches legal claim against German railway: 30 July 2020: Holocaust survivor Salo Muller, whose parents were taken by rail from Amsterdam to their deaths at Auschwitz, has tabled a legal claim against the German state over the wartime role of the Deutsche Reichsbahn, demanding an apology and financial recompense for about 500 Dutch survivors and about 5,500 next of kin, as Muller’s lawyer also writes a letter to the German CDU-chancellor Merkel

Germany/New Zealand relations: Germany/New Zealand relations

1914-1918: Military history of New Zealand in World War I

1939-1945: Military history of New Zealand during World War II

Since 1939 New Zealand's participation in the liberation of Europe and the Pacific region: Since 1939 New Zealand's participation in the liberation of Europe and the Pacific region during World War II as on 13 December 1939 New Zealand deployed its naval forces against Germany and Italy - 20 December 2012: New Zealand was one of the first countries to become involved in the global conflict precipitated by Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, its 2176-day involvement encompassing all but three days of the period now accepted as the Second World War

Germany/Nigeria relations: Germany/Nigeria relations

19th/20th century European 'Scramble for Africa', looting: 'Benin Bronzes' sculptures which include elaborately decorated cast plaques, commemorative heads, animal and human figures, items of royal regalia, and personal ornaments, created from at least the 16th century onwards in the West African Kingdom of Benin. By the end of the 19th century, the Nigerian coast and its trade were largely dominated by the British. It is in the context of this aggressive expansion of colonial power and territorial land-grab by European empires known as the 'Scramble for Africa' that the Benin Bronzes came to the British Museum

1 July 2022 Germany, Nigeria sign accord for return of looted Benin Bronzes: 1 July 2022: Germany, Nigeria sign accord for return of looted Benin Bronzes, after a British colonial expedition looted vast quantities of treasures in 1897 from the royal palace of the Kingdom of Benin during the territorial land-grab by European empires known as the 'Scramble for Africa', 'Al Jazeera' reports

20 December 2022 Germany returns 21 Benin bronzes to Nigeria: 20 December 2022: Germany returns 21 Benin bronzes to Nigeria, amid frustration at Britain, after artefacts looted in 19th century, taken from a sacked city during a British punitive expedition in 1897 and later sold to German museums in Berlin, Hamburg, Stuttgart and Cologne. Political leaders in Edo state expressed hope that Berlin’s move would create political momentum that would force others to end its century-long silence on the subject. The apology by the Dutch PM Mark Rutte for the Netherlands’ role in the slave trade added to an impression of a converging EU stance on postcolonial issues.

Germany/North Macedonia relations: Germany/North Macedonia-Yugoslavia relations

1914-1918 Central Powers's World War I and destruction of Bitola: 1914-1918 during Central Powers's World War I, Bitola was taken in November 1915, divided into sections, remained a front line city and was bombarded almost daily by air bombardment and artillery fire and was nearly destroyed

Since 1941 German invasion of Yugoslavia: German invasion of Yugoslavia 1941 - Macedonia during the Second world war 1941-1945

The Holocaust in Macedonia 1941-1945: The Holocaust in Macedonia 1941-1945

2012: 13 December 2012: European Court of Human Rights rules that German citizen Khaled el-Masri, arrested 2003 in Macedonia, is an innocent victim of extraordinary rendition, torture and ill-treatment by USA CIA-agents

Germany/Norway relations: Germany/Norway relations

1939-1945: German Norwegian Campaign World War II - Germany's assault on Denmark and Norway - Occupation of Norway by Germany during World War II 1939-1945 - Quisling regime - Quisling organisations in World War II - Antisemitism in Norway

German occupation and the Holocaust in Norway: Jewish deportees from Norway during World War II - The Holocaust in Norway

Norwegian resistance movement: Norwegian resistance movement - Norwegian resistance movement in World War II Milorg (militær organisasjon)

1945-1948: May 1945 - August 1948 legal purge in Norway after World War II took place against anyone who was deemed to have collaborated with the German occupation of the country and German war criminals

1945-2007 NSDAP/CDU-Filbinger scandal: NSDAP/CDU-Filbinger-Affäre (1945 bis 2007) - Justizmorde als NS-Richter - 'Furchtbare Juristen' (mit dem Untertitel 'Die unbewältigte Vergangenheit unserer Justiz') behandelt die Verbrechen der deutschen Justiz in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus und die durch Übernahme von NS-vorbelasteten Juristen in den Staatsdienst der Bundesrepublik Deutschland verhinderte gerichtliche Aufarbeitung ebendieser Verbrechen - 1. September 2009: Österreichs Nationalratspräsidentin Prammer fordert eine 'lückenlose Rehabilitation' der Opfer der NS-Militärjustiz - Opfer der NS-Militärjustiz sind Personen, die von Militärgerichten (einschließlich Feldgerichten und Ersatzgerichten) in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus verurteilt wurden, während des Zweiten Weltkrieges haben Militärrichter etwa 30.000 Todesurteile gefällt

Germany/Palau relations: Germany/Palau relations - 20th/21st centuries ambassadors of Germany to Palau and Philippines, Marshall Islands, Micronesia

Since 1696 European contact and 'discovery' of Palau: Since 1696 European contact and 'discovery' of Palau, Spanish and German rule, as Palau was administered from German New Guinea in a period of economic development, as German companies began exploiting the islands' deposits of bauxite and phosphate, as a rich harvest in copra was made, after Spain sold the Palau archipelago to Imperial Germany in the 1899 German–Spanish Treaty

Since 1914 World War I and under the terms of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance Japanese occupation: 1914 under the terms of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, the Empire of Japan declared war on the German Empire, invaded German colonial empire in the Pacific Ocean, and Palau was seized by ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, as after the war, the League of Nations awarded Palau to Japan as a Class C League of Nations Mandate

Palau during 1939-1945 World War II and post-war development: Palau during 1939-1945 World War II and post-war development - Wars and battles involving Palau

Germany/Palestinian territories relations: World War I 1914-1918 started by the German and Austrian empires - Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 1908-1922 - World War II 1939-1945 - The Holocaust, from 1941 to 1945, Jews were targeted and methodically murdered in a genocide by the German Empire

1920-1946: 1920-1946 Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine - 28 November 1941: During the meeting between Adolf Hitler and the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husseini in Berlin, al-Husseini says that the Arabs were Germany’s natural friends because they had the same enemies, namely the English, the Jews and the Communists - 30 March 2017: In rediscovered 1943 telegram, SS chief Himmler offers Jerusalem’s pro-Nazi mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini help against 'Jewish intruders’

1947/1948: 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine and Palestine war - 1948 Arab–Israeli War fought between the State of Israel and a military coalition of Arab states

Since 1948: Since 1948 Arab–Israeli conflict

1967: Six-Day War 1967, fought in June 5 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt

2008/2009: Gaza War 2008–2009

2014: 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict

2015: 5 July 2015: A year after Operation Protective Edge, some 100,000 Gazans remain homeless, with unemployment and poverty even more crippling than they were a year ago - 6 July 2015: A year after the war, Gaza grieves for its child casualties

Germany/Papua New Guinea relations: Germany/Papua New Guinea relations

1884–1899 German New Guinea Company and colony 'German New Guinea': German New Guinea Company 1884–1899, a German Chartered Company which exploited insular territory in and near present Papua New Guinea after in the 1870s and 1880s German commercial firms including Hamburg's J.C. Godeffroy&Sohn and Hersheim&Company established trading stations leading to a German controlled plantation economy - German colony 1884–1919 'German New Guinea' - German colonial empire

1884-1919 'Kaiser-Wilhelmsland': 'Kaiser-Wilhelmsland' 1884-1919

Germany/Peru relations: Germany/Peru relations

2017: 30 November 2017: German court in Hamm has ruled that it will hear Peruvian farmer Saul Luciano Lliuya’s case against energy giant RWE over climate change damage in the Andes

Germany/Poland relations: Germany/Poland relations

18th century three partitions of Poland: Towards the end of the 18th century three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland for 123 years, and conducted by the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia and Habsburg Austria, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures

1772-1795: 1772 First Partition of Poland - 1793 Second Partition of Poland - 1795 Third Partition of Poland

Since 1772 Prussian Partition: Since 1772 Prussian Partition

1795–1918 History of Poland: History of Poland 1795–1918 - 1815–1867/1915 Congress Poland or Russian Poland, created by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, until 1832 a state of the Russian part of Poland connected by personal union with the Russian Empire, in 1867 made an official part of the Russian Empire, and in 1915 replaced by the Central Powers during World War I with the proposed puppet state 'Regency Kingdom of Poland'

Since 1885 mass deportation of Poles by the German Empire: Since 1885 mass deportation of Poles from territories controlled by the German Empire

August 1914 German destruction and sacking of Kalisz: August 1914 destruction and sacking of the city of Kalisz by German Empire troops at the beginning of World War I, also known as the Pogrom of Kalisz or Poland’s Louvain, a part of German 'Schrecklichkeit' atrocities

November-December 1914 Battle of Lódz following German aggession since August: November-December 1914 Battle of Lódz, fought between the German empire's Ninth Army, commanded by generals Erich Ludendorff and Mackensen and the Russian First, Second, and Fifth Armies, as assaulted forces counted 110,000 killed, wounded or captured soldiers

Since 1914/1915 German bombing and invasion of Warsaw: After aerial bombing of the city of Warsaw in 1914 with airships, German army's invasion of Warsaw since 1 August 1915

Aftermath of the First World War: Aftermath of the First World War

Januar 1919: 15. Januar 1919 Ermordung der in Zamosc geborenen Nationalökonomin Rosa Luxemburgs und Karl Liebknechts durch die Garde-Kavallerie-Schützen-Division in Berlin, die von der SPD zur Bekämpfung der sozialdemokratischen Opposition - und vor allem für die Auslöschung der für die deutschen Kriegsverbrecher gefährlichen Kriegsgegner seit 1914 - herangezogen worden war, und die bzw. deren Mitglieder zusammen mit anderen militärischen und paramilitärischen Organisationen die spätere deutsche Revanchepolitik ausführten, seit 1933 unter dem NSDAP-Regime

1937-1939 German 'Special Prosecution Book-Poland': 1937-1939 'Special Prosecution Book-Poland', the proscription list prepared by the Germans immediately before the onset of war, that identified more than 61,000 of Polish people including scientists, activists, intelligentsia, scholars, actors, former officers, and prominent others, who were to be interned or shot on the spot upon their identification following the 1939 invasion, compiled by the 'Zentralstelle IIP Polen' unit of the 'Geheime Staatspolizei' with help from some members of the German minority living in pre-war Poland

1 September 1939 bombing of Wielun: 1 September 1939 bombing of Wielun comprised air raids on the Polish town of Wielun by Germany's Luftwaffe, that destroyed at least 70% of the town's buildings (as much as 90%, in the city center), causing hundreds of civilian casualties according to historian Norman Davies, described as the first war crime committed by Germany in World War II

Since 1 September 1939 Germann bombing of Warsaw: Since 1 September 1939 Germann bombing of Warsaw in World War II refers to the aerial bombing campaign of Warsaw by the German Luftwaffe during the siege of Warsaw in the invasion of Poland in 1939, it also may refer to German bombing raids during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944, as during the course of the war approximately 84% of the city was destroyed due to German mass bombings, heavy artillery fire and a planned demolition campaign

1940 Lódz (renamed 'Litzmannstadt') an important industrial city for the German war machine: By 1940 the city of Lódz was renamed Litzmannstadt and became an important industrial city for the German war machine, as munitions and uniforms were manufactured in the newly established 'Ghetto Litzmannstadt' by Jewish slave labor, as Jews from Poland, Germany, Benelux and Czechoslovakia as well as Roma people from Austria were brought to live and work there in appalling conditions, while most of them were taken for extermination in the Nazi death camps, until Lódz was taken by the Soviet Army on 17 January 1945, and only 877 Jews survived to the moment of liberation from emerging and perishing German empire since 1793, 1848/1871, 1914 and 1939

Since February 1940 Lódz Ghetto, camp for Polish children, deportations: Since February 1940 Lódz Ghetto, established by the German authorities for Polish Jews and Roma, the second-largest ghetto in all of German-occupied Europe after the Warsaw Ghetto, originally intended as a preliminary step upon a more extensive plan of creating the Judenfrei province of Warthegau, then the ghetto was transformed into a major industrial centre, manufacturing war supplies for Nazi Germany and especially for the Wehrmacht, as the number of people incarcerated in it was increased further by the Jews deported from the Third Reich territories

Forms of resistance in the Lódz Ghetto and within other ghettos: Forms of resistance in the Lódz Ghetto and within other ghettos - After the Germans in 1942 ordered the final liquidation of the ghettos, residents recognized the imminence of their deaths and they resisted in the forests, in the ghettos, and even in the death camps, mocked by their murderers claiming their inability to resist, as Nazi followers even today in Germany and elsewhere agree, or require understanding and dialogue, criticize violence or disproportionate violence, or do not take a stand

September 1939 German bombing of Frampol, practicing skills to kill: September 1939 bombing of Frampol occurred during the German invasion of Poland in 1939, when the town of Frampol, without military value, but with a population of 4,000 people was bombed by German bombers under General von Richthofen on 13 September as a practice run for future missions and as German fighter pilots trained strafing techniques on refugees who were trying to flee from the city

1939-1945 German invasion of Poland 1939 and World War II: German invasion of Poland 1939, the beginning of World War II - War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II, called 'Schmutzstrecke' by German war criminals as for instance quartermaster-general Eduard Wagner - 'Germanisation' under Nazi Germany

1939/1940 German mass murder 'Intelligenzaktion': 1939/1940 German 'Intelligenzaktion', a secret mass murder conducted by NSDAP-Germany against the Polish third level educated people including teachers, priests, physicians, scientists) early in the German war 1939–45, conducted to realise the 'Germanization' of regions of occupied Poland before territorial annexation to the German Reich

1940 German mass murder 'Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion' in Poland: 1940 German 'Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion' in Poland, a second stage of the Nazi German campaign of violence and mass murder during World War II aimed to eliminate the intellectuals and the upper classes of Polish society across the territories slated for eventual annexation, as most of the killings were arranged in a form of mass disappearances from multiple cities and towns upon the German arrival, and in the spring and summer of 1940, more than 30,000 Poles were arrested by the Nazi authorities in German-occupied central Poland, about 7,000 of them including community leaders, professors, teachers and priests were subsequently massacred secretly at various locations including at the Palmiry forest, the others were sent to German concentration camps

August-October 1944 Warsaw Uprising: Warsaw Uprising 1 August – 2 October 1944 - Since 1942 prelude to the Warsaw Uprising, that occurred at a stage of the Second World War when it was becoming clear that Nazi Germany was likely to lose

1939-1945 World War II, the Holocaust in Poland and 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising: The Holocaust in Poland - Warsaw Ghetto - Ghetto uprisings - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 19 April 1943 – 16 May 1943 - Ringelblum Archive, a collection of documents from the World War II Warsaw Ghetto, collected and preserved by the group 'Oyneg Shabbos', which included historians, writers, rabbis and social workers, dedicated to chronicling life in the Ghetto during the Nazi occupation and started in September 1939 and ended in January 1943 - 18 October 2014: Polish lawyer Raphael Lemkin, who in 1943 coined the term 'Genocide', spent his life trying to stop it

1944-1981 Majdanek trials in Poland and Germany: Since November 1944 Majdanek trials, a series of consecutive war-crime trials held in Poland and in Germany during and after World War II, constituting the overall longest Nazi war crimes trial in history spanning over 30 years, as the first judicial trial of Majdanek extermination camp officials took place November/December 1944 in Poland's Lublin, the last one in Germany's Düsseldorf 1975-1981, lasting 474 sessions

April 1946 - 1947 at Gdansk 'Stutthof war crime tribunals' for the prosecution of 1939-1945 Stutthof concentration camp staff and officials: April 1946 - November 1947 'Stutthof trials' a series of war crime tribunals held in postwar Poland for the prosecution of 1939-1945 Stutthof concentration camp staff and officials, responsible for the murder of up to 85,000 prisoners during the occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany in World War II

Since May 1945 war-crime trials in Poland following World War II: Trials in Poland, including 1947 Auschwitz trial Since May 1945 Chelmno trials, a series of consecutive war-crime trials of the Chelmno extermination camp personnel following World War II, held in Poland since May and in Germany 1962–65 - 1947 Auschwitz trial in Kraków, when Polish authorities tried 40 former staff of the Auschwitz concentration camps - Holocaust trials - Survivor testimonies

1944-1945 Nazi concentration camp guard Dey convicted over 5,232 murders in July 2020: 23 July 2020: Nazi concentration camp guard convicted over 5,232 murders of mostly Jewish prisoners, as Bruno Dey found guilty of accessory to murders in final months of second world war, as now about 40 survivors or their descendants were co-plaintiffs in the trial, appearing mostly via a video link, and as Investigation of National Socialist Crimes' office says it is investigating a further 14 individuals over crimes committed in concentration camps

2013 for first time, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising diaries unveiled: 20 January 2013: For first time, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising diaries unveiled - 28 March 2013: German ZDF television drama about the Second World War has sparked outrage in Poland for trying to spread responsibility for the Holocaust - 1 April 2013: Cutting-edge 3D film 'Warszawa 1935' revives a Warsaw lost to war - 8 April: Thousands from across the globe marched solemnly at the former Nazi Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp to honour the six million Jews killed in the Holocaust during World War II - 18 April 2013: Poland's Warsaw ghetto uprising survivor Rotem recalls 'hell on earth'

2014 Yoram Friedman, who escaped the Warsaw ghetto in 1943, honored in Poland and Nazi military, that attacked Poland, honored in Germany: 8 January 2014: Movie that tells the story of the boy Yoram Friedman, who escaped the Warsaw ghetto in 1943, premieres in Poland - 20 July 2014: Germany on Sunday honored a group of Nazi-era officers who tried to kill Adolf Hitler 70 years ago, including Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, who took part in the attack on Poland since 1 September 1939 together with Hitler general 'Generalfeldmarschall' Erwin Rommel, and supported the occupation of Poland and its handling by the Nazi regime and the use of Poles as slave workers to achieve German prosperity as well as German colonization and exploitation of Poland

January 2015: 18 January: Seventy years after Auschwitz’s guards fled and the last survivors will gather, a new exhibition will focus not just on the victims but the perpetrators - 27 January: Holocaust survivors from around the world and visitors marking the 70th anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland

7/8 May 2015 commemorations marking the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II: 7/8 May 2015: Amid deep divisions over Russian regime's aggession against Ukraine, Poland's president is leading international commemorations in Gdansk marking the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II, Ukraine's Poroshenko pays tribute to those killed in World War II and UN's Ban Ki-moon demands to protect future generations from war and conflict

January/February 2018: 27 January 2018: Amid escalating tensions between Israel and Poland over a new bill passed in the lower house of Poland’s parliament, which would outlaw blaming Poles for crimes of the Holocaust, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center Yad Vashem said that 'while the term 'Polish death camps' is a historical misrepresentation', new Polish legislation may 'blur historical truths' on the help Germans received from Poles in Holocaust - 18 February 2018: Polish PM Morawiecki drew fresh criticism for paying his respects at the grave of Polish fighters who collaborated with Nazi Germany during World War II, hours after sparking outrage for claiming that Jews were involved in perpetrating the Holocaust

December 2018 Warsaw Ghetto fighter Simcha Rotem died: 23 December 2018: Simcha Rotem, an Israeli Holocaust survivor who was among the last-known Jewish fighters from the 1943 Warsaw ghetto uprising against the Nazis, has died at 94

March 2019 Israeli and Polish students at Auschwitz memorial site: 25 March 2019: At the memorial site at Auschwitz, Israeli and Polish students stood side-by-side and read out names of their relatives who were murdered in the Holocaust and during World War II at Auschwitz, Birkenau and other death camps

May 2019: 7 May 2019: Poland won’t pay WWII compensation because Poles were greatest victims, PM says, as Polish authorities are in the process of restitution of the property of pre-war Jewish communities, returning Jewish cemeteries, synagogues and other buildings to Jewish communities, a process that does not apply to private property, but the current electoral campaign for EU Parliament and the upcoming autumn elections for Polish parliament seats have returned the subject of restitution to the news

1 August 2019 Warsaw revolt and German revenge remembered: 1 August 2019: 75 years on, ex-nurse Maria Mostowska recalls bravery and carnage in failed 1944 Polish revolt against Nazis, as in largest act of resistance during World War II, 50,000 fighters of clandestine Home Army fought Germans for 63 days hoping for quick support from the Allies to free Warsaw from the Germans, but German bombings and mass executions led to the death of some 180,000 civilians, rebellious Warsaw was razed in revenge for the revolt and the Nazis expelled some 500,000 remaining residents, sending many to the Auschwitz death camp

6 December 2019 at Auschwitz Germany's Angela Merkel vows to battle new wave of anti-Semitism: 6 December 2019: Making her first visit to Nazi death camp as chancellor, Germany's Angela Merkel speaks of ‘deep shame’ and vows fight against anti-Semitism and all hatred is priority for her government - 6 December 2019: Kaufering labor camp and Auschwitz survivor Frederick Terna fears global rise of anti-Semitism, saying Merkel’s first visit to Nazi camp is positive, but worried by similarities he sees between today’s politics and the ‘narrow nationalism’ of the 1930s, also saying 'I had the idea of getting as far away from Europe as possible' after the war

27 January 2020 Holocaust survivors will gather at the former German Auschwitz death camp: 27 January 2020: 75 years after the liberation of Auschwitz, Holocaust survivors will gather at the former German Nazi death camp to honor its over 1.1 million mostly Jewish victims and to share their testimony as a stark warning amid a recent surge of anti-Semitic attacks on both sides of the Atlantic and especially fresh concerns over anti-Semitism in Europe, after war criminal Novichok-Putin, falsely accusing Poland of colluding with German Nazi dictator Hitler and contributing to the outbreak of World War II, spoke in Jerusalem on 23 January, and as Germany since 1961 refuses to rename Nazi general Erwin Rommel barracks in Augustdorf, continuing Nazi propaganda, misleading and indoctrinating young people and generations, as neo-Nazis and AfD since 2015 got stronger in Germany and elsewhere

11/12 July 2020 Poland the only EU country without comprehensive national legislation to return private property confiscated by the Nazis: 11 July 2020: As Poland is the only country in the EU that has not passed comprehensive national legislation to return, or provide compensation for, private property confiscated by the Nazis, Polish president rejects Holocaust restitution claims ahead of election, as Andrzej Duda vows no reparations for assets seized from Jews during World War II, saying 'damages should be paid by the one that started the war', and as EU leaders are split over covid-19 recovery ahead of this week’s emergency summit that will expose national divisions over budgets, the €750bn pandemic fund, but not yet over Nazi general Rommel admiring Ursula von der Leyen, promoting war criminal Rommel, assigned as commander of the Führerbegleitbatallion, tasked with guarding Hitler and his field headquarters during the invasion of Poland, which began on 1 September 1939, describing the Rommel Barracks as one of the most important installations of the German military

27 January 2022 volunteers from different countries came to former Nazi Germany's death camp Auschwitz-Birkenau: 27 January 2022: Hundreds of volunteers from different countries choose to perform vital research work at the memorial on the site of former Nazi Germany's death camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, Israel's 'Haaretz' reports

27 January 2022 Germany currently has at least 162 streets and schools named for Nazis and their collaborators: 27 January 2022: Germany, long seen as an international model for appropriately reckoning with its Holocaust history, nonetheless currently has at least 162 streets and schools named for Nazis and their collaborators, a Forward investigation has found

22 January 2023 lost photos from Warsaw Ghetto Uprising reveal horror of Jews’ last stand: 22 January 2023: Lost photos from Warsaw Ghetto Uprising taken by Polish firefighter who risked life to record how Jews fought the Nazis despite impossible odds reveal horror of their last stand. Holocaust historians say the imperfect pictures, discovered last month in a Polish attic decades after their creator died, are nonetheless priceless. They are the only known photographs from inside the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising not to be taken by Germans. The photographs will form part of an exhibition devoted to the 80th anniversary of the uprising in 2023, to be held in April at Warsaw’s POLIN museum of Jewish history

18 April 2023 Warsaw-based POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews debuts unusual and rare images of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 1943: 18 April 2023: 80 years on, a new photography exhibit debuts unusual and rare images of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, as seen through the eyes of civilians and passersby and now unveiled by the Warsaw-based POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews

19 avril 2023 á Varsovie, enfants et petits-enfants des juifs du ghetto sur les traces de leur histoire familiale: 19 avril 2023: À Varsovie, enfants et petits-enfants des juifs du ghetto sur les traces de leur histoire familiale. Des descendants des 400 000 juifs du ghetto de Varsovie, presque tous assassinés par l'Allemagne nazie, viennent à la rencontre de leur tragique histoire familiale, et s’interrogent aussi sur la lutte contre l’antisémitisme d’aujourd’hui.

Germany/Portugal relations: Germany/Portugal relations

1914-1915 German campaign in southern Portuguese Angola: October 1914 – July 1915 German campaign in Angola, the campaign in southern Portuguese Angola took place before a formal state of war had been declared, the German empire didn't declare war on Portugal until 9 March 1916 - October-December 1914 Germans raided the Portuguese fort at Cuangar and attack the town and commune of Naulila

November 1917 Battle of Ngomano: November 1917 Battle of Ngomano fought between the German Empire and Portugal during the East African Campaign of World War I

April 1918 Battle of the Lys: April 1918 Battle of the Lys, also known as the Fourth Battle of Flanders, and casualties, including British, French, Portuguese and German

1590-1945: Portuguese Sephardic Jews, including refugees from Spain in the belief to find refuge in Portugal, fled the Kingdoms of Portugal and Spain under Philip II and Philip III following the increased persecution of Jews ordered by joint Catholic Monarchs' 1492-1968 edict of expulsion 'Alhambra Decree' and enforced by the 'Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition' - Since about 1590 Portuguese Jewish community in Hamburg, in the twentieth century and systematic deportation and murder of their members during the Holocaust

1941-1945 Portuguese wolfram export to Germany: After the invasion of the Soviet Union and as Nazi Germany became dependent on Portugal and Spain for its wolfram supplies in producing war munitions, Portuguese Salazar's 'Estado Novo' set up an export quota system in 1942 supplying equal division of products to belligerents, Salazar's regime survived the horrors of war significantly wealthier

Germany/Qatar relations: Germany/Qatar relations - 18 April 2013: More than 50 German Leopard 2 tanks and about 20 PzH 2000 self-propelled howitzers bought by Qatar - 19. Mai 2014: Scheich aus Katar wird grösster Einzelaktionär der Deutschen Bank - 3 October: German weapons including tanks and machine guns are to be delivered to countries including the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Qatar, which had been accused of backing militants

Germany/Romania relations: Germany/Romania relations

1914-1918 Romania during World War I: Romania had the only oil fields in Europe and became part of the Balkan theatre of World War I, with Romania and Russia allied with Britain and France against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria, and Turkey in the Romanian campaign 1916-1918 - May 1918 Treaty of Bucharest - June 1919 Treaty of Versailles

March 1939: March 1939 German–Romanian Treaty for the Development of Economic Relations between the Two Countries - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact

1939-1945 Romania in World War II: 1939-1945 Romania in World War II - Antonescu's rise to power - Military history of Romania during World War II

History of the Jews in Romania and the Holocaust: History of the Jews in Romania and the Holocaust in Romania - June 1941 Iasi pogrom

2017: 13 July 2017: 76 Years Later, survivors of the 1941 Iasi pogrom and of the so-called 'death trains' will for the first time be eligible to receive a pension from the German government

Germany/Russia relations: Germany/Russia relations

1 August 1914 German declaration of war: German declarations of war on Russia on 1st August, on France on August 3, on Belgium on August 4

1914-1918: 1914-1918 World War I - The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was over 38 million, over 17 million deaths and 20 million wounded, including about 11 million military personnel and about 7 million civilians, the Allies lost about 6 million military personnel while the so-called Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey) lost about 4 million, at least 2 million died from diseases and 6 million went missing, presumed dead

1918: 3 March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic and the so-called Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey) ended Russia's participation in World War I, following the 'Decree On Peace', passed by the Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' Deputies on the 8 November 1917

1939-1945: World War II - German 'Generalplan Ost' for the colonization of Central and Eastern Europe, prepared 1939–1942 - World War II casualties, over 80 million killed people including deaths from war-related disease and famine, civilians killed totalled 50 to 55 million

1941-1945 Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union: Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II since 22 June 1941 - Quartermaster general of the German 'Wehrmacht' 1939-1944 - 'Einsatzgruppen' SS paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass killings, primarily by shooting, during World War II

Since 22 June 1941 German assault, next 'Blitzkrieg': 22 August 1941: Huge numbers of prisoners were being taken by the German criminal forces in the encirclement battles where whole armies were captured in the Soviet Union and a very high proportion of those captured in the early battles would die by the end of the year, from starvation, sickness, maltreatment, exhaustion from the long marches, exposure to the elements, murdered by Germann SS

Since April 1941 timeline of German siege of Leningrad, Soviet resistance and defense: Since April 1941 timeline of German siege of Leningrad and Soviet resistance and defense, after German dictator Hitler with OKW at least since April 1941 intended to occupy and then destroy Leningrad ('Generalplan Ost') and in the summer on 22 June 'Axis' powers' invasion of Soviet Union begins with brutal aggression first using 'Blitzkrieg' methods

September 1941 – January 1944 Siege of Leningrad, hundreds of thousands Soviet casualties: September 1941 – January 1944 Siege of Leningrad, a military blockade by Nazi Germany, causing hundreds of thousands Soviet casualties - Effect of the Siege of Leningrad on the city

Since 1941 'Road of Life' against German war crimes: Since 1941 Road of Life, the ice road winter transport route across the frozen Lake Ladoga, which provided the only access to the besieged city of Leningrad while the perimeter in the siege was actively maintained by the German Army Group North (supported by Franco's 'Blue Devision'), as the siege lasted for 29 months from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944, and as over one million citizens of Leningrad died from starvation, stress, exposure and bombardments

Since 31 December 1944 State Puppet Theatre of Fairy Tales: Since 31 December 1944 State Puppet Theatre of Fairy Tales, as composer Boris Kravchenko wrote music for many of the company's productions, following the simple and expressive style of Russian folk songs

Since 1945 timeline of post-war recovery of Leningrad: Since 1945 timeline of post-war recovery of Leningrad

October 1941 - January 1942 Battle of Moscow: October 1941 - January 1942 Battle of Moscow, a Nazi Germany's military campaign that consisted of two periods of strategically significant fighting on a 600 km sector of the Eastern Front during World War II, sources give figures of hundreds of thousands Soviet casualties between October and January

August 1942 – February 1943 bombing and battle of Stalingrad: August 1942 – February 1943 Battle of Stalingrad, the largest confrontation of World War II, in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia, causing hundreds of thousands Soviet casualties - Bombing of Stalingrad, beginning on 23 August 1942 with aerial bombardments including 1,600 sorties using 1,000 tons of high explosives and incendiaries, turning Stalingrad into a sea of fire and killing thousands of civilians and soldiers

1925-1942 Sasha Filippov supported the Red Army during the Battle of Stalingrad: 1925-1942 Sasha Filippov, who had become a spy for the Red Army during the Battle of Stalingrad, providing exact firing coordinates after the German assault on Stalingrad resulted in battalions overrunning suburbs of the city, and many Russian families were caught unaware and found themselves unable to flee in time - 23/24 December 1942 murder of Sasha Filippov, when he and two others were hanged in view of neighbors and his parents, while Sasha's mother remained alone with the bodies of her son and two other youngsters' after the soldiers had marched off

1943 'Battle of Kursk' blocking the way of further Nazi Germany's 'Blitzkrieg' in the coming up winter: 1941-1943 during Axis powers' World War II Kursk was occupied by NSDASP and SS Germany between 4 November 1941 – 8 November 1943, as in July 1943 the Germans launched 'Operation Citadel' in an attempt to recapture Kursk, as during the resulting 'Battle of Kursk', the village of Prokhorovka near Kursk became the center of a major armoured engagement between Soviet and German forces, which is widely considered to have been one of the largest tank battles in history, and as Operation Citadel was the last major German offensive against the Soviet Union and the final stage, blocking the way of further Nazi Germany's 'Blitzkrieg' in the coming up winter - Soviet army's resistance and defense campaign was a strategic Soviet success, as for the first time, a major German offensive had been stopped before achieving a breakthrough, despite German empire was using more technologically advanced armour than in previous years, yet unable to break through the in-depth Soviet defences, caught off guard by the significant operational reserves of the Red Army, as this result changed the pattern of operations on the Eastern Front, with the Soviet Union gaining the operational initiative, but the Soviet victory was costly, with the Red Army losing considerably more men and materiel than the German Army, finally enforcing the Soviet Union's larger industrial potential and pool of manpower, as Nazi 'Blitzkrieg' general Guderian wrote 'with the failure of Zitadelle we have suffered a decisive defeat', long before 1944 'Operation Overlord' against NSDAP Germany and the Italian puppet 'Social Republic', (established by Kesselring's, Rommel's, von Rundstedt's, von Weichs' and Löhr's 'Operation Achse')

Soviet losses in NSDAP Germany's 'Battle of Kursk': Soviet losses in NSDAP Germany's 'Battle of Kursk' comprise 254,470 killed, missing or captured people, 608,833 wounded or sick people (74% wounded and 26% sick, a total of 863,000 men (~710,000 casualties in combat) - German Nazi general Heinz Guderian (1888-1954) during World War I and World War II and his son Nazi officer Heinz Günther Guderian (1914-2004) during World War II, then active some years in the 'Organisation Gehlen', then 'Kommandeur der Panzerbataillone 3 und 174', then 'Kommandeur der Panzerbrigade 14', then 'Referats- und Unterabteilungsleiter im Führungsstab des Heeres' and at last 'Inspizient der Panzertruppe und General der Kampftruppen', before in 1972 Guderian received the 'Großes Verdienstkreuz des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland'

17 July 1944: 17 July 1944 Red Army reaches the Russian border, as some of the 57,000 German PoWs march through the streets of Moscow to demonstrate the success of the Red Army, amongst those captured 19 German Hitler-generals, before symbolically cleaning the streets afterwards - July 1944 Field Marshal von Rundstedt, at the time Commander-in-Chief in the West, had told Fuhrer HQ that it was 'time to make peace’ and Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, injured on the 17th July thanks to resistance against Nazi-Germany, sent his last report on the battle in France - Since 1941 German war crimes in the East under Field Marshal von Rundstedt's command, as Army Group South actively participated in the policies outlined in the Hunger Plan, the Nazi racial starvation policy, by 'living off the land', denying food supplies to Soviet prisoners of war and civilians, and as Rundstedt shared the general German Army prejudice against the 'Ostjuden', and killings took place with the knowledge and support of the German Army

German war crimes in Russia and the Soviet Union: German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war - 'Hunger Plan' developed during the planning phase for the German 'Wehrmacht' invasion of the Soviet Union since 1941, an engineered famine, planned and implemented as a rational act of policy to obtain the food from conquered lands at any cost and causing the deaths of millions of citizens in the German-occupied territories of the Soviet Union - Siege of Leningrad 1941-1944 - Battle of Stalingrad 1942/1943 - World War II casualties of the Soviet Union - German war crimes in WW II - War crimes of the Wehrmacht

Resistance movement against the Axis occupation of the Soviet Union during World War II: Soviet partisans, resistance movement that fought a guerrilla war against the Axis occupation of the Soviet Union during World War II

1941-1945 Holocaust in the Soviet Union: The Holocaust in Russia refers to the Nazi crimes during the occupation of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic by Nazi Germany - The invasion of the Soviet Union and the beginnings of mass murder by Germany

1941–1945 Jews in the Red Army: 1941–1945 Jews in the Red Army - from 1941 to 1945 between 350,000 and 500,000 Jews served in various roles in the Red Army during the Soviet-German war of 1941-1945, in the Red Army itself the estimates of the number of Jews killed during the war range from 120,000 to 142,000 - 3 October 2017: How Soviet Jewish soldiers met the challenges of war

Since 1945: Aftermath of World War II and so-called 'Cold War'

2013: 7 April 2013: Demonstrators protest with posters of journalists Anastasia Baburova and Anna Politkovskaya outside the Congress centrum in Hannover, expecting Russia's Putin and Germany's Merkel - 18. Juli 2013: Geht es um Kleinstaaten, setzt SPD-Kanzlerkandidat Steinbrück auf die Kavallerie, geht es um Russland, empfiehlt er Taktgefühl und Zurückhaltung

December 2013: 22 December 2013: At a press conference in Berlin barely two days after he was freed from a Russian jail, Mikhail Khodorkovsky vowed to do all he can to ensure the release of other political prisoners in Russia

2014: 14 March: Germany warns Putin regime of further EU sanctions if it doesn't step back in its intervention in Ukraine - 14 April 2014: Senior French and German officials have warned that the surge in nationalism fueling the crisis in Ukraine, where separatists in the East are seeking to join Russia, echoes the ideas that led to World War I - 27 April: A German-led eight-member group of OSCE military observers accused of being NATO spies by Ponomarev, the self-proclaimed 'people's mayor' of Slovyansk, remains in captivity - 27 April: Seriously violating international law, Russian TV shows Ukrainian captives blindfolded, stripped of their pants and shoes and bound with packing tape in Slovyansk, where OSCE observers are also being held - 29 April: The German government has sought to distance itself from the country's former chancellor Gerhard Schroeder after he was reported to have partied with Russia's Putin despite tension over the crisis in Ukraine - 4 August: Germany suspends military exports of Rheinmetall to Russia

2015: 9 May 2015: The international boycott of the parade on 9 May in Russia has occurred due to the world support of Ukraine, against which Russia started an undeclared war, Ukraine's Poroshenko says, as Russian regime shows its military equipment in Moscow - 11/12 May 2015: 'We need to seek to secure Ukraine's territorial integrity', German PM Angela Merkel says in Moscow, urging Russian-backed separatists to let Ukrainian aid in Donbas and explaining that 'due to the criminal and illegal, under international law, annexation of Crimea and the military conflicts in eastern Ukraine' cooperation between NATO and Russia has suffered a serious setback - 12 May: German PM Merkel's remark on Russian 'criminal' annexation of Crimea omitted in Russian translation in Moscow

2016: 27 March 2016: Regarding how Putin's aggression in eastern Ukraine is portrayed in the media around the world, German journalist and former Moscow bureau chief of Focus magazine shares his thoughts in Ukrainian TV-interview on the impact of Russian influnce in the German media - 22/23 June 2016: 75 years after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, Ukraine's intelligence reports dozens of flights of Russian assault and reconnaissance drones, as Russian-backed separatist forces launched 46 attacks on Ukrainian troops in eastern Ukraine killing one Ukrainian soldier and injuring eleven overnight - 30 August 2016: As Russian regime's brutality in Syria and Ukraine continues and escalates, Germany's Merkel says 'I'm interested in lifting sanctions from Russia' - 20 October 2016: As French president Hollande uses the phrase 'war crimes', France and Germany allege to press Russian Putin regime to extend a pause in air strikes in Syria and halt the 'criminal' bombardment of civilians, Reuters reports

2017: 14 June 2017: Nord Stream 2 project, that involves piping gas directly from Russia to Germany through the Baltic sea, is unaffected by sanctions and its progress means that Europe is excoriating the Putin regime diplomatically while at the same time promising to inflate the same regime with billions of gas dollars - 17 November 2017: Questions over German politician's 'links to Russian pipeline' that critics say is opposed to EU interests

April 2018: 4 April 2018: The German government still agrees with Britain that Russia is probably responsible for the poisoning of Sergei Skripal and his daughter in Salisbury with the nerve agent 'novichok' - 10 April 2018: German chancellor Angela Merkel has intervened in a row over Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline project due to run from Russia to Germany, telling Russian regime's Putin he cannot exclude Ukraine from the transit route

May 2018: 18 May 2018: German Chancellor Polonium-Merkel in Sochi welcomed by Novichok/Polonium/Sarin-Putin

22 May 2018: Members of the neo-Nazi linked Alternative for Germany AfD received a sponsored flight to Moscow during the 2017 campaign, German media reported on Tuesday, citing Russian sources

August 2018: 19 August 2018: Putin's poodle Merkel welcomes Putin near Berlin on 18 August, showing admiration for the effects of Sarin, BUK-missiles, Polonium-tea and Novichok-perfume, and for Russian, Iranian and Assad's assaults on the Syrian people, murdering hundreds of thousands

2014-2018 First World War centenary: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - World War I memorials

January 2019: 27 janvier 2019: Il y a 75 ans finissait le terrible siège de Léningrad qui fait au moins 800'000 morts

February 2019: 9 February 2019: Despite opposition from many countries in eastern and central Europe and particularly Ukraine because it risks increasing Europe's dependence on Russian natural gas CDU-Merkel doesn't hesitate to abandon Ukraine

Since August 2019 assassination of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili in Berlin and search for assassins: 23 August 2019 assassination of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili in Berlin and international search for Khangoshvili's assassins - 30 August 2019: Similar to the Skripal case, suspected assassin 'Vadim Andreevich Sokolov' in the Berlin killing of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili used fake identity documents, a valid Moscow-issued passport and cover identity, created very recently and most likely custom-made for the specific operation in Berlin, leading to the possibilities that he may have been assassinated in an operation led by either of the FSB, the GRU or even Ramzan Kadyrov’s apparatus, Bellingcat says - 3 September 2019: Suspected assassin 'Vadim Sokolov' visited by Russian diplomats - 4 September 2019: Protesters demonstrate outside the Russian embassy in Berlin against the suspected assassination of Chechen Khangoshvili, as British historian and specialist in Russian Intelligence Services Mark Galeotti sees parallels between this case and the attack on Skripal in the UK, saying that the new case is 'probably an assassination choreographed by state elements in Russia'

December 2019 Germany has expelled Russian regime's employees over the Khangoshvili case: 4 December 2019: Germany has expelled two Russians working at the Russian embassy in Berlin after federal prosecutors took over the case of Zelimkhan Khangoshvili killed in August in Berlin, saying they had concluded that evidence suggests state's involvement

17 February 2020 Russia's FSB planned and organized the murder of Khangoshvili in Berlin, Bellingcat reports: 17 February 2020: Russia's FSB security service planned and organized the murder of Georgian Khangoshvili in Berlin last summer, a killing that triggered diplomatic expulsions from Germany and Moscow, the investigative website Bellingcat said

18 June 2020 German prosecutors file murder charges against Russian FSB's Vadim Sokolov: 18 June 2020: German prosecutors filed murder charges against Russian FSB's Vadim K. alias Vadim S accused in the brazen daylight slaying in Berlin last year of Georgian Zelimkhan Khangoshvili and said that the Russian state ordered the killing

22 August 2020 acutely ill politician and anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny in Berlin: 22 August 2020: Politician, anti-corruption activist and Putin critic Alexei Navalny arrives in Germany for medical treatment - 22 août 2020: L’opposant russe Navalny a atterri à Berlin où il doit être soigné, après l’opposant russe, possiblement victime d’un empoisonnement, a été évacué par voie aérienne vers l’Allemagne dans la nuit

24 August 2020 Navalny is in serious condition: 24 August 2020: Berlin’s Charité hospital's tests indicate that Alexei Navalny was the victim of a poisoning, clinic has reported in the first medical corroboration of an attempt on the Kremlin critic’s life, while Charité hospital did not identify the specific poison responsible for Navalny’s sudden illness, saying the substance was part of a group that affects the central nervous system, and includes nerve agents and pesticides, and that Navalny is in serious condition, but 'there is currently no acute danger to his life'

10 February 2021 Alexei Navalny's wife arrives in Germany on flight from Russia: 10 February 2021: Alexei Navalny's wife arrives in Germany on flight from Russia, as associates say departure of Yulia Navalnaya, wife of jailed opposition leader, is temporary

5 November 2021 Russian diplomat found dead outside country's embassy in Berlin: 5 November 2021: Russian diplomat was found dead last month outside the country's embassy in the German capital Berlin, as website Bellingcat said it had used open source data to establish the man was the son of the deputy director of the Second Service of Russia's FSB intelligence agency, as Germany has accused Russia of ordering the murder and as Second Service officials have also been linked to the poisoning of Russian opposition figure Alexei Navalny in 2020

23 January 2022 German navy chief resigns over Ukraine comments: 23 January 2022: German navy's chief has resigned over controversial comments he made over Ukraine, as Kay-Achim Schönbach said the idea that Russia wanted to invade Ukraine was nonsense, adding that all Vladimir Putin wanted was respect

30 January 2022 Ukraine crisis spotlights German chancellor’s own party ties to Russia: 30 January 2022: Ukraine crisis spotlights German chancellor’s own party ties to Russia, as former chancellor Gerhard Schroeder, also of the SPD, is warning Kyiv against 'saber-rattling' and arguing that the Russian military buildup is a reaction to NATO maneuvers in the Baltics and Poland, because at this time of the worst tensions between the West and Russia since the Cold War after 8 years of Russian regime's aggression, Schroeder still sits as chairman on the board of Russian oil giant Rosneft. That's why Kyiv mayor Vitali Klitschko said 'Germany should ensure that lobbyists' like Schroeder 'are legally banned from working for the Russian regime', AFP reports. - 30 January 2022: Surrounded by empty wheat fields and buried under a thick layer of snow, Nevelske village in Donbas region lies destroyed amid an escalating Ukraine-Russia crisis that has taken Europe to the brink of conflict, as residents of the farming settlement had weathered more than 7 years at the coalface of a conflict between Ukrainian forces and Russian-backed separatists, until heavy shelling in mid-November caused most of its remaining residents to flee

22 June 2022 volunteers arranged candles in St Petersburg to commemorate Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union: 22 June 2022: Some 150 volunteers arranged 50-thousand candles in St Petersburg early on Wednesday to commemorate the 81st anniversary of Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. NSDAP ruled Germany launched 'Operation Barbarossa', a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, on 22 June 1941, followed by never seen war crimes, as World War II losses of the Soviet Union from all related causes were about 27,000,000 both civilian and military, although exact figures are disputed. The post-Soviet government of Russia puts the Soviet war losses at 26.6 million. - 23 January 1930 – 1 July 1944 Tanya Savicheva, a Russian child diarist who endured the siege of Leningrad during World War II. During the siege, Savicheva recorded the successive deaths of each member of her family in her diary, with her final entry indicating her belief to be the sole living family member. Although Savicheva was rescued and transferred to a hospital, she succumbed to intestinal tuberculosis in July 1944 at age 14. Her image and the pages from her diary became symbolic of the human cost of the siege of Leningrad, and she is remembered in St. Petersburg with a memorial complex on the Green Belt of Glory along the Road of Life. Her diary was used during the Nuremberg Trials as evidence of the Nazis’ crimes.

21 May 2023 German police investigate possible poisoning of two Russian exiles: 21 May 2023: Berlin police have opened an investigation into the suspected poisoning of two Russian journalists - including Natalia Arno, the head of the Free Russia Foundation - visiting the city for a conference last month organised by the Russian Kremlin critic Mikhail Khodorkovsky - 'Free Russia Foundation' founded in 2014, an international organization supporting civil society and democratic development in Russia, opposing Putin regime's war against Ukraine

Germany/Rwanda relations: Germany/Rwanda relations - German East Africa 1885–1919 - Founder of the German East Africa Company Carl Peters, a proponent of Social Darwinism and the 'Völkisch movement' - Evangelical Missionary Society for German East Africa - Maji Maji Rebellion 1905-1908 - East African Campaign (World War I) - Rwandan Genocide 1994

Germany/Saudi-Arabia relations: Germany/Saudi-Arabia relations

2011: 1 July 2011: Saudi troops quietly pull out of Bahrain after crackdown on anti-government protests - 3 July 2011: 200 German tanks 'Leopard' to Saudi-Arabia - 4 July 2011: Saudi sources confirm German tanks deal - 44 tanks already bought

2012/2013: 17 June 2012: Saudi Arabia wants to buy 600-800 Leopard battle tanks from Germany, more than twice as many as originally envisaged - 30 December: The German government is close to completing another 100 million-euro arms deal with Saudi Arabia to sell 30 armoured vehicles, and Berlin's national security council has already signaled its backing - NZZ 10. Februar 2013: Saudi-Arabien will deutsche Patrouillenboote im Wert von 1,5 Milliarden Euro kaufen, Voranfrage der Bremer Lürssen Werft vom Bundessicherheitsrat positiv beschieden

2015: 25 January 2015: German government reportedly to stop arms exports to Saudi Arabia - 4 February 2015: German governmnt has approved the delivery of military equipment to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Egypt - 7 June 2015: Germany accused of paying off Saudi Arabia with weapons to host 2006 World Cup

November 2017: 18 November 2017: Saudi Arabia recalls ambassador to Berlin over Lebanon comments, after German foreign minister S. Gabriel, supporting Hezbollah terrorists, suggested Lebanese PM Saad Hariri was held against his will in Riyadh

October 2018 Germany approved 1/2bn Euros arms sales to Saudi regime in 2018, Khashoggi assassination: 19 October 2018: Germany approved half a billion Euros worth of arms sales to Saudi Arabian regime in 2018 - 2 October 2018 disappearance of Saudi Arabian journalist Jamal Khashoggi in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, later admitted assassination and international reactions

2 March 2021 criminal complaint against Saudi heir MBS in German court: 2 March 2021: Criminal complaint filed against Mohammed bin Salman in German court, as Reporters without Borders accuses Saudi heir of crimes against humanity over persecution of journalists

30 September 2022 Germany approves new arms exports to Saudi Arabia, oil lubricates: 30 September 2022: Germany's Economy Minister and Vice Chancellor Robert Habeck from the Green Party confirmed in a letter to the German federal parliament that several deals on arms exports had been approved by SPD-Chancellor Olaf Scholz before his trip to Saudi Arabia, despite the SPD, the Green Party and the FDP recently said they would continue the embargo, imposed as a result of the kingdom's involvement in the war in Yemen - 23.05.2022: 2021 ist der Anteil von Sport Utility Vehicles SUV an allen Neuzulassungen laut Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt auf 25,4% gestiegen, ein Plus von über 4%. In diesem Zeitraum wurden insgesamt 667.096 Exemplare dieses Auto-Typs erstmals angemeldet, wobei durstige SUVs in der Kompakt-, Mittel- und Oberklasse bis zu 17,4 Liter Sprit auf 100 Kilometer verbrauchen

2 October 2022 four years ago Khashoggi's murder, but finding the truth prevented by Saudis and Turkey: 2 October 2022: On this day four years ago, the world lost a brilliant thought leader, journalist, husband, father and grandfather - Jamal Khashoggi, his widow in 2022 says. Key pieces of evidence that hold these answers rest in Jamal’s personal devices including two mobile telephones, a laptop and a tablet, critical to knowing the full truth and advancing the cause of justice. But those devices are and remain in the possession of the government of Turkey, hiding the truth and ignoring human rights

Germany/Senegal relations: Germany/Senegal relations

June 1940: Le 7 juin 1940 les assassins de la 7e division blindée allemande sous les ordres d'Erwin Rommel, qui séparent alors les Africains des Européens, exécutent sommairement le capitaine N'Tchoréré, qui refuse d’être considéré comme un 'Untermensch', un 'sous-homme' - 27. Juli 2009: Der Historiker Raffael Scheck beschreibt anhand von Dokumenten, wie Wehrmachtseinheiten innerhalb nur eines Monats, zwischen dem 24. Mai und dem 24. Juni 1940, kurz nach der Kapitulation Frankreichs, mindestens 3.000 schwarze Soldaten Frankreichs ermordeten, obwohl die sich bereits ergeben hatten oder verwundet waren und nicht mehr im Kampf standen - 1940 Execution of prisoners in France by Nazi Germany and by Rommel's 7th Panzer division alongside troops from 5th Panzer division, committing numerous atrocities against French and especially French-African soldiers, Rommel himself ordered the execution of one French officer, who did not have a gun

Since 1940: On 20 June 1940 Senegalese poet, politician, and cultural theorist Léopold Sédar Senghor was taken prisoner by the Germans in la Charité-sur-Loire and finally interned at Front Stalag 230 reserved for colonial troops, German soldiers wanted to execute him and the others the same day they were captured, but they escaped this fate by yelling Vive la France, vive l'Afrique noire!, and after French officer told the soldiers that executing the African prisoners would dishonour the Aryan race - 16 juin 2011: Le poète sénégalais Léopold Sédar Senghor raconte dans un rapport son internement au sein des camps de troupes coloniales de 1940 à 1942 - 21 juin 2011: Le sort des tirailleurs sénégalais pendant la campagne de France en mai-juin 1940, et leur massacre par l'armée régulière allemande

Germany/Serbia relations: Germany/Serbia relations - Serbian Campaign - World War I - German invasion of Yugoslavia - World War II - Kragujevac massacre was the murder of Serbian, Jewish and Roma men and boys by German Wehrmacht soldiers on 20 and 21 October 1941 - Serbia under German occupation - 'Government of National Salvation' German puppet government in Serbia 1941-1944 - Banjica concentration camp - Crveni Krst concentration camp operated by the German Gestapo - Sajmište concentration camp - Topovske Šupe concentration camp

The Holocaust in Serbia

2014-2018: First World War 1914-1918 centenary 2014-2018

Germany/Singapore relations: Germany/Singapore relations - 4 April 2013: Deutsche Bank, through its Singapore branch, helped its customers create or manage more than 300 secretive offshore companies and trusts in the British Virgin Islands and other tax havens

Germany/Slovakia relations: Germany/Slovakia relations

1938 Munich Agreement and 1939-1945 German occupation of Czechoslovakia: Munich Agreement 1938 signed by France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, excluding the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia, permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia - 1939-1945 German occupation of Czechoslovakia

1939-1945 Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia: Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia

1939-1945 Slovak Republic client state of Nazi Germany: Slovak Republic 1939–1945, a client state of Nazi Germany - Slovak invasion of Poland September 1939 - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact - 8 May 1945 Massacre in Trhová Kamenice, German troops escaping from Chrudim back to Nazi Germany passed through the village of Trhová Kamenice where they decided to punish supposed partisans and villagers

History of the Jews in Slovakia, the Slovak Republic 1939-1945 and the Holocaust: History of the Jews in Slovakia - The Slovak Republic and the Holocaust

1944-1946 anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia and Eastern Europe: Anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia and Eastern Europe 1944–46

August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising: August-October 1944 Slovak National Uprising

2017: 25 March 2017: Auschwitz survivor Edita Grosman recalls horror 75 years on, saying 'I will never be free of it'

Germany/Slovenia relations: Germany/Slovenia relations - Battles of the Isonzo 1915-1917 in World War I - The use of poison gas by the Germans played a key role in the collapse of the Italian Second Army in the Battle of Caporetto 1917, Erwin Rommel (later Hitler's favorite general) won the 'Pour le Mérite' for his role in the battle - Invasion of Yugoslavia 1941 by the Axis Powers in World War II - World War II in Slovene Lands 1941-1945 - In the Frankolovo war crime February 1945 members of German 'Wehrmacht' killed one hundred Slovene civilians - The Holocaust in Slovenia

Resistance movement and Slovene Partisans 1941-1945: Slovene Resistance - Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation - Anti-Nazi resistance movement Slovene Partisans 1941-1945

Germany/Somalia relations:

2015: 21 September 2015: A Somali man launches legal action accusing the USA and Germany of complicity in his father’s death, claiming he was a civilian bystander killed in a USA drone strike in 2012

Germany/Spain relations: Germany/Spain relations

1899: 1899 German–Spanish Treaty between the German Empire and the Kingdom of Spain, with the latter selling the vast majority of its remaining Pacific Ocean islands to Germany for 25 million pesetas

1936-1939: 1936-1939 German involvement in the Spanish Civil War following the military coup of July 1936 against the Spanish democracy, with German dictator Hitler immediately sending in powerful air and armored units to assist General Franco and fascist Spain

1936-1939 Condor Legion: 1936-1939 Condor Legion composed of volunteers from the German Air Force and from the German Army serving the fascists during the civil war and developing methods of terror bombing which were used widely in the Second World War shortly afterwards - Maritime operations - Activities in support of ground forces became the main focus of Condor Legion, until the Republican defeat due to foreign military support against the Republicans and a mainly British policy of appeasement tacitly approving the decisive support against the Spanish Republic

1937 Bombing of Guernica: Bombing of Guernica 1937 by planes of the German 'Condor Legion' and the Italian 'Aviazione Legionaria'

1936-1945: Since November 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact between NSDAP-Germany and the Empire of Japan, formation of so-called 'Axis Powers' including Italy, revised pact including Spain, Hungary, Manchukuo, Finland, Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Slovakia, China-Nanjing, Turkey (observer) and World War II - Spanish 'Blue Division' active in the German Army 1941-1943 on the Eastern Front of the Second World War

1968: 28 October 1968: NSDAP/CDU Kurt Georg Kiesinger arrives on the first visit to fascist Spain ever made by a West German chancellor

2012: 13 July 2012: Germany to help Spain give skills to jobless youths as Spain's youth unemployment has soared to 52%

2015: 24 March 2015 Germanwings Airbus 320 Flight 9525 crashed in the French Alps - 27 March: Family members of Germanwings Airbus A320 crash victims, mainly from Germany and Spain, arrived at site

March 2018: 26 March 2018: Former Catalan president Carles Puigdemont is to appear in court following his arrest in Germany, which triggered a wave of demonstrations and sit-down protests in all four of Catalonia’s provincial capitals demanding freedom for political prisoners, as in Barcelona hundreds of citizens were beaten by police with batons - 26 March 2018: Former Catalan president Puigdemont has been remanded in custody in northern Germany, as German authorities have 60 days in which to reach a decision on the extradition request, which Puigdemont opposed during Monday’s hearing - 26 March 2018: Spanish spies reportedly 'tracked Carles Puigdemont via friend's phone'

April 2018: 5 April 2018: District court in Schleswig sets bail for Catalan leader Puigdemont at €75,000 and says he cannot be extradited for rebellion charge

Germany/Sweden relations: Germany/Sweden relations - Economic relations between Sweden and Germany

1914-1918 Swedish neutrality during WWI: Swedish neutrality during Word War I 1914-1918

1914-1918 WWI German empire's U-boat campaign against the trade routes: 1914-1918 WWI German empire's U-boat campaign against the trade routes of the Allies, that first took place largely in the seas around the British Isles and in the Mediterranean. The German Empire then used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare to operate elsewhere, and in the course of events in the Atlantic alone, German U-boats sank almost 5,000 ships with nearly 13 million gross register tonnage, losing 178 boats and about 5,000 men in combat. Other naval theatres saw U-boats operating in both the Far East and South East Asia, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean and North Seas

1915 Neutral Swedish ship torpedoed without warning by German submarine: 13 March 1915: First neutral ship Swedish S.S. 'Hanna' torpedoed without warning and sunk by German submarine

February 1917 lethal threat of the German U-boat submarine raises its head again: 1 February 1917, the lethal threat of the German U-boat submarine raises its head again, as Germany returns to the policy of unrestricted submarine warfare it had previously suspended in response to pressure from the USA and other neutral countries

1918 following German 'spring offensive' and admission Ludendorff in a Swedish admirer's country home: First Quartermaster-general of the Imperial Army's Great General Staff since 1916, Erich Ludendorff then became the chief policymaker in a de facto military dictatorship that dominated the central European country for the rest of the war. After Germany's defeat, he contributed significantly to the NSDAP party's rise to power and World War II - 21 March – 18 July 1918 'Kaiser's Battle' (spring offensive) led by Ludendorff, as on 29 September 1918 Ludendorff and Hindenburg suddenly told an incredulous Kaiser that they could not guarantee the integrity of the Western front 'for two hours' and they must have an immediate armistice. Since spring and summer 1918 Ludendorff also became the most prominent promoter of 'the stab-in-the-back myth', saying 1919 'Paris Peace Conference', juin 1919 'Traité de Versailles' and October 1919 the 'League of Nations' were the result of a treasonous conspiracy by Marxists, Freemasons and Jews League of Nations - Vargen och lammet är en antik fabel efter Aisopos

1939-1945 WWII Swedish 'neutrality' and iron mining: Swedish 'neutrality' during Word War II 1939-1945 - Swedish iron mining during World War II - Operation Weserübung's - German occupation of Denmark and Norway - effects on Sweden

Humanitarian efforts during World War II: Sweden's humanitarian efforts during World War II

1975 BRD embassy occupation in Stockholm by terrorists of the Red Army Faction: 24 April 1975 West German embassy occupation in Stockholm carried out by terrorists of the Red Army Faction

Since 1960s 'Ikea' gained from forced labour of political prisoners: 16 November 2012: The Swedish furniture company 'Ikea' used political prisoners as forced labour in the so-called 'German Democratic Republic' from the 1960s to 1980s

2017 Ausonius trial: 2 January 2017: John Ausonius is accused of murdering Blanka Zmigrod in Frankfurt during months-long shooting spree in 1992 - 13 December 2017: Swedish white nationalist Ausonius, whose shooting spree in the 1990s inspired terrorists such as Anders Breivik will go on trial in Germany for an unresolved murder of an Auschwitz survivor in Frankfurt 25 years ago

January 2019: 26 January 2019: Known as the 'the laserman' for using a precision-scope rifle to target immigrants, John Ausonius was in February 2018 found guilty of the murder of 68-year-old Jewish Holocaust survivor Blanka Zmigrod in Frankfurt in 1992, and is now extradited to Sweden

Germany/Switzerland relations: Germany/Switzerland relations - Switzerland during World War I and World War II - Switzerland's 'neutrality' concerning crimes against humanity - Switzerland's Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts - Controversy over Switzerland's financial relationships with Nazi Germany

Since the 1990s CDU/CSU donations scandal: CDU/CSU-Korruptions-, Spenden- und Schwarzgeldaffäre

2011/2012 tax evasion and money-laundering: 1. April 2012: Scharfe Kritik an Schweizer Justizbehörde und ihrer Haftbefehle gegen bundesdeutsche Steuerfahnder wegen deren Einsatz gegen Wirtschaftskriminalität - auch CDU-Finanzminister Schäuble in der Kritik - 11 July 2012: France, Germany tax evasion inquiries target Swiss bank (Credit Suisse and UBS) clients - 11 August 2012: Accusations that Swiss banks (UBS etc.) are helping German citizens dodge taxes grow - 12. August 2012: Vorwurf organisierter Kriminalität Schweizer Banken - 23 November: Germany's upper house rejects deal with Switzerland to tax German assets held in Swiss bank accounts - 21 April 2013: The president of German's 'Bayern Munich' Hoeness may have hidden more than 10 million euros from tax authorities - November 2013: Stock transactions reportedly damaged German tax authorities by EUR 124 million, HypoVereinsbank involved

2015: 2015 'Volkswagen' scandale lié à l'utilisation par le groupe Volkswagen entre 2009 et 2015 d'un logiciel diminuant frauduleusement les émissions polluantes d'un de ses moteurs diesel lors des contrôles d'homologation - 25 septembre 2015: La Suisse a interdit la commercialisation de véhicules du groupe allemand 'Volkswagen' qui présentent des moteurs truqués

Germany/Syria relations: Germany/Syria relations - Chemical warfare since World War I - Nerve agent 'Sarin' discovered 1938 in Germany by IG Farben

Syrians in Germany: Syrians in Germany refers to Syrian immigrants to Germany, as well as their descendants, including Arabs, Kurds, Turks, Assyrians as well as smaller minorities from Syria, the number of Syrians in Germany is estimated at around 360,000 people in December 2015 and consists mainly of refugees of Assad's war against the Syrian people

2013: 24 August 2013: Initial Western intelligence finds Assad forces used chemical weapons - 4/5 September: A Hezbollah official has said Bashar al-Assad ordered poison gas attack near Damascus on August 21, according to German spy agency - 18 September 2013: Germany exported 111 tons of chemicals to Syria between 2002 and 2006 that could be used in the production of sarin gas, according to a government document - 1 October: Germany delivered 350 tons of "dual-use" chemicals until 2011 to Syria - 27 December: Three months after the sarin chemical attack on al-Ghouta, in which some 1,500 people died, Dr Ali Abu Emad recalls the day

2014: 20 March 2014: According to OPCW, German companies shall have the Assad regime supplied technology for the production of chemical weapons from 1982 to 1993 - 20 March 2014: Prosecutors probe exporting equipment to Syria following reports that German firms played larger role in Syria's chemical weapons program - 20 May: Holocaust survivors call on Germany to take in more Syrian refugees - 12 October 2014: In the city of Duesseldorf more than 20,000 Kurds protested against attacks by Islamic State terrorists on Kurdish towns in Syria, particularly the besiegement of the town of Kobane

December 2014: 2 December 2014: Nazi war criminal Brunner, the unrepentant 'right-hand man' of Adolf Eichmann and wanted for deporting tens of thousands of Jews to death camps, is 'almost certain' to have died in Syria, where he was protected by successive regimes, four years ago, Simon Wiesenthal Centre says

2015: 23 January: German companies reportedly helped the Syrian Assad regime (father and son Bashar) and Iraqi Saddam regime produce chemical weapons programs - 10 March 2015: A delegation of Syrian women attended the World Conference for Women held in Berlin and organized by the Iranian opposition - 8 June 2015: Despite Western sanctions, Assad's military forces and militias in possession of munitions from Germany, China, Egypt, Russia and USA (including cluster munitions used against many Syrian cities), leaked report claims - 20 August 2015: Syrian Coalition calls for sit-in in Berlin on 2nd anniversary of Ghouta chemical massacre, to show solidarity with August 2015 Douma massacre victims, to pay homage to the victims of the 2013 Ghouta massacre and to all victims of Assad’s war on the Syrian people, and to decry the international silence and passiveness - 14 September: First Syrians halted minutes after German checks begin enforcing again asylum rules, that had been relaxed for those fleeing brutal civil war - 10 October: Syrian Coalition and the Syrian community in Germany call to join the demonstration in Berlin on 17 October to protest against the Russian invasion of Syria and Putin’s support for the dictator Assad - 19 October 2015: Demonstrations in Berlin to protest against Russia’s aggression on Syria - 3 December 2015: Evidence of oil and food transactions, including items imported from Russia, between the Assad regime and Islamic State terrorists reported by German Foreign Ministry and Syrian officer - 4 December: German parliament backs plan to join USA-led anti-Isis military campaign and to provide support staff and reconnaissance jets, but Germans will not actively engage in combat

2017: 7 February 2017: Dubbed 'Monument', a sculpture - three passenger buses placed vertically like sniper barricades - in Dresden aims to evoke the barricades set up in the war-torn eastern city of Aleppo and the suffering of the people of Syria, the birthplace of artist Manaf Halbouni - 3 March 2017: Seven Syrian torture survivors, two lawyers and a human rights group have filed a criminal complaint in Germany against officials of Bashar al-Assad's secret service

January 2018: 23 January 2018: German government faces a slew of criticism over German-made tanks that Turkish regime deployed in its military offensive against Kurds in Syria, as some politicians call for an immediate halt to arms exports to Turkey and nixing a key deal - 29 January 2018: Turkish regime confirms use of German tanks in Afrin offensive against Kurds in Syria, criticized as illegal also by German lawmakers

March 2018: 7 March 2018: Syrian refugees and German politicians condemned a visit to Damascus by members of anti-immigrant 'Alternative for Germany' party, also meeting with Syria’s Grand Mufti Hassoun, who in 2011 threatened Europe and the USA with suicide bombers

April 2018: 10 April 2018: The chairman of the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial museum, Avner Shalev, condemns an alleged chemical strike on a Syrian rebel-held town by Assad’s regime, calling it a 'wild attack on civilians' and charging that international organizations established after World War II to prevent a second Holocaust have failed

June 2018: 8 juin 2018: Le parquet fédéral allemand a émis à la suite de plaintes déposées par des Syriens réfugiés un mandat d'arrêt international contre Djamil Hassan, un des principaux lieutenants d'Assad, accusé de crimes contre l'humanité et de crimes de guerre

March 2019: 8 March 2019: SPD Niels Annen, a minister of state at the German foreign ministry, told German magazine that terror group Hezbollah, allied with Syria's Assad and Iranian regime, is an important element in Lebanon’s society

June 2019: 25 June 2019: Despite European Union sanctions, German companies including BASF, Sasol Solvents Germany GmbH and Brenntag AG were involved in exporting weapons-grade chemicals, used in the production of chemical weapons and nerve agents such as VX and sarin gas, to Syria's Assad regime in the midst of Assad's war, according to a media report

October 2019 two Syrian regime's torturer charged with crimes against humanity: 29 October 2019: German prosecutors have charged two Syrians with crimes against humanity that include torturing and killing opposition activists, setting the stage for the first trial of suspected members of Bashar al-Assad's feared security service

March 2020 German court's criminal torture trial against Assad regime: 11 March 2020: German court of Koblenz announced world’s first criminal torture trial by suspected agents of Assad’s regime will begin on 23 April, saying it will apply the principle of universal jurisdiction, in a move that is sending an important signal to survivors and those affected by Assad regime’s system of mass oppression of citizens

21 April 2020 Syria refugees to face their torturers in German court: 21 April 2020: This week Wassim Mukdad, who fled Syria fearing for his life, will come face-to-face with the man accused of running a regime detention center where Mukdad and thousands of others were tortured during the early months of the uprising against dictator Assad, as dozen witnesses will testify in trial in Koblenz

26 April 2020 Anwar Raslan charged with overseeing the murder of 58 people and the torture of 4,000 others: 26 April 2020: Main defendant Anwar Raslan in the first trial on regime-sponsored torture in Syria has sought police protection in Germany on the grounds of feeling threatened by Bashar Assad’s intelligence services for having switched sides, a German court was told on Friday, now in the docks charged with overseeing the murder of 58 people and the torture of 4,000 others while in charge of the Al-Khatib detention center in Damascus, after in January 2011 Assad's soldiers began carrying out arbitrary arrests

23 June 2020 Syrian doctor Alaa M arrested in Germany for alleged crimes against humanity: 23 June 2020: 9 years later, Syrian doctor arrested in Germany for alleged crimes against humanity, as suspect, identified as Alaa M, accused of torturing man in prison run by Syrian intelligence service in 2011

6 October 2020 human rights groups ask Germany to probe Syria chemical attacks 2013 and 2017: 6 October 2020: Human rights groups ask Germany to probe Syria chemical attacks, as 3 organizations - including Open Society Justice Initiative, the Syrian Center for Media and Freedom of Expression and the group Syrian Archive - want German AG to investigate deadly sarin attacks on Eastern Ghouta in 2013 and Khan Shaykhun in 2017, arguing there is enough evidence to blame regime and Assad - 6 October 2020: A group of NGOs has submitted a criminal complaint to the German courts over sarin gas attacks in Syria, a legal milestone which marks the first step on the long road to holding Bashar al-Assad’s regime accountable for its use of chemical weapons

24 February 2021 German court convicts Assad's agent al-Gharib in landmark torture trial: 24 February 2021: German court convicts former Syrian intelligence service agent al-Gharib for complicity in crimes against humanity, in the first court case worldwide over state-sponsored torture by Syrian Assad regime, now in 2021 found guilty over his role in helping to arrest protesters and deliver them to a detention center in Damascus in autumn 2011, and sentenced to four years and six months for aiding and abetting a crime against humanity in the form of torture and deprivation of liberty, judge Anne Kerber says

Januar 2022 OLG Koblenz nutzt das Weltrechtsprinzip: 13. Januar 2022: Weil der Prozess vor dem ICC in Den Haag derzeit noch unmöglich ist (Syrien unter Assad ist dem Gerichtshof nicht beigetreten), und der UN-Sicherheitsrat ihn nicht beauftragt, weil Rußlands Putin Regime - mit dem syrischen Assad Regime verbündet - es verhindert, hat das OLG Koblenz in 2022 das Weltrechtsprinzip genutzt, das in vielen Ländern umgesetzt werden kann. Es greift seit 2002 bei Straftaten wie Völkermord, Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit oder Kriegsverbrechen. Sie können auch dann in Deutschland verfolgt werden, wenn die Tat im Ausland begangen wurde und weder Täter noch Opfer Deutsche sind. Täter schwerster Verbrechen sollen in Deutschland nicht frei leben können. Menschenrechtler werteten den Koblenzer Prozess als wichtiges Signal. Von einem 'Meilenstein' spricht RA Patrick Kroker vom Europäischen Zentrum für Verfassungs- und Menschenrechte ECCHR, der einige Nebenkläger vertreten hat.

Germany/Taiwan (no formal diplomatic) relations: Since 1958 Taipei Representative Office in the Federal Republic of Germany, representing the interests of Taiwan in Germany in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, today based in Berlin, it also has offices in Frankfurt, Hamburg and Munich, as its counterpart in Taiwan is the German Institute Taipei

Germany/Tanzania relations: Germany/Tanzania relations

1891-1919 German East Africa: 1891-1919 German East Africa, German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included what are now Burundi, Rwanda, and the mainland part of present Tanzania

1905-1907 Maji Maji Rebellion: 1905-1907 Maji Maji Rebellion, armed rebellion against German colonial rule in German East Africa, triggered by a German policy designed to force the indigenous population to grow cotton for export

Since the 1890s German 'Mittelafrika' plans: Since the 1890s 'Mittelafrika' German plans to bring Belgian, French and Portuguese colonies in central, east and western Africa under German domination, incorporated into Germany's aims in World War I - 1914 'Septemberprogramm', the plan for the territorial expansion of Imperial Germany, prepared for Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg at the beginning of World War I 1914–1918 supported by all German political parties - Since 1887 German Colonial Society

1914-1918 German East African Campaign in World War I: 1914-1918 German East African Campaign in World War I - Battles of the East African Campaign

Casualties of German East African Campaign: Hundreds of thousands mostly African native people died during the East African Campaign

Post-war German East Africa forces' Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck: Commander of the German East Africa campaign's forces Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck returned home to Germany in early March 1919 to a hero's welcome, following World War II 1939-1945 four barracks of the 'Bundeswehr' in Leer, Hamburg-Jenfeld, Bremen, and Bad Segeberg and many streets were named after Lettow-Vorbeck

2018: 17 May 2018: Germany moves slowly on returning museum exhibits to ex-colonies, as the skeleton of the Brachiosaurus brancai, dug up between 1909 and 1913 in Tanzania, then part of the German empire’s largest colony, remains the star of Berlin’s natural history museum

November 2019 British mass burial grounds dishonoured its African first world war dead: 3 November 2019: British MP visited Kenya and Tanzania for a Remembrance Day TV documentary and found mass burial grounds that put Britain to shame, after over the decades, hundreds of thousands of war dead who served Britain in the first world war have been written out of the story

Germany/Thailand relations: Germany/Thailand relations

1939-1945 Axis powers World War II and Thailand's military alliance: 1939-1945 Axis powers World War II and Thailand's military alliance with Japan 1941–1945

June 2014 Thai 'ghost ships' enslaving workers linked to supermarkets in USA, UK, Europe: 10 June 2014: Thai 'ghost ships' that enslave, brutalise and even kill workers are linked to global shrimp supply chain producing prawns for supermarkets in USA, UK, Europe, including Walmart, Carrefour, Costco, Tesco, Aldi, Morrisons, the Co-operative and Iceland

Germany/Togo relations:

1884-1916 Togoland, 'protectorate' of the German Empire: 1884-1916 Togoland, 'protectorate' of the German Empire encompassing what is now the nation of Togo and most of what is now the Volta Region of Ghana, established during the period generally known as the 'Scramble for Africa' in 1884 in part of what was then the 'Slave Coast'

1914-1918 African theatre of World War I: 1914-1918 African theatre of World War I - August 1914 Togoland Campaign was a French and British invasion of the German colony of Togoland, in 1916 Togoland was partitioned by the victors and in July 1922 British Togoland and French Togoland were established as League of Nations mandates

Germany/Tunisia relations: Germany/Tunisia relations

1940-1943 North African and Tunisia Campaign during World War II: North African Campaign 1940-1943 including campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts and in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia between German/Italian Axis powers and assaulted Allies - 1942-1943 Tunisia Campaign, a series of battles during the North African Campaign of World War II between Allied forces and forces of Italy and Germany, led by Hitler's general Erwin Rommel

1943: February 1943 'Battle of Sidi Bou Zid' took place during the Tunisia Campaign of World War II and was fought between forces of Nazi Germany and forces of the USA - Sidi Bouzid was the site of the battle which took place in February 1943, part of the Tunisia Campaign of World War II, beginning on 14 February 1943 at nearby Faid Pass when the German 10th and 21st Panzer Divisions attacked elements of the USA 1st Armored Division and 168th Infantry

1914-present Sfax War Cemetery from World War I and II: Sfax War Cemetery contains one Commonwealth burial from World War I, 1253 Commonwealth burials from World War II (52 of them unidentified), and the grave of one Greek soldier from World War II

Germany/Turkey relations: Germany/Turkey relations

Since 2 August 1914 Ottoman–German alliance: Since 2 August 1914 Ottoman–German alliance

October 1914 Ottoman-German attack on Russian ports and entry into World War I: 29 October 1914 Black Sea Raid, an Ottoman naval sortie against Russian ports in the Black Sea, supported by Germany and conceived by Ottoman War Minister Enver Pasha, German Admiral Wilhelm Souchon and the German foreign ministry, that led to the Ottoman entry into World War I - October 1914 Ottoman entry into World War I 1914-1918, starting with a German supported attack against Russian ports

1914-1918 World War I: On 14 November 1914 Ottoman Empire declares an Islamic holy war on behalf of the Ottoman government, urging his Muslim followers to take up arms against Britain, France, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro in World War I - 1914-1918 German military commanders to the Ottoman Empire during the First World War were Otto Liman von Sanders, Goltz, Kress von Kressenstein, and more, compare the 'League of German Asian Warriors' affiliated to the NSDAP after the Nazi takeover of power in 1933 - 1914-1918 World War I Middle East's combatants were on the one hand the Central Powers, the Ottoman Empire (including Kurds, Persians and some Arab tribes), and on the other hand, the British (with the help of Jews, Greeks, Assyrians and the majority of the Arabs), the Russians and the French from the Allies of World War I, there were five main campaigns, the Sinai and Palestine Campaign 28 January 1915 – 30 October 1918, the Mesopotamian Campaign 6 November 1914 – 14 November 1918, the Caucasus Campaign 24 October 1914 – 30 October 1918, the Persian Campaign December 1914 – October 1918, and the Gallipoli Campaign 25 April 1915 – 9 January 1916

1939-1945: 1936 Anti-Comintern Pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan, Turkey observer - 18 June 1941 German-Turkish Non-Aggression Pact in World War II intended to be in force for a period of ten years, lasted only until 24 October 1945

Since the 1960s: Turks in Germany since the 1960s - Mordanschlag von Mölln November 1992 - Solingen arson attack of 1993

Since 2000: NSU Neonazi-Mordserie 2000-2006 - 31 March 2013: Turkish FM Davutoglu asks German counterpart Westerwelle to assist in letting Turkish officials and journalists attend the NSU case - 2 August 2013: In 1982 Chancellor Helmut Kohl wanted to send one-half of the country’s Turkish immigrant population back home

2015: 25 April 2015: As Armenia marks 1915 Armenian Genocide, it is also called genocide in Turkey's World War I partner Germany

2016: 2 June 2016: After German MPs approved a motion, with one abstention and one vote against, describing the massacres of Armenians by Ottoman forces a century ago as genocide, Turkey has recalled its ambassador from Berlin - 1 August 2016: Turkish government condemns German court decision banning Erdogan from addressing his supporters by video link at a rally in Cologne amid the crackdown on the media and freedom of expression by the same government, condemned by leading press freedom bodies

2017: 1 March 2017: Angela Merkel is facing calls to ban the Turkish president Erdogan from entering for campaigning on German soil for the abolition of democracy while German journalist Deniz Yücel continues to be held in an Istanbul prison as part of Erdogan’s crackdown on the press - 2/3 March 2017: After German cities blocked pro-Erdogan rallies citing 'security reasons', German town Gaggenau that cancelled Turkish event receives bomb threat - 11 August/11 September 2017: Despite ongoing tension between over a German visit to military bases in Turkey, the detention of several German journalists, rights activists and Turkish asylum seekers, German firms sold Turkey more than 25 million euros worth of arms and ammunition since January 2017

January/February 2018 German Leopard tanks in Turkey's Afrin operation in Syria: 30 January 2018: Turkey confirms use of German Leopard tanks in Afrin operation in Syria, illegal under international law - 13 February 2018: Despite the pending approval, Rheinmetall brings the upgrade of Turkey's 'Leopard 2' tanks on the way

February 2018 detained German journalists: 16 February 2017: German reporter Deniz Yucel, detained as part of Erdogan's clampdown on civil society for more than a year, freed from Turkish jail pending trial, as others, including several Germans, remain in Turkish custody - 18 February 2018: German politician Özdemir given police protection at MSC, after Turkish delegation in Munich had complained to police that there was obviously a 'terrorist' staying in the hotel

February 2018 Germany approves 31 arms deals with Turkey: 26 February 2018: Germany approves 31 arms deals with Turkey - 27 February 2018: Under a contract signed with German ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, Turkey is constructing a fleet of six new Type 214 air-independent propulsion submarines, the first submarine in the class is now expected to be delivered to the navy in 2021

March 2018 Merkel-Germany increases arms sales to Turkey: 15 March 2018: Germany arms sales to Turkey up since Afrin operation, as parliamentarian Nouripour accuses German ministry of having misled the public over the issue - 29 March 2018: On 21 March 2018 German chancellor Merkel called the Turkish Afrin offensive in Syria 'unacceptable', but that has not stopped her government from selling arms to Turkey, according to German public media

17 October 2019 German arms exports to Turkey rising: 17 October 2019: German arms exports to Turkey at 14-year high, data shows, despite an EU resolution to limit arms sales to Turkey's regime, on track to top the list of countries buying German weapons

26 October 2019 foreign minister's bloody hands: 26 October 2019: Turkish regime's Cavusoglu and German foreign minister Heiko Maas shake bloody hands at a joint news conference in Ankara, emphasizing German defense minister's proposal for an international security and safe zone under the UN umbrella on the Turkish-Syrian border, this means a peaceful solution, is 'unrealistic', after Kurds in Germany could speak in German TV, and after journalists on 20 October 2019 discussed Assad's war against the Syrian people and foreign involvements (Hezbollah terrorists, Iran, Russia and Turkey) since 2011 and since 9 October

27 October 2019 attacks against Kurds in Germany: 27 October 2019: Supporters of Erdogan's offensive 'Peace Spring' against Syrian Kurds in Germany reportedly burn the farm of a Kurdish activist, try to assassinate another

Germany/Ukraine relations: Germany/Ukraine relations

1914-1918 German and Austro-Hungarian empire's WWI split Ukrainians into two separate and opposing armies: Ukraine during World War I - Ukrainian State 29 April 1918 - December 1918

1939-1945 German empire's and Axis powers' World War II: Ukraine during World War II - Battle of Kiev 1941 - 'Hunger Plan' developed during the planning phase for the German 'Wehrmacht' invasion of the Soviet Union since 1941, an engineered famine, planned and implemented as a rational act of policy to obtain the food from conquered lands at any cost and causing the deaths of millions of citizens in the German-occupied territories of the Soviet Union - World War II casualties of the Soviet Union - Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers - 'Reichskommissariat' Ukraine 1941-1944 - Ost-Arbeiter - German war crimes - Babi Yar - The Holocaust in Ukraine - Ukrainian collaborators with Nazi Germany - 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Ukrainian) 1943-1945

2013 violent crackdown of pro-European protest: 30. November 2013: Spezialeinheiten der ukrainischen Polizei haben in der Nacht gewaltsam eine Demonstration für einen EU-Kurs des Landes aufgelöst

April 2014 Holocaust commemorated in Donetsk as mobs roam the streets: 28 April 2014: Holocaust commemorated in Donetsk as mobs roam the streets - 29 April 2014: After their attack on a peaceful Donetsk demonstration, injuring 25 people, pro-Russian separatists kidnapped seven participants of the pro-Ukrainian rally - 29 September: Ukrainian people will not allow reanimation of fascism, and the Babyn Yar tragedy should serve as a reminder, Petro Poroshenko says during a ceremony of honoring the victims of Babyn Yar

2015: 27 April 2015: German government reportedly knew Ukraine flight dangers before MH17 crash in July 2014 - 8 May 2015: UN's Ban Ki-moon and Ukraine's Poroshenko lay flowers at World War II memorial in Kyiv - 1 August 2015: Germany shelves Nazi crimes probe of SS-commander Michael Karkoc now living in USA, who commanded a unit in the SS-led Ukrainian Self Defense Legion accused of burning villages filled with women and children, based on wartime documents, testimony from other members of the unit and Karkoc’s own Ukrainian-language memoir - 12 August 2015: Researchers open 'neglected chapter' of Ukraine's Holocaust history, as investigation led by Patrick Desbois reveals that killings in western Ukraine were not carried out using the industrialised methods of Auschwitz and other death camps, but instead Jews were rounded up and shot, one by one, sometimes kicked or beaten to death, and no records were kept

2016: 24 April: Ukraine has sent a protest note to the German Foreign Ministry due to uncoordinated visit of chairman of the youth wing of Alternative for Germany (AfD) party Markus Frohnmaier and MEP from this party Marcus Pretzell to the Russian-occupied territory of Crimea - 8 May 2016: Paying tribute to the victims of Germany's aggression and the 1939-1945 World War II, Ukraine marks, 8th and 9th May

June 2016: 13 June 2016: German hooligans attack Ukraine fans in Lille, also showing fascist symbolism at UEFA Euro 2016 - 22/23 June 2016: 75 years after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, Ukraine's intelligence reports dozens of flights of Russian assault and reconnaissance drones and Russian-backed separatist forces launched 46 attacks on Ukrainian troops in eastern Ukraine

February 2018: 4 February 2018: A delegation of German parliamentarians with members of neo-Nazi linked AfD from three regional parliaments are visiting Russian-occupied Crimea in violation of Ukrainian laws, as AfD's Gauland calls Crimea 'indigenously Russian territory', saying in September 2017 that Germans 'have the right to be proud of the achievements of the German soldiers in two world wars'

June 2018: 12 June 2018: Ukrainian Foreign Ministry's Mariana Betsa says the ministry expects that Germany's Deutsche Welle to correct an article, dedicated to a 'Normandy Four' meeting, where the armed confrontation in eastern Ukraine is called 'civil war', noting the reporting should be based on facts and saying 'we expect clarification and correction of article in line with the international law'

May 2019 German surrender to Putin regime: 17 May 2019: Ukraine reacted angrily to Council of Europe's ignorance of the illegality of Russian annexation of Crimea, saying 'this is not diplomacy, this is a surrender', as Russian regime will remain in the Council of Europe after German FM Heiko Maas said 'it is not in our interests' to keep Russia out

25/26 June 2019 European corruption: 25 June 2019: Ukrainian president Zelensky is disappointed by PACE's decision to reinstate the voting rights of the Russian regime, saying he 'tried to convince Mr. Macron and Mrs. Merkel that the return of the Russian delegation to the PACE is possible only after Russia fulfills the Assembly's fundamental requirements. It is a pity that our European partners haven't heard us' - 26 June 2019: Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe PACE is reportedly set to lift remaining sanctions from the murderous Russian regime after it became known that PACE committees had considered the question of the powers of Russia's delegation and recommended they should be reinstated with simultaneous cancellation of the remaining restrictions left after the Assembly passed a respective resolution, in order to get regime's contribution to the council’s annual budget, as Ukraine's Iryna Herashchenko said 'money turned out [to be] more important than principles'

9 May 2020 Commemorative events were held in Kyiv marking day of victory over Nazism: 9 May 2020: Commemorative events were held in Kyiv today, marking day of victory over Nazism in World War II, as Kyiv mayor reports 50 new covid-19 cases in past day, and as number of confirmed cases in Ukraine exceeds 15,000 on May 10 with 391 deaths

1 October 2021 marking the 80th anniversary of the Babi Yar massacre photos showing Soviet Jews uncovering mass graves released: 1 October 2021: As Ukraine on Wednesday marked the 80th anniversary of the Babi Yar massacre, the mass shooting of nearly 34,000 Jews during the Holocaust, the biggest development this year may have taken place online: the release of photos showing Soviet Jews uncovering mass graves. Babi Yar, a ravine in the Ukrainian capital, Kyiv, is where the tens of thousands of Jews were killed within 48 hours in 1941 when the city was under Nazi occupation. The killing at the site, known as Babyn Yar in Ukrainian, was carried out by German SS troops and local collaborators

4 October 2021 Israeli president raised concerns over the growing spread of Holocaust revisionism in Europe: 4 October 2021: Israeli president Isaac Herzog raised concerns ahead of an upcoming visit to Ukraine over the growing spread of Holocaust revisionism in Europe, saying 'memories are not simply forgotten – they are erased, or even rewritten', strongly condemning Holocaust revisionism

14 December 2021 Germany blocking NATO arms supplies to Ukraine: 14 December 2021: Presient Zelensky comments on Germany blocking NATO arms supplies to Ukraine, assuring that it’s solely for defense purposed that Ukraine needs to buy anti-drone rifles and anti-sniper systems from NATO, the deal Germany is blocking

- 14 December 2021: Ukraine is in talks with Germany to unblock the purchase by Kyiv of weapons systems to counter Russian aggression through the NATO Support and Procurement Agency

22 January 2022 German Navy commander Schönbach said Ukraine has lost temporarily occupied Crimea: 22 January 2022: Ukraine demands public refutation of statement by German Navy commander Kay-Achim Schönbach that Ukraine has lost temporarily occupied Crimea as categorically unacceptable, and demanded that they be publicly refuted

2 March 2022 Olaf Scholz announced a historic policy turn on defence spending, exporting lethal weapons to Ukraine: 2 March 2022: German chancellor Olaf Scholz ambushed his own party and coalition partners when he announced a historic 180-degree policy turn on defence spending and exporting lethal weapons, in February 2022 riding a wave of broad public support

1 April 2022 Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is a repudiation of a whole generation of German politicians: 1 April 2022: Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is a repudiation of a whole generation of German politicians from across the spectrum, that’s why it shouldn’t surprise anyone that Berlin spent the past 16 years with its feet firmly planted on the wrong side of the divide over how to handle Russia, 'ukrinform' journalist Matthew Karnitschnig explains, also citing newspaper 'Polico' saying 'Germany is no stranger to the wrong side of history', as sowing campaign begins in 21 regions of Ukraine according to PM Shmyhal, saying 'we expect that sowing areas will be smaller than last year, it may be 25-30% less, depending on how combat actions will continue, where there will be mined' territories, 'nevertheless, Ukraine will be able to feed itself'

26 August 2022 so-called 'left wing' of SPD party will stop arms supplies to Ukraine, start talks with Russia: 26 August 2022: So-called 'left wing' of Scholz’s SPD party (and former chancellor Schroeder's) seeks to stop arms supplies to Ukraine, start talks with Russia, Kyiv Independent's daily news reports - During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine since February, Russian authorities and armed forces have committed war crimes by carrying out deliberate attacks against civilian targets and indiscriminate attacks in densely populated areas. The Russian military exposed the civilian population to unnecessary and disproportionate harm by using cluster munitions and by firing other explosive weapons with wide-area effects such as bombs, missiles, heavy artillery shells and multiple launch rockets. The result of the Russian forces' attacks has been damage and destruction to civilian buildings including houses, hospitals, schools, kindergartens, nuclear power plants, historic buildings, and churches. As of the beginning of July, the attacks had resulted in the documented death or injury of more than 10,000 civilians including the documented death of 335 children, although the actual numbers are likely much higher, according to 'Wikipedia' with regular updates

5 September 2022 Ukrainian PM Shmyhal, Scholz discussed possible deliveries of German tanks to Ukraine: 5 September 2022: In Berlin, Ukrainian PM Denys Shmyhal talked with chancellor Scholz about the delivery to Ukraine of heavy armored vehicles, including main battle tanks, saying 'we have a common vision of the need to increase the supply of artillery and air defense systems... At the same time, we also talked about possible deliveries of new products, in particular German tanks'.

18 October 2022 German cybersecurity chief sacked following reports of Russia ties: 18 October 2022: German cybersecurity chief sacked following reports of Russia ties, as Arne Schönbohm was under scrutiny after his links to a Russian company in a previous job were highlighted

Germany/United Kingdom relations: Germany/United Kingdom relations

Prior to WWI August Bebel's 'secret diplomacy' for years to keep the peace: Prior to WWI SPD's August Bebel saw with great concern that the German-British relationship was deteriorating, warning against an expansion of the German navy, as - in particular - his criticism of the naval armor led him to 'flee into secret diplomacy' and for years he had been in contact with British government circles through Heinrich Angst, the British consul general in Switzerland, warning the British government several times that their armaments efforts would be eased, and until shortly before his death, he delivered political assessments and reports to the British, but the United Kingdom missed to take the friend of deceased Karl Marx seriously

Prior to WWI Hapag's chief tried to acted as mediator: Prior to World War I HAPAG's (Hamburg-America Line) general director Albert Ballin, which for that time was the world's largest shipping company, acted as mediator between the United Kingdom and the German Empire in the tense years prior to German empire's assault upon European countries, terrified that the company would lose its ships in the event of naval hostilities, and attempting to broker a deal whereby the United Kingdom and Germany would continue to race one another in passenger liners but desist in their attempts to best one another's naval fleets, as consequently the beginning of World War I deeply disillusioned him and he committed suicide in 1918

1914-1918 German began World War I and never seen crimes: In July/August 1914 the German empire's army opened the Western Front of World War I 1914-1918 by first invading Luxembourg and Belgium - German strategic bombing in WW I - German large-scale use of chemical weapons in WW I - German U-boat campaign against trade routes in WW I - Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I - German war crimes World War I

December 1914 German raid on Scarborough etc: German raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby

Since February 1915 German unrestricted submarine warfare: German unrestricted submarine warfare since February 1915 - On 28 March 1915 the first British passenger ship RMS Falaba was torpedoed and sunk by German U-boat U-28, killing 104 people including a passenger from Massachusetts, USA

April/May 1915 first mass use by Germany of poison gas: April/May 1915 Second Battle of Ypres in western Belgium, marking the first mass use by Germany of poison gas on the Western Front in World War I

7 May 1915 RMS Lusitania torpedoed by German U-boat: 7 May 1915 ocean liner RMS Lusitania torpedoed by the German U-boat U-20, killing 1,198 people and leaving 761 survivors

1938 Munich Agreement 1938: Munich Agreement 1938 - Since 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia

March 1939 German violation of the Munich Agreement: 17/18 March 1939: Following Nazi Germany's occupation of Czechoslovakia, UK's Chamberlain declared that 'no greater mistake could be made than to suppose that because it believes war to be a senseless and cruel thing, this nation has so lost its fiber that it will not take part to the utmost of its power in resisting such a challenge if it ever were made', and in an ominous development for Hitler, Britain and France went beyond mere diplomatic protests guaranteeing Hitler's next likely victim, Poland, from Nazi aggression, announcing that the era of Hitler's bloodless conquests had ended

1939-1945: World War II 1939-1945 - Second World War air campaign against the United Kingdom conducted by Germany - 'The Blitz' period of German strategic bombing of the United Kingdom in WW II - Battle of the Atlantic involving German U-boats, other warships and aircraft in WW II - German war crimes in World War II

27 March 1945 last day of German V-2 rocket attacks on London killing 135 citizens: 27 March 1945 last day of German V-2 rocket attacks on London, as one hits Hughes Mansions, Stepney, killing 134 citizens, as the last falls in Orpington with one fatality, and as more than 2,700 people died across London and more than 6,500 people were injured as a result of German rockets in their second World War in the 20th century - March 1945 end of the German V-1 attacks against England and assessment and assessment of German Blitz and V-1 attacks

2012: 28 June 2012: Memorial to the 55.573 airmen of Bomber Command who died during World War II unveiled in London - Veterans from Australia, New Zealand, Canada and other countries also attended the ceremony

2013: 17 July 2013: Formula One's Ecclestone charged in German bribe case upon a $44 million payment to BayernLB banker Gerhard Gribkowsky in 2005 - 5 November 2013: Germany demands explanation from British ambassador over 'secret listening post' in Berlin

2015: 22 April 2015: The Royal Air Force’s commemorative Battle of Britain 75th anniversary special scheme Eurofighter Typhoon has broken cover at RAF Coningsby - 18 August 2015: Hundreds of thousands of people turn out to see flypast of vintage planes in Kent, to mark the 75th anniversary of 'the hardest day' of fighting in the Battle of Britain and honouring the pilots, engineers, armourers, operations staff and ground crews who faced constant attack from the Nazi Luftwaffe

2014-2018: First World War centenary 2014-2018 - 14 January 2014: Diaries from British soldiers describing life on the frontline during World War I are being published online by the British National Archives - 9 May 2014: Children to mark WWI's 'Christmas Truce' mainly in Flanders 1914, commemorating in UK's schools fraternisation between British, French and German troops in no man's land, seeing weapons set aside, greetings, gifts exchanged and even football matches played - In 1914/1915 events of 'Christmas Truce' were friendly reported in British papers but strongly criticized in Germany

March 2018: 19 March 2018: Founder of Germany's neonazi and AfD-linked 'Pegida' Lutz Bachmann, who was in 2015 pictured styled as Hitler, denied entry to UK to take the place of Martin Sellner, a white supremacist, at Speakers’ Corner

April 2018: 12 April 2018: British Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson was due to speak alongside his German counterpart Mass in Oxford, but cancelled before the event to attend a Cabinet meeting on Syria, as Heiko Mass introduced neo-Nazi linked AfD's Weidel to Johnson

May/June 2019 D-day anniversary: 31 May 2019: As the 75th anniversary of D-day approaches, some of Britain’s handful of surviving Normandy veterans are making their way to France to commemorate the landings, in which 156,000 allied troops launched an audacious attack on the Normandy beaches liberating Europe from Nazism, in June 1944 leaded by Nazi Germany's Gerd von Rundstedt, Erwin Rommel, Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg, Friedrich Dollmann, Hans von Salmuth, Wilhelm Falley, as German 'Bundeswehr' continues to praise and honour the Nazigeneral Rommel

June 2020 German police identify ‘murder’ suspect in Madeleine McCann case: 4 June 2020: German police identify ‘murder’ suspect in Madeleine McCann case, 13 years after British 3-year-old disappeared from family holiday apartment in Portugal, as officials say jailed German man with a history of child sex abuse may have killed her

6 June 2020 loneliest of D-Day remembrances is marked amid covid-19 as Germany continues to honour Nazigeneral Rommel: 6 June 2020: The loneliest of D-Day remembrances is marked amid covid-19 pandemic, as small ceremony held a year after tens of thousands came to Normandy beaches to cheer the dwindling number of veterans and celebrate liberation from Nazi oppression, as German 'Bundeswehr' continues to praise and honour the Nazigeneral Rommel

11 July 2020 'the most terrible camp' called Sylt on UK soil constructed by Nazi Germany after June 1940: 11 July 2020: 'The most terrible camp', as after 80 years cruelty of SS site Lager Sylt on UK soil constructed on Alderney after the island was occupied in June 1940 revealed, and as archaeologists publish in-depth survey highlighting the historical importance of the oft-overlooked Lager Sylt, as well as the physical and psychological torture of its inmates, mostly East Europeans and a large contingent of French Jews, as French prisoners dubbed Alderney 'le rocher maudit' underlining the brutality of the wind-swept, sea-beaten and remote island with a prewar civilian population of 1,400 people evacuated by Britain when, deeming them too difficult to defend, it pulled out of the Channel Islands after the fall of France in June 1940 - Since June 1940 history of Alderney during World War II and German occupation - Since January 1942 'Lager Sylt' Nazi concentration camp on Alderney on the British Channel Islands, built along with three other labour camps by the Organisation Todt, as the control of Lager Sylt changed since 1943 when it was run by the Schutzstaffel SS-Baubrigade 1 becoming a subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp located in Hamburg - 'Lager Norderney' Nazi concentration camp on Alderney, in the Channel Islands, named after the East Frisian island of Norderney, housing European (usually Eastern but including Republican Spaniards) and Russian enforced labourers, as prisoners in Lager Sylt were also slave labourers

29 July 2023 Channel Island Nazis inquiry under pressure to find out why perpetrators never faced justice: 29 July 2023: Channel Island Nazis inquiry under pressure to find out why perpetrators never faced justice, as thousands of people may have perished on Alderney during WWII but their murderers never stood trial. Security and intelligence expert Prof Anthony Glees said that after WWII the guiding principle was that war criminals were handed over to the country where their crimes were alleged to have been committed, adding 'those who were responsible for the crimes on Alderney should have been put in the dock at the Old Bailey'.

Germany/USA relations: Germany/USA relations

1914-1918 World War I: German war crimes, submarines and USA entry into World War I - Unrestricted submarine warfare

1 May 1915: 1 May 1915: Despite USA being a neutral party in World War I at that time, USA tanker 'Gulflight' torpedoed by the German U-boat U-30 and, after surviving the attack and renamed SS Refast, was sunk on 26 January 1942 by a German torpedo attack in World War II south of St Johns, Newfoundland

1918: Fourteen Points is a blueprint for world peace elucidated in a January 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms by USA's President Woodrow Wilson, following the 'Decree On Peace', passed by the Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' Deputies on the 8 November 1917

Since the early 1920s anti-Semitic republications in Germany: Since the early 1920s, the 'Protocols' was reprinted and published in Germany, along with anti-Jewish articles first published by 'The Dearborn Independent' ('The Ford International Weekly') and reprinted in translation in Germany, cumulatively titled 'The International Jew, the World's Foremost Problem'

1939-1945 World War II: 1941 German declaration of war against the USA in World War II 1939-1945 - Nazi war crimes

1933/1998/2007: From 1931 to 1945 in the Brown House in Munich, funds for renovation of this NSDAP party headquarters provided by industrialist Fritz Thyssen, Hitler kept a life-size portrait of Henry Ford next to his desk, since Ford and Adolf Hitler admired each other's achievements - In July 1938 Henry Ford received the highest medal Nazi Germany could bestow on a foreigner, and James D. Mooney, vice-president of overseas operations for General Motors, received a similar medal - 30 November 1998: Major USA car companies Ford and General Motors scrutinized for alleged Nazi collaboration over their business dealings with Nazi Germany, embroiled in a debate that 'GM was an integral part of the German war effort' - 30 November 2006: How General Motors helped jump-start the Third Reich’s military machine - 5 May 2007: Hitler’s carmaker - the inside story of how General Motors helped mobilize the Third Reich

1945-2014 CIA activities in Germany: CIA activities in Germany - 13 December 2012: European Court of Human Rights rules that German citizen Khaled el-Masri was an innocent victim of extraordinary rendition, torture and ill-treatment by US CIA-agents - 12 December 2014: Human rights lawyer Kaleck who represented Khaled El Masri tortured by the CIA, calls on Europeans to prosecute USA architects of torture

2012: 10 December 2012: General Motors to close Opel plant in Bochum

2013: 19 June 2013: Obama's arrival in Berlin, calling in his speech at Brandenburg Gate for a one-third reduction of the United States' and Russia's nuclear stockpiles - 17 July 2013: German military reportedly knew about US surveillance programme - 21 July: Germany's two main intelligence services reportedly used NSA programme to spy on citizens - 3 August: German intelligence agency BND providing the National Security Agency of the USA with vast amounts of data about the telecommunications information it has obtained - 13. September: Verfassungsschutz spionierte für US-Geheimdienste - Maaßen stimmte zu - 17 October: The US Federal Reserve orders German Commerzbank to fix money-laundering measures - 23 October: Obama tells Merkel US is not monitoring her communications but did not deny reports that US intelligence in the past have listened to calls of Angela Merkel - 25 October 2013: Action wanted from US President Barack Obama, not just apologetic words, Angela Merkel says after EU talks dominated by allegations that the NSA had accessed tens of thousands of French phone records, monitored Angela Merkel's mobile phone and after Germany and France demanded 'no-spy' agreement with US - 27 October 2013: Since 2002 War-Merkel's phone reportedly tracked by US - 27 October: Obama was personally informed of mobile phone tapping against Merkel since 2010, according to US intelligence sources - 31 October: German MP Hans-Christian Stroebele meets Edward Snowden in Moscow and says, he is willing to come to Germany to assist investigations into US surveillance

2014: 19 June 2014: Suspected SS guard J. Breyer arrested in the USA for the alleged murders of hundreds of thousands of Jewish men, women and children during World War II - 4 July: An employee of Germany's BND arrested on suspicion of spying for the USA - 4 July: Germany summons USA ambassador over spy allegations - 6 July: Former NSA employee Thomas Drake described the German spy agency BND as an 'appendage' of the NSA - 10 July: Germany told the CIA station chief in Berlin to leave the country - 16 August: German BND spied on John Kerry and Hillary Clinton - 3. Oktober: BND leitete jahrelang Daten auch deutscher Staatsbürger an NSA weiter, nach Unterlagen zwischen 2004-2008

Since March 2014: Since March 2014 German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal - Global surveillance disclosures 2013–present

2015: 3 May 2015: German PM Merkel joins Holocaust survivors to mark the liberation of Nazi concentration camp in Dachau by USA soldiers 70 years ago, thanking the camp's survivors for their work in telling their eyewitness stories of the horrors they experienced - 27. Januar 2012: Um als Zeitzeuge bei Schulbesuchen über seine persönliche Erinnerung an die NS-Zeit zu berichten, reist Abba Naor jedes Jahr nach Deutschland, da er - nachdem er in München auf der Polizeiwache in der Ettstraße einen deutschen Polizisten wiedererkannt hatte, der als Wachmann im Ghetto Kaunas Juden Flaschen auf die Köpfe gestellt hatte, um sie herunterzuschießen - heute in Israel lebt - 4 May 2015: German PM Merkel defends German intelligence cooperation with USA spy agency, also claiming once more that it is not acceptable for friendly nations to spy on each other and promising that her office will provide 'full details' about intelligence cooperation - 7 May 2015: German secret service BND reduces cooperation with NSA after NSA fails to provide clear reasons for each request for surveillance of individuals or organisations - 2 July: Germany summons USA ambassador after WikiLeaks publishes what it says is evidence of NSA eavesdropping on ministers - 8. Juli 2015: NSA hörte laut Wiki-Leaks Regierungsumfeld von Kohl bis Merkel schon seit den 1990er-Jahren ab - 16 July 2015: SS officer Oskar Gröning escaped prosecution in Britain nearly 70 years ago because of the USA’s desire, according to newly discovered UNWCC documents also revealing that the entire judicial process against Germans accused of committing war crimes was closed down after political intervention from above

2009-2015 Volkswagen emissions and defeat device scandal: 2015 Volkswagen defeat device scandal - 20 September 2015: Volkswagen orders external investigation after USA regulators found cars gave inaccurate data on toxic emissions - 2 October 2015: BMW, Chrysler, GM, Land Rover and Mercedes-Benz diesel models also being investigated by USA Environmental Protection Agency, as Volkswagen emissions testing scandal is deepening with the Paris prosecutor announcing a preliminary inquiry

2016: 30 November 2016: Die deutsche Bundesregierung muss offiziell einräumen dass Ramstein schon lange wichtiger Dreh- und Angelpunkt für USA-Drohneneinsätze ist und ist durch ihre Kenntnis der Rolle der Basis mit beteiligt an völkerrechtswidrigen sogenannten extralegalen Tötungen und Morden an unschuldigen Zivilisten durch Drohneneinsätze

2017: 6 January 2017: USA journalist Sandhya Kambhampati was stopped by police 23 times within her first nine months of living in Berlin, and is now investigating racial profiling in Germany - 11 January 2017: Six former Volkswagen executives charged with fraud over emissions cheating and accused of running near decade-long conspiracy, as the company admits liability in the 2015 emissions scandal and is ordered to pay a record $4.3bn penalty

May 2018 'There Is No Real Freedom' surviving D-Day paratrooper Cruise says: 28 May 2018: 'There Is No Real Freedom', surviving D-Day paratrooper Cruise says, recalling the momentous operation at Normandy, during which he watched his close friend die by his side, as the German regime, today friendly to and even supporting Iranian, Russian, Syrian and other war criminals, continues to name the largest base of its military 'Bundeswehr' in 'honour' of Hitler general and war criminal 'Field Marshal Erwin Rommel Barracks' since 1961, and France prepares the '74e anniversaire du Débarquement'

August 2018 Nazi concentration camp guard Palij admitting lying to get into the USA finally extradited to Germany: 21 August 2018: 14 years after a judge ordered the expulsion of former Nazi concentration camp guard Jakiv Palij and he admitted lying to get into the USA, he was extradited to Germany, where his future remains uncertain

February 2019 German Rommel supporting CDU chancellor criticises USA warning that EU must not be excluded from discussions on future nuclear disarmament: 16 February 2019: German chancellor criticises USA isolationism, urging 'win-win solutions', warning that Europe must not be excluded from discussions on future nuclear disarmament

3 December 2020 USA Jewish doctor and his team shocked to find Nazi tattoos on covid-19 patient: 3 December 2020: Jewish doctor Taylor Nichols working with coronavirus patients in California shared his shock about the moment he saw neo-Nazi tattoos on the body of a severely ill man, as his team — which included a Black nurse and a respiratory specialist of Asian descent — prepared the man to be intubated, now saying 'we all saw. The symbols of hate on his body outwardly and proudly announced his views. We all knew what he thought of us. How he valued our lives', also saying 'unfortunately, society has proven unwilling to listen to the science or to our pleas. Begging for people to take this seriously, to stay home, wear a mask, to be the break in the chain of transmission', then saying 'I reassured him that we were all going to work hard to take care of him and keep him alive as best as we could', and later saying he had asked himself how the man might have acted had the roles been reversed

4 December 2020 USA WWII veteran who supported war crimes resisting France recovered from covid-19: 4 December 2020: USA veteran Major Wooten who spent World War II repairing bomb-damaged trains in war crimes resisting France recovered from a fight with covid-19 in time to mark his 104th birthday on Thursday, as family hails miracle recovery of Major Wooten of Alabama

Germany/Vietnam relations: Germany/Vietnam relations

Vietnamese people in Germany: Vietnamese people in Germany, the country's largest group of resident foreigners from Asia with 83,446 Vietnamese nationals residing at the end of 2005 not included individuals of Vietnamese origin or descent who have been naturalised as German citizens

Since the 1950s in East Germany: Since the 1950s East Germany began to invite North Vietnamese students to attend study and training programmes, cooperation expanded in 1973, in 1980 an agreement was signed with the reunified Socialist Republic of Vietnam for enterprises in East Germany to provide training to Vietnamese - Viet Duc Hospital, the largest surgical center of Vietnam, situated in Hanoi

Some years after WWII German support for USA's Vietnam War, 1960s student protests: In the 1960s students in Germany engaged in discussions concerning the war in Vietnam, saying that the USA had no right to fight in Vietnam, but the German governments including former Nazis and then-Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger (NSDAP and then CDU member) supported the USA in the Vietnam War and provided support to South Vietnamese dictatorship

Since 1978 in West Germany: Since 1978 in West Germany the Vietnamese community consists of refugees from the Vietnam War and later

September 1991 Hoyerswerda xenophobic riots: September 1991 Hoyerswerda xenophobic riots started with a group of mainly young neo-Nazis attacking Vietnamese street hawkers

1992 Rostock-Lichtenhagen xenophobic riots: August 1992 Rostock-Lichtenhagen xenophobic riots were the worst mob attacks against migrants, including Vietnamese and Roma, in postwar and post-reunification Germany, also setting fire to a housing complex where over 100 Vietnamese asylum-seekers lived

February 2019 Kim Phuc accepts award in Germany: 11 February 2019: Phan Thi Kim Phúc, who was nine-years-old in 1972 and severely burned when a South Vietnamese plane dropped napalm bombs on her village during USA's Vietnam War, has accepted an award in Germany for her work for peace and for children wounded in war

Germany/Yemen relations: Germany/Yemen relations

3 March 2021 Italian judge extends inquiry into Yemen deaths involving Rheinmetall AG: 3 March 2021: A judge in Rome has ordered a six-month extension of an investigation into a bombardment that killed a family of six in Yemen on 6 October 2016 when their home in Deir al-Jari village in north-west Yemen was destroyed, as fragments of the bomb that killed the family were traced back to a unit of the German arms manufacturer Rheinmetall AG called RWM Italia, as the Italian export authority UAMA is also under investigation

Germany/Zimbabwe relations: Germany/Zimbabwe relations

November 2018 Germany hesitant to re-start cooperation with Zimbabwe: 20 November 2018: Germany hesitant to re-start cooperation with Zimbabwe one year after Mugabe ouster, as Zimbabwe, grappling with a severe economic crisis, was hoping for increased cooperation with Germany and other western nations

Greece - Geography of Greece - History of Greece - Demographics of Greece

Economy of Greece: Economy of Greece - main industries are shipping, tourism, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products, mining, petroleum - Economy: sectors - Companies of Greece by industry - Manufacturing companies of Greece

Shipbuilding companies of Greece: Shipbuilding companies of Greece

Mining in Greece: Mining in Greece - Mines in Greece

Agriculture in Greece: Agriculture in Greece employs 528,000 farmers, 12% of the total labor force - products are olive oil, Kalamata olive, Zante currant, grains (wheat, barley, etc.), wine, Fava Santorinis, Krokos Kozanis, Florina pepper, mastic, raisin and tobacco - Potato Movement - Greek farmers setting up co-ops and selling potatoes directly to the Greek public

Water in Greece: Water in Greece - Bodies of water of Greece - Rivers of Greece - Lakes of Greece - Gulfs and bays of Greece

Water supply and sanitation in Greece: Water supply and sanitation in Greece

Water transport in Greece: Water transport in Greece - Greek shipping - Greek Merchant Navy

Rail transport in Greece: Rail transport in Greece

28 February 2023 Thessaly train collision: On 28 February 2023, a passenger train and a freight train collided in Thessaly, resulting in the deaths of at least 36 people and injuries to at least 66 others. The passenger train was carrying approximately 350 passengers from Athens to Thessaloniki, as the freight train was travelling from Thessaloniki to Larissa. The collision occurred on the Athens-Thessaloniki railway, which is operated by Hellenic Train, a subsidiary of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane, Italy's state-owned railway company.

1 March 2023 36 people dead and 85 injured in a train collision in Greece: 1 March 2023: At least 36 people dead and 85 injured in a train collision in Greece, after two trains - a passenger train travelling from Athens to the northern city of Thessaloniki, and a cargo train from Thessaloniki to Larissa - collided head on, CNN reports

Road transport in Greece: Road transport in Greece

Tourism in Greece: Tourism in Greece - Visitor attractions in Greece - Visitor attractions in Greece by region - World Heritage Sites in Greece

Foreign trade of Greece: Foreign trade of Greece - main export goods are petroleum oils (not crude), aluminium and articles, electrical, electronic equipment, pharmaceutical products, plastics and articles, vegetables, fruits, iron and steel products

Banking in Greece: Banking in Greece - List of banks in Greece - Bank of Greece

2010-2012: 30 June 2015: Only a small fraction of the €240bn total bailout money Greece received in 2010 and 2012 found its way into the government’s coffers to soften the blow of the 2008 financial crash and fund reform programmes, as most of the money went to the banks that lent Greece funds before the crash

2015: 5 June 2015: Greek credit sector officials say that deposits have now dropped below 130 billion euros, which means the savings of the last 11 years have now evaporated - 1 September 2015: Greek banks must be recapitalised before capital controls go, Eurobank chairman Karamouzis says - 31 October: Greece’s four main banks need to find another €14bn of reserves to ensure they could withstand an economic downturn, ECB says

Since 2009 Greek economic and political crisis: Since 2009 Greek government-debt crisis - European debt crisis 2010-present

2015: 11 June: Unemployment has started climbing again in Greece, as it gained half a percentage point to reach 26.6% in the first quarter of the year, from 26.1% in the last quarter of 2014 - 30 June: The bank shutdown in Greece and the imposition of capital controls have led to a halt in trade across the country - 1 July 2015: Consumption apparently down 70%, tourism drying up and companies face struggle to pay for wholesale food ahead of 5 July referendum, as bank closures take their toll on businesses across Greece - 6 July: The number of business start-ups in Greece declined by 20% in the first half of 2015 on an annual basis, as 68% of new enterprises were one-person companies - 6 July: Local lenders are now just a step away from serious solvency problems after the ECB decided to increase the haircut on the collateral they use to draw liquidity - 23 July 2015: Greek economy will sink back into recession at a rate of 2.5% this year, with unemployment starting to rise again, IOBE says - 3 August 2015: Bank and finance shares collapse by as much as 30% as bourse reopens after five-week shutdown - 3/4 August: Manufacturing data reveals economy in shock, as Greek stocks fall for 2nd day - 10 August: Capital controls blamed for a new 15-year high in dismissals for July 2015 - 18 August: Unemployed increased by 2% in July 2015 - 28 August: Greece’s GDP shows 1.6% growth for the second quarter of 2015

2016: 16 October 2016: EU and IMF auditors to visit Athens as Greece's agony continues

2017: 15 June 2017: As eurogroup welcomes the measures Greece has taken under its economic reform programme, which include painful austerity, tax rises and spending cuts, Eurozone finance ministers agree to lend Greece €8.5bn under its bailout programme, with a commitment to debt relief in the future

August 2018: 20 August 2018: Greece exits €289bn bailout programme after eight years, but ability to raise money in markets, unlikely to be celebrated by many households feeling effects of crippling debt repayments and as yet high unemployment

Military of Greece: Military of Greece - Countries by military expenditures: Greece rank 24 - Greek military personnel

Military equipment of Greece: Military equipment of Greece - List of equipment of the Hellenic Army and countries of origin - List of aircraft of the Hellenic Air Force and countries of origin - Naval ships of Greece - List of active Hellenic Navy ships and contries of origin - Type 214 submarine developed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft GmbH (HDW), in service since 2007

2005: In 2005 Greece purchased 183 Leopard 2A4s and 150 Leopard 1A5 main battle tanks from German Bundeswehr reserves, raising the number of Leopard 1 tanks in Greece to almost 350

2010: 10 July 2010: The deeply indebted Greece, whose financial crisis roiled the global financial system this year, is spending more than a billion euros on two submarines from Germany, also looking to spend big on six frigates and 15 search-and-rescue helicopters from France, after buying in recent years more than two dozen F16 fighter jets from the USA at a cost of more than €1.5 billion

2013: 10. Januar 2013: Hohe Militärausgaben in Griechenland trotz Krise

2015: 16 June 2015: Despite 5 years of punishing austerity and poverty of millions of Greeks, its military budget remains amongst the highest in the EU

Taxation and government finances in Greece: Taxation in Greece - Tax evasion and corruption in Greece - Government finances in Greece

2013/2014: 9 August 2013: Nearly 50% of Greek businesses commit tax fraud, says finance ministry - 21 December 2014: Tax exemptions deprive state budget of over 3.5 bln euros

2015: 6 June 2015: State debts have increased by 1.1 billion euros in the first four months of the year 2015, tax rebates, increasing revenue shortfalls (1 billion euros in May), and exhaustion of the state’s cash reserves illustrate the crumbling of the 2015 budget - 29 June: The imposition of measures restricting financial transactions accompanied by a total freeze in the payments of citizens’ obligations to the state, while there was also an impact on the payment of pensions and private sector salaries - 6 August 2015: As talks continue over proposed €86bn third bailout, Greek treasury says tax revenues fell 8.5% in a year, and public spending fell 12.3% - 21 August: Unpaid taxes grow at a slower pace in July 2015 - 9 October 2015: 'Tax evasion and smuggling are worth between 15 and 20 billion euros a year', Alternate Finance Minister Alexiadis says, as the SDOE is currently investigating 38,000 cases involving 1.3 million people and businesses - 25 November: In an effort to help the country raise tax revenues Germany gives Greece the names of more than 10,000 citizens suspected of dodging taxes with holdings in Swiss banks - 23 December: Following the delivery to authorities of a detailed list of thousands of individuals with suspect deposits by a HSBC whistleblower, large-scale tax evaders will be given one last chance to pay their dues to the state, Greek PM Tsipras says

Greek Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Economy, crisis countermeasures and Greek Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity: Greek Ministry of Finance - Official website of the Greek Ministry of Finance - Greek Ministry of Economy, Infrastructure, Shipping and Tourism - List of Greek subdivisions by GDP - Greek government-debt crisis countermeasures - Greek Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity - Greek Ministry of Health and Social Security

Syriza's 40 Point Program for the 2015 elections: 2014 Syriza's Thessaloniki Programme and Syriza's 40 Point Program for the 2015 elections, promises

2015: 5 June 2015: Tax dodgers hid millions, but many may soon get away with it

2015 allegations of the Greek Ministry of Finance: Hellenic Republic public debt bulletin March 2015 - Greek Stability and Growth Programme - no announcements since 2011 - Greek tax reform - no announcements since 2011 - Greek Tax-Customs Matters - no announcements April 2014

Politics of Greece: Politics of Greece - Constitution of Greece - Constitutional history of Greece - Hellenic Parliament

Political parties in Greece: Political parties in Greece - Political parties during the Third Hellenic Republic (1974-present) - Panhellenic Socialist Movement since 1974 - Syriza - Coalition of the Radical Left, since 2004 as an alliance and since 2012 as a party - Salary and privileges of members of parliament in Greece and parliamentary pension

2015: 2 April 2015: Greek PM Tsipras ranks 13th in salary among European leaders - 15 June 2015: Fofi Gennimata took over as the first female leader in PASOK’s history after comfortably seeing off her two male competitors - 21 August 2015: Rebels in Greece's Syriza party have broken away to form a new party with 25 lawmakers, that will be headed by former Energy Minister Lafazanis - 30 August: PASOK and DIMAR announce their cooperation for the 20 September elections

Elections, politics, social movements and protests: Elections in Greece - Parliamentary elections in Greece - Local elections in Greece - Presidential elections in Greece - Political movements in Greece - Trade Unions in Greece - Protests in Greece

1941-1946 National Liberation Front: The National Liberation Front was the main movement of the Greek Resistance during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II - Greek Resistance of armed and unarmed groups from across the political spectrum that resisted the Axis occupation of Greece in the period 1941–1944

November 1973 Athens Polytechnic uprising: The Athens Polytechnic uprising in November 1973 was a massive demonstration of popular rejection of the Greek military junta of 1967–1974

December 1974 Greek republic referendum: 8 December 1974 Greek republic referendum approved by 69.2% of voters with a turnout of 75.6%, after the collapse of the military junta that ruled the country from 1967, and after former king Constantine II was banned by the new government from returning to Greece to campaign

2008: December 2008 Greek protests and riots after 15-year-old student Alexandros Grigoropoulos was killed by two policemen in Athens

2009: Greek legislative election 2009

Greek protests 2010-2012: Greek protests 2010-2012 - 12 February 2012: Tens of thousands protest as MPs debate cuts on Sunday afraid of bourses on Monday - 13 February 2012: Papademos' coalition approves cuts in the night expelling 43 MPs amidst most violent protests since 2008 - 13 February 2012: General elections announced for April 2012, hours after parliament approved new austerity cuts and protests raged in Athens - Greek legislative election 6 May 2012 - 6. Mai: Ca. 9,7 Millionen Bürger sind zur Parlamentswahl aufgerufen - 7 May: First place for the 'New Democracy' with 19.6 percent of the vote, second place for the 'Syriza' party with 16.6 percent of the vote and the 'Pasok' reduced to third place, its vote more than halved to 13.31 percent

June 2012 Greek legislative election: Greek legislative election 17 June 2012 - 17 June 2012: Greeks go to polls on day of economic destiny - 18 June: Near complete results show 'New Democracy' with 29.6 percent of the vote (129 of the 300 seats), 'Syriza' party had 26.9 percent (71 seats), the pro-bailout 'PASOK' party with 12.3 percent of the vote (33 seats), the extremist far-right 'Golden Dawn' party getting 6.9 percent (18 seats)

2013: 21 June 2013: The Democratic Left party quits government in protest against the closure of state broadcaster EPT - 1 octobre: Des responsables du parti néonazi Aube dorée devant la justice pour 'participation à une organisation criminelle' - 23 October: Greece’s parliament cuts state funding of Golden Dawn party - 7 décembre: La troïka gèle un prêt d'1 milliard d'euros - 8 décembre: Le parlement adopte un nouveau budget de rigueur, tensions avec la troïka - 9 December: EU urges Greece to stick to reform path

May 2014 local and regional elections: Greek local elections 18 May 2014 and 25 May 2014 - 18/19 May: Anti-bailout candidates backed strongly in local and regional elections showing no clear victor hours after polls closed

25 May 2014 Greek European Parliament election: Greek European Parliament election 25 May 2014 - 26 May 2014: Greek anti-austerity leftists lead EU vote, exit polls show

December 2014: 7 December: Greek Parliament passes 2015 budget - 10 December: The Athens stock market plunged nearly 13% after PM Samaras' decision to call early presidential elections - 17 December: Early elections with the potential to destabilise the eurozone could be called in Greece next year, after the country’s 300 MPs failed to elect a president in their first round of voting - 19 December: Independent Greeks MP Pavlos Haikalis alleges offer of lucrative inducement to support ruling coalition’s candidate - 29 December: Crucial presidential vote in Greece - updates - 29 September: Failure to elect president sets up snap election

January 2015 Greek legislative election: 25 January 2015 Greek legislative election - 25 January: Greeks have begun casting their votes in legislative election - 26 January: With voters worn down by huge budget cuts and heavy tax rises that have pushed millions into poverty, anti-austerity 'Syriza' party wins Greek election with 149 seats in the 300-seat parliament, taking 36.3% of the vote, 8.5 points ahead of the 'New Democracy' party and meeting 'Independent Greeks' this morning for coalition talks - 27 January: Greek anti-austerity coalition takes power - 27 January: Greek PM Alexis Tsipras unveils cabinet - Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras

February/March 2015: 8 February: In his first parliamentary speech PM Tsipras says government’s first priority is to tackle humanitarian crisis caused by years of austerity, announcing a freeze on pension cuts, a property tax overhaul, free electricity to those who have been cut off, reinstating jobs and raising the minimum wage - 27 March: Greece submitted its long-awaited list of structural reforms to its eurozone creditors

April 2015: 15 April 2015: Greece in talks with Russia to buy missiles for S-300 air defense systems - 16 April: Thousands of workers at a Canadian-run gold mine in northern Greece and their families staged a protest in Athens against a government's decision to revoke the company's licence to develop the mine fearing it may damage the environment - 25 April: Approved by 156 lawmakers in the 300-seat chamber, Greek parliament passes decree to force state entities and local governments to lend cash to the central government in spite of protests by municipalities and labour unions

June/July 2015: 3 June: Greece receives a bailout proposal and PM Tsipras heads to Brussels for crucial talks with EC - 4 June: Greece says it will bundle together €1.6bn of debt payments due to IMF and settle up on 30 June - 11/12 June: IMF walks out of Greece bailout talks due to a lack of progress in narrowing key differences with Tsipras government - 14 June: Greece's latest reform package, ignoring latitudes, dismissed as incomplete, differences in fiscal terms amount to €2bn a year in permanent budget savings, EU's Sunday talks halted after less than an hour in Brussels - 17 June: Bank of Greece warns of 'uncontrollable crisis' without bailout deal - 19 June 2015: Several thousand demonstrators chanting 'Europe! Europe!' rallied in front of parliament in Athens calling for Greece to keep the euro, as the country edged nearer to a default - 26 June 2015: Greek PM Alexis Tsipras calls referendum in July on bailout terms to settle before July - 28 June: With deputies from the far-right Golden Dawn voting with the Tspipras government and pro-European opposition parties voting against Greek Parliament approves referendum on 5 July - 28 June: EU executive publishes offer that Greek PM Tsipras rejected - 30 June: EU's Juncker makes last-minute offer to Greece but Tsipras unmoved - 30 June: Hopes of last-minute deal on decision day for Greek PM Tsipras, as Greece faces deadline for reaching deal with creditors and making €1.6bn IMF payment, otherwise it will lose €7.2bn bailout funds - 1 July: PM Tsipras reportedly concedes ground to get new deal with EU and ECB - 2 July: Greek government and creditors hunker down before Sunday referendum - 3 July: Thousands on the streets of Athens to support Communist Party, which staged an anti-government rally in front of the Greek parliament, saying Sunday referendum will not change things for the better - 3 July: Latest poll shows narrow lead for 'Yes' vote ahead of Sunday referendum decision, after finance minister said he will resign if Greek referendum votes yes to accept troika’s debt-bailout terms - 3 July: PM Tsipras urges people to vote no in Sunday’s referendum as capital controls bite and vital tourism industry sees tens of thousands cancel holidays in Greece

July 2015 Greek economy referendum: 5 July 2015 Greek economy referendum - 1 July 2015: Greece's July 5 referendum does not meet guidelines drawn up by the Council of Europe, notably one recommending that voters have at least two weeks to make their minds up, the human rights watchdog says - 5 July: Split Greece teeters on the brink with referendum, facing fincance minister Varoufakis' so-called terrorists - 6 July: Finance minister Varoufakis resigns, after Greece has delivered a resounding 'No' to its creditors and European participants expressed 'preference' for his absence throughout negotiations ahead of an emergency eurozone summit on Tuesday - 8 July: Unless Greek government presents convincing details entailing more austerity as the basis for its third bailout in five years, all 28 national EU leaders are to gather in Brussels on Sunday in emergency session to discuss how to contain the fallout from Greece’s financial collapse - 8 July: After months of Greek government's second-rate theatre Europe has five days to find a shift - 10 July: Tsipras' government urges MPs to back bailout plan after it has submitted a package of tough austerity measures in an attempt to reach a €53.5bn bailout and avoid Grexit - 11 July: After PM Tsipras received backing from his MPs, Eurozone creditors meet to discuss latest Greek proposals and to decide - 13 July: After Eurozone agreed that Greece should receive a new aid programme, several national parliaments must give their approval, including the Greek parliament - 14 July: Greek PM Tsipras meets mutinous MPs as bailout vote looms, and eurozone is battling to find a way to provide 'bridge financing' to help Greece meet its short-term funding demands - 14 July: Parliament to vote as IMF warns Greece needs extra debt relief above bailout - 16 July: ECB and Eurogroup consider next steps after Greek parliament's 'Yes' vote - 17 July: Greek PM Tsipras has sought to rid his government of leftists who oppose further austerity, reshuffling his cabinet barely 48 hours after dissidents said 'No' - 18 July: Greek banks to re-open Monday - 20 July: Greece’s bank branches are open for the first time in three weeks, but capital controls are still in place - 21 July: Chances of Greek bailout rest on MPs' vote on Wednesday on two laws, a banking reform law and an overhaul of Greece’s civil code - 23 July: Greek parliament approves next phase in bailout reforms and measures required to qualify for €86bn in loans - 23 July: As creditors return to Athens, Tsipras grapples with domestic challenges - 25 July: Greece edges closer to third bailout as it formally requests IMF help - 29 July: EU's Moscovici optimistic on third Greek bailout talks - 29 July: Former finance minister Varoufakis may face criminal charges over secret currency plan to establish an alternative currency in the event of the country leaving the eurozone - 31 July: Following talks on reforming the tax system and labour market regulations, negotiatons with EU and IMF continue in Athens to thrash out details of €86bn bailout

August 2015: 3 August: Greece and its lenders agree that pension reforms will affect only those who retired after the end of June - 5 August: Syriza' Nikos Filis urges to unite behind new funding agreement, saying the country wants a full bailout immediately rather than a bridge loan - 10 August: Greece reportedly closes in on third bailout deal after significant concessions made concerning spending cuts, public sector reforms and privatisations - 11 August: Following an agreement between Greece and lenders overnight, Greece closer to clinching €86bn bailout deal - 11 August: As bailout deal reached with creditors PM Tsipras calls emergency sessions of parliament to vote on measures, which will see further spending cuts imposed - 14 August: Greek parliament approves bailout deal despite government rebellion in all-night session, as figures from Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands suggest growth in the eurozone will miss 0.4% in 2015 and as Eurozone finance ministers will soon be heading for a eurogroup meeting to sign off the €85bn Greek bailout deal - 17 August: PASOK refuses to back Tsipras in any confidence vote - 20 August: Greek PM resigns to trigger snap elections likely on 20 September

September 2015 Greek legislative election: 20 September 2015 Greek legislative election - 20 September: Over 9.8 million voters in Greek election to select a new government tasked with implementing the bailout plan adopted last month - 21 September: Supporters took to the streets after conservative rival New Democracy conceded defeat to Syriza party, taking 35.5% of the vote, 145 seats in the 300-seat parliament and announcing a renewed coalition with the right-wing Independent Greeks party

October 2015: 17 October 2015: Greek parliament approves reform bill ahead of bailout review - 30 October 2015: Greece's Tsipras says he feels 'ashamed' amid migrant border chaos and deaths at sea

November/December 2015: 12 November 2015: After eurozone creditors refused to dispense a €2bn rescue loan citing failure to enforce reforms, Syriza-led government faces mass protests against spending cuts and tax rises, when workers, employees in both the public and private sector participate in a general strike - 20 November: Greece passes bailout bill but government majority shrinks to just two seats after two dissenting lawmakers were expelled - 5 December: With 153 votes to 145 Greek parliament approves 2016 budget featuring 5.7 bln euros in public spending cuts, including 1.8 bln from pensions and 500 million from defense, and some tax increases of just over 2 bln euros

2016: 15 January 2016: Thousands take to the streets of the Greek capital to protest against planned pension reforms, as lawyers, doctors and others in professional attire joined the protest - 4 February 2016: Greece grinds to a halt in general strike over pension reforms - 12 February: Angry Greek farmers clash with riot police in Athens then paraded their tractors outside parliament, in their first big protest in the capital against pension reform plans after weeks of road blockades - 7 April: Greek public sector workers strike over pension reforms - 6 mai: Les Grecs sont en grève générale avant le vote de réformes visant à augmenter les rentrées fiscales et réduire les dépenses consacrées aux retraites - 9 May: With the backing of its 153 MPS Greece’s leftist-led coalition approves toughest measures yet worth €5.4bn in budget savings amid rioting - 22 May: Supported by 152 deputies Greek parliament approves a fresh round of austerity incorporating €1.8bn in tax increases, amid hopes the move will lead to much-needed debt relief when eurozone finance ministers meet this week - 3 October 2016: Greek police fire teargas at pensioners during Athens protest against Tsipras's austerity policy

2017: 17 mai 2017: Une grève générale de 24 heures a commencé mercredi en Grèce pour protester contre de nouvelles mesures de rigueur débattues au Parlement - 19 May 2017: Greece passes austerity measures

January 2018: 12 January 2018: Police fire teargas as demonstrators protest against planned changes to industrial action law demanded by creditors, as further strikes and protests will be held on Monday against Tsipras deals, called 'a killing blow to workers, pensioners and the unemployed ... effectively eliminating even constitutionally safeguarded rights such as the right to strike'

March 2018: 12 March 2018: Protesters have taken to the streets of northern Greece demanding the release of two Greek soldiers detained by Turkey, amid rising tensions between the two countries over the soldiers being 'held hostage'

May 2018: 3 May 2018: Greek riot police fire teargas at protest in Lesbos over EU migration policy

May 2019 European Parliament election in Greece: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Greece - 26 May 2019: Greece’s Tsipras calls snap election after EU poll drubbing

May/June 2019 Greek local elections: 26 mai et 2 juin 2019 élections locales grecques de 2019

July 2019 Greek legislative election: 7 July 2019 Greek legislative election - Opinion polling for the 2019 Greek legislative election - 7 July 2019: Greece's opposition conservatives returned to power in snap elections as PM elect Mitsotakis said he had a clear mandate for change, pledging more investments and fewer taxes, after years of European Union-enforced belt-tightening, combined with high unemployment, and as neo-fascist Golden Dawn party, previously Greece’s third biggest political force, fails to cross the 3% threshold required to secure any seats

13 July 2019 dictator Papadopoulos youth group's secretary agriculture minister: 13 July 2019: Newly-appointed Greek agriculture minister Makis Voridis, one of at least three former prominent members of the far-right LAOS party to be given posts in the ruling New Democracy party, was also in the 1980s general secretary of youth group created by jailed dictator Georgios Papadopoulos

2 October 2019 strike: 2 octobre 2019: La Grèce était paralysée mercredi par une nouvelle grève de 24 heures, à l'appel des syndicats du privé et des transports en commun dénonçant un projet de loi qui vise à 'la déréglementation du marché de l'emploi'

21 May 2023 Greek legislative elections: 21 May 2023 Greek legislative elections, considered a snap election as it is conducted a few weeks before the end of term for the Mitsotakis cabinet. All 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament will be contested. They will be the first elections since 1990 in which the electoral system will not use a bonus seats system, after the 2016 repeal of semi-proportional representation. - Opinion polling for the 2023 Greek legislative election

24 May 2023 senior judge to lead Greek caretaker government until fresh June election: 24 May 2023: Senior judge to lead Greek caretaker government until fresh June election, after president Katerina Sakellaropoulou appointed Ioannis Sarmas to replace the outgoing PM Mitsotakis, whose centre-right party triumphed over the leftist opposition in Sunday’s poll but failed to secure a parliamentary majority

25 June 2023 Greek legislative election: 25 June 2023 Greek legislative election - Opinion polling for the June 2023 Greek legislative election

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Greece: Greek society - Human rights in Greece

Demographics, ethnic groups and minorities in Greece: Demographics of Greece - Ethnic groups in Greece - Minorities in Greece

Demographic history of modern Greece: Demographic history of modern Greece - Greek refugees is a collective term used to refer to the Greeks from Asia Minor who were evacuated or relocated in Greece following the Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations signed in Lausanne 1923 - Refugees of the Greek Civil War 1946-1949

2016: 3 July 2016: While joblessness soared in Greece since the start of its economic crisis, 427,000 economic migrants, many high-skilled, left country according to central bank

Jews and history of the Jews in Greece: History of the Jews in Greece - History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire - History of the Jews in Thessaloniki

50/2018: 26 August 2018: Veria’s Jews are said to have heard the gospel directly from Paul himself, proofing that a Jewish community existed in this Macedonian town as early as the first century for the following two millennia, but by the time the Nazis were defeated the 2,000-year-old community was extinct

1941-1944 occupation of Greece by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany and the Holocaust in Greece: 1941-1944 occupation of Greece by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany - The Holocaust in Greece

Since 1945: After World War II and the Holocaust a small Jewish community continues to live in Greece and there are significant communities in Athens and Thessaloniki

2015: 7 July 2015: Greek Jews struggle amid state’s financial crisis

2017: 20 March 2017: Greek lawmakers passed a parliamentary amendment that will allow descendants of Holocaust survivors from Greece to apply for citizenship, most of who live in Israel, as today there are fewer than 5,000 Jews in Greece, and after the governments of both Spain and Portugal passed laws of return for Sephardic Jews in recent years as what they consider symbolic rectification for the murder, mass deportations and forced conversions to Christianity of their Jews during the 15th and 16th centuries

African immigrants to Greece: African immigrants to Greece

Albanian immigrants in Greece: Albanian immigrants and immigration to Greece, following the changes in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and early 1990s

Arabs in Greece: Arabs in Greece

Armenians in Greece: Armenians in Greece

Muslim minority of Greece, Greek Muslims and Turks: Muslim minority of Greece - Greek Muslims - Cretan Turks - Turks of the Dodecanese - 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey involving approximately 2 million people

Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia: Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia

Immigration to Greece and refugee crises: Immigration to Greece - Immigrants to Greece come from Albania, Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Syria, Ukraine, some Asian (Filipinos) and African countries and are employed in construction, industrial manufacturing, and agriculture

2012/2013: December 2012 Lesbos, Greece migrant boat disaster - 20 December 2012: Greece faces a humanitarian crisis over its mistreatment of asylum-seekers and migrants, rights group says - 18 avril 2013: Un propriétaire grec arrêté après avoir ordonné de tirer sur ses employés, des immigrés bangladais, qui manifestaient pour réclamer leur salaire impayé - vingt-sept d'entre eux ont dû être hospitalisés et quatre sont grièvement blessés - 15 juillet 2013: Le racisme a quartier libre dans les rues d'Athènes

2014: 1 April 2014: Migrants and asylum-seekers detained in Greece forced to endure deplorable conditions, often with devastating effects on their health, MSF says

2014-2016: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis - During the first half of 2015, large numbers of Syrian refugees crosses into Europe, reaching 313 thousands - UNHCR documents 'Syria Regional Refugee Response'

2015: Rhodes Shipwreck 20 April 2015 - 5 June 2015: The numbers of migrants arriving on Greece's islands has increased sixfold since last year, piling more pressure on the cash-strapped government's services, UN says - 7 July: 19 people feared dead after people smuggler's boat capsizes off Greek islands of Agathonisi and Farmakonisi, as more than 68,000 migrants – mainly Syrian, Afghan and Iraqi refugees – have risked the short trip from Turkey to the Greek islands in the first half of 2015 - 27 July: As the people arriving in their thousands on Greek shores are refugees, not migrants and as Europe turns its back, the compassionate crisis response of local Greek volunteers, despite harsh austerity, puts the international community to shame - 11 August 2015: Greek police use fire extinguishers and batons to disperse desperate refugees, including young children, to Kos who were protesting about the length of time it was taking to process their paperwork, as large parts of the humanitarian response in Greece have been carried out by volunteers rather than the Putin-bootlicker government, unable to deal with the unprecedented influx, the majority of whom are from Syria and Afghanistan - 16 August: Hundreds of Syrian migrants on the Greek island of Kos begin boarding a passenger ship that is to house and process them, in a bid to ease sometimes chaotic conditions onshore - 17 August: Almost 500 Syrian refugees board floating reception center at Kos - 19 August: The unprecedented spike in refugee arrivals on Greek shores is pushing the resort island of Lesbos to 'breaking point', with some 2,000 people landing there every day, as Greece has seen around 160,000 migrants land on its shores since January - 24 August: One dead, six missing after refugee boat capsizes off Lesvos and as some 2,500 refugees, mostly from Syria, are expected to disembark from the Eleftherios Venizelos at Piraeus - 30 August: A 17-year-old migrant was killed during a shootout at sea between Greek port police and human smugglers - 6 September: A newborn baby boy found dead on Greek island of Kos after his parents reached the shores in a boat, as Greece is struggling to cope with a wave of refugees from the war in Syria, as refugees and migrants clash with police on another Greek island, and as the mayor of Lesbos' main town warns the island would boycott 20 September general election if the government does not address the situation immediately - 8 September: More clashes on Greek island of Lesbos, transformed by the sudden influx of 20,000 refugees and migrants, mostly from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan in the escalating international crisis - 15 September: At least 22 refugees, including four children, died Tuesday morning when their boat sank off the coast of Turkey as they were trying to reach the Greek island of Kos - 24 September: More than 2,500 mainly Syrian and Afghan refugees, soaked and exhausted, reached the Greek island of Lesbos within hours on Wednesday - 30 September 2015: More refugees arrive in Greece from Syria, as a refugee reports that 'Assad's army are dropping missiles and bombs on us and on civilians, so I have to escape from Syria' - 2 October 2015: In the paupers’ section of Lesbos cemetery, volunteers, strangers, Israeli and Palestinian activists attend funerals for unidentified migrant victims, including kids, who drowned in the Aegean Sea - 16 October: Seven people have drowned including a baby and three children after their wooden boat and a coast guard vessel crashed during a migrant rescue operation off the island of Lesbos - 18 October: 12 refugees including children drown off Turkish coast, twenty-three people rescued as they try to reach Greek island of Lesbos - 24 October 2015: As Russian airstrikes push more migrants to flee to EU before borders shut and sea gets rougher, more Syrians risk deadly crossings to Greece after more than 502,000 refugees and migrants have entered Greece since the beginning of this year - 30 October 2015: Greece's Tsipras says he feels 'ashamed' amid migrant border chaos and deaths at sea - 1 November 2015: Eleven refugees, including six children, drowned on Sunday off the Greek island of Samos, adding to a string of migrant boat tragedies since Monday off the Greek islands of Lesbos, Kalymnos and Rhodes in which more than 60 people have drowned, at least 28 of them children, the vast majority Syrian refugees, women and children braving winter storms in a bid to meet men who made the journey earlier - 11 novembre 2015: Quatorze réfugiés et migrants, dont sept enfants, sont morts noyés mercredi à l'aube au large de la Turquie lors du naufrage de leur embarcation qui se dirigeait vers l'île grecque de Lesbos - 20 November: Video released by the Turkish Institute of Public Diplomacy appears to show a man on board a Greek coastguard vessel attempting to sink an inflatable raft, carrying Syrian refugees and migrants in Aegean sea with a lance, slowly taking water before it is rescued by the Turkish vessel - 22 November: Concerns are mounting in Greece that the country could have to deal with thousands of trapped refugees and migrants, after border crossings to Balkan nations to the north were abruptly closed, newly imposed restrictions in the Balkans criticised by UNHCR and UNICEF - 6 December: As thousands of people continue to arrive at the Greece-Macedonia border daily, small numbers of refugees and migrants who had been denied entry into Macedonia have opted to go back to Athens

2016: 12 March 2016: Despite six years of economic hardship in Greece, ordinary people have shown astonishing generosity in helping the 42,000 refugees and migrants stranded in their country, on the islands of Lesbos, of Kos, in Athens, in Idomeni and elsewhere - 28 May 2016: Protests grow as Greece's Tsipras administration moves refugees to derelict warehouses 'not fit for animals', as missing refugees after the closure of Idomeni including an undefined number of unaccompanied minors are thought to be living on the streets of Greek cities, hiding in forests or to have been taken by smugglers and as refugees heading for Europe are continuing to make the journey fraught with danger from north Africa across the Mediterranean - 19 September 2016: Thousands of refugees detained at Moria camp, one of Greece’s biggest refugee camps, on the island of Lesbos, have fled the facility amid scenes of mayhem after fires rapidly swept through the facility - 18 November 2016: Dozens of people have been driven out of a refugee camp on the Greek island of Chios after two successive nights of attacks by a far-right group

2017: 29 September 2017: Greece is experiencing a dramatic rise in the number of refugees and migrants entering the country, exacerbating already deplorable living conditions on island camps

May 2018: 7 May 2018: Three Spanish firefighters and two Danish volunteers have appeared in court accused of trying to help migrants enter Greece via the island of Lesbos, after working as volunteers to aid thousands of migrants, mostly Syrians, risking their lives to reach Europe via Lesbos and other Greek islands, saying 'humanitarian assistance can not and should not be criminalised'

December 2018: 5 December 2018: After 107 days of incarceration, Sarah Mardini – the Syrian human rights worker who saved 18 refugees in 2015 by swimming their waterlogged dinghy to the shores of Lesbos with her Olympian sister – has been freed from Greece’s toughest jail

September 2019: 30 September 2019: At least two people have died in a fire at the overcrowded Moria refugee camp on the island of Lesbos that triggered rioting by angry residents

6 October 2019 Lesbos’s Moria camp: 6 October 2019: In Lesbos’s Moria camp, dire conditions give traumatised children little hope of healing

November 2019 Greece poised to create 'prison' island camps: 25 November 2019: Greece is poised to create 'prison' island camps, say aid groups amid growing criticism of government plans to overhaul refugee reception centres on Aegean outposts facing Turkey, as Lesbos, where almost 16,000 people are crammed into a single facility, and Athens were criticised for adopting practice legislation in contravention of basic human rights

January 2020 Greek government wants barrier in the Mediterranean: 31 January 2020: Condemned by human rights groups, Greek government defends plans to erect a floating barrier in the Mediterranean to deter refugees and thousands of people determined to reach Europe from making the sea journey from Turkey, as northern Syria has been battered with 200 Russian regime's and Assad's airstrikes in the past three days in an assault that has pushed 700,000 civilians to flee towards the Turkish border, sparking fears of an impending international crisis

6 March 2020 murder of Syrian refugee by Greek border guards: 6 March 2020: London-based research group Forensic Architecture released an investigative video confirming that 22-year-old Syrian asylum seeker Muhammad al-Arab was killed by Greek border guards, indicating that the shooting of the asylum-seeker took place at about 8:00 am last Monday

7 March 2020 refugee center set on fire: 7 mars 2020: Un centre d'accueil pour réfugiés sur l'île grecque de Lesbos, géré par un ONG suisse, a été incendié samedi, après des membres de l'extrême droite grecque et des habitants de l'île ont récemment protesté contre l'arrivée à Lesbos de plus de 1700 migrants et réfugiés venus de Turquie - 8 March 2020: Blaze at International School of Peace for Refugee Children in Lesbos, founded by Israelis, comes amid tense standoff with Turkey over refugees, as suspected arson caused second fire in under a week at a migrant installation

10 March 2020 first Syrian born on the Turkish-Greek border: 10 March 2020: A Syrian child has been born on the border between Turkey and Greece, and his father has promised to try and make the crossing into Europe

8-10 September 2020 Mória Refugee Camp destroyed by fire: Mória Refugee Camp, the biggest refugee camp in Europe located outside the Moria village near Mytilene and enclosed with barbed wire and a chain-link fence, described by Human Rights Watch as an open air prison, serving as a European Union 'hotspot', and 8-10 September 2020 destroyed by fire

12 September 2020 Greek police fire teargas at protesting migrants on Lesbos: 12 septembre 2020: La police sur l’île grecque de Lesbos a tiré samedi du gaz lacrymogène contre des migrants qui leur lançaient des pierres, lors d’une manifestation pour exiger des abris après les incendies qui ont détruit le sordide camp de Moria

Regions, regional units and municipalities/communities of Greece: Administrative divisions of Greece - 13 Administrative regions of Greece and 74 Regional units of Greece since 2011 - 325 Municipalities and communities of Greece since 2011 - List of cities in Greece

Attica: Attica administrative region that encompasses the entire metropolitan area of Athens - Decentralized Administration of Attica

Athens city: Athens cioty, the capital and largest city of Greece - History of Athens - Timeline of Athens

Timeline of Athens: Timeline of Athens

Central Greece Region: Central Greece Region

Central Macedonia: Central Macedonia region, with a population of almost 1.9 million the second most populous in Greece after Attica, consisting of the central part of the geographical and historical region of Macedonia

Thessaloniki city: Thessaloniki city, the second-largest city in Greece, is the capital of Central Macedonia

History and timeline of Thessaloniki: History and timeline of Thessaloniki

Since 1994/2001 Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki: Since 1994/2001 Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki presenting the history of Sephardic Jews and Jewish life in Thessalonik in Greece

May 2018 mayor of Thessaloniki attacked over remembrance World War I victims: 20 May 2018: Mayor of Greece's second-largest city Thessaloniki Yiannis Boutaris, who is known for his anti-nationalist views, kicked in the head and legs and beaten with bottles by about a dozen people angry over his appearance at a remembrance event to mark the killing of ethnic Greeks by Turks in World War I

Eastern Macedonia and Thrace administrative region: Eastern Macedonia and Thrace administrative region of Greece. It consists of the northeastern parts of the country, comprising the eastern part of the region of Macedonia along with the region of Western Thrace, and the islands of Thasos and Samothrace. Its regional units include Drama, Evros, Kavala, Rhodope, Thasos and Xanthi

Since July 2023 Greece wildfires: Since July 2023 Greece wildfires, multiple ongoing wildfires which have killed and injured many people, and burned dozens of areas in parts of Greece, with over 80 wildfires being recorded with the highest temperatures reaching 41.0°C with highs anticipating to reach 45.0°C in Rhodes. Forecasters are suggesting that the current heatwave engulfing Greece is set to be the longest in its history, lasting up to 16-17 days, surpassing the 1987 heatwave. It is also expected to be the hottest July recorded in more than 50 years

22 August 2023 many bodies found in Evros region of northern Greece hit by wildfires for the past four days: 22 August 2023: 18 bodies have been found in a forested area of northern Greece hit by wildfires for the past four days. Initial reports suggest those who died may have been migrants. Unconfirmed reports said the bodies were discovered in two groups and there were fears that the number of casualties could increase. The Evros region has become one of the most popular routes for Syrian and Asian migrants crossing the River Evros from Turkey into the EU. The BBC reports.

Xanthi city: Xanthi city in the region of Western Thrace, northeastern Greece, with a population of 66,162 citizens in 2021. It is the capital of the Xanthi regional unit of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace. Amphitheatrically built on the foot of Rhodope mountain chain, the city is divided by the Kosynthos River, into the west part, where the old and the modern town are located, and the east part that boasts a rich natural environment. The 'Old Town of Xanthi' is known throughout Greece for its distinctive architecture, combining many Byzantine Greek churches with neoclassical mansions of Greek merchants from the 18th and 19th centuries and Ottoman-Era mosques. Other landmarks in Xanthi include the Archaeological Museum of Abdera and the Greek Folk Art Museum.

Economy of Xanthi city: Economy of Xanthi city, as traditionally, the tobacco business, commerce, and farming have been the primary occupation of the residents of the area. During the last decades, tourism has also increased, especially during the period of the 'festivals of the old town', and in the 21st century industry-leading research in lithium technology for the development and production of lithium-ion batteries and energy storage systems

Since 1990s 'Systems Sunlight' production of lithium-ion batteries: 'Systems Sunlight', a company in lithium technology for the development and production of lithium-ion batteries and energy storage systems in Neo Olvio, Xanthi, since 1999 leading research in lithium technology

Euboea or Evia island: Euboea or Evia island, the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete. It is separated from Boeotia in mainland Greece by the narrow Euripus Strait. Its geographic orientation is from northwest to southeast, and it is traversed throughout its length by a mountain range, which forms part of the chain that bounds Thessaly on the east, and is continued south of Euboea in the lofty islands of Andros, Tinos and Mykonos. It also forms most of the regional unit of Euboea, which includes Skyros and a small area of the Greek mainland

14 October 2021 storms and heavy rain causing destruction on the Greek island of Evia: 14 October 2021: Storms and heavy rain have laid bare the scale of the destruction wreaked by massive fires on the Greek island of Evia, with communities now having to deal with flooding and mudslides, as - after a summer of record temperatures igniting unprecedented wildfires across Greece - authorities in affected regions have now been put on the defensive as the nation has been hit by a second bout of severe weather in less than a week

Chalcis city: Chalcis city, is the chief town of the island of Euboea in Greece with a population of 102,223 citizens in 2011, situated on the Euripus Strait at its narrowest point. The name is preserved from antiquity and is derived from copper, bronze in the Greek language

Peloponnese peninsula and region: Peloponnese region in southern Greece, covering most of the Peloponnese peninsula, except for the northwestern subregions of Achaea and Elis which belong to Western Greece and a small portion of the Argolid peninsula that is part of Attica. The region is based at Tripoli and is divided into five regional units including Arcadia, Argolis, Corinthia, Laconia and Messenia. The GDP of the region was 8.2 billion € in 2018, accounting for 4.5% of Greek economic output.

Municipalities, cities, towns of Peloponnese region: Municipalities, cities, towns of Peloponnese region

Tripoli city: Tripoli city in the central part of the Peloponnese. It is the capital of the Peloponnese region as well as of the regional unit of Arcadia. The homonym municipality has around 47,000 inhabitants

Sparta town: Sparta town and municipality in Laconia. It lies at the site of ancient Sparta. The municipality was merged with six nearby municipalities in 2011, for a total population of 35,259 citizens in 2011, of whom 17,408 lived in the city.

History of Sparta since proven beginning in the legendary period, 21st century district of modern Greece: The History of Sparta describes the history of the ancient Doric Greek city-state known as Sparta from its beginning in the legendary period to its incorporation into the Achaean League under the late Roman republic and then empire in 146 BC, a period of roughly 1,000 years. Since the Dorians were not the first to settle the valley of the Eurotas River in the Peloponnesus of Greece, the preceding Mycenaean and Stone Age periods are described as well. Sparta went on to become a district of modern Greece. Brief mention is made of events in the post-classical periods

Dorians one of four major ethnic groups, Doric culture: The Dorians were one of the four major ethnic groups into which the Hellenes of Classical Greece divided themselves along with the Aeolians, Achaeans, and Ionians. They are almost always referred to as just 'the Dorians', as they are called in the earliest literary mention of them in the Odyssey, where they already can be found inhabiting the island of Crete. - Doric colonies retained their characteristic Doric calendar that revolved round a cycle of festivals, the Hyacinthia and the Carneia being especially important. The Dorian mode in music also was attributed to Doric societies and was associated by classical writers with martial qualities. The Doric order of architecture in the tradition inherited by Vitruvius included the Doric column, noted for its simplicity and strength. The Dorians seem to have offered the central mainland cultus for Helios.

20th/21st century modern Sparta and again emerging Greece: 20th/21st century modern Sparta, as the small town of a few thousand people who lived amongst the ruins, in 1834 - following the 'Greek War of Independence' - was expanded into a city, before it became again a Republican town in the 20th century following World War I and II - Greek uprisings before 1821 - 1822-1837 First Hellenic Republic, after the economic situation of the majority of Greece deteriorated heavily during the Ottoman era of the country. Life became ruralized and militarized. Heavy burdens of taxation were placed on the Christian population, and many Greeks were reduced to subsistence farming whereas during prior eras the region had been heavily developed and urbanized. The exception to this rule was in Constantinople and the Venetian-held Ionian islands, where many Greeks lived in prosperity. Later the Ottomans resorted to military rule in parts of Greece, which provoked further resistance, and also led to economic dislocation and accelerated population decline. Ottoman landholdings, previously fiefs held directly from the Sultan, became hereditary estates 'chifliks', which could be sold or bequeathed to heirs. The new class of Ottoman landlords reduced the hitherto free Greek farmers to serfdom, leading to depopulation of the plains, and to the flight of many people to the mountains, in order to escape poverty - 1924-1935 Second Hellenic Republic during the temporary abolition of the monarchy in 1924–1935 - Since 1974 Third Hellenic Republic, characterised by the development of social freedoms, the European orientation of Greece and the political dominance of the parties ND and PASOK. On the negative side the period has included high corruption, deterioration of certain economic indexes such as public debt, and nepotism, mostly in the political scene and the state offices

Aegean Islands in the Aegean Sea: Aegean Islands, the group of islands in the Aegean Sea, with mainland Greece to the west and north and Turkey to the east, as the island of Crete delimits the sea to the south, those of Rhodes, Karpathos and Kasos to the southeast, as the ancient Greek name of the Aegean Sea 'Archipelago' was later applied to the islands it contains and is now used more generally, to refer to any island group, and as the vast majority of the Aegean Islands belong to Greece, being split among nine administrative regions

List of Aegean Islands: List of Aegean Islands - University of the Aegean, a public, multi-campus university located in Lesvos, Chios, Samos, Rhodes, Syros and Lemnos, Greece, as its administrative headquarters are located in the town of Mytilene, on the island of Lesvos

North Aegean Region: North Aegean Region, one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece, and the smallest of the thirteen by population, comprising the islands of the north-eastern Aegean Sea, called the North Aegean islands, except for Thasos and Samothrace, which belong to the Greek region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, and Imbros and Tenedos, which belong to Turkey

Major communities of North Aegean Region: Major communities of North Aegean Region

Mytilene town: Mytilene town, the capital of the Greek island of Lesbos, and its port, also the capital and administrative center of the North Aegean Region, and hosts the headquarters of the University of the Aegean, founded in the 11th century BC

Cyclades island group: The Cyclades, an island group in the Aegean Sea, southeast of mainland Greece and a former administrative prefecture of Greece. They are one of the island groups which constitute the Aegean archipelago. The name refers to the islands around, the sacred island of Delos. The largest island of the Cyclades is Naxos, however the most populated is Syros.

Mykonos island and Mykonos town: Mykonos island, part of the Cyclades, lying between Tinos, Syros, Paros and Naxos. The island has an area of 85.5 square kilometres, as there are 10,134 inhabitants according to the 2011 census, most of whom live in the island's largest town of Mykonos, which lies on the west coast.

Archaeological Museum of Mykonos: The Archaeological Museum of Mykonos was built in 1905 to house the findings from the Putrefaction Pit of 425/426 BC, discovered in 1898 on the islet of Rheneia by D. Stavropoulos. It is one of the oldest museums in Greece and was designed by Alexandros Lykakis and funded by the Ministry of Education and the Archaeological Society of Athens. Its collections include exhibits dating from the Prehistoric to the Hellenistic period.

26 March 2023 violence in Greece over efforts to preserve ancient heritage of Mykonos: 26 March 2023: Violence in Greece over efforts to preserve ancient heritage of Mykonos

Rhodes island in the Aegean Sea: Rhodes island, the largest of the Dodecanese islands of Greece and their historical capital. The ninth largest island in the overall Mediterranean Sea, Rhodes administratively forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the South Aegean administrative region.

History of Rhodes island:

History of Rhodes island since prehistory. The island was inhabited in the Neolithic period although little remains of this culture.

Geography, natural history and natural disasters of Rhodes island: Geography, natural history and natural disasters of Rhodes island

July 2023 Greece and Rhodes wildfires: July 2023 Greece and Rhodes wildfires, as the island of Rhodes suffered multiple wildfires which resulted in over an estimated 19,000 people to be evacuated by land and sea. On 23 July 2023, it was announced that 1,200 extra people would be evacuated from the villages of Pefki, Lindos and Kalathos.

23 July 2023 tens of thousands moved to safety on Greek island of Rhodes as wildfires rage: 23 July 2023: Officials on Rhodes island evacuated thousands of locals and tourists from villages in the southeast, where wildfires were raging out of control for a fifth day, moving a total of around 30,000 to safety. High winds and a 9km fire front running from the centre of the island to its eastern beaches were creating extreme conditions, fire service spokesman said.

Crete island: Crete island, the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, resting approximately 160 km south of the Greek mainland. It has an area of 8,336 km2 and a coastline of 1,046 km. It bounds the southern border of the Aegean Sea, with the Sea of Crete to the north and the Libyan Sea (or South Cretan Sea) to the south. Crete and a number of islands and islets that surround it constitute the Region of Crete, which is the southernmost of the 13 top-level administrative units of Greece, and the fifth most populous of Greece's regions. Its capital and largest city is Heraklion, located on the north shore of the island. As of 2011, the region had a population of 623,065 inhabitants

Decentralized Administration of Crete: Decentralized Administration of Crete

Municipalities of Crete: Municipalities of Crete

Heraklion city: Heraklion city, the largest city and the administrative capital of the island of Crete and capital of Heraklion regional unit. It is the fourth largest city in Greece with a population of 211,370 inhabitants in 2011 census, as the population of the municipality was 173,993 citizens

History of Crete: History of Crete goes back to the 7th millennium BC, preceding the ancient Minoan civilization by more than four millennia. The palace-based Minoan civilization was the first civilization in Europe.

27 September 2021 strong earthquake shook Greece's largest island Crete: 27 September 2021 Crete earthquake, centered southeast of Heraklion, and killed one person, injured eleven and damaged many old buildings on the island - 27 September 2021: A strong earthquake measuring 5.8 shook Greece's largest island Crete and one person was killed when a church dome collapsed, authorities said

16 October 2022 second person found dead after flash flooding in Crete: 16 October 2022: Second person found dead after flash flooding in Crete, as body of a woman, who was in car with a man who also died, discovered off resort of Agia Pelagia on Greek island

Culture and languages of Greece: Culture of Greece - Languages of Greece

Art in Greece: Greek art - Modern Greek art

Science in Ancient Greece: Ancient Greek science - Ancient Greek medicine

Art in Ancient Greece: Ancient Greek art - Ancient Greek literature - Theatre of ancient Greece - Ancient Greek music

Ancient Greek architecture and sculpture: Ancient Greek architecture - Ancient Greek sculpture

Education in Greece: Education in Greece - Education in Greece by region - Education in Greece by city or town

Schools in Greece: Schools in Greece - List of schools in Greece by city

Universities and colleges in Greece: Universities and colleges in Greece - List of universities in Greece

Museums in Greece: Museums in Greece - List of museums in Greece by region

History museums in Greece: History museums in Greece - Natural history museums in Greece - Archaeological museums in Greece - Archaeological Museum of Piraeus - Ethnographic museums in Greece

Museums of ancient Greece: Museums of ancient Greece in Greece - Museum of Ancient Greek Technology

August 2020 fifth-century BC amphorae underwater museum inaugurated: 2 August 2020: Greece has inaugurated its first underwater museum, a trove of fifth-century BC amphorae labelled the 'Parthenon of shipwrecks', off the coast of Alonissos island in the western Aegean, as site of the wreck will be open to tours by certified amateur divers from August to October, while those who can’t dive can follow a virtual reality tour at an information centre

Science museums in Greece: Science museums in Greece

Health in Greece: Health in Greece

Disease outbreaks and man-made disasters in Greece: Disease outbreaks in Greece - Man-made disasters in Greece

Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Greece: Since February 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Greece, part of the worldwide pandemic since 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 originating from Wuhan in China

Since 26 February 2020 timeline of covid-19 cases in Greece: Since 26 February 2020 covid-19 cases in Greece

2 August 2020 Greece reports 4,662 covid-19 cases and 208 deaths: 2 August 2020 Greece reports 4,662 confirmed covid-19 cases and 208 deaths

2 September first covid-19 case in Moria migrant camp: 2 septembre 2020: Un Somalien de 40 ans qui se trouvait dans le camp de migrants de Moria, où vivent près de 13’000 demandeurs d’asile, a été testé positif au covid-19, selon les autorités grecques

Health care in Greece: Health care in Greece

Ancient Greek medicine and Greek physicians: Ancient Greek Medicine, a compilation of theories and practices that were constantly expanding - Ancient Greek physicians

C. 460-370 BC Hippocrates of Kos establishing medicine as a profession: C. 460-370 BC Hippocrates of Kos, a Greek physician who is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine, the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine that revolutionized Ancient Greek medicine, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields with which it had traditionally been associated (theurgy and philosophy), thus establishing medicine as a profession - Hippocratic theory, as Hippocrates is credited with being the first person to believe that diseases were caused naturally not because of superstition and gods, separating the discipline of medicine from religion he argued that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet, and living habits - Hippocratic medicine's concept of crisis, a point in the progression of disease at which either the illness would begin to triumph and the patient would succumb to death, or the opposite would occur and natural processes would make the patient recover - Hippocratic medicine's concept of professionalism, notable for discipline and rigorous practice, as his work 'On the Physician' recommends that physicians always be well-kempt, honest, calm, understanding, and serious

Health organizations and hospitals in Greece: Medical and health organizations based in Greece - Hospitals in Greece - Greek people in health professions

December 2013 3 million Greeks without health cover: 10 December 2013: Three million Greeks without health cover, 'Doctors of the World' says

February 2014 austerity measures: 21 February 2014: Austerity measures imposed by the Greek government since the economic crisis have inflicted “shocking” harm on the health of the population

December 2015 5 years of austerity: 5 December 2015: 5 years of austerity takes its toll on Greek health care

Greek media: Greek media - Telecommunications in Greece

Newspapers in Greece: Newspapers in Greece

Television in Greece: Television in Greece

9 April 2021 journalist Giorgos Karaivaz shot dead in an 'execution-style' murder: 9 April 2021: Prominent Greek crime journalist Giorgos Karaivaz has been shot dead in what was described as an 'execution-style' murder near his home in Athens, as the journalist, who sought to illuminate Greece’s seamier underside with his coverage of law and order stories on the private Star TV channel, died outside his home after two men on a motorbike drew up beside him and the passenger opened fire at the journalist as he drove back from work

EPT Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation: EPT - Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation - 12 June 2013: Greek state TV and radio were gradually pulled off the air late Tuesday, hours after the government said it would temporarily close all state-run broadcasts and lay off about 2,500 workers as part of a cost-cutting drive - 12 June: Journalists fired from Greece's state TV and radio have refused to leave the broadcaster's headquarters, continuing Internet programming - 13 juin 2013: Grève générale de 24 heures après la fermeture de la radiotélévision - 15 June: Greek PM Samaras offers to partially reinstate state broadcaster ERT after its dramatic shutdown this week sparked protests and criticism - 17 June: Greek top administrative court overturns closure of state broadcaster EPT, saying EPT could resume transmission until a new national media body is set up - 30 June: The EPT TV complex has turned into a unique experiment in self-rule where staff are working for free but with more passion than ever - 7. November: Frühere staatliche TV und Rundfunkanstalt EPT, nach Entlassung im Juni aller 2500 Mitarbeiter in eigener Regie weitergeführt, wurde von der Polizei geräumt - 9 November 2013: Greek police, protesters scuffle at shut public broadcaster

Radio stations in Greece: Radio stations in Greece

Internet in Greece: Internet in Greece - Internet service providers of Greece

Greek websites: Greek websites, Greek digital libraries, Greek news websites, Greek social networking websites

Religion in Greece: Religion in Greece - Religion in Greece by region - Religion in Greece by city

Ancient Greek religion and mythology: Ancient Greek religion - Ancient Greek religion and mythology

Jews and Judaism in Greece: Jews and Judaism in Greece - History of the Jews in Greece

Christianity in Greece: Christianity in Greece

Greek Orthodox Church: Church of Greece, part of the wider Greek Orthodox Church, is one of the autocephalous churches which make up the communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity - Archbishopric of Athens

1967-1973 Greek military junta and para-religious organizations: Ieronymos I, elected as Archbishop of Athens on 14 May 1967 after the forced resignation of his predecessor Chrysostomos II following the military coup d'état of 21 April 1967, widely seen as nominee of the junta's leadership, many of whom had ties to para-religious organizations, and then served as the Archbishop of Athens and All Greece and as such the primate of the Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Greece in 1967–1973, during the Greek military junta of 1967–1974

Crime in Greece: Crime in Greece

1967-1974 Greek military junta: Greek military junta of 1967–1974 - Greek Military Police during the junta - Civil rights in Greece during the junta - 1975 Greek Junta Trials

2013 economic crisis and impacts: 19 avril 2013: L'austérité en Grèce fait exploser le nombre de suicides et de meurtres

18 September 2013 Pavlos Fyssas stabbed to death: Death of Pavlos Fyssas 18 September 2013 - 18 September 2013: Greek Golden Dawn member arrested over murder of leftwing musician and anti-fascist activist Pavlos Fyssas - 23 septembre: La Grèce fait la chasse aux policiers soupçonnés de collusion avec Aube dorée - 25 September: Thousands of Greeks on the streets to denounce the murder of a musician stabbed to death by a member of the far-right Golden Dawn, as a government inquiry presented evidence of widespread infiltration of security forces by Golden Dawn - 26 septembre: Attaque contre un journal accusé de soutenir des néonazis, ne causant que des dégâts matériels - 28 September: Greek police arrested several members of Golden Dawn, including its leader Mihaloliakos, on charges of founding a criminal organisation - 30 septembre: Des témoignages d'ex-militants d'Aube dorée et un rapport judiciaire mettent au jour de nombreuses 'actions criminelles' du parti néonazi grec - 1 octobre: Des responsables du parti néonazi Aube dorée devant la justice pour 'participation à une organisation criminelle' - 30 septembre: Des témoignages d'ex-militants d'Aube dorée et un rapport judiciaire mettent au jour de nombreuses "actions criminelles" du parti néonazi grec - 3 octobre: Le chef du parti néonazi placé en détention provisoire - 3 octobre: Le chef du parti néonazi placé en détention provisoire - 3 octobre: Un 3e député du parti Aube dorée en détention provisoire

November/December 2013: 1 novembre: Deux personnes ont été tuées et une autre a été grièvement blessée par des coups de feu tirés par deux personnes à moto, devant un local du parti néonazi Aube dorée - 18 novembre: Un groupe d'extrême gauche grec revendique le meurtre de deux néonazis - 19 December: Greek neo-Nazi suspects on trial for murder of Pakistani

2018: 26 février 2018: 5 blessés dans l'attaque d'un centre antifasciste de la capitale grecque, parmi les blessés figurait une femme proche de Pavlos Fyssas, le rappeur antifasciste tué par des membres d'Aube Dorée en septembre 2013

Racism in Greece: Racism in Greece

2012/2013: 20 December 2012: Greece faces a 'humanitarian crisis' over its mistreatment of asylum-seekers and migrants, rights group says - 18 avril 2013: Un propriétaire grec arrêté après avoir ordonné de tirer sur ses employés, des immigrés bangladais, qui manifestaient pour réclamer leur salaire impayé - vingt-sept d'entre eux ont dû être hospitalisés et quatre sont grièvement blessés - 15 juillet 2013: Le racisme a quartier libre dans les rues d'Athènes

2014: 15 April 2014: Two suspected members of Greek neo-Nazi party Golden Dawn sentenced to life in prison over the fatal stabbing of Pakistani immigrant Shehzad Luqman last year - 16 September 2014: Neo-Nazi Greek party member convicted for threatening to throw migrants into oven

2015: 19 April: Greece starts trial of neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party with defendants charged for crimes including murder and criminal organisation

2017: 28 September 2017: A court in Athens has sentenced neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party member to six months in prison for using hate speech against immigrants and inciting supporters to violence, after Golden Dawn spokesman Ilias Kasidiaris in 2011 referred to immigrants as 'human garbage' and called on residents in a low-income area near Athens to take direct action against foreign criminals

April 2018: 23 avril 2018: Plus d'une dizaine de migrants et réfugiés, surtout des Afghans, ont été blessés dans la nuit de dimanche à lundi après des heurts avec un groupe des fascistes sur l'île de Lesbos en Grèce et après la police n'a pu contrôler la situation

Antisemitism in Greece: Antisemitism in Greece

2013/2014: 21 June 2013: New Holocaust denial from Golden Dawn MP Arvanitis - 16 December 2014: Panos Kammenos, leader of the small right-wing Independent Greeks Party, claimed that Jews don’t pay taxes during a TV interview

2015: 16 May 2015: Greek town of Kavala wants Star of David off Holocaust memorial - 18 May: Greek mayor relents in controversy over Kavala's Holocaust monument as dozens of protesters wearing yellow Stars of David gathered Sunday to denounce the delay in the ceremony

Corruption in Greece: Tax evasion and corruption in Greece - Fakelaki (Greek bribery)

2010: Tsochatzopoulos corruption scandal 2010 - German Ferrostal/HDW submarines

2012: 24. September 2012: Nach Korruptionsvorwürfen hat der griechische Parlamentspräsident Meimarakis vorübergehend sein Amt niedergelegt - 26. September 2012: Weitere Korruptionsverdächtigungen gegen Politiker - Vorwürfe gegen Parlamentspräsident Meimarakis - Lagarde list of tax evaders

2012 Papaconstantinou corruption scandal: 2012 Papaconstantinou corruption scandal - 28 December 2012: The Greek socialist party (Pasok) expelled the former Finance Minister George Papaconstantinou over allegations he deleted the names of relatives from the list of Greeks who held Swiss bank accounts - 18 January 2013: Parliament votes to investigate former finance minister Papaconstantinou over his handling of 'Lagarde List' - 16 July 2013: Parliament votes to indict former Pasok finance minister Papakonstantinou over his handling of data on Greeks with Swiss bank accounts

2010/2013 Tsochatzopoulos (Pasok) corruption scandal: 2010/2013 Tsochatzopoulos corruption scandal - 2010/2013 Tsochatzopoulos corruption scandal - German Ferrostal/HDW submarines - 4 March 2013: Former Greek defense minister Akis Tsochatzopoulos was convicted and sentenced on Monday to eight years in prison for concealing assets from the authorities - 7 octobre: L'ancien ministre et ténor socialiste grec Akis Tsohatzopoulos condamné à 20 ans de prison ferme pour blanchiment d'argent dans le cadre de contrats d'armements

2014: 4. Januar 2014: Griechische Waffenkäufer bei Firmen aus Deutschland, Russland, den USA und anderen Ländern legen Schmiergeld in der Schweiz an - 19 December: Independent Greeks MP Pavlos Haikalis alleges offer of lucrative inducement to support ruling coalition’s candidate

2015: 2015 Greek football scandal

Law and legal history in Greece: Greek law - Legal history of Greece - Constitutional history of Greece since 1822 - Greek Constitution of 1822 considered to be the first constitution of Modern Greece - Constitution of 1975/1986/2001 following the constitutions of 1968 and 1973 imposed by the Greek dictatorship - Human rights in Greece - 14 austerity packages passed by the Greek government between 2010 and 2017, linked to the Greek financial and economic crisis - European Court of Human Rights cases involving Greece

Judiciary and judicial system of Greece: Judiciary of Greece - Judicial system of Greece

1975-1976 Greek Junta Trials: 1975-1976 Greek Junta Trials, the trials involving members of the military junta that ruled Greece from 21 April 1967 to 23 July 1974, including the trial of the instigators, the second trial investigating the events surrounding the 1973 Athens Polytechnic uprising and trials of the torturers

7 October 2020 Greece’s neo-Nazi party Golden Dawn was branded a criminal organization: 7 October 2020: Greece’s neo-Nazi party Golden Dawn was branded a criminal organization Wednesday, with its leaders facing heavy sentences in one of the most important trials in the country’s political history, as police and anti-fascist demonstrators clashed on the sidelines of a large protest of some 15,000 people outside the courtroom, and as thousands, including the mother of Pavlos Fyssas killed by a Golden Dawn supporter in 2013, welcome verdict in Athens after biggest trial of fascists since Nuremberg

14 October 2020 Greek court imposed jail terms on senior members of Golden Dawn party: 14 October 2020: Greek court imposed jail terms on senior members of Golden Dawn party on Friday, after ruling that they were running a criminal group - 14 October 2020: Neo-Nazi leaders of Greece's Golden Dawn sentenced to 13 years

Courts of Greece: Courts of Greece - Administrative courts in Greece - Council of State, the Supreme Administrative Court of Greece

Since 1834 Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece: Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece since 1834

Law enforcement and police force of Greece: Law enforcement in Greece - Police force of Greece

2013: 30 July 2013: Greece to end free police protection for rich

Police misconduct and brutality in Greece: Police misconduct and brutality in Greece

2015: 11 August 2015: Two policemen have been arrested on Zakynthos for allegedly trying to extort thousands of euros from store owners

Foreign relations of Greece: Foreign relations of Greece

Treaties of Greece: Treaties of Greece

Greece and conventions on Human Rights, the Status of Refugees and against torture: Greece is is a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights, the Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the United Nations Convention Against Torture, the Greek constitution also guarantees fundamental human rights to all Greek citizens

1967-1974 foreign support for the Greek military dictatorship: Foreign support for the Greek military dictatorship 1967-1974

Immigration to Greece: Immigration to Greece - Immigrants to Greece come from Albania, Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, some Asian (Filipinos) and African countries and are employed in construction, industrial manufacturing, and agriculture

Greece/European Union relations: Greece/European Union relations

2015: 16 February 2015: Greece bailout talks in Brussels break down after Athens rejects 'unacceptable' eurozone demands - 17 February: Pressure mounting to break the deadlock over Greece's loan programme, after Monday night’s talks collapsed - 19 February: Greece submits request to extend its bailout deal for another six months, triggering an emergency meeting of eurozone finance ministers - 20 February: Eurozone ministers gather for crucial Greece talks - 21 February: Greece and eurozone creditors reach deal on loan as Greek government commits to unspecified reforms over the coming months, winning time to tackle tax fraud, corruption and other crimes against the Greek people - 24 February: Greek government submits economic reform plan to European Commission, reportedly outlining plans to raise billions of euros by tackling tax evasion, corruption, and smuggling - 24 February: Prosposed Greek reforms win conditional approval in Brussels for four months extension of rescue package - 28 May 2015: Greek bailout talks loom over G7 meeting - 11 June: Hollande, Merkel and Tsipras agree that negotiations between Greece and its creditors must be intensified to reach a deal to avert a Greek default - 19 June 2015: ECB staves off collapse of Greek banking system with emergency funding, as Greece's PM Tsipras sides with Putin regime in Moscow for financial support, saying 'we are ready to go to new seas to reach new safe ports' - 20 June 2015: Russian pipeline project through Greek territory - 23 June: Eurozone politicians in Brussels cautiously welcome new reform proposals by Greece as a possible basis for an agreement, saying that there is still a lot of work to be done to reach deal this week - 27 June: Greeces in the eurozone looks increasingly shaky on Saturday after Greece's PM calls for a risky popular vote on eurozone proposals and ministers then reject a monthlong extension to bailout program - 30 June: EU's Juncker makes last-minute offer to Greece but Tsipras unmoved - 4 July 2015: Tsipras government's fincance minister Varoufakis accuses creditors of terrorism ahead of controversial Greek economic referendum - 9 July: Greek government seeks new EU loan to avert 'Grexit' and economic collapse, urged to deliver a detailed economic package - 12 July: Greece is being pushed by Eurozone to accept and implemen austerity measures and reforms, or get a 'time-out' from the euro - 10 August: Due to tax woes Piraeus Port Authority facing problems also concerning a 112-million-euro investment project, 95%-funded by the EU - 10 August 2015: EU approved the release of 474 million euros for Greece to boost its efforts to deal with undocumented immigration and asylum applications, but the funds cannot be disbursed as Greek authorities have yet to set up a service for the management of EU subsidies for immigration - 20 August: Greece made a crucial 3.2 billion euro debt repayment to the European Central Bank using newly released bailout funds, after the program cleared its final hurdles on Wednesday also by the ESM

September 2016: 8 September 2016: The Greek government has been ordered by the European Court of Justice to pay €10m, and another €30,000 per day, for not following rules on waste disposal, as 80% of waste ends up at Greek landfill sites and the Tsipras government had not complied with several deadlines to improve

October 2016: 14 octobre 2016: Dans son livre de publié jeudi 'Un président ne devrait pas dire ça' le président français Hollande affirme que son homologue russe l'avait appelé au téléphone au lendemain du référendum du 5 juillet 2015 en Grèce pour lui confier que Tsipras avait demandé le régime russe la possibilité d'imprimer des drachmes

June 2017: 18 June 2017: As Greece's Tsipras government benefits from huge Chinese infrastructure investment, it vetoes a European Union condemnation of China’s human rights record at the UN criticising the crackdown on activists and dissidents, a Tsipras move labelled as 'dishonourable’ and infuriating diplomats and rights organisations, who say the move undermines the EU’s position as a defender of human rights

Speculation about a Greek withdrawal from the eurozone: Speculation about a Greek withdrawal from the eurozone - 15 April 2015: Greece in talks with Russia to buy missiles for S-300 air defense systems - 16 April: Greece pushed a step closer to default and potential exit from the euro after IMF ruled out allowing the cash-strapped country to delay repaying the €1bn due next month - 7 June 2015: EU's Jean-Claude Juncker accuses Greece's Tsipras of undermining negotiations over new terms for a bailout and of effectively lying over bailout talks to the Greek parliament

Greece/United Nations relations, UN Security Council resolutions concerning Greece (UN member state since October 1945): United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Greece

Bilateral relations of Greece: Bilateral relations of Greece

Greece/Afghanistan relations: Greece/Afghanistan relations

21 August 2021 Greece extends border wall to deter Afghans trying to reach Europe: 21 August 2021: Greece extends border wall to deter Afghans trying to reach Europe, as surveillance system also installed at fence bordering Turkey as Greek ministers vow to turn back refugees

Greece/Bangladesh relations: 18 avril 2013: Une trentaine de travailleurs immigrés ont été blessés par balles par leurs superviseurs dans un champ de fraises du Péloponnèse pour avoir réclamé leur paie - 18 avril 2013: Un propriétaire grec arrêté après avoir ordonné de tirer sur ses employés, des immigrés bangladais, qui manifestaient pour réclamer leur salaire impayé - vingt-sept d'entre eux ont dû être hospitalisés et quatre sont grièvement blessés

Greece/Canada relations: Greece/Canada relations

2015 protest against Skouries gold mine: 24 August 2015: A protest against Skouries gold mine took place a few days after Greek government halted work on the mine of Hellas Gold, the firm which manages the mine on behalf of Canadian giant Eldorado, giving the company a year to review its technical study

Greece/France relations: Greece/France relations - 25 August 2012: Francois Hollande piles pressure on Greek PM Samaras

2015 France's Hollande pledges to help Greece's bailout reforms and tackle influx of migrants: 24 October 2015: France's Francois Hollande pledged to help Greece implement tough bailout reforms and tackle a major influx of migrants landing on its shores

Greece/Germany relations: Greece/Germany relations

1941-1945 Invasion of Greece by Germany and Italy and occupation: Invasion of Greece by Germany and Italy 1941 - Axis occupation of Greece 1941-1945

1941-1944 Greek collaboration with the Axis Powers: 1941-1944 Greek collaboration with the Axis Powers following German invasion of Greece, putting a Nazi-held government in place and as all three quisling prime ministers, Georgios Tsolakoglou, Konstantinos Logothetopoulos and Ioannis Rallis, cooperated with the Axis authorities - 1941–1944 collaborationist 'Hellenic State'

Nazi war crimes and the Holocaust in Greece: Nazi war crimes in Greece - The Holocaust in Greece - Haidari concentration camp

February 2014 Thessaloniki Jewish community takes Germany to court: 26 February 2014: Thessaloniki Jewish community takes Germany to court seeking return of huge ransom paid to Nazi occupiers to free thousands of slave laborers, who were sent to death camps anyway

1941–1944 Greek Resistance: Greek Resistance 1941–1944, establishment of Free Greece

1967-1974 support for the Greek military dictatorship: Support for the Greek military dictatorship 1967-1974

Since 2010 German Ferrostal/HDW submarines for Greece: German Ferrostal/HDW submarines for Greece - PASOK-Tsochatzopoulos corruption scandal 2010 (ongoing) - 11. April 2012: Der frühere PASOK-Verteidigungsminister Tsochatzopoulos ist wegen Korruptionsverdachts (Kauf deutscher U-Boote) verhaftet worden - 18 October 2013: 90-year-old former Nazi soldier Alfred Stork sentenced in absentia by a military court in Rome which found him guilty of taking part in the execution of at least 117 Italian officers on the Greek island of Cephalonia - 24 August 2013: EADS, ThyssenKrupp venture raided over suspected bribes in Greek order - 11 April 2014: Under azure blue skies Greek governmemt welcomes A. Merkel while protesters demand 'Merkel go home' - 23 March 2015: Greek leader to face scepticism, criticism on first Berlin visit - 6 April 2015: Greece says that Germany owes it nearly €279bn in reparations for World War's occupation and damages, officially quantifying sum which includes repayment of forced loan and return of archaeological treasures

Greece/Hungary relations: Greece/Hungary relations

2015: 17 September 2015: Greece complains to Hungary over handling of refugee and migrant crisis

Greece/Iran relations: Greece/Iran relations

26 May 2022 Iranian oil tanker’s cargo seized in Greece after USA request: 26 May 2022: The crude oil cargo of an Iranian-flagged tanker that was stopped in Greek waters has been seized and is being transferred to another vessel following a request from the USA, a Greek official said Thursday

27 May 2022 Iranian regime boarded and captured two Greek ships worth carrying $1.8 million of oil: On 27 May 2022 Iranian Mullah regime's 'Nedsa' boarded and captured two Greek ships worth carrying $1.8 million of oil after USA seized Russian oil tanker transporting Iranian oil near Greece - 28 May 2022: Iran’s paramilitary Revolutionary Guard seized two Greek oil tankers Friday in helicopter-launched raids in the Persian Gulf. The action appeared to be retaliation for Athens’ assistance in USA's seizure of crude oil from an Iranian-flagged tanker this week in the Mediterranean Sea over violating Washington’s crushing sanctions on the Islamic Republic. The Mullah regime's raid also marks the first major incident at sea in months as tensions remain high between Tehran regime and the West over its tattered nuclear deal with world powers.

Greece/Israel relations: Greece/Israel relations - Maccabean Revolt 167–160 BCE against the Seleucid Empire by refusing to worship the Greek gods

Since 1977 Jewish Museum of Greece in Athens: Since 1977 Jewish Museum of Greece in Athens, established by Nicholas Stavroulakis in 1977 to preserve the material culture of the Greek Jews

Since 1994/2001 Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki: Since 1994/2001 Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki presenting the history of Sephardic Jews and Jewish life in Thessalonik in Greece

Since 1999: Greek island affair since 1999

2014: 14 December 2014: UN security council condemns attack on Israeli embassy in Athens

2015/2016: Energy Triangle refers to the joint natural gas extraction between Cyprus, Israel and Greece to begin in 2015 - EuroAsia Interconnector is a proposed interconnector to link Greek, Cypriot and Israeli power grids via the world's longest submarine power cable expected 2016

Greece/Italy relations: Greece/Italy relations - Italian invasion of Greece 1940 - Balkan invasions by the Axis powers during World War II

Greece/Latvia relations: Greece/Latvia relations

Trade between Greece and Latvia - exports and imports include chemicals, processed foods, metals, clothing, raw fruit and vegetables, timber, minerals

Greece/Lithuania relations: Greece/Lithuania relations

2015: 20 January 2015: Lithuania talks tough on Greece and calls for Europe to show a united front against Russia over Ukraine, saying countries need to stick to their promises - 2 April 2015: Lithuania calls for EU unity amid tensions with Russian regime, after Greece's Tsipras has made no secret of his opposition to a new round of sanctions - 9 July 2015: In Latvia and Lithuania, pensioners and other poor people wonder why they are being asked to pay to bail out their far richer Greek counterparts

Greece/Republic of Macedonia relations: Greece/Republic of Macedonia relations - Greeks in the Republic of Macedonia - Macedonia naming dispute

2015: 10 September 2015: Refugees struck by baton-wielding police at Greece-Macedonia border, many are refugees from Syria, driven from their homes by violence there and worsening conditions for refugees in surrounding countries due to funding shortfalls in aid

2018: 4 February 2018: More than 100,000 protesters from across Greece converged on Athens’ main square to protest a potential Greek compromise in a dispute with neighbouring Macedonia over the former Yugoslav republic’s official name

Greece/Netherlands relations: Greece/Netherlands relations

Greece/New Zealand relations: Greece/New Zealand relations

Greek New Zealanders: Greek New Zealanders

Since 1940 New Zealand's participation in the liberation of Greece: New Zealand's participation in the liberation of Greece following the German-Italian 'axis' occupation of Greece since October 1940

Greece/Russia relations: Greece/Russia relations - 19 February 2015: Greece is ready to support the new EU sanctions against Russia to restore peace and stability in Ukraine

2015: 9 April 2015: After criticizing sanctions against Russian regime over its actions in Ukraine, Greek PM Tsipras visits Moscow for Putin meet - 15 April 2015: Greece in talks with Russia to buy missiles for S-300 air defense systems - 19 June 2015: ECB staves off collapse of Greek banking system with emergency funding, as Greece's PM Tsipras sides with Putin regime in Moscow for financial support, saying 'we are ready to go to new seas to reach new safe ports' - 20 June 2015: Russian pipeline project through Greek territory

2016: 28 May 2016: Russian regime's Putin and Greece's Tsipras sign several economic deals on Friday during the war criminal's visit to Greece aimed at reinforcing a relationship with his accessory, as Italian navy recovers the bodies of 45 people who drowned on Friday, while dozens of others are still missing in the third major tragedy in the Mediterranean in as many days

August 2018: 11 August 2018: The deterioration in relations between Greece and Russia, following landmark deal between Greece and Macedonia, has intensified after Greek government publicly accused Russian Putin regime of attempting to bribe state officials and meddle in the country’s internal affairs, angrily rebuking Russia for expelling two Greek envoys, calling the action 'arbitrary and vengeful'

Greece/Serbia relations: Greece/Serbia relations

Greece/Switzerland relations: Greece/Switzerland relations

October 2012 Greek HSBC Falciani list account holders: 28 octobre 2012: Un magazine grec a publié samedi une liste de 2.059 noms de détenteurs hellènes de comptes chez HSBC Genève, issue des documents volés par Hervé Falciani

January 2014 Greek bribes for weapons in Switzerland: 4. Januar 2014: Griechische Waffenkäufer legen Schmiergeld in der Schweiz an

Greece/Turkey relations: Greece/Turkey relations

1821-1829: Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire 1821-1829 - First Hellenic Republic 1822-1832

1897-1945: Greco-Turkish War 1897 - Balkan Wars 1912-1913 - 1914-1918 Greece and Turkey in World War I - Greco-Turkish War 1919–1922 - 1939-1945 Greece and Turkey in World War II

Since 1952 Greece's and Turkey's NATO membership: Greece's and Turkey's NATO membership since February 1952

1955 Istanbul pogrom: Istanbul pogrom directed primarily at Istanbul's Greek minority on 6–7 September 1955

Since 1960 Cyprus dispute: Cyprus dispute after Cyprus gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1960 - Turkish invasion of Cyprus 1974

Since the 1970s Aegean dispute: Since the 1970s Aegean dispute between Greece and Turkey over sovereignty and related rights in the area of the Aegean Sea

2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis

10 August 2022 dozens of people feared to have died off the coast of Greece after their boat sank: 10 August 2022: Dozens of people are feared to have died off the coast of Greece after their boat sank while attempting to make the perilous crossing from Turkey, as efforts by Greece’s navy and air force to rescue up to 50 people who went down with the vessel in stormy waters off Rhodes had shown no signs of progress by late Wednesday, coast guard officials said, and as 'there were around 80 people on board'

Greece/Ukraine relations: Greece/Ukraine relations - 8 November 2013: Greek coastguard halts ship carrying 20,000 Kalashnikovs

Greece/United Kingdom relations: Greece/United Kingdom relations

'Elgin Marbles' stolen collection of Classical Greek marble sculptures, inscriptions and architectural pieces that originally were part of the temple of Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis of Athens - 3 October 2012: UNESCO Letter to British Government for the return of Parthenon’s Marbles - 6 December 2014: Greece furious over British loan of Parthenon marbles to Russia saying that the loan effectively ended the British Museum’s argument that the Greek antiquities were immovable

Greece/USA relations: Greece/USA relations

1967-1974: USA support for the coup d'etat 1967 and the military dictatorship 1967-1974

2013: 1 juillet 2013: Le 'Guardian' a affirmé que la France, l'Italie et la Grèce figuraient parmi les 38 'cibles' surveillées par la NSA - les Européens exigent des explications

2017: 18 October 2017: Trump heralds $2.4bn sale of F16 fighter jets to debt-laden Greece

Environment of Greece: Environment of Greece - Natural history of Greece - Climate of Greece

Ecoregions of Greece: Ecoregions of Greece - Conservation in Greece - Protected areas of Greece

Environmental issues in Greece: Environmental issues in Greece, including natural hazards linked to severe earthquakes, floods, droughts and wildfires, as current environmental issues in Greece include air pollution and water pollution

Natural disasters in Greece: Natural disasters in Greece

Earthquakes in Greece: Earthquakes in Greece

1999: 7 September 1999 Athens earthquake

2008: 8 June 2008 Peloponnese earthquake

2014: 24 May 2014 Aegean Sea earthquake

2017: 21 July 2017 Aegean Sea earthquake - 21 July 2017: Two people killed and five more seriously injured on the Greek island of Kos after tourist destinations around the Aegean Sea were rocked by a 6.5-magnitude earthquake, a further 200 people in Greek and Turkish coastal towns were injured

30/31 October 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake: 30 October 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake northeast of the island of Samos, with many buildings collapsed and damaged as a result of the earthquake especially in the heavily affected Turkish city of Izmir - 31 October 2020: Rescue teams search rubble after earthquake rocks Turkish coast and Greek islands, and as at least 27 people reported dead and 800 injured in quake that hit Izmir city and Greek island of Samos

Forest fires in Greece: Fires in Greece

2007: 2007 Greek forest fires

2009: 2009 Greek forest fires

2011: 26. August 2011: Griechenland braucht Hilfe gegen landesweite große Waldbrände 2011

2015: 18 July 2015: Forest fires fanned by strong winds and high temperatures broke out around Athens and in other parts of southern Greece, sending residents fleeing

July 2018 Attica wildfires: July 2018 Attica wildfires - 24 July 2018: At least 50 people have been killed, scores more injured and almost 700 others rescued from the sea after a devastating wildfire swept through a small resort town near Athens

div>Since July 2021 wildfires in Greece, the Mediterranean and Aegean regions: Since 3 August 2021 Greece wildfires, multiple wildfires killing and injuring many people, burning dozens of homes, amid a historical heatwave for the country with the highest temperatures reaching 47.1°C - Since July 2021 wildfires in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions

4 August 2021 Greek summer forest fire near Athens called a ‘nightmare’: 4 August 2021: Greek firefighters battle ‘raging’ forest fire near Athens, as PM says wildfire in the capital’s northern suburbs is a ‘nightmare’ and thousands evacuate

5 August 2021 Greece battles wildfires for third day: 5 August 2021: Greece battles wildfires for third day, site of ancient Olympics saved, as dozens of towns and villages have been evacuated since Tuesday, from the outskirts of Athens to the island of Evia near the capital, and as in the Peloponnese a protracted heatwave and strengthening winds fuelled more than 150 wildfires in recent days

7 August 2021 firefighter killed fighting Athen’s national park fire as temperatures up to 45C°: 7 August 2021: A volunteer firefighter has been killed in a blaze threatening the Greek capital’s most important national park, and at least 20 people have been injured in fires during the country’s worst heatwave in 30 years, with temperatures of up to 45C°, as deadly wildfires in the South European region continue

8 August 2021 wildfires continue to rip through parts of Greece: 8 August 2021: Wildfires continue to rip through parts of Greece, as firefighters continue to battle blazes that stretch for miles north of Athens, threatening other towns and cutting a line across Evia, the country’s second-largest island, isolating its northern part

10 August 2021 almost 900 firefighters fighting what Greece's PM called ‘a natural disaster of unprecedented dimensions’: 10 August 2021: In scenes more resonant of war, trained firefighters backed by a ragtag army of local people waged a 'superhuman' battle overnight to extinguish wind-whipped blazes raging for an eighth day on the Greek island of Evia, as - with yet another village ordered to be evacuated - a multinational force of nearly 900 firefighters were at the scene in a desperate bid to stop the conflagration enveloping the northern town of Istiaia - 10 August 2021: Firefighters from several European countries are helping Greek teams on the island of Evia to contain wildfires raging near a major town

20 September 2021 Greek wildfires devastated land, also takting away livelihoods: 20 September 2021: Greek wildfires devastated land, also takting away livelihoods, as on the island of Evia, many who depended on the fire-ravaged forest for their livelihoods are now facing destitution

29 September 2021 climate experts say last month’s wildfires only a small sampling: 29 September 2021: Climate experts say last month’s wildfires that razed 100,000 hectares of Greek forest are only a small sampling of the environmental and economic devastation the country will face due to a warming planet this century, as the fires came in the wake of a heatwave, repeating a pattern seen in two other nationwide conflagrations in 2007 and 1987; and the phenomenon is worsening, geophysicist Christos Zerefos told Al Jazeera

June/July 2022 European and Mediterranean wildfires: Since June 2022 European and Mediterranean wildfires, with the main areas affected being Greece, France, Portugal and Spain - 19 June 2022: Wildfire rages in Greece’s Evia island - 5 July 2022: A total of 52 wildfires were recorded throughout Greece in the last 24 hours with one major wildfire burning out of control across three fronts near the town of Amfissa, in the municipality of Delphi, central Greece - 15 July 2022: Wildfires continue to burn all over Greece - 20 July 2022: A major fire started this afternoon in the capital Pendeli area, rapidly moving north of Antusa towards the Penteli mountain range, while the fire has engulfed the forest area above Drafi, Vayati region, as wildfires in Megara reach people’s yards, after residents at the Papagianeika area were instructed to evacuate early evening, and as a precautionary evacuation of residents at the Zachouli area was carried out earlier

Since July 2023 Greece wildfires: Since July 2023 Greece wildfires, multiple ongoing wildfires which have killed one and injured more than 20 people, and burned dozens of areas in parts of Greece, with over 80 wildfires being recorded with the highest temperatures reaching 41.0°C with highs anticipating to reach 45.0°C in Rhodes. Forecasters are suggesting that the current heatwave engulfing Greece is set to be the longest in its history, lasting up to 16-17 days, surpassing the 1987 heatwave. It is also expected to be the hottest July recorded in more than 50 years

24 July 2023 Greece wildfires: 24 July 2023: 11.07 BST Wildfires a 'wakeup call' on the climate crisis, government minister, 13.07 BST almost 2,500 people evacuated from Corfu, say Greek authorities, 13.32 BST 'climate crisis will manifest itself everywhere with greater disasters', says Greek PM, 'The Guardian' reports with live updates

Weather events and floods in Greece: Weather events in Greece

November 2017 Cyclone Numa: November 2017 Cyclone Numa, a Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone

November 2017 flash floods: 15 November 2017: Flash floods on the outskirts of Athens have killed at least 14 people, injured dozens more and turned roads into torrents of mud and debris, causing huge damage

July 2019 storm: 11 July 2019: Six tourists have been killed and dozens of people injured in a fierce storm in northern Greece, as strong winds and hail hit the Halkidiki region near the city of Thessaloniki

August 2020 Evia island's torrential rains and floods: 10 August 2020: At least 7 people have died, including a baby, as torrential rains and floods swept the Greek island of Evia, damaging dozens of houses and blocking roads

Hungary - Geography of Hungary - History of Hungary - Demographics of Hungary

Economy of Hungary: Economy of Hungary - 2008-2009 financial crisis: Hungary - Late 2000s recession in Europe: Hungary

Companies of Hungary by industry: Companies of Hungary by industry

Agriculture in Hungary: Agriculture in Hungary

Politics of Hungary: Politics of Hungary - Constitution of Hungary - Legal history of Hungary

Political parties, movements and trade unions in Hungary: Political parties in Hungary - Trade unions in Hungary - Political movements in Hungary - Hungarian Solidarity Movement since 2011

2010 Hungarian parliamentary election: Hungarian parliamentary election 11 and 25 April 2010 - Hungarian presidential election June 2010

2012: 6 January 2012: Third rating agency gives Hungary a junk credit rating

2012 Hungarian presidential election: Hungarian presidential election 2 May 2012

2013 controversy over New Constitution: 11 March 2012: Hungary's parliament adopted changes to the constitution despite warnings that the changes could weaken Hungary's democracy

April 2014 Hungarian parliamentary election: Hungarian parliamentary election 6 April 2014 - 7 April 2014: PM Orban re-elected as one on five voters back far-right Jobbik party

May 2014 Hungarian European Parliament election: Hungarian European Parliament election 25 May 2014

2014/2015: 31 October 2014: Hungary's Orbán says the proposed law taxing internet use, which has prompted protests in the country, 'cannot be introduced in its current form' - 23 February 2015: Hungary's Orban party loses two-thirds majority following by-election defeat - 13 April: Far-right Jobbik party wins first seat in a by-election amid anti-Semitism rise - 3 November 2015: As country encircles itself in razor wire, emigration of Hungarian graduates threatens economy

October 2016 Hungarian migrant quota referendum: 2 October 2016 Hungarian migrant quota referendum, about whether to accept an EU migrant quota of 1,294 refugees - 2 October 2016: Orbán failed to convince a majority of Hungary's population to vote in a referendum on closing the door to refugees, rendering the result invalid and undermining his campaign for a cultural counter-revolution within the EU - 3 October 2016: Hungarian Jews concerned about toxic referendum discourse

March 2017 Hungarian presidential election: 13 March 2017 Hungarian indirect presidential election

June 2017: 24 June 2017: Jewish groups critical of Hungarian praise for Hitler ally Horthy, after PM hails him an 'exceptional statesmen’

February 2018: 26 February 2018: Hungary’s ruling party has suffered a shock defeat in a local byelection, spelling potential challenges ahead for PM Orbán with only weeks to go before a general election

April 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election: 8 April 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election - 9 April 2018: Orban's ruling Fidesz party re-elected on Sunday for a third successive term with preliminary results showing Orban possibly gaining strong mandate - 9 April 2018: OSCE monitors deliver a damning verdict on the parliamentary election in Hungary, complaining of 'intimidating and xenophobic rhetoric, media bias and opaque campaign financing' - 13 April 2018: Hungarian journalists admit role in forging anti-migrant 'atmosphere of fear' ahead of Victor Orbán’s election victory this week, as the 'Guardian' spoke to several employees of the taxpayer-funded MTVA network to hear the inside story of how its channels pumped out government messaging, and at times false stories, with the goal of winning support for Orban's anti-immigration message

June 2018: 4 June 2018: Hungarian authorities plan to go after the few people trying to help asylum seekers to navigate Hungar's system of asylum process, as parliament will debate a proposed law that could lead to activists and lawyers facing jail time for advising asylum seekers on their rights

May 2019 European Parliament election in Hungary: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Hungary

October 2019 Hungarian local elections: 13 October 2019 Hungarian local elections, mayors and assembly members will be elected for 5 years - October 2019 Budapest mayoral election - 14 October 2019: Blow for Hungary PM Orbán as opposition wins Budapest mayoral race, and Gergely Karácsony’s victory is one of many defeats across Hungary for Viktor Orbán’s Fidesz party

2 January 2022 six opposition parties have united behind Péter Márki-Zay for crucial spring vote: 2 January 2022: Six opposition parties have united behind Péter Márki-Zay for crucial spring vote

3 April 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election: 3 April 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election - Opinion polling for the 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election, as Fidesz since January 2022 again took a lead despite Viktor Orbán regime's ongoing support for his Russian counterpart Putin and his regime's brutal, criminal war against the Ukrainian people

Social movements and protests: Protests in Hungary - 2006 protests in Hungary

2011: 12. Juli 2011: Ungarns Fernsehen und Radio - neues Gesetz für Hofberichterstattung - Proteste angekündigt - Hungarian Solidarity Movement founded 1 October 2011

2012: 2. Januar 2012: Zehntausende Ungarn protestieren gegen Orbáns neue Verfassung ohne Republik - 3 January: Tens of thousands protest against Fidesz constitution without republic - the economic crisis overshadows Hungary says Nick Thorpe in Budapest - 10. März: Tausende fordern Rücktritt von Ministerpräsident Orban - 15. März 2012: Zehntausende demonstrieren gegen Orban - Ungarn auch am Nationalfeiertag (im Gedenken an 1848) gespalten - 17 July: Activists call for trial of Nazi suspect Csatary - 18 July: Hungary Nazi war crimes suspect Laszlo Csatary detained - 24 October 2012: Large rallies mark 1956 Hungary uprising - 2 December 2012: Thousands attend anti-Nazi rally in Hungary to protest lawmaker’s call to screen Jews

2013: 17 March 2013: Thousands of Hungarians protested against changes to the constitution weakening democracy

2014: 27 April: Hungary's annual 'March of Life' commemorating the Holocaust drew a record 25,000 people as part of events marking 70 years since the start of mass deportations of Hungarian Jews in World War II

2014 Hungarian Internet tax protests since 26 October - 26 October: Thousands of Hungarians protested in Budapest against a planned new tax on Internet data transfers, which would not only increase the tax burden but would also curb fundamental democratic rights and freedoms - 29 October: More than 100,000 Budapest protesters join internet tax demo - 31 October 2014: Hungary's Orbán says the proposed law taxing internet use, which has prompted protests in the country, 'cannot be introduced in its current form' - 5 December: Several thousand Hungarians protested against corruption in Budapest, the latest demonstration challenging the Orban government

2015: 3 January 2015: Thousands of Hungarians protested at what they see as the country's move towards Russian regime in the latest demonstration against the government of controversial PM Orban - 1 February: Thousands of protesters demand ouster of government, complain about premier's dealings with Putin - 17 February: Several thousand people marched in central Budapest to protest Putin's visit to Hungary - 13 April: A day after several thousand people rallied in Budapest to commemorate the hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews killed during the Holocaust, far-right Jobbik party wins first seat amid anti-Semitism rise - 29 August 2015: Residents of Budapest and migrants camping around the Eastern railway station lit candles in memory of those migrants or refugees who died in a truck discovered in Austria near the Hungarian border - 14 December: Several hundred people including a USA envoy joined a protest organized by Jewish groups in Hungary against a planned statue of World War II-era politician Homan, who helped legislate against Jews and called for their deportation during Holocaust

2016: 25 January 2016: Hungarians rally against government to bring in anti-terror measures including curfews, restrictions on internet and emergency decrees that could be used to curtail civil liberties - 23 octobre 2016: Des sifflets visant Viktor Orban, contesté par une partie de la population pour ses tendances autoritaires et ouvertement xénophobes, et des échauffourées ont perturbé dimanche les commémorations du Soulèvement de Budapest en 1956 mal interprétées par le régime dans la capitale hongroise

2017: 9 April 2017: Tens of thousands of people have protested in Budapest against legislation that could force the Central European University to move out of Hungary - 1 May 2017: Thousands of Hungarians have marched across central Budapest in a show of support for the EU, also protesting against a creeping rise in Russian regime's influence under PM Orbán

April 2018: 14 April 2018: Thousands of Hungarians protested in Budapest against unfair election system that gave PM Viktor Orbán another landslide victory at the polls after a 'hate campaign' against immigrants - 21 April 2018: Tens of thousands of Hungarians protested in a second march since the April 8 election against government control over the media, which they say helped PM Orban to a landslide election victory

December 2018 protests: 13 December 2018: Protests have broken out in Hungary after the country's parliament passed new labour laws, meaning that companies can demand up to 400 hours of overtime a year and delay payment for it for three years - 16 December 2018: Anti-government demonstrations in Budapest on Friday ended in clashes for a consecutive third night between police and protesters angry at PM Orban’s controversial new laws on workers rights and the judicial system - 16 December 2018: Protests prompted by the 'Overtime Act' and the establishment of the administrative courts overseen by the executive branch continue in Hungary on Sunday - 17 December 2018: After on Sunday thousands marched through Budapest ignoring subzero temperatures to register their discontent with the government in the fourth such gathering since protests began on Wednesday, MPs and MEPs at the state television headquarters demanded airtime to make a series of demands of the government, refusing to leave - 21 December 2018: A new wave of female politicians and protesters are offering an alternative to the Hungary PM’s macho politics - 22 December 2018: Thousands of people marched in anti-government protests Friday in Budapest, upset over labor law changes, increasing corruption and limits on academic freedom under Orban’s nationalist government

January 2019 protest against 'slave law': 5 January 2019: At least 10,000 people marched through Budapest against ‘slave law’ forcing overtime on workers, many also channelling wider concerns about attacks on academia, the judiciary and media - 19 janvier 2019: Une nouvelle journée de manifestation contre Viktor Orban a rassemblé samedi quelques milliers de manifestants en Hongrie

25 July 2020 thousands of Hungarians protest against sackings at news website: 25 July 2020: Thousands of Hungarians marched towards PM Orban's office on Friday in protest at perceived government attacks on media freedoms, as anger built at the sacking of the chief editor of the country's leading independent news website

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Hungary: Hungarian society

Regions, counties and districts of Hungary: 7 regions of Hungary - 19 counties of Hungary - 174 districts of Hungary

Cities and towns of Hungary: List of cities and towns of Hungary - List of 10 urban areas in Hungary including one large metropolitan area of Budapest, medium-sized and small urban areas - Histories of cities in Hungary

Budapest city: Budapest city, the capital and the most populous city of Hungary with an estimated population of 1,752,704 inhabitants in 2016 - Timeline and history of Budapest since Neolithic, bronze and iron age cultures - Demographics of Budapest - Economy of Budapest

Timeline of Budapest: Timeline of Budapest since Neolithic, Chalcolithic-, bronze and iron age cultures

October 2019 Budapest mayoral election: October 2019 Budapest mayoral election - 14 October 2019: Blow for Hungary PM Orbán as opposition wins Budapest mayoral race, and Gergely Karácsony’s victory is one of many defeats across Hungary for Viktor Orbán’s Fidesz party

Demographics and ethnic groups in Hungary: Demographics of Hungary - Ethnic groups in Hungary

History of the Jews in Hungary: History of the Jews in Hungary - The Holocaust in Hungary

2012-2014: 13. August 2012: Ungarische Juden zeigen sich über den immer offeneren Antisemitismus in ihrem Land besorgt - 28 November 2012: A call in the Hungarian parliament for Jews to be registered on lists as threats to national security has sparked international condemnation of Nazi-style policies and a protest outside the legislature in Budapest - 14 February 2014: Far-right Jobbik party sparks criticism after holding a political rally inside a former synagogue in Esztergom

October 2018: 30 October 2018: After narrowly surviving Bergen-Belsen Nazi death camp in Germany as a 6-year-old Hungarian native, Judah Samet was safe from Pittsburgh synagogue shooting because he was 4 minutes late

Roma in Hungary: Roma in Hungary

Immigration and refugees in Hungary: Immigration to Hungary

2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis: 2014-2016 International and European refugee and migrant crisis - Hungarian border barrier built by Hungary in 2015 on its border with Serbia and Croatia against desperatate refugees from Syria and some other countries in the international and European refugee and migrant crisis

2015: 31 July 2015: Hundreds of migrants fleeing war, poverty and upheaval in the Middle East and Africa, have been setting up camp in Budapest's metro stations as they continue their journey for survival in Europe - 27 August 2015: Budapest's main station is filling up with migrants and refugees as they attempt to continue their journey into western Europe - 2 September: Migrants and refugees stage a demonstration outside Budapest's main international train station as police blocked some 2,000 people from boarding trains to Austria and Germany - 3 September: People rush into Budapest Keleti railway station and try to board trains following the blocking and a re-opening of the station and an ongoing confusion in deeply divided EU, now waiting for a special meeting of EU ministers on September 14 - 4 September: Standoff between refugees and the authorities in Hungary continues - 4 September: Hundreds of Syrian refugees start sit-in at the main train station in the Hungarian capital - 5 September: Austrians greet thousands off Hungarian buses - 6 September: Ongoing divergent reactions of Hungarians in the refugee and migrant crisis show deep rift within a nation which itself has been torn apart several times by war and revolution - 8 September: Hundreds of refugees and migrants have broken through police lines on Hungary’s border with Serbia and are walking towards Budapest - 11 September: Refugees forced to scramble for food as policemen throw sandwiches towards desperate refugees at centre in Röszke - 12 September: Refugees rush to enter Austria, Germany before Hungary crackdown, as Hungarian PM says any 'rebellious' migrants would be arrested - 14 September: A record number of refugees and migrants surge into Hungary on Sunday ahead of the introduction of harsh new immigration laws - 14 September 2015: Syrian refugees endure horrific conditions in Hungarian camps, living in Kiskunhalas camp outside of Budapest without food or blankets inside a fenced forest surrounded by police and army forces, with recent rains turning the forest into a pool of mud - 15 September: Hungary imposes strict new border controls in crackdown on refugees, as laws to criminalise refugees and migrants come into force - 17 September: Refugees and migrants accumulate at Hungarian border with Serbia after Hungarian regime brings in tough new measures, using use tear gas and water cannons and detaining dozens - 17 September: Thousands of refugees enter Croatia after Hungary's crackdown - 18 September: Hungary builds border fence with Croatia as Croatia closes border crossings with Serbia - 19 September: More than 4,400 refugees and migrants cross from Croatia to Hungary in 24 hours - 17 October 2015: EU-member Hungary closes its border with Croatia using barbed wire to block the path of desperate refugees and migrants to get to northern Europe, as dictator Assad, Russian, Iranian and Hezbollah terrorists commit more war crimes in Syria

2016: 14 juillet 2016: Des migrants violentés par des forces hongroises à la frontière hongroise avec la Serbie

2017: 19 March 2017: Fear stalks refugees and migrants huddled along Hungary’s southern border, facing new barriers including an electrified fence

Culture of Hungary: Culture of Hungary

Music of Hungary: Music of Hungary, as country has made many contributions to the fields of folk, popular and classical music

20th century ethnomusicologists, pedagogues Zoltán Kodály and Béla Bartók, music education: 20th century Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist, pedagogue, linguist Zoltán Kodály - Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist Béla Bartók, considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century - Kodály's approach to music education developed in Hungary during the mid-twentieth century by Zoltán Kodály, which was then developed over a number of years by his associates including Bela Bartok, as in 2016, the method was inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage

December 2016 Zoltán Kodály's approach to music education inscribed as a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage: December 2016 Zoltán Kodály's approach to music education developed in Hungary during the mid-twentieth century - which was then developed over a number of years by his associates including Bela Bartok - inscribed as a 'UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage'

Women and women's rights in Hungary: Women in Hungary - Women's rights in Hungary

December 2018 new wave of female politicians and protesters: 21 December 2018: A new wave of female politicians and protesters are offering an alternative to the Hungary PM’s macho politics

Children and childhood in Hungary: Childhood in Hungary - Youth in Hungary

Education in Hungary: Education in Hungary - Education in Hungary by county

Schools in Hungary: Schools in Hungary

Universities and colleges in Hungary: Universities and colleges in Hungary - List of universities and colleges in Hungary

Health in Hungary: Health in

Disease outbreaks in Hungary: Disease outbreaks in Hungary

Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Hungary: Since March 2020 covid-19 pandemic in Hungary, part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

25 July 2020 4,424 covid-19 cases and 596 deaths in Hungary: On 25 July 2020 4,424 covid-19 cases and 596 deaths in Hungary

Healthcare in Hungary: Healthcare in Hungary - Hungary has a tax-funded universal healthcare system, organized by the state-owned National Healthcare Fund - Hungarian people in health professions

Hospitals in Hungary: List of hospitals in Hungary

Hungarian media: Hungarian media - Mass media in Hungary - Mass media in Hungary by city - Lists of mass media in Hungary - News agencies based in Hungary

September 2015 at least seven journalists covering the refugee crisis beaten by Hungarian police: 18 September 2015: At least seven journalists were beaten by Hungarian border police, four of whom were detained, press teams covering the refugee crisis at Serbian border say

Newspapers in Hungary: Newspapers published in Hungary - Newspapers in Hungary - Newspapers published in Budapest

Broadcasting in Hungary: Radio in Hungary - List of community radio stations in Hungary - Television in Hungary - Hungarian TV-related lists

2015 Hungarian TV camerawoman caught on tape tripping refugee carrying child: 9 September 2015: Hungarian TV camerawoman caught on tape tripping refugee carrying child as he runs from Hungarian police gathered angry responses on social media - 11 September 2015: A group of European newspaper editors, includign papers in Hungary and Slovakia, united in an appeal to the EU to take decisive action to deal with the international refugee crisis

Internet in Hungary: Internet in Hungary - Hungarian news websites

Since 1999 'Index.hu': Since 1999 'Index.hu', a Hungarian news website covering both Hungarian and international news, the most visited Hungarian website with an average of 1.5 million daily readers in 2019, as Index also publishes several articles in English every week because most of the website's articles are written in Hungarian

July 2020 Index.hu's protesting editorial board and journalists resigned with hope of Hungarian media joint action: 24 July 2020: The editorial board and dozens of journalists at Hungary’s biggest independent news outlet have resigned, two days after its editor-in-chief was fired amid claims of political interference, as editor in chief and editorial staff expressed 'hope that they joint action will have place in the Hungarian media'

Human rights in Hungary: Human rights in Hungary

Political scandals in Hungary: Political scandals in Hungary

Crime in Hungary: Crime in Hungary

Racism and antisemitism in Hungary: Racism in Hungary - Antisemitism in Hungary - Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary

2015: 23 March 2015: Jewish graves vandalized, human remains scattered in northeastern city of Gyongyos

Human trafficking in Hungary: Human trafficking in Hungary

2015: 28 August 2015: Three people arrested in Hungary in relation to the more than 70 dead migrants found in an abandoned lorry in Austria

Corruption in Hungary: Corruption in Hungary

September 2010: September 2010: A diagnosis of corruption in Hungary

October 2014: 18 October 2014: USA bans Hungarians from entry over corruption charges

Corruption in Hungary: Corruption in Hungary - September 2010: A diagnosis of corruption in Hungary - 18 October 2014: USA bans Hungarians from entry over corruption charges

Man-made disasters in Hungary: Man-made disasters in Hungary

Wars involving Hungary: Wars involving Hungary - List of wars involving Hungary since the Middle Ages

Massacres in Hungary: Massacres in Hungary

September 1940 Treznea and Ip massacre: 9 September 1940 Treznea massacre in north-western Transylvania during the handing over of Northern Transylvania from Romania to Hungary after the Second Vienna Award, targeting ethnic Romanians and Jews and resulting in 93 deaths - 14 September 1940 Ip massacre in Salaj, resulting in the death of between 152–158 ethnic Romanians

Transport disasters in Hungary: Transport disasters in Hungary

May 2019 sinking of Hableány: 29 May 2019 sinking of Hableány, after it was clipped from behind by the Viking Sigyn - 30 May 2019: Seven South Koreans have died after a sightseeing boat sank in the Danube, close to the Hungarian parliament building in Budapest, as thirty-three South Koreans were onboard the boat when it collided with another vessel

Law and legal history in Hungary: Hungarian law - Legal history of Hungary

Courts and judiciary in Hungary: Courts and judiciary in Hungary

January 2017: 13 janvier 2017: Une journaliste de la télévision hongroise qui avait fait trébucher et frappé des migrants fuyant la police en 2015 a été reconnue coupable de vandalisme

June 2017: 21 June 2017: The trial of 11 men indicted in the case of 71 refugees and migrants from Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan including four children, who died in the back of a refrigerated lorry in 2015 has started in Hungary - Flüchtlingstragödie bei Parndorf im August 2015, als 71 Menschen ums Leben kamen und die Leichen in einem im Burgenland in Österreich abgestellten LKW gefunden wurden, nachdem die Ungarische Polizei Telefone der Schlepper abgehört hatte und der Tod der Flüchtlinge bei schnellem Eingreifen hätte verhindert werden können

June 2018: 14 juin 2018: La justice hongroise a condamné les trafiquants à 25 ans de prison ferme, après 71 migrants étaient morts étouffés dans un camion en 2015

October 2018: 31 October 2018: Hungarian TV camera operator László who made headlines in 2015 after tripping and kicking migrants fleeing police has been acquitted by the country’s supreme court, saying that László had not been correctly charged by lower courts, alleging 'not vandalism” but 'disruption'

Law enforcement in Hungary: Law enforcement in Hungary

Foreign relations: Foreign relations of Hungary

Immigration to Hungary: Immigration to Hungary

Hungary/Austria relations: Hungary/Austria relations - Austria-Hungary 1867-1918 - World War I 1914-1918

1989 removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria: 1989 removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria

Hungary/China relations: Hungary/China relations

2012: 1. Mai 2012: Ungarn erhält von China Milliarden-Entwicklungskredit

Hungary/European Union relations: Hungary/European Union relations

2012: 17. Januar 2012: EU eröffnet Verfahren gegen ungarische Verfassungsänderung, die die Unabhängigkeit von Justiz, Zentralbank und Datenschutz gefährdet

2015: 22 May 2015: Amid growing unease over constitutional changes made by Hungary’s rightwing government, EU's Jean-Claude Juncker welcomed Hungarian PM Orban at Riga summit, greeting him with 'Hello, dictator' - 24 June 2015: Hungary defies EU rule on asylum seekers - 31 August 2015: Condemned by many EU officials, Hungary continues construction of border fence with Serbia directed against desperate refugees

Hungary/Germany relations: Hungary/Germany relations - World War II and Anti-Comintern Pact

Hungary/Israel relations: Hungary/Israel relations

History of the Jews in Hungary and the Holocaust in Hungary: History of the Jews in Hungary since the Middle Ages - The Holocaust in Hungary following Anti-Jewish Laws since 1938

2012-2014: 17 July 2012: Hungarian president assures Netanyahu of his opposition to anti-Semitism - 8 November 2013: Hungary Jews struggle with rising anti-Semitism, according to a recent EU Fundamental Rights Agency survey - 26 January 2014: Holocaust survivor and historian Randolph L. Braham returns award to Hungary in protest of country's attempt to 'rewrite history' - 27 January 2014: Hungarian President Ader addresses Holocaust after accusations Hungary 'whitewashed' past

2017: 2 July 2017: Two weeks before Israeli PM Netanyahu is due to join a diplomatic summit in Budapest, tension erupted between Israel and Hungary over a speech by Hungarian PM Orban in which he praised Horthy, the leader of Hungary during the Holocaust

Hungary/Serbia relations: Hungary/Serbia relations - Serbs in Hungary

1939-1945: Hungarian military occupation then annexation of the Yugoslav territories Backa, Baranja, Medimurje and Prekmurje regions during World War II - Novi Sad raid by Hungarian troops against civilians January 1942, after the Axis invasion

2015: 18 June 2015: Hungary says it has commenced 13-foot-high wall along Serbian frontier to keep illegal immigrants out - 15 July 2015: As Serbian migrant centre grows to 5000 in a week, Hungary started building border fence with Serbia to keep out migrants

Hungary/Syria relations: 14 September 2015: Syrian refugees endure horrific conditions in Hungarian camps, living in Kiskunhalas camp outside of Budapest without food or blankets inside a fenced forest surrounded by police and army forces, with recent rains turning the forest into a pool of mud - 14 September 2015: Syrian refugee says he cannot forgive Hungarian TV camerawoman who tripped him up, carrying his young son

Hungary/Ukraine relations: Hungary/Ukraine relations - 26 September 2014: Hungary suspends gas supplies to Ukraine under pressure from Russian regime

Hungary/United Nations relations: Hungary/United Nations relations

2015: 17 September 2015: Hungary's treatment of refugees is shocking and unacceptable, UN secretary general Ban Ki-moon says - 17 November 2015: UN blasts Hungary for 'disgusting' demonisation of refugees

Hungary/USA relations: Hungary/USA relations - 18 October 2014: USA bans Hungarians from entry over corruption charges

Éire (Republic of Ireland) - History of Ireland - Geography of Ireland - Demographics of the Republic of Ireland

Economy of the Republic of Ireland: Economy of the Republic of Ireland - main industries include pharmaceuticals, chemicals, computer hardware and software, food products, beverages and brewing, medical devices - Companies of the Republic of Ireland

Companies of the Republic of Ireland by industry: Companies by industry in the Republic of Ireland by industry

Manufacturing companies of Ireland: Manufacturing companies of Ireland - Technology companies of Ireland

Energy in the Republic of Ireland: Energy in the Republic of Ireland - Renewable energy in the Republic of Ireland - Hydroelectricity in the Republic of Ireland - Wind power in the Republic of Ireland - Wind farms in the Republic of Ireland

ESB Group

Agriculture in the Republic of Ireland: Agriculture in the Republic of Ireland

Fishing in Ireland: Fishing in Ireland

Water in the Republic of Ireland: Water in the Republic of Ireland - Bodies of water of the Republic of Ireland - Rivers of the Republic of Ireland

Water supply and sanitation in the Republic of Ireland

Transport in Ireland: Transport in Ireland

Water transport in the Republic of Ireland: Water transport in the Republic of Ireland

Ports and harbours of the Republic of Ireland: Port cities and towns in the Republic of Ireland - Ports and harbours of the Republic of Ireland - List of ports in Ireland

Dublin Port: Dublin Port, the seaport of Dublin of both historical and contemporary economic importance, as approximatively two-thirds of Ireland's port traffic travels via the port, which is by far the busiest on the island of Ireland

March 2019 'Brexít' preparation 'a waste of money': 17 March 2019: Dublin port reluctantly prepares for Brexit, saying 'a waste of money'

Rail transport in the Republic of Ireland: Rail transport in the Republic of Ireland

Road transport in the Republic of Ireland: Road transport in the Republic of Ireland

Banking in Ireland: Banking in Ireland - List of banks in the Republic of Ireland

Irish economic history, economic cycle and crises: Economic history of the Republic of Ireland

1995-2000, 2001-2008: 1995 and 2000 period of rapid real economic growth fuelled by foreign direct investment and a subsequent property price bubble - Irish property bubble from the late 1990s to 2007

2008-2014: 2008-2014 Irish financial crisis

2008-2014 Irish banking crisis - Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy - 25 June 2013: Inquiry promised into Irish banking collapse after tapes leak, and evidence of Irish bankers making jokes in 2008, the year Ireland was forced to accept an international bailout to rescue the Anglo Irish lender

Irish Defence Forces: Irish Defence Forces - Military history of Ireland - Irish War of Independence between the Irish Republican Army and the British Government and its forces 1919-1921 - Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 - Irish Free State 1922-1937

Taxation in the Republic of Ireland: Taxation in the Republic of Ireland

Irish budgets: Irish budgets - Irish emergency budget, 2009 - Irish budget, 2010 - Irish budget 2014 - Irish budget for the 2015 fiscal year presented to Dáil Éireann on 14 October 2014

Politics of Éire: Politics of Éire (Republic of Ireland) - Dáil Éireann - Seanad Éireann - Constitution of Ireland since 29 December 1937 following a national plebiscite held on 1 July 1937 - Political parties in the Republic of Ireland - Trade unions in the Republic of Ireland

Elections and politics in the Republic of Ireland: Elections in the Republic of Ireland

1937 Irish constitutional referendum: 1 July 1937 Irish constitutional referendum - 1 July 1937 Irish general election

2011 Irish general election 2011: Irish general election 2011 - Irish presidential election 27 October 2011

2012: Irish children's rights referendum 10 November 2012

2013: Referendum on 4 October 2013 to abolish Seanad Éireann - Referendum on 4 October 2013 to establish a Court of Appeal - 4 October 2013: Ireland set to vote on abolishing upper house of parliament - 5 October: Final results revealed 51.7% in favour of keeping the Seanad Éireann, while 48.3% backed PM Kenny's plan to scrap upper house

2011-2013: 29 October 2011: Labour Party's Michael D. Higgins is to become the ninth Irish president - inauguration on the 11 November - 5 December 2011: Debt-hit Ireland braces for budget cuts - 1. Juni 2012: Zustimmung Irlands zum Fiskalpakt in Volksabstimmung - 30 July 2013: President Higgins signs the country's first bill on abortion into law, legalising the practice in exceptional cases where doctors deem a woman's life at risk

2014: European Parliament election May 2014 - 2 November 2014: According to a poll, most people believe budget 2015 fails to put money back in their pockets

22 May 2015 Irish constitutional referendums: 22 May 2015 Irish constitutional referendums on two proposed amendments to the Constitution of Ireland - 24 May: Marriage Referendum 62% Yes votes, Presidential Age Referendum 73% No votes

February 2016 Irish general election: 2016 Irish general election - 3 February 2016: Irish general election to take place on 26 February, after PM Enda Kenny dissolved parliament saying the economic recovery 'remains fragile' - 27 February: Exit polls show coalition losing majority in Irish general election - 28 février: Les électeurs ont voté en masse pour les candidats indépendants et les petits partis lors des législatives

May 2016: 6 May 2016: Fine Gael leader Kenny will head minority Dublin government propped up by main opposition party Fianna Fáil

May 2018 constitutional amendment referendum: 25 May 2018 Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution Bill in Ireland referendum - 26 May 2018: Save the 8th campaign concedes defeat

October 2018 Irish presidential election and referendum on blasphemy: 26 October 2018 Irish presidential election - Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution (Repeal of offence of publication or utterance of blasphemous matter), a proposed amendment to the constitution of Ireland - 28 octobre 2018: L'Irlande a voté à 65% en faveur de l'abrogation du délit de blasphème de la Constitution, la participation s'est élevée à 44%

May 2019 European Parliament election in Ireland: 24 May 2019 European Parliament election in Ireland

May 2019 Ireland constitutional referendum: 24 May 2019 Ireland constitutional referendum concerning proposed amendment to alter the provisions regulating divorce

25 May 2019: 25 mai 2019: Le parti pro-européen du Premier ministre irlandais sort en tête des européennes en Irlande, selon des sondages sortie des urnes

February 2020 Irish general election: 8 February 2020 Irish general election - Opinion polling for the 2020 Irish general election - 9 February 2020: Election 2020 shows old political system in Ireland is finished, according to 'The Irish Times', updating elections results - 10 February 2020: After first-preference votes, Sinn Féin with 24.5% of the vote has a commanding lead in vote share and seats, breaking the country’s traditional Fine Gael-Fianna Fáil duopoly

15 February 2020 Sinn Fein demands referendum on reunification: 15 février 2020: Suite à sa percée lors des élections législatives, Sinn Fein veut un référendum sur l'Irlande et veut réunifier l'île d'ici trois trois ans

26/27 June 2020 Ireland's new coalition government including Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and the Green party: 26 June 2020: Ireland to form new government after Green party votes for coalition and Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil will now have a working majority in Irish parliament - 27 June 2020: Fianna Fáil's leader Micheál Martin has been elected as Ireland’s taoiseach (PM) after the formation of an historic coalition government including Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and the Green party

3 June 2021 Microsoft Irish subsidiary paid zero corporate tax on £220bn profit last year: 3 June 2021: Microsoft Irish subsidiary paid zero corporate tax on £220bn profit last year, as Microsoft Round Island One is ‘tax resident’ in Bermuda with no employees except directors, and as company, Microsoft Round Island One, posted profits last year equal to nearly three-quarters of Ireland’s entire GDP (gross domestic product) – despite having zero employees

Social movements and protests: Protests in Ireland

2008-2013: 2008-2013 Irish protests - 2010 student protest in Dublin - Vita Cortex sit-in - 9 October 2012: An estimated 20.000 farmers have demonstrated in Dublin amid concerns about future EU and government funding

2012: 18 novembre 2012: Plusieurs milliers de personnes ont manifesté samedi en Irlande pour protester contre la mort d'une Indienne dans un hôpital irlandais où des médecins ont refusé d'interrompre sa grossesse alors qu'elle faisait une fausse couche

2011-2014: Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes - 1 November 2014: Tens of thousands protest against water charges across the Irish republic

10 August 2018: 10 August 2018: Almost 400 Ryanair flights scheduled for Friday have been grounded because of pilot strikes, as employees in Ireland, Germany, Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands are staging a 24-hour walkout over pay and conditions

25 August 2018: 25 August 2018: 'We Are Church' Ireland group held a protest on Dublin's Ha'apenny Bridge, describing itself a voice for reform within the Catholic Church, calling for abuse to be tackled, for LGBT members to be made welcome and for women priests, and hoping Pope Francis could end injustices within the church

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Ireland: Irish society - Human rights in Ireland

Provinces and counties of Ireland: 4 provinces of Ireland (Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster) no longer serve administrative or political purposes, but function as historical and cultural entities - Counties of Ireland, in 2019 there are 26 county level, 3 city level and 2 city and county entities – the modern equivalent of counties corporate – that are used to demarcate areas of local government in the Republic of Ireland - In the Republic of Ireland local government functions are mostly exercised by thirty-one local authorities, termed County, City, or City and County Councils - Local Government Reform Act 2014 - Local electoral areas for elections to local authorities in Ireland - There are currently 40 multi-member constituencies, that elect 158 TDs (members of parliament), to Dáil Éireann, Ireland's house of representatives, by means of the single transferable vote, to a maximum term of five years

Towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland: List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland - List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland by population - County towns in the Republic of Ireland

Towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland by county: Towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland by county

Dublin: Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland on the east coast in the province of Leinster, at the mouth of the River Liffey, with an urban area population of 1,173,179 inhabitants, while the population of the Dublin Region (formerly County Dublin) in 2016 was 1,347,359, and the population of the Greater Dublin area was 1,904,806 citizens - Greater Dublin Area - County Dublin, one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland - History of Dublin

History of Dublin to 795: History of Dublin to 795

Timeline of Dublin: Timeline of Dublin since 841

1649 Siege of Dublin and Cromwellian conquest of Ireland: 1649 Siege of Dublin during the 'War of the Three Kingdoms' - 1649-1653 Cromwellian conquest of Ireland

Since 1661 Dublin city government: Since 1661 Dublin Corporation, the former name given to the city government and its administrative organisation between 1661 and 1 January 2002, now known as Dublin City Council

Since 1791 'Society of United Irishmen' and 'Irish Rebellion': Since 1791 'Society of United Irishmen', founded as a Radical or liberal political organisation aiming Parliamentary reform and evolving into a revolutionary republican organisation, inspired by the American Revolution and allied with Revolutionary France, launching the Irish Rebellion of 1798 with the objective of ending British monarchical rule over Ireland and founding a sovereign, independent Irish republic - Irish Rebellion of 1798 was an uprising against British rule in Ireland from May to September 1798

April 1916 Easter Rising: April 1916 Easter Rising, an armed insurrection in Ireland launched by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent Irish Republic - 1912-1923 Irish revolutionary period

1919-1921 Irish War of Independence: 1919-1921 Irish War of Independence

1940-1941 German bombing of Dublin and of the Irish state: 1940-1941 German bombing of Dublin and of the Irish state in World War II

Since 1998 (1854) University College Dublin: Since 1998 University College Dublin, a research university in Dublin, originating in a body founded in 1854

Since January 2019 Technological University Dublin: Since January 2019 Technological University Dublin, taking over the operations of the three preceding institutions

Economy and society of Dublin: Economy of Dublin - Companies based in Dublin city - Transport in Dublin - Education in Dublin

Dublin Port: Dublin Port, of both historical and contemporary economic importance, as approximatively two-thirds of Ireland's port traffic travels via the port, which is by far the busiest on the island of Ireland

Cork city: Cork city in south-west Ireland, in the province of Munster, whith a population of 125,657 inhabitants in 2016 - History of Cork

Economy of Cork: Economy of Cork

Limerick city: Limerick city in County Limerick, located in the Mid-West Region on the River Shannon and also part of the province of Munster - History of Limerick

Economy of Limerick: Economy of Limerick

Galway city: Galway city in the West of Ireland, lies on the River Corrib between Lough Corrib and Galway Bay, surrounded by County Galway in the province of Connacht - History of Galway

Economy of Galway: Economy, infrastructure and harbour of Galway

Demographics and ethnic groups in Ireland: Demographics of the Republic of Ireland - Ethnic groups in Ireland

History of the Jews in Ireland: History of the Jews in Ireland

Immigration to the Republic of Ireland: Immigration to the Republic of Ireland

2015: 2 November 2015: African and Asian migrant workers are being routinely but illegally used as cheap labour on Irish fishing trawlers working - 3 November: Irish cabinet sets up taskforce to investigate treatment of migrant workers on trawlers - 6 November: Migrant worker arrest prompts calls for protection - 21 November 2015: Migrant workers in Irish fishing industry to get permits and minimum wag

Culture of Ireland: Culture of Ireland - Irish language - Languages of Ireland - Gaelic revival

Women and women's rights in Ireland: Women in Ireland - Women's rights in Ireland

Children's rights in Ireland: Children's rights in Ireland

Education in Ireland: Education in the Republic of Ireland

Health in the Republic of Ireland: Health in the Republic of Ireland

Healthcare of the Republic of Ireland: Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland

Media of the Republic of Ireland: Media of the Republic of Ireland

List of Irish-language media - Censorship in the Republic of Ireland

Internet in the Republic of Ireland: Internet in the Republic of Ireland

Religion in the Republic of Ireland: Religion in the Republic of Ireland - Blasphemy law in the Republic of Ireland

Since the late 1980s Roman Catholic Church sexual abuse scandal in Ireland: Roman Catholic Church sexual abuse scandal in Ireland since the late 1980s - Cases in the Catholic Church sex abuse scandal in Ireland

2005 Ferns Report: 2005 Ferns Report, an official Irish government inquiry into the allegations of clerical sexual abuse in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ferns

May 2009 'Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse' and Murphy and Ryan report: Irish 'Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse' and May 2009 Ryan report - 2009 Murphy Report, investigation conducted by the Irish government into the sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic archdiocese of Dublin

2011 report on child abuse by priests: 20. Juli 2011: 'Abgehoben, elitär und narzisstisch' - so faßt der irische Premier Enda Kenny den Regierungsreport zum Kindesmißbrauch und zum Umgang des Vatikan mit diesen Verbrechen zusammen - 20 July 2011: Irish PM Kenny in unprecedented attack on Vatican - 25 Julyn 2011: Vatican recalls Irish papal envoy after recent Cloyne report on child abuse by priests - Sexual abuse in Cloyne diocese and 2011 report - July 2011 Cloyne report

August 2018: 26 August 2018: Irish protesters walk to a former Magdalene laundry in Dublin as part of the demonstrations against clerical sexual abuse during Pope Francis’s visit to Ireland

Since the 1930s abuse in the state childcare system: Since the 1930s abuse in the state childcare system in Ireland

Catholic-run workhouses Magdalene Laundries: 5 February 2013: Many of the women and girls subjected to harsh discipline and unpaid work in Ireland’s now-notorious Catholic Magdalene Laundries were sent there by the Irish state, an official report said on Tuesday

Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home contoversies: Bon Secours Mother and Baby Home contoversies

2017 Tuam care home mass grave of babies and children: 3 March 2017: Mass grave of babies and children found at Tuam care home in Ireland

Crime in the Republic of Ireland: Crime in the Republic of Ireland

Corruption in Ireland: Corruption in Ireland

Terrorism in Ireland: Terrorism in Ireland - 1972 and 1973 Dublin bombings - 1974 Dublin and Monaghan bombings were a series of co-ordinated car bombings in Dublin and Monaghan, Republic of Ireland

Law and legal history of the Republic of Ireland: Law of the Republic of Ireland - Law and legal history in the Republic of Ireland

Judiciary of the Republic of Ireland: Judiciary of the Republic of Ireland

27 July 2022 Irish judges are relying on Wikipedia when writing judgments, study finds: 27 July 2022: Irish judges are relying on Wikipedia when writing judgments, USA/Irish study finds - 27 July 2022: CSAIL researchers and from Maynooth University in Ireland came up with a friendly stress test that includes the creating new legal Wikipedia articles to examine how they affect the legal decisions of judges

Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland: Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland

Foreign relations of Ireland: Foreign relations of the Republic of Ireland

Treaties of Ireland: Treaties of Ireland

Ireland and the European Union EU: Ireland and the European Union EU

1 January 2021 Brexit 'not something to celebrate' Ireland’s FM Coveney declared: 1 January 2021: Brexit is 'not something to celebrate', Ireland’s FM Simon Coveney declared after the UK formally severed ties with the EU, as he warned of trading disruptions due to fresh red tape

Bilateral relations of the Republic of Ireland: Bilateral relations of the Republic of Ireland

Ireland/Australia relations: Ireland/Australia relations - Irish Australian

Ireland/Canada relations: Ireland/Canada relations - Irish Canadian - Irish Quebecers

Ireland/Germany relations: Ireland/Germany relations - Independent Ireland in World War II 1939-1945 - 1941 Bombing of Dublin in World War II by the Germman Luftwaffe

Ireland/United Kingdom relations: Ireland/United Kingdom relations - List of wars in Ireland since 1169 - Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 1649–1653 - Irish famines 1740–41, 1845-1849, 1879

Since 1534 uprisings by Irish people against English and British claims of sovereignty: List of uprisings by Irish people against English and British claims of sovereignty in Ireland since 1534 (ongoing) - Irish republicanism based on the conviction that all of Ireland should be an independent republic - Irish Rebellion of 1798 against British rule in Ireland lasting from May to September 1798 influenced by the ideas of the American and French revolutions - 1848 Young Irelander Rebellion led by the Young Ireland movement, part of the wider democratic revolutions of 1848 that affected most of Europe

Since 1916 Irish people's fighting to establish an independent Irish Republic: Easter Rising during Easter Week 1916 was mounted by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent Irish Republic while the Kingdom was heavily engaged in World War I - Irish War of Independence between the Irish Republican Army and the British Government and its forces 1919-1921 - Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921 - Irish Free State 1922-1937 - Gaelic revival

Since 1923 Common Travel Area: Since 1923 Common Travel Area, an open borders area comprising the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Channel Islands

Late 1960s–1998 British 'Troubles': British 'Troubles' (late 1960s–1998), since 1609 and ongoing

10 April 2021 Taoiseach says Northern Ireland must not ‘spiral back to dark place’: 10 April 2021 Irish taoiseach Micheál Martin has said that political leaders must not allow Northern Ireland to 'spiral back to that dark place of sectarian murders and political discord' after the region was marred by another night of disorder

Ireland/USA relations: Ireland/USA relations - Irish Americans

Italy - Geography of Italy - History of Italy - Italian Renaissance 14th - 16th century - Kingdom of Italy 1861–1946 - Demographics of Italy

Economy of Italy: Economy of Italy - main industries are iron and steel, cement, chemicals, plastics, production machinery, motor vehicles, shipbuilding, space and aircraft, machine tools, communications, medical apparatus, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages processing, textiles, clothing, fashion, home appliances, tourism - Economic history of Italy - European sovereign debt crisis (2010-present) - 7 August 2012: Italian economy contracts 0.7% in second quarter 2012 - 10 September: The Italian economy shrank by 0.8% between April and June - a bigger drop in investment and consumer spending accounted for the downward revision - 6 August 2013: Italy's economy shrank for 8th quarter by 0.2 percent in the second quarter of 2013

14. Juni 2012: Beschlagnahme von Mafia-Besitztümern im Wert von 15 Milliarden Euro in drei Jahren

Economic sectors and companies by industry in Italy: Economic sectors - Companies of Italy by industry

2015: 25 July 2015: An explosion at a fireworks factory in southeastern Italy has killed seven people and left at least six others injured, according to police officials

Energy in Italy: Energy in Italy - Fossil fuels in Italy - Electricity sector in Italy - Renewable energy in Italy - Hydroelectricity in Italy - Solar power in Italy - Wind power in Italy

Steel companies of Italy: Steel companies of Italy - Shipbuilding companies of Italy

Automobile manufacturers of Italy: Automobile manufacturers of Italy

Electronics companies of Italy: Electronics companies of Italy

Clothing companies of Italy: Clothing companies of Italy - Italian fashion - 12 February 2013: Approximately 4,000 Chinese-run clothing factories in Prato, Italy's fashion capital - 1 December 2013: At least seven people died and three were injured when a Chinese-owned clothing factory in Prato burned down, killing workers trapped in an improvised dormitory

Agriculture in Italy: Agriculture in Italy - products include maize corn, rice, wheat, sugar beets, soybeans, meat and dairy products, fruits and citrus fruits, grapes and wine, fish

Food companies of Italy

Forestry in Italy: Forestry in Italy - Deforestation during the Roman period

Water in Italy: Water in Italy

Rivers of Italy: Rivers of Italy

Po river: Po river, the longest river in Italy. It flows eastward across northern Italy starting from the Cottian Alps, and ending at a delta projecting into the Adriatic Sea near Venice - Rivers of Italy

2022 Po river drought, since July state of emergency: 2022 Po river drought, as the historic average flow for June 2022 is 1,805 cubic metres per second. In late June 2022, the flow measured in Ferrara fell below an average of 145 cubic metres per second. In July 2022, the Italian government declared a state of emergency in the regions Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy, Piedmont, Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia.

Tourism in Italy: Tourism in Italy - Visitor attractions in Italy

Transport in Italy: Transport in Italy - History of transport in Italy - Transport infrastructure in Italy

Ports and harbours of Italy

Banking in Italy: Banking in Italy - List of banks in Italy - Banca d'Italia, the central bank of Italy and part of the European System of Central Banks

2014: 26 October 2014: In the European banking stress test Italy's Monte dei Paschi di Siena and eight other banks are told to find billions to plug capital shortfalls

2016: 11 July 2016: Worries about the dire state of Italian banks have added to Brexit concerns across global markets, as figures suggest a remarkable 17% of bank loans in Italy are bad, that’s over £300bn of bad credit

Economic history and economic cycles in Italy: Economic history of Italy

Italy's economy in the 21st century: Italy's economy in the 21st century

Since 2010 Italian government debt timeline: Italian government debt timeline since 2010

January 2014 €2.1 trillion government debt, 131.1% of GDP: 24 January 2014: As of January 2014, the Italian government debt stands at €2.1 trillion or 131.1% of GDP

June 2016 contracted economy, engorged public sector, festering corruption: 20 June 2016: A contracted economy, inadequate banking systems, engorged public sector and festering corruption mean that Italy is facing a troubled future

2018/2019 recession in Italy: 31 January 2019: Italy slips into recession for third time in a decade, shrinking by 0.2% amid weakening growth rates across the eurozone

2020 severe recession in Italy amid covid-19: 24 avril 2020: Italie, la troisième économie de la zone euro, va connaître une lourde récession cette année, avec une chute de son PIB de 8%, et le déficit public va grimper à 10,4% du PIB - Economic impact of 2020 Italy covid-19 lockdown

25 July 2020 Italy's public debt will soar to 155.7% of its GDP in 2020: 25 July 2020: Italy's public debt will soar to 155.7% of its GDP in 2020, the Bank of Italy said in a report titled published on Thursday, as, Italy's public debt stood at 116.6% of GDP in 2009, at 135.4% in 2014, and at 134.8% of GDP in 2019, before the covid-19 pandemic

Labor and unemployment in Italy: Labor in Italy - Chômage en Italie - Youth unemployment in Italy

2020/2021 impact of covid-19 on the unemployment rate in Italy: 6 April 2020: Forecasted impact of covid-19 on the unemployment rate in Italy in 2020 and 2021

Taxation and budget in Italy: Taxation in Italy

August 2013 Italy’s financial police uncovered nearly 5,000 tax evaders in 2013: 20 August 2013: Italy’s financial police announced that it has uncovered nearly 5,000 tax evaders so far in 2013, who have collectively avoided a €17.5 billion bill

2015 Renzi government's measures worth around €27 billion will be funded mostly by additional borrowing: 15 October 2015: Outlining an expansive 2016 budget, Renzi government's measures worth around €27 billion will be funded mostly by additional borrowing - 15 December 2015: Endemic tax evasion will cost Italy €122 billion in lost revenue this year, employers' organisation Confindustria says

Politics of Italy: Politics of Italy - Constitution of Italy - Law of Italy

Italian Parliament: The Italian Parliament, the representative body of Italian citizens and the successor to the Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy 1861–1943, the transitional National Council 1945–1946 and the Constituent Assembly 1946–1948. It is a bicameral legislature with 945 elected members - this number will be reduced to 600 with the next and upcoming election in September 2022 - and a small number of unelected members. The Italian Parliament is composed of the Chamber of Deputies (with 630 members or deputati elected on a national basis) and Senate of the Republic (with 315 members or senatori elected on a regional basis, plus a small number of senators for life or senatori a vita, either appointed or ex officio). The two Houses are independent from one another and never meet jointly except under circumstances specified by the Constitution. Following a referendum on 21 September 2020, the number of MPs in the Parliament will be reduced from 630 to 400 in the Chamber of Deputies and from 315 to 200 in the Senate starting with the new legislature since September 2022.

1861–1946 Kingdom of Italy's prime ministers in periods: Prime ministers of the 1861–1946 Kingdom of Italy in the periods of 1861–1912, 1912–1922, 1922–1943, 1943–1946, determined by a number of 19 political parties including until 1912 the Historical Right, the Historical Left, the Military, until 1922 the Liberal Union/Italian Liberal Party, the Italian Radical Party, the Italian Reformist Socialist Party, until 1943 the National Fascist Party, until 1946 the Labour Democratic Party, the Action Party, the Christian Democracy, the Military.

Prime ministers of the 1946–present Italian Republic in periods: Prime ministers of the 1946–present Italian Republic in the periods of 1946–1994 and the period 1994–present, determined by a number of 51 political parties including including the Christian Democracy, the Italian Republican Party, the Italian Socialist Party, independent or non-partisan politicians, since 1994 the Forza Italia/The People of Freedom, the Democrats of the Left, the Democratic Party, the Five Star Movement, split off Together for the Future, Union of the Centre, Brothers of Italy split from the People of Freedom, and independent or non-partisan politicians

Since 1994 prime ministers of the Italian Republic, in the so-called 2nd Republic: Second Republic (1994–present, including the periods of Coalition governments 2013–2021, Draghi government 2021–2022, Brothers of Italy's G. Meloni government, the country's most right-wing government since 1945, as Meloni admires Mussolini

Political parties in Italy: Political parties in Italy - Coalitions of parties in Italy

Democratic Party: Democratic Party - 20 April 2013: Italy centre-left leader Bersani to resign after failing to push through his preferred candidate for president - 17 July 2015: Governor of Sicily, Democratic party's Crocetta, suspended after failing to challenge friend’s remark that daughter Lucia Borsellino of anti-mafia judge killed in 1992 should be ‘done away with like her father’

Elections and politics in Italy: Elections in Italy

June 1979 Italian general election, October 1980 Forlani governemt: 3 June 1979 Italian general election, as the Forlani Cabinet, led by Arnaldo Forlani and the 38th cabinet of the Italian Republic, was formed on 18 October 1980

May 2011 local elections: 31. Mai 2011: Lokalwahlen 2011 - Debakel für Berlusconi - 13. Juni 2011: Niederlage Berlusconis bei Anti-Atom-Referendum - 14 November: Monti to form new government - 16 November 2011: Monti unveils new government without politicians

May 2012 local elections: 7. Mai 2012: Bei den Lokalwahlen, die am Sonntag und Montag in fast tausend italienischen Gemeinden stattfanden, hat sich nach ersten Hochrechnungen ein Rutsch nach links abgezeichnet - 29 October: Apparently losing a regional election in its former stronghold of Sicily Berlusconi's party suffers a major blow following his conviction for tax fraud and his threat to topple Mario Monti's government

February 2013 Lombard regional election: Lombard regional election 10/11 February 2013

February 2013 General election and political gridlock: General election 2013 - Italian general election 24/25 February 2013 - 24 February 2013: Italians began voting on Sunday in a closely watched election whether a new government can pull Italy out of recession and help resolve the euro zone debt crisis - 26 February 2013: After Italy missed sending Berlusconi to jail and not to parliament again with more than 29% of the votes, the country thrown into political gridlock - (2012 Silvio Berlusconi was convicted of tax fraud in an Italian court, sentenced to four years' imprisonment and also banned from running for public office for a five-year term) - 26 February: Hopes of economic recovery and stability dashed as election results show no coalition strong enough to form government - 26 February: Italy seeks path out of election impasse - 16 Marzo 2013: Con 327 voti è stata eletta la presidente della Camera Laura Boldrini, con 137 voti il nuovo presidente del Senato Pietro Grasso - 23 March: Italy's Bersani looking for parliament support - 29 March: Weeks after winning a slim majority in the February polls, Pier Luigi Bersani failed to form a new government and to overcome uncertainty - 18 April: Italy's parliament has failed to elect a new president during a first round of voting - 20 April: Democratic party leader Bersani quits after both candidates he backed for presidency fail to garner enough votes in secret ballots - 20 April: Calling on Italian parties too to show 'collective responsibility' for the country, re-elected 87-year-old President Giorgio Napolitano agreed to stand for an unprecedented second term - 25 April: Moderate leftist Enrico Letta begins complex talks on forming a new coalition government - 27 April: Enrico Letta said he had won support of other parties to form a coalition government that will include PDL secretary Alfano as deputy PM and interior minister

May/June 2013 Italian local election: Italian local election May/June 2013 - 10 June: Italy center-left sweeps local elections

September/October 2013: 28 September: All five centre-right ministers in Italy's fragile coalition government resigned at the urging of convicted criminal Silvio Berlusconi, throwing the country into a fresh political crisis - 29 septembre: Président Giorgio Napolitano a déclaré qu’il ne prononcerait la dissolution du Parlement que s’il était impossible de trouver une majorité dans l’actuelle législature - 2. Oktober: Bis zu 40 Senatoren der 'Forza Italia' wollen der Regierung Letta, entgegen Berlusconis Plan des Regierungssturzes, das Vertrauen aussprechen - 2 octobre: Le Sénat a voté la confiance au gouvernement d’Enrico Letta, après une surprenante volte-face de Berlusconi, qui est humilié après une fronde au sein de son parti

2014: 13 February 2014: PM Enrico Letta has said he will resign on Friday after his Democratic Party backed a call for a new administration - 17 February: Matteo Renzi poised to form Italian government, promising rapid change - 22 February: Matteo Renzi sworn in as PM of a government with as many women ministers as men - 24 February: Italy PM Renzi wins Senate confidence vote - 26 February: PM Matteo Renzi secures final confidence vote, backing his government's programme of rapid economic and institutional reform

May 2014 Italian European Parliament election: Italian European Parliament election 25 May 2014

2015: 31 Januar 2015: Sicilian judge Sergio Mattarella elected Italian president

May/June 2015 Italian local and regional elections: 31 May and 14 June 2015 Italian local elections - 31 May Italian regional elections - 1 June 2015: Italy's centre-left candidates are ahead in four out of the seven regions in elections held on Sunday, early count suggests

2016: 1 April 2016: Renzi government under pressure over influence peddling scandal, as industry minister Federica Guidi quit, hours after phone-tapped conversations released by police appeared to show the minister assuring her partner the government would pass legislation that helped his energy business

June 2016 Italian local elections: 5/19 June 2016 Italian local elections - 5 juin: Romains, Milanais, Napolitains, mais aussi Turinois et Bolonais se rendent dimanche aux urnes pour des élections municipales partielles - 6 June 2016: 'Five Star' candidate Virginia Raggi takes big lead in Rome's mayoral election amid anger over corruption scandals that have embroiled both left and right-wing parties in the city, but Beppe Grillo's racist commentations are no jokes - 20 juin: Le parti de Renzi a perdu, entre autres, les municipalités de Rome et Turin

December 2016 Italian constitutional referendum: 4 December 2016 Italian constitutional referendum, asking whether voters approve law that amends the Italian Constitution to reform the composition and powers of the Parliament of Italy, as well as the division of powers between the State, the Regions, and administrative entities - 5 December 2016: Italian PM Matteo Renzi resigns after referendum defeat, with 59.1% of Italians voting against proposed reforms and 65% of eligible voters casting ballots, as Euro falls to 20-month low amid uncertainty

11 December 2016: Italy's FM Paolo Gentiloni to succeed Matteo Renzi as Italian prime minister

June 2017 Italian local elections: 11/25 June 2017 Italian local elections - 26 June 2017: Resurgence of Forza Italia and Northern League is a setback for former PM Renzi’s Democratic Party

October 2017: 22 October 2017 Lombard and Venetian autonomy referendum - 23 October 2017: Voters of two of Italy’s wealthiest northern regions - Lombardy, home to Milan, and Veneto, which includes Venice - voted overwhelmingly in favour of greater autonomy

12/26 October 2017 Italian electoral law: Italian electoral law of 2017 approved on 12 October by the Chamber of Deputies with 375 votes in favor and 215 against, and on 26 October by the Senate with 214 votes against 61

November 2017 Sicilian regional election: 5 November 2017 Sicilian regional election - 7 novembre 2017: A quelques mois des élections législatives italiennes, l'ex-chef du gouvernement italien a remporté les élections régionales devant les populistes du Mouvement 5 Etoiles - 8 novembre 2017: A peine élu sur une liste de la coalition de droite emmenée par Berlusconi victorieuse des élections régionales en Sicile, conseiller régional De Luca arrêté pour fraude fiscale

December 2017: 28 décembre 2017: Le parlement est dissous, les élections législatives prévues en mars

February/March 2018: 22 February 2018: Vandalism, violent incidents mark Italy’s election campaign - 2 March 2018: Anti-mafia witness Piera Aiello is a candidate for Italy’s M5S party, despite being unable to show her face in public, as Slovakian journalist Ján Kuciak, who was investigating political corruption linked to Italian mafia group, murdered in EU-country - 2 mars 2018: A la veille des élections législatives, la répartition inégale des richesses croissante dans un pays industriel et exportateur, 9e puissance économique de la planète, est l'un des thèmes qui alimentent la campagne et les propositions en faveur des plus pauvres

March 2018 Italian general election: 4 March 2018 Italian general election - Opinion polling for the 2018 Italian general election - 5 March 2018: Hung parliament on the cards

March 2018 Lombard regional election: 4 March 2018 Lombard regional election

May 2018: 7 mai 2018: Faute d'accord sur une majorité parlementaire président Mattarella a annoncé qu'il allait proposer un gouvernement 'politiquement neutre' pour diriger le pays jusqu'en décembre - 28 May 2018: Italy plunges into political crisis after president vetoes eurosceptic choice for economy minister, foiling a bid by populist and nationalist parties to form next government - 28 May 2018: Italian president Mattarella names interim PM until fresh elections

June 2018: 1 June 2018: After a row over the incoming leaders’ stance on the euro populist government will be sworn into power in Italy, as Eurosceptic Savona will now serve as EU minister and xenophobic Salvini as interior minister

13 June 2018: 13 June 2018: Sicily's Piera Aiello, who is in danger since she witnessed two mafia hitmen kill her husband in 1991, forcing her to enter witness protection two years later, and who was forced to run for office in March anonymously due to threats from the mafia, has finally revealed her face to the public after winning her parliamentary seat

19 June 2018: 19 June 2018: Italy’s xenophobic interior minister, who recently sparked a multinational showdown by refusing entry to a Mediterranean Sea rescue boat packed with 630 migrants, is now taking aim at Italy’s minority Roma community

July/August 2018: 3 July 2018: Interior minister Salvini won senate seat with backing of Giuseppe Scopelliti, who is accused of having ties to 'Ndrangheta', the criminal organisation that controls most of the cocaine trade in Europe - 3 August 2018: Anti-racist groups in Italy have warned of a dangerous acceleration in attacks on immigrants after 12 shootings, two murders and 33 physical assaults were recorded in the two months since League party's Matteo Salvini entered government as interior minister

February 2019: 19 February 2019: An Italian parliamentary committee has voted to block a criminal case against Matteo Salvini, the deputy PM and interior minister, for refusing to allow refugees and migrants to disembark from a rescue ship, as prosecutors in Sicily's Catania need the backing of parliament to continue investigations against Salvini

May 2019 European Parliament election in Italy: 26 May 2019 European Parliament election in Italy

28 May 2019: 28 May 2019: Italian Pietro Bartolo known as the 'doctor of migrants' on the Sicilian island of Lampedusa has won a seat in Sunday’s European parliament elections, bucking a trend towards the extreme right across the south of the country and saying 'we are in the midst of a freak wave of fascist forces, ... I am very worried about the results reached by that other man, that guy who closes ports to rescue ships, that guy who wants to fine anyone who saves migrants'

May/June 2019 Italian local elections: 26 May and 9 June 2019 Italian local elections

August 2019 Salvini provokes Italian government crisis: 9 août 2019: Après l'annonce surprise de la dissolution de la coalition au pouvoir par un ministre de l'intérieur, qui plonge l'Italie dans la crise, ses anciens alliés réclament des explications par Salvini

29 August 2019 new coalition and mandate to form government: 29 August 2019: Italian president gives Conte mandate to form new government based on coalition of ruling Five Star Movement and opposition Democratic party, that could mark a turning point in Itay’s fractured relations with the EU

January-September 2020 regional elections: 2020 regional elections in Italy in eight regions including Emilia-Romagna (26 January), Calabria (26 January), Campania, Liguria, Marche, Apulia, Tuscany, and Veneto (May/June) - 27 January 2020: With 98% of the ballots counted in Emilia-Romagna, the incumbent Democratic party governor Bonaccini had won 51.4% of the vote compared to 43.7% for the candidate backed by the League and its allies

February 2020 Italy brings in draconian measures in effort to halt coronavirus spread: 23 February 2020: Italy brings in draconian measures in effort to halt China's coronavirus spread, as measures include fines for anyone caught entering or leaving outbreak areas, and as jump of number of cases in Italy's causes disruption to Milan fashion week and Serie A matches, British 'Guardian' reports

8 March 2020 PM outlines new measures to prevent spread of coronavirus: 8 mars 2020: Mesure sans précédent en Europe, plus de quinze millions d'habitants du nord de l'Italie ont été placés en quarantaine dimanche pour endiguer l'épidémie de coronavirus qui s'y propage et touche plus de 100'000 personnes dans le monde entier

10 March 2020 Italy-wide lockdown comes into force: 10 March 2020: Italy-wide lockdown comes into force, reported by the British 'Guardian', to prevent spread of Chinese coronavirus

10 April 2020 mafia gains support by distributing free food to poor families in quarantine: 10 April 2020: Italian mafia is gaining local support by distributing free food to poor families in quarantine who have run out of cash, as videos have surfaced of known Mafia gangs delivering essential goods to Italians hit hard by the coronavirus emergency across the poorest southern regions of Campania, Calabria, Sicily and Puglia, as tensions rise across the country

27 April 2020: Italian PM unveils 'coexistence' plan: 27 April 2020: Italian PM unveils plan for Italian life to 'coexist with virus’, allowing walks in parks and visits to relatives as schools to return only in September

20/21 September 2020 regional elections in Aosta Valley, Campania, Liguria, Marche, Apulia, Tuscany, Veneto concurrently with constitutional referendum: 20/21 September 2020 regional elections in Italy in Aosta Valley, Campania, Liguria, Marche, Apulia, Tuscany, and Veneto, concurrently with the 2020 Italian constitutional referendum - 20/21 September 2020 constitutional referendum will be held in Italy, as voters will be asked whether they approve a constitutional law that amends the Italian Constitution in various aspects, most notably reducing the number of MPs in the Parliament, from 630 to 400 in the Chamber of Deputies and from 315 to 200 in the Senate

22 September 2020 Italy's government boosted as Salvini's league coalition fails to take Tuscany: 22 September 2020: Italy's government boosted as Salvini's league coalition fails to take Tuscany in key vote, but it took three more seats, meaning it now rules 15 out of the 20 Italian regions - 22 September 2020: Italy approves slashing number of MPs in referendum

29 January 2021 new or renewed government expected: 29 janvier 2021: Suite à la démission du Premier ministre Giuseppe Conte, le président Sergio Mattarella a donné un délai vendredi soir aux partis au pouvoir en vue de la formation d’un nouveau gouvernement

3 February 2021 Mario Draghi accepts mandate to form new Italian government: 3 February 2021: Mario Draghi, the former European Central Bank chief, has accepted a mandate to try to form a new Italian government as the country seeks a way out of the political crisis triggered by the collapse of its most recent coalition

20 April 2021 Mario Draghi plans economic recovery: 20 aprile 2021: Mario Draghi accelera, Recovery Plan e decreto Covid giovedì in Cdm

3 September 2021 death threats to members of the government, virologists, health officials and journalists: 3 September 2021: PM's new proposals spark protests by anti-vaxxers who, in recent days, have sent death threats to members of the government, virologists, health officials and journalists, because of their pro-vax stances, and as prosecutors in Turin on Tuesday have launched an investigation into an antivax chat group on Telegram, where members posted death threats against foreign minister, Luigi Di Maio

12 June 2022 Italian referendum will decide on the repeal of five laws or decrees: 12 June 2022 Italian referendum will decide on the repeal of five laws or decrees relating to the field of justice. Each of the five questions is submitted to this abrogative referendum on the proposal of 9 regions governed by the Centre-right coalition

5 July 2022 Italy has declared a state of emergency over worsening drought: 5 July 2022: Italy has declared a state of emergency over a worsening drought that has plagued five northern regions in recent weeks, as PM Mario Draghi’s cabinet approved the state of emergency in Emilia-Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lombardy, Piedmont and Veneto until December 31

Since 14 July 2022 Italian government crisis over the ongoing energy and economic crisis: Since 14 July 2022 Italian government crisis, an ongoing political event in Italy. It includes the events that followed the announcement of Giuseppe Conte, leader of the Five Star Movement and former PM, that the M5S would revoke its support to the national unity government of Mario Draghi over a bill regarding an economic stimulus to contrast the ongoing energy and economic crisis. On 14 July, despite having largely won the confidence vote, Draghi offered his resignation, which was rejected by president Sergio Mattarella. On 21 July, PM Draghi will resign after the confidence vote failed to pass.

20/21 luglio 2022 Lega, Fi e M5s non votano la fiducia, Draghi domani alla Camera: 20 luglio 2022: Lega, Fi e M5s non votano la fiducia. Draghi domani alla Camera, continua a leggere 'live'

20 July 2022 it is confirmed that Draghi is resigning on 21 July: 20 July 2022: The confindence vote passed only with 95 ayes, due to the center-right coalition abstaining. On 20 PM CEST, the minister Mariastella Gelmini left FI. It is confirmed that Draghi is resigning on 21 July.

21 July 2022 Italian PM Draghi resigns, likely leading to snap elections perhaps in late September: 21 July 2022: Italian PM Mario Draghi resigns after attempt to salvage coalition fails, as departure is likely to lead to snap elections that could take place as early as late September

25 September 2022 Italian general election, a snap election: 25 September 2022 Italian general election, a snap election due to the 2022 Italian government crisis, which led to the resignation of PM Mario Draghi, who continues to head the government as caretaker PM. As a result of the 2020 Italian constitutional referendum there will be 400 members of the Chamber of Deputies and 200 elected members of the Senate of the Republic, down from 630 and 315, respectively. In addition, following the approval of a constitutional law in 2021, the minimum voting age for the Senate will be the same as for the Chamber (18 years old and no longer 25), so that for the first time the two houses will have identical electoral bodies. - Opinion polling for the 2022 Italian general election

25 September 2022 Italy is poised on Sunday for a norm-breaking election: 25 September 2022: Italy is poised on Sunday for a norm-breaking election that’s expected to give the country its first-ever female PM - and its farthest-right government since the fall of Mussolini. The vote is forecast to deliver victory to a coalition that includes two far-right forces, including the Fratelli d’Italia party of Giorgia Meloni, a once-marginal figure who vows to defend 'traditional' social values, close off pathways to undocumented immigrants and push back against the 'obscure bureaucrats' of Brussels

28 December 2022 senator and Auschwitz survivor Liliana Segre on fighting Italy’s fascists: 28 December 2022: Italian senator Liliana Segre who survived the Auschwitz concentration camp and this year found herself witnessing a far-right government take power again in Rome has said her 'personal nightmare' is that the Holocaust will all but vanish from history books. She was the only one of her relatives to survive the Holocaust, which killed six million Jews as part of Nazi Germany’s second world war campaign to obliterate the Jewish population in Europe. 'That the Holocaust could end up turning into just one line in the history books is my personal nightmare', Segre said in an interview with the Guardian. Segre was expelled from school in 1938 after Benito Mussolini, the Italian fascist dictator and Adolf Hitler ally, enacted anti-Jewish racial laws. Segre was 13 when, on 30 January 1944, she was arrested by Mussolini’s fascist police and deported, along with several other family members, to Auschwitz from Milan’s central train station. She was separated from her father, who was killed the next day. Her mother had died when she was a baby. Only 25 of the 776 Italian children sent to the concentration camp survived.

Social movements, trade unions, criticism and protests in Italy: Protests in Italy - Trade unions in Italy - Trade unions in Italy

2012: 22. März 2012: Proteste in italienischen Fabriken gegen Montis Arbeitsmarktreform - 23. März: Die italienische Regierung verabschiedet Arbeitsmarktreform bei anhaltenden gewerkschaftlichen Protesten - 13 April: Italians protest against pension reforms - 19. April: Tausende - Arbeitnehmer, Unternehmer, Gewerkschaftsaktivisten und Handwerker - haben sich in Italien an einem Fackelzug gegen die Selbstmordwelle als Folge der Wirtschaftskrise beteiligt - 16. Juni: Rund 200.000 Menschen haben nach Angaben der gewerkschaftlichen Organisatoren in Rom gegen die Sparpolitik protestiert - 27 October: Tens of thousands protest against austerity in Rome - 24 November: Thousands of students and teachers have marched through central Rome to protest against education spending cuts

2013: 19 May 2013: Thousands of Italians marched through Rome on Saturday to protest against austerity, with union leaders calling on the new government to focus on creating jobs - 2 June: A group of Italian factory workers who lost their jobs at an auto component maker due to the recession have taken over their disused factory near Milan and are planning to set up a recycling business - 22 June: Tens of thousands of people rallied in Rome calling on the government to do more to create new jobs and to boost the spending power of workers - 19 October: Thousands of people took to the streets of Rome for an anti-austerity protest, with a massive security presence in place amid - 16 November: Thousands protested in Naples over illegal waste dumps blamed on the mafia that generate toxic fumes

2014: 13 April 2014: An anti-austerity protest has turned violent when demonstrators threw bottles, eggs and firecrackers at police - 25 October 2014: About one million Italians took to the streets of Rome, calling for PM Renzi to boost employment and protect the rights of new entries to the job market

2015: 29 March: Tens of thousands marched through Rome against Renzi's labour reform - 19 October 2015: Thousands of people demonstrated in the capitals of France, Spain and Italy on Sunday in solidarity with Israel, as the wave of violence in Israel and the Palestinian territories continued unabated

2016: 27 septembre 2016: Le collectif NoGrandiNavi s'est mobilisé dimanche à Venise pour protester contre les passages de navires de croisière géants dans la lagune

October 2016: 22 octobre 2016: Environ 40'000 personnes ont manifesté samedi à Rome sous le slogan 'No Renzi' contre la politique du cabinet italien et contre le démantèlement des droits essentiels des travailleurs

2017: 24 August 2017: Italian police use water cannon and batons against refugees occupying Rome square

February 2018: 24 février 2018: L'Italie a été parcourue de manifestations politiques parfois tendues samedi, avec milliers de personnes réunis à Rome dans le calme pour dénoncer le fascisme

November/December 2018: 10 December 2018: After demonstrators in Rome protested against the 'Salvini decree’ in November, Italian priests have declared their willingness to 'open the church doors of every single parish' to people expelled from reception centres as Salvini's anti-immigration law threatens to make thousands homeless

February 2019: 10 February 2019: Tens of thousands of people have taken to the streets of Rome to protest the inequality, unemployment and racism under the government, which came to power last year

November 2019 Venetians protest over frequent flooding and the impact of giant cruise ships: 25 November 2019: Amid heavy rain thousands of Venetians have taken to the streets to protest over frequent flooding and the impact of giant cruise ships, answering the call of environmental groups and a collective opposed to the ships, as critics say the waves cruise ships create are eroding Venice’s foundations

March 2020 unions in Italy's Lombardy region announced strikes to protect the health of their workers: 23 March 2020: Unions in Italy's Lombardy region announced strikes to protect the health of their workers, saying a government decree temporarily shutting businesses due to the coronavirus emergency contained too many loopholes and exceptions

16 October 2021 tens of thousands of protesters have gathered in Rome to demonstrate against fascism: 16 October 2021: Tens of thousands of protesters have gathered in Rome to demonstrate against fascism, a week after the extremists forced their way into the headquarters of Italy’s oldest labour confederation, and as the head of the CGIL labour union, Maurizio Landini, led the protest on Saturday under the slogan 'Never again fascism'

Society, demographics, culture and human rights in Italy: Italian society

History of religion in Italy: History of religion in Italy

1593–1600 imprisonment, trial and execution of Giordano Bruno: Imprisonment, trial and execution of Giordano Bruno, 1593–1600

Since 1610 Galileo affair: Galileo Galilei affair beginning around 1610

September 2018: 22 September 2018: Galileo sought to pacify Church in early exchanges according to newly unearthed letter, which lay forgotten in Royal Society library for hundreds of years, revealing astronomer tried to soften position on bible-science clash to avoid angering Inquisition

1715-2015 trial and retrial of Maria Bertoletti Toldini, murdered by Italian judiciary: 16 October 2015: Maria Bertoletti Toldini, convicted of witchcraft and beheaded in Italy's Brentonico in 1716, to get retrial 300 years on in an attempt to come to grips with a brutal period in European history and strip it of its folkloric romanticism for tourists, depriving the victims of their humanity

April 2020 researchers say Vatican archives show pope Pius XII knew of WWII killing of Jews: 30 April 2020: Researchers studying the newly opened Vatican archives of pope Pius XII have already found evidence that the World War II-era pope knew about the mass killing of Jews from his own sources but kept it from the USA government, the Washington Post reported Wednesday, saying documents indicate pope was aware of massacre of Jews in Warsaw and Lviv from own sources, but denied it to Americans

August 2020 Vatican under Pope Pius XII hid Holocaust orphans from family: 29 August 2020: Vatican under Pope Pius XII hid Holocaust orphans from family, historian says

Human rights in Italy: Human rights in Italy

Since 1923 Italian war crimes: Since 1923 Italian war crimes have mainly been associated with Fascist Italy in the Pacification of Libya, the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, the Spanish Civil War, and World War II

September 2018: 12 September 2018: Italian actor Ottavia Piccolo was stopped by police at the Venice film festival for wearing a neck scarf associated with the anti-fascism group Anpi, raising questions in parliament over whether the far-right interior minister Matteo Salvini had issued orders against the group

Regions, provinces and cities of Italy: 20 regions of Italy, the first-level administrative divisions of Italy, of which five are constitutionally given a broader amount of autonomy granted by special statutes - 103 institutional bodies of second level in Italy, including 80 active provinces, two autonomous provinces, six free municipal consortia, 14 metropolitan cities, and Aosta Valley region

Cities in Italy: List of cities in Italy - List of metropolitan areas of Italy - Cities and towns in Italy by region - Cities and towns in Lombardy - Mediterranean port cities and towns in Italy

Aosta region: Aosta Valley region, a mountainous autonomous region in northwestern Italy. It is bordered by French Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the west, Switzerland's Valais to the north, and by Piedmontto the south and east. The regional capital is Aosta

Aosta city: Aosta city, the principal city of Aosta Valley bilingual region in the Italian Alps, 110 km north-northwest of Turin. It is situated near the Italian entrance of the Mont Blanc Tunnel, at the confluence of the Buthier and the Dora Baltea, and at the junction of the Great and Little St Bernard Pass routes

History and timeline of Aosta city settled in proto-historic times: History and timeline of Aosta city, that was settled in proto-historic times and later became a centre of the Salassi, many of whom were killed or sold into slavery by the Romans in 25 BC

Prehistoric and ancient remains of Aosta city dating to the Neolithic era: Prehistoric and ancient remains of Aosta city dating to the Neolithic era

Piedmont region: Piedmont region in northwest Italy, one of the 20 regions of the country. It borders the Liguria region to the south, the Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna regions to the east and the Aosta Valley region to the northwest, also bordering Switzerland to the northeast and France to the west. It has an area of 25,402 km2 making it the second largest region of Italy after Sicily, with a population of 4,269,714 citizens as of 31 January 2021, and as the capital of Piedmont is Turin

Turin city: Turin city, an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865. The city is mainly on the western bank of the Po River, below its Susa Valley, and is surrounded by the western Alpine arch and Superga Hill. The population of the city proper is 847,033 citizens in 2021, while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of 2.2 million

Timeline of Turin since 218 BC: Timeline of Turin since 218 BC

Lombardy region: Lombardy region, one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy, in the northwest of the country, with an area of 23,844 square kilometres. About 10 million people live in Lombardy, forming more than one-sixth of Italy's population, and more than a fifth of Italy's GDP is produced in the region, making it the most populous, richest and most productive region in the country

Milan city: Milan city in northern Italy and the capital of Lombardy, with a population of 1,372,810 inhabitants while its metropolitan area has a population of 3,242,820 and its continuously built-up urban area has a population estimated to be about 5,270,000 - History of Milan

Economy of Milan: Economy of Milan

Timeline of Milan: Timeline of Milan since antiquity

3rd–8th centuries in Milan: 3rd–8th centuries in Milan

April 387 in Milan Ambrose baptized Augustine and his son: 24–25 April 387 Ambrose baptized Augustine and his son Adeodatus in Milan on Easter Vigil, as in 388 Augustine completed his apology 'On the Holiness of the Catholic Church'

19th century in Milan: 19th century in Milan

March 1848 'Five Days of Milan' against Austria: March 1848 'Five Days of Milan' (Cinque giornate di Milano), an insurrection and a major event in the Revolutionary Year of 1848 that started the First Italian War of Independence, as the fighting drove Marshal Radetzky and his Austrian soldiers from the city

Unification process 1848–1870 of Italy's regione, cities and towns: Unification process 1848–1870 in and of Italian regione, as in impoverished Southern Italy a region named 'Il Mezzogiorno', severely divided between wealthy elites and impoverished workers, emerged

1922–1943 Mussolini' march on Rome, fascist regime, World War II: 1922–1943 Mussolini' march on Rome, fascist regime, World War II by 'Axis powers', Western Allies' invasion of Sicily in July 1943 leading to the collapse of the fascist regime, the fall of Mussolini, and 1943-45 civil war against now occupying NSDAP ruled German empire's forces and allies, including 'Field Marshal' Rommel's Army Group B, formed in northern Italy in July 1943 and tasked to secure Northern Italy after the overthrow of Mussolini, and to disarm the Italian Army, as Rommel ordered 'without sentimentalites' ('Irgendwelche sentimentalen Hemmungen des deutschen Soldaten gegenüber badogliohörigen Banden in der Uniform des ehemaligen Waffenkameraden sind völlig unangebracht. Wer von diesen gegen den deutschen Soldaten kämpft, hat jedes Anrecht auf Schonung verloren und ist mit der Härte zu behandeln, die dem Gesindel gebührt, das plötzlich seine Waffen gegen seinen Freund wendet. Diese Auffassung muss beschleunigt Allgemeingut aller deutschen Truppen werden', zitiert nach Februar 2019 Abschlußbericht 'Die Traditionswürdigkeit Erwin Rommels für die Bundeswehr' des Wissenschaftlichen Dienstes des Deutschen Bundestages

11 December 2019 solidarity for threatened Holocaust survivor: 11 December 2019: Holocaust survivor Liliana Segre, who has been put under police protection due to anti-Semitic threats, was escorted Tuesday evening through the center of Milan by hundreds of Italian mayors and thousands of ordinary citizens behind a banner reading 'Hatred has no future'

1 October 2021 protest against climate change and escalatiing climate crisis in Milano: 1 October 2021: Protest against climate change and escalatiing climate crisis in Milano

3 October 2021 in Milan plane crash eight dead as private jet hits building: 3 October 2021: A small private plane has crashed into an empty building in Milan, killing all 8 people on board, after the plane took off from Milan's Linate airport and was heading for the island of Sardinia, but came down soon after on the outskirts of the city

Monza city: Monza city and comune about 15 kilometres north-northeast of Milan on the tributary River Lambro of the Po in Italy's Lombardy region, with a population of 124,398 citizens in 2020, the capital of the Province of Monza and Brianza, the third-largest city of Lombardy and the most important economic, industrial and administrative centre of the Brianza area, supporting a textile industry and a publishing trade, and also hosting a Department of the University of Milan Bicocca

Since 1946 City Council elections and list of mayors of Monza: City Council elections and list of mayors of Monza in the Italian Republic since 1946

29th-21st centuries timeline of Monza: 29th-21st centuries history and timeline of Monza

3 September 1943 Armistice between the Kingdom of Italy and the Allies: 3 September 1943 Armistice between the Kingdom of Italy and the Allies during World War, but after this armistice the area was occupied by NSDAP ruled German empire

Since 8/12 September 1943 armistice and NSDAP ruled Germany's brutal response until 1945: L'8 settembre 1943, in occasione dell'armistizio, Gianni Citterio, con i membri del 'Fronte d'azione antifascista' e i rappresentanti dei partiti democratici, si rivolse alla cittadinanza dal balcone del Municipio, incitando i monzesi alla resistenza e alla lotta armata contro il fascismo e contro l'invasore tedesco. Pochi giorni dopo, il 12 settembre 1943, ebbe inizio l'occupazione nazista di Monza, le truppe della 'Wehrmacht' entrarono in città e insediarono il comando presso il macello comunale (tra via Mentana e via Buonarroti). Seguì una capillare occupazione della città con la complicità dei comandi fascisti locali, l'insediamento del comando di piazza nella casa del Fascio, di un presidio militare presso San Fruttuoso e del comando operativo delle SS per tutta l'Italia settentrionale ovest nelle ville attorno la Villa Reale. Nel corso dell'occupazione, dall'aprile 1944, si distinse per brutalità e torture l'Ufficio politico investigativo, istituito dai fascisti repubblichini in dipendenza della Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana con compiti di investigazione e repressione dei reati politici, di cui uno dei tre distaccamenti aveva sede in Monza. La repressione antipartigiana, in collaborazione coi tedeschi, fu portata avanti con interrogatori violenti e torture sistematiche nella Villa Reale e nelle adiacenti ville di via Tommaso Grossi, nel macello comunale, dirimpetto al carcere di via Mentana allora in uso, e nella Casa della GIL, oggi Urban Center[26][27]. Nel quadro della repressione fascista furono attive anche le Brigate Nere cittadine, con soprusi e requisizioni alla popolazione, e la "Banda Pennacchio", una banda di repressione aggregata al comando delle SS monzese. La mattina del 25 aprile 1945, con la città ancora sotto occupazione nazista e con un'ingente presenza fascista, mentre le brigate partigiane calavano da tutta la Brianza, i membri del CLN monzese cercarono un incontro con il comando tedesco per evitare scontri sanguinosi e rappresaglie sulla popolazione. Tale colloquio segnò anche l'ultima presenza documentata del sergente delle SS Siegfried Werning, criminale di guerra che farà perdere le proprie tracce. L'incontro, senza che si raggiungesse un accordo di resa, comportò una "tregua d'armi" dettata dallo stallo a partire dalle ore zero del 25 aprile stesso, per cui i tedeschi non interferirono con gli eventi dell'Insurrezione, riuscendo così a limitare gli scontri armati avvenuti in città tra il 25 e il 26 aprile 1945, che registrarono però alcune vittime civili.[28] Il 26 aprile si insediò il CLN in Municipio e venne nominato primo sindaco della Liberazione il socialista Enrico Farè, membro del CLN e già ultimo sindaco della città prima del Fascismo, che il 30 aprile nominò la giunta municipale. Il 29 aprile 1945 fecero il loro ingresso in città i militari americani della 1ª divisione corazzata, prendendo contatto, grazie alla mediazione dell'arciprete di Monza monsignor Giovanni Rigamonti, con le SS ancora asserragliate nel loro quartier generale e imponendogli la resa. Il 30 aprile 1945 i tedeschi lasciarono quindi la città

Since 1981/84 Chiesa di Santa Gemma in Monza: Since 1981/84 Chiesa di Santa Gemma in Monza - Family church services and separated mother-small child rooms in Italy

1987 German choir welcomed in Monza: 1987 Marienkantorei Lemgo's concert tour to Milano and Monza

Since 1998 University of Milano-Bicocca located in Milan and Monza; Since 1998 University of Milano-Bicocca located in Milan and Monza

Cremona city: Cremona city and comune in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po river in the middle of the Po Valley, the 'Pianura Padana'. It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local city and province governments. The city of Cremona is especially noted for its musical history and traditions, including some of the earliest and most renowned luthiers, such as Giuseppe Guarneri, Antonio Stradivari, Francesco Rugeri, Vincenzo Rugeri, and several members of the Amati family

History of Cremona city: History of Cremona city, as Cremona is first mentioned in history as a settlement of the Cenomani, a Celtic tribe that arrived in the Po valley around 400 BC. However, the name Cremona most likely dates back to earlier settlers and puzzled the ancients, who gave many fanciful interpretation.

Economy of Cremona city: Economy of Cremona city, deeply linked to the agricultural production of the countryside. Food industries include salted meat, sweets (torrone), vegetable oils, grana padano, provolone and 'mostarda' (candied fruit in spicy mustard-flavored syrup, served with meats and cheese). Heavy industries include steel, oil and one electric plant. The river-port is a base for the barges transporting goods along the Po river.

Timeline of Cremona city: Timeline of Cremona city since 218 BCE, as Cremona becomes part of the Roman Republic

Since 1893 'Museo del Violino': Since 1893 'Museo del Violino', a musical instrument museum located in Cremona. The museum is best known for its collection of stringed instruments that includes violins, violas, cellos and double basses crafted by renowned luthiers, including Antonio Stradivari and Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù.

21st century timeline of Cremona city: 21st century timeline of Cremona city

4 luglio 2023 Casa Stradivari riapre al pubblico: 4 luglio 2023 'Casa Stradivari' di corso Garibaldi riapre come centro di promozione culturale - Video - 4 luglio 2023: Casa Stradivari riapre a Cremona grazie a un violinista napoletano. Una data non scelta a caso perché fu proprio in questo stesso giorno nel 1667 che il più geniale liutaio di tutti i tempi fece il suo ingresso in quella che sarà la sua prima dimora nuziale e il suo primo atelier.

Trentino-Alto Adige: Trentino-Alto Adige, an autonomous region of Italy in its northern part, as the region has a population of 1.1 million, of which 62% speak Italian as their mother tongue, 30% speak German dialects and several foreign languages are spoken by the local immigrant communities, as since the 1970s, most legislative and administrative powers have been transferred to the two self-governing provinces that make up the region: the Province of Trento, commonly known as Trentino, and the Province of Bolzano, commonly known as South Tyrol (Alto Adige in Italian

Landforms of Trentino-Alto Adige and mountain ranges: Landforms of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol - Mountain ranges of Trentino and South Tyrol - The Dolomites, a mountain range in northeastern Italy extending from the River Adige in the west to the 'Pieve di Cadore' in the east. The northern and southern borders are defined by the Puster Valley and the 'Valsugana'. The Dolomites are located in the regions of Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige and Friuli Venezia Giulia

3 July 2022 serac collapsed on the mountain of Marmolada: On 3 July 2022 a serac collapsed on the mountain of Marmolada, 7 people were killed, 8 were wounded and 13 others are missing, as the large-scale demolition of a glacier led to one of the most serious accidents in the Alps in recent decades, after a massive avalanche was triggered by a serac that collapsed due to the high temperatures. Prior to the collapse the area saw an early heat wave, with the area having recorded temperatures of around 10° C which was seen as abnormal.

4 July 2022 rescuers search for survivors after the collapse of Marmolada glacier and record high temperature: 4 July 2022: Rescuers continue to search for survivors after the collapse of the Marmolada glacier in the Italian Alps killed at least six people and injured nine others, as 16 people were estimated to still be missing on Monday as authorities said they did not know the total number of climbers hit when the glacier collapsed in the Italian Dolomites. The avalanche is thought to have swept away two rope teams of six people each, plus their guides. The disaster struck one day after a record high temperature of 10 degrees Celsius was recorded at the glacier’s summit

Lake Garda: Lake Garda in northern Italy, about halfway between Brescia and Verona, and between Venice and Milan on the edge of the Dolomites. Glaciers formed this alpine region at the end of the last ice age. The lake and its shoreline are divided between the provinces of Brescia (to the south-west), Verona (south-east) and Trentino (north)

17 August 2022 Lake Garda as parts of northern Italy are experiencing their worst drought in 70 years: 17 August 2022: Lake Garda, Italy's largest lake and a popular tourist destination, has been severely affected by hot temperatures and a lack of significant rainfall for months, as parts of northern Italy are experiencing their worst drought in 70 years

History of Trentino: History of Trentino begins in the mid-Stone Age and continues to the present day when Trentino is part of the Italian Republic, including parts of a historical region in the Eastern Alps, divided sfter WWI and since 1919 into Western Austria and Northern Italy

Elections in Trentino-Alto Adige: Elections in Trentino-Alto Adige Elections in Trentino-Alto Adige

2018 Italian general election in Trentino-Alto Adige won by centre-left coalition: 2018 Italian general election in Trentino-Alto Adige, as centre-left coalition won 43.4% of the vote

Trento city: Trento city on the Adige River in Trentino-Alto Adige, the capital of the autonomous province of Trento, after German and Austro-Hungarian empires' 1914-1918 World War I joining Italy in 1919, as in the 21st century - with 120,709 inhabitants in Trento - it is the third largest city in the Alps and second largest in the region

Politics of Trento and political parties: Politics of Trento - Political parties in Trentino-Alto Adige, including Democratic Party Italy since 2007 and Young Democrats since 2008

'Mayors of Trento' and September 2020 elections: List of mayors of Trento, as 'Mayor of Trento' is an elected politician who, along with the Trento's City Council, is accountable for the strategic government of Trento in Trentino-Alto Adige, the capital city of the region, as the current Mayor is the centre-left independent Franco Ianeselli, elected in September 2020, after he was from 2015 to 2020 the general secretary of CGIL of Trentino

Since 1946 list of mayors of Trento in the Italian Republic: Since 1946 list of mayors of Trento

Demographics of Trento: Demographics of Trento

Economy of Trento: Economy of Trento, as the city owes much of its unique economy to its position along the main communication route between Italy and Northern Europe and to the Adige river, formerly a navigable river and one of the main commercial routes in the Alps, as the original course of the river is now covered by the Via Torre Vanga, Via Torre Verde and the Via Alessandro Manzoni, but logistics and road transportation developed. As late as World War II, Trento depended on wine-making and silk. The manufacturing industry installed in the post-war period has been mostly dismantled, and today, Trento thrives on commerce, services, tourism, high-quality agriculture and food industry (including wine, fruit), and developed research and conference institutions thanks to a small but renowned university and internationally renowned research centers

Transport in Trento and Trentino: Transport in Trento and Trentino

Timeline of Trento since 49 BCE: Timeline of Trento since 49 BCE

Timeline of Trento prior to 19th century: Timeline of Trento prior to 19th century

20th century timeline of Trento: 20th century timeline of Trento

21st century timeline of Trento: 21st century timeline of Trento

23 September 2020 trade unionist and politician Franco Ianeselli took office of mayor: 23 September 2020 Italian trade unionist and politician Franco Ianeselli took office after he was elected Mayor of Trento with a centre-left coalition on 23 September 2020 in the 2020 Italian local elections

Bolzano city: Bolzano city, the capital of the province of South Tyrol in northern Italy, with a population of 108,245 citizens, as its greater metro area has about 250,000 inhabitants and is one of the urban centers within the Alps

History of Bolzano: History of Bolzano

12 May 2019 history of Italian Bolzano: 12 May 2019 history of Italian Bolzano in the 'Alto Adige', by B. D'Ambrosio for the 'Istituto di Geografia' of the University of Genova

Mayors of Bolzano since Italian Republic 1948: List of mayors of Bolzano since Italian Republic 1948

Economy of Bolzano: Economy of Bolzano

Timeline of Bolzano since 14 BC: Timeline of Bolzano documented since 14 BC

Timeline of Bolzano prior to 20th century: Prior to 20th century timeline of Bolzano

20th century timeline of Bolzano: 20th century timeline of Bolzano

21st century timeline of Bolzano: 21st century timeline of Bolzano

Since May 2008 'Museion', the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art: Since May 2008 'Museion', the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Bozen in Italy's South Tyrol - Exhibitions, programs and events

December 2013 planning to launch his own team double world champion Paolo Bettini quits as Italy’s national coach: December 2013: Double world champion Paolo Bettini quits as Italy’s national coach in talks with team of Fernando Alonso, planning to launch his team for the 2015 season - 23. März 2012: Paolo Bettini hat vor einem Gericht im norditalienischen Bozen einen Verleumdungsprozess gegen das ZDF gewonnen, nachdem das Bozener Gericht festgestellt hatte, daß der ZDF Bericht 'falsch und diffamierend' gewesen sei. Das Gericht verurteilte das ZDF außerdem zu einem Schadensersatz.

27 October 2013 'Trentino-Alto Adige' provincial elections: 27 ottobre 2013 elezioni regionali in Trentino-Alto Adige (Provincia autonoma di Trento, Provincia autonoma di Bolzano) - 27 October 2013 'Trentino-Alto Adige' provincial elections

21 October 2018 'Trentino-Alto Adige' provincial elections: 21 ottobre 2018 elezioni regionali in Trentino-Alto Adige (Provincia autonoma di Trento, Provincia autonoma di Bolzano)

October 2023 'Trentino-Alto Adige' provincial elections: October 2023 'Trentino-Alto Adige' provincial elections

Venice city: Venice city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region, situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges, in 2018 260,897 people resided in Comune di Venezia, of whom around 55,000 live in the historical city of Venice - History of the Republic of Venice

Economy of Venice: Economy of Venice, today mainly based on tourism, shipbuilding (mainly in Mestre and Porto Marghera), services, trade, and industrial exports

Timeline of Venice: Timeline of Venice since antiquity, empires and war, republic and world trade power, wars, empires, republic, wars, kingdom, wars and Italian empire, and city of the Italian republic since World War II and EU

5th-8th centuries timeline of the Republic of Venice: 5th-8th centuries timeline of the Republic of Venice

8th century Venice's opposition against Byzantine Empire and 'Concio': In 726 first historical Venetian doge Ursus led a revolt against the Byzantine Empire was soon recognised as the first historical doge of Venice by imperial forces, then the Byzantine office of 'magister militum' - stratelates in Greek - was restored for a time until Ursus' son Deusdedit was elected duke in 742 and Byzantine administration in Italy collapsed in 751 - 742 'Concio' (assembly) in the Republic of Venice, the general assembly of freemen (citizens and patricians) from which the Doge was elected, in use between the years 742 and 1423 before it lost its function when the Serrata del Maggior Consiglio passed power into the hands of the aristocratic class interior

Middle Ages Via de Zenta connecting the Adriatic with the Balkan: Middle Ages Via de Zenta, a medieval road connecting the Adriatic with the medieval Serbian state, as Venetian traders were the most frequent users of the road for export of wheat, animals, silver and grape from Serbia and Bulgaria to Italy, among the most important communication links of Ragusa and its hinterland

Since 1092 St Mark's Basilica: Since 1092 St Mark's Basilica, the most famous of Venice's churches and one of the best known examples of Italo-Byzantine architecture located at the eastern end of the Piazza San Marco, adjacent and connected to the Doge's Palace

1157-1797 'Bank of Venice': Since 1157 'Bank of Venice', the first national bank to have been established within the boundaries of Europe in Venice with guarantee from the State first due to the commercial agency of the Venetians acting in the interest of the Crusaders of Pope Urban II, but the reason is given elsewhere as due to costs of the expansion of the empire under Doge Vitale, and to relieve the subsequent financial burden on the republic needing 'a forced loan' by the created Chamber of Loans with loans repayment at 4% interest that continued until the bank was caused to cease to operate during the French invasion of 1797

Since 1172 elections, Great Council of Venice, committee of 40/41 and doge: Selection and then election of the Doge, as tendency toward a hereditary monarchy was checked by a law that decreed that no doge had the right to associate any member of his family with himself in his office, nor to name his successor, and after 1172 the election of the doge was entrusted to a committee of 40/41, who were chosen by four men selected from the Great Council of Venice, which was itself nominated annually by twelve persons - 1172-1797 'Great Council of Venice', a political organ of the Republic of Venice that met in a special large hall of the Palazzo Ducale, as participation in the Great Council was established on hereditary right, exclusive to the patrician families enrolled in the Golden Book of the Venetian nobility, and as the Great Council had the power to create laws and elected the Council of Ten - Since 1179 'Council of Forty' (the Supreme Court of Forty also known as 'The Quarantia'), one of the highest constitutional bodies of the Republic of Venice, with both legal and political functions as the Supreme Court, established as part of the constitutional reforms that transformed the monarchy into a communal form, as an assembly of forty electors were elected in their turn by nine electors who were nominated by the popular assembly 'La Concio'

1172-1797 Government of the Republic of Venice: 1172-1797 Government of the Republic of Venice - 'Signoria of Venice', the supreme body of government of the Republic of Venice replacing the older 'Commune of Venice' from 1423 on, being later officially adopted in the 'Promissione Ducale' by Cristoforo Moro in 1462

13th-15th centuries Venice world trade power and shipbuilding: 13.-15. Jahrhundert Venedig als Welthandelsmacht, Handelsstrukturen, Gesellschaftsformen, Kredit, und dann Überseehandel, Konvois für Luxusgüter und Massengüter, während das Holz zum Schiffbau aus dem Cadore, aus Trentino und Tirol stammte, ebenso von Istrien

1268-1797 new regulations for the elections of the doge: In 1268 new regulations for the elections of the doge introduced remained in force until the end of the republic in 1797, as their intention was to minimize the influence of individual great families

August 1289 under pressure by the Pope Venice's Council voted to admit the papal inquisition: On 12 August 1289, under pressure exerted by Pope Nicholas IV, the Great Council voted to admit the papal inquisition into Venice's territories

1447-1517 Luca Pacioli's work on the double-entry system of book-keeping, modern transparency: 1447-1517 Luca Pacioli, an early contributor to the field now known as accounting, referred to as 'The Father of Accounting and Bookkeeping' in Europe and the second person to publish a work on the double-entry system of book-keeping on the continent, revolutionizing how businesses oversaw their operations, enabling improved efficiency and profitability - 22 June 2020 Luca Pacioli's 'Summa de arithmetica' and 'Divina proportione' can be viewed online using interactive tool developed by the British Library, also opening CAEW Library's rare book collection

Since 16th century Venice economically relied upon the Jewish community operating banks: Venice economically relied upon the Jewish community, as the Germanic-Italian Jews, largely Italian-born but of German descent, operated the banks in the 1516 founded Ghetto that provided low-interest loans to the poor, whereas the Sephardi Jews maintained important commercial contacts throughout the Mediterranean, particularly within the Ottoman Empire, and with large amounts of liquid capital, the Jews also contributed financially through taxes and forced loans to the government and therefore only 5% of the cases processed by the Venetian Holy Office in the 16th/17th centuries involve the Jewish community, mostly Marrano Jews and Judaizers

Since 1508 economic crises in Venice, wars and decline following the colonization of the Americas: Seit 1500 (nach Beginn der Kolonisierung Amerikas) Land- und Seekriege, ökonomische Krisen beginnend mit der Krise in Venedig von 1508 bis 1517, neue Konkurrenten um die Dominanz im Seehandel, und 1571–1700 Verlust der Kolonien Venedigs - 1508-1516 War of the League of Cambrai, involving the Kingdom of England (later British empire), against the Republic of Venice - Until 1559 the Great Wars of Italy (and on Italian territory), a long series of wars fought during the Renaissance, as the Kingdom of England (English military leader Duke of Suffolk and brother-in-law to murderous King Henry VIII) sided with the Ottoman Empire

16th/17th centuries 'witchcraft' and censorship in Venice and inquisition: 16th/17th centuries 'witchcraft' and censorship in Venice and inquisition, as in the 16th century Venice had become Italy's largest centre for printing, with a production of 8,150 titles between 1550 and 1599, and as despite repercussions for an important sector of the economy 10% of the cases before the Venetian Holy Office concerned the production, distribution, or possession of prohibited books

16th/17th centuries Venetian School of composition and St Mark's Basilica: 1613 Claudio Monteverdi becomes maestro di cappella of St Mark's Basilica - Until 1612 Italian composer Giovanni Gabrieli, an influential musician representing the culmination of the style of the Venetian School

Since 1346 Ospedale della Pietà: Since 1346 Ospedale della Pietà, a convent, orphanage, and music school in Venice after nuns established this charitable institution for orphans and abandoned girls - like other Venetian ospedali first established as a hospice for the needy and as infants could be left at the Pietà via the 'scaffetta' window only large enough to admit infants -, as by the 17th and 18th centuries the Pietà - along with the three other charitable Ospedali Grandi - was well known for its all-female musical ensembles that attracted tourists and patrons from around Europe

1 September 1610 Claudio Monteverdi's evening vespers on Marian feasts: Since 1 September 1610 Vespro della Beata Vergine, SV 206, is a musical setting by Claudio Monteverdi of the evening vespers on Marian feasts, scored for soloists, choirs, and orchestra

1678-1741 composer, violinist and teacher Antonio Vivaldi in Venice: 1678-1741 composer, virtuoso violinist, teacher, and impresario Antonio Vivaldi, born in the Venetian Republic, as many of his compositions were written for the music ensemble of the Ospedale della Pietà, a home for abandoned children, as Vivaldi had worked there as a Catholic priest for 18 months, and then was employed there as a music teacher 1703-1715 and 1723-1740, as Vivaldi also had some success with expensive stagings of his operas in Venice, Mantua and Vienna, and as - after meeting the Emperor Charles VI - Vivaldi moved to Vienna, hoping for royal support, but the Emperor died soon after Vivaldi's arrival, and Vivaldi himself died in poverty less than a year later

1696-1782 Anna Maria della Pietà, an Italian violinist, composer and teacher in the Ospedale della Pietà 1696-1782 Anna Maria dal Violin, eine italienische Geigerin und Violinpädagogin, die zunächst Schülerin von Antonio Vivaldi am Ospedale della Pietà und dann seine Kollegin war. Als Violinsolistin gehörte es zu ihren Aufgaben, an Samstagen und Sonntagen in den weithin bekannten Kirchenkonzerten der Ospedali Venedigs aufzutreten.

October 1797 Republic of Venice partitioned by Austria and France: October 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio by representatives of the French Republic and the Austrian monarchy, as the treaty meant the definitive end to the ancient Republic of Venice, which was disbanded and partitioned by the French and the Austrians, Austrians in power

19th century Venice: 19th century Venice

Since 1842 Milan–Venice railway: Since 1842 Milan–Venice railway

1848/1849 Republic of San Marco and long Austrian siege: 1848/1849 Republic of San Marco or the Venetian Republic, an Italian revolutionary state for 17 months based on the Venetian Lagoon and extending into most of Venetia, later joining the Kingdom of Sardinia in an attempt to unite northern Italy against foreign - mainly Austrian but also French - domination, but the First Italian War of Independence ended in the defeat of Sardinia, and Austrian forces reconquered the Republic of San Marco in August 1849 following a long siege

July 1859 Venice becomes part of the Italian confederation of Austria: April-July 1859 Second Italian War of Independence, that played a crucial part in the process of Italian Unification, as Venice in July becomes part of the Italian confederation of Austria, per Treaty of Villafranca

1866 Venice becomes part of the Kingdom of Italy per Treaty of Vienna: 1866 Venice becomes part of the Kingdom of Italy per Treaty of Vienna

20th/21st centuries in Venice: 20th/21st centuries in Venice

January 2019 Venice battles with tourism and flooding: 6 January 2019: Venice's battles with tourism and flooding reach crisis level

June 2019 calls for cruise ship ban: 2 juin 2919: Un bateau de croisière hors de contrôle, qui appartient à une compagnie internationale enregistrée en Suisse et basée à Gênes, a heurté une station d'amarrage, puis un bateau de tourisme en faisant deux blessés légers, et a semé la panique à Venise - 2 June 2019: Venice crash reignites calls for cruise ship ban - 8 juin 2019: Plusieurs milliers de personnes ont manifesté samedi à Venise pour demander l'interdiction du passage des grands navires dans la célèbre lagune, après l'accident entre un paquebot de croisière et un bateau il y a une semaine

November 2019 Venice tide: 13 November 2019: Venice devastated by second highest tide in history, linked to climate change

Friuli Venezia Giulia region: Friuli Venezia Giulia region, one of the 20 regions of Italy, and one of five autonomous regions with special statute. The regional capital is Trieste

Trieste city and seaport: Trieste city and seaport in northeastern Italy, located towards the end of a narrow strip of Italian territory lying between the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia, approximately 10–15 km southeast of the city. Croatia is some 30km to the south. Trieste is at the head of the Gulf of Trieste and has a long coastline, is surrounded by grassland, forest, karstic areas and has free sea access in Barcola. The city enjoys a subtropical climate, rare for its relatively high latitude, due to marine breezes. In 2018, it had a population of about 205,000 citizens and is the capital of the autonomous region Friuli Venezia Giulia

Timeline of Trieste since 79 CE: Timeline of Trieste since 79 CE

Since 1236 history of the Jews in Trieste: History of the Jews in Trieste goes back over 800 years

Since 1846 natural history museum in Trieste: Since 1846 'Civico Museo di Storia Naturale di Trieste', a natural history museum in Trieste, containing several collections, including more than two millions botanical, zoological, mineralogical, geological, and paleontological specimens

Since 1857 Austrian Southern Railway linking Vienna with Trieste: Since 1857 Austrian Southern Railway linking the capital Vienna with Trieste, former main seaport of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, by railway for the first time. It now forms the Southern Railway in Austria and the Spielfeld-Straß–Trieste railway in Slovenia and Italy

20th century Trieste: 20th century Trieste

Since 1912 Synagogue of Trieste: Since 1912 Synagogue of Trieste

1919 Italy gains Trieste from Austria-Hungary under the post WWI peace treaties: 1919 Italy gains Trentino, South Tyrol, and Trieste from Austria-Hungary under the post WWI peace treaties, 1922 fascist leader Benito Mussolini forms government after three years of political and economic unrest, then establishes authoritarian system, 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia, 1936 duce Benito Mussolini forms an alliance with NSDAP ruled German empire and its dictator Hitler, 1945 Benito Mussolini, who had been rescued from prison by German SS, is captured and executed by Italian partisans

1 May 1945 Trieste city taken by Yugoslav forces: 1 May 1945 Trieste city taken by Yugoslav forces

21st century Trieste: 21st century Trieste

Liguria region: Liguria region of north-western Italy with its capital Genoa city and seaport. Its territory is crossed by the Alps and the Apennines mountain range and is roughly coextensive with the former territory of the Republic of Genoa. Liguria is bordered by France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) to the west, Piedmont to the north, and Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany to the east. It lies on the Ligurian Sea, and has a population of 1,557,533 citizens

Genoa city: Genoa city, the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian census, the Province of Genoa, which in 2015 became the Metropolitan City of Genoa, had 855,834 resident persons. Over 1.5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera

Economy of the Genoa metropolitan area: Economy of the Genoa metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $30.1 billion in 2011, or $33,003 per capita, as Ligurian agriculture has increased its specialisation pattern in high-quality products (flowers, wine, olive oil) and has thus managed to maintain the gross value-added per worker at a level much higher than the national average

Timeline of Genoa since 209 BC: Timeline of Genoa since 209 BC

21st century Genoa: 21st century Genoa

Emilia-Romagna region: Emilia-Romagna region, one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy, situated in the northeast section of the country, comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna. Its capital is Bologna. It has an area of 22,446 km2, and about 4.4 million inhabitants

Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna: Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna - Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Bologna - Marzabotto town and comune in Italian region Emilia-Romagna, part of the Metropolitan City of Bologna and located 27 kilometres south-southwest of Bologna in the valley of the Reno, as the area includes the site of an ancient Etruscan city and also the place of a modern massacre that took place there during German empire's World War II in 1944

20th/21st centuries history of Emilia-Romagna region and timeline: 20th and 21st centuries history of Emilia-Romagna region and timeline

July 1914 Italy neutral, 1914/1915 central powers aggressions, April/May 1915 'Treaty of London' and Italian entry against aggressors: When World War I began in July 1914, Italy was a partner in the Triple Alliance with German empire and Austria-Hungary but decided to remain neutral, as a strong sentiment existed within the general population and political factions to go to war against Austria-Hungary, as the liberation of regions in the Alps eastward to Trieste at the northern end of the Adriatic Sea was a primary goal and would 'liberate' Italian speaking populations from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, while uniting them with their cultural homeland, after during the immediate pre-war years, Italy started aligning itself closer to the Entente powers, France and Great Britain, for military and economic support. In April 1915 - amid first attacks of 'Central Powers' chemical warfare in Belgium/France - Italy negotiated the secret Pact of London by which Great Britain and France promised to support Italy annexing the frontier lands in return for entering the war on the Entente side. On May 3, Italy resigned from the Triple Alliance and later declared war against Austria-Hungary, as at the beginning of this period of war against 'Central Powers' aggressions since July 1914, the Italian army boasted less than 300,000 men, but mobilization greatly increased its size to more than 5 million by the war’s end in November 1918. Approximately 460,000 were killed and 955,000 were wounded in the conflict, in its final period involving later German empire's 'Field Marshall' Erwin Rommel with war crimes (chemical warfare) - June 1915 Isonzo front, with the dream of breaking over the Karst Plateau into the Carniolan Basin, taking Ljubljana and threatening the Austro-Hungarian Empire's capital Vienna. It was a Napoleonic plan, which had no realistic chance of success in an age of barbed wire, machine guns, indirect artillery fire, chemical warfare, submarine warfare, tanks and warplanes, and more in the 20th century, until 3 November 1918 armistice of 'Villa Giusti' outside Padua in the Veneto - October-November 1918 Battle of Vittorio Veneto - after during the Battle of Caporetto October-November 1917 the Italian Army suffered over 300,000 casualties (dead, injured and captured), was forced to withdraw, causing the replacement of the Italian Supreme Commander Luigi Cadorna with General Armando Diaz - marking the end of the war on the Italian Front, securing the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and contributing to the end of WWI just one week later - 26 April 1915 'Treaty of London' between the UK, France, Russia, and Italy with the aim of enticing Italy to enter WWI on the side of the Triple Entente, as the agreement involved promises of Italian territorial expansion against Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and in Africa

>1919-1920 economic and political crisis, intense social conflict, unrest in Italy: Following German and Austro-Hungarian empires' World War I 1914-1918, Italy's two-year period between 1919 and 1920 of economic and political crisis and intense social conflict, with mass strikes, worker manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and factory occupations, as this period of post-war crisis, unemployment and unrest was followed by the violent reaction of militias and eventually by the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini in 1922 - 1918-1921 Italian factory occupations and Biennio Rosso, including mass factory occupations of 1920 where half a million workers ran their workplaces for themselves - Revolutions of 1917–1923

September 1943 - May 1945 Italian partisan brigades: Italian partisan brigades were armed formations involved in the Italian resistance during the World War II, formed on voluntary base by irregular soldiers and sometimes were organized by former army members who served in the Italian occupied territories. Those formations had been active between the 8 September 1943 (with the Badoglio Proclamation) and the end of the war on 6 May 1945

September-October 1944 German empire's Waffen SS 'Marzabotto massacre': September-October 1944 'Marzabotto massacre' (the massacre of Monte Sole), a World War II war crime consisting of the mass murder of at least 770 civilians by NSDAP ruled German empire's troops, which took place in the territory around the small village of Marzabotto, in the mountainous area south of Bologna. It was the largest massacre of civilians committed by the Waffen SS in Western Europe during the war. It is also the deadliest mass shooting in the history of Italy.

1943-1945 partisan formations in the mountains of centre-north Italy: List of Division and Brigade Commands of partisan formations which operated in the mountains of centre-north Italy in April 1945, classified by partisan and historian Roberto Battaglia

Since 1943 Italian women in the Resistance against German/Italian WWII and the libaration of northern Italy: After in summer 1943 Italy became a nation in growing crisis with the economy in shambles in a state of semi-starvation and chaos, Italians now longed for the liberation from the German NSDAP-SS/Italian fascist yoke. In September the first the first partisan bands were formed. From June-August 1944 alone, according to the German high command, the partisans killed some 5,000 of their soldiers and wounded thousands more. In late August in regions of Emilia-Romagna, Lombardy and Piedmont underground forces began activities to coincide with the Allied offensive and to the partisans it seemed that the liberation of northern Italy was imminent. In Bologna partisan Clarice Boniburini promoted to the rank of a lieutenant and was only one ot thousands of women who had become a vital force in the resistance, as the total number of partisans had grown to nearly 200,000

January 2007 after 60 years Italy sentenced 10 former German SS members to life imprisonment for their role in the worst WWII massacre on Italian soil: 13 January 2007: 60 years after the war crime Italy has sentenced 10 former members of the Nazi SS to life imprisonment for their role in the worst World War II massacre on Italian soil, as several hundred people were killed in 1944 around the town of Marzabotto, near Bologna, by retreating Nazis, as most of those who died were women, children and the elderly, and as the trials and convictions of the former Nazis, most of them living in Germany, remain largely symbolic, correspondents say, given the length of time needed for extradition

May 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods, Italy’s worst flooding for 100 years: May 2023 Emilia-Romagna floods, a series of floods in and around the cities of Bologna, Cesena, Forlì, Ravenna and Rimini, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The first floods occurred between 2 and 3 May 2023, killing two people. The same amount of rain which usually falls in seven months fell in two weeks, causing the overflow of twenty-three rivers across the region. - 18 May 2023: The floods in the northern Emilia-Romagna region have claimed 13 lives as of Thursday evening. An estimated 20,000 have been left homeless in a disaster that caused 23 rivers to burst their banks and 280 landslides, engulfing 41 cities and towns. Older and disabled people were trapped in their homes as rescuers worked under pounding rain throughout the night to save people in the most catastrophic flooding to affect Italy in 100 years.

Bologna city: Bologna city, the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy with about 390,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Its metropolitan area is home to more than 1,000,000 people

Economy of Bologna city and region: Economy of Bologna city, as in terms of total GDP, the Metropolitan City of Bologna generated a value of about €35 billion in 2017, equivalent to €34,251 per capita, the third highest figure among Italian provinces (after Milan and Bolzano/Bozen), as the economy of Bologna is characterized by a flourishing industrial sector, traditionally centered on the transformation of agricultural and zootechnical products (Eridania, Granarolo, Segafredo Zanetti, Conserve Italia), machinery (Coesia, IMA, Sacmi), construction equipment (Maccaferri); energy (Hera Group), automotive (Ducati, Lamborghini), footwear, textile, engineering, chemical, printing and publishing (Cappelli, il Mulino, Monrif Group, Zanichelli). In particular, Bologna is considered the centre of the so-called 'packaging valley', an area well known for its high concentration of firms specialised in the manufacturing of automatic packaging machines (COESIA, IMA), and furthermore, Bologna is well known for its dense network of cooperatives, a feature that dates back to the social struggles of farmers and workers in the 1800s and that today produces up to a third of its GDP and occupies 265 thousand people in the Emilia-Romagna region

Timeline of Bologna since at least 1,000 BCE: Timeline of Bologna since at least 1,000 BCE and first settlements

189 BCE Bologna town becomes a Roman colony: 189 BCE Bologna town becomes a Roman colony

April 1945 Battle of Bologna during NSDAP ruled German empire's WWII: April 1945 Battle of Bologna during NSDAP ruled German empire's (previous Axis alliance with fascist Italisan empire) Second World War, as part of the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy. The Allied forces were victorious, with the Polish II Corps and supporting Allied units capturing the city on 21 April

2 August 1980 Bologna massacre, terrorist bombing of the Bologna Centrale railway station: 2 August 1980 Bologna massacre, a terrorist bombing of the Bologna Centrale railway station on the morning of 2 August 1980, which killed 85 people and wounded over 200. Several members of the neo-fascist terrorist organization Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari NAR (Armed Revolutionary Nuclei) were sentenced for the bombing

Since 2004 'Museo internazionale e biblioteca della musica' music museum and music library in Bologna: Since 2004 'Museo internazionale e biblioteca della musica', a music museum and music library in the Palazzo Aldini Sanguinetti, in the historic center of Bologna, including a collection of musical instruments

June 2016 2016 Bologna municipal election: June 2016 2016 Bologna municipal election

Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Bologna: Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Bologna

Marzabotto town in the Metropolitan City of Bologna: Marzabotto town and comune in Italian region Emilia-Romagna, part of the Metropolitan City of Bologna and located 27 kilometres south-southwest of Bologna in the valley of the Reno, as the area includes the site of an ancient Etruscan city and also the place of a modern massacre that took place there during German empire's World War II in 1944

January 2007 after 60 years Italy sentenced 10 former German SS members to life imprisonment for WWII massacre in Marzabotto: 13 January 2007: 60 years after the war crime Italy has sentenced 10 former members of the Nazi SS to life imprisonment for their role in the worst World War II massacre on Italian soil, as several hundred people were killed in 1944 around the town of Marzabotto, near Bologna, by retreating Nazis, as most of those who died were women, children and the elderly, and as the trials and convictions of the former Nazis, most of them living in Germany, remain largely symbolic, correspondents say, given the length of time needed for extradition

Tuscany region: Tuscany region, a region in central Italy with an area of about 23,000 square kilometres and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence (Firenze). Tuscany is known for its landscapes, history, artistic legacy, and its influence on high culture. It is regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and has been home to many figures influential in the history of art and science, and contains well-known museums such as the Uffizi and the Palazzo Pitti

Provinces of Tuscany: Provinces of Tuscany - Frazioni of the Province of Lucca

Province of Lucca in the Tuscany region: Province of Lucca in the Tuscany region of Italy, as its capital is the city of Lucca - Lucca city and comune in Tuscany, on the Serchio River in a fertile plain near the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital of the Province of Lucca

Sant'Anna di Stazzema village in Tuscany: Sant'Anna di Stazzema, a village in Tuscany in central Italy and a frazione of the comune of Stazzema, in the province of Lucca

Timeline and history of Tuscany in the Italian Republic: Timeline and history of Tuscany in the Italian Republic

August 1944 German war crime Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre: 12 August 1944 Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre, a German war crime committed in the hill village of Sant'Anna di Stazzema in Tuscany, as in the course of an operation against the Italian resistance movement during the Italian Campaign of World War II the Waffen-SS, with the help of the Brigate Nere, murdered about 560 local villagers and refugees, including more than a hundred children, and burned their bodies. These crimes have been defined as voluntary and organized acts of terrorism by the Military Tribunal of La Spezia and the highest Italian court of appeal

21st century aftermath of Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre: Aftermath of Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre, as the Historical Museum of Resistance and the National Park of Peace monument in 2007 were both built nearby, as stations of the Cross illustrate scenes from the massacre along the trail from the church to the main memorial site, the National Park of Peace founded in 2000

21st century apart from commander Max Simon no one was prosecuted for Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre, then only sentenced in absentia: Apart from the divisional commander Max Simon, pardoned in 1954, no one was prosecuted for Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre until July 2004, when a trial of ten former Waffen-SS officers and NCOs living in Germany was held before a military court in La Spezia, Italy. On 22 June 2005, the court found the accused guilty of participation in the killings and sentenced them in absentia to life imprisonment

October 2012 Italian survivors of Sant'Anna di Stazzema wartime Nazi massacre expressed outrage: 2 October 2012: Italian survivors of Sant'Anna di Stazzema wartime Nazi massacre expressed outrage Tuesday, a day after a German court declined to prosecute the alleged perpetrators, who have already been convicted in Italy, after an Italian military court sentenced to life 10 members of the Nazi party's military arm, the Waffen SS, for the 1944 killing of 560 residents of the hill town of Sant'Anna di Stazzema in Tuscany. Italy's highest appeal court upheld those convictions in 2007

Florence city: Florence city in Central-Northern Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area. Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era

Economy of Florence city: Economy of Florence city, as manufacturing and commerce still remain highly important, as tourism is, by far, the most important of all industries and most of the Florentine economy relies on the money generated by international arrivals and students studying in the city. The value tourism to the city totalled some €2.5 billion in 2015 and the number of visitors had increased by 5.5% from the previous year, as in 2013, Florence was listed as the second best world city by Condé Nast Traveler. Florence is also Italy's 17th richest city in terms of average workers' earnings, with the figure being €23,265 (the overall city's income is €6,531,204,473), coming after Mantua, yet surpassing Bolzano

Timeline of Florence: Timeline of Florence

1115-1569 Republic of Florence: 1115-1569 Republic of Florence, a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany, after the republic originated in 1115, when the Florentine people rebelled against the Margraviate of Tuscany upon the death of Matilda of Tuscany, who controlled vast territories that included Florence. The Florentines formed a commune in her successors' place. The republic was ruled by a council known as the Signoria of Florence. The signoria was chosen by the gonfaloniere (titular ruler of the city), who was elected every two months by Florentine guild members

1943-1944 Florence city experienced a year-long NSDAP ruled German empire's occupation: 20th century Florence, as during World War II, the city experienced a year-long NSDAP ruled German empire's occupation 1943–1944. On September 25, 1943, Allied bombers targeted central Florence, destroying many buildings and killing 215 civilians. British officer views the damage to the Ponte Vecchio from the east just after the liberation of Florence on 11 August 1944 during World War II

21st century Florence: 21st century Florence

13 December 2011 Florence killing of Senegalese traders: 13 December 2011 Florence shootings, as an armed attack occurred in Florence, and two market traders from Senegal, 40-year-old Samb Modou, and 54-year-old Diop Mor, were killed by Gianluca Casseri, who wounded three other Senegalese traders in another market. According to Florentine prosecutor Giuseppe Quattrocchi, the killer shot himself dead as he was approached by police in a car park. The attack was racially motivated according to authorities, and occurred during the 2011 Liège attack, which started on the same day, at the same hour

Umbria region: Umbria region of central Italy. It includes Lake Trasimeno and Marmore Falls, and is crossed by the River Tiber. It is the only landlocked region on the Apennine Peninsula. The regional capital is Perugia, as the region is characterized by hills, mountains, valleys and historical towns such as the university centre of Perugia, Assisi, a World Heritage Site associated with St. Francis of Assisi, Terni, Norcia, Città di Castello, Gubbio, Spoleto, Orvieto, Todi, Castiglione del Lago, Narni, Amelia, Spello and other small cities

Perugia city: Perugia city, the capital city of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the River Tiber, and of the province of Perugia. The city is located about 164km north of Rome and 148 km southeast of Florence. It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area. The region of Umbria is bordered by Tuscany, Lazio, and Marche, as the history of Perugia goes back to the Etruscan period when Perugia became one of the main Etruscan cities. Today the city is also known as the universities town, with the University of Perugia founded in 1308 (today about 34,000 students), the University for Foreigners (5,000 students), and some smaller colleges such as the Academy of Fine Arts 'Pietro Vannucci', the Perugia University Institute of Linguistic Mediation for translators and interpreters, the Music Conservatory of Perugia, founded in 1788, and other institutes

Timeline of Perugia: Timeline of Perugia

41-40 BC Perusine War: 41-40 BC Perusine War, a civil war of the Roman Republic, which was fought by Lucius Antonius and Fulvia to support Mark Antony against his political enemy (and the future Emperor Augustus), Octavian on his way to become first Roman emperor until 19 August AD 14, followed by others and establishing a new military state of slaveholders, on the one hand later successful emperors in the Jewish–Roman wars with a dramatic impact on the Jewish people, turning them from a major population in the Eastern Mediterranean into a scattered and persecuted minority, a disaster to Jewish society and history, as the events also had a major impact on Judaism, after the central worship site of Second Temple Judaism, the Second Temple in Jerusalem, was destroyed by Titus' troops in 70 CE, as Jewish presence in parts of the Southern Levant was regained only in the mid-20th century, with the founding of the modern state of Israel in 1948 CE, on the other hand not successful in the 'Battle of the Teutoburg Forest' probably in the Osnabrück region in automn 9 CE, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus, as the alliance was led by Arminius

20th and 21st centuries Perugia: 20th and 21st centuries Perugia

Marche region: Marche region, one of the twenty regions of Italy. In English, the region is referred to as The Marches, as the name derives from the plural of the medieval word marca or march, originally referring to a borderland territory of the 'Holy Roman Empire'

Ancona city: Ancona city and a seaport in the Marche region in central Italy, with a population of around 101,997 as of 2015. Ancona is the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region. The city is located 280 km northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic Sea

17 September 2022 flash floods have hit Italy's central Marche region: 17 September 2022: Flash floods have hit Italy's central Marche region, leaving at least 11 people dead and 50 injured, and an additional two people were said to be missing, after severe weather wreaked havoc in the coastal town of Ancona - the region's capital - and the villages surrounding it, with more than 400 millimetres of rain falling in the space of a few hours. Hundreds of firefighters came to the rescue of individuals who were stranded and caught up in the floods, offering lifeboats and assistance.

Province of Macerata: The province of Macerata - with its capital city of Macerata - includes 55 'comuni' in the province. Located between the rivers Potenza and Chienti, both of which originate in the province, the city of Macerata is located on a hill.

Civitanova Marche town: Civitanova Marche township in the province of Macerata in the Italian region Marche, located about 40km southeast of Ancona and about 25km east of Macerata, and with a population of 42,251 citizens in 2017

History and timeline of Civitanova Marche since ancient age: History and timeline of Civitanova Marche since ancient age, as prehistorical settlements discovered by archaeologists show us that people used to live in Civitanova since Palaeolithic. Civitanova was founded probably around the 8th century BC as Cluana by the Piceni Italic tribe, at the mouth of the Chienti river. The Romans captured it in 268 BC, and, in 50 AD, founded a new settlement, Cluentis Vicus - the current frazione of Civitanova Alta - on a hill near the sea.

Timeline of Civitanova Marche in tne contemporary age: Timeline of Civitanova Marche in tne contemporary age, as in the 20th/21st century the city - following nearby industrial development - and Civitanova Porto became a popular location for summer resorts lived by the noble families of the hinterland. The city developed into a popular vacation centre. In 2022, Civitanova captured the attention of the Italian public opinion for the brutal murdering of Alika Ogorchukwu, a 39 year Nigerian immigrant killed without apparent reason by an Italian, Filippo Claudio Giuseppe Ferlazzo.

30 July 2022 outrage over fatal attack on Nigerian street vendor in Civitanova Marche: =n 30 July 2022 Alika Ogorchukwu was selling goods on the main street of Civitanova Marche, when his attacker grabbed the vendor’s crutch and struck him down, according to police, arresting an Italian man in the slaying of the Nigerian vendor whose brutal beating was filmed by onlookers. Ogorchukwu, who was married with two children, resorted to selling goods on the street, after earlier he was struck by a car and lost his job as a labourer due to his injuries according to ACSIM

Lazio region: Lazio region, one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy. Situated in the central peninsular section of the country, it has 5,864,321 inhabitants, and its GDP of more than €197 billion per year means that it has the nation's second largest regional economy. The capital of Lazio is Rome, which is also the capital of Italy

Rome city: Rome city, the capital city of Italy also serving as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,860,009 residents in 2018 also the country's most populated comune

Economy of Rome and companies based in the city: Economy of Rome - Companies based in Rome

Timeline of the city of Rome since antiquity: Timeline of the city of Rome since antiquity and history

In 71BC at the end of 'Servile Wars' 6,000 slaves crucified by Crassus along the Appian Way from Rome: 135BC-71BC the series of three slave revolts in Sicily and on mainland Italy, 73-71BC led by Spartacus in the 'Third Servile War', had significant and far-reaching effects on Rome's broader history. Pompey and Crassus exploited their successes to further their political careers, using their public acclaim and the implied threat of their legions to sway the consular elections of 70BC in their favor. Their actions as consuls greatly furthered the subversion of Roman political institutions and contributed to the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. In 71BC at the end of the 'Servile Wars' in the late 509BC–27BC 'Roman Republic', 6,000 slaves were crucified by Crassus, 5,000 slaves were crucified by Pompey. - The major source of slaves had been Roman military expansion during the Republic. The use of former enemy soldiers as slaves finally led to a series of en masse armed rebellions, the Servile Wars, the last of which was led by Spartacus, after the lack of new territorial conquests had dried up the supply line of human trafficking, followed by increased legal restrictions on freeing slaves to maintain an enslaved workforce. Escaped slaves would be hunted down and returned (often for a reward). There were also many cases of poor people selling their children to richer neighbours as slaves in times of hardship. - 17 February 2011: 'Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome', professor Keith Bradley (BBC archived website)

1480s Rome à la fin du moyen age - un vaste jardin parsemé de palais, de riches églises, et de ruines antiques: 16 août 2021: Dans les années 1480, Rome n’est plus qu’un vaste jardin parsemé de palais, de riches églises, et, de-ci de-là, de ruines antiques - Late Middle ages, developing global trade, crises, state and religion - Early modern period, European colonization of the Americas and inquisition

1653-1713 Arcangelo Corelli: 1653-1713 Arcangelo Corelli, an Italian violinist and composer of the 'Baroque' era, as chronicles of the 'Accademia Filarmonica of Bologna' indicate that Corelli was accepted as a member by 1670, following the 16th century Venetian School's development of the polychoral style, among the most famous musical works in Europe, and their enormous influence on musical practice in other countries. Corelli's music became a key in the development of the modern genres of sonata and concerto, in establishing the preeminence of the violin, and as the first coalescing of modern tonality and functional harmony. - 16th century Venetian School's development of the polychoral style - 16th/17th centuries Roman School composers of predominantly church music, in Rome, during the 16th and 17th centuries and the period of Catholic response to the Protestant reformation and revolution, a period that began with the 1545–1563 Council of Trent and largely ended with the conclusion of the 1618-48 European wars of religion in 1648

September 1870 'Risorgimento' and 'Capture of Rome': September 1870 'Capture of Rome', the final event of the long process of Italian unification also known as the Risorgimento, marking both the final defeat of the Papal States under Pope Pius IX and the unification of the Italian peninsula under King Victor Emmanuel II

October 1922 March on Rome, Benito Mussolini's PNF ascending to power in the Kingdom of Italy: October 1922 March on Rome, an organized mass demonstration which resulted in Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party PNF ascending to power in the Kingdom of Italy in late October 1922

1923-1943 (1945) Italian imperialism under Fascism: Italian imperialism under Fascism, as among the regime's goals were the acquisition of territory considered historically Italian in France (e.g. Nice), Yugoslavia (e.g. Dalmatia), the expansion of Italy's sphere of influence into the Balkans (e.g. Greece) and the acquisition of more colonies in Africa. The 'pacification' of Libya (1923–32), the invasion of Ethiopia (1935–36), the invasion of Albania (1939), the invasion of France (1940), the invasion of Greece (1940–41) and the invasion of Yugoslavia (1941) were all undertaken in part to add to Italy's national space. According to historians, Fascist Italian imperialism under Benito Mussolini, particularly in Africa, served as a model for the much more famous expansionism of Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe - Military history of Italy during World War II

September 1943 - May 1945 Italian civil war: September 1943 - May 1945 Italian civil war, fought by the Italian Resistance and Italian Co-Belligerent Army against the Italian Fascists and their state until 2 May 1945, the date of the surrender of German forces in Italy. The Italian Resistance and the Co-Belligerent Army also simultaneously fought against the Nazi German armed forces, which began occupying Italy immediately prior to the armistice and then invaded and occupied Italy on a larger scale after the armistice

1957/1959 Treaty of Rome (officially the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community): 1957/1959 Treaty of Rome (officially the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community), brought about the creation of the EEC, the best known of the European Communities, as the treaty was signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany, coming into force in January 1958. Under the name 'Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union', it remains one of the two most important treaties in what is now the European Union EU

21st century Rome: 21st century Rome

12 March 2000 Pope asked for forgiveness for the sins of Catholics towards the Jews in 2000 years: 12 March 2000: Reaction has been mixed in Israel after Pope John Paul II - as his church begins its third millennium - asked for forgiveness on Sunday for the sins of Roman Catholics through the ages during a penitential mass in St Peter's Basilica, without singling out specific groups or historical moments such as the Holocaust, as people in Israel said his words are merely a reiteration of what has been said on many occasions before and do not represent a significant change of heart, and as Holocaust survivor and Knesset member Tommy Lapid said the Pope did not go far enough

June 2016 Rome municipal election: 5 June and 19 June 2016 Rome municipal election

October 2021 Italian local elections: 2021 Italian local elections will be held on 3 and 4 October. They were originally scheduled as usual April/June 2021, however on 4 March Italy's government postponed them to after the summer due to the covid-19 pandemic, as elections will take place in 1,293 out of 7,903 municipalities, 20 of which are provincial capitals. Mayors and city councils will be elected for the ordinary five-year terms, lasting till 2026

Abruzzo region: Abruzzo region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km and a population of 1.3 million. It is divided into four provinces of L'Aquila, Teramo, Pescara, and Chieti. Its western border lies 80 km (50 mi) east of Rome. Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north, Lazio to the west and north-west, Molise to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Geographically, Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area in the west, which includes the Gran Sasso d'Italia, and a coastal area in the east with beaches on the Adriatic Sea

Aquila city: Aquila city and comune in central Italy. It is the capital city of both the Abruzzo region and of the Province of L'Aquila. As of 2013, it has a population of 70,967 inhabitants. Laid out within medieval walls on a hill in the wide valley of the Aterno river, it is surrounded by the Apennine Mountains, with the Gran Sasso d'Italia to the north-east

Timeline of L'Aquila since 1240: Timeline of L'Aquila since 1240

Pescara city: Pescara city, the capital of the Province of Pescara, in the Abruzzo region of Italy. It is the most populated city in Abruzzo, with 119,217 residents in 2018 (and approximately 350,000 including the surrounding metropolitan area). Located on the Adriatic coast at the mouth of the Aterno-Pescara River, the present-day municipality was formed in 1927 joining the municipalities of the old Pescara fortress

History and timeline of Pescara: History and timeline of Pescara

Molise region: Molise region of Southern Italy. Until 1963, it formed part of the region of Abruzzi e Molise, alongside the region of Abruzzo. The split, which did not become effective until 1970, makes Molise the youngest region in Italy. Covering 4,438 square kilometres, it is the second smallest region in the country after the Aosta Valley, and has a population of 313,348 inhabitants in 2015

Campania region: Campania region, an administrative region of Italy, as most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islands and the island of Capri. As of 2018, the region had a population of around 5,820,000 people, making it Italy's third most populous region

Naples city: Naples city, the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 967,069 within the city's administrative limits as of 2017. Its province-level municipality is the third-most populous metropolitan city in Italy with a population of 3,115,320 residents

History and timeline of Naples: History and timeline of Naples since 2nd millennium BC

Pompeii ancient city near Naples: Pompeii, an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area was buried under 4-6m of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79.

History of Pompeii: History of Pompeii since 8th century BC when the Oscans, a population of central Italy, founded five villages in the area

6 August 2022 discoveries in Pompeii reveal lives of lower and middle classes: 6 August 2022: Discoveries in Pompeii reveal lives of lower and middle classes, as archaeologists are enriching our knowledge about those who were ‘vulnerable class during political crises and food shortages’

Apulia region: Apulia region of Italy, located in the southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast and the Strait of Otranto and Gulf of Taranto to the south. The region comprises 19,345 square kilometers, and its population is about four million people

Basilicata region: Basilicata region, an administrative region in Southern Italy, bordering on Campania to the west, Apulia to the north and east, and Calabria to the south

Calabria region: Calabria region in Southern Italy, bordered by Basilicata to the north, the Gulf of Taranto to the east, the Ionian Sea to the south, the Strait of Messina to the southwest, which separates it from the Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. With almost 2 million residents across a total area of approximately 15.222 km2, it is the tenth populous and the tenth-largest Italian region by area. Catanzaro is the region's capital, while Reggio Calabria is the most populous city in the region and the twenty-first most populous city in the country

Reggio di Calabria city: Reggio di Calabria city with an estimated population of nearly 200,000 citizens, known for its climate, ethnic and cultural diversity, and the third economic centre of mainland Southern Italy. About 560,000 people live in the metropolitan area, recognised in 2015 by Italy as a metropolitan city, as Reggio is located on the 'toe' of the Italian Peninsula and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina.

Scilla town: Scilla town and comune in Calabria 22km from the city of Reggio located in front of the strait of Messina. The town the traditional site of the sea monster Scylla of Greek mythology, as its ancient origins relate the town to the period of the destruction of Troy and invokes the myths and legends of Ulysses with Scylla and Charybdis. Scilla town in the 21st century has a population of 4,901 citizens.

12 August 2022 flash flooding hit Reggio Calabria and the island of Sicily: 12 August 2022: Flash flooding hit Reggio Calabria and the island of Sicily, linked with a strong storm in the Strait of Messina, mudflow hits Scilla

Lamezia Terme city: Lamezia Terme city and comune of 70,452 inhabitants in 2013, located in the province of Catanzaro in the Calabria region, as municipality borders with Conflenti, Curinga, Falerna, Feroleto Antico, Gizzeria, Maida, Martirano Lombardo, Nocera Terinese, Platania, San Pietro a Maida and Serrastretta.

Economy, industry and agriculture of Lamezia Terme: Economy, industry and agriculture of Lamezia Terme, having a deep-rooted agricultural tradition, known for the production of different varieties of typical Mediterranean crops

7 November 2021 biggest mafia trial in decades in the Calabrian city of Lamezia Terme: 7 November 2021: Italian court has sentenced 70 members of the powerful mafia group, the 'Ndrangheta, in the first stage of the biggest mafia trial in decades in the Calabrian city of Lamezia Terme, as defendants faced charges including attempted murder and extortion. Over the next two years, 355 alleged mobsters and corrupt officials will face court for their involvement with Italy's richest and most powerful organised crime group.

Crotone province on the eastern seaside of the Ionian Sea: Crotone province in the Calabria region of southern Italy, formed in 1992 out of a section of the province of Catanzaro. The provincial capital is the city of Crotone. It borders the provinces of Cosenza, Catanzaro, and also the Ionian Sea. It contains the mountain Pizzuta, the National Park of the Sila, Montagnella Park, and the Giglietto Valley. Crotone was founded in 710 BCE. It participated in the Second Punic War against the Roman Republic. The province contains 27 comuni, listed at comuni of the Province of Crotone

Crotone city: Crotone city in Calabria, founded c. 710 BC as the Achaean colony of Kroton (Ancient Greek) in Magna Graecia, later known as Cotrone from the Middle Ages until 1928, when its name was changed to the current one. In 1992, it became the capital of the newly established Province of Crotone. As of August 2018, its population was about 65,000 citizens

26 February 2023 Calabria migrant boat disaster, coming from Turkey: On 26 February 2023, a boat carrying migrants sank amidst harsh weather conditions while trying to land on the coast of Steccato di Cutro, a seaside resort village in the town of Crotone, in the region of Calabria in southern Italy. The boat was carrying between 143 and 200 migrants when it sank, of whom at least 63 died, including 12 children. Italian state TV quoted survivors as saying the boat set out five days ago from Turkey.

27 February 2023 rescuers recovered two more bodies after shipwreck of boat carrying refugees: 27 February 2023: Rescuers have recovered two more bodies from the sea after a wooden sailing boat carrying refugees crashed into rocks off the coast of Italy’s Calabria region, taking the death toll to 62. The bodies of many victims, including children, were recovered washed up on a tourist beach in Steccato di Cutro, while others were found at sea, after the tragedy early on Sunday. Eighty people have been rescued, of whom 20 were taken to hospital. Pakistan PM Sharif said on Monday that more than two dozen Pakistanis were believed to have been among those who drowned, as people from Afghanistan, Iran and Somalia are also believed to have been onboard the boat

28 February 2023 after Italy migrant boat shipwreck more than 100 people feared dead: 28 February 2023: There are fears more than 100 people, including children, have died after their boat sank off southern Italy, thought to have carried some 200 people, and that had set out from Turkey with people from Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, Syria, Iraq and Iran

Cutro city and comune: Cutro city and comune in the province of Crotone in Italy's Calabria region on the eastern seaside of the Ionian Sea. It's called 'City of chess'

History of Cutro city and comune: History of Cutro city and comune, that remained the most populous centre of the region until the mid-20th century, when a strong emigration flow towards Germany and northern Italy - especially in Reggio Emilia - reduced the number of inhabitants considerably

Islands of Italy: Islands of Italy

Sardinia island: Sardinia island, the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the 20 regions of Italy, located west of the Italian Peninsula, north of Tunisia and immediately south of the French island of Corsica, and one of the five Italian regions that have been granted some degree of domestic autonomy by special statute

Geography and climate of Sardinia: Geography and climate of Sardinia

History of Sardinia: History of Sardinia

Cities of Sardinia: Main cities and Functional Urban Areas as Sardinia's most populated cities are Cagliari and Sassari. The Metropolitan City of Cagliari has 431,302 inhabitants, or about of the population of the entire island. Eurostat has identified in Sardinia two Functional Urban Areas:[169] Cagliari, with 477,000 inhabitants, and Sassari, with 222,000 inhabitant

Cagliari city: Cagliari city, an Italian municipality and the capital of the island of Sardinia (and an autonomous region of Italy) with about 155,000 inhabitants, while its metropolitan city (including Cagliari and 16 other nearby municipalities) has more than 431,000 inhabitants

Timeline of Cagliari: Timeline of Cagliari

June 1949-July 1943 bombing of Cagliari: June 1949-July 1943 bombing of Cagliari, a series of attacks by the USA Army Air Force and the Royal Air Force on the Italian city of Cagliari during German and Italian empire's World War II, as the raids, aimed at destroying the port facilities and airfields of Cagliari, also resulted in the destruction of most of the city

21st century timeline of Cagliari: 21st century timeline of Cagliari

Sassari city: Sassari city, the second-largest of Sardinia in terms of population with 127,525 inhabitants in 2015

Economy of Sardinia: Economy of Sardinia, in the best position among Italian regions located south of Rome, as the greatest economic development had taken place inland, in the provinces of Cagliari and Sassari, characterized by a certain amount of enterprise, as according to Eurostat, the 2014 nominal GDP was €33,356 million, €33,085 million in purchasing power parity, resulting in a GDP per capita of €19,900, which is 72% of the EU average, as the per capita income in Sardinia is the highest of the southern half of Italy, and as in Cagliari the income per capita is €27,545, in Sassari €24,006, in Oristano €23,887, in Nuoro is €23,316 and in Olbia is €20,827

Sicily island: Sicily island, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 20 regions of Italy with its capital city of Palermo, as it is one of the five Italian autonomous regions and is officially referred to as 'Regione Siciliana', with about 5 million inhabitants - Geology of Sicily - Geography of Sicily, separated from Calabria and the rest of the Italian mainland by the Strait of Messina, as the total area of the island is 25,711 km2 while the Autonomous Region of Sicily (which includes smaller surrounding islands) has an area of 27,708 km2, as the terrain of inland Sicily is mostly hilly and is intensively cultivated wherever possible, as along the northern coast mountain ranges up to 2,000 m are an extension of the mainland Apennines, as the cone of Mount Etna dominates the eastern coast, and as also Sicily's surrounding small islands have some highly active volcanoes due to the fact that Sicily is is placed in its natural history on the northern edge of the African continental plate

Environment and climate of Sicily: Environment and climate of Sicily

History of Sicily til today in the 21st century: History of Sicily, influenced by numerous ethnic groups, in ancient times controlled by external powers – Phoenician and Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, Vandal and Ostrogoth - then Byzantine Greek, Aghlabid, Kalbid, Norman, Aragonese and Spanish, but also experiencing important periods of independence, as under the indigenous Sicanians, Elymians and Sicels, and later as the Emirate of Sicily, County of Sicily, and Kingdom of Sicily, as the Kingdom was founded in 1130 by Roger II, belonging to the Siculo-Norman family of Hauteville - 19th century unification of Italy period, emigration and mafia, early 20th century and Fascist period, since 1946 post-war period, Sicilian Regional Assembly, Sicilian Independence Movement, and 1960s Sicilian Mafia trials, as in the second decade of the 21st century, Sicily has become a destination for migrants coming from Africa and Middle Eastern countries, as well as Bangladesh, on their way to Europe, mainly Germany, Northern Italy, France and Sweden

Demographics of Sicily: Demographics of Sicily, as in the 21st century about five million people live in Sicily, making it the fourth most populated region in Italy, after in the first century after the Italian unification, Sicily had one of the most negative net migration rates among the regions of Italy because of the emigration of millions of people to Northern Italy, other European countries, North America, South America and Australia, also in some periods exporting small parts of - or keeping in touch with - the mafia

Economy of Sicily: Economy of Sicily, as thanks to regular growth of the last years, the island today has the eighth largest regional economy of Italy in terms of total GDP, after a series of reforms and investments on agriculture such as the introduction of modern irrigation systems have made this important industry competitive, as in the 1970s there was a growth of the industrial sector through the creation of some factories, as in recent years the importance of the service industry has grown for the opening of several shopping malls and for modest growth of financial and telecommunication activities, and as tourism is an important source of wealth for the island thanks to its natural and historical heritage

Industry and manufacturing, GDP growth since 2000: Industry and manufacturing, GDP growth since 2000 and statistics

Agriculture of Sicily: Agriculture of Sicily, as main agricultural products include wheat, citrons, oranges (Arancia Rossa di Sicilia IGP), lemons, tomatoes (Pomodoro di Pachino IGP), olives, olive oil, artichokes, prickly pear (Fico d'India dell'Etna 'Biologic Agriculture and Name of Origin Controlled', 'DOP'), almonds, grapes, pistachios (Pistacchio di Bronte DOP) and wine, as cattle and sheep are raised, and as the cheese productions are particularly important thanks to the Ragusano DOP and the Pecorino Siciliano DOP

21st century unemployment rates of Sicily: 21st century unemployment rates, standing at 21.5% in 2018 and one of the highest in Italy and Europe - 2004-2020 Tasso di disoccupazione - livello regionale

Politics of Sicily: Politics of Sicily takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democracy, whereby the President of Regional Government is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system, as executive power is exercised by the Regional Government, and as legislative power is vested in both the government and the Sicilian Regional Assembly

Cities and municipalities in Sicily: 390 municipalities in Sicily

Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Messina: List of municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Messina

Messina city and Metropolitan City: Messina city, the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina and the third largest city on the island of Sicily with a population of more than 231,000 inhabitants in the city proper and about 650,000 in the Metropolitan City, located near the northeast corner of Sicily, at the Strait of Messina and it is an important access terminal to Calabria region, as the city's main resources are its seaports (commercial and military shipyards), cruise tourism, commerce, and agriculture (wine production and cultivating lemons, oranges, mandarin oranges, and olives)

Timeline of Messina since 730 BCE: Timeline of Messina since 730 BCE

July-August 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily during liberation of Europe: July-August 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily

August 1943 Battles for Etna positions: August 1943 Battles for Etna positions

21st century Messina: 21st century Messina

October 2009 deadly Messina floods and mudslides: October 2009 Messina floods and mudslides, mainly along the Ionian coast in the Province of Messina also affecting other parts of northeastern Sicily, that killed a total of at least 31 people, as some of whom were swept out to sea, and as more than 400 people were left homeless with many houses collapsed

Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Palermo: List of municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Palermo

Palermo city: Palermo city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province

Demographics of Palermo: Demographics of Palermo, as in 2010 there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries

Economy and infrastructure of Palermo: Economy and infrastructure of Palermo

Timeline of Palermo since 724: Timeline of Palermo since 724, when Phoenicians from Tyre established a flourishing merchant colony in the Palermo area and found Palermo

Since 724 Palermo in ancient times and then under Roman rule: Since 724 Palermo in ancient times, as Phoenicians found Palermo, as 415 BC – Carthaginians in power, but continue using Greek name Panormos on the city's coins , as city 276 BC conquered by Pyrrhus of Epirus, as 254 BC Romans take Palermo under the Latin name Panormus

20th century timeline of Palermo: 20th century timeline of Palermo

Since 1920s Palermo–Boccadifalco Airport later the base of the 'Italian Regia Aeronautica': Palermo–Boccadifalco Airport, built during the early 1920s and became the base of the Italian Regia Aeronautica, then also known as Giuseppe and Francesco Notarbartolo Airport, and the elder of two facilities which serve the Sicilian capital Palermo

September 1943 NSDAP ruled German empire's bombardements targeting Palermo: 1943 'Luftwaffe' bombardamenti sconda guerra mondiale - 13/9/43 Luftwaffe: Palermo, 23/9/43 Luftwaffe: Palermo

Timeline of Palermo in the 21st century: Timeline of Palermo in the 21st century

2013 former Mayor of Palermo Diego Cammarata sentenced to 3 years imprisonment: In 2013 Mayor of Palermo from 2001 to 2002 Diego Cammarata - the provincial coordinator of Forza Italia from 1996 to 2001, then elected president of Associazione Nazionale Comuni Italiani in Sicily in 22 July 2008 - was sentenced at first instance to 3 years imprisonment by the judges of the Court of Palermo - 15 Febbraio 2011 (retrieved 2 July 2020): Operai comunali per la festa del sindaco Cammarata indagato per abuso d'ufficio

Municipalities of the Province of Syracuse: List of municipalities of the Province of Syracuse

Syracuse city: Syracuse city, a historic 2,700-year-old city on the Italian island of Sicily, the capital of the Italian province of Syracuse, as the city is notable for its rich Greek and Roman history, culture, amphitheatres, architecture, also the birthplace of the pre-eminent mathematician and engineer Archimedes, when the city was one of the major powers of the Mediterranean world. Syracuse is located in the southeast corner of the island of Sicily, next to the Gulf of Syracuse beside the Ionian Sea, and situated in a drastic rise of land with 2,000 metres depths being close to the city offshore

Timeline of Syracuse since 8th century BCE settlement established by Corinthian Greeks: Timeline of Syracuse since 8th century BCE, as settlement established by Corinthian Greeks

213–212 BC siege of Syracuse by Roman military also killing inventor and polymath Archimedes: 213–212 BC siege of Syracuse by the emerging Roman colonial power, as the Romans successfully stormed the Hellenistic city of Syracuse after a protracted siege, giving them control of the entire island of Sicily, as during the siege, the city was protected by weapons developed by inventor and polymath Archimedes, who was slain at the conclusion of the siege by a Roman soldier, in contravention of the Roman proconsul Marcellus' instructions to spare his life

Timeline of Syracuse in the 20th century and liberation: Timeline of Syracuse in the 20th century, when on 13 August 1924 'duce' Benito Mussolini visits city, when in 1941 bombing of Syracuse during World War II begins

February 1941 - July 1943 Allied bombardaments: 15 febbraio 1941 - 10 luglio 1943 bombardamenti aerei degli Alleati

August 1943 - September 1943 NSDAP ruled German empire's bombardaments targeting Syracuse: Bombardamenti aerei della Germania nazista e della Regia Aeronautica, 17 agosto 1943 venne bombardata dalla Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) Siracusa, 25 agosto 1943 venne bombardata dalla Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht) e dalla Regia Aeronautica: Siracusa, 15 settembre 1943 vennero bombardate dalla Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht): Siracusa, Augusta, Catania

21st century timeline of Syracuse: 21st century timeline of Syracuse

May/June 2013 Italian local elections also in Syracuse: May 2013 Italian local elections also in Syracuse, as Centre-left coalition won 54 communi and Centre-left coalition's Giancarlo Garrozzo won in Syracuse

20 September 2013 more than 400 Syrian refugees arrive at port of Syracuse: 21 September 2013: Following the Eastern Ghouta chemical attack in Syria, more than 400 refugees who said they were fleeing the Syrian civil war were intercepted near Sicily in the past 14 hours, as a first boat carrying 299 people, more than half of them women and children, was escorted to the port of Syracuse in Sicily, carrying on board the corpse of one woman who died during the journey - 13 August 2013 Ghouta chemical attack occurred in Syria, as two opposition-controlled areas in the suburbs around Damascus were struck by rockets containing the chemical agent sarin, as estimates of the death toll range to 1,729, and as the attack was the deadliest use of chemical weapons since the Iran–Iraq War

Ischia island: Ischia island, the largest of the Phlegrean Islands, is a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, located at the northern end of the Gulf of Naples, about 30 kilometres from Naples. Roughly trapezoidal in shape, it measures approximately 10 km east to west and 7 km north to south and has about 34 km of coastline and a surface area of 46.3 square kilometres. It is almost entirely mountainous, as the highest peak is Mount Epomeo, at 788 metres. The island is very densely populated, with 62,000 residents (more than 1,300 inhabitants per square km).

26 novembre 2022 en Italie un glissement de terrain meurtrier frappe l'île d'Ischia: 26 novembre 2022: En Italie un glissement de terrain meurtrier frappe l'île d'Ischia après des fortes pluies

Pantelleria island: Pantelleria island, an Italian island and comune in the Strait of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea, 100 km southwest of Sicily and 60 km east of the Tunisian coast, as Pantelleria's comune administratively belongs to the Sicilian province of Trapani

Geology, climate and environment of Pantelleria island: Geology, climate and environment of Pantelleria island

11 September 2021 2 people died and 9 were injuried after a windstorm hit Pantelleria: 11 September 2021: Two people died and nine were injuried after a windstorm hit Pantelleria, a small Italian island in the Mediterranean, sweeping up cars and whipping down coastal roads, as the tornado killed an off-duty firefighter and an 86-year-old man who were travelling by car on the island south of Sicily

Demographics and ethnic groups in Italy: Demographics of Italy - Ethnic groups in Italy - Italian people by ethnic or national origin

History of the Jews in Italy: History of the Jews in Italy - Jewish Italian history, by region and city

2015: 4 February 2015: As most Italian Jews do not avoid going to Jewish events or sites despite worries over anti-Semitism, a third of respondents to a study avoids overt symbols - 7 September 2015: Located on the frontline of the refugee and immigration crisis and recalling their expulsions and horrors of the Holocaust, Italy’s Jews extend refugees an open hand

2017: 21 February 2017: The museums of the Vatican and Rome's ancient Jewish community are hosting their first joint exhibit, building on decades of improved Catholic-Jewish relations following centuries of mistrust

June 2018: 19 June 2018: The Union of Italian Jewish Communities said in a statement that the call by interior minister Salvini to create a 'registry' of Roma in Italy recalled the anti-Semitic legislation introduced by Italy’s fascist government on the eve of the Holocaust in 1938

October 2018: 16 October 2018: New finds in the 2,000-year-old underground cemetery in Rome include the first Hebrew inscription found there, also highlighting the importance and prosperity of the Jewish community in the capital of the Roman empire, as well as the surprising extent to which their culture was intertwined with that of pagans and Christians

Romani in Italy: Romani in Italy, 604,832 people and about 1% of the Italian population in 2014

Since 1963: Since 1963 Opera Nomadi, Italy's largest Romani organisation founded to combat discrimination and prejudice against the Romani people

July 2008: 19 July 2008 death of Cristina and Violetta Djeordsevic, two Italian Roma sisters aged 13 and 11 who drowned in the sea at the public beach at Torregaveta in the Metropolitan City of Naples

African Italian: African Italians, citizens and residents originally from Africa and about 1.65% of total Italian population in 2010

Culture of Italy: Culture of Italy

Italian cultural history: Italian cultural history

Slavery and culture in ancient Rome: Culture of ancient Rome - Slavery in ancient Rome - Social class in ancient Rome - Military of ancient Rome

November 2020 unusually preserved bodies of 'master and slave' fleeing eruption found in Pompei: 21 November 2020: Unusually preserved bodies of 'master and slave' fleeing eruption found in Pompeii, as the agonized remains of the two men were so well preserved in an underground corridor that we can even see what they wore, according to Italian archaeologists

Art in Roman empire largely derived from ancient Greek art: Art in ancient Rome and in the territories of the Roman empire was largely derived from ancient Greek art

14th - 16th century Italian 'Renaissance': Italian 'Renaissance' 14th - 16th century

Women in Italy: Women in Italy - Women's suffrage in Italy since 1946 - Italian women's rights activists - Alma Dolens (Teresita Pasini), born in 1876, was a prominent Italian pacifist, suffragist, and journalist

Rape in Italy

Education in Italy: Education in Italy - Education in Italy by region

Schools in Italy: Schools in Italy

May 2019 teacher Rosa Maria Dell’Aria suspended over video against xenophobic Salvini law: 19 May 2019: Italian teacher Rosa Maria Dell’Aria has been suspended over a video made by her students in Palermo that compared a security law drafted by Italy’s xenophobic interior minister Salvini to Mussolini’s racial laws, provoking a storm of protest against her suspension across the country

Universities and colleges in Italy: Universities and colleges in Italy

Medical outbreaks and man-made disasters in Italy: Medical outbreaks in Italy - Man-made disasters in Italy

Health disasters in Italy: Health disasters in Italy

1976 Seveso disaster: 1976 Seveso disaster, an industrial accident in a small chemical manufacturing plant north of Milan, resulting in the highest known exposure to TCDD in residential populations

2017 Eni accused of polluting Sicilian area: 1 December 2017: Sicilians take aim at oil 'monster' they blame for children's birth defects, as taly’s biggest oil firm Eni is accused of polluting an area where experts found more toxic substance than water in the sea

Since 31 January 2020 covid-19 outbreak in Italy: 2020 Chinese coronavirus outbreak in Italy

Timeline of the covid-19 pandemic in Italy: Timeline of the covid-19 pandemic in Italy since January 2020

February 2020 Italy's number of cases of new Chinese corona virus leaped upward: 23 February 2020: Italy's number of cases of new Chinese corona virus leaped upward, with dozens of new confirmed cases reported in Lombardy, the northern region which includes the country's financial capital Milan, as the total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Italy had reached 115 on Sunday - 23 February 2020: Italy brings in draconian measures in effort to halt coronavirus spread, as measures include fines for anyone caught entering or leaving outbreak areas, and as jump of number of cases in Italy's causes disruption to Milan fashion week and Serie A matches, British 'Guardian' reports

19 March 2020 Italian province struggles to bury its coronavirus dead: 19 March 2020: Italian province struggles to bury its coronavirus dead, as coffins pile up and corpses are sealed off in homes as Bergamo’s funeral firms are overwhelmed, as of Wednesday Chinese virus had killed 2,978 across Italy, all buried or cremated without ceremony, and those who die in hospital do so alone, with their belongings left in bags beside coffins before being collected by funeral workers

17 February 2021 2,751,657 confirmed covid-19 cases and 94,540 deaths: 17 February 2021 2,751,657 confirmed covid-19 cases and 94,540 deaths

Healthcare in Italy: Healthcare in Italy

Hospitals in Italy: Hospitals in Italy

Sport in Italy: Sport in Italy - Sport in Italy by sport - Sports broadcasting contracts in Italy

Athletics in Italy: Athletics in Italy

Gymnastics in Italy: Gymnastics in Italy

Winter sports and skiing in Italy: Winter sports in Italy - Skiing in Italy - Alpine skiing in Italy - Ski jumping in Italy - Mountaineering in Italy

Winter sports and Alpine skiing competitions in Italy: Winter sports competitions in Italy - Alpine skiing competitions in Italy

8-21 February 2021 Alpine World Ski Championships: 8-21 February 2021 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2021 in Cortina d'Ampezzo

2019-2023 Russia doping ban: 2019-2023 WADA banned Russia from all international sport for a period of four years, after the Russian government was found to have tampered with laboratory data that it provided to WADA

18 February 2021 husband of Iran’s ski coach bars her from leaving country for Cortina championships: 18 February 2021: The Iranian women’s alpine ski team flew on Wednesday to Italy for the world championships in Cortina d’Ampezzo without their coach, whose husband has barred her from leaving the country, Iranian media reported, not providing any details as to why Samira Zargari’s husband had not allowed her to leave

Football in Italy: Football in Italy

2004-2010: 2004–10 Italian football scandal is a football scandal regarding false accounting at Italian football clubs in the 2000s

2006: 2006 Italian football scandal involved Italy's top professional football leagues, Serie A and Serie B

2011: 2011 Italian football scandal refers to a number of football-related figures who were arrested, or made under official scrutiny, by Italian police for alleged matchfixing

2014/2015: 4 May 2014: Italian Football Cup final goes ahead despite three fans being shot near venue - 19 May 2015: More than 50 people arrested and more than 70 placed under investigation as part of a widespread match-fixing inquiry led by anti-Mafia prosecutors in Catanzaro

2015: 2015 Italian football scandal involved rigged matches in 2014–2015 season

June 2017: 3 June 2017 Turin stampede - 4 June 2017: Three seriously injured as Juventus fans in Turin panic over firecrackers, leading to stampede with reports of more than 1,500 injured

October 2017: 24 October 2017: Italian soccer club Lazio causes storm with anti-Semitic stickers of Anne Frank wearing rivals' uniforms, an incident called just the tip of the iceberg - 25 October 2017: A passage from 'The Diary of Anne Frank' will be read before the start of all soccer matches in Italy, Sports Minister Luca Lotti announced on Tuesday

April 2018: 18 April 2018: Italian soccer fans taunt rivals with anti-Semitic Anne Frank chants

February 2019: 14 February 2019: About 40 people were involved in the clashes, which took place before a Europa League match between Lazio and Sevilla at Rome's Olympic Stadium, as two Spanish people and an USA citizen were also stabbed, with the Briton and one of the Spaniards in a serious condition

Italian media: Italian media - Italian media by city - Censorship in Italy - Freedom of the Press, Italy rank 24 in Western Europe - partly free

November 2017 protest against mafia and defense of freedom of the press: 10 novembre 2017: Une centaine de journalistes se sont réunis à Ostie, près de Rome, pour défendre la liberté d'expression après l'agression d'un collègue par le frère d'un boss mafieux pendant un reportage

August 2018 anti-Europe and pro-Russian journalist as president of RAI rejected: 1 August 2018: The nomination by Italy’s governing coalition of an anti-Europe, anti-gay, pro-Russian journalist as president of the state broadcaster Rai has been rejected by the Italian parliament’s supervisory committee

Newspapers in Italy: List of newspapers in Italy

June 2016 Berlusconi newspaper criticised over Hitler: 11 June 2016: An Italian newspaper owned by Silvio Berlusconi has been criticised for distributing free copies of an annotated version of Adolf Hitler’s 'Mein Kampf' with a paid supplement in its Saturday edition

Radio stations in Italy: Radio stations in Italy

Television in Italy: Television in Italy - List of television channels in Italy - List of Italian-language television channels in Europe, the Americas and Asia

Internet in Italy: Internet in Italy

Crime in Italy: Crime in Italy

Slavery in ancient Rome: Slavery in ancient Rome - Die Sklaverei im Römischen Reich bestand zunächst vor allem aus Schuldsklaverei, während die Versklavung von Kriegsgefangenen während der Eroberungsfeldzüge immer mehr zunahm und Kriegsgefangene als Sklaven - juristisch das Eigentum des pater familias - nach Rom kamen, da daß in der Kaiserzeit der Anteil der Unfreien auf rund ein Viertel der Bevölkerung Italiens geschätzt wird - Sklavenaufstände im Römischen Reich zwischen 120 und 71 v. Chr., vor allem von ländlichen Sklaven ausgelöst, der Erbitterung auf ihre menschenunwürdige, grausame Behandlung und darauf zurückzuführen war, dass viele von ihnen vorher freie Bürger in den hellenistischen Staaten gewesen waren

Since 71 BC Roman empire's mass murder of slaves and further imperial conquests: Um 71 v. Chr. 'Zweite Schlacht am Silarus' zwischen aufständischen Sklaven, deren Heer von wütenden Sklaven nach Zeitzeugenberichten derzeit schon 200.000 bewaffnete Sklaven umfasste, und römischen Legionären - besser trainiert und vor allem gut bewaffnet auf der Grundlage von durch Sklaven produziertem Reichtum -, in der der Anführer der Widerstandsbewegung Spartacus bald nach Beginn der Schlacht getötet werden konnte ohne daß seine Leiche je gefunden wurde (zur Nachahmung bis 1919 und zur Gegenwart), damit nach dem Tod ihres Generals viele Widerstandskämpfer den Mut verloren wegen der Unklarheit des Geschehens und sie sich den Römern ergaben, um dann von den 'patres familias' und ihrem Befehlshaber Crassus, bekannt insbesondere auch für seinen zusammengeraubten gewaltigen Reichtum, als gefangenene Sklaven zu tausenden entlang der Via Appia ans Kreuz geschlagen zu werden, im geschichtlichen Ablauf später gefolgt von Crassus' Feldzug nach Syrien, der dann von Augustus, seit 30 v. Chr. Alleinherrscher (Römische Kaiserzeit 27 v. Chr. bis 284 n. Chr.), fortgesetzt wurde u.a. bis hin zur Liquidierung Judäas und Israels

Since 71 BC Spartacus death, legacy and recognition: Seit 1. Jahrhundert vor Christus Spartakus, gefallen 71 v. Chr., seine Bedeutung in der römischen Geschichte, in der europäischen Aufklärung, und seit dem 18./19. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart - 31 January 2004: The black Spartacus Toussaint L'Ouverture defeated Britain, France and Spain to create a country free from slavery, as now Haiti marks the bicentenary of its birth and Ian Thomson hails its founder

Antisemitism in Italy: Antisemitism in Italy

Italian fascism and racism: Italian fascism and racism

Since 1922 Jews during the fascist era in Italy: Since 1922 Jews during the fascist era in Italy

July 1938 'Manifesto of Race': 14 July 1938 'Manifesto of Race', preparing the enactment in October 1938 of the Racial Laws in Fascist Italy

1938-1943 Italian Racial Laws: Italian Racial Laws 1938-1943, directed mainly against the Italian Jews and the native inhabitants of the colonies, stripping the Jews of Italian citizenship and governmental and professional positions

The Holocaust in Italy: The Holocaust in Italy - Nazi concentration camps in Italy

Racism in Italy and antisemitism in 21st-century Italy: Racism in Italy - Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy

October 1982 Great Synagogue of Rome attack: October 1982 Great Synagogue of Rome attack carried out by armed Palestinian militants at the entrance to the Great Synagogue of Rome

2011: 11. Dezember 2011: Turiner Mob zündet Roma-Siedlung wegen eines erfundenen Vorwurfs an - 14 December 2011: African street vendors shot dead in a racist attack in Florence

2013: 4 mai 2013: La première femme ministre noire d'Italie fait face aux insultes racistes - 12 July 2013: Erminio Boso from Italy's Northern League party, admitting he is 'racist', sparked off a controversy when he said he becomes 'happy' whenever a migrant boat sinks in the sea - 14 July: Deputy speaker of the Senate Roberto Calderoli from Italy's anti-immigration Northern League says Cecile Kyenge, the country's first black minister, resembles an orangutan

2014: 22 December: Italian authorities crack neo-Fascist plot to attack immigrants, political targets

2016: 11 June 2016: An Italian newspaper owned by Silvio Berlusconi has been criticised for distributing free copies of an annotated version of Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf with a paid supplement in its Saturday edition - 6 juillet 2016: Un réfugié nigérian a été battu à mort lors d'une agression raciste à Fermo dans le centre de l'Italie, selon le maire

2017: 14 May 2017: Dozens of Jewish and Catholic headstones damaged in one of Rome's main cemeteries

February 2018 attack on African migrants: 3 February 2018: Italian failed Northern League candidate Traini opened fire on African migrants in the central city of Macerata on Saturday, injuring six people before he was captured, in what police said was a racially motivated attack

January/March 2019: 15 March 2019: Parents of a 15-year-old boy in Bologna gave him two cakes provided by a specialized bakery, featuring portraits of Adolf Hitler and jokes about ovens for a party they held on International Holocaust Remembrance Day

July 2019 neo-fascist weapons depot discovered: 15 juillet 2019: Dans un entrepôt du nord de l'Italie, la police qui enquêtait sur les néofascistes a découvert un véritable arsenal de guerre, avec un missile air-air de fabrication française en parfait état de marche et un stock de fusils d'assaut sophistiqués

November 2019 Liliana Segre receiving anti-Semitic threats: 7 November 2019: Italian and member of the Italian Senate Liliana Segre, who was deported to Auschwitz in 1944 at the age of 13 and who survived the Holocaust, has been given a police escort after receiving up to 200 hate messages and anti-Semitic threats a day, after she called for parliament last week to set up a committee to combat racism that, although the motion passed, was opposed by former deputy PM Salvini's hard-Right League and Forza Italia

12 November 2019 more than half of Italians in poll say racist acts are justifiable: 12 November 2019: More than half of the Italians surveyed in a recent poll have said that racist acts were either sometimes or always 'justifiable', a finding that comes after a series of high-profile racist and antisemitic incidents across the country

28 November 2019 Italian plot to create new Nazi party uncovered: 28 November 2019: Italian police say they have uncovered a plot to form a new Nazi party and seized weapons including rifles and swords in searches across the country

February 2020 15% of Italians say Holocaust never happened: 1 February 2020: 15% of Italians say Holocaust never happened, as annual survey records surge in Holocaust denial in Italy, also showing nearly a quarter of those polled saying Jews control the economy and media, and as about 20% agreed that Benito Mussolini, Hitler’s ally and mentor and the father of 20th-century fascism, 'was a great leader who only made a few mistakes'

7 June 2021 Italy's police discovering neo-Nazis: 7 juin 2021: La police italienne a démantelé lundi un groupuscule propageant sur les réseaux sociaux des idées antisémites et racistes, visant douze présumés néonazis, dont une femme déjà élue 'Miss Hitler' dans un concours russe

Organized crime and mafia in Italy: Organized crime in Italy - Mafia - Organized crime events in Italy

Since 19th century Sicilian Mafia: Since 19th century Sicilian Mafia

1981-1983: 1981-1983 Second Mafia War, a conflict within the Sicilian Mafia, involving over a thousand homicides

1985-1991: 1985-1991 Second 'Ndrangheta war, an internal struggle in the 'Ndrangheta, a criminal organisation in southern Italy

1990: Pescopagano massacre perpetrated by the La Torre clan on 24 April 1990 in front of a bar in Pescopagano in the province of Caserta

Since 1991: Since 1991 San Luca feud, a long-running conflict between two clans of the 'Ndrangheta, that began in 1991 in Italy's Calabria region

23 May 1992 Capaci bombing: 23 May 1992 Capaci bombing attack by the Sicilian Mafia on Highway A29, killing magistrate Giovanni Falcone, his wife Francesca Morvillo, and three police escort agents, Vito Schifani, Rocco Dicillo and Antonio Montinaro

2004-2005: 2004-2005 Scampia feud between the Camorra gangs in the suburbs of Naples

2012: 14. Juni 2012: Beschlagnahme von Mafia-Besitztümern im Wert von 15 Milliarden Euro in drei Jahren

2015: 5 August 2015: Italian prosecutor Maria Teresa Principato who has been hunting the fugitive head of the Sicilian mafia for the past 10 years says he has eluded capture because he is 'protected at a very high level'

2018: 20 April 2018: A court in Italy has convicted eight men, including mob bosses, police investigators and a close associate of Silvio Berlusconi, over a secret attempt to negotiate with the Sicilian mafia amid a bloody bombing campaign in the 1990s, 'as judges were being blown up (and) some people in the state helped the cosa nostra', according to prosecutor Nino Di Matteo

13 January 2021: Italy's largest mafia trial in three decades begins against 'Ndrangheta': 13 January 2021: Italy's largest mafia trial in three decades begins in Calabria against 'Ndrangheta' with cages to hold the defendants, and with 900 witnesses testifying against more than 350 people, including politicians and officials charged with being members of the powerful organized crime group

Terrorism in Italy: Terrorism in Italy

Terrorist incidents in Italy: Terrorist incidents in Italy - Car and truck bombings in Italy

August 1974 Italicus Express massacre: August 1974 Italicus Express massacre, a terrorist bombing in Italy on a train of the public rail network claimed by a neo-fascist terrorist organization

August 1980 Bologna massacre: August 1980 Bologna massacre

December 1984 Train 904 bombing, a terror attack in the Apennine Base Tunnel committed by the Sicilian mafia

December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks: December 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks

Violence in Italy: Violence in Italy

1 January 2020 killed and injured people: 1 janvier 2020: Les festivités du Nouvel An se sont soldées en Italie par un mort et au moins 204 blessés, dont 11 touchés grièvement à cause notamment de l'explosion de pétards ont été recensés, selon le ministère de l'Intérieur

Violence against women in Italy: Violence against women in Italy - Rape in Italy

Human trafficking in Italy: Human trafficking in Italy

Corruption, white-collar crime and scandals in Italy: Corruption in Italy - Scandals in Italy - Political scandals in Italy

2012: 19. Juli 2012: 20 Jahre nach der Ermordung des Richters Borsellino durch die Mafia Mitverschulden des Staates ungeklärt - 9. August 2012: Wegen des ineffizienten bürokratischen Systems florieren Schmiergelder und Korruption (Confcommercio-Studie) - 9 October 2012: The entire council of the southern city of Reggio Calabria sacked to stop it from being taken over by the mafia, officials say

2013: 6 March 2013: An Italian clothes maker whose business was turned down for credit shot dead two civil servants and himself in the city of Perugia in an attack that the local mayor blamed on the crisis - 28/29 April 2013: L'auteur d'une fusillade devant la présidence du Conseil à Rome, alors que le Premier ministre Enrico Letta et les membres de son gouvernement prêtaient serment, 'voulait tirer sur des hommes politiques' - 26 July: Italian police have arrested at least 50 people in a big anti-Mafia operation in the coastal region near Rome and in Calabria - 30. August: Berlusconi-Getreuer Matacena, 2010 wegen Absprachen mit dem kalabrischen 'Ndrangheta-Clan zu fünf Jahren Haft verurteilt, geht der Polizei ins Netz

2012-2013 former PM Berlusconi sentenced to several years in prison for different crimes: Procedimenti giudiziari a carico di Silvio Berlusconi

2012: 2012 Silvio Berlusconi was convicted of tax fraud in an Italian court, sentenced to four years' imprisonment and also banned from running for public office for a five-year term - 26 October 2012: Italy's former PM Silvio Berlusconi gets four years in jail over tax evasion

2013: 1 March 2013: Former PM Berlusconi is under investigation on suspicion of bribing a senator to change sides in parliament 2006 - 7 March 2013: Former PM Berlusconi has been sentenced to a year in prison over the publication of leaked transcripts from a police wiretap concerning a political rival to be published in a newspaper run by Berlusconi's brother - 8 May 2013: Former PM Berlusconi's tax fraud conviction and four-year prison sentence were upheld on the first appeal raising demands that he should be barred from public office immediately - 9 May: A day after Milan court upheld his conviction in the case of tax fraud, prosecutors on Thursday filed charges against Berlusconi for bribing a left-wing senator 3.0 million euros to join his party - 19 June: Italy’s constitutional court upholds Berlusconi tax fraud conviction - 24 June: A Milan court convicted former Italian PM Berlusconi of paying for sex with an underage prostitute and then using his influence to try to cover it up - 19 July: Milan court finds Silvio Berlusconi's associates guilty on sex charges - 1 août: Peine de quatre ans de prison confirmée contre Berlusconi dans le procès Mediaset - 19 October: Milan court hands Silvio Berlusconi two-year ban from public office - 23 October: Berlusconi faces new trial starting on February 11 for bribing senator - 27 novembre: Le Sénat italien chasse Silvio Berlusconi de ses rangs - 29 November: Italian court accuses Berlusconi of bribing witnesses in his paying for sex with a minor case

2014: 12 April: Berlusconi ally Marcello Dell'Utri caught in Lebanon after fleeing Italy before the final verdict in a trial for mafia collusion - 15 April: Italian court ordered Silvio Berlusconi to serve a tax fraud sentence by doing community service - 12 May: Italy's high court confirms that ex-PM Berlusconi did business with Sicilian Mafia for nearly 20 years

2015: 4 June 2015: Politicians including Forza Italia's Gramazio among 44 arrested in Italy suspected of links to Rome gang that rigged public contracts - 8 July 2015: Court in Naples sentences former Italian premier Berlusconi to three years in prison for bribing a senator as part of a plot to destabilise 2006-2008 centre-left government - 17 July 2015: Governor of Sicily, Democratic party's Crocetta, suspended after failing to challenge friend’s remark that daughter Lucia Borsellino of anti-mafia judge killed in 1992 should be ‘done away with like her father’

2016: 23 March 2016: The former mayor of Rome G. Alemanno has appeared in court for the first hearing in his trial for corruption and illegal financing as part of a crackdown on a mafia-style network in the city

Disasters in Italy: Disasters in Italy

January 2012 Costa Concordia disaster: Costa Concordia disaster 13 January 2012 with the loss of 32 lives - 17 September 2013: Shipwrecked Costa Concordia declared vertical off Italy - 27 July 2014: Costa Concordia's final voyage in the industrial port of Voltri for demolition and scrapping

2017: 8 July 2017: Rescue workers found the bodies of three people in the rubble of a five-storey apartment building that partially collapsed south of Naples, as crews dug mostly by hand to search for seven people reported missing in the residential building in the seaside town of Torre Annunziata

Law and legal history of Italy: Law of Italy - Legal history of Italy - Constitutions of Italy - 1947 Constitution of Italy - Constitutional referendums in Italy

Judiciary and court system in Italy: Judiciary of Italy

1986-1992 Maxi Trial: 1986-1992 Maxi Trial, a criminal trial against the Sicilian Mafia that took place in Palermo, as Sicilian prosecutors indicted 475 mafiosi for a multitude of crimes relating to Mafia activities, based primarily on testimonies

1992 Maxi Trial and assassination of Giovanni Falcone 1992 Maxi Trial and 23 May 1992 assassination of Giovanni Falcone - 23 May 1992 Capaci bombing

2018 anti-mafia trial: 20 April 2018: A court in Italy has convicted eight men, including mob bosses, police investigators and a close associate of Silvio Berlusconi, over a secret attempt to negotiate with the Sicilian mafia amid a bloody bombing campaign in the 1990s, 'as judges were being blown up (and) some people in the state helped the cosa nostra', according to prosecutor Nino Di Matteo

13 January 2021 Italy's largest mafia trial in three decades begins against 'Ndrangheta': 13 January 2021: Italy's largest mafia trial in three decades begins in Calabria against 'Ndrangheta' with cages to hold the defendants, and with 900 witnesses testifying against more than 350 people, including politicians and officials charged with being members of the powerful organized crime group

Law enforcement in Italy: Law enforcement in Italy - Guardia di Finanza - Polizia di Stato - Carabinieri

Since 1980s 'Antimafia Pool': Since 1980s 'Antimafia Pool' was a group of investigating magistrates at the Prosecuting Office of Palermo who closely worked together sharing information and developing new investigative and prosecutorial strategies against the Sicilian Mafia

May 1992 assassination of Giovanni Falcone 1992 Maxi Trial and 23 May 1992 assassination of Giovanni Falcone - 23 May 1992 Capaci bombing

2014: 4 March: 2014: As police patrol outside and pace the corridors of her office, anti-mafia prosecutor Alessandra Cerreti talks about her specialty - breaking the power of the clans by turning to their women

Foreign relations of Italy: Foreign relations of Italy

Wars involving Italy: List of wars involving Italy since 1866 - Wars involving Italy

Italian Empire: Italian Empire - Italian North Africa 1911–1943 - Italian Somaliland 1889–1936 - Italian Eritrea 1890-1936 - Italian East Africa 1936–1941

Treaties of Italy: Treaties of Italy

Italian membership in international institutions: Italian membership in international institutions

Italy and the United Nations: Italy and the United Nations

Italy/European Union relations: Italy and the European Union

March 2018: 30 March 2018: Italy receives Assad’s head of secret services Ali Mamlouk in violation of EU legislative acts against the Assad regime

Since 2008 Union for the Mediterranean: Since 2008 Union for the Mediterranean, an intergovernmental organization of 43 member states from Europe and the Mediterranean Basin, the 28 EU member states and 15 Mediterranean partner countries from North Africa, Western Asia and Southern Europe, with an aim of reinforcing the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership

Immigration to Italy: Immigration to Italy - Lampedusa immigrant reception center

2012/2013: 7 septembre 2012: Naufrage près de Lampedusa - 54 immigrés sauvés, des disparus recherchés - 3 October 2013 Mediterranean Sea migrant shipwreck - 4 October 2013: Three hundred people were feared dead after a boat carrying up to 500 African asylum seekers caught fire and sank in the water off the Italian island of Lampedusa - 7 octobre: Les sauveteurs ont repêché 83 nouveaux corps de migrants morts après le naufrage survenu près de Lampedusa, et la ministre de l'Intégration Cécile Kyenge dénonce 'l'absurdité' des lois italiennes en matière d'immigration - 9 octobre: Barroso et Letta accueillis mercredi sur l'île de Lampedusa, par les huées et les insultes d'habitants - 11 October 2013 shipwreck - 11/12 October: Dozens of people died on Friday when a boat carrying around 250 migrants capsized between Sicily and Tunisia, a week after the 3 October 2013 migrant shipwreck - 14 October: Italy will increase patrols in the Mediterranean following the two recent disasters in which hundreds of migrants died while attempting to reach Europe - 14 October: Italy plans a large-scale deployment of forces in the Mediterranean to manage the influx of asylum seekers as the latest boatload carrying 137 migrants arrived on its shores - 20 October: A boatload of 254 Syrian and Egyptian migrants including 94 minors landed in Italy on Sunday after a perilous voyage through rough seas from Egypt - 25 October: Nearly 700 refugees including dozens of Eritreans have been rescued off Sicily in five operations, as leaders grapple with the issue of illegal immigration at a EU summit

2014-2016: 2014-2016 European refugee and migrant crisis

2014: 3 January 2014: Italian navy rescues over 1000 migrants in 24 hours from boats trying to reach Europe - 3 July 2014: 80 more migrants feared drowned in boat tragedy just days after dozens of others suffocated in the hold of an overcrowded fishing boat

2015: 18 April 2015: 13,000 migrants headed for Italy rescued at sea this week as calls for greater EU response grow - 20 April 2015: Italy calls for an EU-wide response to migrant crisis amid reports of 700 dead on Mediterranean - 21 April 2015: Migrant boat captain arrested as survivors reach Italy - 3 May: More than 5,500 people rescued so far off the coast of Libya in more than a dozen weekend operations led by the Italian navy - 19 May 2015: Italy's Guardia Costiera officers call for increased focus on saving migrants’ lives and more large-scale naval ships to be put under Italian command, saying that military action will not solve Mediterranean migrant crisis

2016: 30 January 2016: At least 10,000 unaccompanied child refugees have disappeared after arriving in Europe, 5,000 in Italy alone, according to the EU’s criminal intelligence agency - 5 February 2016: Tens of thousands Syrians flee joint Russian-Iranian-Assad offensive on Aleppo as regime forces fully encircle countryside north of major city and Russian airstrikes mount to 250 a day - 16 avril 2016: Le pape rentre de Grèce avec 12 réfugiés syriens - 16 avril 2016: L'association européenne SOS Méditerranée annonce avoir secouru 116 migrants ce samedi - 28 May 2016: The Italian navy has recovered the bodies of 45 people who drowned on Friday, while dozens of others are still missing in the third major tragedy in the Mediterranean in as many days

2017: 2 August 2017: Italy has seized a rescue ship operated by a German NGO and dispatched a navy patrol boat to Libya as part of an attempt to end the Mediterranean migrant and refugee crisis, as figures revealed a surprise drop in July in the number of refugees and migrants arriving at southern Italian ports

June 2018: 11 June 2018: Mayors across the south of Italy have pledged to defy a move by the new Italian government to prevent a rescue boat with 629 people on board from docking in the Sicilian capital

October 2018: 14 octobre 2018: Le ministère italien de l'Intérieur a ordonné la fin de l'expérience à Riace, village modèle pour l'intégration, qui revivait grâce aux migrants

December 2018: 7 December 2018: Vulnerable migrants made homeless after Italy passes 'Salvini decree', abolishing humanitarian protection for those not eligible for refugee status, even retroactively applied by the interior ministry’s representative in Crotone

28 January 2021 Italy 'failed to protect life' in 2013 drowning of 200 people: 28 January 2021: Italy 'failed to protect life' in 2013 drowning of 200 people, as authorities had duty under international law to respond immediately to calls from boat that came under fire and capsized, UN Human Rights Committee found in the case brought by Syrian and Palestinian survivors who lost their relatives 8 years ago

Bilateral relations of Italy: Bilateral relations of Italy

Italy/Afghanistan relations: Italy/Afghanistan relations

10 April 2003 Italian tourist Orfeo Bartolini murdered by suspected Taliban: 10 April 2003 Italian tourist Orfeo Bartolini was murdered in Afghanistan's Shahjoi district of Zabul province, as the Afghan car was stopped by two men on a motorbike, who then shot Bartolini in the area known as stronghold of the Taliban, looking to regroup following their removal as the Taliban regime by USA and allied forces. A week after the killing, eight Taliban fighters were captured by Afghan soldiers investigating Bartolini's murder with unknown result

26 September 2021 Italy rules out recognising a Taliban government in Afghanistan: 26 September 2021: Italy rules out recognising a Taliban government in Afghanistan, as FM Di Maio though urging foreign governments to prevent financial collapse that would result in a massive flow of migrants, told state-owned TV Rai 3 'recognition of the Taliban government is impossible since there are 17 terrorists among the ministers, and the human rights of women and girls are continuously violated'

25 November 2021 Sharbat Gula in Italy after Taliban takeover following USA's chaotic departure: 25 November 2021: Sharbat Gula left Afghanistan after Taliban takeover that followed August 2021 USA's chaotic departure from country, as Gula first gained international fame in 1984 as an Afghan refugee girl, as Italy was one of western countries that airlifted hundreds of Afghans out of the country

Italy/Africa relations: Italy/Africa relations - Italian Empire 1848-1960 - Italian colonisation in Africa

Italian Eritrea 1890-1936 - Italian East Africa 1936-1941

'Italian East Africa' 1936-1941: Second Italo-Ethiopian War 1935-1936 - Italian Somaliland 1889-1936 - Italian East Africa 1936-1941

Italy/Algeria relations: Italy/Algeria relations

19 July 2022 Italy signs energy deals with Algeria in bid to sidestep Russia: 19 July 2022: The Italian government has sealed a series of agreements with Algeria, as European countries ramp up their push to disengage from Russia after it invaded Ukraine and secure alternative energy supplies, as a major deal sees a clutch of energy companies including Italy’s Eni invest $4bn in a site located in the perimeter of Berkine to produce one billion oil equivalent barrels

Italy/PR of China relations: Italy/PR of China relations - Chinese people in Italy - 12 February 2013: Approximately 4,000 Chinese-run clothing factories in Prato, Italy's fashion capital - 1 December 2013: At least seven people died and three were injured when a Chinese-owned clothing factory in Prato burned down, killing workers trapped in an improvised dormitory

Italy/Egypt relations: Italy/Egypt relations

16 June 2020 family of Giulio Regeni 'betrayed' by Italian PM over arms sale to Egypt: 16 June 2020: Rights groups and the family of the murdered Italian student Giulio Regeni have heavily criticised an arms deal between Italy and Egypt worth an estimated $1.2bn, after Regeni’s mutilated body was found by the side of a major road on the outskirts of Cairo in early 2016 amid widespread suspicions that he was abducted, tortured and killed by Egyptian 'security' forces

10 December 2020 Italian prosecutors charge 4 members of Egypt’s 'security' agency with the kidnapping and murder of Giulio Regeni: 10 December 2020: Italian prosecutors have officially charged four members of Egypt’s national 'security' agency with the kidnapping and murder of Italian doctoral student Giulio Regeni in Cairo, as prosecutors in Rome accused Tariq Saber, Athar Kamel Mohamed Ibrahim, Capt Uhsam Helmi and Maj Magdi Ibrahim Abdelal Sharif of kidnapping the young student in 2016, while Sharif is also accused of grievous bodily harm and murder

Italy/Eritrea relations: Italy/Eritrea relations

Since 1848 Italian empire and Italian colonisation in Africa: Italian Empire since 1848 - Italian colonisation in Africa

1890-1936 Italian Eritrea: Italian Eritrea 1890-1936

1936-1941 Italian East Africa: Italian East Africa 1936-1941

1943 end of the Italian Empire: Autumn of 1943 end of the Italian Empire - February 1947 Treaty of Peace with Italy, one of the Paris Peace Treaties, between Italy and the victorious powers of World War II

Italy/Ethiopia relations: Italy/Ethiopia relations

Since 1848 Italian empire and Italian colonisation in Africa: Italian Empire since 1848 - Italian colonisation in Africa

1895-1896 First Italo-Ethiopian War: First Italo-Ethiopian War 1895-1896 after the Italian government decided on a military solution to force Ethiopia to abide by the Italian version of the Treaty of Wuchale - Italian Empire 1848-1960 - 1890-1936 (1947) Italian Eritrea, colony of the Kingdom of Italy in the territory of present-day Eritrea

1935-1936 Second Italo-Ethiopian War: 1935-1936 Second Italo-Ethiopian War seeing the League of Nations unable to control Italy or to protect Ethiopia when Italy clearly violated the League's own Article X

1936-1941 Italian East Africa: 1936-1941 Italian East Africa, Italian colony formed through the merger of Italian Somaliland and Italian Eritrea with the former Ethiopian Empire

February 1937 'Yekatit 12' Addis Ababa massacre: 19 February 1937 'Yekatit 12' Addis Ababa massacre and imprisonment of Ethiopians by Italian occupation forces, one of the worst atrocities committed by the Italian fascists and described as the worst massacre in Ethiopian history

1937 Italian Atrocities against the native population: !937 Italian Atrocities against the native population

Italy/France relations: Italy/France relations

History of France–Italy border

1st century BC - 5th century AD Roman Gaul: Roman Gaul refers to Gaul under provincial rule in the Roman Empire from the 1st century BC to the 5th century AD

June 2018: 13 juin 2018: Le ministère italien des Affaires étrangères a indiqué avoir convoqué l'ambassadeur de France au lendemain d'une polémique entre les deux pays sur le sort de l'Aquarius, navire humanitaire en route vers l'Espagne avec 629 migrants à bord

Italy/Germany relations: Italy/Germany relations

1914-1918: Austria-Hungary's and Germany's campaign against Italy in World War I - Battle of Caporetto 1917 - Erwin Rommel won the 'Pour le Mérite' for his role in the battle - Deutscher Giftgaseinsatz und Massenmord an Italiern entschied im Herbst 1917 die Schlacht bei Kobarid (19. Mai 1998)

1937-1945: Italy joined the 'Anti-Comintern Pact' - World War II 1939-1945 - Marzabotto massacre - Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre - Sant'Anna di Stazzema - Armadio della vergogna - Schrank der Schande (staatlich versteckte Akten über deutsche Kriegsverbrechen)

2012: 29 June 2012: Non solo a Wuppertal, infatti anche a Berlino, Monaco, Wolfsburg e in diverse città centinaia di pseudo-tifosi hanno aggredito fisicamente e verbalmente gli italiani in festa

19 December 2012: At the presentation of a report by Italian and German historians on German war crimes against Italians, Italy presses Germany on conviction of former Nazis - Ardeatine massacre 24 March 1944 - 335 Italian civilians killed

2013: 29 July 2013 and its truth: The murderer SS-Priebke and free man in 2013 said, that the victims - from 14 year old boys (today 83) to 75 year old men - were, in his view at the time, terrorists - 15 October 2013: Angry protests mark funeral of Nazi war criminal SS officer Erich Priebke in Italy - 16 octobre: Les funérailles du criminel de guerre nazi Erich Priebke annulées - 18 October: 90-year-old former Nazi soldier Alfred Stork sentenced in absentia by a military court in Rome which found him guilty of taking part in the execution of at least 117 Italian officers on the Greek island of Cephalonia - 19 October 2013: Nazi war criminal Priebke to be buried in 'secret location' in Italy

Italy/Greece relations: Italy/Greece relations - Italian invasion of Greece 1940 - Balkan invasions by the Axis powers during World War II

Italy/India relations: Italy/India relations - 12 February 2013: Finmeccanica head arrested over India bribe allegations - 14 February 2013: India halts payments to an Italian company pending the outcome of an inquiry into whether a $748 million helicopter contract was won by bribes paid to Indian government officials

Italy/Iran relations: Italy/Iran relations

1993: On 16 March 1993 Mohammad Hossein Naghdi, member of the National Council of Resistance of Iran, was murdered by a group of the Iranian regime’s terrorists in Rome

1993/2014: 9 April 2014: Iranian Hamid Abutalebi blocked as Iran's ambassador to the UN, also accused of overseeing the alleged assassination by Iranian agents of Mohammad Hossein Naghdi in Rome in 1993

2016: 26 January 2016: USA-Geiselnehmer von 1979 Aboutalebi, der Direktor des politischen Büros Rouhanis, begleitet den iranischen Hinrichtungspräsidenten nach Rom und Paris

Italy/Israel relations: Italy/Israel relations

Roman empire's conquests in West Asia, 1st century Pilate's Court, trial and execution of Jesus of Nazareth: Roman empire's conquests in West Asia, 1st century Pilate's Court, rial and execution of Jesus of Nazareth

About 110 BCE - 10 CE religious leader, sage and scholar Hillel: Views of c. 110 BCE - 10 CE religious leader, sage and scholar Hillel and the founder of the House of Hillel school of tannaim

Since 6 CE Jewish resistance to the census imposed for Roman tax purposes: Judas of Galilee, or Judas of Gamala, was a Jewish leader who led resistance to the census imposed for Roman tax purposes by Quirinius in Judea Province around 6 CE - Seit Beginn des 1. Jahrhunderts jüdischer Widerstand gegen die römische Fremdherrschaft, während der auch Judas der Galiläer und seine zwei Söhne, Simon und Jakobus, die wie ihr Vater ihr Leben in den Dienst der Rebellion gegen die römische Fremdherrschaft stellten, von dem römischen Prokurator Tiberius Alexander (46–48 n. Chr.) gekreuzigt wurden - 66 CE Battle of Beth Horon was a battle fought in 66 CE between the Roman army and Jewish rebels - April–December 67 CE Galilee campaign, when Roman general Vespasian invaded Galilee under the orders of Emperor Nero in order to crush the Great Revolt of Judea

1st century views of Jesus of Nazareth: 1. Jahrhundert Ansichten und Wirken von Jesus aus Nazareth in Judäa, bzw. Galiläa bis 26 – 36 AD

66 - 135 CE: Jewish–Roman wars, a series of large-scale revolts by the Jews of the Eastern Mediterranean against the Roman Empire between 66 and 135 CE ending with the destruction of Jerusalem, mass execution of Judean population and diaspora of survivors

70 - 2016: 20 October 2016: Israeli archaeologists found the site of a fierce battle where the Roman army bombarded and breached the walls of Jerusalem before conquering the city and destroying the Second Jewish Temple almost 2,000 years ago, confirming Josephus’s account of the conflict that saw Roman destruction of Second Temple, which stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period, between 516 BCE and 70 CE, replacing Solomon's Temple, the First Temple which was destroyed by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 586 BCE

History of the Jews in the Roman Empire and in Italy: History of the Jews in the Roman Empire - History of the Jews in Italy

1940-1941 Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in German, Italian, Japanese World War II: In July 1940, after the Kingdom of Italy under Fascism since 1922 declared war on the French Republic and the United Kingdom in June 1940 following the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War, the Italian Royal Air Force, experienced in Franco's war against the Spanish Republic, started bombings in the British Mandate of Palestine targeting Tel Aviv, Haifa and other coastal towns such as Acre and Jaffa until June 1941 - October-November 1942 Second Battle of El Alamein and the defeat of Nazi-general Rommel ended the Axis threat to Egypt, the Suez Canal and the Middle Eastern and Persian oil fields - Mandatory Palestine in World War II

Nazi designs to bomb Jewish cities in Palestine, planning the Holocaust in the Middle East: 8 December 2016: Nazi designs to bomb Jewish cities in Palestine, planning the Holocaust in the Middle East

June/July 1940 Italian bombing of Haifa: June/July 1940 Italian bombing of Haifa

1940/1941 bombing of Tel Aviv: In September 1940 an Italian bombing raid on Tel Aviv caused 137 deaths, there was another raid on Tel Aviv on 12 June 1941 with 13 deaths - 9 September 2013: On 9 September 1940 the Italian air force bombed Tel Aviv, killing 137 people, the most destructive air raid by Axis forces in terms of loss of human life

2014: 23 February 2014: Italy’s new PM Matteo Renzi considers Iranian regime 'main problem' of the Middle East, says left should learn to understand, support Israel

2016: 13 October 2016: A Unesco resolution, adopted in a 24 (Algeria, Bangladesh, Brazil, Chad, China, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, Malaysia, Morocco, Mauritius, Mexico, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Russia, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Vietnam) to 6 (only Estonia, Germany, Lithuania, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, USA) vote at the committee stage (abstaining Albania, Argentina, Cameroon, El Salvador, France, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Haiti, India, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Kenya, Nepal, Paraguay, Saint Vincent and Nevis, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Ukraine, seeks to erase Jewish ties to Jerusalem

February 2018: 9 February 2018: Consortium comprising energy giants French Total, Italy's ENI, and Russian Novatek signed its first contract with Lebanon to drill for oil and gas off its coast, including in a block disputed by Israel, as Israel warns against 'provocative behavior'

November 2018: 29 November 2018: Ring of Roman governor Pontius Pilate who crucified Jesus found in Herodion site in West Bank

Italy/Japan relations: Italy/Japan relations - 5 mars 2013: Le groupe japonais Bridgestone ferme une usine de pneus en Italie, 950 salariés concernés

Italy/Lebanon relations: Italy/Lebanon relations

Italy/Libya relations: Italy/Libya relations

1910-1947 History of Libya as Italian colony: History of Libya as Italian colony 1910-1947

1911-1912 Tripolitanian War: Tripolitanian War 1911-1912

1911-1943 'Italian Libya' protectorate and colony of Italy: 'Italian Libya' protectorate and colony of Italy 1911-1943

1923-1932 Second Italo-Senussi War: Second Italo-Senussi War 1923-1932

Since 1938 Italy’s aggressive policies against Jews and the Jews of Libya during the Holocaust: Since 1938 Italy’s aggressive policies against Jews and the Jews of Libya during the Holocaust

February 2020 Italian surgeon treating Libya torture camp survivors: 13 February 2020: Italian surgeon Massimo Del Bene treating Libya torture camp survivors, tries to aid African migrants whose captors inflicted horrific injuries to extort ransom payments

Italy/Malta relations: Italy/Malta relations

June–December 1940 Italian aerial bombardment of Malta: June–December 1940 Italian aerial bombardment of Malta

Since 1942 World War II sites in Malta: Since 1940 World War II sites in Malta

October 2017 Daphne Caruana Galizia's assassination case: 23 October 2017: Organised by the Italian National Federation of Journalists, journalists held a manifestation in front of the Maltese embassy in Rome and demanded justice a week after Daphne Caruana Galizia's assassination near her Maltese home

May 2020 Italy considers charges over Malta's 'shocking' refusal to rescue migrants: 29 May 2020: Italy considers charges over Malta's 'shocking' refusal to rescue migrants, as foreign ministry condemns Valletta for not abiding by international rules and ordering stricken boat to Sicily at gunpoint

Italy/Nigeria relations:

2018: 4 March 2018: Oil deal corruption trial in Italy over alleged bribes paid by oil companies to win licence for field off Nigeria

Italy/Russia relations: Italy/Russia relations

December 2013: 26 December 2013: First Greenpeace activist, Italy's Christian d'Alessandro, gets visa to leave Russia

March 2018 Russian networks worked to boost xenophobic and neo-fascist discourse in Italy: 5 March 2018: Russian networks worked to boost xenophobic and neo-fascist discourse in Italy ahead of elections, according to Spanish newspaper 'El País'

August 2018 Russian trolls' attack on Italian president investigated: 6 August 2018: Russian trolls' attack on Italian president in May 2018, just a few hours after Sergio Mattarella refused to appoint Eurosceptic Savona Minister of Finance, to be investigated in Italy as 'terrorism'

31 March 2021 Italy expels two Russian officials over alleged purchase of secret files in ‘clandestine meeting’: 31 March 2021: Italy has expelled two Russian officials after an Italian navy captain was arrested for allegedly passing confidential documents to one of them, as police said they had intervened 'during a clandestine meeting' between the Italian and a Russian military official and 'immediately after the transfer of a document by the Italian officer in exchange for a sum of money', and as the two people involved are accused of serious crimes related to spying and state security, the police said

Italy/Somalia relations: Italy/Somalia relations

1889-1936 Italian Somaliland: Italian Somaliland 1889–1936

1936–1941 colony of the Kingdom of Italy 'Italian East Africa': Italian East Africa 1936–1941, colony of the Kingdom of Italy

1950-1960 'Trust Territory of Somaliland': 'Trust Territory of Somaliland', United Nations Trust Territory situated in present-day northeastern, central and southern Somalia and administered by former colonial power Italy from 1950 to 1960

Italy/Spain relations: Italy/Spain relations

1936-1939 Fascist Italy's involvement in Franco's war against the Spanish Republic: 1936-1939 Fascist Italy's involvement in the Spanish Civil War - Italian Corps of Volunteer Troops to support Franco during the Spanish Civil War 1936-39 - Italian Aviazione Legionaria 1936-1939

1938 Bombing of Barcelona: Bombing of Barcelona March 1938

Since the 1950s/1970s European Union membership: Since the 1950s/1970s Italy and Spain are full members of the European Union, later NATO, the Union for the Mediterranean, and the Eurozone

June 2018: 11 June 2018: With the UN refugee agency demanding the urgent disembarkation of all 629 people on board, including 100 children, Italy’s interior minister Matteo Salvini has declared victory after the standoff over the fate of 629 people on a SOS Méditerranée humanitarian rescue boat prompted Spain to agree to accept them

24 September 2021 ex-Catalonia regional chief Puigdemont released from Italian jail ahead of October hearing: 24 September 2021: Ex-Catalonia regional chief Puigdemont released from Italian jail, as judge on Sardinia rules Carles Puigdemont can go free ahead of an October 4 hearing on Spain extradition

5 January 2022 Italian mafia fugitive arrested in Spain tracked down in Galapagar, near Madrid: 5 January 2022: Italian mafia fugitive arrested in Spain after Internet maps sighting, as convicted murderer Gioacchino Gammino tracked down in Galapagar, near Madrid, where he had lived undetected for 20 years, had married, changed his name to Manuel, worked as a chef and owned a fruit and vegetable shop, but Sicilian police carried out several investigations in their search for Gammino, and a European arrest warrant was issued in 2014

Italy/Syria relations: Italy/Syria relations - 14 September 2013: Nearly 500 boat people, mainly Syrian, have been rescued off of Italian coasts in the past 24 hours - 17 September: Two boats carrying around 270 mainly Syrian asylum seekers landed on Italian shores - 17 October: Syrian refugees stranded at Milan rail hub

2016: 29 January 2016: Hours after Italian authorities covered up nude Roman statues in order to spare the blush and not to offend visiting Iranian murderous regime's president Rouhani, Italy's obsequious, impertinent and unprincipled Matteo Renzi, visiting Berlin on Friday, and German chancellor Angela Merkel pledge to tackle Europe’s refugee and migrant influx but failed to resolve discord on an EU deal with Turkey to limit arrivals - 23 May 2016: Syrian HNC women hold high-level meetings in Rome, emphasizing the role of Syrian women in the future of Syria, while Italian officials stressed the need for international action to put an end to violence against civilians and to hold violators of human rights to account - 21 October 2016: EU fails to agree on threatening Russia with sanctions over Aleppo as push by Britain, France and Germany to address Syrian bombing campaign lacks unanimous support at Brussels summit

March 2018: 30 March 2018: Italy receives Assad’s head of secret services Ali Mamlouk in violation of EU legislative acts against the Assad regime

Italy/Tunisia relations: Italy/Tunisia relations - Italian Tunisians

Fascist Italy's requests in Tunisia after 1938 with German support: Fascist Italy's requests in Tunisia after 1938, in 1940 Mussolini requested France to give Tunisia (along with Djibouti, Corsica and Nice) to Italy, in 1942 Italian troops occupied Tunisia and seized it from the Vichy regime with Hitler's general Erwin Rommel's help

1940-1943 North African Campaign and assaulted Allies: North African Campaign 1940-1943 including campaigns fought in the Libyan and Egyptian deserts and in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia between German/Italian Axis powers and assaulted Allies

24 December 2020 Tunisia minister sacked and arrested in scandal over illegal waste from Italy: 24 December 2020: Tunisia’s environment minister has been arrested following the attempted importation of household and hospital waste from Italy in contravention of Tunisia’s environment laws, as Mustapha Aroui was dismissed from his post and arrested on Sunday along with several other people, including senior customs officials, members of its waste management agency ANGed

Italy/Ukraine relations: Italy/Ukraine relations

Italy/United Kingdom relations: Italy/United Kingdom relations

Italians in the United Kingdom: Italians in the United Kingdom

April 1915 Treaty of London: April 1915 Treaty of London between the Triple Entente and the Kingdom of Italy, signed in London by the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, the Russian Empire, and the Kingdom of Italy to gain the alliance of Italy against its former allies, including German empire and Austro-Hungary

1935-1945 World War II and pre-war events: 1939-1945 World War II and pre-war events, conflicts and wars since 1935

February 1947 Treaty of Peace with Italy: February 1947 Treaty of Peace with Italy, part of the Paris Peace Treaties, between Italy and the victorious powers of World War II, formally ending hostilities

2017: 11 November 2017: Italian prosecutors accused of mistaking a refugee for one of the world’s most notorious people-smugglers have wiretapped the conversations of reporter Lorenzo Tondo working working for the Guardian who helped expose their alleged error, known since weeks

Italy/USA relations: Italy/USA relations - 20 September 2012: Italy's highest criminal court upholds the convictions of 23 Americans in the abduction of Egyptian Osama Moustafa Hassan Nasr 2003 from a Milan street as part of the CIA's extraordinary rendition program, paving the way to possible extradition requests by Italian authorities - 1 juillet 2013: Le 'Guardian' a affirmé que la France, l'Italie et la Grèce figuraient parmi les 38 'cibles' surveillées par la NSA - les Européens exigent des explications - 24 October 2013: USA reportedly spied on Italian government - 7 janvier 2016: 'Nous payons encore, 15 ans après, les conséquences de ce qui était censé être une guerre éclair pour éliminer la menace terroriste', dit le ministre des Affaires étrangères italien Paolo Gentiloni à l'égard de la soi-disant guerre de Washington contre le terrorisme

Natural disasters in Italy: Natural disasters in Italy

2016: 25 August 2016: Facing the disaster of August 2016 Central Italy earthquake, Italy questions why it was so unprepared as experts estimate 70% of Italy’s buildings not built to seismic standards, despite eight devastating earthquakes in past 40 years - 27 August 2016: Italian magistrates are to investigate whether companies ignored anti-seismic regulations when restoring public buildings, such as a school in Amatrice that was reduced to rubble in August 2016 Central Italy earthquake

Environment of Italy: Environment of Italy - Natural history of Italy - Geology of Italy - Geologic formations of Italy

Climate of Italy: Climate of Italy

Landforms and ecoregions of Italy: Landforms of Italy - Ecoregions of Italy - List of ecoregions in Italy

Mountains of Italy by region: Mountains of Italy by region - The Pennine Alps, amongst the three highest major subranges of the Alps, together with the Bernese Alps and the Mont Blanc massif, in Italy located in the Piedmont region and the Aosta Valley region - Mountains of Lombardy- Mountains of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol - Mountains of Veneto region - Carnic Alps in Austria and northeastern Italy's Friuli (Province of Udine) and marginally in Veneto - Mount Vesuvius located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania and one of several volcanoes which form the Campanian volcanic arc. Vesuvius consists of a large cone partially encircled by the steep rim of a summit caldera, caused by the collapse of an earlier and originally much higher structure - Mountains of Sicily - List of volcanoes in Italy

Rivers of Italy: Rivers of Italy

Po river: Po river, the longest river in Italy flowing eastward across northern Italy starting from the Cottian Alps, and flowing through many important Italian cities, including Turin, Piacenza, Cremona and Ferrara. It is connected to Milan through a net of channels called navigli, ending at a delta projecting into the Adriatic Sea near Venice, creating a wide delta at the southern part. The Po valley was the territory of Roman Cisalpine Gaul, divided into Cispadane Gaul (south of the Po) and Transpadane Gaul (north of the Po). - Tributaries of the Po river, as drainage basins of Switzerland include the Po basin, the tributaries of the Dora Baltea, the Ticino basin, the tributaries of the Oglio, the Adige river and its tributaries - History of the territory of the 'Province of Rovigo', that was first colonized by the Greeks, who founded the colony of Adria in the 12th-11th centuries BC. During the 6th and 5th centuries BC Etruscans and Venetians inhabited the area, followed by the Romans

Po Valley, tributaries, Po Delta, protected areas: Po Valley, tributaries, Po Delta, protected areas, human impacts, including pollution, water resource management and dams

Environmental issues in Italy: Environmental issues in Italy - Environmental organisations based in Italy

Pollution in Italy: Pollution in Italy - Waste management in Italy

Water in Italy: Water in Italy - Water supply and sanitation in Italy

Natural disasters in Italy: Natural disasters in Italy

Earthquakes in Italy: List of earthquakes in Italy - Terremoti in Italia

2009: April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake

2012: May 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes - 2012 Eimilia earthquakes - 20 May 2012: A powerful earthquake struck northern Italy early Sunday, killing three people and injuring at least two others - 29 May: Another quake in Italy leaves 15 dead - 23 October: Seven prominent Italian earthquake experts were convicted of manslaughter who didn't warn of deadly Aquila earthquake 2009

2016: 24 August 2016 Central Italy earthquake - 24 August 2016: Quake devastates mountain towns including Amatrice in central Italy - 25 August 2016: Italian earthquake death toll soars as search for survivors continues - October 2016 Central Italy earthquakes - 30 October 2016: Strong temblor strikes near Norcia in central Italy days after the region was hit by two earthquakes - 3 November: Central Italy hit by another, magnitude 4.8 earthquake

2017: January 2017 Central Italy earthquakes - 18 January 2017 Farindola avalanche - August 2017 Ischia earthquake

Floods and storms in Italy: Floods in Italy - Lista di alluvioni e inondazioni in Italia

2011: Alluvione di Genova del 4 novembre 2011

2012: 13 November 2012: Deadly flooding strikes Italy's Tuscany

November 2013 Sardinia floods and cyclone: November 2013 Sardinia floods - 19 November 2013: Sardinia hit by deadly cyclone and flooding - Cyclone Cleopatra November 2013

July 2015 Riviera del Brenta tornado: 9 luglio 2015: Tornado in Riviera del Brenta, un morto e 72 feriti

November 2016: 26 novembre 2016: Les fortes pluies qui ont touché toute l'Italie depuis jeudi ont fait plusieurs victimes dans le nord et le sud du pays

August 2018 rain storm: 14 August 2018 Collapse of the Ponte Morandi during a torrential rain storm - 14 August 2018: At least 11 people killed in motorway plunge in Genoa, as section of bridge comes down during storm

October/November 2018 European floods: Since 4 October, 2018, heavy floods have affected Europe, in the Italian region of Calabria and Sardinia, in Spain and Mallorca, in Southwest France, in some parts of Portugal and the United Kingdom, at the end of the month Italy was struck again by heavy floods and strong winds - 29 octobre 2018: L'Italie est en alerte ce lundi face à des rafales de vent pouvant atteindre les 100 km/h, des précipitations exceptionnelles et de fortes marée - 4 November 2018: Fierce winds and rains have killed more than 20 people in Italy this week and razed thousands of hectares of forest in the country’s devastated north before moving south at the weekend

6 October 2021 European record of rainfall in Italy: 6 October 2021: Parts of Italy have been hit by extreme weather, with records broken for the amount of rainfall, as the commune of Rossiglione in Genoa received 74cm of rain in 12 hours, a European record

26 October 2021 flooding triggered by a powerful storm has overwhelmed parts of Sicilia: 26 October 2021: Flooding triggered by a powerful storm has overwhelmed the Sicilian city of Catania, killing at least two people, as fierce storms battered southern Italy for a third day on Tuesday, leaving roads completely submerged in parts of the island

High temperatures, heatwaves abd wildfires in Italy: Heatwaves and list of extreme high temperatures in Italy

2003 European heat wave: 2003 European heat wave

July 2017 two years of lower-than-average rainfall: 22 July 2017: Utility firm which runs Rome’s water system, says that two years of lower-than-average rainfall have dramatically reduced water levels in reservoirs feeding the city

5 August 2021 heat wave in southern Europe including Italy, Greece, Spain and Turkey: 5 August 2021: A heat wave in southern Europe, fed by strong hot winds from North Africa, has contributed to the outbreak of wildfires across the Mediterranean, including in Italy, Greece, Spain and Turkey, as firefighters in Italy have been deployed from all regions to battle blazes raging in many areas of the country

8 August 2021 wildfires in Italy threaten agriculture and nature reserves: 8 August 2021: Wildfires in Italy threaten agriculture and nature reserves

10 July 2023 Italy heatwave could push temperatures close to European record: 10 July 2023: Temperatures in Italy could get close to breaking a European record this week as a fierce heatwave grips much of the continent. An anticyclone – an area of high pressure – named Cerberus will cause temperatures to exceed 40C across much of the country by Wednesday, with the islands of Sicily and Sardinia predicted to bear the brunt at 47-48C.

23 July 2023–present Italy wildfires: 23 July 2023–present Italy wildfires, multiple ongoing wildfires in Italy which started in July 2023, as firefighters engaged on the front of the fires in the South in Sicily, in Calabria, in Sardinia, in Apulia, and due to the storm in the North. From 25 to 27 July, 31,078 hectares of vegetation burned.

Weather events in Italy: Weather events in Italy - List of extreme temperatures in Italy/div> div>31 July 2023 new European record set as 19cm hailstone found in Italy: 31 July 2023: On 19 July 2023, there were several very large hailstones, more than 10cm in diameter measured along their longest axis, recorded across parts of Italy and Croatia. On 24 July 2023, a 19cm hailstone was found in the town of Azzano Decimo, also in Italy.

January 2017 European cold wave: January 2017 European cold wave - 18 January 2017 Farindola avalanche

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